DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 392 280 FL 023 628

TITLE Forming New Partnerships for Educating All Students

to High Standards. An Idea Book. 1994 Fedet.al

Educational Legislation.

INSTITUTION National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education,

Washington, DC.

SPONS AGENCY Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages

Affairs (ED), Washington, DC.

PUB DATE Apr 95

CONTRACT 1292008001

NOTE 41p.; Printed on colored paper.

PUB TYPE Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.)

(120)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS *Academic Standards; Bilingual Education; Change

Strategies; Disadvantaged; Educational Change;

*Educational Improvement; Educational Legislation;

Educational Objer.tives; Educational Policy; *Equal

Education; Excellence in Education; Federal Aid;

*Federal Legislation; *Public Policy; Second Language

Programs; Teacher Education; Technical Assistance

IDENTIFIERS *Goals 2000; *Improving Americas Schools Act 1994

ABSTRACT

Federal legislation to improve education passed in

1994 is reviewed and two major bills are discussed in greater detail.

Emphasis is on the legislation's provisions for improvement of

educational standards and access to improved education for all

students, especially the disadvantaged. An introductory section

highlights the provisions of three pieces of legislation: Goals 2000:

Educate American Act; the School-to-Work Opportunities Act; and the

Improving America'. Schools Act (IASA), especially five of its 14

titles that affect the education of linguistically and culturally

diverse students. These elements of Goals 2000 are explained: the

call for systemic school reform; federal funds to support reform; the

objective of high standards for all students; excellence principles;

and new ways of assessing student achievement. Discussion of IASA

focuses on the provisions of Title I (helping disadvantaged children

meet high standards), Title II (professional development), Title VII

(bilingual education, language enhancement, and language acquisition

programs), and Title XIII (technical support and assistance to

improve education). Contains 10 references. (MSE)

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The

eorgc

-V as Al on UyerMyf

The National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education (N(BE)

is fufidtd by the U.S. Department ot Educatio'n's Office of

Bijingual Edkauon and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEM-

.r, LA) and is operated under Contract No. 1292008001 by TheGeorge Washington University, Center,for PolicyStudies,

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The contents of this publication do not nece;sarily reflect

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Joel Gomez, Director

Minerva Gorena, Associate Director

Barbara Sikox, Assistant Dir ector

April 1995
An \Oa Book

1994 ?edetal Wational Legislation..

forming tievi Partners lips

forEducating Students to

%oh Standards

WBE

The Gotqe\Nastlingto Illitver01 4

kpril 1995

44

BESI COI AVI.Nnt,

Table of Contents

Preface v

Foreword VTI Highlights of New Federal Legislation in Education ............ . Goals 2000: A World Class Education for Every Child . ............. 3

A Call for Systemic Reform of the Nation's Schools 4

Federal Funds to Support School Reform 5

Setting High Standar& for All Students 6

Excellence Principles

New Ways of Assessing Student Achievement 8

IASA: Improving America's Schools Act 9

Title I: Helping Disadvantaged Children Meet High Standards io

Promoting Learning for All Students

Schoolwidc Programs z The Nature of Exemplary Schools 13

Part C: Education of Migratory Children

Title II: Dwight D. Eisenhower Professional Development Program . 15

Title VII: Bilingual Education, Language Enhancement and

Language Acquisition Programs 16

Grants to School Districts and States 17

TwoWay Developmental Bilingual Education Programs I 8

Expanded Roles for the States 19

Efforts to Improve Research and Evaluation 20

Support for Professional Development 21

Promoting Greater Parent and Community Involvement 22.

Additional Programs Authorized Under Title VI;

Part B. Foreign Language Assistance Program .. 2

Parr C: Emergency Immigrant Education Program 24

Title XIII: Support and Assistance Program to Improve Education 25

References 26

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Preface

N-INETEEN NINETY-FOUR WAS A

watershed year for America's

schools. The Goals 2000:

Educate America Act

was past.ed and the

Elementary and Secondary Education Act was

reauthorized under the

name of the Improving

America's School Act

(IASA). In addition, in

1994 the Safe Schools

Act (Tale IV of IASA)

and thc School-to-Work

Opportunities Act were

enacted by Congress

and signed into law by

President Clinton.

Goals 2000 and the

Improving America's

Schools Act are

designed to work in

tandcm to build thc

capacity of state (SEA) and local education agencies (LEAs) for addressing

rcform at the local level. The overarching principle for accomplishing lasting

change in the nation's schools is svsThis Idea Book focuses on haw Goals

2000 and the IASA legislation can

work togaba to build strong programs

for LEP and all students.

"No other country is so well-positioned

to move into the 21st ceritUry, tolive in a

:global society that is more peaceful and

more securenb one. But it all depends

upon whether we develop the God-given

capadty of every boy and girl in this

country, no matter' where they live, no

matter what their *lal ar ethnic or rehgious background is." . President (linton,

October 20,1994

temic (comprehensive) reform. More

than two decades of research and practice show that fundamental and lasting

improvement is morc effective when all

the elements of the education system

LEAs, SEAs, thc federal government,

parents, teachers and the community

are linked together to focus their efforts

on the whole enterprise of educating students, not on isolated components.

This document highlights portions

of Goals 2000 and IASA relating to the

education of limited English proficient

(LEP) students in this country and

the linkages that can be forged for meeting the educational needs of all students.

In particular, this document highlights

legislative changes in Titles I and VII

that specifically address the education

of LEP students.

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. 9
Foreword

P.--1"Ite

fm-mation of new partnerships for educating all students

to high standards is crucial to

I.By upgrading an.cl aligning instruction; professional.development,

..assessment$.,,C.hallenging-Standardind aCCOunibilitii:ihire.derai 7

:.:.Other schOOl itaff and parent!Will rieed to enable'all children 16

-:.....;becorne.effectly,e leatnerl!Nhether we:succeeci or fail.:0 the

differenC.e...rof oui *Children it willii*ith.eldifkrerice..etifetil.72*

. finding doors opericel or dosed to t em when t ey are a u ts

doors to high.tvage jobs, nun to piticipation in Obt deMocratic

sciciety, docit perSbnal eloors-tO gdalitiliiig."

. ;

ilrbotnas W.Itayzant

Assitant Seiiitani for Eleilieittatiiaiid iegi4fitCluiation

DeRartmeot olEdtxation : Baltimore, Malyland

Detember 1, 1994

VII

today's and tomorrow's educational challengesby sharing the commitment to

equity and excellence for all students.

The reauthorized Bilingual Educauon

Act (Title VII, !ASA, 1991.) embraces

elements such as school and districtwide

. . systemic reform, maximum local flexibility, enhanced state involvement, emphasis on high standards, establishment of

parent and community partnerships. sub-

. stintive commitment in professional . divelopment and assistance to state and

loCal agencies serving immigrant students.

Coupled with other programs included

in the IASA, Title VII programs can fulfill their missions in promoting English

and native language develoPrnent and

..cidemic success for linguisticallY and

Culturally diverse LEP students.

This endeavor, hOWC.ver, cannot be

accompli,hed without a strong commit-

.. .. merit from federal, state and local agencies, policymakers, educators, communities. and parentsworking together to

make an educational difference for this

nation's children.

......................

the future of this nation. As demographic projections indicate, the linguistic and

cultural diversity of students in this

country will continue to change. Federal,

state, local agencies and schools must

work more closely together to address

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"Our economic prosperity, our national

security, and our

nation's civic life

have never been

more linked to education than today as

we enter the.

information Age of

.the.11st centurY."

.. . Richard W. Riley,

U.S. Secretary of Education

Highlights of New Federal Legislation in Education

Goals 2000 Promotes school reform by

encouraging states and local education

agencies (LEAs) to set challenging standards for all children; strengthens professional development of teachers, and supports the development of new, more

authentic assessments of student

achievement.

School-to-Work Opportunities Act Promotes

collaboration between employers,

schools, labor organizations, and others

to integrate work-based learning with

school-based learning in order to successfully pursue opportunities

that prepare students for a

career or post-secondary

education.

IASA Represents the federal

government's largest in12

vestment in the nation's schools. There

are i separate titles in 'ASA. Some of

the titles effecting the education of lin

guistically and culturally diverse stu

dents include:

Title I Promotes high quality and comprehensive programs for economically

disadvantaged children.

Title Il Supports state and local initia

tives to provide intensive, high quality

professional development in core academic subjects.

Title IV Provides funds to states and

local communities to combat school

crime and violence; encourages partner

ships between schools and community

agencies to create safc, disciplined and

drug-free environments for learning

Title VII Supports programs to educate

limited English proficient students to

meet thc same rigorous standards for

academic performance expected for all

students.

Title XII I Establishes a networked L.:vs

tem of 15 Comprehensive Regional .Assts

tance Centers to provide comprehen,Rc

training and tecl,nical assistance to

SEAs, LEAs, and other recipients of

IASA funding.
aor

1_3
Goals 2000: A World (lass Education

for Every Child

Gt) xi s 2000: LPL:CTE AMERICA ACT

represents a significant national

effort to promote school reform

encouraging challeng.

ing academic and occupational standards for all

students and providing

support to states and local

communities to help students reach those standards. Goals 2000 also

seeks to strengthen the

professional development

of teachers so that they

arc prepared to help their

students meet the new

standards and promotes

thc development of new, more authentic

assessment systems to monitor student

achievement.

National Education Goals

All children in America %%ill start school ready

to learn.

T.r The high school graduation rate will increase

to at least 90 percent.

-'.7 American students will be competent in all

core academic subjects.

* The nation's teaching force will have the knowledge and professional skills to prepare all students

for thc next century.

* American students will bc thc first in thc world

in mathematics and scicncc.

Even' adult in America will be literate and

possess the skills necessary to compete in a

global economy.

* Every school in America will be safe, disciplined.

and drug-free.

* Every school will promote partnerships that

will increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and

academic growth of children.

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3
A Call for Systemic Reform of the Nation's Schools

GOALS 2000 CALLS FOR A FUNDAMENTAL

shift in the way we think about

tates receiving GOALS 2000 funds must form a leadership p panel to develop a comprehensive plan. The

panel must include representatives from every sector of

the community, including legislators and policy makers,

educators, parents, and business and community leaders.

Title VII educators and persons with expertise in the education of language minority students will have opportunities to serve on and advise these leadership panels.

. (Source: U.S. Department of Education, Offke of Public Affairs, IASA 1994

SUMMARY SHEETS.)

school reform. It calls for systemic (comprehensive) reform of the entire system,

starting with standards, curriculum1.,,,..bment practices.

teacher preparation and

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professional development, and accountability. Federal funds will be offered to

states and communities to help thcm

plan and implement changes that significantly alter the entire system, not just

one or two of the parts.

Statcs will be encouraged to examine

and redesign every component of the

state's educational system, including

teachcr training and licensure, curriculum standards and assessments, parent

and citizen involvement, and school

management and organization.

4111111i
Federa! Funds to Support School Reform

VER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS,

over five billion dollars

in grants will be

mule.---6arsealF made to states

and communities

to encourage reform

efforts. Most of the funds

available will flow directly

to local communities.

Nearly 75 percent of the

federal funds for Goals

z000 will go directly to

16

5

individual schools, and the rest to states

and school districts to support the schools'

rcform efforts. Instead of making categorical grants for specific programs or particular students, under Goals 2000, the

federal government will provide funds to

local schools to support schoolwide,

systemic reforms.
6

Setting High Standards for All Students

G

OALS 2000 ENCOURAGES THE develop

ment of voluntary national and

state performance standards in key conNational standards are meant to provide a national focus, not a national curriculum. Under the Goals 2000 legislaTaking the Lead...Professional associations and subject matter groups taking the lead in developing voluntary national standards:

Mathematics ArtsReleased: March 1994

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Music Educators National Conference

Civics and GovernmentCoMpletion: November 1994 Foreign LanguagesCompletion: January 1996

Center for Civic Education American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages, Inc. (ACTFQ

GeograPhy;-Released: October.1994. :ScienceCompletion: February 1995

"National CoimCil of Geographic Education . National Academy of Sdences

. HistoryCoMpletion: November 1994

National Center for History in the Sthools at UCLA

.: .

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Education, Research and Improvement, 1995)

tent areas such as English, math, science,

history, geography, foreign languages,

civics and the arts. These standards will

define what all students should know

and be able to do as they move through

school and graduate.

tion, federal funds will be directed to states

and communities to help them develop

their own challenging standards.
Excellence Principles

G

OALS 2.000 ALSO PROVIDES GRANTS tO

states to support the development

of voluntary excellence principles, which

would lay out the teaching conditions

and resources needed for all

students to have a fair

opportunity to learn. Excellence principles might focus

on factors such as accessibility to curriculum and

coursework, the training

and preparation of teachers.

the quality of instructional

materials and equipment

available, and the curriculum supervision provided.

For LEP students such principles might address the preparation of

teachers to work with LEP students.

access to learning materials in the students' native languages, and acccss to

instruction in the core subjects while

English proficiency is bcing developed.

"Language minority students must be provided with an equal opportunity to learn the same challenging content and high level of skills

that school reform movements advocate for all students."

"Setting high expectations for all children will further the cause of educational equity, provided that appropriate, high-quality instruction and

other essential resources are available."

(Source: Standford Working Group, FEDERAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR LIMITED-ENGLISH PROFICIENT STUDENTS: A BLUEPRINT FOR A SE(OND GENERATION,1993)

16
New Ways of Assessing Student Achievement

GOALS 2.000 ENCOURAGES STATES AND

communities to develop new ways

of assessing student achievement, including the usc of performance-based mcalin assumption implicit in Goks 2000 is that new assessments such as

performance based measures and portfolios will change the nature of

the teaching/learning process and that these new assessments will

enable students to more aptly demonstrate what they know and can

c o. However, even with new assessment technologies, equity is still a

oncern for LEP students."

"LEP students who are instructed in their native language, should be

(messed in that language. LEP students who are better able to

dimonstrate content knowledge in their native language even

though they have not received native language instruaion, should

alio be assessed in their native language."

(Sc urce: August, Hakuta & Pompa, FOR ALL STUDENTS: LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENT STUDENTS and

Got Ls 2000 (FOCUS, No.10),1994)

sures, portfolios, computer-assisted tests,

and other alternatives to standardized

tests. Grants will be offered to states or

groups of states to help them develop

and adopt new assessment methods that

are aligned with content and performance standards.

There arc important equity issues to

be resolved as states and LEAs adopt

assessments to document student

achievement and evaluate stfite and local

reform efforts. Much work will need to

be done to make sure LEP students are

included in assessments and that the

performance measures adopted arc

appropriate for them.
IASA: Improving America's Schools Act

IN OCTOBER 1994. President Clinton

signed into law the Improving America's

Schools Act, which reauthorizes the

Highlights of the IASA

* authorizes full participation of eligible

LEP students in Title I programs for

economically disadvantaged children

* obligates states to develop comprehensive plans that include provisions for

meeting the needs of LEP students

* requires multiple assessment measures

to monitor students' progress and

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Public Affairs, IASA 1994 SUMMARY SHEETS)

enacts major program and policy

changes that arc likely to have a signficant impact on school rcform.

requires reporting results for LEP and

migratory students

* encourages a wide range of parent

involvement initiatives, including literacy assistance programs

* anticipates close coordination between

schools and community partners

Elementary and Secondary Education Act - . (ESEA) for five ycars. The law supports

K iz education programs such

as accelerated education, programs for

limited English proficient (LEP) stu

dents, and professional development initiatives for

teachers. In

addition to funding programs,

thc IASA

legislation

9

Thc changes in IASA are designed to

link existing federal programs with thc

underlying objectives of GoaIs 2000.

Both view setting high performance standards as the central mechanism for stimulating school reform. Like Goals 2000.

IASA places emphasis on thc professional development of teachers, and both

seek to broaden the participation of parents and community members in

thc education of their children

and thc life of thc school.

20
1 0

Title I: vielping Disadvantaged Children

Meet High Standards

TTLE I (FORMERLY CHAPTER I) SUPPORTS

programs to assist economically disadvantaged and at-risk children and

THE NEW TITLE I REQUIRES states to submit plans

that demonstrate that they have.challenging

content standards spccifying what children arc

expected to know and be able to do and performance standards in at 1-ast the curricular areas of

mathematics and reading. These school-improvement plans may be based on the state's Goals .z000

comprehensive plan.

A state's Title I plan must shOw how I:..EP

students will be served, and how Title I and other

resources will be used for schoolwide reform strategies to meet the needs of all students. .

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, office of Public Affairs, IASA 1994 SUMMARY SHEETS) youth. Title I grants to states now will be

tied to systemic (comprehensive) reform

of the schools to help them achieve thc

challenging standards in core acadcmic

subjects set by states and communities;

to involve parents and communities in

learning; to improve teaching through

better professional development; to use

technology to improve teaching and

learning; and to make schools safe and

drug-free. Programs like Title I. Bilingual

Education, and Drug-Free Schools will

become integral parts of reform efforts,

rather than independent programs, with

separate plans, segregated resources, and

little coordination.

According to the reauthorized Title I:

"...limited English proficient children

are eligible for services on the same basis

as other children selected to receive services..." (IASA, Section 1115, B, 2); and

".. limited English proficient students...

shall be assessed, to the extent practicable, in the 14nguage and form most likely

to yield accurate and reliable information

on what students know and can do, to

determine such students' mastery of

skills in subjects other than English

(1ASA, Section iiii, F, iii).

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Promoting Learning for All Students

IN ADDITION TO PROMOTING

standards, Title I

. asks states to

include in thcir

plans strategies to

ensure that each child has

a fair opportunity

to learn. Like

Goals z000, a

state's plan is to

mc u e excc I d 1- lence principles,

content standards and

student performance standards as well as develop

high quality student assessments to help districts and

schools provide all students

with equal acccss to educational resources.

'2 2

I 1

Close collahoration is expected between Title I and Title VII in this rezard.

to make sure LEP students have access

to the curriculum, quality of instruction,

and other resources needed to achieve

the standards set for all children.

pOLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STATE role in helping

secondary schools meet the needs of LEP students

include:

establish state-supported locally-based networks to

disseminate information and alloW educators to

share information about whar Works. for LEP students under different demographic conditions;

conduct comprehensive staff development to provide all secondary school teachCrs with training in

second language acquisition;

increase state's investment in classroom resource

materials specifically for language minority studints;

develop State Department of Education itiitiative to

bring practitioners and researchers together to

advance the state-of-the-art to provide effective programs and services for secon.dary level students.

(Source: Minicucci & Olsen, PROGRAMS FOR SECONDARY LIMITED ENGLISH

PROFICIENT STUDENTS: A CALIFORNIA STUDY (FOCUS, No. 5), 1992)

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"The average

performance of

all students in

high-poverty

schools resembles that of

Title I students

in low-poverty

schools. Where

poverty is wncentrated, the

poverty level of

the schoc' itself

is an impediment to the

performance of

all children in

school."

U.S. Department of

Education,

Offke of the Under

Secretary

Sthoolwide Programs

UNDER TITLE I, SCHOOLS ARE ENCOURAGED

to adopt schoolwidc approaches that support instructional rcform. Schoolwidc

In particular, Title VII funds can be

combined with Title I resources to support schoolwide programs. By combinElements of Successful Schoolwide Projects

Schoohvide projccts should start with a school-generated needs assessment and planning process that results in a set of goals and a working plan.

* School staff need to be involved in developing the plan and need on-going training

and professional development as the school implements changes.

Schoolwide projects need to significantly expand opportunities for parent and community involvement, including offering language assistance for those with limited

English proficiency.

* Successful projects change the way they offer instruction throughout the school, helping many more students achieve higher standards.

* A variety of assessment tools should be used to monitor student progress, including a

combination of tests, students' work, and mastery skills checklists.

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of the Under Secretary, IMPLEMENTING SCHOOLINIDE PROIECTS,

AN IDEA BOOK, Surtriat 1994)

programs permit Title I funds to be combined with other federal (Title II, Title H

of Goals :woo), state, and local funds to

support programs for all students in thc

school, not just students identified as

Title I eligible.

ing resources, schoolwidc programs can

increase thc amount and quality of

instruction and enrich thc curriculum

for all studcnts in thc school.
The Nature of Exemplary Schools

CASE STUDIES OF EIGHT EXEMPLARY

SCHOOLS providing outstanding

education for LEP students show

that they emphasize cooperative

learning in untracked classes

where students learn from one

another. Schools described in thc

case studies were selected from

150 nominated sites in a study on

school rcform and diversity conducted by thc National Center for

Research on Cultural Diversity

and Second Language Learning in

collaboration with BW

Associates. These

schools demonstrate approaches

that inspire curiosity

in students and encourage them to

Curriculum Features of an Exemplary School*

* Whole Language

* Cooperative Learning

* Literature-based Curriculum

* Writing Workshop

* Accelerated Reading Program

* After-school tutoring

* Summer Scholl

* Enrichment Time

* Dd Norte Heights Elementary School, ysleta Independent

School District, El Paso, Texas

(Source: Berman, Minicu«i, Ndson & Woodword, SEHOOL

REFORM AND STUDENT DIVERSITY VOLUME II, CASE STUDIES, 1995)

24

1 3

think critically. In teaching math and science, teachers foster autonomous learning that allows students to mastcr content in a context meaningful to them.

Teaching styles pros ide students with

adequate opportunities to produce oral

and written English and emphasize an

exchange of ideas in an intellectual conversation. When students fall behind

academically, the schools place them in

an accelerated learning environment to

provirk diem th the opportunity to

learn to high levels.
1 4 Part C: Education of Migratory Children

To HELP REDUCE THE EDUCATIoNAL disruptions resulting from repeated moves, the

Migrant Education Program (MEP) provides grants

...eduotional needs are particulary great

for low-achieving children in our Nation's

highest-poverty schools, children with limited English profiency, children of migrant

workers, children with disabilities, Indian

children, children who are neglected or

delinquent, and young children and their

parents who are in need of family-literacy

services...."

to states to support high

quality and comprehensive educational

programs for children of the nation's

migratory farmworkers and fishers. The

MEP provides supplementary instruction in reading, language arts, and math

to migrant students

who arc often

behind in school or

have limited English

proficiency.

Important substantive changes were

included in the reauthorized legislation

to improve the quality of services provided to migratory children and to expand

their access to -aide I and other related

programs.

The new statute:

Clarifies that thc program purpose is to

address the special educational needs of

migratory children in a coordinated, integrated and efficient way, through high

quality and comprehensive programs:

(Sour(e: U.S. Congress, IMPROVING AMERICA'S SCHOOLS ACT

(P.1.103-382), Title I, Section 1001, b, 3, 1994).

25

Targets the most recently mobile chit-4.en.

who experience the most disruption in

schoolins..:, by limiting the population

counted for funding purposes to those who

have moved within the last three years:

Encourages the formation of consortia

of states and other appropriate entities to

reduce administrative costs and make

more funds available for dircct services

for children;

vd:r Requires that states transfcr student

records and other data to other states and

schools as students migrate;

* Establishes a ncw priority for services for

migratorv children whose education has

been interrupted during the school year

who arc failing or at risk of failing to meet

their states' content and performance

standards;

* Authorizes peer review of state applications:

Promotes coherent systemwide educational reform across the MEP, Title I Part A

grants and other relevant grant programs:

Requires that, except when used in schoolwide programs, MEP funds must first be

used to provide services that meet the

identified needs of migratory children;

and

Broadens thc definition of a migratory

child to include children who themselves

arc migratory workers or spouses of

migratory workers.
Title II: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Professional Development Program

FOR 1995, THE TITLE II APPROPRIATION

is for teacher training, most of which

The Eisenhower Professional De, clopment Program. supports state and local

initiatives to provide

intensive. high quality

professional development

in the core academic subjects. States may use a

portion of the funds for

statewide activities,

including revising licensing requirements. supporting professional development networks, and

providing incentives to

teachers to become cern

lied by nationally recognized professional

teacher enhancement organizations. Fut

the bulk of a state's grant funds must he

redirected to LEAs and institutions of

higher education.

Each state will receive an Eisenhtm er

grant based on its Tide I enrollment and

thc size of the school-age population

States must submit a plan for its use of

thc grant.

U

P TO 20 PERCENT OF AN LEAs Eisenhower funds can go to support districtwide

programs. The remaining funds must be used to support professional development of staff of individual schools. Funds can be used to support programs to

increase the capacity of teachers to work with LEP students in core academic subjects, if this is tied to the school's reform efforts.

LEAs' plans also must include a description of how professional development

. . . . fundiavailable through other federal programs (e.g., Title I, Title VII, National

Science Foundation grants) will be coordinated. LEAs are encouraged to try out

approachei to.professional development that are embedded" in the daily work of

. . te-acheri, radier than the traditional pull out, one-shot inservice programs.

(source: US. Department of Education, Office of Publk Affairs, RSA 1994 SUMMARY SHEEFS)

will go for state and LEA grants. A

major portion of the funding supports

professional development in mathematics and science.

26 REST COPY AVAILABLE
"Title VII contains

significant changes

that offer us great

opportunities to

revitalize the field

to improve the educational services

provided to linguistkally and culturally

diverse students..."

Eugene E. Garcia,

OBERA Director

Title VII: Bilingual Education, Language Enhancement

and Language Acquisition Programs

0

RIG [NALLY ENACTED IN 1968 AND re'

authorized live times since then.

Title VII has focused on increasing the

capacity of LEAs and states to meet the

needs of limited English proficient (LEP)

students. As reauthorized in 1994, Title

VII seeks to end the fragmentation of

bilingual education programs and their

isolation from other

school reform efforts.

Title VII provides

grants to states and

LEAs for programs

that link the education

of LEP students to

efforts to alter thc

cntirc system.

Title VII operates

from thc principle that

content and performance standards are

for all children. Title

VII grants arc designed to help school districts and states

so they can provide LEP students with

an equal opportunity to achieve the same

challenaitw ctandards that are advocated t.

for all students. A state's content standards developed under Goals woo or

Title I will be thc same standards used

for LEP students.

A New Directionin Policy . - . MOVING AWAY FROM THE deficiencymodel of bilingual education, Title VII is the legislative tool to implement a

new direction in bilingual education. This new direction is

conceptualized in a set of principles that include:

r. all children can learn to high standards;

a. limited English proficient children and youth must be

. provided with an equal opportunity to learn the challenging content and high-level skills that schoolreform

efforts advocate for all students; and

3. proficiency in two or more languages shoUld be promoted for all students. Bilingualism enhances cognitive and

social growth and develops thc nation's human

resources potential in ways that improve our competitiveness in the global market.

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Pubfic Affairs,

IASA 1994 SUMMARY SHEETS)

27 iEST COPY AVAILABLE
ALL FOUR LEA GRANT categories may be implrnented in a variety of ways. These

include programs for families, supplemcntary support

services to LEP students

(extended day, summer programs, counseling, vocational advisement, tutorials).

and the acquisition of materials to support instruction

of LEP students. Priority

will be given to programs

designed to ensure proficiency in both English and

another language. . Grants for special alternative instructional (SAIP)

programs. under Subpart I -

Bilingual Education Capacity and Demonstration

Grants, are not to exceed 25

percent of the funds provided

for any type of grant under

any section, or of the total

funds provided under Subpart I for any fiscal year.

Under special circumstanccs,

the Secretary may award

additional SAIP grants

(Subpart I, Section 7116,

(i), (3) A, B).

(Source: U.S. Congress, IMPROVING

AMERKA'S SCHOOLS Au (P.L. 103 -

382), 1994)

Grants to School Districts and States

TITLE VII GRANTS PROMOTE SYSTEMIC (comprehensive) reform as well as build local

capacity to serve the needs of LEP students. They also ensure that Title VII programs arc not isolated from the on- going

reform efforts in the school by emphasi:.-

ing schoolwide programs.

Title VII grants offer LEAs and states

considerable flexibility in designing and

implementing programs for LEP students.

But, like Goals 2000 and Title I, with this

increased flexibility comes greater accountability. The new Title VII programs place

more emphasis on research and evaluation than has been the case in the past.

More weight will be placed on student

achievement on state's content standat ds

and student performance standards as

developed under Title II of Goals woo.

* Program Development and Implementation Grants are to be awarded for the

purposc of developing and implementing

new comprehensive, coherent and successful preschool, elementary or secondary

bilingual education or special alternative

instruction program- (hat arc coordinated

with other relevant programs and services

to mcct thc full range of educational needs

of LEP students and their families.

28

1 7

* Program Enhancement Projects arc to

he awarded for the purpose of carrying

out highly focused, innovative. locally

designed projects to expand or enhance

existing bilingual education or special

alternative instruction programs for LEP

students.

* Comprehensive School Grants arc to

be awarded for the purpose of implementing schoolwide programs aimed at reforming, restructuring and upgrading relevant

programs and operations including acquiring and upgrading materials, meeting

inservice needs and career and academic

counseling that serve all (or virtually all)

children and youth in schools with significant concentrations of LEP learners.

* Systemwide Improvement Grants arc

to be awarded for the purpose of implementing districtwide programs aimed at

improving, reforming and upgrading relevant programs and operations within an

entire local educational agency (LEA)

with significant concentrations of LEP

learners.

(Source: U.S. Congress, IMPROVING AMERICA'S ScHOOLS

ACT (P.L. 103 -382), 1994)
Two-Way Developmental Bilingual Education Programs

TITLE VII PROVIDES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO

local education agencies in developing

and enhancing their capacity to provide

highquality instruction through bilingual education and special alternative inT

he additive bilingual environment of DBE programs is

designed to help students achieve fluency and literacy

in both languages, meet grade-promotion and graduation requirements by providing instruction in content

areas and develop positive cultural relationships.

struction programs to LEP students. Thc

law requires that the Secretary give priority

to applications which provide for the development of bilingual proficiency both

in English and another language for all

participating students. This priority

applies to thc four new Subpart

programs: Program Development

and Implementation Grants,

Program Enhancement

Projects, Comprehensive

School Grants and Systemwide

Improvement Grants.

29

TwoWay Developmental Bilingual

Education (DBE) is proving tj be an

effective program of instruction in elementary and secondary schools in which

students develop proficiency in English

and a second language. Ideally, students

are integrated in classes of approximately

equal numbers of native English speakers and target language speakers to encourage peer interaction. The percent of

instruction in both languages varies from

program to program depending on local

needs, resources and attitudes. Design

varieties include a 50/50 model throughout the duration of the program, 90%

target language with to% English instruction (increasing over the years to 50/50)

and language instruction separated by

content area.

Aoki_
- TATES WILL itEyiEWita,applications for Title VII funds to determine

*hether they are cOnsistent With the states overall school reform

.1.: plan, its "Ooals aboci.plan orthe state Title I plari. States Will also

";.if tili:irTi6 I planS hOW theyWill resOlve Probleths associated

-**IihAcitiag4.Orpirsonnel trained tO work With LEP students.

linent

. 1%. " 77:

of. ication, Office of Publk Affaiis, !ASA 1994 Sthinii 51..iiErs)

Expanded Roles for the States

STATES ARE EXPECTED TO PLAY A GREATER

role in planning and coordinating among

services to LEP students. They also are

expected to increase their efforts to dis-

.

19

seminate information about effective programs and practices. The states will play

a critical role in promoting the development and use of more accurate assessments that are keyed to state standards.

Grants will be made to SEAs to support

the collection and use of information

about LEP students and programs.

REST COPY AVAILABLE
20

Efforts to Improve Research and Evaluation

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION ARE emphasized

under the ncw Title VII. Thc research

agenda includes funding studies of issues

related to English and native

language assessment and

effective bilingual education

practiccs. Funds will be available to support the development of assessments for use

in Title VII programs.

The Title VII research

agenda for bilingual education requires the U.S.

Departmcnt of Education to

collect and integrate into its

data system, reliable data on language

minority and LEP students.

The research agenda will result in

reliable research findings and in practical

knowledge to be applied in thc field to

lead to substantive improvement in

meeting education nccds of LEP stuEVALUATION REQUIREMENTS for grants will incrcasc

program accountability. Programmatic educational

success will be determined by how well (a) students

are achieving the state student performance standards, (a) program implementation indicators inform

and improve program management and effectiveness

(3) and program context indicators describe the relationship of grant activities to the .overall School and

other programs (e.g., Title I, IL state, local) serving

LIP students.

dents. Provisions under Title VII for

research include:

* Funding for research .activitie3, includitig

field-initiated research;

* Academic Excellence Awards for dissemination;

SEA grants to assist in thc data collection and evaluation;

ii National Clearinghouse for Bilingual

Education (NCBE) for collecting, analyzing and disseminating information;

(Source: U.S. Department of Education, Offke of

Publk Affairs. IASA 1994 Summar SHEETS)

31
WITH APPROPRIATE

planning, funds

from Titles I, II and

VII can be combined

to support professional development activities to improve services for LEP students. Other 1ASA

categorical programs

(Titles IX and XIII)

also provide resources

to support professional development. The

new Comprehensive

Regional Assistance

Centers will provide

technical assistance to

LEAs and states in

designing and implementing professional development

programs.

Support for Professional Development

TITLE VII SUPPORTS PROFESSIONAL development activities for teachers and other educational personnel to improve educational services for LEP students. All Bilingual

Education Capacity and Demonstration

Grants (under Subpart i) encourage professional development activities for school

staff. Professional Development Programs

(under Subpart 3) encourage inservice

and preservice training for teachers and

other educational personnel and must be

designed to assist participants to meet

local and state certification requirements

for bilingual educators.

Title VII Professional Development Grants

Training for All Teachers Program provides

grants for up to five years to states, LEAs

and IHEs. The grants arc designed to

cncouragc the incorporation of curricula

specific to the nccds of LEP students into

professional development programs for

teachers and other educational personnel.

Bilingual Education Teachers and Personnel

Grants authorizes grants up to five years

to 1HEs, in collaboration with states and

LEAs, to develop and expand preservice

and inservicc professional development

32

21

programs to train bilingual education

teachers and other educational personnel.

Grants to SEAS and LEAs arc awarded

for inservice professional development.

National Professional Development Institutes assist schools or departments of education in IHEs to improve thc quality of

professional development programs for

persons serving or preparing to serve LEP

students. Grants are awarded to IHEs

for five years.

Bilingual Education Career Ladder Program

supports programs to upgrade the qualifications and skills of non-certified staff,

especially paraprofessional staff, working

in bilingual education programs. Grants

will be awarded for up to five years to

IHEs that are working collaboratively

with states and LEAs.

Graduate Fellowships in Bilingual Education Program provides fellowships for

master's, doctoral, and post-doctoral

studics in programs related to the cducation of LEP studcnts in areas such as

teacher training, program administration, research and evaluation, and curriculum development.
Promoting Greater Parent and Community Involvement

LIKE GOALS 2000 AND TITLI I, THE NEW

directions in Title VII programs are expected to lead to increased parent and

community involvement. Title VII funds

can be used to support outreach and parent education programs necessary to

promote increased parent participation.

Trar VII FUNDS Also can be used to support partnerships with employers and community-based organizations to provide LEP students with school-to-work transition and vocational education programs. TIde I

resources can be used to coordinate community-based

health and social services, which can include services to

families of Title I. eligible LEP students.

(Source: 11.5. Congress, IMPROVING AMERI(k SCHOOLS Au (P.L. 103 -382), 1994)

As outlined in Title I, 1ASA, schools will

develop and distribute to parents a written

parental involvement policy and conduct.

with the involvement of thc parents, an

annual evaluation of its contcnt and effectiveness. Title I also requires that "...in

carrying out thc parental involvement

requirements...local educational agencies

and schools, to the extent practicable,

shall provide full opportunities for the participation of parents with limited English

profiency...including providing information and school profiles in a language and

form such parents understand... ."

(IASA, Title I, Section 1118, 0. Parents

can be involved in all aspects of Title VII

programming, including needs assessment

activities, planning, program implementation, and evaluation.

The formation of partnerships between schools and the larger community

is an important theme of both Goals 2000

and lASA. Title VII, for example, calls

for increased networking among the federal and state programs that provide services to LEP students and their families.

The red tape and restrictive regulations

that previously blocked coordination

among federally-funded programs like

Head Start, Even Start, Title I and Title

VII have been significantly reduced.
Additional Programs Authorized Under Title VII

Part B: Foreign Language

Assistance Program

The study of a foreign language can

increase children's capacity for critical

and creative thinking skills. Title VII.

Part B, awards (discretionary) grants to

SEAs to promote systemic approaches that improve foreign language learning in the state. ... . .. Arromat STANDARDS N.Foreign Language Education presently under

. development by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign

. .. . Languages and the American associations of teachers of French, German,

Spanish and Portuguese include three underlying principles related to language and culture. The third underlying principle reads as follows:

"Language and Culture Education is part of the core curriculum and it:

. . . . . * is student-centered, interactive and suecess-oriented,

* 'focuses on communication and cultural understanding,

* develops and enhances basic communication skills and higherorder thinking skills,

* accommodates varied learning styles,

* is supportive of and integrated with the entire school experience,

* incorporates effective strategies, program models, assessment

procedures and technologies,

* reflects evolving standards at the national, state and local levels."

(Source: A(TFL et., 41., DRAFT NATIONAL STANDARDS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EIMMION, 1994)

34

2 3

Grants to LEAs arc for programs

that shov promise of being continued

beyond thc grant period: demonstrate

approachcs that can be duplicated or disseminated to othcr LEAs and may

include a professional development component. The federal sharc of the cost (50

percent) is for innovative model programs providing for the establishment,

improvement or expansion of foreign

language study for elementary and secondary school students (75 percent

of the funcls are for elementary schools:

2.5 percent for secondary schools). Special

consideration will be given to programs

that include intensive summer foreign

language programs for professional

development: link non-native English

speakers in the communitics with schools

in ordcr to promote two-way language

learning: or promote thc sequential

study of a foreign language for elementary studcnts.

Formula (incentive program) grants

will be awardcd to public elementary

schools providing programs leading to

communicative competency in a foreign

language.
24

Part C: Emergency Immigrant

Education Program

Title VII, Part C, awards grants to SEAs

to assist LEAs that unexpectedly experience significant increases in their immigrant student enrollment. LEAs arc to

provide high quality instruction to immigrant children and youth

and help them with their

transition into American

society. Immigrant students arc to meet the same

challenging state performance standards expected of all children and youth

as specified in the state

plan submitted under the

IASA or Goals woo.

Districts eligible to receive EIEP funds

must have at least 500 immigrant students enrolled or at least three percent

of its student population must bc immigrants. L'istrict eligibility and funding

amount will be bascd on only those immigrant students that have received less

"The Congress finds that the education of our

Nation's children and youth is one ofthe most

sacred government responsibilities...as in the case

of Ply ler v. Doe, the Supreme Court held that States

have a responsibility under the Equal Protection

Clause of the Constitution to educate all children

regardless of immigration status..."

(Source: U.S. (ongress, IMPROVING AMERICA'S SCHOOLSAcr

(P.L 103-382), 1994)

35

than three academic years of schooling

in thc U.S.

Funding may be used to support activities enhancing instructional opportunities for immigrant children and youth

including family literacy, salaries for specially trained personnel, acquisition of curricular materials and educational software

and costs for basic LEA services resulting from the influx ofthese students.
Title XIII: Support and Assistance Programs

to Improve Education

Part A: Comprehensive Regional

Assistance Centers

The IASA consolidates

the functions of 49 categorical technical assistance centers (e.g., Title I

TACs. Migrant Education Centers, Title

VII Multifunctional

Resource Centers) into

a networked system of

15 Comprehensive

Regional Assistance

Centers to provide comprehensive training and

technical assistancc related to administration and implementation of IASA

programs. The comprehensive technical

assistance provided by the centers will

THE Trill VH-FUNDED Multifunctional Resource

Centers (MRCs) and the Evaluation Assistance

Centers (EACs) will be integrated with the network of

Comprehensive Regional Assistance Centers. IASA

also continues to support a National Clearinghouse

for Bilingual Education, which is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information

about bilingual education.

(Source: U.S. (ongress, IMPROVING AMERICA'S SCHOOLS ACT

(P.L 103-382), 1994)

2 3

help states, LEAs, tribcs, communitybased organizations, participating IHEs

and schools integrate federal,

state and local programs in

ways that contribute to improving schools and entire

school systems. To provide

a team approach to problem

solving and reduce duplication

and fragmentation, the centers

will be staffed by personnel with

experience and expertise in

!ASA programs.

WI' COPY AVAILABLE
References

AL I I-L. et. al., (1994). National standards in foreign language education

(unpublished). Yonkers. NY.

August. D.. Hakuta. K., Pompa, D.

(1994). For all students: Limited

English proficient students and

Goals 2000 (FOCUS, No. to).

Washington, DC: NCBE

Berman, P., Nelson, B. Minicucci, C.,

McLaughlin, B., and Woodworth, K.

(1995). School reform and student diversiry. Volume II, Case Studies (unpublished). National Center for Research

on Cultural Diversity on Second

Language Learning and BW Associates. Washington. DC.: Office of

Educational Research and Improvement. U.S. Department of Education.

U.S. Department of Education. (1995).

An invitation to your community.

Washington. DC: author.

U.S. Department of Education,

Office of Elementary and

Secondary Education. (1994).

Goals 2000 summary sheets.

Washington, DC.

_ 3"

U.S. Department of Education, Office of

Public Affairs. (1994). Improving

Amencds.schools act of r994:

Summary sheets. Washington. DC.

U.S. Department of Education. Office of

the Under Secretary. (1994). Implementing schoolwide projects: An idea

book, Summary. Washington, DC.

Minicucci, C. and Olsen, L. (1992).

Programs for secondary limited English

proficient students: A California study

(FOCUS, No. 5). Washington,

DC: NCBE.

Policy Studies Associates. (1994). Implementing schooltvide projects: An idea

book (Prepared for the U.S. Department of Education). Washington,

DC: author.

Stanford Working Group. (1993). Federal

education programs for limited-Englishproficient students: A blueprint for a second generation. Stanford, CA: author.

U.S.. Congress, Improving America's

schools act (P.L. 103-382), 1994.
.16116_2_

27

An Idea Book:1994 Federal Education Legislation:

Forming New Partnerships for Educating All

Students to High Standards

was funded by the

U.S. Department of Education Office of Bilingual Education

and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA)

Eugene E. Garcia Dang T. Pham Tim D'Emilio

Director Deputy Director NCBE COTR

primary writer

Dennis Holmes

Professor

The George Washington University, Washington, DC

editors

Joel Gomez

NCBE Director

Mir :rya Gorcna

NCBE Associate Director

with assistancc from

Ursula Lord

Education Program Specialist

OBEMLA

Special thanks to Katherine Rawson, Independent Consultant, Washington, DC, for hcr contributions to

the preliminary version of this document: and to Denise McKeon, Director of Outreach. AERA,

Kenji Hakuta, Professor, Stanford University, Diane August, Independent Consultant. Bethesda,

Maryland. Delia Pompa. Independent Consultant. San Antonio. Texas. and Teddi Prcdaris. ESL Specialist.

Fairfax County Public Schools. Virginia: to OBEMLA staff Tim D'Emilio. Cindy Ryan.

Jim Lockhart, Harpreet Sandhu. and Alex Stein: and Clare Gifford Banvart for their review and

comments: and to the staff and students at Oyster School, Washington DC

Cot cr and Rook Design

Robert D. Mend) 38 Top Design 4 Columbia, MD
2 8

39

NCBE

National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education

The National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education (N(BE) collects, analyzes and disseminates information related to linguistically diverse students in the U.S. to school-based practitioners,

administrators, researchers, university and college faculty, policymakers, librarians, students and parents.

Strokes:

NCBE provides information services through its online services,

a Fax Service, and its telephone reference and referral service.

NCBE publications include Program Information Guides, FOCUS

(occasional papers) Directions in Language and Education and

FORUM (bimonthly newsletter). NCBE also disseminates the

OBEMLA Fax Newsletter and the OBEMLA Director's Letter to

the Field.

To Contact NOE:

National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education

The George Washington University 1118 22nd St. NW Washington, DC 20037

FAX: (800) 531-9347 (202) 467-4830

BBS: (800)752-1860 (202) 467-0873

NOE via Internet:

For general information send email to:

askticbe@ncbe.gwu.edu

The NCBE Gopher address is:

gopher.ncbe.gwu.edu

The NCBE Majordomo list server is at:

majordomo@cis.ncbe.gwu.edu

Note:

Contact KBE for information on how to obtain copies of: IASA

legislation; Title VII program application packages; EDGAR

(1995); listings of successful bilingual education program models (Academic Excellence Programs); KBE publications or

other items of interest included in this document.
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