NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

3224

A STUDY OF A CEILING PANEL HEATING SYSTEM

Oo N. MeDorman

Minoru Fuji!

Po R» Acfoenbaeh

Report to

Housing and Home Finance Agency

WasMngton^ Do c.

<^JBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT

1003- 20-1014 April 9, 1954

NBS REPORT

3224

A STUB! OF A CEILING PANEL HEATING SYSTEM

Heating and Air Conditioning Section

Building Technology Division

to

Office of the Administrator

Housing and Home Finance Agency

Washington,, Do Co

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Oo No McDorman

Minoru Ffejii

Po Ho Achenbaeh.

The publication, re|

unless permission Is

25, D,C, Such per

cal ly prepared If tl

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

In part. Is prohibited

andards, Washington

port has been speclfieport for its own use,

A STUDY OF A CEILING PANEL KEATING SYSTEM.

to

y

Q„ No MeBorman^ Minoru Fujii ? and P. R» Aehenbach

Abstract

The performance characteristics of a ceiling panel

heating system were studied “by means of a full scale

Installation In the Test Bungalow to complete the

current investigation of heating systems for small

houses for the lousing and Home Finance Agency. The

entire ceiling area of the five rooms of the Test

Bungalow was equipped with heating colls of nominal

3/8~lneh copper tubing spaced on 4-Inch centers and

divided Into 10 circuits. The water flow rate in

each circuit could he regulated Independently ‘by- means of a throttling valve. An electrically“heated

holler permitted accurate measurement ©f the total

heat input t© the ceiling panels and twenty heat flowmeters above the panel provided measurements ©f the

reverse heat loss to the attic. Thus the downward

heat emission of the panel could he determined with

considerable accuracy and could he correlated with the

average celling surface temperature as measured by an

extensive thermocouple system.

The observed data showed that the heat emission of the

panel ranged from 25 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average

ceiling surface temperature of 9S°5°F to ^s-9 Btu/hr (sq ft)

for an average ceiling surface temperature of 1X2 °F.

Values published In the 195^ Guide of the American Society

of Heating and Ventilating Engineers for the same range

of ceiling surface temperature and at corresponding

values ©f unheated mean radiant temperature are about 37

and 68 Btu/hr (sq ft) p respectively. The Guide values

are computed from separate radiation and convection

equations. The celling panel output ms also correlated

with the average water temperature In the coils. The

heat loss of the Test Bungalow was not excessive with

the celling panel system and was about the same as that

observed for a baseboard convector system In the same structure. The reverse heat loss to the attic ranged

from 17 o 4 percent of the total panel output with 2.7 too

of insulation on the celling to 11.6 percent for double

that thickness. The house ms heated comfortably for

outdoor temperatures of “20 CF5 a condition for which the

heat loss of the house ms about 6l Btu/hr (sq ft) of floor

area. Open louvers In the attic increased the Infiltration

rate In the living space from 30 to 35 percent.

1. INTRODUCTION

As a part of the program of investigation of heating systems for

small dwellings for the lousing and Home Finance Agency^ observations

were made on th® performance characteristics of a ceiling panel heat~

ing system in th© Test Bungalow using a hot wafer piping circuit embedded

in plaster.

The program was planned to provide test data on the following

characteristics of the heating systems

(a) The gross heat output required from the system to maintain

predetermined temperatures in the living space.

(b) 'The relation between ceiling surface temperature and the heat

emission of the panels.

(e) The relation between water temperature In the heating circuit

and ceiling surface temperature.

(d) The reverse loss from the heated ceiling to the attic for two

degrees of insulation of the ceiling.

(e) The variations of celling surface temperature between adjacent

pipes in the heating circuit.

(f) The variation of temperature with height above the floor and

the temperature variations from room to room for a range ©f

outdoor temperature.

(g) The effect of basement temperature on the floor surface

temperature in the living space.

(h) The control ©f room temperature attained with several methods

of control.

(i) The rate of rise ©f room temperature under" pickup conditions.

(j) The effect of ventilating the attic ©n the heat loss of the

house

.

2. DESCRIPTION <F SfSM

Panels

The panel areas employed s/S»ineh nominal diameter type 3L 5 bench

formed* sinuous coils spaced on 4~inch ©eaters and mounted under

expanded lath. The eoils and lath were supported independently

.

The ceiling ms plastered la three coats t© grounds and

keyed to the metal lath. The total effective length ©f the 2.0 separate eoils was approximately 1600 feet. A balanced temperature

=2“

In the five rooms was obtained 1by the adjustment off valves located

near the boiler inlet 'Which controlled the flow in each of the

separate 10 soil returns., The quantity ©f water in the soils was calculated to be 10 gallons <> Figs o 1 through k show several views

of the coils before plastering. The method of supporting the copper

tubes is shown in Fig. 1. The valves in the return lines from the

ten circuits are shown just below the ceiling level in Fig. 2 and

the notching ©f the ceiling joists in the hall t© accomodate some of the mains is visible in Figs. 2 and 3° The method ©f making the

connection between the supply main and each individual circuit is

shown in Fig. %.

Boiler

An experimental hot water boiler was used to supply hot water

t© the system. The boiler ms constructed of five hairpin type

immersion electric heaters and a cylindrical shell 60 inches by 10

inches. The amount ©f electrical energy supplied t© the heaters

was integrated by calibrated wa^tthour meters. The maximum heater

capacity energized during any of the tests was 15 K.W. The control

panel for the heating system is shown in Fig. 5°

The water was circulated by means of a X~l/4 inch high velocity

booster pump driven by a l/6 l.P. motor. A mercury manometer con- nected to the inlet and discharge connection of the pump registered

the equivalent of 9 <-6 feet of water. The rate ©f water flow was calculated to be approximately 6 gallons per minute.

The expansion tank was located directly above the boiler with

its upper surface immediately below celling level. Fig. 6 9 taken

before installation of the expansion tank,, controls and insulation^,

shows the boiler pump and return connections. The boiler held

approximately 10 gallons ©f watery the expansion tank below the sdr

vent., 5 gallons.

3. TEST EQUIPMENT

The Test Bungalow was extensively remodeled previous to this

series of tests. A plastered ceiling which incorporated a panel

heating system ms installed, lew ceiling joists were placed at

the eight foot level and fire stops provided in the stud spaces at

the ceiling level. Copper tubing was fastened under expanded metal

lath which was applied to the ceiling joists. Several openings in

the floor for warm air registers were repaired to conform with the

original equipments fluorescent illumination was provided^ new

plasterboard ms installed on the inner mil surfaces and the

entire structure was repainted. A photograph ©f the Test Bungalow

is shown in the upper part ©f Fig. 7 and the* enclosure built around

the Test Bungalow to allow control of its exterior temperatures is

shown in the lower part of Fig. 7°

Significant construction features of the Test Bungalow which

“3

"

remained unchanged and iMch have been de scribed for other heating

systems tested recently were as follows i weatherstripped windows

and doors , uninsulated outside walls 5 basement ceiling consisted

of 1-inch rigid insulation board nailed directly to the underside

of the floor joists « Fig. 8 is a floor plan of the Test Bungalow

showing the arrangement and size of the four rooms and bath.

The ceiling was insulated from the attic space with one layer

of commercial ''double thick " rock wool. An equal second layer was later installed. The effective thickness of on© layer of rock wool

was determined t© be 2.7 inches.

The temperature distribution was ascertained by means of 200

newly-installed thermocouples enclosed in 3“ineh cork spheres

located at five stations and five levels in each of the four large

rooms and at other suitable stations on the floors sidewalls 9 and

in basement s attic and out-of-doors. An additional hOO thermocouples were installed to measure the following temperatures s Inlet

and outlet water to separate coils 9 upper and lower window surfaces s and ceiling surface temperatures at 2-inch intervals. The thermocouples on the ceiling surface were installed directly beneath each

copper tube and midway between the copper tubes ©n a transverse line

half way between the extremities ©f each ceiling panel.

The absolute values of the heat emitted in a downward and

upward direction from the coil surface area were determined with

the aid ©f twenty heat flow meters placed over the first layer ©f

rock wool insulation in the attic. Two heat flow meters were

installed over each heating coil and located s© each was centrally

located in half the area of the coil.

4. TEST mOCEDllBE

Forty-four tests were made t© determine the performance of the

panel heating system for a range ©f outdoor temperature from -20 °F t© 50 °F.

Other variables during the series ©f tests were the amount of celling

insulation us®&5 the ventilation ©f the attic 5 the type ©f control

system for boiler and pump., the room temperature maintained indoors s and the rate ©f water circulation in the system.

After several days of preliminary operation which served to cure

the plasters adjustments were made to obtain approximately equal temperatures in all rooms. A proper temperature balance between the

several rooms at the 50“i&eh level was difficult to obtain. The ten

valves located in the ten ceiling coil return lines were used to adjust

the flow In obtaining the desired balance. It was necessary to shut

off the entire flow ©f wafer t© one of the three colls in the living

room. Thus., two panels in each ©f the four larger rooms and one in

the bath were in operation with the exception of tests 1=^. In these

tests s conducted at the beginning ©f the investigation^, horizontal

temperature balance was achieved in tests ls 3 and ^ when, the water

to the vest coil in the south tearoom was almost completely

restricted. In test 2 the panel in the bathroom was not heated.

It had teen anticipated that less than the entire ceiling surface

would he required to warm the living room adequately. However9 the entire ceiling area in each room was provided with heating

coils to provide the maximum degree of choice in the panel location

i

Table 1 summarizes the area heated by each of the ten heating coils

and the panel area in each room of the house.

After the desired outdoor^ indoor and basement temperatures

were maintained for a period of 12 hours or more^ the attic temperature became steady. Data were then recorded for the next 12

to 18 hours. Observations of the temperatures within the living

area for approximately 230 stations, 30^ ceiling surface temperatures spaced at two inch intervals, and the output of 20 heat flow

meters located in the attic space were recorded at four-hour

intervals. The wet and dry bulb readings as measured by a sling

psyehrometer were also recorded every four hours.

Hourly recordings were made of the following temperatures?

outside air, 30-ineh level at five room centers , five positions in

the basement , boiler inlet water, boiler outlet water and two

positions in the attic. The accuracy of the temperature measuring

circuits was checked every hour with the temperature of melting

ice used as a standard. In addition temperatures at a reference

point were observed every four hours by means of the electronic

indicator, electronic recorder and a hand-operated potentiometer.

Electrical energy supplied to the boiler heaters , circulating pump

and for house illumination were recorded hourly.

5. CQWmOL SYSTEMS

t Several control systems were tried to determine which provided suitable room temperature control for a celling panel heating

system. Tests 1 to 18 were conducted under approximately steady

state conditions In which the heat input to the boiler was adjusted

to a value very nearly equal to the heat loss of the house. This was accomplished by means of continuously energized heaters

,

supplemented by a relatively small amount of thermostatted heating

capacity which maintained constant boiler water temperature within

±0.9°F and compensated for variations in l&ne voltage on the

electric heaters. The circulating pump operated continuously during

these tests.

Tests 19 through 28 were also conducted with the circulating

pump running continuously but with one of two thermostats In the

living room regulating the temperature by Intermittently energizing

heaters with a capacity of 45* ^20 Btu per hour.

The living room thermostat controlled the heaters In the boiler

during tests 29 and 30. Pump action depended on boiler water tem=
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perature and was controlled "by an aquast&t. la tests 29 and 30 the

pump was energized when the boiler water temperature reached 110 °F

and 160 °F, respectively

.

In tests 31“33.5> the room temperature was regulated by the

living room thermostat which cycled the pump and heater simultaneously,,

Tests 34 to 37 simulated operation, that would be used when

domestic hot water was to be heated by the boiler . The aquastat in

the boiler controlled the electric heaters t© produce a boiler water

temperature of l60°F and the living room thermostat controlled the

operation of the circulating pump.

In tests 38=44? the pump circulated the water in response to

the thermostat located in the living room* The temperature of the

boiler water was raised 1°F for each 1°F drop in outside temperature

by the action of an outdoor reset controlo

6. HMT LOSS OF THE STRUCTURE

A summary of some of the important results of the tests is shown

in Table 2° Data from this table were plotted in Flgo 9 to show the

relation between the heat loss of the structure and the indoor-outdoor

temperature difference for three different sets of operating conditions. The heat required to maintain a globe-thermometer temperature of 70 °F at the 30“±nch level is shown to be the lowest during

steady state conditions for which the circulating pump was operated

continuously and the heat input was continuous and equal to the heat

loss of the structure,, The data in Table 2 show that the heat re- quirements were equally small when an electric room-type thermostat

in the living room controlled the operation ©f the boiler

.

Fig. 9 shows that the heat loss of the structure ms a little

higher than for the operating conditions previously described when

the boiler water was maintained at a temperature suitable for heating

domestic hot water „ About the same heat loss occurred when the

boiler water temperature was modulated by an outdoor reset control

and the room thermostat controlled' the pump operation .

The upper curve In Flgo 9 shows the effect of opening the gable

louvers in the attic for ventilation,, Attic ventilation increased

the heat loss ©f the structure about 1500 Btu/hr for an outdoor

temperature ©f 30 °Fx, whereas the increase was about 4500 Btu/hr

for an outdoor temperature of 0°F. This increase is attributed

primarily to an increase in infiltration of air as a result of

chimney action in the structure . Measurements ©f the infiltration

rate with a helium katharometer showed that the air leakage in the

living space increased from 30 to 35 percent when the attic louvers

were opened for otherwise comparable conditions . The data in Table 2

show that the attic temperature was warmer with the attic louvers

open than when they were closed* indicating that an increased air

movement ms occurring upward through the structure.

-6-

Tests 6 P 9 and 10 were conducted with equal outdoor tempera-

* tures but with basement temperatures of 3Y»8

0F^ 49*5°F<> and 59° 2 ^7

respectively, When warmer basement temperatures were maintained

the heat requirements were approximately 10$ less, A greater effect

was noticed when the temperature -was raised from 37«8°F to ^9°5°F

than from 49 • 5 °F t© 59°2°F« This was due in part to the fact that

the temperature at the 30°i^®h level was maintained at Y0»9°F for ' test 10 as compared with 70<»0

oF for tests 6 and 9° This variation

of 0o9°F would tend to mate the heat requirement ©f test 10 approach

that of test 9° A decrease in heat loss through the floor of about

2000 Btu/hr would be expected as a result of raising the basement

temperature from 38 °F to 60°Fo

In addition t© the heat output from the panel area an average

of 0,33 K,W, of electrical energy for illumination and instrument

power and from 0,02 to 0,17 IJ. of electrical energy for the

circulating pump were dissipated. This electrical energy con- tributed from 1200 to 1700 Btu per hour to the heat requirements*

Also included was the 400 Btu per hour body heat of one operator,

7 - heat emission from tee ceiliig panel

The heat emitted downward from the panel was computed by

subtracting the reverse heat loss to the attic p as indicated by the

twenty heat flow meters^ from the total electrical input to the

boiler including sixty percent of the pump energy. The heated panel

extended one-half the coil spacing (2 inches) beyond the last heated

tube.

The unit heat emission thus determined is plotted in Fig, 10

against the average celling surface temperature for tests 1 to 8

Inclusive at steady state operating conditions. Fig, 10 indicates

this relationship to be linear with the heat emission rate ranging

from 25 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average ceiling temperature of 93«5°F

to 65 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average ceiling temperature ©f 124*5°F°

The data in Table 2 further Indicate that raising the globe thermometer temperature at the level from TO"

5? to 75 °F decreased

the panel output from 5 to 7° 5 Btu/hr (sq ft) for the same ceiling

temperature

,

Fig, 10 also Indicates that the relationship between average

water temperature in the colls and the heat output of the panel

was linear for the range of these tests. The heat emission from

the panel ranged from 25 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average water temperature of about 102 °F to 65 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average water

temperature of about 14-3 °F»

Fig, 10 shows that the difference between average water temperature and average ceiling temperature ranged from 8 deg F for

a heat emission rate ©f 25 Btu/hr (sq ft) t© 19 deg F for a heat

emission rat© of 65 Btu/hr (sq ft).

The heat loss tap-ward to the attic through the single blanket

of mineral wool insulation ranged from 15. 9 percent to 19.3 percent

of the total heat input to the panel . The average for all tests

with a single “blanket of Insulation was 17 <A percent. Upon the

addition of an equal second layer of mineral wool the reverse loss

averaged 11,6 percent of the total heat input to the panel.

It will he noted in Table 2 that the reverse heat loss

indicated by the heat flow meters was less with the attic ventilated

than with the louvers closed. This would be expected because the

attic temperature was increased by opening the attic louvers , It

also supports the opinion that more warm air moved from the living

space to the attic with the louvers open,

8, CEILING SURFACE TEMPERATURES

Figs, 11=15 show the celling surface temperatures in each of

the five rooms as measured at 2=inch intervals on a transverse line

across the center ©f the room at right angles to the direction of

water flow In the tubes, A thermocouple was located beneath each

heated tube and one midway between each adjacent pair. These

figures show the maximum variation of temperature that existed on

the ceiling surface. There were some variations in amplitude toe= tween rooms indicating possible differences in plaster thickness

bonding^ etc.

Figs, 11=15 indicate little temperature drop between inlet

and outlet of the coils in the kitchen^ north bedroom^, and bath

because these circuits were wide open to permit a maximum water

flow. The panels in these three rooms were the most heavily

loaded. The coils in the living room and south bedroom were throttled

causing a more significant temperature drop between inlet and outlet

of the coils . These figures show that the ceiling surface temperatore decreased rapidly 2 inches from the last heated tube at the

edge of the panel. The data in Figs, 11=15 were observed during

test 16 at an outdoor temperature of 15

eF and with a double layer

of insulation on the ceiling.

The average celling surface temperature for each of the nine

heated coils and the weighted average for each room and for the

whole house is summarized in Table 3 for all of the tests made at

steady state conditions. These data show some variation of ceiling

temperature in different rooms and indicate also that the kitchen,,

north bedroom^, and bath required the highest ceiling temperatures

to maintain the desired room temperature. The weighted average

ceiling temperature for the whole house was determined by weighting

the average surface temperature of each coil for its proportion of

the total heated panel area. Some changes in adjustment' of the

valves in the coil outlets were made during the first four tests

to obtain the desired balance of temperature in the five rooms.

-8-

9. 'UMPERAHJRE DISTRIBUTION

The temperature distribution produced in the Test Bungalow

by the ceiling panel heating system during ten tests are summarised

in Tables 4-13 inclusive . These tables show the average temperatures

at five levels in each room under steady state conditions for a

range of outdoor temperatures from =20 “F to 32 °F. Three groups of

tests show the temperature distribution with a single blanket of

insulation on the celling^ with a double blanket of insulation on

the ceiling^ and with attic ventilation^ respectively. The water

flow in the various heating circuits was adjusted to approximate

equal temperatures at the 30~lnch level at the center of all rooms. Tables 4=13 show that the maximum difference between any two rooms

at the 30-inch level was less than 2°F in all but one test. The

variations in temperature between rooms at other levels were

usually greater than at the 30-inch level.

The relation between Indoor-outdoor temperature difference and

the vertical temperature difference in the house is shown in Fig. 16

for eight tests at steady state conditions. These curves show that

the vertical temperature difference in the living zone^, from 2 to 60

inches above the floor ranged from 6^ at an outdoor temperature of

32 °F to 12 ”F for an outdoor temperature of -20 °F. The corresponding

temperature differences between the 2 and 94 inch levels were l4'

iF

and 33*5°E% respectively. The change in vertical temperature difference in the living zone was negligible when an electric room thermostat was used to control the boiler operation^ but the 2 to 94 Inch

temperature differences were increased 1 or 2 degrees. The vertical

temperature differences observed in this same structure with a

baseboard convector heating system are shown in Fig. 16 for comparison.

The average vertical temperature differences for the whole house are reported for all tests in Table 2.

Significant changes in vertical temperature differences were

observed in tests S 5 Ss and 10 when the basement temperatures were

maintained at 3®°F<, 50“$% and 59°$% respectively^ by independent

means. The corresponding average vertical temperature differences

in the living zone were 8.7°Fj, and 8.5°F<> respectively» and

from 2 to 94 inches above the floor were 26.4°F P 23.3°FiP and 22.9 &F 5 respectively.

Test number 11 was conducted with the main boiler return

restricted^ which resulted In a 22

.

7 “F temperature drop across the

coils. Test number 6 was conducted under similar conditions with

the exception of the water flow restriction. A difference ©f 9 .9“F was observed between the temperature of the coil inlet and coil

outlet for the test. The restricted flow or additional temperature

drop resulted in only a slight increase in maximum. horizontal

temperature difference and average vertical temperature difference.

Fig. 17 shows the pattern of air temperature from floor to

ceiling in the center of the living room as measured by 16 bare
iiiI
“9

=

30-gage thermocouples spaced at Intervals at tMs station « These

curves show that the floor surface temperature was about 5°F higher

than the air temperature 2 or 3 Inches above the floor . Between

the levels 6 inches and 90 inches above the floor the gradient was

quite uniform at about 2.5 degrees per foot of height * The layer

of hot air adjacent to the ceiling was less than 6 inches thick.

Fig- 18 shows the effect of basement temperature on the floor

surface temperature in the living room along a line from the center

of the double windows to the opposite wall. The last 36 Inches

near the inside wall was a concrete hearth for the fireplace. If

will be observed that raising the air temperature below the floor

joists 22°F raised the floor surface temperature only 1 or 2 degrees

over a large area of the floor. The temperature of a border l8~

inches wide adjacent to the outside wall was raised about 5“F.

Figo 1<J illustrates that chairs shield the floor from the

radiant hesijt emitted by the ceiling. Placing a chair over the

floor thermocouples lowered the floor surface temperatures about

h°F. TMs sMelding effect would not be of great significance with

respect to chairs 9 but the floor area under a desk or dining table

might become undesirably cold when the ceiling radiation was

excluded. Fig. 17 and Fig. 19 suggest that horizontal surfaces

above the floor level might be warmed several degrees above air

temperature by the' radiant heat from the ceiling.

10. ROOM TEMPERATURE COlfffiOL

Several methods of controlling the operation of the heating

system in response to changes in room temperature were tried as described under Control Systems. Two types of room thermostat were

used for all except special thermostat tests. Both types opened

the control circuit on a rise in temperature. One was a two-wire

thermostat in wMeh a magnet-type mercury switch was actuated by a

spiral bimetallic element^ the other was a three-wire thermostat

of the anticipating type employing a bimetallic element. The

thermostats were located at the 3Q°iB.eh level ©n the east interior

wall ©f the living room.

Fig. 20 shows the regulation maintained by a control system

which would be expected t© have the greatest thermal lag of the

various systems tried. The heaters in the boiler were energized

by the two-wire thermostat in the living room through a relay.

Pump operation was controlled by an aquastat in the boiler. The

aquastat was set to start the pump when. the boiler water reached

158°F. The temperatures plotted in Fig. 20 were observed at the

30=ineh level in the centers of the living room and north bedroom

using an electronic recorder and unshielded thermocouples ©f 30° gage wire. With this method of control the living room temperature

varied between 69 »1

WF and 69.9"F whereas the north bedroom temperature varied from 70 . 9 °F to 71 « 5 °F during the same period.
. • ,
- 10 =

All other methods of control tried during this investigation

provided close regulation of the room temperature for any given

outdoor temperature and were considered satisfactory from the

standpoint of lag in response.

11. PICKUP CHARACTERISTICS

The behavior of the panel heating system was studied at an

outdoor temperature of 32 °F when one form of night setback of the

thermostat was used. The living room thermostat was lowered to

60 uF for a period of 8 hours during which the interior doors of

the house were closed and the bedrooms were ventilated by opening

the windows . At the conclusion of 8 hours which simulated the

sleeping time of the occupants , their actions upon arising were

also predicted. The windows were closed, the inside doors opened

and the thermostat setting was raised to 70°F.

Fig. 21 shows the temperatures observed in the living room and

north bedroom during the simulated 8 hour night period 'and the

first 6 hours of the next day. The temperature in the living room

decreased 8"F in 8 hours to a value of 60 UF. At the same time a decrease of l4.7 uF to a value of 57-5°F was observed in the north

bedroom. The temperatures in the two rooms leveled off at the end

of a 5=3 A hour period after the thermostat setting was raised to

70 °F.

12. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

This investigation indicates that the heat loss of the Test

Bungalow with a ceiling panel heating system agreed satisfactorily

with the computed heat loss for the existing conditions of temperature and wind. The heat loss of the Test Bungalow ranged from 414

Btu to ^78 Btu per degree temperature difference between indoors and

outdoors. This was very close to the values observed with a baseboard convector system and with electric glass heaters before the

structure was remodelled for these tests.

The reverse heat loss averaged 17 A percent of the total

panel output with 2»7 inches of ceiling insulation and 11.6 percent

with 5.k inches of ceiling insulation.

Opening the attic louvers for ventilation of the attic

increased the Infiltration into the living space from 30 to 35

percent, increased the heat loss from 10 to 15 percent, increased

the attic temperature slightly, and decreased the reverse heat

loss a small amount. These results were observed with an air

movement equivalent to a 3 to ’5 mpfa wind around the structure as produced by the blowers of the cooling units . A direct wind

against one of the louvered openings would probably have decreased

the attic temperature and increased the reverse heat loss.

=11=

Reliable • data on the relationship between heat emission of a

ceiling panel and its average surface temperature were obtained by

direct measurement of the heat input and the reverse heat loss of

the panel. When maintaining a globe thermometer temperature of

70

UF at the 30”inch level in the center of each room the heat

emission ranged from 25 Btu/hr per sq ft for an average ceiling

temperature of 93 - 5 °F to 19 Btu/hr per sq ft for an average ceiling

temperature of 112°F with a linear relationship occurring throughout

this range. These values are lower than those now recommended in the

Guide of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.

The corresponding values of heat emission in Fig. XX* page 5^0 s of the 195^ Guide are about 37 Btu/hr (sq ft) at 93 “F ceiling

surface temperature and about 68 Btu/hr (sq ft) at 112 UF ceiling

surface temperature. These comparisons are msEjde on the basis of

computed values of unheated mean radiant temperature in the Test

Bungalow of about 67 WF for an outdoor temperature of 32T and 63 °F

for an outdoor temperature of 0°F. The observed heat emission rates

are only slightly higher than the computed values for radiation

only shown in Fig. 9* page 557 » of the 195^ Guide. The total panel

output shown in the Guide is the sum of the radiation and convection

components computed from two equations.

A linear relationship was also observed between the heat output

of the panel and the average water temperature in the coils ranging

from 25 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average water temperature of 102 “F

to 65 Btu/hr (sq ft) for an average water temperature of 143 “F.

The average ceiling temperatures in the individual rooms differed somewhat as a result of throttling some of the water circuits to obtain a room temperature balance. These data show that

the required heat emission per square foot of celling area was different in different rooms 9 being higher in the smaller rooms with relatively large exterior wall area or with outside doors.

The temperature distribution observed in the Test Bungalow

indicated that a ceiling panel system could comfortably warm an

uninsulated house whose heat loss was about 6l Btu/hr (sq ft) of

floor area at outdoor temperatures of =20 T. At this condition

the radiation on the heads of some observers was quite noticeable.

The floor surface was warmed to a temperature about J'T above that

of the air 3 inches above the floor and a globe thermometer at the

30=ineh level indicated a temperature about 3 'to above that of

a shielded thermocouple at the same level for an outdoor temperature of 0°F.

The tests of various control systems indicated that the lag

in delivery of heat to the occupied space as affected by boiler

pickup and thermostat lag was of small proportion at any given

outdoor temperature. The drohp characteristics ©f the different

thermostats for changing outdoor temperatures varied somewhat

and this feature of the room temperature regulation requires

further study.

Table 1

SUMMARY OF PANEL AREA

Panel Area Panel Area

per Coil per Room

Sq, Ft 0 Sq, Ft,

Living Room

East Coil 61,25

Center Coil 65,72

West Coil 51o23

17$. 20

South Bedroom

East Coil 5$ 0 22

West Coil 57.91

116,13

North Bedroom

East Coil 44 .31

West Coil 51.03

95.84

Kitchen

East Coil 52 0 73

West Coil 53.94

106,67

Bathroom 31.66 31 .66

Total for House 52S, 50

Total not including East Coil in I iving Room 467.25

Remarks

L—

anel~ :;-a. ownward

.)

Reverse Heat Loss

to Attic s Percent

of Total Panel Output

19.1

17.9

16.2

16.

1

17.2

17.0

16.9

16.7

18.2"}

17.0

17.4

15.5

16.3 7

17.7 J

12.2

11.3 f 10.7 \

12.1 J

16.5

is.

3

is.i

18.5

15.9

17.1

18.1

17.7

Warmer

Basement

20°F Temp. Drop

Attic Vent.

Attic

Ventilated

Double Attic

Insulation

75°]? Room

Attic Vent.

72.5®F Room

72.5®F Room

75°F Room

Table 2. Summary of Results

CEILING PANEL HEATING SYSTEM IN THE TEST BUNGALOW

Avg Avg Temp. Boiler Water Temperature"

Test

No. .

Outdoor

Temp.

Basement

Temp.

Attic

Temp.

Room Temp.

2

M Level

, Room Temp

30" Level

_Diff.

2-60"- 2-94"

Outlet

Max.

Outlet

Min.

Inlet

Max.

Inlet

Min.

op op Op op Op °F Op Op °F °F

Steady Heat Input, Continuous Pump Operation

1 31.8 48.0 47.1 67.6 70.1 6.0 13.3 111.6 105.2 105.6 100.0'

2 31.6 47-9 46.7 66.7 69.2 6.0 13.5 106.5 105.3 101.3 100.0'

3 15.2 41.5 38.7 66.4 69.9 8.4 20.2 126.5 124.8 117.5 115.3

4 14.8 42.0 37.8 66.3 69.6 8.1 19.8 126.0 125.0 117.3 116.4

5

- 0.1 38.2 29.5 66.0 70.3 10.4 26.8 133.1 132.0 123.2 122.5

6 0.1 37.8 29.0 66.1 70.0 9.8 26.4 132.2 132.0 122.5 122.1

7 -20.4 35.1 19.7 66.3 71.2 12.5 33.

154.0 152.0 142.0 140.6

s -20.4 34.9 19.8 66.3 71.4 12.7 33-8 154.0 152.6 l4l.l 140.3

9 - 0.5 49.5 29.3 66.6 70.0 8.7 23.3 127.8 126.3 118.5 118.0

10 - 0.3 59.2 30.0 67.5 70.9 8.5 22.9 129.5 126.3 120.0 117.5

li - 0.1 37.8 29.7 66.2 70.6 10.7 27.8 149.1 147.5 126.0 125.0

12 0.4 38.2 37.3 65.7 70.4 11.6 30.6 149.0 145.0 137.0 134.4

13 14.8 41.9 40.8 66.2 69.5 8.4 22.8 126.7 125.0 118.0 117.0

14 31.8 48.0 47.7 67.2 69.6 6.0 15.5 106.0 104.2 100.1 99.2

15 32.0 48.1 42.7 67.4 70.2 6.8 16.6 108.1 107.1 103.0 101.7

16 14.9 42.4 33-1 65-9 69.8 9.4 23.5 127.8 123.2 119.2 116.1

17 0.0 38.1 26.0 64.8 69.5 11.2 28.9 139.3 138.8 130.1 129.2

18 32.1 48.4 45.1 72.1 75.1 7-4 I8.3 119.1 113.9 113.1 108.2

Three--Wire Room Thermostat 1an Heaters, Continuous Pump Operation

19 -20.0 33.9 21.2 65.7 70.8 12.4 33-0 160.2 124.9 147.2 123.2

20 - 0.4 37.9 29.5 65.5 69.9 10.6 28.0 145.0 123.2 l40.2 120.5

21 15.2 41.9 38.2 66.6 70.0 8.4 21.3 125.8 112.9 125-5 109.1

22 32.0 48.7 44.8 67.6 70.1 6.4 16.2 112.0 98.0 102.8 96.0

23 - 0.4 37.8 34.9 65.3 69.5 10.9 30.1 149.5 134.5 137.0 128.0

24 0.0 37.8 32.5 67.9 72.5 11.2 28.9 i4g.o 129.0 136.9 129.0

25 32.1 47.9 47.4 69.6 7?-5 6.9 16.5 H9.5 101.7 110.2 99.0

26 31.9 47.9 49.7 72.3 75.3 7.3 18.2 123.0 110.0 115.9 io4.3

Ceiling

'ace Temp.

Observed He at

Loss of House

Total Panel

Output

Downward

0 Unit Panel .1

Output Downward

Reverse Heat Loss

to Attic s Percent

of Total Panel Output

Remarks

op Btu/hr Btu/hr

Btu/hr

(sq. ft.)

93.9 14350 10240 25.0 19.1

93.3 15400 11280 25.8 17.9

104.2 22410 17470 36.8 16.2

106.1 22430 17500 42.8 16.1

112.3 29500 22920 49.1 17.2

111.4 29420 23030 49.3 17.0

124.2 37610 29940 64.1 16.9

123.5 37520 30030 64.3 16.7

108.0 26160 20100 43.0 18.

2") Warmer

108.0 26580 20575 44.5 17.8 j Basement

112.8 29990 23320 49.3 17.4 20°F Temp. Drop

119.4 33950 26950 57.7 15.5 Attic Vent.

106.9 25540 20000 42.8 16.3 7 Attic

93.4 16680 12380 26.5 17.7 J Ventilated

94.8 15530 12140 26.0 12.2 Double Attic

105.3 22630 I853O 39.7 11.3 fInsulation

114.4 28380 23760 50.9 10.7 \ 102.1 17190 13620 29.2 12.1 J 75°F Room

123.5 37360 29880 64.0 16.5

113.2 28300 21610 46.3 18.3

102.0 22090 l664o 35.6 18.1

92.9 15780 11600 24.8 18.5

117.6 32680 25940 55.5 15.9 Attic Vent.

117.7 3l44o 24230 51.9 17.1 72 e 5°P Room

95.5 17440 12810 27.4 18.1 72.5°F Room

101.5 19410 14580 31.2 17.7 75°F Room

Reverse Heat Loss

Janel : to Attic, Percent Remarks

)ownward of Total Panel Output

ITt.)

17.6

i 17 = 7

) 18.1

1 19.3

17»7

17.3

I8.5

16.2

17a

17.9

17.3

16.0

16.2

17.4

19o3

15.9 75®P Room

16.8 75°^ Hoorn

18.2

Table 2. Summary of Results

CEILING PANEL HEAT ISG SYSTEM IN THE TEST BUNGALOW

Test

No.

Outdoor

Temp.

Basement

Temp.

Attic

Temp.

Avg

Room Temp.

2" Level

Avg Temp

Boom Temp. Diff.

30" Level 2-60"- 2-94"

Boiler Water Temperature

Outlet Outlet Inlet Inlet

Max. Min. Max. Min.

®p °P °p °F °* °p op op op op

TwolWire Room Thermostat on Heaters, Continuous Pump Operation

27 14.7 41.9 38.2 66.7 69.9 8.3 21.2 133.0 105.6 118.2 104.8

28 31.9 47.9 46.8 67.5 69.9 6.0 14.6 125.1 92.0 110.1 91.0

Two-Wire Boom Thermostat on Heaters, Aquas tat; on Pump

29 32.0 48.0 48.5 68.1 70.7 6.7 15.8 113.0 97.5 102.0 96.0

30 32.2 48.5 47.6 68.8 71.5 6.4 15.7 180.0 123.0 110.5 88.0

Three-Wire &oom Thermostat Controlling Both Heaters and Pump

31 0.1 38.1 29.9 65.9 70.3 10.7 27.6 145.0 137.5 129.2 119.1

'.32 15.0 41.7 38.8 66.8 70.5 9.0 22.9 135.0 129.9 121.0 113.0

33 32.0 48.0 47.0 68.0 70.7 6.5 16.2 118.6 112.4 106.0 '97.2

Aquas tat on Heaters, Boom Thermostat on Pump

34 - 0.1 37.8 32.2 66.1 70.7 11.3 29.2 154.0 143.0 133.5 122.4

35 14.7 41.9 39.7 67.7 71.5 9.4 24.2 163.4 129.0 127.0 119.8

36 31.5 47.9 47.0 68.8 71.9 7.4 17.6 155.6 116.8 115.4 102.0

37 49.8 53.5 58.3 70.7 72.5 4.5 11.0 156.4 123.2 100.4 86.1

Three-Wire Room Thermostat on Pump, Outdoor Reset Control on Heaters

38 - 0.8 38.1 34.5 64.9 69.4 11.5 29.5 152.8 137.2 135.3 128.7

39 0.0 37.9 33.8 65.4 69.8 11.0 28.7 146.9 133.2 133.2 130.0

4o 15.1 42.7 39.8 66.4 70.1 9.2 23.2 136.2 116.6 119.8 112.0

4i 32.0 48.1 47.5 67.8 70.4 6.5 15.9 119.2 103.9 io4.5 97.7

42 0.0 38.0 35.9 69.5 74.6 12.4 32.3 167.0 152.4 146.0 132.1

43 15.1 42.3 41.9 70.9 75.3 10.5 24.5 148.6 132.0 134.2 124.3

Hydrogen-Pilled Thermostat on Pump, Outdoor Reset Control on Heaters

44 32.6 48,5 48.1 67.8 70.6 6.7 16.7 118.5 105.0 104.0 102.0

Avg Celling

Surface Temp.

op

103.8

91.2

Observed Heat

Loss of House

Btu/hr

22920

16290

Total Panel ~ :

Output Unit Panel

Downward Output .Downward

Btu/hr

Btu/hr

17490

11900

(sq. ft.)

37.4

25.5

Reverse Heat Loss

to Attic, Percent

of Total Panel Output.

Remarks

17.6

17.7

93.9

93.®

16450

15390

12130

10910

26.0

23.4

18.1

19.3

112.7

IO6.3

94.4

29010

24330

l64oo

22330

18720

12030

47.8

4o.l

25.8

17.7

17.3

18.5

116.4

107.9

97.6

86.4

31470

24700

16990

10380

25080

19020

12640

7410

53.7

40.7

27.1

15.9

16.2

17.1

17.9

17.3

116.5

115.8

105.7

94.8

124.8

115.7

32010

31510

23830

15750

35260

27870

25490

24970

18160

11290

28290

21890

54.6

53.4

38.9

24.2

60.6

46.9

16.0

16.2

17.4

19.3

15.9

16.8

95.6 16540 12130 26.0 18.2

75°P Room

75°P Room

llWeighted

Average

Panel

Area

Heated

°F sq.ft.

93.9

93.3

104.2

106.8

112.3

lli.U

124.2

v 123.5

l409.lt

435.6

467.3

409.4

467.3

467.3

467.3

467.3

108.0

108.0

467.3

467.3

112.8

119.4

106.9

93.^

467.3

467.3

467.3

467.3

94.8

102.1

467.3

467.3

467.3

467.3

Table 3. Temperatures on Heated Panel

nenriHG spkfacf temperatures

Living Boom South-Jedraom.. Horth Bedroom

Test

No.

Outdoor

Temp.

Center

Panel

West

Panel

Wei^ited

Average

East

Panel

West

Panel

Weighted

Average

East

Panel

West

Panel

Wei^ited

-

Average

“F °F ®F eF &p “F Bp op op

i 31.8 96.7 88.5 93.1 93.6 78.6* 93-6 98.2 98.3 98.3

2 31.6 95.4 89.2 92.7 93.0 87.7 90.4 96.1 96.7 96.4

3 15.2 108.5 95.8 102.9 105.3 87.4 96.4 110.0 110.2 110.1

4 l4„g 108.5 94.6 102.4 io4.9 79.4* 104.9 110.4 110.9 110.7

5 - 0.1 113.4 114.8 ii4.o 110.7 107.0 108.9 115.1 115.3 115.2

6 0.1 109.3 114.4 111.5 109.9 106.6 108.3 114.9 115.0 115.0

7 -20.4 121.7 112.9 117.8 115.9 122.2 119.1 129.4 129.9 129.7

g -20.4 120.1 112.0 116.6 114.6 120.4 117.5 129.7 130.1 129.9

9 - 0.5 106.2 107.5 106.8 102.0 104.9 103.4 110.8 110.

110.7

10 - 0.3 104.7 108.1 106.2 101.4 io4.5 102.9 111.3 111.6 111.5

li - 0.1 100.5 . 109.9 104.6 96.3 106.8 101.5 123.1 123-7 123.4

12 0.4 ll4.o 117.

115.5 109.6 115.7 112.6 124.2 124.8 124.5

13 14.8 105.4 106.2 105.8 100.3 102.1 101.2 110.2 110.5 110.4

l4 31.8 92.6 93.5 93.0 89.3 89.9 89.6 95.5 95.7 95-6

15 32.0 93-9 9?.9 93.5 90.4 91.8 91.1 96.3 96.9 96.6

16 14.9 104.0 102.5 103.3 98.8 101.0 99.9 107.7 108.4 108.1

17 0.0 112.7 no.7 111.8 105.9 109.0 107.4 117.6 118.3 118.0

18 32.1 101.0 99.6 100.4 97.1 98.8 97.9 103.9 104.4 104.2

* These panels unheated during this teat.

Kitchen Total Panel

East

Panel

West

Panel

Wei^ited

Average

Bath Arithmetic

Average

Weighted

Average

Area

Heated

°F Op °F op op Op sq.ft.

96.7 92.6 94.6 81.3 93.2 93.9 409.4

95.8 92.8 9^.3 73.8* 93.3 93.3 >+35.6

108.3 102.7 105.5 98.7 103.0 104.2 467.3

108.2 102.5 105.3 94.0 104.3 106.8 409.4

108.1 113.0 110.6 115.8 112.6 112.3 467.3

107.7 112.8 110.3 115.0 111.7 111.4 467.3

129.9 129.3 129.6 131.0 124.7 124.2 467.3

130.0 129.5 129.7 130.6 124.1 J123.5 467.3

111.2 110.9 110!. 0 110.7 108.3 108.0 467.3

111.8 111.4 111.6 111.2 108.4 108.0 467.3

122.2 121.9 122.0 122.1 114.1 112.8 467.3

124.8 124.5 124.6 125.1 120.0 119.

467.3

110.4 110.2 110.3 109.9 107.2 106.9 467.3

95-6 95.4 95.5 95.7 93-7 93.4 467.3

97.7 97.6 97.6 98.0 95.1 94.8 467.3

109.6 109.6 109.6 109.7 105.7 105-3 467.3

119.9 119.9 119.9 119.6 114.8 114.4 467.3

105.4 105.5 105.5 105.5 : 102.4 102.1 467.3

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TAble

5

-

Test

No. 4

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp.

l4.S°F

Avg

Panel

Output,

42. g

Btu/hr

(

sq

ft

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Average

Basement

Temperature

42„0°F

Average

Attic

Temperature

-

.

37.g°F

Average

Ceiling

Temperature

-

106.1°F

Average

30M

Level

Temp.,

8-

in.

Globe

70.4©F

Average

30"

Level

Air

Temp.

,

67.9®F

Table 6-

Test

No, 6

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp,

O.I®F

Avg

Panel

Output,

49.3

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.) e a3 d HJ

P3oN

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pho

fa

0)

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pi

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cH fa E 0 e 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 -p O Pq VO OV IT\ UAVO 23 fa CTv O E oS O 0 VO VD 1— CO OV ih *=4 KV 0 m Pi w 0 0 4* 1—i

Pi EH

Pi

(VI to CO O O UCNOV . iH g CM i=S as S3 E 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 Pi •H 0 pq VD 0 inn in CD CO CTv © > 0 O vo r~- Is— co to 0 fH

>• •rH Pi 0

<4 fa

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p > 0 ©

fa Qfa" • H 0 0 O CM O O CO fa- O vo crv © fa r-l C3 l-^VO h— o> J 0 w *=4 pq i-t CM CM

Average

Basement

Temperature -

37

.S°F

Average

Attic

Temperature

29.0°F

Average

Ceiling

Temperature ~

111.4°F

Average

30 M

Level

Temp.

S~in„

Globe

70«7®F

Average

30"

Level

Air

Temp-

TABLE l

Jr

Tg§£

No. g

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp,

-20.4®F

Ayg

Panel

Output,

64.3

Btu/hr

(sq.ft)

O)

W

60 6

c6 o

El 6-t

O

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LTM

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CO id©m

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km^ kmj± r~- * o « • o O OMAhMO f"— K- CO OM

60..... CM OM KM CM

tr\ (H to mo km

MO S'

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O

MO CM KM

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a e • o p OM^ OM UM MO MO p— h~ CO

OM CM pH t— 0 0 0 *0

i"— cm cm mo km

mo r— r— to o

CM CD

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ftO

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ps3 ®

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cU

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fte p

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60 60 60 60 60

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©

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© > |3> >;

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Table

8

-

Test

No.

l4

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation,,

Attic

Ventilated)

Outdoor

Temp.

31.8°P

Avg

Panel

Output,

26.5

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

QJ rH Si CD CO 2 O S3 s +3 V> S3 0) w

p S3 CO 0> CD E

E o Si Si £ O rH VO h-VD ov

«H N CD 0) O m • e o o 0 X urH Pi Vi <D P3 o <rH O pH 6—

CO Si E <H pq ss O CD «H

tn Eh Q

CD w

HO E cvi co t— r

OJ o itn

cO Vi o o o

Si o o Ph I— cr\ kyvo cu cu VO LO.

CD P3 o vo co r- h- co W cb eH > o

< LO, P3

<U

Si S»

c3Si&

E

Q> EHBo

o

Ph

Cl) a

.u

<

s

oi oo 60 f— LT\ r^iVO

fr-H P r— 8 1— 60

v» P3 o o o o o o Ph e o p Pi VD CTs K\VO tH ps3 cu VO *=J‘ o >d 0 VO VO t— I-— CO Ph pH to CD in

pq EH O

Siw

PX

S3mpci inm o Ph O o CO LT\ (fH EH ir\ 8—1 LCOVO

H-i Ph Ph 0*9 O 9 9 Q a 9 Si 0 VO CT> 60, VQ 6^> H VO VO

O ‘Xj VO VO f— r— co < P3 rH

S3 ID Ph pq 5

o EH

tsj

l-H a

Ph EJ

,£3 E CTi 60 O ir\ co O OJ Pd rH o Ph o o o 9 9 W o § o o cO o 0 r»- CTij- (TWO K\ in VD CO

pq P3 VO VO 6— 6— 60 Eh rH

CD’ 1 ^0 Eh > £S E CU CU KV CT\.V 60 P3 rH CU H o Ph 0 9 9 9 0 a o o > o o 6— cr\ cu ,.v co o rH p> lO l-H Ph VO VO Is— 6— 6- pq rH

°

S3

0)oH

W

<W Si > O

»H © Q

CD P H

w oj in

i-q <

oI—

I

o

P«H o

coivo r^vo o « • c e o i-~ o'* !'r'»vD vo vo r— r~- bo

co

m

<do

S3

C\J OOMJ- K\VO h— C> O

CO LOi

o o IOiVO

i—

I

O-V

vo cr\

(I ! C\i cu

Average

Basement

Temperature

4g

0

0®

F

Average

Attic

Temperature

h]

0

J°F

Average

30

i!

Level

Temp,

8-

in.

Globe

70.3°F

Average

30

S)

Level

Air

Temp

68.6°P

Average

Ceiling

Temperature

93,4°F

Table 9-

Test

No.

13

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation^

Attic

Ventilated)

Outdoor

Temp.

l4„S®F

Avg

Panel

Output 9

42.8

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

©

ftd

-P -p 73

©Va

oi <v© S

a} Ph 2 o0O Ph Ph M 4) OJ

d© to

(Xfa 0) oq S <h PQ ©

tn & o

pq

W cb O < a

soa §

cqpq

<6 0 oj ir\ n- 0 pi OJ Pt CO

pH 0 ®

® • a 9 pH

® **! 0 ©

© StH pq vx> mod- osoc fa OJ CO OJ > 0 O VOX) h-h-60 pH S OJ < LO IHH ft 8

Ph

©

Eld

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g*©

ehaoo

Ph®©u©< aoo

Pi

•dao

Si

O

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fHo 'd

!si

©

pq

-d

a

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pq pq wd s

•H

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siOM

a

© fn > O

H

O

O 0 P H W «J fa o

rH P— ITN i 0 0 0 *0 h o h in o

faooQ

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CO©

siod

h«-VQ 60

w cn • • e 9 o in ovl- to vx> VD VO^- h- CO w w o mo • • A fl ft in <7\m CTv IH

vo vx>V- f'- oc m womo

u> ounoi

m vx> vo r-~ co cw

d-9 (H in CM VO a o o o a vo cnnh-w vo vx> r-~ r— co

Kh-OOin

©OMAOH

VO VQ r— 60 <7V

CQ> J

pq

OJ

oj 0^0 wo pt

mo

P>H &

pqo

l*V> CTv o(H-l

(H Oi « o <70 «-4 Oi

KV pq OJ CVJ » pH 9 O OJ jo <7V LTV g

04

f—l § OJ Oi • EH • 0 Oi CO VO <

cu 0f-H EH

pq \Q pq sir in 0 . 0 OJ P—vx>

(Hi

mcoo a CO st

OJ

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oj as

faa iH Pt

fHd

-p©

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+»d©a©

cc©

pq©sfH©

Average

Attic

Temperature

4o.8®F

Average

Ceiling

Temperature

106.9°F

Average

%Qn

Level

Temp*

8=

in.

Globe

J0.4®F

Average

30w

Level

Air

Temp.

67.4®F

Table

10-

Test

No.

12

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Single

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation,

Attic

Ventilated)

Outdoor

Temp.,

Q.4°F

Avg

Panel

Output,

57.7

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

rHu 0)

cti & 0 s +3 +3 c pi 3 a cfi a) ©

w E 0 U u <D 6 N <D © S O pH ITvCM CVJ 0 X •rl e- <H 43 O 0 0 • • 0 •

ffi 'MB <H

© Pi cm

H KMiO VD s O © PP rH m EH 0 © CO P3

W> S ci3

cs3

O 1—4l" ^ W fO P3 VO vo vo

tiO PH e 0 0 0 • 0 e « e « 0) 0 Pi O ir\ 0 s'— k\vo £3 irv C£| rH O > vo r~- r— to ov w CVJ p» sH !H~\ < LT\ Pi «sj w

J=H SO

i-H

O S P3 Pi O

41

O (33 e, 43 Pi 0 IfMfMPtO p4 irv irv co

Pi Ph e • • . « i 0 O « . O 'Cl 0 ino 1— cvj CVJ Pi CVJ CO

to

© VO h— f— CO CTV *sj P3

H CVJ

© pq « PI u pq P3 B Ph

al pcj 4H u E EH Q © O

41 ,2 i-3 (xj

B +» Pi pH iH «*! -=J- pd CM KV © Pi « O 0 O O Eh © P> . 6 Eh O Tl a LTV rH 50 rn-% CT» CVJ Eh

}2i

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m h-i

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B PQ

N s O I-H pq O Pi Pi O

PI pq

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CSS 43

O

C 9 • • ® { 1 e 43 . . fH O 0 VO 0 f— CVJ s CVJ < rH IT\ © pq Pi VO P— h- 60 O 4H O rH KV > rH >4 4H

EH s Pipq 0 >

<vo 0 S3 S O VO rH P— O pq rH rH

O »r4 O ..... 0 0 • O > O 0 ltv gtmtn crvvo KV O O rH

Pi vo vo s'—* p— co pH OJ 43 M© H ChH CO K-V VO O CM

41 • » • O . O

O « O O NO COJI- O CM « 1 r-r\ 43 VO f—- N— CO O rH

°H I rH

XL

©

U

oD t> o O O

<D

X

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W < Ph WOO CO^f

KVVO N- CT\

OO Xr VO cn

I) I CM CVJ

Average

Basement

Temperature

32

.2° 3?

Average

Attic

Temperature

37.3°^

Average

Ceiling

Temperature

119.

4®F

Average

30M

Bevel

Temp,

8-

in

Globe

J1.3°F

Average

30w

Level

Air

Temp.

66.

8®F

Table

11=

Test

No.

15

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Double

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp. 8

32.0°F

Avg

Panel

Output,,

26.0

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

©

.-1 Jh

©

© p! 0 a +3 -p © c 3 rt © © © CO a 0 fn u © a H N Q) © £ 0 VO to CM LTN

O

H "H ft <M -P

Q ih .... 0 © pi a <H © pq 0 rH O OJ VQ O SO© "H pq rH W eh 0 • © ©

W)

a

©

afi Vi 0 P3- OJ OJO CO vo tuO co vo

fn

O 0 pR ..... 0 © 0 a

© Pd

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u vo vo > V) NNNM © © eH < IT\ 0 > 0 < ©

Jr

a

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Cp 0

Ph

a orH 0 Q » si Q O © VO VO p ..... © • O 6 . 0 pR VO Ovi- N- OJ SR cu © r— lt\ 0 ts O vo r~- r— h- co © rH CO © +3 Sr pq © ©

Pi©

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a & 0 0 ©

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pq

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a rH CTNVO Sr OJ

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VO

O

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w rH OJ

pq Ph

a

©

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O

a

© •P U H u © © © > VO > N-Vl- < cs a OJ VO CTi^t- vo • • . 0 pR ..... <H LTV rH > 0 0 !— cn OJ LT\ 60 9 0 V 1 0 cq vo vo 1— r— n- PP 0 <

es© OMOfOO f VO St to

si pR ..... • . # 0 0 f— 0 St 60 LTV *—1

vo r—

-p V£) N-N-h-CO S—f w P ta a? (4O © O St

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OJ OJ

Average

Basement

Temperature

Ug.X°F

Average

Attic

Temperature

42.J &F

Average

Ceiling

Temperature

g4.8°F

Average

Level

Temp,,

8-

in.

Globe

J0.6®F

Average

30M

Level

Air

Temp.

69.0®F

Table

12-

Test

No.

16

.Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Double

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp.e

l4.9®F

Avg

Panel

Output,

39.7

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

©

r-t

d©

©

d

O 4-> -p d

d

d

©

©

©

© 0 d d © s N © © •s 0 & Cm -p 0 u B P © 0 © °H pq EH O

fao O..... 0 43- KMA

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H

W f^-CU

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©

© CVJ <! UP 0 > d <5 ©d E © 0 E cm O 0 cm P3

43 2 OP CO p- r*P

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•p cd fa ..... P • <*

a • d O OMOCTih- OJ © O CVJ 0 •© vo vo r— r— to © 0 i—1 CVJ 10 © d d

pq

d

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d0 d©

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© E .pH W) °H +3 © X d d © © © s > > W) co c\j f—p- cH O’. wp d a ..... • 0 . °H O fa UP OP KP S'- Oj 0 CVJ 0 !"«VO > O j O vo vo 1— c— co pq O f-S . «H pi P d CP CVJ VO OPVO rH © ..... 0 0 0 43 fa vo 0 up 0 cvj CVJ CO UP 0 vo r— 1— co op CVJ -pM ©

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d > O

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d kpvo r— op pp 0 0 <1 n CVJ CVJ > > > > >

^5

•erage

Basement

Temperature

42»4®F

erage

Attic

Temperature

33.1®F

•erage

Ceiling

Temperature

105.3®F

erage

30'1

Level

Temp.,

8-

in.

Globe

70.7 C

’F

erage

30M

Level

Air

Temp.

67.8®F

Table

13-

Test

No,

17

Temperature

Distribution

in

Test

Bungalow

(Double

Thickness

Ceiling

Insulation)

Outdoor

Temp,9

0.0®F

Avg

Panel

Output,

50.9

Btu/hr

(sq.ft.

© ;—I 0 _ CO 0 e +3 0 0 a o x

cd S ©o0 0

cd

©

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ft a t— k->vd <ir\ cm 0 • t » • (\i h w to in

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B

cd 0 COinHKiN r- CM on 0 v 0 an*.. 0 © « 03 3 K ft 4V OnVD CM K"\ CM tm H co > O VO VO f— CO CT\ cd rH CM < LOv 0

03

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43 0 n

a P P3 imc<n <h vo r— © vo CM 0 ft 0 a a c 0 03 • O » « 5 -0 a KnCnVO 0 O 0 r*n 0 OJ r—

CO 03 vo vo r—co on 0 © pH CM

PP

H 0

cd© 0 V © V

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cd Ph

ft 0 r-ininj- on 0 LT\40 0 0 ..... fH e 0 e C © 0 Tj a OnVD fH Lf\ 03 CM H CVJ pH S0 03 PP vo vo t"- to on +»0

cd0

eH

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a 0 ©

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43 .... ft • « « O ft vo 0 vo Kn co CM O *H P 0 vo if—- f~— co on pH Kn 1 H

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a

©

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cd Cd cd cd 0 0 0 0 0 0 © © © © © > > > > >

*=4 «4 <4 *4 <4 .

Basement

Temperature

3S»i°F

Attic

Temperature

26„0®F

Ceiling

Temperature

ll4.4®F

30“

Level

Temp.,

8-in0

Globe

J0„}°F

30"

Level

Air

Temp„

66

.5°^





*

1

Fig

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

UP

Fig

oooi / w h «3d nia indino iv3h ssobs

I

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Fig

.

10

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DISTANCE

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EDGE

OF

PANEL

,

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Fig.

11

O O O o o

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108

128

148

1

68

0

16

36

56

DISTANCE

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EDGE

OF

PANEL,

INCHES

Fig.

12

J e ‘3UnJ.VU3dW31

DISTANCE

FROM

EDGE

OF

PANEL.

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DISTANCE

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Fig.

15

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60

80

100

120

140

DISTANCE

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Fig.

l8

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HOURS

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.