J-S39013-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INT. OF: J.M., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: S.L.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 997 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Decree Entered June 10, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Tioga County 

Orphans' Court at No(s): 22 OC 2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED: JANUARY 27, 2023

This matter involves two competing petitions to adopt J.M. (“Child”), 

one filed by Child’s maternal aunt (“Aunt”) and the other filed by Child’s foster 

parents (“Foster Parents”). Although the orphans’ court found both petitioners 

“have the desire and capacity to meet [Child’s] needs,” the court ultimately 

concluded it was in Child’s best interests to be adopted by Foster Parents. 

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 6/9/22, at 6 (unpaginated). The court therefore 

entered an order granting Foster Parents’ adoption petition and an order 

denying Aunt’s adoption petition. Aunt appealed the latter order, primarily 

arguing the orphans’ court abused its discretion by failing to give sufficient 

weight to her biological connection to Child. We discern no such abuse of 

discretion, and we therefore affirm.
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The orphans’ court summarized the facts leading up to the filing of the 

adoption petitions, and our review indicates the summary is accurate. We 

therefore borrow liberally from that summary. Child was born to K.H. 

(“Mother”) and S.M. (“Father”) in November 2019. The Tioga County 

Department of Human Resources (“Agency”) became involved with the family 

in December 2019, and Child was placed with Foster Parents at that time. 

Meanwhile, Aunt commenced the process to obtain placement of Child in her 

home in Buffalo, New York, and her home was approved for placement in 

October 2020.

At the permanency review hearing in December 2020, Mother advised 

the court she intended to relocate near Aunt’s home in New York and 

requested Child be placed with Aunt. The court granted the request, and Child 

was transitioned to the physical custody of Aunt in January 2021. Mother 

relocated to New York, but returned to Pennsylvania just several weeks later. 

Mother filed a motion seeking the return of Child to Foster Parents in 

Pennsylvania. The court granted this motion on March 13, 2021, and Child 

was returned to the physical custody of Foster Parents. She has remained in 

Foster Parents’ care since that time. Aunt retained partial physical custody of 

Child for one weekend every month.

In May 2021, Mother and Father each signed a consent for adoption of 

Child, and both of their parental rights to Child were subsequently terminated. 

Foster Parents filed their petition to adopt Child on August 10, 2021, and 
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Aunt’s petition seeking to do the same followed two days later. The Agency 

filed a report of intermediary and consented to the adoption of Child by Foster 

Parents. The orphans’ court held a two-day consolidated hearing on the 

adoption petitions, and ultimately granted Foster Parents’ petition to adopt 

Child and denied Aunt’s petition. Aunt filed a timely notice of appeal, and both 

she and the orphans’ court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Aunt raises the 

following issue for our consideration:

Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion in finding that it was 

in the best interests of the child to be adopted by a non-relative 

foster parent rather than her maternal aunt with whom she had a 

bond and ongoing involvement, and against the recommendation 

of the Guardian Ad Litem and Legal Interest Attorney?

Appellant’s Brief at 7.

We review an orphans’ court decision regarding the adoption of a child 

for an abuse of discretion. See In re K.D., 144 A.3d 145, 151 (Pa. Super. 

2016). In cases that could be deemed a “close call,” it is especially critical to 

be mindful of the contours of that standard. The mere fact that this Court may 

have reached a conclusion different from the one reached by the orphans’ 

court does not amount to an abuse of discretion. See id. Rather, an abuse of 

discretion only exists if the orphans’ court misapplied the law, or the record 

shows the orphans’ court’s judgment was manifestly unreasonable or the 

product of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. See id. 

As all parties agree, and the orphans’ court made clear, the paramount 

concern of an adoption proceeding is the best interests of the child involved. 
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See id. This requires the court to look at “all factors that bear on the child’s 

physical, emotional, intellectual, moral and spiritual well-being.” Id. at 153 

(citation omitted). It also means the court “may examine a variety of 

matters[,] including, but not limited to, any specific needs of the child, sibling 

relationships, [and] the proposed adoptive family.” Orphans’ Court Opinion, 

6/9/22, at 3 (unpaginated). See also In re Adoption of D.M.H., 682 A.2d 

315, 319 (Pa. Super. 1996) (stating factors relevant to best interests standard 

in adoption proceedings include parenting and marriage stability of proposed 

adoptive family and sibling relationships). 

Here, in finding it was in the best interests of Child to allow Foster 

Parents to adopt Child, the orphans’ court highlighted that Child deserves 

permanency and has spent the “vast majority” of her young life with Foster 

Parents. Orphans’ Court Opinion, 6/9/22, at 3 (unpaginated). The orphans’ 

court acknowledged the relationship Aunt has with Child, and the connection 

Child has made with Aunt’s children, along with the ability Child has at times 

to visit her older half-sibling living with Aunt’s and Mother’s sister. See id. at 

4 (unpaginated). However, the court noted Child was clearly bonded to Foster 

Parents, and called them “mom” and “dad.” See id. The court added Child has 

also bonded with her younger biological sibling, who has already been adopted 

by Foster Parents, as well as with Foster Parents’ older daughter. See id.

The orphans’ court pointed out that Foster Parents are immediately 

willing and able to finalize the adoption of Child, as all approvals have been 
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completed. In contrast, the trial court noted, Aunt would still need additional 

approval to adopt child by the state of New York, which would “result in 

additional delay in permanency and prolong confusion for [Child], neither of 

which are in her best interest.” Id. at 5 (unpaginated). 

The orphans’ court also credited and gave “substantial weight” to the 

testimony of Dr. Denise Feger, who testified at the hearing as an expert on 

attachment and bonding and who had conducted a bonding assessment on 

behalf of Foster Parents. Id. The court stated:

Dr. Feger testified that [Child] appears to have a secure 

attachment with [Foster Parents], that she is meeting her 

developmental expectations and responds appropriately during 

interactions. Further, [Child] recognizes [Foster Parents] as her 

primary caregivers and relies upon them for support. 

Dr. Feger noted that [Child] is at a critical age for forming 

attachments and separation from [Foster Parents] would be a 

significant loss, perhaps comparable to a death. A removal from 

[Foster Parents’] home would require clinical intervention to 

address the loss [Child] would experience and [to] support healthy 

attachment[s] in another home. This Court finds this evidence to 

be significant in evaluating the best interests of [Child] and finds 

it weighs heavily in favor of [Child’s] adoption by [Foster Parents].

Id. (paragraphs and paragraph indentations added). 

Aunt takes issue with the court’s reliance on Dr. Feger’s testimony 

because, according to Aunt, the foster mother “went to significant lengths to 

influence the bonding evaluation.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. However, Aunt’s 

assertions essentially challenge the court’s credibility determinations and the 

weight it chose to give to Dr. Feger’s testimony. Of course, the credibility and 

weight to be assigned to that testimony was for the orphans’ court to decide 
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as the fact-finder. See In re Adoption of K.M.G., 219 A.3d 662, 670 (Pa. 

Super. 2019).

Aunt’s primary complaint with the orphans’ court decision is that it failed 

to place sufficient weight on the fact that she is biologically related to Child 

and Foster Parents are not. As the orphans’ court noted in rejecting this claim, 

however, the existence of a blood relationship is a relevant factor when 

evaluating an adoption petition, but it is not a controlling one. See Orphans’ 

Court Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 8/1/22, at 1 (citing In re Adoption of 

D.M.H., 682 A.2d at 319). In fact, the orphans’ court explained, it is an abuse 

of discretion for an orphans’ court to rely exclusively on the biological nature 

of a relationship when considering an adoption petition, rather than relying on 

the whole record to determine what is in the best interests of the child. See

Orphans’ Court Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 8/1/22, at 1 (citing In re K.D., 

144 A.3d at 152).

The orphans’ court specifically confirmed that, here, it had considered 

the biological relationship between Child and Aunt when making its decision. 

See Orphans’ Court Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 8/1/22, at 1 (unpaginated). 

At the same time, the court explained it had also considered the fact that Child 

had a biological connection to her younger sibling, who has already been 

adopted by Foster Parents and with whom Child would live if also adopted by 

Foster Parents. See id. The court acknowledged Child’s half-sibling was in the 

care of Aunt’s and Mother’s sister. However, the court found that, even if it 
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were to grant Aunt’s adoption petition, Child’s opportunity to see her halfsibling would be limited because the sister lives over two hours away from 

Aunt. See Orphans’ Court Opinion, 6/9/22, at 4 (unpaginated).

Based on the above, it is clear the orphans’ court considered Child’s 

biological connections as a relevant but not controlling factor. The court then 

determined, based on the entire record and the multiple factors outlined 

above, that the best interests of Child would be served by granting Foster 

Parents’ adoption petition. Contrary to what Aunt suggests, the orphans’ 

court’s evaluation comported with our case law, see In re Adoption of 

D.M.H., 682 A.2d at 319); In re K.D., 144 A.3d at 152, and did not represent 

an abuse of discretion. 

Aunt also asserts the orphans’ court abused its discretion by failing to 

follow the recommendations of the guardian ad litem (“GAL”) and Legal 

Interest Attorney (“LIA”), with both attorneys ultimately recommending the 

court grant Aunt’s adoption petition.1 This claim fails.

In the first place, Aunt does not meaningfully develop her claim or offer 

any analysis to support her bald assertion. The claim is waived for that reason. 

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1 The GAL testified at the hearing that he was “torn” on what the best interests 

of Child were given “there is bonding between [Aunt and Child] and a bonding 

between [Foster Parents and Child].” N.T., 4/22/22, at 131. In the opinion of 

the GAL, “it could go either way.” Id. However, in the GAL’s subsequent 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the GAL recommended that Aunt’s 

adoption petition be granted.
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See Commonwealth v. Love, 896 A.2d 1276, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2006) 

(stating that arguments that are not sufficiently developed are waived). 

Even if not waived, the claim would offer Aunt no basis for relief. Aunt 

does not cite any case law in support of her claim, much less any case which 

obligates an orphans’ court to follow the recommendations of either the GAL 

or the LIA. In fact, as Foster Parents point out, this Court has found it is an 

abuse of discretion for a court to solicit advice on rulings from a GAL and rely 

too heavily on the GAL’s recommendations so as to give the improper 

appearance that the GAL is doing the court’s job. See C.W. v. K.A.W., 774 

A.2d 745, 750 (Pa. Super. 2001).

Still, the orphans’ court made clear that just because it did not accept 

the recommendations of the GAL and the LIA, that did not mean the court had 

failed to fulfill its duty to consider the recommendations. See In re Adoption 

of D.M.H., 682 A.2d at 322 (stating that the orphans’ court has the duty to 

consider the opinions of the GAL while making its own determination of which 

adoptive family would better serve a child’s best interests). To the contrary, 

the court specifically reiterated it had considered the positions of both the GAL 

and the LIA. See Orphans’ Court Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 8/1/22, at 2 

(unpaginated). The court stressed that neither the GAL nor the LIA ever 

argued Foster Parents were unfit or their home inappropriate for Child. The 

court stated it then considered the positions of the GAL and the LIA in 

conjunction with all of the other evidence and arguments, along with the 
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applicable law, and made its determination that it was in the best interests of 

Child to grant the adoption petition of Foster Parents. See id. at 3 

(unpaginated). Again, we can discern no abuse of discretion in the orphans’ 

court’s decision and for that reason, we affirm. 

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 01/27/2023