Technical Steering Panel

of the Hanford Environmental

Dose Reconstruction Project

Special Report Published

December 1995

Dairy Cow Feeding

Regimes for

Representative

Doses

DAIRY COW FEEDING REGIMES

FOR

REPRESENTATIVE DOSES:

HEDR PROJECT

by

David W. Price

Technical Steering Panel

August 1994
INTRODUCTION

The most important source of iodine-131 doses to people's thyroid is through the food pathway.

Among foods, the most important are fresh fruits and vegetables and fluid milk. For nearly all children

the most important pathway is through milk. Fruits and vegetables may be the most important source for

adults who consume very little fluid milk.

Milk receives most of its contamination from cows being on pasture or fed green chop. Since the

half-life of iodine-131 is about eight days the iodine is still radioactive when the milk is consumed.

Because of the delay time, feed that is stored is relatively minor in importance. Fresh green chop can

contribute significantly to dose and hay which is stored and/or fed outdoors has some contribution to dose.

The major releases of iodine-131 from past Hanford operations occurred during the 1945-1951

period. Therefore, to accurately estimate doses, dairy cow feeding regimes must be estimated for that

period in the affected areas. The affected area has been defined as a 19-county area in Eastern Washington

and Northeastern Oregon. For the purpose of this report an additional county, Stevens, has been added

because it is an important source of milk for the Spokane area.

The purpose of this report will be to make preliminary estimates of dairy cow feeding regimes for

the 20-county area for the period 1945-1951. Particular emphasis will be placed on the length of the

pasture season for dairy cows. Since the largest releases occurred in 1945, particular emphasis will be

given to that year.

The HEDR Project will have two final products 1) estimates of doses to representative individuals,

and 2) estimates of doses to actual individuals who request them. This report is based, in part, on a survey

of nine farmers who milked at least one cow in the 1945-1951 period. The feeding regimes are intended

only for the estimates of representative dose. A survey of a larger number of farmers is planned for the

purpose of estimating doses to specific individuals.

This report will be divided into four parts:

1. A description of agriculture and dairy farming in particular, in the 20-county area in 1945.

The data for this description will come primarily from the 1945 Census of Agriculture.1

1 Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1945,

Washington and Oregon Volume I, part 32.

2. The results of a survey of nine farmers who milked at least one dairy cow in the 1945-

1951 period.

3. The results of a workshop with three experts for the purpose of evaluating the above

survey and providing estimates of "typical" feeding regimes.

4. Construction of feeding regimes which meet the requirements of the dose model.

1
GENERAL AGRICULTURE IN 1945

The purpose of this section is to provide background information on the type of agriculture that

existed in the HEDR study area. Such information provides an understanding ofthe feeding regimes which

are reported in the last section of this report. In addition, some of the data is used directly in the

construction of the feeding regimes.

The type of farm existing in 1945 in the 20-county area was quite varied.2 Rainfall ranges from

under 8 to over 20 inches per year. Irrigation was prominent in some areas such as the Yakima Valley.

Some farms outside irrigation projects were irrigated from wells, creeks, or rivers.

2 In 1945 the definition of a farm included all units with tracts of land over three acres,

or units with sales of agricultural commodities over $250. "Seafoodfarms" were excluded.

In the 1950s, the Washington State Department of Agriculture, the USDA Agricultural Marketing

Service, and the Washington Crop and Livestock Reporting Service prepared a set of reports on the history

and present state of agriculture in each of the 39 counties in the State of Washington. Table 1 presents

information on the topography, precipitation, and irrigation for selected counties in the state. This will give

the reader a background on these topics which are important to an understanding of the feeding regimes

in the 20-county area. The material in quotes are direct quotations from these reports.

The Census of Agriculture provides information on many aspects of agriculture relevant to this

study. The following information is from the 1945 census.

Small grain farms were the most prominent in the 20-county area, accounting for about one-third

of all farms (Table 2). Important numbers ofsmall grain farms were present in nearly every county. Fruit

and nut farms were the second most common enterprise. However, these were concentrated in the

irrigated areas.

Nearly 14 percent of all farms were classified as those producing primarily for their own use (Table

2). The largest percentage of these types of farms were in Spokane, Asotin, Stevens, Klickitat, and

Franklin counties. The "home production" farms in Spokane, Asotin, and Franklin counties were likely

near urban centers where off-farm employment was available. The farms in Stevens and Klickitat counties

may have been farmed by persons primarily engaged in lumbering.

Only 8 percent of all farms were dairy farms (Table 2). These farms were those for which dairy

was the primary enterprise. In 1945 they could have been producing for either the whole fluid milk market

or for the cream market.

FARMS WITH MILK COWS

In 1945, nearly three-fourths of all farms had at least one milk cow (Table 3). This percentage was

fairly constant across the region with Asotin, Douglas, and Yakima counties being the lowest. This

suggests that fruit and nut farms were less likely to have a dairy cow. In the counties where the

predominant type of agriculture was small grains, over 80 percent of farms had at least one milk cow.

2
The average size of dairy herd in 1945 was 4.6 cows (Table 3). This varied by county. Herd size

was generally larger in the counties such as Kittatas and Stevens, where dairy farming was most prominent.

Most counties with few dairy farms had herd sizes of three cows or less.

Milk production per cow ranged from a low of 456 gallons per year in Garfield county to a high

of 698 gallons in Walla Walla county (Table 3). Generally the average production per cow was higher in

the counties where commercial dairy production was most predominant.

In 1945, 61 million gallons of milk were produced in the 20-county region (Table 3). Four

counties - Yakima, Spokane, Stevens, and Kittitas accounted for 37 million gallons or 63 percent of the

total production. Of the 61 million gallons of milk produced, 42 percent or 25.6 million gallons were sold

off the farm as whole milk (Table 3). The remainder was either consumed on the farm, sold off the farm

as cream, or sold off the farm as butter. Yakima, Spokane, Stevens, and Kittitas counties accounted for

18.8 million gallons or 73 percent of the total whole milk sales.

AMOUNTS OF PASTURE

The most important aspect of the milk pathway for iodine-131 doses is pasture. This section will

describe the amount of pasture available by county for the 20-county area.

Nearly three-fourth of all farms reported having land which was pastured (Table 4). This

percentage varied considerably by county from a low of 47 percent for Asotin county to a high of 99

percent in the Oregon counties of Sherman and Gillian. There was a tendency to have a lower percentage

of farms with pasture in the fruit growing areas. In addition, the percent of farms reporting pasture in

Adams, Grant, and Franklin counties was relatively low.

The average size of pasture for those farms reporting pasture was 419 acres. This ranged from

a low of 122 acres per farm in Spokane county to a high of 2,262 acres per farm in Gillian county. The

largest amounts of pasture per farm were in the dry land areas of Adams, Grant, Morrow, Franklin, and

Gillian counties.

A relevant measure of pasture availability for milk cows is the acres of pasture per animal unit

(Table 4). The average size pasture per animal unit was 12.3 acres. This ranged from a low of 6.5 acres

in Whitman county to a high of 25.1 acres in Franklin county. The largest amount of pasture per animal

unit was in Franklin, Grant, Gillian, Morrow, and Douglas counties. The largest pasture acreage per

animal unit tends to be in the dry land areas.

TYPES OF HAY

Although hay is not a major source of iodine-131 in milk, an examination of the amounts and type

of hay produced in the HEDR 20-county area help describe the dairy feeding practices in 1945. Over 902

thousand tons of hay were produced in the 20-county area (Table 5). Yakima, Spokane, Stevens, and

Kittitas produced 508,000 tons or 56 percent of the total.

Alfalfa hay was the predominant hay type, accounting for 64 percent of the total. Small grain hay

was second in importance, accounting for 19 percent of the total.

3
Alfalfa accounted for over 88 percent of the hay in Yakima, Benton, and Walla Walla counties

(Table 5). In contrast, alfalfa hay accounted for 15 percent of the hay in Franklin, Douglas, Adams, and

Sherman counties.

Small grain hay accounted for over 50 percent of the hay produced in six counties (Lincoln,

Douglas, Asotin, Columbia, Garfield, and Sherman). It was also an important source of hay in Whitman,

Adams, Morrow, and Gillian counties. Thus, small grain hay was an important source of livestock feed

in the wheat growing areas.

SURVEY RESULTS

During the Fall of 1992, a survey was conducted of nine farm operators who milked at least one

cow during the 1945-1951 period. This is a very limited sample. A survey which includes about 400 farm

operators is planned for the future. Since this project is federally funded, this extensive survey requires

approval by the Centers for Disease Control, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the Office of

Management Budget. Such approval takes at least nine months. Federal regulations permit surveys of less

than 10 respondents without the above approval. The survey of nine producers, along with other

information, is intended to provide information which is sufficient to estimate representative doses for the

HEDR Project. The results from the more extensive survey should be used to estimate doses for

individuals.

The sample for the survey of nine farm operators was obtained from the sampling plan used for

the more comprehensive survey. It consisted of the following steps:

1. The population of current farmers in the 20-county study area was identified by the

Washington Agricultural Statistics Service.

2. A phone survey of a random sample of 1,521 current farmers was made to determine if

they farmed in the 1945-1951 period or if they could identify persons farming during that

period. This resulted in a potential sample of 783 respondents.

3. These respondents were contacted by phone to determine if they milked at least one cow

during the 1945-1951 period. This procedure identified 427 farmers who milked cows in

the relevant time period and are willing to be interviewed face-to-face.

The sample of nine farmers was selected from the 427 which met the following criteria:

1. They milked less than 10 cows.

2. They milked cows in both 1945 and in 1951.

3. They were chosen to represent three geographic areas a) Walla Walla county, b) Spokane

county, and c) the dry land area north and east of the Hanford Site.

Other sources such as DHIA records and expert opinion provided information on feeding practices

for commercial herds. Thus, this survey concentrated on small herds. Farmers who milked cows both in

4
1945 and 1951 could provide information on changes in feeding practices over this six year interval. The

sample was selected so that the important geographic areas ofthe study would be represented. The location

of the farming operations in the 1945-1951 period did not coincide exactly with current locations of

farmers. Actual locations of the sampled farms are shown in Table 6.

The sample design was successful in obtaining a wide variation in the size and type of farm (Table

6). Four of the five were small grain farms, three were primarily engaged in the production of fruit and

vegetables, and two were livestock enterprises. Size of the farm ranged from 2 to 5,000 acres. Most

farms raised other livestock such as hogs, chickens, and beef cattle.

The survey instrument included questions for both 1945 and 1951. However, nearly all

respondents indicated that no major changes took place in either the number of animals on the farm or in

the feeding regimes of these animals. Farm No.5 did report an increase in the number of cows from 2 to

6 during this period.

None of the sample sold whole fluid milk to the commercial market. Three farms sold fluid milk

to neighbors, while five separated the milk which was not used by the household and sold it as cream.

The number of milk cows per farm ranged from 2 to 9 (Table 7). The breed of cow was quite

varied considering the small size of the sample; guernseys and milking shorthorns were more prevalent

than the other breeds.

The acreage of pasture on each farm varied from 2 to 780 acres (Table 7). All three irrigated

pastures were either two or three acres. The non-irrigated pastures in Spokane county where rainfall is

15-20 inches per year were 10 and 15 acres, while the non-irrigated pastures in the drier areas ranged from

200 to 780 acres.

All farms reported that cows were on pasture at some time during the year. The start ofthe pasture

season ranged from early March to early June (Table 7). The end of the pasture season ranged from mid

July to late November.

Length ofthe pasture season ranged from 2-1/2 to 8-1/2 months. The 2 to 3 acre irrigated pastures

had seasons of 4 to 5-1/2 months. The 10 to 15 acre non-irrigated pastures in Spokane county had 2-1/2

and 3 month seasons. In the drier areas where large acres of pasture were available, the non-irrigated

pasture season ranged from 5 to 8-1/2 months. This sample is too small to make valid generalizations, but

it does appear that farms with large acreage of pasture land have long pasture seasons, even where rainfall

is limited.

One of the ways of extending the pasture season in the drier areas where wheat is grown is to

pasture wheat in the early spring and to pasture wheat stubble in the fall. In this sample one farmer

reported pasturing wheat. Two farmers reported pasturing wheat stubble.

The amounts and length of pasture also depend on the type of land which is pastured. Farm No.5

had ample land along a creek with hillsides which contained springs. Extensive pasture for relatively long

periods is possible under these conditions.

Dry land wheat areas can be characterized by farms with large amounts of land, low wheat yields,

5
and relatively long distances to town or to neighbors. The potential for raising grass or alfalfa hay may

be limited. Farmers in this sample produced their own milk by making use of wheat, wheat stubble, and

large areas of native grass pasture. Grain hay was also used. Farmers producing milk primarily for their

own use found it economical to make use of relatively low quality feed and pasture. High milk production

per cow was not important. The alternative of purchasing fluid milk in stores was not feasible because of

distances and the short shelf life of fluid milk in 1945. The alternative of buying dry, evaporated, or

condensed milk resulted in spending money for a less desirable product.

In order to accurately estimate doses from milk consumption, one needs to know not only the

length of the pasture season, but the amount of pasture consumed. There is no direct measurement of

pasture consumption, but an estimate can be made by using milk production and size of cow to obtain the

amount of feed required for body maintenance and milk production. The amount of grain, hay, silage, and

green chop can be subtracted from the total feed requirement to yield the amount of feed from pasture.

Two of the nine farmers fed no grain while cows were on pasture (Table 8). The remainder fed

between 2 and 4 quarts per day. The two farmers not feeding grain did feed some hay during the pasture

season. Two farmers fed both hay and grain while cows were on pasture, leaving five farmers who fed

grain but no hay.

The predominant type of hay fed was alfalfa (Table 8) which agrees with the data from the Census

of Agriculture (Table 5). One farmer fed small grain hay, while another fed only grass hay. Six of the

ten farmers relied solely on hay produced on the farm (Table 8). Two used purchased hay exclusively,

while one used both purchased hay and hay grown on the farm.

If hay is stored outside it will be more contaminated with radioactive iodine than hay stored in a

barn. Both farmers in Spokane county stored all their hay in barns, which would be expected because of

the amount of rainfall. In the drier areas, three of the six farmers reported that all hay was stored in barns.

Two of the six reported both barn and open storage, while one reported exclusive open storage of baled

hay.

Milk production per cow ranged from .8 gallons to 3 gallons per day with a mean of 1.7 gallons

(Table 9). Using 365 days, this converts to 620 gallons per year which is very close to the 20-county

average reported by the Census of Agriculture (Table 3). Household milk use ranged from 1 to 2-1/2

gallons per day with a mean of 1.7 gallons. This included milk used in making butter and cottage cheese

for home consumption.

Another potential source for iodine-131 in milk is the drinking water used by cows. Surface water

such as creeks and ponds may contain some radioactive iodine. The short half-life of iodine-131 means

that water from deep wells will be free of iodine-131. Four of the nine farmers used deep wells to water

their milk cows. One used the city water supply. The source of water for milk cows on 3 of the 9 farms

was spring water while cows were on pasture. Milk cows had access to a creek on the remaining farms.

Dairy goats are important for the HEDR Project. If goats and cows consume the same proportion

of pasture grass, iodine concentration in goat's milk is several times that for cow's milk.

Two of the nine farms reported raising dairy goats. Goat milk was used exclusively for home

consumption. The feeding regimes for goats were similar to those for cows. One farmer did report that

6
the proportion of hay and grain fed to goats while on pasture was greater than that for cows. The goats

were tethered, which somewhat limited their access to pasture.

Eggs from chickens, which have access to the outdoors and consume grit and feed that are exposed,

can be a source of iodine-131. Eight of the nine farms raised chickens for eggs. One of the eight

respondents who raised chickens could not respond to the questions about chickens. All of the other seven

farmers raised chickens which had access to the outdoors during the summer. All fed some grain during

the summer so that at least one-half of the feed was not exposed for long periods of time. Six of the seven

also fed the chickens commercial grit during the summer.

Leafy vegetables can be an important source of iodine-131 when they are eaten fresh. Leafy

vegetables from gardens are a more important source than commercially grown because the time between

picking and consuming is much shorter.

All nine farmers reported having gardens with leafy vegetables. All reported raising lettuce. Five

raised spinach, four raised beet greens, and four reported raising chard. Eight of the nine reported single

plantings of each green, while one reported multiple plantings which supplied fresh greens from the garden

for an extended period of time.

The frequency of serving greens varied substantially (Table 10). Two of the seven farmers who

answered the question stated that greens were served twice a day. Two others indicated that lettuce was

served once a day. Another indicated that either lettuce or beet greens was served on a daily basis. This

resulted in only two of the seven respondents serving a leafy vegetable less than once a day.

FEEDING PRACTICES WORKSHOP

A workshop on dairy cow feeding practices was held on September 21, 1993, in Richland

Washington. Three experts on dairy cow feeding practices were present. They were:

• Gerry Ward, professor of animal science at Colorado State University;

• Tim Blosser, retired professor of animal science at Washington State University;

and

• Eddie Thomason, area dairy extension agent at Washington State University.

Also in attendance were David Price, Warren Bishop, Norma Jean Germond, Richard Morrill, and

Deward Walker of the Technical Steering Panel (TSP) of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction

Project. TSP staff members present were Max Power and Kathy CharLee. Battelle staff present included

Duane Deonigi, Pete Wilfert, Bill Farris, and Bruce Napier. Public members present were Jim Thomas

and Bob Cook. Mike Donnelly representing the Centers for Disease Control was also present.

The first part of the workshop was devoted to reviewing the nine interviews which were discussed

in the last section. The Phase I feeding regimes estimated by Battelle in the Phase I portion of the HEDR

study were presented (Beck, et. al.). These were based primarily on opinions of experts and farmers

convened at a workshop. Two Battelle regimes were for commercial dairies with irrigated pastures in the

7
Phase I area. One feeding regime was similar to those found in the survey for the small herds with

irrigated pasture. However, the small herds generally fed less grain and therefore, relied more heavily on

pasture as a source of feed. Two Battelle regimes had no pasture, whereas the limited survey found no

herds without pasture.

The second part of the workshop was devoted to estimating typical feeding regimes for various

pasture types and geographic areas. Expert solicitation was used to estimate typical start and end dates for

pasture when non-irrigated pasture was used (Table 11). Ranges were also estimated. Three different

scenarios were used 1) all native grass pasture, 2) native grass and wheat stubble, and 3) wheat, native

grass and wheat stubble. This was done for the warmer, drier areas with about 10 inches of rainfall per

year, and for the colder, wetter areas with about 20 inches of rainfall per year. These estimates showed

that in the dry land areas pasture could start as early as February 15 and end as late as November 15.

All pasture deteriorates in the summer. The deterioration of non-irrigated pasture is substantial.

Therefore, the percent of dry matter from pasture was estimated for each month of the season for each

scenario for each geographic area (Tables 12 and 13). For the small, non commercial herds the percent

from pasture averaged as high as 90 percent in the spring to as low as 10 percent in the fall for the scenario

with all native grass. The addition of wheat resulted in a high percent of pasture in the early spring. For

the small herds the percent of total dry matter consumed from wheat pasture was estimated to be 90

percent. The addition of wheat stubble increased the percent from pasture in the fall. However, the

highest percent of dry matter from wheat stubble was estimated to be 40 percent. No ranges were

estimated for the percent of dry matter stemming from pasture.

Similar estimates were made for commercial herds (Tables 12 and 13). The percent of dry matter

consumed from pasture was estimated to be lower for these herds. For example, the highest percent was

75 in contrast to the 90 percent for the small herds.

The percent of farms using the various types of pasture was estimated by the three experts. It was

felt that none of the commercial herds used wheat stubble. However, about 50 percent of the small herds

were estimated to use wheat stubble, while about 10 percent of the herds used wheat pasture. This was

the same for commercial and non commercial herds.

Bruce Napier presented the results from sensitivity analysis which showed that pasture length was

important. Using the Battelle Phase I regimes 1 and 2 (Beck, et. al.) the dose from pasture increased by

40 percent when the pasture season was increased by two months.

A discussion was held with respect to the feasibility of estimating doses without the results of a

comprehensive survey of milk producers. The position was put forth that the doses for the HTDS survey

could be made since it is a pilot project. In addition, doses for reference individuals could be made since

a specific feeding regime could be specified. However, it was the position of the group that doses to

specific individuals should not be made until the results of a comprehensive survey of dairy farms are

available.

After the workshop Battelle and TSP personnel decided that the three experts should be polled by

mail to obtain estimates of 1) pasture on and off dates for specific geographic areas, 2) yearly changes

in pasture on and off dates due to weather, and 3) the proportion of commercial milk being supplied from

8
each type of pasture for specific geographic areas.

The 20-county area (plus Okanogan county) was divided into 16 geographic areas (Table 14).

Pasture on dates were estimated for fanners who 1) pastured wheat, and 2) did not pasture wheat (Table

15). Pasture off dates were estimated for 1) irrigated pastures, 2) non-irrigated pastures, and 3) pastures

which included wheat stubble (Table 15).

Year-to-year variations in temperature and moisture conditions result in variations in the dates

when cows are put on pasture and taken off pasture. Estimates of the deviations from the normal on-off

dates were also made by the three experts (Table 16).

In order to estimate doses to persons consuming milk from commercial sources, one needs to know

the percentage of cows using the various types of pasture. Estimates of these percentages were made by

the three experts for each of the 16 geographic areas (Table 17).

FEEDING REGIMES USED IN THE HEDR MODEL

The HEDR dose model contains several restrictions with respect to feeding regimes. The code

allows for four feeding regimes for commercial dairies and an additional four for the family cow. Five

seasons are allowed for each regime. The first season must start on January 1 and the last season must end

on December 31.

Another requirement for the HEDR dose code is that dairy cow intakes for the various feed types

must be specified as kilograms of dry matter intake. This stems from the equation which converts the

amount of iodine-131 in feed to the iodine-131 concentration in milk. This equation relates the quantity

of iodine-131 in feed to the iodine content in a unit of milk. The results of the workshop were in terms

of the percentage of total intake from each feed type. Therefore, the dry matter intake of dairy cows had

to be estimated.

This section presents estimates ofthe amount of dry matter intake by cows in the HEDR 20-county

region for family cows and for commercial cows by season. By using the average production per cow in

the HEDR 20-county and the equations derived by Battelle in the Phase I report on milk production and

distribution it was estimated that the average dry matter intake for the average lactating cow in the HEDR

region was 11 kilograms per day (Beck, et al). It was hypothesized that this figure should be higher for

commercial cows than for family cows and that this figure should be higher in spring and early summer

than for other times of the year.

The difference between commercial and family cows was estimated using the 1945 Census of

Agriculture data to obtain the milk production per cow in each county in the 20-county area (Table 3).

This was regressed against the percent of milk produced that was sold as whole milk. A control variable,

the acres of pasture per animal unit, was added to the regression. (Animal units include the number of all

cattle, horses, mules, goats, and sheep, with the appropriate adjustments for the smaller sizes of sheep and

goats.)

The results of the regression were:

9
Y = 534.227 + 2.650 X1 - 2.474 X2

(16.099) (5.167) (-1.395) R2 = .676

N = 20

(t values are in parenthesis)

Y = Milk production per cow

X1 = Percent of milk sold as whole milk

X2 = Acres per animal unit

By assigning a value of zero for the family cow, a value of one hundred for the commercial cow,

and the mean value for acres per animal unit, the predicted values for production per cow were obtained.

They were 499 gallons per year for the family cow and 764 gallons per year for the commercial cow3. Using a 305 day lactation period, the daily milk production for the family cow was 14.07 pounds compared

with 21.54 pounds for the commercial cow.

3 This compares with 1124 gallons per year for the DHIA herds in Yakima County in

1951. (Beck, et. al.)

The next step was to derive the amount of dry matter intake required to obtain these production

levels. These were derived by using the equations in the Battelle Phase I report (Beck, et. al.). In order

to derive the required dry matter intake from these equations the weight of the cow and the percent

butterfat need to be known. It was assumed that the weight of the family cow was 1,100 pounds and the

butterfat content of the milk was 4.5 percent. For the commercial cow a body

weight of 1,250 pounds was assumed along with a 4.0 percent butterfat content. The equations yielded

a dry matter intake of 10.1 kilograms per day for the family cow and 12.4 kilograms for the commercial

cow.

The next step in the analysis was to estimate the seasonal variation in dry matter intake. The

USDA publishes estimates of milk production per cow by month for each state (Milk Cows on Farms,

Production per Cow, and Total Production). This analysis used the production for the State of Washington

for the year 1945 (Table 18). Monthly production was converted to an index of monthly production with

the index set equal to one for the yearly average production (Table 18). The daily production for each

month for the family and commercial cows was computed by multiplying the above production figures of

14.07 and 21.54 pounds per day by the values of the index. The daily dry matter intake for each month

was then computed from the Battelle equations.

The results were as follows:

Month Dry Matter Intake (kgs per day)

Family Cow Commercial Cow

Jan 9.1 10.9

Feb 9.0 10.8

Mar 9.7 11.9

Apr 10.6 13.2

May 11.5 14.4

Jun 11.3 14.2

10
Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

11.1 13.8

10.4 12.9

10.0 12.3

9.9 12.1

9.5 11.5

9.2 11.1

For this project the four feeding regimes for the family cow were 1) no pasture, 2) irrigated

pasture, 3) non-irrigated pasture: grass only, and 4) non-irrigated pasture: with stubble. The other pasture

type which could have been included is non-irrigated pasture with wheat pasture in the spring and stubble

in the Fall. This type was excluded because the releases of iodine-131 during the 1945-1947 period were

relatively low in the early spring months and because this type was believed to be less common than the

other four.

The four feeding regimes selected for commercial dairies were 1) irrigated pasture, 2) nonirrigated pasture: grass only, 3) non-irrigated pasture: with stubble, and 4) non-irrigated pasture: with

stubble, but family cow dry matter intake instead of commercial intake. The last regime was created to

estimate doses in "informal" markets (Deonigi, et. al.). These were markets where no commercial fluid

milk bottling operations existed, but fluid milk was sold to neighbors. It was the opinion ofthe author that

this feeding regime best represented these markets.

The HEDR dose model requires that uncertainties be specified for each variable input. This first

requires that a specific distribution be selected. For dry matter intakes, distributions with infinite tails such

as the normal distribution were deemed non applicable. Two distributions with finite tails were considered;

the uniform and the triangular. The triangular distribution was selected since it allows probabilities to

decrease as values change from an "average". The HEDR code allows the triangular distribution to be

non symmetric. Therefore, this feature was used where appropriate. This also means that the "average"

value is the mode.

The first regime for the family cow had no pasture. Since total dry matter intake is less when cows

are not on pasture its mode was specified to be 9.6 kilograms throughout the year with a range of 7.6 to

11.6 kilograms. Hay was specified to contribute 8.1 kilograms while grain contributed 1.5 kilograms.

The range on hay was specified to vary between 7.1 and 9.1 kilograms, while that for grain was from .5

to 2.5 kilograms.

No family cow regime contained any silage or green chop. Silage requires an appropriate, nearly

air tight storage facility. None of the nine farmers interviewed fed silage or green chop. Furthermore,

in 1945 it was relatively expensive to build such a facility. Machinery for green chopping was not on the

market in 1945. However, hand scythes and hand corn cutters were available.

The pasture on and off dates, the seasons which meet code requirements, and the dry matter intake

for family cows on irrigated pasture are shown in Table 19. The pasture on and off dates are those given

in Table 15. For each area there is a 15-day period where the cows adjust to being on pasture. The same

adjustment period is used at the end of the pasture season. During the full pasture season 90 percent of

the dry matter intake stemmed from pasture. This was the same percentage that the experts specified for

the peak non-irrigated pasture (Table 13).

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Even though feeding regimes are important to dose, scoping studies using the Battelle model have

shown that the uncertainties associated with feeding regimes are a minor factor in the total uncertainty

associated with dose. In that model, wide uncertainties have been attached to the feed to milk transfer

factor and to the transfer factor which relates human milk consumption to thyroid dose. The uncertainties

for pasture seasons (shown in parentheses, Table 19) were based on those expressed by the experts (Table

11) with slight modifications made by the author. The uncertainties allow for the possibility that nearly

all dry matter intake comes from pasture.

The feeding regimes meeting the code requirements for family cows on non-irrigated grass pasture

followed by wheat stubble are given in Table 20. The total dry matter intakes were allowed to decline as

the pasture season progressed. This decline specified the effect ofthe deterioration in non-irrigated pasture

over the season. In addition to the decline in total dry matter intake, the amount of hay fed was increased

as pastures deteriorated. The decline in the percent of dry matter intake from pasture was specified to be

in agreement with the opinions of the experts (Table 12). The percent of dry matter from pasture varied

from 75 percent in the first two months of the pasture season to about 32 percent in the last two months.

The mean percent of dry matter intake from pasture during pasture season was 55 percent for Area I.

The pasture on and off dates were those given by the three experts (Table 15). The uncertainties

allowed the percent of dry matter from pasture to be as high at 84 percent in the first two months of the

pasture season to as low as about 15 percent in the last two months. The uncertainties allowed the

possibility of no grain being fed during the pasture season.

The feeding regimes for family cows on non-irrigated pasture with no wheat or stubble pasture are

specified in Table 21. The dates cows were taken off pasture represent a combination of the opinions of

the three experts expressed in Tables 12, 13 and 15. The dates on pasture were those specified in Table

15.

The non-irrigated pasture regimes with no wheat or stubble were similar to those with stubble. The

major differences were an earlier off date and less dry matter intake from pasture during the latter part of

the pasture season.

Pasture on and off dates for commercial dairies with cows on irrigated pasture were identical to

those for the family cow (Table 22). The dry matter intakes for the commercial operations were higher

as estimated in the previous section. Unlike the family cow, some hay was fed while cows were on full

pasture. The amount of dry matter from pasture was specified to be consistent with expert opinion (Table

12). That is, the percent of dry matter from irrigated pasture was specified to be 75 percent, the same as

the percentage from peak non-irrigated pasture.

Silage was included in the commercial irrigated regimes during the Fall months. No silage was

specified for other seasons. Due to storage time its contribution to dose in other seasons would be

negligible.

The commercial feeding regimes with non-irrigated pastures did not include silage (Tables 23 and

24). In the HEDR area it is not feasible to raise corn without irrigation. Feeding of grass silage was

limited during the 1945-1951 period.

The two commercial feeding regimes for non-irrigated pasture use the same pasture on and off

12
dates and seasons as these regimes for the family cow. The percentage of dry matter intake from pasture

is the same as the commercial irrigated regime for the peak pasture season. The percentages then decline

over the season as specified by the experts (Table 12). Hay is used to supplement pasture and grain

throughout the pasture season.

For non-irrigated pasture with stubble (Area I), 43 percent of the dry matter intake came from

pasture. This is the same percentage as that for non-irrigated pasture without stubble. This contrasts with

74 percent for irrigated pasture.

The percent of dry matter intake from the various pasture regimes over the entire year is

summarized in Tables 25 and 26. Under irrigated family cow regimes the model values for the various

areas range from 38 to 53 percent. With the uncertainties this figure can range between 28 to 68 percent.

The between area differences are the result of the longer pasture seasons in the warmer areas of the HEDR

domain.

The percent dry matter for the non-irrigated pastures is quite constant across areas. Pasture season

begins earlier in the warmer areas, but it also ends at an earlier date. In addition, pasture quality declines

more rapidly over the year. The ranges in dry matter intake within a given geographic area are wider for

non-irrigated pasture than for irrigated pasture. This depicts the wide variation both in size of pasture and

in moisture conditions which exist within a given geographic area.

The percent dry matter intakes from pasture for the commercial operations are all lower than those

for the family cow (Table 26). The differences between areas and within areas are similar to those for the

family cow.

SUMMARY

This report includes preliminary estimates of dairy cow feeding regimes for use in estimating

representative doses for the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project. These estimates are

based on a survey of nine farmers who milked at least one cow during the 1945-1951 period, opinions of

three experts, and data from the 1945 Census ofAgriculture. A more comprehensive survey of producer's

is recommended before estimating doses to actual individuals.

Four feeding regimes were estimated for the family cow. An additional four were estimated for

farms selling milk to the commercial market. The family cow regimes were 1) no pasture, 2) irrigated

pasture, 3) non-irrigated pasture with grass, and 4) non-irrigated pasture with grass and grain stubble. The

feeding regimes for the commercial dairies were 1) irrigated pasture, 2) non-irrigated pasture with grass,

3) non-irrigated pasture with grass and grain stubble, and 4) non-irrigated pasture with grass and stubble,

but with the level of dry matter intake for the family cow instead of the level for commercial dairies. Each

of the regimes was modified by geographic area to reflect differences in temperature and rainfall which

exist in the 20-county area.

The survey results and the opinions of the experts provided estimates of the percentages of dry

matter intake stemming from pasture and other types of feed. The HEDR dose model requires estimates of

the total amount of dry matter intake by season. This was computed by using Census of Agriculture and

13
other published data to estimate the amount of milk produced per cow. This was done both for the family

cow and the commercial dairies. The amount of dry matter intake required to produce these levels was

then computed using formulas developed in the Battelle Phase I report (Beck, et. al.).

REFERENCES

1. Beck, D.M., R.F. Darwin, A.R. Erickson and R.L. Eckert. Milk Cow Feed Intake and Milk

Production and Distribution Estimates for Phase I. PNL-7227 HEDR UC-707, Pacific Northwest

Laboratories, Richland Washington, April 1992.

2. Deonigi, D.E., D.M. Anderson and G.L. Wilfert. Commercial Milk Distribution Profiles and

Production Locations. PNWD-2218 HEDR UC-000 Draft. Pacific Northwest Laboratories,

Richland Washington, December 1993.

3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Unites States Census of Agriculture: 1945,

Washington and Oregon. Statistics for Counties. Vol. 1, Part 32, U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1946.

4. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Yakima County Agriculture. 1956.

5. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Spokane County Agriculture, 1956.

6. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Walla Walla County Agriculture. 1956.

7. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Benton County Agriculture. 1956.

8. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Grant County Agriculture, 1956.

9. Washington State Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Crop

and Livestock Reporting Service. Franklin County Agriculture. 1956.

10. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Milk Cows on Farms, Production Per Cow and Total

Production. Statistical Bulletin #289, June 1961.
Table 1: Topography, Precipitation, and Irrigation in Selected Counties

Yakima County

Topography: "The abroad and alluvial plains and terraces formed by the meandering and

flooding of the Yakima River through many centuries are as conspicuous as the inhabited

and cultivated lands. The irrigable plains leave a gentle slope from Naches southeastward

to Grandview and Mabton. Long irrigation canals diverting Yakima River water follow

the contours of the terraces which slope gently toward the Yakima River flood channel;

secondary ditches flow down the terrace slopes. The elevations of the valley lands range

from 1,500 feet at Naches to 800 at Grandview."

Precipitation: "The heavy rain and snow in the mountains is essential as the source of

irrigation water. Climate is arid and desert — like in the lowlands of the Yakima Valley

and the hills and ridges of the eastern half of the county. Wapato is the driest station

receiving an average of only 5.95 inches of precipitation per year. Sunnyside and Yakima

also have less than 7 inches annually."

Irrigation: In 1945 there were 6,440 farms (95.8 percent) reporting use of irrigation.

Acreage irrigated in the county was 253,083 which compares with a total cropland acreage

of 308,288.

Spokane County

Topography: "Spokane county lies within three physiographic provinces of Eastern

Washington . . . northern Spokane county is in the Okanogan Highlands province. This

is a mountainous and hilly area of coniferous forests with lowland valleys cut by the

Spokane River and its tributaries. . . . The city of Spokane in the middle portion of the

valley is at an elevation of 1,900 feet. . . . Southwestern Spokane county is in the

channeled Scablands. This region consists of an evenly surfaced plateau with a series of

glacial outwash channels. . . . The Palouse Hills regions includes the southeast corner of

the county. This is a low plateau of basaltic rock covered with hills and deep deposits of

fine wind-deposited soils. . . . The Palouse Hills are farmed extensively for grain."

Precipitation: "There are three precipitation zones. The southwestern portion, including

the channeled Scablands and the Big Bend Plateau, is a belt of dryland farming where

annual precipitation is normally below 16 inches ... a zone of 16 to 20 inches

corresponds with the Palouse Hills and the lower elevations of the Okanogans. This belt

covers nearly half the county area and is the primary region of grain and livestock

farming. . . . The Okanogan Highlands area is a wet zone, receiving 20 to 30 inches in

the valley bottoms around Deer Park and Elk. . . . Plentiful moisture allows for forest

growth and good yields of pasture grass, hay and grain in the narrow bottomlands and

upland prairies of the Little Spokane River Basin."

15
Irrigation: In 1950, 632 of the 3,594 farms reported using irrigation. There were 7,947

acres of crops and 1,131 acres of pasture which were irrigated.

Walla Walla County

Topography: "Walla Walla county is primarily a region of rolling and hilly plains

belonging to the Palouse Hills system. . . . Most of the county is accessible and suitable

for agriculture. Eureka Flats and the Walla Walla and Touchet River Valleys are

important cropland areas. . . . Elevations are moderate, ranging from 300 to 500 feet on

the Columbia River plains at Walluka to heights of 3,500 to 4,500 feet in the Blue

Mountains southeast of Walla Walla city. Walla Walla Valley ranges from 350 to 500

feet. Touchet Valley is from 400 to 1,000 feet and Eureka Flats is an extensive rolling

plain 200 to 1,000 feet in elevation."

Precipitation: "Precipitation varies from about 8 inches in the western river bottom plains

at Burbank near the junction of the Snake and Columbia Rivers to over 37 inches at the

Mill Creek weather station in the Blue Mountain highlands of the southeast. The city of

Walla Walla and its surrounding valley lands receive 10 to 20 inches. Dry conditions

require use of irrigation systems for most crops other an grain. Touchet Valley, from its

juncture with the Walla Walla River up to Waitsburg, is also a dry area receiving less than

20 inches. Eureka flats and the rolling uplands of central and western Walla Walla county

receive less than 14 inches per year."

Irrigation: In 1949, 16,553 acres were irrigated for crops, while 6,558 acres were

irrigated for pasture. "Numerous private and cooperative irrigation systems use water

from the Walla Walla River and its major tributaries such as the Touchet River. Ground

water and well systems are also common."

Benton County

Topography: "Benton county is largely an upland plateau area traversed by a deep,

narrow valley system cut by the Yakima and Columbia Rivers. . . . Elevation of the hills

and plateaus are moderate. ... To the south of Prosser the Horse Heaven Plateau wheat

ranching area is 600 to 1,300 feet in elevation. . . . Narrow, bench and bottom lands of

the Yakima and Columbia Rivers are the main irrigated farming and populated areas. The

Kennewick district is a sloping terrace of 330 to 500 feet elevation. It is irrigated by a

canal from the Yakima River which follows a 440 foot contour. Upriver from Kennewick

is another level terrace formed at the juncture of the Yakima and Columbia Rivers. Once

an irrigated farming district of 370 to 400 feet elevation, it is now within the Atomic

Energy Commission Reservation and is the city site of Richland. A third major irrigated

lowland is the lower Yakima River Valley from Benton City to Prosser. The terrace at the

north bank of the Yakima River is irrigated by the Sunnyside Canal at the 800-825 foot

level in the Roza Division, Yakima Irrigation Project. The Prosser irrigated area is from

660 to 820 feet in elevation."

16
Precipitation: "Benton county is uniformly dry and most of its upland and valley bottom

lands receive less than 10 inches of precipitation per year. . . . Although not measured,

there is slightly more precipitation in the form of snow in the Horse Heaven Hills dryland

wheat farming region. Ground moisture from winter rains and melting snow is conserved

in the Horse Heaven Hills through summer."

Irrigation: In 1945, 30,979 acres were irrigated. This increased to 38,229 acres in 1950.

In 1950, 28,596 acres were devoted to irrigated crops while 7,627 acres were irrigated

pasture.

Grant County

Topography: "Grant county lies within the basaltic lava tableland commonly called the

Columbia Plateau of the Columbia Basin. . . . Elevations vary from about 400 feet along

the bars of the Columbia River deeply entrenched in the old lava beds to the gentle ridge

crests over 2,250 feet in the Frenchman Hill and Saddle Mountains. The irrigable sandy

and silty plains of the gently rolling Quincy Basin and the Moses Lake and Pot Holes

Reservoir depression are the most habitable districts. These irrigated plains range from

1,200 to 1,500 feet in elevation". (Note: these plains were not generally under irrigation

in 1945.)

Precipitation: "Grant county is uniformly dry in climate. . . . With the possible exception

ofsome of the higher points in the Waterville Plateau near Grand Coulee, nowhere does

rain and snowfall measure into more than 12 inches of moisture during a year . . . Quincy,

Ephrata and Moses Lake have 6 to 8 inches of precipitation per year."

Irrigation: In 1945, 7,561 acres were irrigated in Grant county. This increased to 14,286

in 1950. In 1952, water from the Columbia Irrigation Project started to become available

so that irrigated acreage increased to 83,239 acres in 1954.

Franklin County

Topography: "Franklin county lies in the Central Plains and Palouse Hills physiographic

sections of the Columbia Basin Plateau. . . . The major area is the Pasco Basin which

ranges from 350 feet in elevation on the Columbia River at Pasco to about 850 feet in

Connell. . . . Northeastern Franklin county is on the edge of the Palouse Hills and is a

somewhat hilly area with stream-cut gullies draining into Washtucna, Coulee, and the

lower Snake River Gorge. The hilly and dune ridge area around Kahlotus and Washtucna

Lake ranges from 900 to 1,500 feet in elevations."

Precipitation: "Moisture measured at two stations shows that precipitation ranges from

less than 8 inches to less than 12 inches per year. The western half of the county including

the Pasco, Eltopia, and Mesa districts is very dry with an average between 6 and 8 inches.

The eastern half of the county, including the Connell and Kahlotus districts, averages 8 to

12 inches."

17
Irrigation: The southernmost tip of Franklin county was in the Franklin county Irrigation

District, a local project, and in 1945 145 farms were irrigating 2,012 acres. By 1955,

under the Columbia Basin Project, irrigation increased to 266 farms and 12,830 acres. In

1950, 441 acres of pasture were irrigated. This increased to 1,568 acres in 1954.

SOURCE: Washington State Department of Agriculture, County Agriculture Reports for Yakima,

Spokane, Walla Walla, Benton, Grant, and Franklin counties.

18
Table 2: Type of Farm by County, HEDR 20-County Area, 1945

County

Small

Grains %

Fruit

&Nut

%

Home (2)

Prod. %

Livestoc

k %

General

%

Dairy

%

Other

(1)

%

Yakima 18.3 38.6 7.6 6.5 9.8 8.3 10.9

Spokane 22.2 4.1 29.0 11.1 9.2 10.2 14.3

Whitman 73.2 .9 8.6 10.4 3.1 2.4 1.4

Stevens 8.6 1.2 19.9 34.7 14.2 17.0 4.3

Umatilla 26.7 18.4 13.0 15.1 10.2 7.4 9.2

Walla Walla 35.1 5.7 14.4 9.0 8.1 6.6 21.0

Benton 20.6 15.0 12.1 6.7 15.8 10.9 18.9

Lincoln 75.1 .3 4.8 9.9 4.6 2.6 2.6

Kittitas 29.7 1.3 6.9 16.3 15.5 23.4 6.9

Douglas 41.8 31.6 10.6 9.2 2.3 0.6 4.0

Klickitat 24.0 5.8 17.6 25.4 8.6 11.3 7.3

Asotin 16.0 27.3 26.4 17.0 5.1 2.5 5.8

Adams 92.1 0 1.0 5.4 0 1.0 0.5

Grant 53.2 7.6 6.4 21.8 3.7 2.0 5.3

Morrow 47.8 0 10.5 22.9 7.2 5.2 6.4

Columbia 50.8 3.8 14.4 16.4 7.3 2.2 5.1

Garfield 67.1 1.9 4.6 17.7 6.2 .8 1.6

Franklin 49.8 7.3 16.3 10.0 4.5 2.8 9.3

Sherman 87.2 1.7 1.4 7.6 1.0 .3 0.7

Gilliam 60.3 0 2.9 25.9 5.4 4.2 1.3

Average 33.1 14.4 13.6 13.1 8.7 8.1 9.0

(l) Vegetable, poultry, horticultural specialty and forest products farms

(2) Home production is defined as farms producing products primarily for home use.

Source of Data: U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1945

19
Table 3: Milk Cows and Milk Production, HEDR 20-County Area, 1945

County

Farms with

Milk Cows

%

No. Milk

Cows Per

Farm

Milk Prod.

Per Cow

(gal/yr)

Total Milk

Prod. (1000

(gal/yr)

Milk Sold

as Whole

Milk (1,000

gal/yr)

Milk Sold

as Whole

Milk %

Yakima 66 4.9 644 13,978 9,293 66.5

Spokane 72 4.7 617 9,810 4,733 48.2

Whitman 89 3.2 570 3,786 625 16.5

Stevens 85 6.3 614 7,551 1,843 24.4

Umatilla 77 4.6 551 4,139 1,157 28.0

Walla Walla 67 4.8 698 2,879 1,299 45.1

Benton 73 4.1 670 2,549 1,346 52.8

Lincoln 88 4.2 543 2,407 493 20.5

Kittitas 84 9.1 661 5,572 2,905 52.1

Douglas 60 2.4 499 783 64 8.2

Klickitat 76 4.6 632 2,160 1,143 52.9

Asotin 59 2.7 591 754 101 13.4

Adams 86 2.8 545 774 66 8.5

Grant 72 3.0 516 658 127 19.4

Morrow 76 4.0 550 851 70 8.2

Columbia 86 3.2 531 666 138 20.8

Garfield 87 4.6 456 677 66 9.8

Franklin 74 2.6 495 276 71 25.7

Sherman 84 2.5 530 324 30 9.2

 Gilliam 85 3.5 520 373 63 16.9

Total 60,966 25,634

Average 73 4.6 610 42.0

Source of Data: U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1945

20
Table 4: Amounts of Pasture, HEDR 20-County Area, 1945

Percent Acres of Number of Acres

County with Pasture / Total Acres Amounts(2) Pasture per

Pasture Farm (1) Pasture Animal Unit

Yakima 65 184 803,116 117,571 6.8

Spokane 67 122 383,714 48,613 7.9

Whitman 76 220 382,393 59,162 6.5

Stevens 94 223 479,539 50,492 9.5

Umatilla 73 601 924,437 66,206 14.0

Walla Walla 63 308 250,987 27,816 9.0

Benton 69 282 250,633 14,035 17.9

Lincoln 82 633 616,237 45,926 13.4

Kittitas 93 494 511,027 47,656 10.7

Douglas 56 761 463,614 23,946 19.4

Klickitat 92 620 558,142 31,512 17.7

Asotin 47 691 261,832 16,853 15.5

Adams 55 856 282,615 22,280 12.7

Grant 63 1966 725,499 32,578 22.3

Morrow

Columbia

94 1,421 676,572 34,402 19.7

88 403 162,316 12,718 12.8

Garfield 92 489 165,964 16,644 10.0

Franklin 66 1,410 279,185 11,135 25.1

Sherman 99 634 183,966 15,311 12.0

Gilliam 99 2,262 520,318 25,916 20.1

Total 8,882,106 720,774

Average 73 419 12.3

(1) Acres of pasture per farm for those farms with pasture.

(2) Number of horses, mules, and cattle plus 1/5 the number of sheep and goats. Includes

numbers of animals of all ages

Source of Data: U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1945

21
Table 5: Types of Hay Produced, HEDR 20-County Area, 1945

County

Hay Prod.

(Tons)

Alfalfa

% (2)

Small Grains

% (2)

Wild

% (1)

Other

% (2)

Yakima 228,918 92 5 2 1

Spokane 87,026 55 18 5 21

Whitman 54,021 62 31 0 7

Stevens 99,500 68 14 2 17

Umatilla 74,131 76 19 3 2

Walla Walla 36,656 89 8 0 3

Benton 29,470 96 3 0 1

Lincoln 40,205 15 62 12 11

Kittitas 93,096 29 4 0 67

Douglas 17,884 13 82 2 2

Klickitat 39,155 56 24 5 14

Asotin 11,892 29 64 0 7

Adams 6,456 12 47 30 11

Grant 15,090 50 27 18 5

Morrow 23,384 64 35 0 1

Columbia 10,953 49 50 0 1

Garfield 11,131 23 74 0 3

Franklin 4,993 71 25 0 3

Sherman 6,393 12 76 2 11

Gilliam 12,476 40 40 1 19

Total

Average

902,830

64 19 3 4

(1) The value "zero" means less than .5 percent

(2) Totals do no necessarily add to 100 percent because of rounding

Source of Data: U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1945

22
Table 6: General Description and Location of the Farms: HEDR Pilot Survey

Farm # / County Type

Total

Acres

No. Beef

Cows No. Hogs

No.

Chickens

1 / Spokane Vegetable-mixed 65 0 some some

2/ Spokane Small grain 700 50 200 50-60

3 / Lincoln Livestock 360 200 0 50

4/ Walla Walla Fruit, Vegetable 90 2 4-5 50

5 / Walla Walla Small grain 400 6-10 18 24

6 / Benton Fruit 2 0 0 24

7/ Adams Small grain 5,000 20 1-5 50

8 / Kittitas Livestock 300 0 1-2 0

9 / Grant Small grain 1,800 40 0 24
Table 7: No. of Cows, Breed of Cow, Types of Pasture, and Length of Pasture: HEDR Pilot Survey

Farm # / County

No. Milk

Cows

Breed of

Cow

Acres

Pasture

Type of

Pasture

1 / Spokane 3 Guernsey 10 Non-irrigated, native grass

2/ Spokane 3 Holstein 15 Non-irrigated, native grass

3 / Lincoln 3 Milking Shorthorn * 360 Non-irrigated, native grass

4/ Walla Walla 8-9 Mixed ** 3 Irrigated, native grass

5/ Walla Walla 2-6 Milking Shorthorn -

Guernsey

200 Non-irrigated, native grass

6 / Benton 2 Jersey, Holstein 2 Irrigated, cherry orchard

7 / Adams 4

Guernsey, Jersey 600 Non-irrigated, wheat-native

grass-stubble

8 / Kittitas 2 Milking Shorthorn 2 Irrigated, grass, clover

9 / Grant 2Guernsey 780 Non-irrigated, native grass,

stubble

* Pasture and Hay

** Milking Shorthorn, Guernsey, Holstein, Ayshire

Farm # / County

Start of

Pasture Season

End of

Pasture Season

Length of

Pasture Season

1 / Spokane Mid April Mid July 3 months

2/ Spokane Early May Mid July 2.5 months

3 / Lincoln Early May Early October 5 months

4 / Walla Walla Early May Mid October 5.5 months

5 / Walla Walla Early March Early November 8 months

6 / Benton Early June Late September 4 months

7 / Adams Mid March Late November 8.5 months

8 / Kittitas Early May Early October 5 months

9 / Grant Early April Late November 8 months

24
Table 8: Hay and Grain Feeding: HEDR Pilot Survey

Farm # / County Amount of Grain

Fed/Day/Cow

Hay Fed

While On

Pasture

Types of

Hay

Hay Storage

Hay Grown

or Purchased

1 / Spokane None Some Alfalfa Barn Grown

2/ Spokane 4 quarts None Alfalfa,

timothy

Barn Grown

3 / Lincoln 4 quarts None Grass *** Grown

4/ Walla Walla 4 quarts None Alfalfa Barn & Open Grown

5 / Walla Walla

4 quarts

None ** Timothy,

alfalfa,

peavine

Barn Both

6 / Benton 2 quarts None Alfalfa Barn & Open Purchased

7 / Adams Small amounts Some Alfalfa Barn Purchased

8 / Kittitas 2 quarts Some Alfalfa Open Grown

9 / Grant 2 quarts * Some Grain Barn Grown

* When not on pasture, none while on pasture

** Some hay fed in October while on pasture

*** Question was inadvertently not asked
Table 9: Milk Production and Consumption: HEDR Pilot Study

Farm # / County

Total Milk

Production / Day

(gallons)

Household Milk

Consumption / Day

(gallons)

Milk Produced /

Day / Cow

(gallons)

1 / Spokane 2.5 Don't know .83

2/ Spokane 3.0 2 1.0

3 / Lincoln 5.0 2.5 1.7

4 / Walla Walla 12-14 1 1.5

5 / Walla Walla 4-12 2 2.0

6 / Benton 5 1 2.5

7 / Adams 12 1 3.0

8 / Kittitas 3 1.5 1.5

9 / Grant 2.5 1.25

2.5

Average 1.7

Average: 1.7
Table 10: Frequency of Serving Leafy Vegetables From the Garden: HEDR Pilot Survey

Farm # / County

Lettuce

(times per wk)

Spinach

(items per wk)

Beet Greens

(times per wk)

Chard

(times per wk)

1 / Spokane * * * *

2/ Spokane 7 2 — —

3 / Lincoln 14 — * **

4/ Walla Walla 2.5 1 .5 —

5/ Walla Walla 3 1 — —

6 / Benton 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

7 / Adams 7 1.5 — —

8 / Kittitas 3.5 — 3.5 —

9 / Grant * * * *

* No response

** Raised, but did not serve fresh

27
Table 11: Pasture Season With No Irrigation

(Ranges in Parentheses)

DRY LAND

Native Grass

Date on Pasture Date off Pasture

April 15 August 15

(April 1- May 1) (July 1- Nov. 1)

Native Grass,

Stubble

April 15

(April 1- May 1)

November 1

(Oct. 15- Nov. 15)

Wheat, Native

Stubble

Grass, March 1

(Feb. 15- Mar. 15)

November 1

(Oct. 15- Nov. 15)

EASTERN WASHINGTON

Native Grass May 1

(April 15- May 15)

August 30

(July 15-Nov.1)

Native Grass,

Stubble

May 1

(April 15- May 15)

November 1

(Oct. 15- Nov. 15)

Wheat, Native

Stubble

Grass, March 15

(Mar.1- April 1)

November 1

(Oct. 15- Nov. 15)

28
Table 12: Per Cent Dry Matter From Non Irrigated Pasture:

Dry Land Area

ALL NATIVE GRASS Family Cow Commercial

April 15- May 15 60% 65%

May 15- June 15 90% 75%

June 15- July 15 70% 55%

July 15- Aug. 15 50% 35%

Aug. 15- Sept. 15 30% 15%

Sept. 15- Oct. 15 10% 5%

NATIVE GRASS, STUBBLE

April 15- May 15 60%

May 15- June 15 90%

June 15- July 15 70%

July 15- Aug. 10 50%

Aug. 10- Sept. 15 40%

Sept. 15- Oct. 15 35%

Oct. 15- Nov. 15 30%

WHEAT, NATIVE GRASS, STUBBLE

March 1- March 15 90%

March 15- April 15 90%

April 15- May 15 60%

May 15- June 15 90%

June 15- July 15 70%

July 15- Aug. 10 50%

Aug. 10- Sept. 15 40%

Sept. 15- Oct. 15 35%

Oct. 15- Nov. 15 30%

29
Table 13: Per Cent Dry Matter From Non Irrigated Pasture:

Eastern Washington

ALL NATIVE GRASS Family Cow Commercial

April 15- May 1 60% 60%

May 1 - June 1 90% 75%

June 1 - July 1 70% 60%

July 1 - Aug. 1 50% 45%

Aug. 1 - Sept. 1 30% 30%

Sept. 1 - Oct. 1 20% 15%

Oct. 1- Nov. 1 10% 5%

NATIVE GRASS, STUBBLE

April 15- May 1 60%

May 1 - June 1 90%

June 1 - July 1 70%

July 1 - Aug. 1 50%

Aug. 1 - Sept. 1 30%

Sept. 1 - Oct. 1 40%

Oct. 1 - Nov. 1 35%

Nov. 1 - Nov. 15 30%

WHEAT, NATIVE GRASS, STUBBLE

March 15- April 1 90%

April 15- May 1 90%

May 1 - June 1 90%

June 1- July 1 70%

July 1 - Aug. 1 50%

Aug. 1 - Sept. 1 30%

Sept. 1 - Oct. 1 40%

Oct. 1 - Nov. 1 35%

Nov. 1 - Nov. 15 30%

30
Table 14: Geographic Areas Used for Pasture Dates

Geographic Area County Supply Nodes *

Kittitas Valley Kittitas 1276, 1273, 1238, 1153, 1196, 1197,

1198, 1155, 1156

Yakima Valley

Yakima, Western Benton

1032, 991, 950, 951, 952, 910, 911,

912, 871, 872, 873, 831, 832, 833,

834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 1030, 1073

Wenatchee Chelan, Douglas 1522, 1489, 1442, 1443, 1402, 1403

Okanogan Okanogan 1771, 1774, 2020, 2023, 2029, 1900,

1780, 1659

Colville Stevens, Pend Orille 1927, 1915, 1801, 1798, 1792, 1789

Spokane

Spokane

1712, 1713, 1671, 1672, 1630, 1631,

1589, 1590, 1591, 1552, 1546, 1548,

1549, 1550, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508,

1509, 1465, 1468, 1429, 1424, 1427,

1386, 1344, 1345, 1306, 1302, 1303,

Pullman Eastern Whitman 1183, 1179, 1180, 1139, 1099, 1060,

1058

Lewiston Asotin, Nez Perce 937

Pomeroy Garfield 1013, 1014, 1015, 972, 973, 974

Dayton Columbia, 883, 885, 887, 888, 847

Northern Walla Walla

Walla Walla Northern Umatilla,

Southern Walla Walla

759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 720, 721

Pendleton Central Umatilla 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 513

Umatilla Northern Morrow 670, 671

Central Basin

Adams, Northern Franklin,

1579, 1502, 1374, 1375, 1327, 1043,

1284, 1287, 1288, 1254, 1247, 1174,

Lincoln, Grant 1165, 1166, 1124, 1125, 1091, 1092,

1044

Ringold Western Franklin 960, 919, 878, 879

Lacrosse Western Whitman 1177, 1135

* These are numbered nodes for the HEDR Project. Exact locations are given in: Deonigi, D.E., D.M.

Anderson and G.L. Wilfert "Commercial Milk Distribution Profiles and Production Locations", PNWD-2218

HEDR, UC-100. PNL, Richland Washington, December 1993.

31
Table 15: Dates On and Off Pasture.

Area Dates on Dates off

Wheat No Wheat Irrigated Non Irr. With Stubble Kitt. Val. 3/1 4/10 11/1 8/15 11/1 Yakima Val. 3/1 4/1 11/1 8/15 11/1 Wenatchee 3/8 4/20 10/20 8/15 11/1 Okanogan 3/15 5/1 10/1 9/1 11/1 Colville 3/15 5/5 10/15 9/1 11/1 Spokane 3/15 5/1 10/15 9/1 11/1 Pullman 3/15 5/1 10/15 9/1 11/1 Lewiston 3/1 4/1 11/1 8/15 11/1 Pomeroy 3/15 4/20 10/20 9/1 11/1 Dayton 3/8 4/15 11/1 8/22 11/1 Walla Walla 3/1 4/1 11/1 8/15 11/1 Pendleton 3/8 4/15 10/15 8/15 11/1 Umatilla 3/1 4/1 11/1 8/15 11/1 Central Bas. 3/1 4/10 11/1 8/15 11/1 Ringold 3/1 4/1 11/1 8/15 11/1 Lacrosse 3/15 4/20 10/20 8/22 11/1
Table 16: Changes in Pasture On-Off Dates by Year

Year On Pasture Off Pasture

1945 -2 + 2

1946 + 4 -4

1947 + 10 0

1948 -3 -3

1949 + 2 + 1

1950 0 0

1951 0 0
Table 17: Commercial Milk Supplied by Pasture Types

Area Irrigated Nonirrigated Nonirrigated

(percent) with Stubble Kitt. Val. 95 5 0

Yakima Val. 95 5 0

Wenatchee 90 10 0

Okanogan 35 60 5

Colville 30 65 5

Spokane 30 60 10

Pullman 15 75 10

Lewiston 85 10 5

Pomeroy 20 70 10

Dayton 35 55 10

Walla Walla 85 10 5

Pendleton 85 0 15

Umatilla 90 7 3

Central Bas. 40 40 20

Ringold 100 0 0

Lacrosse 25 65 10
Table 18: Milk Production per Cow per Month: State of

Washinton (1945)

Month Production (lbs.) Index

Jan. 331 .715

Feb. 318 .687

March 415 .897

April 528 1.141

May 636 1.374

June 616 1.331

July 585 1.264

Aug. 504 1.089

Sept. 452 .977

Oct. 436 .942

Nov. 383 .828

Dec. 350 .756

35
Table 19: Feeding Regimes for Family Cows;Irrigated Pasture

I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla, Umatilla,

Central Basin, Ringold

Season

Start

Date

No.

Days

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 90 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/1 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0 (+-15) (+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2) C B+15 days 184 9.9 0 1.1 11.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

E 11/1 61 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 15 6.6 3.3 1.1 11.0

(+-15) (+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2) C B+15 days 138 9.9 0 1. 1 11.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/15 77 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

III. Areas: Colville

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 125 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/5 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-15) (+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+15 days 133 9.9 0 1.1 11.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/15 77 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

36
IV. Areas: Okanogan

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1 / 1 120 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) ( +-1) ( +-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+ -15) (+-2) (+-2) ( +-l) (+-2)

C B + 15 days 123 9.9 0 1. 1 11.0

(+-30) (+-l) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-2) ( +-2) (+ -1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-l) (+-1) (+-2)

V. Areas: Wenatchee, Pomeroy, Lacrosse

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 110 0 6. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/20 15 6.6 3.3 1.1 11.0

(+-15) (+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+15 days 153 9.9 0 1. 1 11.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) ( +-2)

D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/20 72 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

VI. Areas: Pendleton

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 105 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/15 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

(+-15) (+-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2) C B+15 days 153 9.9 0 1. 1 11.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) D E-15 days 15 6.6 3.3 1. 1 11.0

( +-2) (+-2) (+-1) (+-2) E 10/15 77 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) 37 (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)
VII. Areas: Dayton

Season

A

B

C

D

E

Start

Date

1/1

4/15

(+-15)

B+15 days

E-15 days

11/1

(+-15)

No.

Days

105

(+-15)

15

169

(+-30)

15

61

(+-15)

Dry

Pasture

0

6.6

(+-2)

9.9

(+-1)

6.6

(+-2)

0

Matter Intake

HayGrain

8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

3.3 1.1

(+-2) (+-1)

0 1.1

(+-1)

3.3 1.1

(+-2) (+-1)

8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

Total

9.6

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

VIII. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Season

A

B

C

D

E

Start

Date

1/1

4/10

(+-15)

B+15 days

E-15 days

11/1

(+-15)

No.

Days

100

( +-15)

15

174

(+-30)

15

61

(+-15)

Dry

Pasture

0

6.6

(+-2)

9.9

(+-1)

6.6

(+-2)

0

Matter Intake

Hay Grain

8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

3.3 1.1

(+-2) (+-1)

0 1. 1

(+-1)

3.3 1.1

(+-2) (+-1)

8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

Total

9.6

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

38
I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla, Umatilla,

Table 20: Feeding Regimes for Family Cows; Nonirrigated

Pasture, with Stubble.

Central Basin, Ringold

Start No. Dry Matter Intake Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 90 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/1 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 92 5.57 3.93 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2.4+3.2) (-2.4+3.2)(+-l) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 3.25 5.35 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.5) (-2+3.5) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 120 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 5/1 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 62 6.32 3. 18 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 3.74 4. 86 1.0 9. 6

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

III. Areas: Collville

Start No. Dry Matter Intake Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 125 0 8.1 1.5 9.6 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 5/5 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 57 6.4 3.1 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 3.91 4.69 1.0 9.6

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

39
IV. Areas: Okanogan

Season

A

B

C

D

E

Start

Date

1/1

5/1

(+-15)

B+61 days

E-61 days

11/1

(+-15)

No.

Days

120

(+-15)

61

62

(+-30)

61

61

(+-15)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

0 8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

6.3 3.2 1.0

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1)

3.76 4.84 1.0

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1)

0 8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

Total

9.6

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

10. 5

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

V. Areas: Wenatchee, Pomeroy, Lacrosse

Season

A

B

C

D

E

Start

Date

1/1

4/20

(+-15)

B+61 days

E-61 days

11/1

(+-15)

No.

Days

110

(+-15)

61

72

(+-30)

61

61

(+-15)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

0 8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

6.0 3.5 1.0

(-2.3+3.l)(-2.3+3.1)(+-1)

3.58 5.02 1.0

(-2+3.1) (-2+3.1) (+-1)

0 8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

Total

9.6

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

10. 5

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

VI. Areas: Pendleton

Season

A

B

C

D

E

Start

Date

1/1

4/15

(+-15)

B+61 days

E-61 days

11/1

(+-15)

No.

Days

105

(+-15)

61

77

(+-30)

61

61

(+-15)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

0 8.1 1.5

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

5.87 3.63 1.0

(-2.3+3.l)(-2.3+3.1)(+-1)

3.5 5.1 1.0

(-2+3.3) (-2+3.3) (+-1)

0 8.1 1.5

40 (+-1) (+-1)

Total

9.6

(+-2)

11.0

(+-2)

10. 5

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)

9.6

(+-2)
VII. Areas: Dayton

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 105

(+-15)

0 8.1

(+-1)

1.5

(+-1)

9.6

(+-2)

B 4/15

(+-15)

61 8.25

(+-1)

1.75

(+-1)

1.0

(+-1)

11.0

(+-2)

C B+61 days 77

(+-30)

5.87

(-2.3+3.1)

3.63

(-2.3+3.1)

1.0

 (+-1)

10. 5

(+-2)

D E-61 days 61 3.5

(-2+3.2)

5. 1

(-2+3.2)

1.0

 (+-1)

9.6

(+-2)

E 11/1

(+-15)

61

(+-15)

0 8.1

(+-1)

1.5

(+-1)

9.6

(+-2)

VIII. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 100 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/10 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 82 5.76 3.74 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2.3+3.1)(-2.3+3.1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 3.4 5.2 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.3) (-2+3.3) (+-1) (+-2)

E 11/1 61 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)
Table 21: Feeding Regimes for Family Cows; Nonirrigated

Pasture, No Wheat or Stubble.

I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla, Umatilla,

Central Basin, Ringold

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 90 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/1 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 61 6.35 3. 15 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 1.9 6.7 1.0 9.6

(-1.9+3.5)(-1.9+3.5)(+-l) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 31 7.4 2. 1 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2+2.4) (-2+2.4) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 4. 1 4. 5 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.4) (-2+3.4) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

III. Areas: Collville

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 125 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/5 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 31 7.4 2. 1 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2+2.4) (-2+2.4) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 4. 1 4. 5 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.4) (-2+3.4) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/5 87 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-15)

42

(+-1) (+-1) (+-2)
IV. Areas: Okanogan

Season

Start

Date

No.

Days

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

B 5/1

(+-15)

61

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-2)

11.0

C

(+-15)

B+61 days 31

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

7.4 2.1 1.0

(+-2)

10. 5

D E-61 days

(+-30)

61

(-2+2.4) (-2+2.4) (+-1)

4.1 4.5 1.0

(+-2)

9.6

E 10/1 92

(-2+3.4) (-2+3.4) (+-1)

0 8.1 1.5

(+-2)

9.6

(+-15)

V. Areas: Wenatchee,

Start

Season Date

(+-15)

Pomeroy

No.

Days

(+-1) (+-1)

, Lacrosse

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

(+-2)

Total A 1/1 110 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

B 4/20

(+-15)

61

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-2)

11.0

C

(+-15)

B+61 days 61

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

6.35 3.15 1.0

(+-2)

10. 5

D E-61 days

(+-30)

61

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1)

1.9 6.7 1.0

(+-2)

9.6

E 10/20 72

(-1.9+3.5)(-1.9+3.5)(+-l)

0 8.1 1.5

(+-2)

9.6

(+-15)

VI. Areas: Pendleton

Start

Season Date

(+-15)

No.

Days

(+-1) (+-1)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

(+-2)

Total A 1/1 105 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

B 4/15

(+-15)

61

(+-1) (+-1)

8.25 1.75 1.0

(+-2)

11.0

C

(+-15)

B+61 days 61

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

6.35 3.15 1.0

(+-2)

10. 5

D E-61 days

(+-30)

61

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1)

1.9 6.7 1.0

(+-2)

9.6

E 10/15 77

(-1.9+3.5)(-1.9+3.5)(+-l)

0 8.1 1.5

(+-2)

9.6 (+-15) (+-15) 43 (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)
VII. Areas: Dayton

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 105 0 8.1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/15 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 77 5.87 3.63 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2.3+3.1) (-2.3+3.1) (+-1) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 3.5 5. 1 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.2) (-2+3.2) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6 (+ -15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

V III. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Season

Start No. Dry Matter Intake Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 100 0 8. 1 1.5 9.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/10 61 8.25 1.75 1.0 11.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 82 5.76 3.74 1.0 10. 5

(+-30) (-2.3+3.1)(-2.3+3.1) (+-l) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 3.4 5.2 1.0 9.6

(-2+3.3) (-2+3.3) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 8.1 1.5 9.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

44
Table 22: Feeding Regimes for Commercial Production;

Irrigated Pasture

I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla,

Central Basin, Ringold

Umatilla,

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 4/1

(+-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 11/1

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

90

(+-15)

15

184

(+-30)

15

61

(+-15)

include

Dry

Pasture

0

8.45

(+-1)

9.75

(+-1)

8.45

(+-1)

0

4. 95(+-l)

Matter Intake

HayGrain

9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

of silage.

Total

11.6

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6

(+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 5/1

( +-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 10/15

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

120

(+-15)

15

138

(+-30)

15

77

(+-15)

include

Dry

Pasture

0

8.45

(+-1)

9.75

(+-1)

8.45

(+-1)

0

4. 95(+-l)

Matter Intake

Hay Grain

9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

of silage.

Total

11.6

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6

(+-2)

III. Areas: Colville

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 5/5

(+-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 10/15

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

125

(+-15)

15

133

(+-30)

15

77

(+-15)

include

Dry

Pasture

0

8.45

(+-1)

9.75

(+-1)

8.45

(+-1)

0

4. 95(+-l)

Matter Intake

Hay Grain

9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

of silage.

Total

11.6

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6

(+-2)

45
IV. Areas: Okanogan

V. Areas: Wenatchee, Pomeroy, Lacrosse

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+15 days 123 9.75 1.95 1.3 13.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 4.95 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

Season E should include 4. 95(+-l) of silage.

Season Start

Date

No.

Days

Dry Matter Intake Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 110 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/20 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+15 days 153 9.75 1.95 1.3 13.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/20 72 0 4.95 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

Season E should include 4. 95(+-l) of silage.

V I. Areas: Pendleton

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 105 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/15 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+15 days 153 9.75 1.95 1.3 13.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-15 days 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/15 77 0 4. 95 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

Season E should include 4. 95(+-l) of silage.

46
VII. Areas: Dayton

Season

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 105 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/15 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+15 days 169 9.75 1.95 1.3 13.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) D E-15 days 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 4.95 1.7 11.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

Season E should include 4. 95(+-l) of silage.

V III. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Season

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 100 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/10 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+15 days 174 9.75 1.95 1.3 13.0

(+-30) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) D E-15 days 15 8.45 3.25 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 4.95 1.7 11.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) Season E should include 4. 95(+-l) of silage.

47
Table 23: Feeding Regimes for Commercial Production;

Nonirrigated Pasture, No Wheat or Stubble

I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla, Umatilla,

Central Basin, Ringold

Start No.

Pasture

Dry Matter Intake Season

Date Days Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 90 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/1 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 61 5.62 5.58 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 1. 17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 31 6.87 4. 33 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+1.6) (-2+1.6) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 3.0 7.3 1.3 11.6

(-1.2+3.5) (-1.2+3.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

III. Areas: Colville

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 125 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/5 61 9.1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 31 6.87 4.33 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+1.6) (-2+1.6) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 3.0 7.3 1.3 11.6

(-1.2+3.5) (-1.2+3.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/5 87 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

48
IV. Areas: Okanogan

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 120 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/1 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 31 6.87 4.33 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2 + 1.6) (-2+1.6) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 3.0 7.3 1.3 11.6

(-1.2+3.5) (-1.2+3.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/1 92 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

V. Areas: Wenatchee, Pomeroy, Lacrosse

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total

A 1/1 115 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/20 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 61 5.62 5.58 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 1.17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/20 72 0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

VI. Areas: Pendleton

Season

Start No. Dry Matter Intake Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 105 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/15 61 9.1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 61 5.62 5.58 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2) D E-61 days 61 1.17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2) E 10/15 77 0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

49
VII. Areas: Dayton

Start No. Season Date Days A 1/1 105

(+-15)

B 4/15

(+-15)

61

C B+61 days 61

(+-30)

D E-61 days 61

E 10/15 77

(+-15) (+-15)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain Total

0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

9.1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

5.62 5.58 1.3 12.5

(-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

1.17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

VIII. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Season

Start

Date

No.

Days

A 1/1 100

(+-15)

B 4/10

(+-15)

61

C B+61 days 61

(+-30)

D E-61 days 61

E 10/10

(+-15)

82

(+-15)

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture

0

Hay

9.9

Grain

1.7

Total

11.6

(+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

5.62 5. 58 1.3 12.5

(-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

1. 17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

50
Table 24: Feeding Regimes for Commercial Production;

Nonirrigated Pasture, with Stubble

I. Areas: Yakima Valley, Lewiston, Walla Walla, Umatilla,

Central Basin, Ringold

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 90 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 4/1 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 92 4.73 6.47 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2.4+2.8)(-2.4+2.8) (+-l) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 2.5 7.8 1.3 11.6

(-2+3.3) (-2+3.3) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 9.9 1.7 11.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

II. Areas: Spokane, Pullman

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 120 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) B 5/1 61 9.1 2.6 1.3 13.0 (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2) C B+61 days 62 5.56 5.64 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 2.75 7.55 1.3 11.6

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2) E 11/1 61 0 9.9 1.7 11.6 (+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

III. Areas: Colville

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 125 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 5/5 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 57 5.69 5.51 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.4) (-2+2.4) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 2.88 7.42 1.3 11.6

(-2+3) (-2+3) (+-1) (+-2)

E 11/1 61 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

51
IV. Areas: Okanogan

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 5/1

(+-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 10/1

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

120

(+-15)

15

123

(+-30)

15

92

(+-15)

include 4.

Dry

Pasture

0

8. 45

(+-1)

9.75

(+-1)

8.45

(+-1)

0

95(+-l)

Matter Intake

HayGrain

9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

of silage.

Total

11.6 

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6 

(+-2)

V. Areas: Wenatchee, Pomeroy, Lacrosse

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 4/20

(+-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 10/20

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

110

(+-15)

15

153

(+-30)

15

72

(+-15)

include 4

Dry

Pasture

0

8.45

(+-1)

9.75

(+-1)

8.45

(+-1)

0

95(+-l)

Matter Intake

Hay Grain

9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1)

4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

of silage.

Total

11.6

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6

(+-2)

VI. Areas: Pendleton

Start

Season Date

A 1/1

B 4/15

(+-15)

C B+15 days

D E-15 days

E 10/15

(+-15)

Season E should

No.

Days

105

(+-15)

15

153

(+-30)

15

77

(+-15)

include 4

Dry Matter Intake

Pasture Hay Grain

0 9.9 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

8.45 3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

9.75 1.95 1.3

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

8.45 3.25 1.3

(+-1) (+-1) (+-1)

0 4.95 1.7

(+-1) (+-1)

95(+-l) of silage.

Total

11.6

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

13.0

(+-2)

11.6

(+-2)

52
VII. Areas: Dayton

Start No. Dry Matter Intake Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 105 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/15 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

c B+61 days 61 5.62 5.58 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 1. 17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/15 77 0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

VIII. Areas: Kittitas Valley

Start No. Dry Matter Intake

Season Date Days Pasture Hay Grain Total A 1/1 100 0 9.9 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

B 4/10 61 9. 1 2.6 1.3 13.0

(+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)

C B+61 days 61 5.62 5. 58 1.3 12.5

(+-30) (-2+2.5) (-2+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

D E-61 days 61 1. 17 9. 13 1.3 11.6

(-1+3.5) (-1+2.5) (+-1) (+-2)

E 10/10 82 0 9.90 1.7 11.6

(+-15) (+-15) (+-1) (+-1) (+-2)
Table 25: Percent Dry Matter Intake From Pasture: Family Cow

Area

Pasture Type

NonirrigatedNonirrigated

Irrigated with Stubble Grass Only

I.

(Modal Values, Ranges in Parentheses)

53.1 32.9 27.7

II.

(39.6-68.1) (19.4-55.7) (15.8-47.9)

41.8 30.8 27.1

III.

(29.4-55.9) (18.7-50.3) (15.8-45.1)

40.6 30. 4 27.1

IV.

(28.3-54.5) (18.5-49.4) (15.9-45.1)

38.1 30.8 27.1

V.

(30.0-51.8) (18.7-50.3) (15.9-45.1)

45.6 31.6 27.7

VI.

(32.8-59.9) (18.9-52.1) (15.8-47.9)

45.6 31.9 27.7

(32.8-62.8) (19.1-53.2) (15.8-47.9) VII. 49.5 31.9 27.7

(36.3-64.2) (19.1-53.2) (15.8-47.9) VIII. 50.7 32.2 27.7

(37.5-65.5) (19.2-53.9) (15.8-47.9)

54
Table 26: Percent Dry Matter Intake From Pasture: Commercial

Area

Pasture Type

Nonirrigated Nonirrigated

Irrigated with Stubb1e Grass Only

(Modal Values, Ranges in Parentheses)

I. 45.2 25.6 22.2

(34.6-57.0) (14.8-43.0) (13.8-37.5)

II. 35.8 24. 4 21.9

(26.1-46.8) (14.8-39.1) (13.9-35.3)

III. 34.7 24. 1 21.9

(25.2-45.6) (14.8-38.5) (13.9-35.3) IV. 32.7 24. 4 21.9

(23.3-43.4) (14.8-39.1) (13.9-35.3)

V. 38.9 24.8 22.2

(28.9-52.5) (14.8-40.4) (13.8-37.5)

VI. 38.9 25. 1 22.2

(28.9-52.5) (14.8-41.2) (13.8-37.5) VII. 42. 1 24. 1 22.2

(31.9-53.7) (14.8-41.2) (13.8-37.5) VIII. 43. 1 25.2 22.2

(32.8-54.8) (14.8-41.7) (13.8-37.5)

55
The Relationship Between the Feed to Milk Transfer Factor

and Milk Production

by

David Price

This relationship is important to the HEDR project

because the feed to milk transfer factor was obtained from

experiments in the late 1950's and the 1960's. The average

milk production per cow increased considerably during the

1945-1969 period.

The results from using the constant transfer factor in

the DESCARTE model can be demonstrated by comparing the

results of feeding two herds of cows: 1) A herd of Holsteins

producing 13,500 lbs. of milk/cow/year, body weight of 1500

lbs., 3.5% butterfat. 2) A herd of Jerseys producing 7000

lbs. of milk/cow/year, body weight of 1000 lbs., 4.8%

butterfat. These are actual DHIA herds from the Phase I

report on milk production and distribution.

Using the equations in the Phase I report, the dry

matter requirement for the Holstien herd is 18.4 kg/day/cow.

For the Jerseys it is 12.2 kg/day/cow. If we use a

hypothetical unit of measurement of 1 unit of iodine per unit

of dry matter feed, the concentration in the milk, using the

DESCARTE equation and conversion factor is:

18.4*.0092=.1693 for the Holstein herd

12.2*.0092=.1122 for the Jersey herd.

Thus, the iodine concentration in the milk from

pasturing the Holsteins on contaminated pasture is 1.5 times

that which results from pasturing the Jerseys on the same

pasture. Intuitively, this difference is too large.

Lengemann and Comar ("Metabolism of I-131 by Dairy Cows

During Long Term Daily Administration of the Radioisotope",

Health Physios, 1964) conducted 15 experiments on 9 animals;

3 Guernseys, and 6 Holsteins. The level of milk

production(MPROD) ranged from 5.2 to 18.6 liters per day.

The mean was 12.4. The percent of I-131 concentrated per

liter of milk(ICON) ranged from .5 to 2.2. The mean was

1.1. Using the 15 experiments as observations, the following

regression results were obtained.

ICONC = 1.655 - .04566 MPROD

The t value on MPROD was -2.2 which was significant at

the .0462 level. R-Squared was .272.

Using these regression results, the predicted value of

the transfer factor is:

MPROD ICONC

8 1.29

9 1.24

10 1.20

11 1.15

12 1.11

13 1.06

14 1.02

15 .97
18 .92

To demonstrate the difference between using a constant

transfer factor and one which varies with milk production, %

I-131 concentrations in a liter of milk will be calculated

using the above two herds. Using a 305 day production

period, the Holsteins produce 14.33 liters of milk per day,

the Jerseys 7.43 liters. The transfer factor for the

Holsteins would be .0100, for the Jerseys it would be .01315.

The concentration in the milk would be .0100 * 18.4 = .184

for the Holsteins, and .01315 * 12.2 = .180 for the Jerseys.

Thus, the concentration in the Holstein milk is 1.15

times that in the Jersey milk, instead of the 1.50 ratio

which results from using a constant transfer factor.

Intuitively, this is a reasonable result.

In order to evaluate the above results, one must

evaluate the Lengemann and Comar article. The results are

for long term daily administration of the isotope, which are

relevant for the HEDR study. The mean concentration of 1.1 %

per liter of milk is nearly identical to the mean results of

the various authors quoted by Battelle in the justification

for the transfer factor.

There is the question of whether to adjust the Battelle

transfer factor of .0092, for levels of milk production or

whether to adjust the transfer factor of .011 used in the

Lengemann and Comar article. The transfer factor in the L+C

article is derived from a known level of milk production.

Additionally, it appears to be near the mean for the transfer

factors reported by Battelle. Specifically, Battelle

reported the following:

Auraldsson et. al. (1971) .003

Bretthauer et. al. (1972) .003

Hawley et. al. (1975) .0035

Garner et. al. (I960) .007

Comar et. al. (1967) .008

Lengemann (1963) .010

Lengemann+Comar (1964) .011

Lengemann (1965) .011

Mason et. al. (1971) .014

Black et. al. (1971) .014

Garner+Jones (I960) .032

Douglas et. al. (1971) .053

If one eliminates the first three studies and the last

two studies as outliers, the mean transfer factor is .011.

The basic conclusion which I reach is that a transfer

factor of .0131 should be used instead of .0092. This

value(.0131) corresponds to the mean milk production per cow

in the 19 county HEDR region. For finer resolution, a

transfer factor of .0139 could be used for the backyard cow

and a factor of .0126 for the commercial herds. These

correspond to 4000 and 8000 lbs. of milk production per year.

It requires about 10 and 12 kg's of dry matter per day to
produce these levels.

Since the amount of milk production explains about 27

percent of the variation in the transfer factor, the

uncertainty in the transfer factor should be reduced

accordingly.