NBS

PUBLICATIONS

A1 11 02483571

/U.S. access to Japanese technical liter QC100 .U57 NO.710 V1986 C.2 NBS-PUB-C 19

NBS Special Publication 710

U.S. Access

to Japanese

Technical

Literature:

Electronics

and Electrical

Engineering

Proceedings of a

Seminar Held at the

National Bureau of Standards

Ga'thersburg, Maryland

June 24-25, 1985

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards
rri

m he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The

M Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a

basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and

government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety.

The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National

Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

.

The National Measurement Laboratory

Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement;

coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and

furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and

chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- dustry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops,

produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

• Basic Standards^

• Radiation Research

• Chemical Physics

• Analytical Chemistry

The National Engineering Laboratory

Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement

capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops

test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops

and propxjses new engineering practices; and develops and improves

mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The

Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics

Electronics and Electrical Engineering^

Manufacturing Engineering

Building Technology

Fire Research

Chemical Engineering^

The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

Condu'Jts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid • Programming Science and

Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of com- Technology

puter technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government • Computer Systems

operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Engineering

Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing

the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP

voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following centers:

The Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference

materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information fundamental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of materials; addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials technologies; plans

research around cross-country scientific themes such as nondestructive

evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evaluation; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from

its programs. The Institute consists of the following Divisions:

Ceramics

Fracture and Deformation ^ Polymers

Metallurgy

Reactor Radiation

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Gaithersburg, MD 20899. ^Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. 'Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD.
Q U.S. Access

to Japanese

Technical

^

Literature:

Electronics

and Electrical

^ Engineering

y Edited by: Edward L. Brady ^

Associate Director for

iju International Affairs

T^5^ National Bureau of Standards

yS. Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Selected Presentations

Volume I

Issued January 1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-600637

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 710

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 710, 155 pages (Jan. 1986)

CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington: 1986

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume I

PAGE

I. FOREWORD 1

Dr. Edward L. Brady

Associate Director for

International Affairs

National Bureau of Standards

II. CHARGE TO THE SEMINAR 5

Dr. Ernest Ambler

Director

National Bureau of Standards

III. CONGRESSIONAL CONCERNS 9

Honorable Doug Walgren

Chairman, Subccntnittee on Science

Research and Technology

U.S. House of Representatives

IV. ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 15

1. Ms. Maryanne Bach 17

Republican Technical Consultant

House CcOTTiittee on Science and Technology

2. Professor Sam Coleman 19

Associate Director for Research

and Program Developnent

North Carolina Japan Center

North Carolina University

3. Dr. Harlow Freitag 21

Chairman, Technical Activities Board, IEEE

IBM Corporation

4. Mr. Kaname Ikeda 23

Counselor for Scientific Affairs

Elnbassy of Japan

5. Mr. Herbert Landau 25

President

Engineering Information Inc.

iii
I

6. Dr. John P. Riganati 27 | Director of Systems Research ! Institute for Defense Analyses j Supercorrputing Research Center i

7. Professor Richard Samuels 31 i Associate Professor I Massachusetts Institute of Technology i

8. Mr. Pat Windham 33

| Professional Staff ^fember

Subcarmittee on Science, Technology and Space

Conmittee on Ccttmerce, Science & Transportation

House of Representatives

V. SOyff>lARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35

Mr. Justin L. Blocm

President

Technology International, Inc.

VI. APPENDIX I - SEMINAR PROGRAM 47

VII. APPENDIX II - LIST OF SPEAKERS 51

VIII. APPH>]DIX III - LIST OF ATTENDEES 55

IX. APPENDIX IV - AN OPEN LETTER TO ATTENDEES 61

Volume II

VISUALS

X. TABLE OF CONTENTS 65

iv
FOREWORD

In his opening charge to the NBS-IEEE Seminar on U.S. Access to

Japanese Technical Information, NBS Director Ernest Ambler points

out how ubiquitous the products of Japanese technology have became

in American society. For seme types of products, Japanese technology

has becone the best in the vrorld. Unless American scientists and

engineers can create a mechanism for maintaining a current awareness

about the new technology being developed in Japan, they will be

forced into a catch-up position. Almost all Japanese scientists and

engineers can, and do, read the English-language literature; few

Americans can read the Japanese-language literature. The realization that this unbalanced situation must be corrected has becotie

widespread in Government and in private sector technical connunities

In order to examine the needs of electrical and electronics engineers

in sane detail and to explore possible approaches to satisfy , those

needs, the National Bureau of Standards and the Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers joined resources to hold this seninar. The

participants were representatives of government, industry, and the

educational community who are aware of the inportance of maintaining

current knowledge of technical progress in Japan but who find themselves frustrated by language problems. Although the great majority

of Japanese technical literature is written in the Japanese language,

sane 20 percent is published in English. How important is this

20 percent, and do Americans pay adequate attention to it? Few

Americans can read Japanese; but how essential is an awareness of

the content of Japanese-language literature? What practical steps

can those persons who want to keep up with developnents in electrical

and electronics engineering take to share the effort of preparing

translations, analyzing, and summarizing tlieir technical content in

order to improve access for interested An^icans? How can the Federal

Government, the electronics industry, and the educational ccmmunity

share responsibility, effort, and costs?

Following Dr. Ambler's charge to the seminar, the program featured

a keynote address by Congressman Doug Walgren (D. Pennsylvania)

Oiairman of the Subcormittee on Science, Research and Developn:ient,

of the House of Representatives Carmittee on Science and Technology,

vdiich has held two series of hearings on Japanese translations and

American efforts to maintain awareness of Japanese developments.

This talk was followed by statements by representatives of IEEE

and of the American Electronics Association, presenting their viewpoints on inportant issues. Speakers representing the individual

engineer and the educational catimmity then discussed the needs of

their carmunities. This was followed by a survey of the current

activities of various organizations to make Japanese information more

accessible in the United States. Then, a round table discussion,

with opport:unity for participation by all attendees, addressed the

issues and presented recormendations for action by both the public

and private sector. Finally, a summary cormentary and interpretation

1
was presented by Dr. Justin Blocm, forraer Science Counsellor at the

American Embassy in Tokyo.

The Program Connittee for this sarunar consisted, of Dr. Justin Blocm

(formerly Science Counsellor at the Amejrican Embassy in Tokyo, now an independent consultant) , Dr. Harlot? Freitag (IBTd Corporation, Chairman,

Technical Activities Board, IEEE) , Dr. John Riganati (who was at that

time Chief of the Systems Conponents Division at NBS and is now Director

of SystoTis Research, Institute for Defense Analyses) , and the undersigned.

All man±)ers of the corrmittee contributed their broad knowledge of

people and relevant activities to the development of the program.

Cotments of the participants indicated that the serdnar achieved most

of v^at it could have realistically been expected to acccmplish. It

succeeded in raising the level of awareness among the participants of

the nature of the problons of Japanese literature access and translation, and introduced the complexity of these problans to at least a few people v^o had not previously given much tliought to it. It provided

an opportunity for people who are actually trying to do something practical to exchange experiences with each otJrier and to tell a new audience

about the existence of their own services. Also the meeting gave

several Congressional staff meiibers an opportunity for informal discussions with people who are deeply imnersed in the situation and seek

the assistance and encouragement of Congress.

In the original planning of this sendnar, the decision was made not to

attempt to publish a conplete record of all presentations, but instead

to prepare a brief volume to record the most significant statements

and the final surmnation of Dr. Bloom. Volume 1 is the result of that

decision. Volume 2 is a ccrrpilation of the visual aids used by all

speakers (who used such aids) . This material was assembled and prepared for reproduction through the generous volunteer assistance of

Dr. Stephen Juhasz of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio,

Texas, to v^om the conference organizers and participants are deeply

grateful. The conference organizers considered this to be such an important contribution to the record that we requested, and received,

permission fron the President of Soutliwest Research Institute, Dr. Martin

Goland, to display the logo of SwRI on the cover.

The appendices consist of the program of the seminar, a list of speakers,

a list of all attendees, and an "Open Letter to the Seminar," prepared

by a group of NBS staff members, \jho attended the meeting and were struck

by the number of statanents about the difficulty of the Japanese language

and how hard it is to learn. These people, on their own initiative,

had organized a Japanese language training program for thenselves, enlisting the participation of Japanese guest scientists and Japanese-speaking

staff monbers. This letter points out that well-motivated technical

people can, with modest effort and expenditure, learn enough technical

Japanese to determine vdiether a Japanese-language paper is of interest

to them. Then, if desirable, they can have tlie paper translated. We

decided to include this letter as a message of optimism and encouragement

2
to people v^o might feel that the task of learning a useful amount of

Japanese is impossibly difficult.

Edward L. BradyAssociate Director for

International Affairs

National Bureau of Standards

3

CHARGE TO THE SEMINAR

Ernest Ambler

Director

National Bureau of Standards

It is my pleasure to open this saniinar and tell you a little bit

about how we decided to sponsor this along with the IEEE. I suppose those of you here really don't need to know much about the

background. We all are very much aware of the success of Japanese

technology in the marketplace. We only have to look at the parking

lots, or the electronics stores, or the stores v^ere they sell photographic equipnent to realize that. I am sure you all follow the

MITI Five-Year Plan, which lays out their determination to develop

the Fifth Generation Cotrputer, ceramic automobile engines, biotechnological processes, and so on. In addition, we read in the last

Five-Year Plan of the determination of the Japanese to become more

creative. That's in their own words, and v^t they mean is to do

more basic and original research. Certainly, those of us in the

CdTtnerce Department are painfully aware of the trade imbalance

between this country and Japan. We have no doubt tliat Japanese

technology and manufacturing capability pose a very stem challenge

to us. We have to admire the Japanese ^10 are beating us at our own

game, and we need to do something about it.

Well, I don't want to over-simplify this; I certainly don't want to

appear alarmist because I'm not. In fact, I'm quite the opposite.

Especially over the last two or three years, I've beccme much more

confident that this country is moving in its own way, using its own

political institutions, to mount an effective response. There are

other aspects to the challenge, of course. It's not just the technology that has been enbodied in Japanese products. Again, as a

monber of the Ccnmerce Department , I 'm very much aware of the attention that Secretary Baldridge and others are giving to ensure fair

access to Japanese markets. This does seem, to be a problan.

I don't need to mention the fine personal characteristics of the

Japanese people, their intelligence, their industriousness , and

above all, their educational systan that trains twice as many engineers per capita as we do. There have been a lot of studies, hundreds

on this particular matter, and I think we understand it pretty^ well.

Those are aspects that we are not going to address at all today. We

are going to focus on one small, but irrportant aspect of all of this

the technical literature published by Japanese scientists and engineers. And in particular, how do vie gain access to this literature.

Also in particular, the question of translation and how we convert

their literature to English is an extremely important aspect of this

discussion.

We have decided to take a strongly focused approach in this seminar.

It seems to me that for the general problan, a total global approach

5
is indigestible and difficult to grasp—for exaitple, all foreign

literature, or an evaluated engineering data base. Taking a crack

at the global problem by tackling a part of it is the practical my

to proceed. We will start by discussing v^at I consider to be the

most irr^rtant part. So the topic today and tanorrow will be electrical and electronics engineering. I began to think about holding

this seminar about a year ago, focusing it in the way I just described,

so I contacted Harlow Freitag of IEEE. He agreed to join forces and

cosponsor this conference to develop reconnendations on practical

steps that might be taken to irrprove U.S. access to Japanese technical literature in the fields that I mentioned.

^'Jhat do we hope to acccmplish in the next two days? First of all, I

think we need to define the magnitude of the problon. A survey has

shown that approximately 20 percent of teclinical literature of Japanese

origin is written in English. In electrical and electronics engineering, is this 20 percent important, or the most important, or if not,

v^t is its relative importance? I'm told that in basic physics,

access to an English-language version of important research is excellent. If so, physicists' problems seem to be small. Alternatively,

maybe we can assert that physicists have learned to do vdiat perhaps

electrical engineers have not. If that's true, and I'm not asserting

that it is true, we need to discuss it. Why is it so? Bill Koch of

the American Institute of Physics will be with us, and he will tell

us about this situation as physicists see it.

Most people are really convinced that the English language availability

of Japanese technical information is quite inadequate. Among those

is the Honorable Doug Walgren of Pennsylvania; he is Chairman of the

Subcannittee on Science, Research and Developtient in the House of

Representatives. His subcorrmittee has oversight of the National Bureau

of Standards, among other responsibilities, and we are fortunate in

having him with us today. He will be speaking next and will give us

the perception from the Hill on this subject. An official of the American

Electronics Association, a major trade association in the area, will

then present for us a canparative analysis of the electronics industries

in the United States and Japan, particularly the different information

acquisition practices in the two countries.

Next, we have on the program a spokesman for IEEE, followed by persons

representing the individual professional engineer, a major research

and development laboratory, and the engineering education cciTinunity.

All of these people will report on the issues and the problems as they see them fron their own particular vantage point. And then we

will have a series of reports on current activities of various organizations, government agencies, professional societies, and private-sector

organizations. So, we have a lot of different points of view represented,

and the thing that we are aiming at is to see vihat kind of consensus

we'll build. I said earlier, in my opening remarks, that I am not

an alarmist about this issue, that I did see this country mobilizing

and ittDving on matters such as this challenge from the Japanese.

6
As Director of the Bureau of Standards, I deal with a lot of different

institutions. The characteristic of the United States that I am inost

inpressed with is that ours is a very pluralistic society. I'm sure

Mr. Walgren is only too painfully aware on the Hill of all the people

he has to see representing different points of view. Sometimes the

country appears to be made up of several million local PTA's. On the

other hand, it's a very great strength because it means we are fast

on our feet and people can rapidly become intimately aware of the

particular problem. We have great opportunities to maneuver, but we

also have a lot of checks and balances built into the system. I see this system, v^ich could lead to total paralysis, gradually moving

and building consensus in many different areas. The education area,

including the cooperation between industry and imiversities , is one

such area. So, there are a lot of points of view to be presented these

next twD days.

Then in our final session, we provide an opportunity for any person

here to speak. Anybody who has observations or recanmendations or

conclusions, they are not only welcone, but they are requested to

present their points of view. Again let me say, please be suspicious

about global solutions; please try to be as specific as you can on

this particular subject relating to electronics and electrical engineering .

Finally, to wrap up the discussions, we have asked Justin Bloom to do

the wrap-up for the \4iole program and to present a summary of the

submissions, conclusions, and reccmnendations that have been brought

out. We are very pleased to have Justin here. Justin is an old

friend of mine; I had the privilege of working with him vdiile he

was Science Counselor in Tokyo, and he is a fine person. In fact,

one of the unfortunate decisions of the State Department was to

reassign Justin after his five-year stint in Tokyo; they should have

left him tiiere. But of course, rotation of assignments is normal

practice in the State Department.

I am looking forward to all of the presentations, and I trust that

we will have a lot of discussion and that we will reach some conclusions, and that then there will be some action. I must say that I

have an ulterior motive in all of this; as a physicist, I am reminded

of the time of Sputnik, \(\Mch seme of you may be too young to remember.

That's when we thought, "The Russians are coming," and there was a

question of access to Russian technical literature. We mobilized very

well to cover Russian physics literature, and I think Bill Koch will

say sonething about that. Well, it was physics then and it's electrical

engineering now. So, itr^ ulterior motive is to, shall we say, encourage

IEEE to tackle Japanese literature. IEEE is the greatest, the biggest,

and one of the best professional organizations in the country. If we

physicists, who were one tenth the number, can do it, v±iy not the biggest professional organization in the whole United States. So this is

my ulterior motive. I look forward to this seminar and I hope you all

enjoy it.

7

CONGRESSIONAL CONCERNS

Honorable Doug Walgren

Chairman, Subcommittee on Science

Research and Technology

U.S. House of Representatives

I certainly appreciate the opportunity to be here today to express on behalf

of the public the interest that we have in the subject that has brought

you to the National Bureau of Standards. We look at our institutions in

this country, and we try to understand how they can serve us best. The

Congress is also an institution that has to be looked at and approached

with some understanding of its various roles. For our purposes today, I think it is important to approach the Congress with an appreciation of

the limitations of its role in the subject of our meeting. We have deep

problems in our country. I am especially aware that people from Pittsburgh

have associated some of these problems with the difficulties that we have had in trade with Japan, particularly in steel. There is an immediate

instinct to want a doctor to be able to make us well, and we have often

looked to the Congress for that solution. The Congress is really not

that kind of an institution, but it is a forum in which we can work

with people like yourselves to develop the necessary consensus that

might lead to a policy or to a constructive contribution. My point is

that I don't envision the Congress charging into this problem as a knight

on a white horse with a magic sword. We have to work together with

public opinion and with interested parties in this country in order to

develop even the minimal support necessary to take a joint action.

Our interest in this problem on behalf of the public is obvious, if only

because our economy is in a precarious position at this point. The onset

of deficits in the $200 billion range which, according to the WASHINGTON

POST this morning, can be anticipated for the foreseeable future regardless of the wishful thinking of many people, puts us in a very, very dicy

position. If you start out with an economy operating with a $200 billion

deficit and something bad happens, you drive the economic imbalances to

levels where they have never been before. We don't know what would happen

if we had a series of events that increased unemployment by 4 percent.

By most people's estimates that would add $150-200 billion additional to

the deficit, and that would create such a degree of uncertainty in our economy that we really would not know what would happen.

The point of that is that we have to be vigilant on every front to try to

moderate the imbalances that we are confronted with and to make the most

of any available strength in our economic prospects. Certainly the

higher technological areas of our economy have to be pursued, and that

leads us right to the contribution that the exchange of information with

a country as advanced as Japan can make to our own development. Japan

has excelled particularly in the manufacturing technologies, and we must

realize that we can benefit from some very close contact with the society

that produced the techniques that have been so successful in manufacturing

technology. Although I think we know how to match the degree of automation

9
in Japanese production, we have not fully integrated such techniques

into our economy, and therefore, we are missing those benefits.

It's also true that in the long run, Japan and the United States are expected to be the two major economic players in the world. It is my

understanding that already over half of our trade goes to the Asian

portion of the globe, and consequently, such trade is a major factor in our economy. Therefore, both for the short-run and the long-run health

of this world economy, we in the United States have to take every opportunity to develop our international trade with all geographic areas. I do think that the world economic situation remains explosive; changes are

taking place so rapidly that we must develop new ways to adjust to them.

When we take the historical view, it is apparent that the real world that we encounter in this generation is largely the result of economic forces.

We must learn how to overcome our present inability to resolve the international trade differences that we have and learn how to achieve mutual

benefit in such trade.

Certainly in the long run, the United States and Japan have inseparable

common interests in developing the new technologies together. The rapidity

of change of our present circumstances makes it even more important for

Japan and the United States to have an intimate and cooperative relationship,

one that would surmount cultural barriers at least in the sense that the

United States culture could become sensitized to the Japanese culture,

and to the extent that a significant number of Americans would become

able to appreciate the Japanese language and be able to operate within the

Japanese culture. We need a cultural osmosis between the two societies

in both directions. Up to now, we on the political side feel that the

osmosis has been generally one way. We know that the Japanese, after

World War II, have made an incredible effort to open up their society by

importing ideas and technologies from abroad. The numbers of touring

groups of Japanese specialists through United States facilities has been

overwhelming and continual. That is simply a reflection of their understanding, perhaps driven by their own limitations as an island nation,

that they must compete commercially in the international market or else

they will not develop to their fullest potential. In this country, we

have enjoyed many luxuries that have enabled us, I am afraid, to not

make the most out of our potential. We have not had wars fought on our

soil; we have had a basically complete resource base so that we were not

dependent internationally on others, and generally we have had such a job market in this country that we have not been forced to reach out to

other cultures in order to make the most of ourselves economically.

That is a luxury that we will obviously not be able to afford in the

future. We must work very hard now to try to develop the U.S. capability

to reach out to other cultures and markets.

Most industrial societies seem to believe that they are not doing as well

as they should, and when we consider the number of imported automobiles

in the United States and the loss of the consumer electronics industry

and other industries from our manufacturing base, we have an emotional

defense reaction. This defense reaction goes something like this—Well, we really remain better than they are, and they have just imitated our

10
technologies and worked on them to the degree that they somehow or other

are successful with them, but we really still don't have anything to

learn from that other society.

A fair view, in my opinion, is that we certainly have much to learn,

despite our real strengths. Our society is very strong in original basic

research; we are still generating new knowledge and pushing the leading

edges of technology as well. At the same time, we certainly should be on guard against any sense of arrogance on our part, any thought that

somehow or other we can do these things without regard to what is happening about us. That is dangerous.

When we look at the efforts that have been made, or perhaps I should say

the lack of efforts that have been made, in accessing Japanese technical

literature, we cannot escape the thought that we are complacent. The

behavior of our culture implies that we really needn't look abroad, that no matter what happens over there, somehow or other we'll ultimately do

just fine here. That simply is not the case. We find when we look for

American efforts to access Japanese technical literature that our society

makes not much of an effort at all.

We don't have much of an information policy in this country; our policy

is not to have a policy. With such a policy, we find that although we

have had bits and pieces of support for translation services, there has

not been a fundamental appreciation of their importance. Therefore,

when budget cuts came along, even those small efforts were lost. For

example, the National Science Foundation used to have substantial support

for translation efforts that led to steady support in the 50 's and the

60 's for some of the major scientific areas. Now, after the National

Science Foundation has gone through ten years of essentially frozen

budgets, we find that that support no longer exists. Let us look at the

support for Japanese translation, which I understand was mostly focused

by the NSF through a major library in Chicago. If you compare the efforts

in 1970 and in 1980, you find that while the volume of relevant information exploded during those years, or at least multiplied by four, our

actual effort when measured in constant dollars atrophied by a factor of

two. The result of it is that ten years later you find yourself essentially making one-eighth the effort that was being made in 1970, and you

wonder if that really means that we are headed in the right direction.

I think clearly we are not, and somehow or other we have to understand

that .we must find a policy that will provide ongoing support for important

efforts like that.

As I say, we don't like policies, and we particularly don't like information

policies set by Government, but we have to have some kind of policy

because having none will serve us badly. We have to identify the sources

to which we want to go. We have to somehow or other put in place the

effort to translate those sources, and we have to have some kind of dissemination system that makes sense to us. We can talk about whether the

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) document sale system is

the method of dissemination that we like or whether we prefer regional

libraries where literature is accessible. The point is—we ought to talk

11
about it, but our experience on the Congressional level is that there

really is not very much talking at all. In fact, when you raise the

subject with the private sector, you find that the major firms are by and

large relatively satisfied with their access, and those that have made an

effort on their own to create a flow of information to themselves, then

do not want to share that flow with anybody else. Because of the nature

of our private sector, access will probably not be generalized in the

national interest. If the major companies have what they consider to be

a satisfactory flow of information, that will reduce the drive to broaden

the system enough so that the society as a whole can benefit. Even though

it may be in the short-run interest of a Westinghouse or a General Electric

to have a certain flow of information just to themselves for proprietary

purposes, that limited access is not in the national interest. We must

develop the exchange further.

In the Congress, we are interested in this, and a year ago, we had a set

of hearings somewhat similar to your symposium here. We are having a further hearing this week, which also will be a forum for people who have

an interest in this area to make a statement that will be available to

others and hopefully will result in building a consensus for activism in

this area. Last year the Congress suggested that we put $750,000 into a fund that would be used to try to take some initial steps in this area. Well, how far does $750,000 go? Not really very far. It couldn't do

much more than just cause somebody to think about the area. It's also

true that executive agencies of the Government are not doing very much

now. The best estimate that we could make was that the Department of

Commerce had what amounted to one man in Tokyo with a budget of $120,000

a year—one attache in Tokyo who came from Japanese industry, and his

job was to access the range of Japanese technical literature for the

United States. Now, his salary is about $60,000, and I'm sure that you consume the other $60,000 just in the process of transferring anything

back to this country, let alone disseminating it to interested persons

here. So you can see that our effort in the past has been nearly non- existent .

I hope that out of your conference will come a recognition of the problem

and some suggestions as to what we might constructively do about it. It

isn't a problem that would be amenable to crash, large-scale, federal

financing, but certainly it will require detailed, continuing interest

by entities in our society that stand to benefit from development of

this area. Out of your seminar and these hearings that we are having on

the Hill and other communications systems that we have—magazine articles

and the like—we hope there will come a consensus that we ought to be

encouraging activity in this area. As we get our feet wet, maybe we'll

appreciate the benefits of it even more. Well, our Science and Technology

Committee will have observers here for the two days of your meeting, and

they will be coming back to us to encapsulate and transfer those proceedings and those discussions into our institutional memory in the House of

Representatives.

We look forward to your trying to push us in the direction that you think

we ought to go. The largest unappreciated asset this country has, I

12
think, is the built-in response that the Congress has to individuals in

this society. One of the greatest threats to our system is that we feel

everything is so big that we as individuals don't matter anymore. We in

the Congress hope that you do not feel that way. I would like to invite

you to know and work with the Congress as an institution capable of

responding to you and your sensitivities as an individual. When you go

back to the various parts of the country and the various roles that you

come from, I hope that you will work with your individual Congressional

representative and also with the relevant committee to tell them what you

think should be done. I would like to offer myself as present chairman

of the Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology to develop the

response that conferences such as this conclude are the directions we

ought to be going.

1 appreciate very much the opportunity to come here and just to share my

general thoughts with you, and I look forward to your guidance in the

future. If the past is any prologue, there is no question that our society can respond effectively in a way that is constructive for both

Japan and the United States in international trade and in the development of a peaceful world. We must learn how to make the international

economy of the future run as well as we have the right to hope that it can run. Thank you very much for listening to me and good luck in your

conference.

13

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION

List of Participants

1. Ms. JVIaryanne Bach

Republican Technical Consultant

House Conmittee on Science and Technology

2319 Raybum House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515

2. Professor Samuel K. Coleman

Associate Director for Research

and Program Development

North Carolina Japan Center

North Carolina University

Raleigh, North Carolina 27695

3. Dr. Harlow Freitag

Chairman, Technical Activities Board, IEEE

IBM Corporation

White Plains, NY 10604

4. Mr. Kaname Ikeda

Counselor for Scientific Affairs

Elnbassy of Japan

2520 Massachusetts Avenue

Washington, DC 20008

5. Mr. Herbert Landau

President, Engineering Information Inc.

345 East 47th Street

New York, NY 10017

6. Dr. John P. Riganati

Director of Systems Research

Institute for Defense Analyses

Supercorrputing Research Center

4380 Forbes Boulevard

Lanham, MD 20706

7. Professor Richard Samuels

Associate Professor

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139

8. Mr. Pat Windham

Professional Staff Member

Subcamdttee on Science, Technology and Space

Ccannittee on Canmerce, Science & Transportation

House of Representatives

2321 Raybum House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515

15
I

I

16
1. Ms. Maxyarine Bach

I would like to proceed in a way that may be most helpful, and that

is to explain the most recent action taken by the House Ccramittee on

Science and Technology in addressing the question of availability of

Japanese translations. Coincidentally and very foirtuitously, the

Caritiittee is holding hearings in Washington tcjrorrow and Thursday

during which we will continue the effort, of the last four years in

assessing type of information has been available; v*iat will be

available; v\*iat is the proper role of the Federal Government; how does

the Federal Government determine -what that proper role is; actions

are being taken by the professional societies; what is industry doing

to obtain more information; and how is the educational ccoinunity of the

nation responding.

For your information, I can tell you v^to will be testifying. Several

of those people you have heard from over the course of the last two

days will appear. We have asked Mrs. Pat Hubbard (American Electronics

Association) , Dr. Gene Strull (Westinghouse Defense and Electronic

Systems Center) , Dr. Edward Daub (University of Wisconsin-Madison) , Mr. George Rogers (Intelligence Ccrartanity Staff) , Dr. Joseph Caponio

(NTIS) , Mr. Charles Homer (Depairtment of State) , Mr. George Ma (Office

of Japan, Department of Cotinerce) , and Dr. Ernest Ambler (NBS) . As I

said, this is a continuing effort that we have addressed through the

form of a Congressional hearing, but I would also like to remind the

audience that this is not the only way for Congress to gain its information. We have discovered and been educated on one subject particularly—that is, industrial firms to some extent have felt unccmfortable

in caning forward and speaking about their progress and their means of

gaining information. They may have proprietary reasons for such, or

the reason may be that upper management in corporations is not as willing as scientists and researchers further down the company structure to converse with Congress on what programs vrould be appropriate.

But I would say very candidly that Congress, particularly the House

Science and Technology Ccrrmittee, has frcm a number of different

directions becone aware that there is a federal role of sane kind,

vMch we are struggling to identify, in providing technical information to the scientists, whether they be in the industrial sector or

in the research sector.

Some of you may not be familiar with why we would be involved, why

we are concerned about it, and v\*iat previous knowledge base we would

have to help us determine that sane progress is needed. I would

just name a couple of issues that we have had to address from a national perspective that have led us to discuss specifically Japanese

translation and technical information availability. We have been

faced in the nation with a question of the capacity and preparedness

of our educational system. How well are we preparing our students

at pre-college, at college, and at graduate levels to meet the needs

of our technological society and the industrial future for vM.ch this

educated manpower base will be needed? We have, as far back as the

mid-1970 's and up through the 80 's, been comparing the educational

system of the United States with those of our strongest corpetitors.

17
We have found that through the years, we are not as proficient in the

technical and scientific areas, as well as in foreign languages. We

are still providing courses in the Romance languages, but we are not

providing instruction in those specific languages that are used by

our strongest cotipetitors . So our educational preparedness is a topic

of major concern.

Because of the Congressional role in overseeing the major governmental technical agencies and because of Congress' responsibility for

reflecting the concerns and interest of their constituents. Congress

must deal with questions of national security, of scientific freedcm,

of corrpetitive position, and of technology transfer.

There is a national concern about the results of Jffnerican-financed

research, whether it be through the Federal laboratories or through

Federal agencies that support competitive grants programs in our

universities. We are concerned that there is a gap between the transfer

of R&D information into American canpanies and the eventual progress

in the use of that information for ccrtmercialization. In some instances,

that may be working well with larger caipanies, but certainly there is

concern tliat middle-size companies and small businesses and the general

health and well-being of our American cctrpanies are not getting maximum

benefit from the resources we are putting into basic science.

The question has also arisen of the itnbalance in our graduate programs

bet:v\^en American students and foreign students, and why it is that

fewer American students seem to be attracted into technical fields.

Vifiat can we do to attract American students into those areas, those

programs, that seem to be most promising in terms of errployment?

Congress also has an interest in conputer and information security,

and in the previous Congress, our Comnittee was instnmental in the

R&D antitrust legislation that now allows American corporations to

cone together and collaborate for the purposes of R&D. That purpose,

in and of itself, was not to be considered a violation of antitrust

law. We are looking into the reason for doing that, and hesitancy

on the part of the judicial systan to tamper with antitrust laws

brought about the fact that in many instances and in many industries,

we are forced at this point to collectively share our resources. I

don't want to take up any more time but I could go on as to the interests

of Congress. I would also point out to the audience that we do need

encouragement as to why we should pursue the proper Federal role, and

in seme instances, there are voids in that type of encouragement.

18
2. Professor Sam Colenan

As someone from a university, I would like to give imy own personal

overview of the goings on of the last couple of days. I won't need

to sunmarize too much, but one thing I will note is that perhaps one

of the concrete accomplishments of this meeting will be to have given

a final definition to tiie value of English-language materials on

Japanese science and technology fran a number of perspectives. If I

were to sunmarize that, I think I would sunmarize it using one of

Woody Allen's older jokes. Two elderly ladies are at a Catskills

resort, and they are conplaining about the food. One of then said,

"This food is terrible." The other one said, "Yes, and there's not

enough of it."

We've seen seme very good efforts, but I think we all agree that they

are pieceneal, and they are uncoordinated. Now, Ernest Annbler said

in charging the participants here that we should be suspicious of

global solutions. If he means by that large-scale, star-studded,

quick fixes, I would agree. But, I think we should also be suspicious

of part answers—-half-baked, part solutions, magic bullets, fast premises. It takes long-term planning. As soon as we get into the whole

issue of increasing tlie number of Americans in scientific and technical

specialties who possess Japanese language knowledge and knowledge of

how Japan ticks, we are talking about a long-term proposition. We

have repeatedly talked about this issue in terms of America's ccmpetitive stance, about our need to think in terms of biting the bullet and

making investments with a long-term view. We know things aren't going

to happen overnight, but I think that bears repeating. Occasionally,

people will talk about market forces taking care of this. I am very

skeptical of that approach. We deal at our school with students in

the sciences and engineering, and we also teach Japanese to people in

places like IBM and Northern Teleccm. And the people in industry viho

are the most concerned about Japan are the ones who have the least

time to learn the language. I find it hard to believe that any 25- or

30-year old IBM engineer first exposed to all that is going on in Japan,

or anyone at any other electronics-related firm, is going to say, "I

should have learned the language; I'm going to drop out now and catch

up." I just don't think it will happen on the kind of scale that we

need.

Another thing, too, is that when I say investment, I mean investment

in dollars. If we taJce a look at the various activities that have

gone on, the various attempts that have been described in this

meeting, the ones that liave made it, and that are going to make it,

are those that have solid backing. Clark Johnson discussed the

beautiful efforts of the Magnetics Association; they were backed by

good financing—$300,000, I believe. The American Institute of

Physics Russian translation system tiiat eventually got on its feet

had 10 years of NSF support before it was self-sufficient. Or we

could look at the problems of a system v\^en it depends on inmediate

market backing, like the experiences of Engineering Information

Incorporated.

19
We may be feeling frustrated after these repeated discussions ajx>ut

scientific and technical information needs. As a next step, we should, as a self-conscious group, line up our constituencies. Who are the

people that really stand to gain the most from a concerted, long-term,

sophisticated, conprehensive effort? And to do that, perhaps we can

set up two continua, if yau will. (I'm a social scientist; we alvra,ys

love to categorize and set up continua.)

One continuum joins basic sciences and the applications areas of the

technologies. On one end, in tlie basic sciences, we work with the

ideal of free and open sharing of information. T*hus we have a synergistic effect; we get more bang for the buck. We aren't reinventing

the vvheel. Of course, on the other end of the continuum, we liave

cortpetition. We have people vdio are putting in their own money and

aren't obligated to tell anybody else about vrhat they are doing, and

they would be fools if they did. Those constituencies are different,

and I think, for Japanese scientific and technical information, we are

going to be offering then different things. And we must. Thus we

will also have a short-run, long-run continuum. Perhaps with an

analysis like that we can start to get a grasp of vdio our fellow

supporters will be on vi^t's going to be a long and difficult road

ahead.

Since I cane from a university, at times I may be accused of getting

into what the Japanese call "selling your own product ( temae miso) ." Nevertheless I think there are sane important virtues there. We have

a lot of expertise; we have a lot of interest in and knowledge of

vtot's going on in Japan. The issue of scanning capacity has cane

up before. The term was coined by MIT's Eleanor Westney in the

Congressional hearings last year, and it meant "knowing vdiat to pick

out to translate . " There ' s a lot of expertise in the university that

can help tell people just vAiat is worth translating and vdiat isn't.

These same university people, if they are rewarded by a systan of

good technical translation, will get more professional development

and will be better consultants to industry. They will in turn encourage their students to study the Japanese language. As you can see,

these are mutually reinforcing arrows. Once you get a corprehensive

system going, you've got these mutually reinforcing arrows, and if

you do it right, it's going to look like Custer's last stand.

For that kind of syston, though, concerted support is necessary,

and I believe that support will have to cone fron the Federal

Government.

20
3 . Dr. Harlow Freitag

While this is billed as an NBS/IEEE Sordnar, I really must take the

privilege of the floor to thank Dr. Brady, because he really put

this vdiole program together. I think it is an outstanding program,

and I think we all should thank him for getting everybody who participated here to come.

Let me say that I wish tliat the interest in translating Japanese

technical literature into English was a fraction as great outside this

room as it is inside this room. We wouldn't have a problem; we wouldn't

all be here. I'm really struck by the indifference in the technical

ccninunity regarding Japanese translation and the access to Japanese

literature in general. It's hard for me to understand it, but it's

there and I think we all have to be proselytisers and carry back our

feelings. We must explain to people that this is a serious problem,

and that people are going to eat our lunch if we are not careful. I think the need for translation ms confirmed at this seminar. The

number of engineers in Japan equals that of the United States, and

they are putting out just as much technical information. If we don't

have access to it, we certainly are the losers.

I think that a second and much more pernicious problem is tiie question

of how much of the literature is, shall we say, deliberately withheld,

or deliberately published at a later time scale in English than it is

published in Japanese. Although we liave no quantitative information

on this point, as a technologist, I hate to see loaded dice, and I

think that this is really a question of loading the dice in an unfair

way.

The problon of reading the Japanese literature is just the same in

some ways as reading English literature. Reading English literature

is the subset of our problon in reading Japanese literature, that is

English literature is voluminous and you can't read it all; you can't

read a small fraction of it. So, we have the problem coitpounded, because

now we have this voluminous Japanese literature. How do we read

that? How do we even get it into English so that we can read it? So,

one problen is that there is a lot of stuff that will be translated

that we will have access to that we are just not interested in. But

we can't let that deter us from going ahead and making this information avciilable. Costs are high; translators are not available. Ihe

translators must be technically ccmpetent. You cannot have just any

old person that understands Japanese do the translation. That is

going to be a serious problm, and here is, I think, the first place

that the Government can help—they can help establish centers of

excellence in Japanese translation, but especially in Japanese

technical information.

You people that are interested in establishing translation programs,

I'd like you all to succeed. But I'm afraid if there are too many

of you, it will spread the available interest and the available money

araund, and we'll all flounder. I'd rather see just one venture

21
doninate, so that it can be financially successful. But, that's not

our business to control.

The professional societies, I think, are willing; the IEEE, for example,

is willing to do a lot more in this area. The problani with professional

societies is that they can't deal with the start-up costs. The start-up

costs are much too high. They can deal with the incremental costs of

publishing infomnation on a page-by-page basis, but they can't handle

the costs in getting started. So, that is something that maybe tlie

Government can help in.

I would love to see Clark Johnson's publication be wildly successful,

but he still is just publishing his first copy and we don't know just

exactly how many people are to take that. I would liJce to point out

that tlie IEEE publishes something vve call an all-transactions package,

which is all of IEEE's periodical publications, numbering sonevdiere

near 50, and something slightly over a thousand libraries take that

package. Tliey get it at a discount over what it would cost if they

bought than all individually. That's a thousand libraries all over

the world. Now, Johnson's journal is a translation of Japanese magnetic information; how many, vJhat fraction of that thousand libraries

is going to be iaterested. The only real market for such a volume

would seem to be in a library. I just don't know that it is going

to make it financially.

My last point is that maybe this is finally the tine to get ccmputers

in the act in a big way. If we had a central repository of translations, including issues of Japanese literature, and machinery to

perform, there are all kinds of exquisite searches that can now be

performed on data bases of this type. You can do any kind of logical

connective request; you can scan every word in the document and look

for two words that appear in the same document, and get all that

information out. This may be the way to sonehow harness the flood

of information, and at the same tiime, aitortize the cost of providing

it over a very large number of users so tliat they pay a very iradest

amount of money for each access.

22
4. Mr. Kaname Ikeda

I have been asked to say scjnething provocative to the audience. I landerstand the topic of the seminar, and I could recognize the needs

for inprovement. It is needed to have good access to Japanese

literature. As for myself, I have been long engaged in the Government

in the field of research and developnent. I'm originally from the

Science and Technology Agency. My personal experience is in this

agency. I did find seme difficulty in the past, on our side, in

approaching the U.S. technological information in the field of nuclear

and space technology, sanetiines due to some needs for security or propriety. So, I think my personal experience was that we also have

seme difficulty in getting access to U.S. literature.

I think when we talk about access to Japanese literature, or to

scientific or technological information, this issue should be categorized into two areas. One is finding or locating appropriate

material. Another one is the processing of the material or information. I think in the latter one, the Japanese language might be a

bit difficult, I agree. But, I would like to elaborate to the first

one. I have to say that Japanese society is called soretimes information

heaven. This means too easy access to any kind of information. We

don't have any legislative control of information, like you have in

the United States. So we do have really a kind of heaven in this

sense. Nowadays, as far as high-tech—so-called high-technology

is concerned—^my personal opinion is that information is flowing,

really flowing, but not all of it in the form of literature. This

is quite different frcm the situation you have here in the United

States. Of course, I should say there should be seme difference in

culture and society. This is largely due to our differences in

society and social structure. People in industries have an in-house

network for flow of information, so this flow is not so well documented. That is viiy you could observe a voluminous flow of information, but you will find it will be difficult to have access to the

flow. Maybe I'm a little bit exaggerating to seme extent.

In Japan, information is not always priced, but is almost always

free. That's why Government is very encouraging to industries to

share the information and to reach consensus. Especially to say,

we need to have better cooperation. I could mention here the

Japanese project for the so-called Fifth Generation Ccmputer.

This is the kind of project that we really solicit the people in

industry to share the information to avoid duplication and to have

correct image in those areas.

Sometimes through meetings, conferences, or direct involvement in

joint projects, people in industries share information so many times

there is no need for documentation or preparation for literature.

So, I do believe there should be incentives for the people concerned

in preparing the document or literature. When they need to cooperate,

for instance, between the United States and Japan, they usually do

work to have literature or a document. Also I think there should be

23
some effort on the side of the users—in this case, the people in the

United States—to visit or to liave occasion to share exchange of

opinions

.

This is my feeling and to this point I should direct attention to the

canment made by Mr. Konishi this morning. There v/as a canment that a

governmental report is political. This sometimes may be but I think

government reports might be useful as evidence of consensus and they

could give you a clue of sane interest to various information behind

an authorized report. And I should say additionally government offices

are open to inquiry. As I mentioned before, we do not have any legislative restrictions on information. Only people in industries do have

sane proprietary difficulty. And if you people in the United States

do have sane proficiency in Japanese you could feel free—quite free

in visiting almost any offices in the government or in the industries.

There would be no discrimination between Japanese and the people from

the United States.

24
5. Mr. Herbeirt Landaw

Well, viien Ed asked me to serve on the panel, he implied that it vould

be good to be a bit of an agent provocateur, and I won't let him down.

I think back to sane of the basic training I received as a systons

analyst. I was taught that before you can solve your problons you

have to define vdiat they are. I find that after the first day and a

half I'm even more confused than I was after the past three years in

defining what the problen is regarding this issue of getting access

to Japanese technical literature, or even the broader issue of getting

access to Japanese technical information. I think everybody here would

say, yes, there is a problon, but I'm not sure everybody would agree on

vi^t it is. Based on many of the solutions or approaches posed, there

seens to be a variety of problens, or perhaps different facets of the

same problem. I think this is one of the basic reasons vAiy the United

States hasn't made significant progress in this area. We aren't sure

what the problon is and ^diy we want the information and vdiat we would

do with it. I think there are economic problaris regarding U.S-Japanese

relations as evidenced by the fact that one has to but look outside and

see how many of our autcmobiles or television sets or cameras are

Japanese. Economically, Japan is beating the pants off of us in many

areas that were originally U.S. turf. So I don't think the problem

is very viell perceived or very well defined. My own organization is

equally at fault here.

Current efforts, as a result, are not correctly addressing the problem,

whether it is an issue of translation or access to the literature or

access to an individual. Current efforts are pieceneal, uncoordinated,

somewhat duplicative, parochial, ill funded in general, and I think

definitely not very cost effective. Perhaps a good place to start

would be to define exactly what the problems are before we develop

alternate solutions and analyze then on a cost benefit basis. One

way would be to have some blue ribbon group of objective, representative experts in technology, information, and international relations

look at tlie real needs, define "wha-t these needs are, and then define

current efforts to address these needs. They would have to examine the

full spectrum of government, academe, industry, not-for-profit, and

professional societies' efforts; identify v^at gaps exist that should

be filled; and assess vrhat resources we have, as a nation, to fill

then. It is a very large task, but I tiiink it's going to cost us a lot more if we continue on a pieceneal effort in terms of dollars,

and in terms of, eventually, our national economic pride.

Being positive rather than negative, I think the United States has

the resources to gain access to Japanese technical information, or,

for that matter, the technical information of any other country i.f we put our mind to it. But, I tliink these resources need to be channeled. We need seed money to get them going, because there will be

sane false starts, and indeed, a lot of these efforts will have very

low payoff, or very long-range payoff. It will not be carmercially

viable, to begin with at least. I think tliere is a role for everyone.

25
and indeed the carmercial sector, as they have shown today, vd.ll jurp

in v^ere they think they can make a profit, because that is their

purpose. However, I think there are a lot of areas, a lot of basic

foundation efforts, that are not profitable and will never be. They

will require sctne effort on behalf of Government, v^ch agency I am

not sure, but perhaps the National Science Foundation would be a good place to start.

What we are seeing here is a tip of an iceberg, of a broad, growing,

and a continuing national need to recognize the fact that other countries are going to do significant scientific and engineering work

that the United States must be made aware of. Since it is a broad

national problem, it does require a ccmprehensive plan of action at

the national level. While I don't have any ready solutions, I think

that together we must find v,tiat the problan really is, look at the

alternate solutions, and then pick the best ones for the United States

as a vdiole.

26
6 . Dr. John P . Riganati

I would like to caiment in three areas briefly. First is backgroiand:

my particular interest and association with this field; tlie second

is structure; and the third is some considerations on how to proceed.

My involvement in this kind of activity goes back to January of 1982

when Dick Samuels, seated at my left, and Eugene Skolnikoff of the MIT

Japan program organized a conference similar to this one on Japanese

scientific and technical information in these United States. The

thrust of that conference was to discuss tlie kind of information we

had or did not have. I had recently been a panelist at the first

Fiftli Generation Conference in Tokyo in the fall of 1981, and presumably I had some timely information to share of the kind that wasn't

yet available in the United States except through the news media

(whose coverage is generally inadequate in detail and of a different

eirphasis than technical people would typically like) .

At the conference, I found surprising emphasis on the fact that there

is very little organized structure in the United States to put technical infoinnation at the hands of scientists and engineers, v^o would

like to have it when it is not available in English. Some things

that have ccme out of that conference were discussed today. Unfortunately, none of than, frcm my perspective, have built any considerable manentum at the present time. One was a study financed and

supported by NBS, MCC, and AFIPS vM.ch we referred to under the

National Acadeny of Sciences program. Second was an effort that

Bill Finan at tlie Department of Ccramerce put together which lias

led to the program that Tony Armstrong of SAIC described, and third,

very indirectly, was a set of Congressional hearings motivated as much by the Congressional staff as by outside influences. My current

question as I look at the field in tills conference today is, "Over

the last three and a half years, has any momentum built or not?" We

still have a small group of people on the inside v\^o perceive a need

in a number of the areas that Herb Landau just mentioned, but at the

same time we don't have a process in the United States that has been

able to put together, following the "rules of the game," a set of

procedures that solve the many problems that exist. The "rules of

the game" concern items such as return on investment, which involve

different organizational responses in the United States than in Japan, as you are all well aware, or they involve sane kind of a plebiscite

where the would-be users of information make their views knov/n. One

exairple of the latter is our Congressional process. Both of those

appear to be absent right new, and yet a number of us, those in the

roan in particular, have the feeling that there really is sanething

that ought to be done.

By way of structure, two points of view cane to mind. First is the

notion of the top-down structure, vMch one inmediately thinks of,

especially in the Washington area. That was my initial input into

the system in the spring of 1982. I called several offices in the

National Science Foundation, reasoning that a technical problam of

27
this kind should be of interest to NSF. I found that NSF was certainly

interested in the technology of Japan, but really didn't have a structure at that time to deal with availability of inforrnation . Things

have changed to some extent, but certainly not in a large enough

way to make a significant difference; NSF does not have a structure

to support foreign language information, per se. I called the

Department of Education and found they were interested in the Japanese

as a culture, as a language—typically filed in many of our universities as you know in the fine arts department, but they were not

interested ^particularly in the technology canponent. So here we

have an overlap of the interests of two key agencies, and in the

overlap, instead of the concentrated resources of those two agencies,

we find that each avoids the area. The top-down solution fran the

federal agencies themselves has not worked over this period of time

to any significant extent.

Industry has taken some role; Pat Hubbard has told us about the

efforts of the American Electronics Association. Professional

societies have taken seme roles; university short courses have

been developed. But none of then, have gotten to the point vdiere

anyone in this room can see that the problem is solved or is on

a good path for a total solution.

The top-down approach must be continued, in my opinion, but we haven't

seen any evidence in the last three and a half years that the rules

of the game will allow anything different to happen in the next few

years other than vdiat we have seen in the past.

If we look at a bottom-up path, I was surprised to learn earlier

this year that here at MBS we have a Japanese language course going

on at lunch time. This course was organized by a number of scientists

and engineers v\*io felt the need for access to this kind of information.

One enterprising person simply put a notice on one of our bulletin

boards saying, "Wanted: an instructor and students for a course."

We have many Japanese-speaking technical staff at NBS. One of them

volunteered to teach the course; others volunteered to be participants,

and they're off and running. What organizations could do is encourage

that kind of entrepreneurial effort within agencies, within corporations, by giving the motivated scientists and engineers flexibility

to express their interests and perhaps some equipnent in the way of

word processors or Kanji processing equipnent that they can experiment

with. My view is that this is more along the lines of what has worked

in other places in the United States. In the long-term, a good

so3.ution might be a broad, overall treatment that uses both the

top-down and the bottcm-up view.

Briefly, on considerations on how to proceed, we are talking about

access to information—information that obviously involves the translation of all types of material. It involves access to closely held

information of the kind that's available in principle. For exarrple,

if the proceedings of this workshop were typed and made avai.lable,

they could be widely circulated. They won't be. They will be circulated on a very small scale. That's closely held information.

28
but in principle, open information. There is an enormous anpunt

of that extronely important information available in Japan, as the

JTECH process discovered in its recently catpleted panels (I participated in the panels on coirputer technology) . More importantly, perhaps

though, is language knowledge sufficient to allow joint research by

colleagues in Japan and the United States working together, particularly

on in-country scientific experiments. NBS and NTT have a joint agreement

to pursue programs of mutual interest, and a few of those are under way

right now. Hopefully, those will increase and a number of other organizations will do the same.

The challenge as I see it is to use the top-down structure, certainly

spearheaded by Congress, to tabulate the appropriate actions. But

we should resist the urge to prioritize them and basically let many

wild flowers grow, as they can only grow in the United States, and to

encourage the entrepreneurial activity that is key to the way we

proceed here. It's necessary to recognize that the rules of the game

in the United States are stacked against an area like this developing

rapidly, because it has neither the demand from the would-be users

who don't appreciate the kind of information that is available, nor

the obvious return on investrtoit that would enable the venture capital

approach to work in a successful way. We have a number of experiments

going on now as you have heard. University Microfilms and perhaps

others may experiment in a different end of the spectrum. I am hopeful. On the other hand, the evidence of the last few years doesn't

allow me as a user to expect that I will see great change in the next

few years. I think it is incumbent upon those of us in the room here

and the small circle that we can influence to realize the nature of

the problon, to be evangelists for the field, and to constantly Iceep

information problaris in the minds of our colleagues, both our peers

and certainly those in the organizational struct\ire here in Washington,

whom we reach.

29
30
7. Professor Richard Samuels

It is not an accident that I agree with almost everybody on this

panel in large measure, because we are what Jolm has just described

evangelists. I think self-consciously we see ourselves as such.

One thing I won't do, though I agree with Sam Coleman, I won't dare

quote Woody Allen for you.

Let us start by just stepping back a touch from specific solutions

and try to put the problem in the perspective of public policy. We

Americans have reached a sort of collective recognition that the

Japanese have very effectively harvested for an extended period of

time American science and technology. I think that yesterday seme- one said that there were about a thousand Japanese researchers in

American universities. I think tliat number is off by about an order

of magnitude, although I don't have the figures.

The question in policy terms is; So v\^iat, vihat do you want to do

about tliat? What I want to suggest is that there are two possible

things one might do about that—one disturbing and the other a much

more positive response. The more disturbing one is the solution

Mr. Ikeda referred to earlier, wliich is to make it more difficult for

Japanese to have access to American science and technology, shutting

down and confirming Japan's worst fears that the United States will

retaliate to the ccannercial challenge of Japan by making it difficult

or impossible for Japanese to have access, the information blockade,

etc. And we have seen stirrings of that. We've seen it in the defense

areas, and we've seen it in professional meetings. I think tliat that

is enonnously disturbing, counter productive, and wrong.

Instead I thinlc vdiat we can do is to take initiatives of the kinds

we have been dancing around for the last tvvo days to try to make

v^t has been historically a one-way flow of assimilation into a

two-way flow of ccfimunication between Japan and the United States.

That is a long-term solution, because it involves substantial investment in the most key resource of all that we have been discussing—that

is people, individuals, a generation or more of American scientists and

engineers who have a knowledge about and research experience in Japan.

At MIT, as at N. C. State, we have been active in doing exactly that.

We have been sending 8 to 10 MIT trained engineers and scientists per

year to work in Japanese government and university laboratories, and to

the central research labs of industry. We have found Japan is open;

there are more offers to take our students than we have students ready

to go. We require two years of language training and that is vihy the

numbers are so limited. This kind of approach, v^^ile not an immediate

answer, is I think the only answer that you can really wrap your arms

around.

Now to follow up on something that John said, and to really underline

it, thejre is very much a sense of deja vu that one must liave in coming

to this meeting. This is really the third iteration of the same meeting. There are 20 or 30 persons of this audience, who I think have

31
participated in at least one of the other, and in sonie cases, both of

the other gatherings—the Endicott House meeting that John referred

to in January of 1982 that was funded by NTIS and by the State Department

and the Wilson Center Meeting that Ron Morse and I organized in February

of this year. We have been talking to ourselves, we have been evangelizing, but I also observe a very positive note, that there is a collective

caning of age in all of this. There is a much broader representation

of people who are actively doing things in this area. There is a broad consensus on what needs to be done. In listening to Herb Landau,

and to John and to Jack Schwartz yesterday, I -could hear i^tervin Denikoff

,

who at the MIT meeting three years ago identified precisely the same set

of things that needs to be done, the needs assessment, the need for information centers, more training, copyright issues, blue ribbon panels, the

role of NSF. There is a sense that we are continuing to talk about the

same thing and that we are agreeing on what needs to be done, but that

we're not necessarily, as John points out, making rapid progress.

However, there is also an emerging list of has been done, and that

is v/hat I wanted to say was most encouraging. That private firms—for

exanple. Motorola and MCC vdno came here three years ago and were table

thumping—are now caning to meetings like this, sharing their experiences

and saying, "Yeah, you know we need to do more in this area." The AEA. programs, their publications, their fellowship program in Japan, sending

students to work in labs, university programs like the one at NYU, at

the Japan Center North Carolina State, Ed Daub's and Bob Bird's program

at Wisconsin, and tiie textbook project—these are all new things. Our

program recently received half a million dollars from the Star Foundation in New York to send students to Japan, and all of that is very

encouraging

.

We still have problems. First of all I have already identified the

major problan. We are talking to ourselves. In some sense we might

as well be a professional association, and we oughtn't be. Congressional hearings are being held, now riinning through a second round.

I don't think that necessarily means progress; it means hearings are being held. It's simply not clear vdiere the locus of initiative lies

now, or even agreement on where it should ].ie between public and private

sector.

I would end by just suggesting one step for Congress to consider—to

require that Fulbright programs, which historically have been only

aimed at arts and humanities, and social science, should support

science and engineering research abroad. The Department of Education,

which has historically done that as well, should support programs in

applied Japanese studies. We need more support for programs in applied

Japanese studies. We don't need more clones of ourselves. That is

not the business we ought to be in. We need to create new kinds of

expertise and I think this is not a Japanese problem. It is distinctly

an American problem. I think we are all convinced tliat we need to

find a solution to it.

32
8. Mr. Pat Windham

I have just jotted down a note on the Pulbright idea.

I thought I would take just a couple of minutes and tell yau first

there is interest in what you are doing. And there is interest in

the issue that you have spent so much tinrie on. I might briefly

focus on a recent Senate bill, based on seme earlier House work

frcm last year, that is now before our camdttee , recently introduced by Mr. Baucus of Montana and Mr. Rockefeller of West Virginia.

The bill would have the Secretary of Commerce spend some more

money—one of our ways of trying to deal with things—to try to

irrprove the availability of at least the government-collected information and, perhaps, do more to augment what the Government is now

doing. We are the first to admit that this is an early step; both

the House and the Senate are trying to grapple with what for us

is a relatively new, but we agree an important, issue.

I might mention the motives behind sane of this; it won't surprise

you. The amount of frustration, concern, anxiety that is now present

in at least the United States Senate is incredible. We are facing a trade deficit that is scaring us more each day. For a v^le it

looked like it was just our basic industries that were in trouble.

Now, if we read BUSINESS WEEK the last couple of months talking

about the high-tech crisis, we are watching the sardconductor

industry, one of our great flagship high-tech industries, in real

trouble. We all know there are several reasons behind it. There

is a high American dollar vrhLch is at least in large part the result

of our own Congressional budget deficit, and there is an enormous

amount of work going on in that. We'll see whether it leads to

anything.

Ihere is genuine frustration with v/hat is at least perceived to be

seme barriers, either legal or cultural, to American business

entering Japan. But by the same token, there is an incredible feeling about getting our own house in order. That is Senator Baucus 's

term, who, as I say, is the prime sponsor of this bill. We know

that we as a Government and as a country, have to get our own act

together to deal with markets that are different than our own. And

also, we have to realize that we are not the only actors around.

We benefit from learning from Japan which is now the third highest

spending country in the world I think, on R&D, a real leader. We

need to break out of our own cultural shell and begin to learn frcm

others as they have quite legitimately learned frcm us. Our bill

is only a start; as I say, it was based on the hearings that Mr. Walgren

held last year that Maryanne was so involved with. We are going to

try and pursue it seme in the Senate this year. There is real

interest in this kind of thing.

By the same token, we need to hear from you all, and not just on

details about the programs of work, but also about whether there is

indeed a need for more Federal action in this area and what kind.

33
I wDuld really echo Maryanne's point, vrftiich is that while you may

criticize, and John made a good point about this, the fact is that

Congress runs on a sort of plebescite basis v^ere we have to listen

to other people; that is in fact the way we do business.

It is very hard, in this day arid age particularly, for anybody in

Congress to say, hey, this is sanething that is needed, unless

there is business support out there, seme specific ideas from the

business connunity, from the technical ccnmmity, and from the

acadoidc caiinunity about what would be the best direction to go.

So, wiiat I wanted to say in siitinary is, we are hearing you. We

share a lot of your concerns; these bills are starting to get more

attention in Congress, but we need to hear from you about ynat you

think is the most valuable way to go. We also need you to get your

friends and neighbors to write in and begin to build a little more

political support for v\^at you think are the best ways to go.

34
SUMMARY COtJCLUSIONS AND RECaW^TOATIONS

Justin L. Bloon

President

Technology International, Inc.

The threje previous conferences or serninars tliat have been held on this

subject—the MIT Conference, the Wilson Center Conference, and in fact,

the 1984 Congressional hearings—^ere for audiences that were more

limited than this one. That is, they did not include people who might

become novitiates in this business, people v\Aio did not have a long

exposure to or interest in Japanese technical information, the problems

of accessing it, and the resources available for doing so. Therefore,

my own personal feeling is that this conference is the first opportunity to address a larger body. Vie have been partially successful

in accanplishing this in that perliaps half of tlie audience consists

of people that we wouldn't have identified in the past as beiiig part

of this "old-boy network" that has been referred to a number of times.

Dr. Ambler's original concept for this seminar included limiting the

scope to electrical engineering and electronics engineering. This

was a logical view, and it vTas imnediately accepted by the program

committee, but I thinic it has now become clear that the system, if

I can identify it as such, for making Japanese scientific and technical information available does not structure itself well along narrow

technical disciplines, and it has proven to be difficult for us to

pick out electrical engineering and electronics engineering frcm the

general science and technology arena for the purposes of this soninar.

In essence, there are a few trees in the forest, because science and

technology is such a big field. Therefore, as a consequence of this,

we have lost seme opportunities that are generally applicable, and

at the same time, we have covered seme generalities that are indeed

app].icable to aspects of science and technology other than the ones

that were identified by Dr. Ambler.

The soninar maist be identified as one that has offered a sairpler of

what is going on in Japanese science and technology and how to access

it. It could not be ccmprehensive and authoritative in covering

the entirety of the field because there isn't enough time, and I

doubt if any audience could maintain an interest long enough to hear

all there is to be said. Furthermore, we have had to select, by some

stochastic process, those people v\^o spoke. We could not have representatives of the entire electronics industry in the United States

speak here, nor could we ask every purveyor of technical information

to give his ideas of what is being done and what should be done. So,

for these reasons, please recognize that there is a limitation to the

amount of information that has been transferred to you.

Let me give you a couple of examples of this. There are a very large

number of Japanese firms that offer technical information services

to foreigners—let me say Americans to restrict it—for a fee, and

35
there are very large numbers of English-language publications covering

various aspects of Japanese science and technology which we have not

discussed at all during this seminar. To mention only one of these,

one that I read every week trying to keep up with yiat is happening

in Japan, is the JAPAN ECONCMIC JOUHSIAL. I expect that most Japanologists look at this since it is published in English and is supposed to

be a digest of the daily NIHON KEIZAT SHINBUN, the Japan econcmic

newspaper equivalent to the WZ^ STREET JOURNAL. This English-language

weekly provides relatively good coverage of what is happening in

science and technology in Japan, as well as, more broadly, econcmics

and business. So as a part of a general atterpt to be literate in

this area, people should read documents like this to keep up with vtet

is happening, because, if anything, Japan is a very dynamic country.

Great changes are occurring all the time, and it is necessary to follow

Japan on a current basis as best as one can. The American literature,

such as the American news magazines, in ray opinion, do a very poor

job of this, and they cannot be depended upon to be good sources of

information on daily occurrences in Japan.

Another example of an information source that wasn't mentioned is a

publication of the Office of Naval Research that appears quarterly and

is prepared by the Tokyo ONR. It is called the ONR SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN,

and although it is not exclusively devoted to Japan, most of the articles

in it are concerned with Japanese science and technology, and it is

a pretty good journal. It is unrefereed and cannot be cited in the

scientific literature, but it is still a good source of information

on relatively recent technical events in Japan. It has about a sixmonth lag time between the writing of the articles and their appearance

in published form. I want to use these examples to demonstrate that

you have to be careful in searching out all the sources of literature

that are of interest to you, and I fully support Don Brown's point made

in the question-and-answer period concerning how you find out about

all these sources. This in itself is a major task that several people

have struggled with. I repeat v^at was said in the last round table

that General Motors has spent a great deal of effort to prepare such

a ccsnpendium. It is already out of date. I understand it is being

updated, but it is the kind of thing that will require updating just

as the National Diet Library Cortpendium is out of date. It only canes out once every five years, as I recall; you need irrare current listings

of information sources.

By the way, the ONR BULLETIN is sent free of charge to a subscription

list of about 8,000 American scientists and engineers, contrary to

the policies followed by sane of the other DoD agencies. I trust

that the Congress will not look unkindly on the free distribution

of tliis report. It serves a usefiil purpose and, in ray frame of

reference, should be distributed free of charge for the benefit

of the American scientific public.

This brings me to my first conclusion and reconmendation and that is

that as far as I know there is no complete cotpilation of all such

sources of information published in English. I was pleased to hear

36
that Mitsubishi Research may have sanethirig along this line. This

grows out of the relationship that Mitsubishi Research has with JETRO,

the Japan External Trade Organization vAiich is part of the Ministry of

International Trade and Industry. This will be a service, as I understand it, that will be offered for a fee by JETRD. This service is

known as TECHNOMART, and it is new. I know very little about it.

Mr. Yamaguchi frcan JETRO was here yesterday; I don't see him this afternoon. I was hoping that he would explain more about that new development in the context of all the other new developnents that we have heard

about in the past two days.

A mechanism for trying to get at this business of knowing v^at is

available in the literature and how to get it has stymied us for a

number of years. At that first seninar at MIT's Endicott House, I proposed that we form a new professional society in the United States

based on the strong interest of some people in Japanese scientific

and technical information. One of the functions of such a society could

be to maintain the compilation or to act as a clearinghouse for

translations and to do a number of the other activities that have been

proposed here. Nothing ever came of that, I think mostly because

Japanese scientific and technical information is not really a discipline in itself and, therefore, doesn't form a good basis for a professional society. I think I could get an argument going on that,

partly based on vdiat was said in the later hours of today, but for the

manent, I haven't seen anybody, including myself, step up to volunteer

to form a professional society based on a cormon interest in Japanese

technical information.

One concern that renains with me in this regard is that scientific

and technical information is not just one kind of infcitation, such

as refereed articles in the national and international serial periodicals and technical reports disserdnated by NTIS. There are many other

kinds of information that bear on this subject that are important,

including science and technology policy trends in Japan or books

published in Japan which try to forecast technical innovation. We have

said nothing about this kind of material during this seminar. Then

there are market research reports that are limited in distribution to

the clients who have financed them and many other categories of information. Managers and executives need one kind of information; scientists

and engineers, another. In this respect, I find that Herman Baron's

Japanese Technical Information Service proposal to be a refreshing and

an encouraging one, since it will try to cover the interface between

science and technology and the rest of the world, the business and econcmic world. Presumably it will have some inputs frcm the Japanese

culture as well, since all of these things bear on the progress of

science and technology. There seens to be essentially a unanimity of

opinion among the experts that many more Anericans than at present

should be studying the Japanese language, particularly for the purpose

of facilitating the transfer of information. However, this applies

equally well to other fields again, such as econcmics, management,

and politics. VJhen I was in Japan two weeks ago, I heard a startling

statistic given in a formal, public presentation at the Tsukuba Science

37
Expo being held there now, I know it is vnrong, but it shows you how

misinformation can spread around in this regard. This presentation

stated that there were one million Americans studying Japanese at this

time. Intuitively I know that this can't be true, and quantitatively

I know that it is not true after hearing Dr. Thompson's presentation

this morning. So, we have to make sure we understand how many Atnericans

are studying Japanese and what their motivations are.

At the Wilson Center Conference, we learned that only about 400 Americans

who are scientists or engineers are studying Japanese in the United

States. Even that number sounded large to me, since I have great

difficulty in identifying native Americans v^o are truly carpetent

in scientific and technical Japanese. In the past, I have had the

chance of pointing out, and I take this opportunity to repeat my own

opinion, that the serious professional study of Japanese is not for

everyone. I don't think we should mislead ourselves on that point. It

should be undertaken only by those v\*io are cannitted essentially to a lifelong interest in Japan, and in fact, the Japanese people and the

Japanese culture. I can't imagine putting effort into language training

of the type required without being dedicated to essentially a lifelong

carmitment to studying Japan and perhaps specializing in Japanese

science and technology. This is not an easy task, and although a few

other people in this audience—Dick Samuels, Sam Colaiaan, and others

are fluent in Japanese, they have to be considered the small minority

of people who are particularly adept at learning the language. As I say,

it is not for everyone. Americans historically have not proven to be

good students of foreign languages generally speaking.

One point of information that I think I feel supported in by Sam Coleman's

remark is that it is not clear that the amount of information that is

available in English frcm Japan is being fully exploited. Certainly,

this should be determined before or v\M.le efforts are being made to

expand translation capabilities. I don't number myself among those

who think that the Japanese may backslide into publishing less in

English in the future than they have in the past. In fact, I think

they will publish more, because it is also the matter of national

policy in Japan to increase international understanding of Japan and

to increase international cooperation in science and technology. At

least one way of doing that is to make more information available in

English in the future than has been done in the past. Of course, all

this is predicated on the assumption that we are not going to impose

restrictions on access by Japanese to the American unclassified scientific and teclinical literature. This would be particularly bad if

Japan were singled out in this regard against all other foreign countries

on the basis of its econanic successes. I'^ own observations indicate

that there is an increasing number of journals and other kinds of publications appearing in English in Japan. In fact, even the publications

of the Japanese Government are now becordng more available in English,

either through quick translations of documents, such as vMte papers

on science and technology—important for those interested in science

policy—or even, for example. Dr. Ikeda's heme agency's relatively

new publication, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAJSI, which is a quarterly

38
publication available in English and obviously intended for foreign

dissemination, not for doiiestic consunption.

I should also note that another indication of a trend is the fact that

the itionthly progress repori:s of ICOT, the fifth generation corrputer

project team in Japan, are published in English. That's as timely as one can get, I think, in having the English-language documentation

available on R & D in Japan for one of the most interesting and perhaps

controversial projects going on in that country.

Still, I don't want to harangue you on this point, but I vvant to make

sure that people understand that there is an increasing amount of information available from Japan in English. Another indicator of this is a new, very sophisticated, scientific journal, entitled CONTROL THEORY

AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. This is published by a private cciTpany. I cannot tell you at the monent v^ether the articles are refereed, but

the editorial board consists of international personalities in the

field of control theory. The English in this journal is close to

being perfect. My guess is that we won't see more than a thousand

copies sold worldwide in such a narrow field, so it is obviously not

a moneymaker. It is intended, I think, to improve Japan's technical

image in the world.

Another rationale for believing that the Japanese will continue to

publish in English is that I don't believe that they will throw over the

millions of man-years of effort tliat they have spent in learning English

as a second language, just for the purpose of making some point about

the internal quality of Japanese research. The English-speaking

capability of the Japanese is just now approaching the point of real

fluency, and considering that they depend on international trade for

survival, I fully believe that they will continue to use and to expand

their use of English in the scientific and technical fields.

The other part of this problem is one I can be accused of harping

on, but it was alluded to during the course of the past two days,

and that is the supply and demand situation that is involved here.

I tliink all of us say that there is a need for the information, but

we haven't been able to demonstrate that there is a danand for the

information. There is a real difference in the sarentics of the tvro words. We know that the donand for the proposed Engineering Information Service was not there for v^iatever reason. It remains to be

seen whether the demand for Herman Baron's JTIS is there, and we all

hope that it's there. In fact, we should all—as somebody said

proselyte for a successful venture in this area, because intuitively

we know that the United States should look abroad for developments in

science and technology and to use all sources of information that are

available. If the supply side of the equation continues to evolve

and the demand side does not, then I liave serious worries about the

recurrence or the perpetuation of the infamous NIH syndrane. Even

Dr. Ambler's warnings in this regard might go unheard. This is another

point on v^ch we need to fix our attention as we try to proceed with

vdiat should be done next.

39
What I would like to do now is to quickly run through ray notes of the

various sessions to see what we learned or did not learn fron them.

From Congressman Walgren, vAio has been, I think, the single most

interested Member of Congress on this subject, we heard again of his

strong ccrrmitment to increasing the flow of Japanese scientific and

technical information to the United States. I in no way question

his dedication, but I should point out that the $750,000 vdiich his

subcomnittee requested in the Fiscal Year 1985 budget was reduced to

zero by the end of the budget process.

From Clark Johnson of the IEEE, we heard that the ffegnetics Society

will translate and publish all Japanese papers on magnetics, but we

have to recognize that this is a small and highly specialized field.

He also noted that the IEEE publishes less on Japan than the American

Physical Society does, although my recollection is that the IEEE is

the largest professional society in the world. Yet it has no real

service for translating and publishing information from Japan.

The American Electronics Association, represented by Pat Hill Hubbard,

is performing a pioneer task by sponsoring language education through

total irrmersion in the language for a handful of young engineering

students from American universities. However, even this is not fully

supported by AEA's 2700 maiiber ccmpanies, either in principle or in

cash. Pat did not mention that the costs of assigning these young

scientists to working environments in Japan are borne largely by the

Japanese ccmpanies. They are not sponsored by American carpanies.

Pat and I have discussed this, and she fully agrees with me on this

point and she will emphasize this point in her testimony before Congress.

If we can conpare this situation with Japan, we would find that Japanese

companies fully support financially the assignment of sate of their

young employees to graduate schools in the United States. One of the

reasons for this, in addition to being exposed to high quality science

and technology, is to improve their language capabilities. To repeat,

their expenses are paid for by Japanese ccmpanies, not by American

universities or other organizations.

Motorola, represented here by Bob Gonzalez and Mauro Walker, has a

large financial investment in facilities and manpower in Japan. We

learned that Motorola is just now getting involved with a program

for acquiring Japanese scientific and technical information. It does

not try to teach Japanese to its American employees, although it fully

recognizes the irtportance of Japanese scientific and technical information at the strategic corporate level. It relies to a large extent in

the United States on English language publications already available.

Jan Vardaman of MCC showed how this new joint venture in R & D, a really

new approach for the United States and still not fully tested, is trying

to keep up with Japanese developments. She stressed that language capability was the most important tool of all, but seened to suspect that

the Japanese were withholding information from outsiders. This view

was supported by a number of other speakers during the conference. I

40
vould like to see sane evidence, more than just suspicion, presented

on this before I make up my own mind as to whether this is the case

since I have never experienced it m^yself in my many years in Japan.

What's more, I think we have to separate out the problem of proprietary information fran general information, since all private corrpanies

withhold proprietary information from other countries and from their

domestic corpetitors . That is not a Japanese trait, that is a universal

one. We have to be very careful, I think, if we vrant to maintain good

relations and to have a wholescme way of acquiring information to avoid

recriminations of the soirt that can't be proven, or at least haven't

been proven yet, to my knowledge.

Professor Jack Schwar±z of NYU, in representing the academic ccmnunity,

pointed out the failure of corputer scientists in the United States

to follow the foreign literature in the belief that nothing new could

be learned from other countries. He didn't mention, but I think that

many of you know, that NYU has embarked on a Japanese language training program, not particularly limited to science and technology, vdiich

now lias over 60 students enrolled. Susan Goldman is present in the

conference, and she is in charge of that program. She is. a fluent

speaker of Japanese.

Jack suggested that Federal Government financial support was needed

in this v^ole process of acquiring information and proposed that the

National Bureau of Standards be the vehicle for expanding U.S. acquisition of technical information from Japan. I endorse this and suggest

or reccannend further that a joint NBS/NTIS relationship be established

that would take advantage of the great technical corrpetency that

resides at the Bureau of Standards and the corpetency in information

gathering and dissemination that exists at NTIS. They are both in

the Department of Gcramerce, and it just seems logical that this would

be an easy kind of venture to arrange. I know I will get sctne static

fran people here by suggesting that a proposal for support of such a venture come fran the Department of Ccnmerce, liaving worked its way

up from the two subordinate groups. From there, the proposal should

go to the Administration and then the Congress through the regular budget

channel. To be successful, this kind of proposal must have the strong

support of the Administration. On the other hand, I don't think that

the International Trade Administration of the Department of Canmerce is a particularly good place to look for funds for this kind of activity,

because I feel it is so heavily involved with current trade issues, and

an issue today may not be an issue tctnorrow. Funding can dry up very

quickly in a situation like that. I am convinced that NBS and NTIS

will be around and on a smooth, steady course for a long time to cone.

Jack Schwartz also stressed that academic scientists work in a different

time frame than do industrial scientists and engineers, or even management types. I deduce fran this that translations or English-language

publications from Japan may be particularly useful to the acadaidc

sector, as distinguished from the industrial sector, in that the

information doesn't have to be quite as timely. That is, scientific

information typically lias a longer ingestion time than does industrial

information. I may be deducing sanething here that is not warranted.

41
Bill Koch of the American Institute of Physics outlined possible

future actions by the American Institute of Physics to improve access

to Japanese physics information . These actions are mostly general

in nature and intended to improve the climate for transferring information rather than being designed as specific devices for increasing

the flow.

It is distressing for me to hear frcm Steve Yau of the American

Federation of Information Processing Societies that none of the

eleven-member societies are engaged in the translation of Japanese

journals. Ihis may be the same syndrcme that v^as described by Jack

SchvTartz—that the people in the computer or information processing

field believe they have nothing to learn frcm the Japanese.

My friend, Mr. Osada of Mitsubishi Research, vvho representor the

Japan Infonnation Center for Science and Technology (JICST) , described

efforts that are being made to bring the JICST on-line information

system to the United States in English form. I think this service

is already being provided in Korea and other countries in East Asia

in the Japanese language, so the break has already been made in providing the service outside of Japan. The big problen remaining for

JICST will be the conversion of its data base to good English. Pricing

information for this service is not yet available. NTIS will act

as the agent for JICST in providing the JICST data base to Americans.

This will be another test of the true danand for Japanese technical

information in the United States.

Dr. Herbert Landau, the president of Engineering Information, gave

us a ramrkably frank and useful statement concerning the failure of

his organization to win financial support frcm large American corporations for an on-line service designed to abstract one thousand of the

best Japanese engineering journals. Each of us will have his or her

own ideas about why this occurred and about how to forestall a repetition in the future.

Dave Shonyo, who represented NTIS at this conference, is also a mariber

of that "old-boy networJc" that we had been discussing. This time he

caused me some heartburn vAien I learned that NTIS did not have the

capability to translate or evaluate reports that it received in the

Japanese language. I had hoped that NTIS had already been able to

move beyond that point, but I also understand his problem, and I hope you do also. NTIS operates on the basis of revenues received

from the sale of its services. It rarely, if ever, receives appropriations frcm the Congress. Therefore, it can't do anything very

radical. It can't suddenly increase its services because it has no money available to pay for those services. This chicken-and-egg

situation is, I think, a bad one. I hope in some way, perhaps through

the Congressional staff people v^o have been here or through other

means, that another look could be taken at this arrangonent. For

more than ten years, NTIS has survived on the basis of revenues alone.

That to me means a very uncertain life for this agency v^en it might

well be—in conjunction with NBS—an irtportant agency in rapidly

42
increasing the transfer of Japanese technical information to the United

States. It has the contacts in Japan. All the government agencies in

Japan know NITS and its representatives. NTIS has a permanent representative in Tokyo as well as Mitsubishi Research Institute. The

mechanism or the climate is correct for an expanded NTIS role, except

for money.

I noted with interest George Mu's report on the completion of the four

technical projects covered under the JTECH program; Tony Armstrong of

Science implications International also described this program in full

detail. However, the process involved indicates a problem that has

been again alluded to in other ways a number of times. The research

in this area was started, as I recall, in October 1983. It was

finished a year later, let us say, October 1984; the reports are just

appearing now, and by the time they are disseminated to the public,

the information they contain is going to be too old. A better, more

timely systen is needed. Now we have to recognize that this was a pilot program. It involved refereed analysis of the materials that

were collected, and many other iterations were involved. But still, I

don't think we can look upon this process as the final word in any of

the four fields that were studied through the Connerce project funded

by the International Trade Administration.

Cy Braegelmann, of the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)

,

talked about his program of translating articles from the Japanese

press and journals. Several of you were interested in why you can't

see the material, since it is not releasable to the public under

international copyright rules. I share this same concern. The

information is not classified in any strategic sense, but is restricted

only because it doesn't have copyright release. It is extremely

valuable and timely information, and I, too, wish that it were available to the general public.

Mr. Greenbaum, from the Army's Foreign Science and Technology Center,

had an unfortunate problem in having been faced with a reorganization

a few days before he appeared here. He told us tliat information collected by FSTC would now be classified and not available to the public.

In the older days, meaning two weeks ago maybe, much of the Army's

science and technology information generated in Japan could have been

available. Seme of this information might not have been of great

interest to the civilian world since it dealt with quartermaster

supplies and similar topics, but there also was a great deal of hightech information there. I have always hated to see truly unclassified

information disappear into the "black hole" of the defense intelligence system, never to appear again. The information is gathered,

but the question remains whether it is used and used most effectively.

I'm afraid that there is only one conclusion that could be reached....

Dr. Butcher described the NSF office in Tokyo as the basis for most

of his presentation. This is a very fine office—small but effective.

It has now generated in the past two years scmething like 80 memorandum

reports that have no classification markings of any sort on than, available to anybody viho takes the effort to go in to the Japan Desk Officer

43
ill NSF. His name is Dr. Wallace. I use the reports generated by NSF

Tokyo continuously. They contain seme of the best and most timely

information that's available in English on Japanese science policy,

budgets, and technical information generally.

I would like to return for just a mcsnent to language training. Lest

you tliink that all government agencies are a bunch of ninnies vdien

it ccraes to language training, I need to recall for ray own protection

and for your benefit that the State Department and the Foreign Service

do train officers in the Japanese language on a most intensive basis.

Let me just mention vihat is required in learning Japanese as a generalist,

and not as a specialist in a scientific field. Japanese is considered

one of the two or three most difficult languages of the dozens of

languages taught by the Foreign Service Institute. Japanese language

training consists of 44 weeks of beginning Japanese and area studies

on a full-time basis at the Foreign Service Institute in Arlington,

Virginia. This is followed by a year's total irtmersion at the Foreign

Service Institute's branch in Yokohama, Japan. If he passes the

tests, the officer is then released to the Embassy or to one of the

consulates, w4iere he then begins to learn real Japanese by being out

on his own in the ccsmunity, speaking colloquial Japanese with the

local population. That's the kind of effort that is required to learn

Japanese to the point of fluency. I think most Foreign Service Officers

would agree witJi the statement made earlier by more than one person

here that about 10 years of practice are needed before one begins to

feel like he could reach the point of being an interpreter or translator. Even then, people are afraid to do either. The risks of making

mistakes are still high.

Mr. Konishi of IBI spoke about the need for going beyond the searching

of the literature to find out what was going on in Japan if organizations—private companies in particular—were on the verge of making

major business decisions or investments based on their assessment of

Japanese progress in science and technology. I think this is a very

iuportant consideration. Several speakers referred to the need for

hands-on, direct contact with the Japanese, and point out that this

is best done through the Japanese language. I would expand on that

to some extent by suggesting that more than the language is required.

One must understand the cultural environment and be able to progress

at the pace that the Japanese set for themselves in discussions of this

type, and there is a great deal of \&\at Americans feel to be lost

time spent in just getting to know each other. Americans are ready to

sit down to negotiate at the drop of a hat. Japanese prefer a longer

period of making sure that personal relationships are well established

and trustworthy before they like to talk about business details. So,

tiiere is an acculturation process required in addition to the learning

of the langague.

For the first ture now, I have seen a good catparison of the performance

of the current generation of machine-assisted translation devices, as presented by Mr. Rogers of the Intelligence Ccmmunity Staff. Mr. Rogers'

presentation was a very interesting one. Unfortunately, it seemed to

44
shcM that state-of-the-art of machine-assisted translation is still

something short of conmercialization. Maybe another six months to a year will sort out the yieat frcm the chaff.

Professor Ed Daub of the University of Wisconsin gave us his typical

illuminating exposition of how to learn technical Japanese through a

unique systen developed by him and his colleague Professor Bird. This

system assumes that the student has had a year of general language

training. It then concentrates on the relatively small number of

Chinese characters that one must know to read technical Japanese. The

system is being modified to enable beginners in the language to

start learning technical Japanese iirmediately.

Mr. Keplinger of the Patent and Tradanark Office gave us a general

discussion of the field of copyright policy and copyright law. Unfortunately, it is such a lively field that I think we will have to have

a whole seminar sane day on sorting out the ramifications of protecting

proprietary intellectual property in dealing with Japanese technical

information.

Dr. ThoTfpson of the U.S. Department of Education gave a view of learning

the Japanese language that conforms to my own biased feelings. Dr. Thompson

is an authority and I am not. One should pay attention to v^t the

experts say in this field. I would hope that the Department of Education

could sanehcw muster up its courage and again intervene in the primary

and secondary education systan of the United States to try to see that

Japanese is taught extensively as a foreign language earlier than at

the college level. It is much easier to learn by young people in junior

or senior high school.

I haven't tried to cover the panel discussion because I think that is

still fresh in your manory. The ccrtinents made by the distinguished

monbers of the panel constitute an ^cellent surmiary of the issue we

have been addressing.

45

APPENDIX I

SEHTNAR PROGRAM

lybnday, June 24, 1985

SESSION I:

9:15 - 9:30

SESSION II:

9:35 - 9:55

10:00 - 10:20

10:20 - 10:40

SESSION III:

11:00 - 11:30

11:30 - 12:00

12:00 - 12:30

CHARGE TO SEMIN?J^

Rationale and Objectives

Ernest Ambler,

Director, National Bureau of Standards

KEYNOTES

Congressional Concerns

Honorable Doug Walgren,

Chairman, Subconinittee on Science Research and

Technology, U. S. House of Representatives

Interests and Responsibilities of IEEE

Clark Johnson,

Consultant, Minneapolis, Jlinnesota

The Electronics Industries of the United States

and Japan

Pat Hill Hubbard,

Vice President, American Electronics Association,

Palo Alto, California

DIMEI^SIONS OF THE PROBLEM

What tlie Practicing Engineer Needs

Robert Gonzalez, Mauro Walker,

Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois

What the Industrial Engineer Needs

Jan Vardaman,

MCC, Austin, Texas

What the Education Ccranunity Needs

Jacob Schwartz,

New York University, New YOrk, New York

SESSION IV: CURRENT PROGRmS:

A. Of Professional Societies

1:50 - 2:10 American Institute of Physics

H. William Koch,

Director, AIP, New York, New York

47
2:10 - 2:30 American Federation of Information Processing

Societies

Stephen Yau,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

2:30 - 2:50 Japan Information Center for Science and

Technology

Yoshio Osada,

Mitsi±)ishi Research Institute, Inc.

Washington, DC

2:50 - 3:10 Providing the U.S. with Access to Japanese

Engineering Literature

Herbert Landau,

President, Engineering Information Inc.

New York, New York

B. Of Government Organizations

3:30 - 3:50 National Technical Information Service

David Shonyo,

Director, Office of International Affairs, NTIS,

Springfield, Virginia

3:50 - 4:10 International Trade Administration

George Ma,

Office of Japan, ITA, Washington, DC

4:10 - 4:30 Foreign Broadcast Information Service

Cyril Braegelmann,

FBIS, Washington, DC

4:30 - 4:50 Foreign Science and Technology Center, U.S. Array

Phillip Greenbaum,

FSTC, Charlottesville, Virginia

4:50 - 5:10 National Science Foundation

William S. Butcher

Director for Engineering, NSF, Washington, DC

Tuesday, June 25, 1985

SESSION IV: CURRENT PROGRAMS:

(cont.)

C. Of Commercial Organizations

9:30 - 9:50 Japanese Technical Information Service

Herman Baron,

Director, UMI-^JTIS,

Tomoyuki Satoh,

Associate Director,

Media Pennsylvania

48
9:50 - 10:10

10:10 - 10:30

SESSION V:

10:50 - 11:10

11:10 - 11:30

11:30 - 11:50

11:50 - 12:10

SESSION VI:

Intemationa,l Business Information, Inc.

Thcrrvis Zengage,

Director, IBI, Tokyo, Japan

Science Applications, Inc.

Tony Armstrong,

SAI, La Jolla, California

MEASURES TO INCREASE TRANSLATION CAPABILITIES

Machine-Aided Translation

George W. Rogers,

Intelligence Connunity Staff, Washington, DC

Education for Reading Japanese Technical

Literature

Edward Daub,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Copyright Issues

Michael Keplinger,

Patent and Tradanark Office, Washington, DC

Department of Education Programs

Kenneth Whitehead,

Director, Center for International Education,

Department of Education, Washington, DC

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION: PATHS TOWARD IMPROVED

ACCESS

1:50 - 3:30

3:30 - 4:00

Introductory Remarks

Representatives of a Professional Society (IEEE)

,

Departrrent of Comierce, Congress, Information

Industry, University Educators, others

General Discussion

Surrmary Conclusions and Recotimendations

Justiii Blocm,

President, Technology International, Inc.,

Potomac, Maryland

4:00 Adjourn

49
50
APPENDIX II

LIST OF SPEAKERS

Armstrong, Tony

Director, JTech. Program

Science /^plications

International Corp.

1200 Prospect

LaJolla, CA 92037

(619) 456-6583

Bach, Maryanne

Republican Tecl-inical Consultant

House Ccrrmittee on Science

and Technology

2319 Raybum House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515

(202) 225-6371

Baron, Herman

Director, UMI/Japanese Technical

Information Service

P.O. Box 976

Media, PA 19063

(215) 565-3190

Blocm, Justin

President, Technology

International , Inc

.

11600 Georgetown Court

Potcmac, MD 20854

(301) 983-8247

Braegelmann, Cyril

Foreign Broadcast Information

Service

P.O. Box 2604

Washington, DC 20013

(202) 351-2578

Butcher, William

Directorate for Engineering

National Science Foundation

Washington, DC 20550

(202) 357-9834

Coleman, Samuel K.

Associate Director for Research

and Program Development

North Carolina Japan Center

North Carolina University

Raleigh, NC 27695

(919) 737-3450

Daub, Edward

Professor, General Engineering

University of WisconsinHVIadison

1527 University Avenue

Madison, WI 53706

(608) 262-0316 x2472

Freitag, Harlow

Chairman, Technical Activities

Board, IEEE

IBM Corporation

VJhite Plains, m 10604

(914) 696-3450

Gonzalez, Robert

Motorola, Inc.

Corporate Offices

1303 E. Algonquin Road

Schaumburg, IL 60196

(312) 576-5309

Greenbaum, Phillip

Conmander, U.S. Army Foreign

Science and Technology Center

Attn: AIAST-]yrr-2

220 Seventh Street, NE

aiarlottesville, VA 22901-5396

(804) 296-5175 x433

Hill Hubbard, Pat

Vice President, Educational

Policy & State Government

Operations

American Electronics Association

2670 Hanover Street

P.O. Box 10045

Palo Alto, CA 94303

(415) 857-9300

51
Ikeda, Kanaine

Counselor for Scientific Affairs.

Qnbassy of Japan

2520 Massachusetts Avenue

Washington, DC 20008

(202) 342-9872

Johnson, Clark

Consultant

6400 Barrie Road, Suite 803

Minneapolis, MN 55434

(612) 925-0028

Keplinger, Michael

Office of Legislation & International Affairs

Patent & Trademark Office

Box 4

Washington, DC 20231

(202) 557-3065

Koch, William

Director, American Institute of

Physics

335 East 45th Street

New York, NY 10017

(516) 349-7800 x500

Konishi, Yasuo

Assistant Washington Representative

IBI

2035 Landings Drive

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 965-2655

Landau, Herbert

President, Engineering

Information , Inc

.

345 East 47th Street

New York, NY 10017

(212) 705-7618

Mu, George

Office of Japan - International

Trade Administration

Roan 2318, HCH Building

Department of Cannmerce

Washington, DC 20230

(202) 377-2896

Osada, Yoshio

Chief Representative

Mitsubishi R,esearch Institute,

Inc.

655 15th Street, NW - Suite 880

Washington, DC 20005

(202) 393-2424

Riganati, John

Director of Systems Research

Institute for Defense Analyses

Supercomputing Research Center

4380 Forbes Boulevard

Lanham, MD 20706

(301) 731-8065

Rogers, George

Vice Chairman, Information

Handling Comidttee

Intelligence Corrrnunity Staff

Washington, DC 20505

(202) 376-5560

Samuels, Richard

Associate Professor

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139

(617) 253-2449

Satoh, Tcanoyuki

Associate Director, UMI/

Japanese Technical Information

Service

P.O. Box 976

Media, PA 19063

(215) 565-3190

Schwartz, Jacob

Department of Canputer Science

Courant Institute of Mathematical

Science

New York University

251 Mercer Street

New York, NY 10012

(212) 460-7267

52
Shonyo, David

Director/ Office of International

Affairs

National Technical Information

Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Foad

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4822

Thcmpson, Richard T.

Acting Director, Center for

International Education

U.S. Department of Education

400 Maryland Avenue, SW

Washington, DC 20202

(202) 245-9691

Vardaraan, Jan

International Liaison Office

MCC

9430 Research Blvd.

Echelon Building #1, Suite 200

Austin, TX 78759

(512) 343-0860

Walgren, Doug

Chairman, Subcommittee on Science

Research and Technology

Cormittee on Science and Technology

House of Representatives

Washington, DC 20515

(202) 225-2135

Walker, Mauro

Motorola, Inc.

Corporate Offices

1303 E. Algonquin Road

Schaumburg, IL 60196

(312) 576-5309

Windham, Pat

Professional Staff Member

Subcconittee on Science, Technology

and Space

CoTtnittee on Ccmmerce, Science & Transportation

House of Representatives

2321 Raybum House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515

(202) 224-9361

Yau, Stephen

DepartiToit of Electronic

Engineer'ing & Computer Science

Northwestern University

2145 Sheridan Road

Evanston, IL 60201

(312) 491-3641

53
54
APPENDIX III

LIST OF ATTENDEES

1. Paul K. Aoki

Department of Defense

9800 Savage Itoad

Fort George G. Meade, Md 20755

(301) 688-6149

2. RDnald Aqua

U.S. -Japan Foundation

560 Lexington Avenue

New York, NY 10022

(212) 688-6807

3. Frank Ballance

President, Action for World

Developn[ient

2016 ISth Street, NW

Washington, DC 20009

(202) 667-0510

4. Yoriko Beach

Department of Defense

(301) 859-6382

5. Don Brown

D. Brown Associates, Inc.

410 Ccmroerce Drive

Fort Washington, PA 19034

(215) 641-9100

6. William T. Brown

Industrial Intelligence

Consulting Service

2502 Rocky Branch Road

Vienna, VA 22180

(703) 938-1684

7. Ray Chapman

George Mason University

4400 University Drive

Fairfax, VA 22030

(703) 425-3946

8. Samuel Coleman

North Carolina Japan Center

Box 8112

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC 27695-8112

(919) 737-3185

9. William S. Corak

Advanced Technology Division

Westinghouse Defense and

Electronics Center

P.O. Box 1521 - Mail Stop 3531

Baltiinore, MD 21203

(301) 765-7542

10. Diane Devlin

Dept. of Defense

9800 Savage Road

Fort Meade, MD 20755-6000

(301) 688-6953

11. Wendy Ebersberger

Speinry

1901 N. Moore St.

Arlington, VA 22209

(703) 875-0174

12. Harlow Freitag

IBM Corporation (Chairman,

Technical Activities Board,

IEEE)

Rocm 2G12

1000 Westchester Avenue

White Plains, NY 10604

(914) 696-5343

13. Susan Goldman

Courant Institute of

Mathematical Sciences

New York University

251 Mercer Street

New York, NY 10012

(212) 460-7270

14. Hisako K. Halasz

Library of Congress, Science/

Tech Division

Independence & 2nd Street, S.E.

Washington, DC 20540

(202) 287-1210

15. Marie Hall

Dept. of Defense

(301) 859-6382

55
16. Frederick Haynes

National Technical Infonnation

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

17. Ccraer M. Heine

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4821

18. Kaname Ikeda

Scientific Counselor

Embassy of Japan

2520 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20008

(202) 234-2266

19. A. Johanson

AT&T - Bell Laboratories

600 Mountain Avenue

Murray Hill, NJ 07974

(201) 582-6066

20. Dr. Melvin J. Josephs

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4674

21. Dr. Stephen Juhasz

Southwest Research Institute

6222 Culebra Road

P. O. DravTer 28510

San Antonio, Texas 78284

(512) 684-5111

22. Keiko Koike

9605 Barkston Court

Potcmac, MD 20850

(301) 279-0180

23. Wayne S. Kiyosaki

Foreign Broadcast Information

Service

P. O. Box 2604

Washington, DC 20013

(202) 351-2780

24. Scott Kostenbauder

IBM Technical Information

Retrieval Center

44 S. Broadway

White Plains, NY 10601

(914) 686-3340

25. Gene Ktrug

National Science Foundation

1800 G Street, N.W. , Room 1229

Washington, DC 20550

(202) 357-7829

26. Bill Kurtz

Nissho Iwai American Corp.

1211 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10036

(212) 704-6526

27. Choung M. Lee

Dept. of Defense

696-4306

28. Marie D. Low

University Microfilms

International

300 N. Zeeb Road

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

(313) 761-4700

29. Mark Mandelbaum

Association for Carputing

Machinery

11 West 42nd Street

New York, NY 10036

(212) 869-7440

30. George L. Marling

Intelligence Catmunity Staff

1724 F Street, NW

Washington, DC 20505

31. Al Marmor

Bethesda, MD

(301) 365-2075

32. Barbara S. McCoy

Consultant

481 Highway 79

Morganville, NJ 08816

(201) 591-0100

56
33. Bill McPherson

OES/SCT

Dept. of State

Washington, DC 20520

(202) 632-0499

34. Ronald A. Morse

Woodrow Wilson International

Center for Scholars

1000 Jefferson Drive, SW

Washington, DC 20560

(202) 357-1937

35. Ihcraas Pacry

Wright Patterson Air Force Base

Dayton, Ohio 45433-6508

(513) 257-2247

36. Barbara Payne

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22015

(703) 487-4612

37. Paula Randall

DoC Intelligence Liaison Office

38. Frederic N. Ris

IBM Corporation

P. 0. Box 218

Yorktown Heights, NY 10598

(914) 945-1973

39. Bruce Rosenthal

Mita Copystar America, Inc.

777 Terrace Avenue, P. O. Box 813

Hasbrouck Heights, NJ 07604

(201) 288-6900

40. Thcmas Ruddy

International Business

Information, Inc.

2035 Landings Drive

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 965-2655

41. William R. I^erson

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4778

42. Richard Samuels

Assoc. Professor

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139

(617) 253-2449

43. Dean Smith

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4802

44. Philip Stanley

Dept. of Defense

9800 Savage Road

Ft. Meade, MD 20755-6000

(301) 688-9653

45. Philip Thibideau

International Scientific and

Technical Activities

NASA Headquarters, NIT-4

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 453-2938

46. Paul Tucci

University Microfilms

International

300 N. Zeeb Road

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

(313) 761-4700

47. Robert Turner

Applied Physics Laboratory

Johns Hopkins University

Johns Hopkins Road

Laurel, MD 20707

(301) 953-6211

57
48. Akira Utsuini

Mita Copystar America, Inc.

777 Terrace Avenue, P.O. Box 813

Hasbrouck Heights, NJ 07604

(201) 288-6900

49. Cecil Uyehara

President, Uyehara International

Associates

7614 Amet Lane

Bethesda, MD 20817

(301) 229-3184

50. Robert S. Walleigh

IEEE

1111 19th Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

(202) 785-0017

51. Richard Wood

UMI/JTIS

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

(313) 761-4700

52. Kiichiro Yamagishi

Japan Trade Center (JETRD)

1221 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10020

(212) 997-0424

Attendees frem National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899

53. Ernest Ambler

Director

(301) 921-2411

54. Edward L. Brady

Associate Director for

International Affairs

(301) 921-3641

55. Esther C. Cassidy

Director, Congressional and

Legislative Affairs

(301) 921-2441

56. Ken Dyraond

Ccraputer Scientist

Institute for Corrpiter Sciences

and Technology

(301) 921-3274

57. Jean Freedman

Institute for Corputer Sciences

and Technology

(301) 921-3165

58. Judson C, French

Director, Center for Electronics

and Electrical Engineering

(301) 921-3357

59. George Harmon

Soni Circuits and Devices

Division

(301) 921-3621

60. Kurt F. J. Heimrich

Chief, Office of International

Relations

(301) 921-2463

61. Lu Jingchun

Assoc. Professor

(301) 921-3520

62. Thomas N. Pyke

Director, Center for Prograrnning

Science and Technology

Institute for Corputer Sciences

and Technology

(301) 921-3436

63. John P. Riganati

Chief, Systems COxponents

Division

Institute for Computer Sciences

and Technology

(301) 921-2705

(Resigned from NBS 7/3/85)

64. Craig VanDegrift

Solid State Physicist

Teitperature and Pressure Division

(301) 921-2753

58
Congressicgial Staff

65. Lauren Ackernen

Office of Technology Assessment

600 Pennsylvania Ave. , SE

Washington, DC 20003

66. Georgiana Anderson-Land

Director, Congressional Caucus

for Science and Technology

H2-226 House Annex II

Washington, DC 20515

67. Maryanne Bach

Minority Technical Consultant

Subccramittee on Science, Research

and Technology

Ccranittee on Science and

Technology

2319 Raybum House Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20515

68. Mary Eccles

Office of Senator John D.

Itockefeller , IV

241 Dirksen Senate Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20510

69. Paul T. Feinstein

ConSci Fellow

Office of Congressman Judd Gregg

308 Canon House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515

70. Martha Harris

c/o ISC Program

Office of Tcjchnology Assessment

Washington, DC 20510

71. Nancy J. Jeffery

Conmittee on Science and

Technology

Subcatimittee on Energy Research

and Production

Roan B-374, Raybum HOB

Washington, DC 20515

72. Nancy Miller

Library of Congress

Congressional Research Service

Room m-413

Washington, DC 20540

(202) 287-7072

73. Carol Paipliano

Subccanmittee on Science,

Research and Technology

Ccranittee on Science and

Technology

2319 Raybum House Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20515

74. Todd Stickney

Office of Senator Max Baucus

SH-706 Hart Senate Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20510

75. Jim Tumer

Science Consultant

Subccomittee on Science, Research

and Technology

Conmittee on Science and

Technology

2321 Raybum House Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20515

76. Pat Windham

Professional Staff Member

Subcotsnittee on Science,

Technology and Space

Cconittee on Ccranerce, Science

and Transportation

SD-566 Dirksen Senate Office Bldg.

Washington, DC 20510

77. Joan Winston

Library of Congress

Congressional Research Service

Washington, DC 20540

(202) 287-1437

Press

78. H. Alexander

Byte Magazine

4520 King Street

Alexandria, VA 22302

(703) 820-8304

59
79. Joan Amatniek

The Chronicle of Higher Education

1255 23rd Street

Wasliington, DC 20037

(202) 466-1075

80. Henry Heffeman

GCN

19 Eye St., NW

Washington, DC 20001

(202) 789-1880

81. Janice Johnson

Science Trends

1071 National Press Building

Washington, DC

(202) 393-0031

82. George Leopold

Electronics Week

NY Bureau Editor

McGraw-Hill Info. Systems Co.

1221 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10020

(212) 512-2975

83. Kazuo Nakazato

Kyodo News International, Inc.

50 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 832

New York, NY 10020

(212) 588-0152

84. Charles Pluckhahn

Investors Daily

809 National Press Building

Washington, DC 20045

(202) 662-7475

85. Stephen J. Shaw

Washington Editor

Mini-Micro Systems

1701 18th St. , NW

Washington, DC 20009

(202) 387-8666

86. Doug Wills

Engineering Tiroes

1420 King Street

Alexandria, VA 22314

(703) 684-2800

60
APPENDIX IV: AN OPEN LETTER TO ATTENDEES

An open letter to the attendees of the conference on access to technical

Japanese literature from the manbers of the NBS Tuesday noon technical

Japanese study group:

Dr. Craig T. Van Degrift, Low Teirperature Physicist, Tenperature

and Pressure Division.

Dr. Ugo Bertocci, Electrochonist, Metallurgy Division.

Dr. Jon T. Hougen, Theoretical Spectroscopist , Molecular Spectroscopy

Division.

Dr. Warren T. Tverson. Microbiologist, Inorganic Chemistry Division.

We wish to present an opinion that scientific and engineering specialists

with relatively modest Japanese language training can gain useful access

to the Japanese technical literature in their specialities. This

contradicts the view repeatedly expressed or implied during the conference that such access must be gained via translations by Japanese

language specialists with modest technical training. Our opinion is

in keeping with the experimental observation that scientists of nonindoeuropean mother tongues have been able, after modest language training,

to gain useful access to world technical literatures in their specialities written in English, French, German, Russian, etc.

Our Japanese study group lias been slowly working through Professor Daub's

book on Understanding Technical Japanese, by meeting only one hour a

week at noon. We have finished the first 19 of its 25 chapters during

the last two years, reading, translating, and mutually criticizing each

otiier, often in the presence of a Japanese guest scientist working at

I^IBS. We concentrate on being able to correctly understand the text,

and although we read the text aloud, we do not practice conversation

in class. As scientists, we attack the translation questions with an

analytic approach, v^ich parallels closely our analytic style of reading

technical material in our own language, but v^^ich is unlikely to be

found in traditional Japanese classes.

We are not recortmending that science students or working scientists be

required to learn Japanese, since the learning of any language most be

motivated by a genuine interest and desire. Instead, we suggest that

a suitable atmosphere be provided for tlie nurturing of existing linguistic curiosity. We feel that probably a substantial number of

scientists or engineers has such a latent interest, waiting to be

ignited by exposure to the right book, college course, friend, or

administrative environment.

Even though few in number, such students of scientific Japanese can be

very effective in aiding their colleagues to gain access to the Japanese

technical literature. Such leverage arises because, to a specialist.

61
each scientific article contains only a few cirucial nuggets of new

information, imbedded in a mass of support and background inaterial. By

studying the English abstract (^lich is often supplied by the Journal) , noting equations, figures, references, and various English words included

in the Japanese text, a scientist with no Japanese language experience

vtetever can make a good guess about the existence and location of

these nuggets, and can then ask his "bilingual- colleague to translate

only that small portion of the text.

In spite of our concentration on readiag technical literature, this

study has also led to an increase in personal contacts. Our Japanese

colleagues seem to appreciate any effort made at understanding their

language, and such efforts clearly lead to an increase in informal

exchange of technical information beyond that in the published literature.

In surrmary, we hope that we have made clear the benefits certain to

arise by encouraging American scientists to study the Japanese language

to an extent camnensurate vjith their interest and available time.

In particular, study aids such as Professor Daub's book have proven

invaluable to us, for v^cm the idea of three or four years of "proper"

study of the language and literature of Japan is siitply iitpractical

.

62
U.S. Access to Japanese Technical Literature:

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

VISUALS

(VOLUME II)

63

CONTENTS

I. CHARGE TO SEMINAR —

II. KEYNOTES

Interests and Responsibilities of IEEE A

Speaker: Mr. Clark Johnson, Consultant

The Electronics Industries of Japan and the United States B

Speaker: Mrs. Pat Hill Hubbard, American Electronics Association

III. DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM

What the Practicing Engineer Needs C

Speaker: Mr. R. Gonzalez, Motorola, Inc. What the Education Community Needs D

Speaker: Dr. Jacob Schwartz, New York University

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

A. Professional Societies

American Institute of Physics E

Speaker: Dr. H. William Koch, AIP

American Federation of Information Processing Societies F

Speaker: Dr. Stephen Yau, Northwestern University

Japan Information Center for Science and Technology G

Speaker: Mr. Yoshio Osada, Mitsubishi Research Institute

B. Government Organizations

National Technical Information Service H

Speaker: Mr. David Shonyo, NTIS

C. Commercial Organizations

Japanese Technical Information Service I Speakers: Mr. Herman Baron and Mr. Tomoyuki Satoh, UMI-JTIS

Science Applications, Inc. J

Speaker: Dr. Tony Armstrong, SAI

V. MEASURES TO INCREASE TRANSLATION CAPABILITIES

Machine-aided Translation K

Speaker: Mr. G.W. Rogers, Jr., Intelligence Community Staff

Education for Reading Japanese TechnicaL Literature L

Speaker: Dr. Edward Daub, University of Wisconsin

65

PREFACE

U.S. policymakers and private industry at large have recently developed a common

interest in the problem of access to Japanese technical literature. Accordingly, the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

should be commended for jointly organizing and conducting a symposium on this subject

in June 1985. Attending this symposium were appropriate representatives from U.S. and

Japanese industries, as well as publishers and government officials from both countries.

Following this two-day event, especially in view of our substantial interest in Japanese

technological developments. Southwest Research Institute agreed to undertake the task of

compiling a printed collection of the viewgraphs and slides used by the speakers at this meeting.

The novel idea for compiling these visuals was advanced by Mr. Justin Bloom during

his summarizing remarks at the close of the symposium and subsequently implemented by

Dr. Edward L. Brady. Herein presented, this document, entitled VISUALS (Volume II), serves as a companion manual to that compiled by NBS, which contains the keynote

speeches and summary.

We gratefully acknowledge the splendid cooperation of the speakers in responding to the request for a copy of their visuals. Additionally, credit is due to Dr. Stephen Juhasz,

Editor Emeritus of Applied Mechanics Reviews, now a consultant to SwRI, for his efforts

in compiling this material into document form.

Martin Goland, President

Southwest Research Institute

67
U.S. Access

to Japanese

Technical

Literature:

Electronics

and Electrical

Engineering

Visuals

Volume II
U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

II. KEYNOTES

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. Clark Johnson

Consultant

6400 Barrie Road, Suite 803

Minneapolis, MN 55435

Title of Presentation

Interests and Responsibilities of IEEE

Number of Visuals 4

69
A-1

lEEE-WHO AND WHAT?

• Objectives — Scientific — Professional — Societal

• Membership — Currently Over 1/4 Million — 200% Growth in Past 20 Years — 80 Foreign Sections

A-2

IEEE ACTIVITIES

• Conferences— 260 Major Meetings Attended by 400,000 People

• Publications— 122,000 Pages in Transactions, Journals, and Magazines

• Education— 15,700 Participants Accumulated 177,500 Hours in Study Courses and

Seminars

• Standards— 500 Cumulative

• 20,000 Volunteer Standards Developers

70
A-3

MAGNETICS SOCIETY

• One of 33 IEEE Societies

• Membership 2500— Largely Foreign

• Until 1980, Original Japanese Magnetics Published in U.S. Magnetics Society

Transactions

• Since 1980, Gradual Increase to Japanese Publications

• Asymmetric Situation— Most Japanese Researchers Read/Write English; Few

Americans Read/Write Japanese.

A-4

MAGNETICS PUBLICATIONS

• Decision to Translate and Publish Japanese Magnetics Journals in English

• Copyright Agreement After One Year Negotiations

• Translations by Technical Translators with English Native Language and Fluent in Japanese

• Plan— 3000 Pages Translated Yearly for Appearance in Monthly Issues

• Annual Budget- $250,000

71

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

II. KEYNOTES

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mrs.Pat Hill Hubbard

Vice President, Educational Policy

and State Government Operations

American Electronics Association

2670 Hanover Street

P.O. Box 10045

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Title of Presentation

The Electronics Industries of the United States and Japan

Number of Visuals 9

73
B-1

U. S. ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

- WORLDWIDE SALES OF $305 BILLION

- U. S. SALES OF $225 BILUON

- EMPLOY 2.6 MILUON AMERICANS

- 15% ANNUAL GROWTH

$500 BILUON BY 1990 - FROM 6TH TO 2ND BY YEAR 2000

~ EVERY 1 HIGH TECH JOB CREATES

8 SERVICE OR SUPPLIER JOBS

74
US. TRADE WORLDWIDE

1975 1983 1984

$9 Billion - $69 Billion - $123 Billion

U.S. ELECTRONICS TRADE WORLDWIDE

1980 1984

+ $6.3 Billion - $6.8 Billion

75
US. - JAPAN ELECTRONICS TRADE

1980 1984

- $3.9 Billion - $15.5 Billion

U.S. - JAPAN TRADE

June Dec.

1984 1985 1985 (predicted)

$31 Billion - $40 Billion - $50 Billion

76
JAPAN'S TRADE ADVANTAGES

99% Literate Workforce

Strong Work Ethic & Company

Loyalty Productivity

50% U.S. Labor Costs

Cost of Capital 2 to 3 Times

Less than U.S.

Ready Availability of Capital

Government Poides Reinforce

Economk: Goals

Strong Commitment to Engineering Education

Access to U.S. Technology

77
TYPES OF OPEFIATIONS IN JAPAN

- 76% Sales and Service

- 35% Engineering

- 26% Manufacturing

-15% Regional Headquarters

- 8% R&D or Procurement

78
U.S. CITIZENS AT JAPAN SITES

6,517 Workers at 34 Companies

1 to 2 U.S. Citizens Average Per Company

97 Workers Average Per Company

79
PROBLEMS IN DEUVERY

LANGUAGE TRAINING

(1) Rnding Competent Instnjctors

(2) Expense

(3) Time Consuming/Impact

on Work Schedules

(4) Convincing Domestic Mgrs.

Worth Time/Cost

(5) Inconveniently Scheduled Local Classes

80
NEED FOR JAPANESE LANGUAGE

- 40% Never a Need

- 47% Sometimes or Infrequently a Need

- 13% Often a Need

1 Will Need in Future

81
60 PERCENT WHO SEE A NEED

- 89% Speaking is Necessary

- 63% Reading is Necessa^^

- 58% Translation is Necessary

82
U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

III. DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. Robert Gonzalez

Business Associate

Motorola, Inc., Corporate Offices

1303 E. Algonquin Road

Schaumburg, IL 60196

Title of Presentation

What The Practicing Engineer Needs

Number of Visuals 3

83
MOTOROLA CURRENT ORGANIZATION

• Relative Decentralization

• Sectors and Groups

• Responsibilities of Information Groups: — Identifying

—Acquiring — Processing

• 3000 Terminals Throughout the Company

84
MOTOROLA ATTEMPTS

• Enlarging Information Services Center

• Monitoring Global Competition

• Acquiring Relevant Information

• Analyzing Relevant Information

• Dissemination of Results Throughout Corporation

85
MOTOROLA & JAPANESE SCI-TECH LITERATURE

• Beginning of Appreciation of Dimension of Problem

• Eagerness for Establishing On-line Access

• Timeliness

• Comprehensiveness for Motorola Needs

• Abstracts in English

• Text in English

• Journals, Proceedings, Patents, and Technical Bulletins

• Other Sources

86
D 1-9

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

III. DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Dr. Jacob Schwartz

Department of Computer Science

Courant Institute of Mathematical Science

New York University

251 Mercer Street

New York, NY 10012

Title of Presentation

What The Education Community Needs

Number of Visuals 9

87
U.S. PREWAR MATHEMATICS

• High Dependency on European Sources

Germany (Gottingen)

France

• Graduate Studies Abroad

• IVIastery of Foreign Language at Graduate Level

• Russian IVIatli Journals Published in English

• USSR Switches in 1950 Totally to Russian in Math Journals

U.S. VS FOREIGN COMPUTER SCIENCE SINCE 1950

• Computer Literature in '50s Almost Extensively in English

• Foreign Language^equirements Dropped

• Foreign Literature (Not in English) Ignored

• Extensive Competency in English in

China

Japan

USSR

88
COMPUTER-RELATED USSR JOURNALS TRANSLATED

COVER-TO-COVER

Automatic Control and Computer Sciences (Allerton)

Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics (Allerton)

Automatic Monitoring and Measuring (Sci. Inf. Consultants)

Automation and Remote Control (Plenum)

Cybernetics (Plenum)

Differential Equations (Plenum)

Engineering Cybernetics (Scripta)

Problems of Information Transmission (Plenum)

Programming and Computer Software (Plenum)

Soviet Automatic Control (Scripta)

Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics (Pergamon)

All Major Mathematics Journals, Numerous Books and Monographs

89
D-4

IMPORTANT SOURCES ON JAPANESE COMPUTER SCIENCE

A. ITEMS SELECTIVELY AVAILABLE IN ENGLISH

• JIPDEC Report

• Journal of Information Processing

Selecta from - JOHO SHORI - JOHO SHORI GAKKAI RONBUSHI

• Japan Annual Reviews in Electronics, Computers, and Telecommunications

• ICOT Reports

B. OTHER MATERIAL IN JAPANESE

• Trans of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers (lECE)

• JECC Computer Note

• GEKKAN Computer Digest (Current Awareness Clippings)

• JOHO SANGYO SHIMBUN (Industrial Inf. Processing News)

• NIHON JOHO SHIMBUN

• Conf. Proceedings, etc.

90
D-5

QULITATIVE COMPARISON OF NATIONAL STRENGTHS

AREA U.S. JAPAN USSR

Components High High Weak/ Medium

Architectures (Including

Supercomputers)

Leading Following

Closely

Medium

Peripherals High Leading Weak

Software High

Very Broad

Improving

Rapidly

Weak/ Medium

Theory & Algorithms High Weak

(No Graduate

Training)

Weak

Parallelism

Manufacturing High High Weak

Robotic Applications Medium High Weak

91
D-6

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS VIS-A-VIS JAPAN

Very unwise to remain ignorant of Developments

Need to Anticipate Trends.

Intellectual Level of New Technologies Always Rises Long Before Products Eventuate.

Widespread Literacy Is Essential.

Must Overcome the U.S. "Not Invented Here" Psychology.

D-7

FIELDS OF JAPANESE WORK THAT NEED TRACKING

• Software Systems

• Software Development Tools

• Software Cost and Quality Trends

® New Chip Technologies: HEMT, GaAs, 3-D Technologies, etc.

• Special Purpose Chips

• New Peripherals, Peripheral Cost Trends — Magnetic Discs — Laser Discs and Other Storage Products — Advanced Monitors for CAI and Home Systems

• Robotics

• Developments in Theory

92
D-8

RECOMMENDATIONS OF IDA PANEL

(Supercomputers, June 1985)

• Expanded Awareness of Foreign Technological Developments

• Specific Emphasis on Japan

• Sporadic Efforts Insufficient

• One Stopgap Solution: Minimize Restrictions on Available Information; e.g.. Foreign

Broadcast Information

• Expansion of NTIS Japan-related Efforts, Including Conference Proceedings

• Encourage Japanese Literacy Programs

Organization of University Cooperation

D-9

PRIME REQUIREMENTS OF ACADEMIC COMMUNITY

• Substantial Degree of Literacy

All Significant Languages

All Significant Literature

• Comprehensive Current Holdings

• Comprehensive Translations As Supplement

93
,1

1

1

i

i

i

1

i
U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

A. Professional Societies

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Dr. H. William Koch

Director, American Institute of Physics

335 East 45th Street

New York, NY 10017

Title of Presentation

American Institute of Physics

Number of Visuals 7

95
"U.S. ACCESS TO JAPANESE PHYSICS LITERATURE"

1. COUPLING OF ENGINEERING AND PHYSICS LITERATURE

(RELEVANT QUOTES FROM SCHMITT AND SCIENCE 85)

2. AlP EXPERIENCES WITH JAPANESE PHYSICISTS,

PRIMARY JOURNALS, AND SECONDARY SERVICES

3. POSSIBLE AlP PROGRAMS.

QUOTES FROM ROLAND SCHMITT, NSB CHAIR

1. "CLOSE LINKAGE BETWEEN GENERATION OF

KNOWLEDGE IN UNIVERSITIES AND GENERATION OF

NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRY."

2. "ENGINEERING RESEARCH DOESNT MAKE THE

INVENTION ITSELF..."

"IT GENERATES THE KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN BE USED

TO MAKE THE INVENTION."

3. PHYSICS "PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION FOR ALL THE

REST OF OUR RESEARCH." (IT) "CONCENTRATES MORE

ON BASIC RESEARCH AND TEACHING THAN ANY OTHER

FIELD."

4. "NARROWING OF THE GAP BETWEEN THE LEADING

EDGE OF RESEARCH AND THE CUTTING EDGE OF

APPLICATION (IS) SOMETHING PHYSICISTS CAN HELP

PROVIDE."

5. "SHORTENING THE TIME LAG" BETWEEN ACQUISITION

AND UTILIZATION.

96
r

E-3

QUOTE FROM SC/E/VCE 55 SUPPLEMENT

ON NEW NATIONAL GOAL FOR JAPAN

"CREATIVE RESEARCH - BASIC SCIENCE - IS THE NEW

NATIONAL GOAL. HAVING REACHED THE ZENITH OF

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION IN PRODUCTION, THE

JAPANESE CONSENSUS SEEMS TO BE IT IS TIME TO MOVE

IN A NEW DIRECTION. THE MESSAGE OF THE TSUKUBA

SCIENCE EXPO IS CLEAR: THE FUTURE IS CREATIVITY,

AND THE FUTURE IS NOW."

r APS MEMBERS FROM JAPAN

(1967-1985)

E-4

800

75 77

YEARS

97

79 81 83 85
PERCENT ARTICLES IN U.S. PRIMARY JOURNALS

BY JAPANESE AUTHORS

Journals 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

JAP, APL 11.7 12.5 12.1 12.2 13.2 14.6

JCP, JMP, others 5.1 5.8 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.6

PR, PRL, others 3.6 3.7 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.5

r

PHYSICS BRIEFS DATA BASE

ABSTRACTS PUBLISHED IN JAPAN

Years 1979-1984

Av. Total Items 109,600

Av. No. Pub. Japan 2,994

Av. No. in Japanese 407

98
POSSIBLE AlP PROGRAMS

1. IMPROVE U.S. ACCESSIBILITY TO JAPANESE PRIMARY

JOURNALS BY IMPROVED MARKETING AND

TRANSLATION PROGRAMS.

2. ENCOURAGE JAPANESE TO MAINTAIN OPEN SCIENTIFIC

SOCIETIES.

3. SHORTEN TIME LAG BETWEEN ACQUISITION OF NEW

KNOWLEDGE AND ITS UTILIZATION.

99
1

j

1

I

i

i

I

I

I
F 1-2

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

A. Professional Societies

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Dr. Stephen S. Yau

President, American Federation of Information Processing Societies

and

Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Northwestern University

2145 Sheridan Road

Evanston, IL 60201

Title of Presentation

American Federation of Information Processing Societies

Number of Visuals 2

101
FAMERICAN FEDERATION OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETIES

Constituent Societies

• American Society for information Science (ASIS)

• American Statistical Association (ASA)

• Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

• Association for Educational Data Systems (AEDFS)

• Data Processing Management Association (DPMA)

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society (lEEE-CS)

• Instrument Society of America (ISA)

• Society for Computer Simulation (SCS)

• Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM)

• Society for Information Display (SID)

102
SOME AFIPS JAPANESE-RELATED INFORMATION ACTIVITIES

• Cosponsor of U.S.-Japan Computer Conferences

• Cosponsor Study Panel on International Development on Microelectronics and Computer Sciences

• Constituent Society IEEE/ Computer Society Accesses Some Japanese Technical

Literature

103
i

I

1

1

1

I

j

I

1

I

i

1
G 1-18

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

A. Professional Societies

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. Yoshio Osada

Chief Representative

Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Washington Liaison Office

655 15th Street NW, Suite 880

Washington, DC 20005

Title of Presentation

Current Programs of the Japan Information Center for Science and

Technology

Number of Visuals 18

105
G-1

BRIEF PRESENTATION OF JICST AND JO IS

FILED NAMES:

TITLE; ORIGINAL TITLE;

AUTHORS;

SOURCE;

ABSTRACT:

KEYWORDS:

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106
WHAT IS JICST?

G-2

THE JAPAN INFORMATION CENTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JICST)

IS THE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION IN JAPAN OF INFORMATION

ACTIVITIES FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

THE CENTER WAS ESTABLISHED AS A SPECIAL NON-PROFIT

ORGANIZATION UNDER LEGISLATIVE ACT ON AUGUST 16. 1957. JICST

IS UNDER THE EXECUTIVE CONTROL OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

AGENCY.

JICST IS FINANCED BY INCOME FROM TWO SOURCES, NAMELY,

GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT, AND SUBSCRIPTION AND SERVICE FEES. IN

PRINCIPLE, THE COST OF COLLECTION AND PROCESSING IS PROVIDED

BY THE GOVERNMENT. SERVICE COSTS ARE MET FROM SALES INCOME.

107
WHAT DOES JICST DO?

THE PURPOSE AND ACTIVITIES OF JICST ARE:

1. TO COLLECT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION

COMPREHENSIVELY ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE.

2. TO PROCESS THIS INFORMATION SYSTEMATICALLY.

3. TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND APPROPRIATELY TO

ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS. REGULARLY OR UPON REQUEST.

if. TO OFFER ASSISTANCE TO OTHER FAR-REACHING SERVICES TO

ENCOURAGE THEIR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION WORKS.

TO THESE ENDS, JICST ENGAGES IN THE FOLLOWING SERVICES:

1. PUBLICATION OF ABSTRACTS JOURNALS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND

ENGINEERING

2. CUSTOM SEARCH SERVICE

3. LITERATURE SEARCH SERVICE (ON-LINE SERVICE, SDI SERVICE)

^. TRANSLATION SERVICE

5. PHOTODUPLICATION SERVICE.

108
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

THE WORKING COLLECTION OF JICST NOW AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 10.860

JOURNALS. OF WHICH 6.810 ARE FOREIGN. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE

COLLECTION ARE TECHNICAL REPORTS (SUCH ASP.B..D.O.E.. NASA).

CONFERENCE PROCEEINGS AND PATENT SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE

UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF

GERMANY.

Netherlands 2 France 2.5%

Switzerland 1.4%

Canada 1.2%

Italy 1.0%

Environmental Pollution 2.8%

Nuclear Eng. 1.7% Energy 0.8%

Journal Titles by Country Journal Titles by Subject

109
G-5

MAJOR ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS (1)

CURRENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN JAPANC 1985)

THIS BOOK (ENGLISH VERSION AVAILABLE) CONSISTS OF 16,216

CLASSIFIED "RESEARCH THEMES" OF NATIONAL AND PUBLIC

EXPERIMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTES OF UNIVERSITIES.

INDEXES ARE DIVIDED INTO SUBJECT INDEX, RESEARCHER INDEX AND

RESEARCH ORGANIZATION INDEX AND ARE THUS EASY TO REFER.

THOSE NATIONAL AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS LISTED IN THIS BOOK

ARE ALL LEADING INSTITUTIONS IN JAPAN. THE 1985 EDITION

(VOL.3) CONSISTS OF 99^ PAGES IN A4 SIZE.

110
G-6

MAJOR ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS (2)

ABSTRACT JOURNALS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN (ENGLISH

VERSION)

(1) ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION (1985)

THIS ABSTRACT JOURNAL COVERS ALL THE CURRENT INFORMATION OF

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY IN

THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS. IN WHICH JAPAN IS

ONE OF THE MOST ADVANCED COUNTRIES. FOUR ISSUES ARE TO BE

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND FIRST ISSUE WHICH CONTAINS 506

ARTiaES HAS ALREADY BEEN PUBLISHED. THE FIRST ISSUE OF 1985

(VOL. L NO.l) CONSISTS OF 83 PAGES IN A^f SIZE.

Ill
G-7

MAJOR ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS (3)

ABSTRACT JOURNALS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN (ENGLISH

VERS I UN)

(2) RENEWABLE ENERGY (1985)

JAPAN HAS REMARKABLY DEVELOPED ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR

EFFECTIVE REUSE OF ENERGY RESOURCES, BECAUSE JAPAN IS POOR IN

SUCH RESOURCES. THIS ABSTRACT JOURNAL COVERS ALL THE

INFORMATION OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES. THE 1985 EDITION (VOL.5,

NO. 5) CONSISTS OF ^9 PAGES AND CONTAINS 302 ARTICLES.

112
GJICST ON-LINE INFORMATION SYSTEM(JOIS)

JICST HAS DEVELOPED "JO IS" (JICST ON-LINE INFORMATION

SYSTEM). THROUGH WHICH ON-LINE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERVICES

OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTS AND CURRENT RESEARCH

THEMES ARE PROVIDED.

JICST STARTED THE EXPERIMENTAL ONLINE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

SERVICE IN APRIL, 1976.

FULL-SCALE OPERATION OF JOIS STARTED FROM JUNE. 1978 BY

UTILIZING THE PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATION LINES.

IN OCTOBER, 1980. THE INTER-CONNECTING NETWORK WAS

CONSTRUCTED WITH THE LEASED AND PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATION

LINES IN TEN MAJOR CITIES OF JAPAN. THEREBY ESTABLISHING A

REAL PUBLIC TLELCOMMUN I CAT I ON LINE NETV^ORK ELIMINATING

REGIONAL DIFFERENCE IN ACCESS AND UTILIZATION CAPABILITY.

113
G-9

jois-n

A MORE ADVANCED ONLINE SYSTEM, JOIS-IL HAS BEEN IN OPERATION

SINCE APRIL, 1981. JOIS-II IS AN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL

ONLINE SYSTEM HOLDING 2,600 PASSWORDS AND ACCEPTING 70,000

SETS OF QUESTIONS PER MONTH AT PRESENT IN JAPAN. IN THE

MEANTIME, THE NUMBER OF JO IS SERVICED DATABASES HAS INCRESASED

TO 17 IN TOTAL, AND SYSTEM CAPABLITITES HAVE BEEN EXPANDED

EVERY YEAR.

114
G-10

SEARCH CAPABILITY OF JO IS

THE SYSTEM PERFORMS THE FULLMATCHING AS WELL AS RIGHT AND

LEFT HAND TRUNCATION ON THE BASIS OF KEY WORDS WHICH ARE

ENTERED BY THE TERMINAL. IT IS ALSO CAPABLE OF LOGICAL SEARCH

OF ARTiaES BY USING AND. OR AND NOT FUNCTIONS, AS WELL AS

LIMITING THE NUMBER OF SEARCHES BY SUCH MEANS AS LANGUAGE,

AUTHOR, PUBLICATION DATE, ETC.

ANOTHER FEATURE OF THE SYSTEM IS THAT IT CAN STORE, IN

ADVANCE, ALL SEARCH COMMANDS ON A SPECIFIC SUBJECT, SO THAT

THE SYSTEM CAN CONDUCT AN AUTOMATIC SEARCH UPON EVERY MONTHLY

UPDATED DATA OF EACH FILE AND DELIVER THE RESULTS TO THE USERS.

115
DATABASES AVAILABLE IN JO IS

G-11

(1) JICST FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(2) JICST FILE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN

(3) JICST FILE ON CURRENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN JAPAN

W JICST FILE ON GOVERNMENT REPORTS IN JAPAN

(5) NIKKAN KOGYO FILE ON NEW TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTS IN JAPAN

(6) JICST THESAURUS FILE

(7) JICST HOLDING LIST FILE

(8) JICST TRAINING FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY

AT PRESENT, THESE DATABASES ARE WRITTEN IN JAPANESE, BUT

ENGLISH VERSION FOR (1) AND (2) IS SCHEDULED TO BECOME

AVAILABLE IN APRIL, 1986.

116
G-12

JICST FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

IT COVERS 9,000 TITLES OF SERIALS, TECHNICAL REPORTS,

CONFERENCE PAPERS PUBLISHED IN 50 MAJOR COUNTRIES, WHICH ARE

ACQUIRED BY JICST. JICST ANNUALLY PREPARES ABSTRACT AND KEY

WORDS OF ABOUT 460,000 (CITATIONS/YEAR) APPEARING IN THE ABOVE

LITERATURE AND INCLUDES THEM IN THE DATABASE.

KEY WORDS AND CLASSIFICATION CODES ASSIGNED IN THE FILE ARE

BASED ON "JICST THESAURUS ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

TERMS" AND "JICST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CLASSIFICATION TABLE

RESPECTIVELY.

JICST FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IS USED NOT ONLY FOR

ON-LINE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL BUT ALSO FOR COMPILATION OF

PRINTED VOLUMES, CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY: 12 SERIES.

117
G-13

JICST FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT COVERAGE

Science & technology

Chemistry

Biological science

Medicine

Systems/control engineering

Management engineering

Nuclear science

Thermal engineering &

APPLIED thermodynamics

Construction engineering

Transport & traffic engineering

Metal .sjCLENCE_& technology

Chemical technology

Physics

Space/earth sciences

agriculture/ forestry & fisheries

Engineering

Computer science & technology

Energy technology

Electrical & electronic engineering

_MECHAN I CAL ENG I NEER I NG

ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING

Mining engineering

Chemical engineering

Miscellaneous technology

118
G-14

JICST FILE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN

JICST f ILE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN IS PREPARED IN

COOPERATION WITH "IQAKU CHUOU ZASHI KANKOUKAI" AND PROVIDED

BY THE JAPAN INFORMATION CENTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JICST).

IT COVERS MAJOR DOMESTIC JOURNALS IN THE FIELDS RELATED TO

MEDICINE. AS TO MAKING JAPANESE ABSTRACTS AND ASSIGNING KEY

WORDS AND CLASSIFICATION CODES TO CITATIONS APPEARING IN THE

ABOVE LITERATURE SOURCES, JICST IS RESPONSIBLE FOR BIOSCIENCES

AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE WHILE "IGAKU CHUOU ZASHI

KANKOUKAI" IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OTHER FIELDS RELATED TO

MEDICINE, IT ADDS ABOUT 60,000 CITATIONS ANNUALLY.

KEY WORDS AND CLASSIFICATION CODES ASSIGNED IN JICST FILE ON

MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH "JICST

THESAURUS ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TERMS" AND "JICST

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CLASSIFICATION TABLE", RESPECTIVELY.

ABBREVIATION OF AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS AND CORPORATE AUTHORS IS

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE JICST FILE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

JICST FILE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN IS AVAILABLE ONLY FOR

ON-LINE RETRIEVAL.

119
G-15

JICST FILE ON MEDICAL SCIENCE IN JAPAN

SUBJECT COVERAGE

Biological science

Biological science/general

biochemistry

Genetics and evolution

Immunology

Ecology and enviromental biology

Cytology

Microbiology and virology

Zoology

Radiobiology

Bioengineering

Veterinary medicine

Medicine

Medicine/general

Preventive and social medicine

Clinical medicine/general

Diseases (irrespective of body

PART, system or ORGAN)

Oncology

Dermatology

Clinical medic ine/musculoskeletal system

Clinical medicine/digestive system

Clinical medicine/respiratory system

Clinical medicine/cardiovascular system

Clinical medicine/blood and lymphatic system

Clinical medicine/endocrine system

Clinical medicine/urogenital system

Neurology

Opthalmology

Otorhinolaryngology

Psychiatry

Gynecology and obstetrics

Dentistry

Pharamaceutical science/general

Pharmacodynamics

Pharamacology

Antibiotics and pharmacognostics

Dispensing and manufacturing pharmacy

tox i cology

120
G-16

UTILIZATION OF JOIS IN JAPAN

THE FOLLOWING SHOWS THE PAST GROWTH OF UTILIZATION OF JOIS IN

JAPAN:

1977 1979 1981 198^f

NO. OF USERS 20 500 1100 2600 (AS OF SEPT.)

NO. OF HOURS

USED PER MONTH 200 1200 Zm 5900

THE GROWTH IN RECENT YEARS EXCEEDS 30 PERCENT PER YEAR.

121
G-17

FUTURE PROSPECT (1 )

FOR THE FUTURE JICST CONSIDERS IT AS THE MOST IMPORTANT TASK

TO BECOME A KEY MEANS OF DISSEMINATING THE LATEST INFORMATION ON

JAPAN'S SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO THE WHOLE WORLD IN ENGLISH.

FOR THE TIME BEING JOIS WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE INFORMATION IN

THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE, AND THIS REQUIRES THE USE OF AN

ENGLISH/KANA TYPE OR A "KANJI" (CHINESE CHARACTER SETS)

TERMINAL. HOWEVER, COMMENCING FROM APRIL, 1986, JICST WILL

START A SERVICE IN WHICH SEARCHING CAN BE MADE BY ORDINARY

ASCII TERMINALS , AS THE TITLES AND KEY WORDS FOR THE JICST

FILES OF JAPANESE DOCUMENTS WILL BE TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

BY THEN.

<!|

122
FUTURE PROSPECT (2)

IN ADDITION. JICST IS PLANNING TO ESTABLISH ADEQUATE

INFRASTRUCTURES TO ENABLE LARGE-SCALE TRANSLATION AND COPYING

SERVICES OF THE JAPANESE DOCUMENTS IN RESPONSE TO THE

REQUESTS FROM OVERSEAS. ALSO, ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT

SEARCH, THE JO IS SERVICE WILL BE EXPANDED TO INCLUDE A

FACTUAL DATA BASE ON CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.

123
1i

I
1-16

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

B. Government Organizations

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. David Shonyo

Director, Office of International Affairs

National Technical Information Service

5282 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22161

Title of Presentation

National Technical Information Service

Number of Visuals 16

125
HISTORY OF NTIS

1945 Publication Board

1946 Office of Technical Services

1964 Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technical

Information

1970 National Technical Information Service

126
H-3

FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

H-4

PROJECT PLAN

• Identify Needs

• Identify Sources

• Acquire Information

• Translate

• Disseminate Information

127
ACQUISITION APPROACHES

• U.S. Government Agencies

• Government-to-Government Agreements

• NTIS Cooperating Agencies

• In-country Acquisition Representatives

NTIS COOPERATING AGENCIES

England Italy

Finland Japan

France South Africa

Israel Sweden

And Over 35 Developing Countries

128
H-7

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS

• 400,000 Documents in the NTIS Collection

• 21,000 New Foreign Documents Acquired in FY 1984

• 91 Acquisition Agreements with Foreign Organizations; 18 with Japanese

Organizations

H-8

NTIS INPUT 1984

(U.S. VS FOREIGN)

Total Input = 75,000 Documents

Foreign 24%

Domestic 76%

Total 100%

129
BEST SELLERS FROM FOREIGN SOURCES

Japan

• Research & Development in Japan Awarded the Okochi

Memorial Prize

• Study of Accidents Involving Industrial Robots

• Research on the Applications of and Material Resources for Fine Ceramics

• Personal Computers in Japan

South Africa

• Fire and Plastic in Buildings

H-10

FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY

• Full Text in Paper Copy and Microfiche

• Abstracts in the NTIS Bibliographic Data File on Line Through: — Bibliographic Retreival Services, Inc. — Dialog Information Services — Mead Data Central — SDC Search Service

• Abstracts Bimonthly in Government Reports Announcements and Index

• Weekly Abstracts for Industry in Foreign Technology Abstract Newsletter
FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY-AN ABSTRACT NEWSLETTER

Current Coverage

• Biomedical Technology

• Civil, Construction, Structural, & Building Engineering

• Communications

• Computer Technology

• Electro & Optical Technology

• Energy

• Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering

• Materials Sciences

• Physical Sciences (Applied)

• Transportation Technology

Coming Addition...

• Mining & Minerals Technology

131
DEMAND RATIOS

Orders/Japanese Documents

• Energy 0.9

• Physical Sciences 1.3

• Civil, etc.. Engineering 1.7

• Manufacturing 1.9

• Biomedical Technology 2.2

• Transportation 2.2

• Communications 3.9

• Materials Sciences 4.2

• Computer Technology 5.1

• Electro & Optical Technology 5.5

CURRENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN JAPAN

16,000 Projects in Progress at 600 Japanese Research Institutes

132
H-14

Abstracts of Science and Technology in Japan

ELECTRONICS AND COiVIMUNICATIONS

English-Language Abstracts of

Japanese-Language Publications

H-15

JOIS

JICST Online Information System

H-16

JOIS

• File on Science and Technology

• File on Medical Science in Japan

• File on Current Science and Technology Research In Japan

• File on Government Reports in Japan

• Nikkon Kogyo File on New Technology and Products in Japan

133

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

C. Commercial Organizations

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. Herman Baron

Director, UMI-JTIS and

Mr. Tomoyuki Satoh

Associate Director UMI-JTIS

101 Chesley Drive

Media, PA 19063

Title of Presentation

Japanese Technical Information Service of UMI-JTIS

Number of Visuals 9

135
1-1

Japanese Scientific and Technical Periodicals

Indexed and Not Indexed by Western Sources

Japanese Scientific and Technical Periodicals

Not Indexed by Western Sources

(by Subject)

Japanese Scientific and Technical Periodicals

Not Indexed by Western Sources

(by Language)

Source: Gibson and Kunkel: Japanese Scientific and Technical Literature: A Subject Guide. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 1981. 136
1-2

Japanese Scientific and Technical Periodicals

Not Indexed by Western Sources

(by Subject and Language)

Natural Sciences Applied Sciences

Medical Sciences Agricultural Sciences

Source: Gibson and Kunkel: Japanese Scientific and Technical Literature: A Subject Guide. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 1981.
UMI JAPANESE TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (JTIS)

• Japanese Technical Abstracts (JTA)

• Japanese Technical Indexes (JTI)

• Japanese Current Research (JCR)

• Most Information Supplied in English by JTIS Not Available Through

Other Western Sources.

138
1-4

JAPANESE TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

English Source of Technical Literature of Japan

Input: 750 Japanese Technical Journals

Journals Selected by Panel of Experts in Japan and USA

Cover-to-Cover Abstracting

5000 Concise English Abstracts Monthly

100 Bilingual Abstracts

Technical Skills in Appropriate Fields

Currentness: Time Lag—3 Months

139
PRIMARY SUBJECT AREAS OF JTIS

• Automation Technology and Robotics

• Biotechnology

• Business Management

• Computers

• Electrical Engineering

• Electronics

• Information Processing

• Instrumentation

• Mathematical Science

• Operations Management

• Photo-Optical Technology

• Quality Control

• Telecommunications

140
ANATOMY OF A JTA ABSTRACT

435, Next Generation VLSI Manufacturing IVIachines

Kitayama, Toyoki, et al. (NTT. Atsugi Lab.) Denshi Zairyo

24(3): 22-25, IVIar. 1985

A Brief Overview of the Litliograpliy Teclinologies for the iVIanufacture of 1M-4M Bit

DRAMs. Electron-Beam (EB) Etching and X-Ray Etching Technologies Are Mentioned as the Most Promising Technologies.

Author Title First Author's Affiliation

A Brief Overview of the Lithography Technologies for the Manufacture of 1M-4M Bit DRAMs.

Electron-Beam (EB) Etching and X-Ray Etching Technologies Are Mentioned as the Most Promising

Technologies. \

435, Next Generation VLSI Manufacturing Machines

^Kitayama, Toyoki, et al. (NTT. Atsugi Lab.) Denshi Zairyo

y24(3): 22-25, Mar. 1985

Volume/No. \ Month/Year of Publication

Inclusive Pages Name of Journal

141
1-7

INDEXES (JTI)

• Each Index Issuie in 3 Sections: Author, Subject, Affiliation

• One Index Issue Monthly

• Index Issues Cumulative

• Latest information in Bold-Face Type

• Final Index for a Volume Hard-Bound

1-8

JAPANESE CURRENT RESEARCH (JCR)

• Compilation of Contents of Abstracted Journals

• One Issue per Month

• Companion of JTA and JTI

• Purpose: Ease of Accesses to JTA and JTI

142
1-9

JTIS

• Starting of Services Late in 1985

• Previous JTIS Details Tentative

143

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS

C. Commercial Organizations

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Dr. Tony Armstrong

Director, Japanese Technology Evaluation Program

Science Applications International Corp.

1200 Prospect

LaJolla, CA 92037

Title of Presentation

Science Applications, Inc.

Number of Visuals 12

145
JAPANESE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION PROGRAM (JTECH)

PRESENTATION TO:

NBS-IEEE SEMINAR

ON

ACCESS TO JAPANESE TECHNICAL INFORMATION

PRESENTATION BY:

TONY W. ARMSTRONG

SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

LA JOLLA, CA

JUNE 25, 1985

SfiJSC

r

BRIEFING OUTLINE

SUMMARY OF JTECH PROGRAM

LITERATURE APPROACH/EXPERIENCE

^ SMC

146
r

JTECH PROGRAM STAFF

• SAIC PROGRAM DIRECTOR

TONY ARMSTRONG

• SCIENCE COORDINATOR

GEORGE GAMOTA

• LITERATURE

YOUNG KIM

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

SMC

• PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENTS OF EMERGING

JAPANESE THRUSTS IN SELECTED HIGH-TECHNOLOGY

AREAS

• FOCUS: LONG-TERM TRENDS OF

JAPANESE R&D

SMC

147
r

APPROACH

• ASSESSMENTS PERFORMED BY U.S. TECHNICAL

EXPERTS

• SAIC ROLE:

-ORGANIZE PANELS

-COORDINATE PANEL ACTIVITIES

-LITERATURE/TRANSLATION SUPPORT

-REPORT PREPARATION

SCOPE OF JTECH PANEL REPORTS

• BACKGROUND

-EVOLUTION OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

-KEY PLAYERS (GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY, UNIVERSITIES)

-KEY INFORMATION SOURCES

• STATUS OF JAPANESE R&D

• TREND AND FUTURE DIRECTION OF JAPANESE R&D

• POTENTIAL SURPRISES AND BREAKTHROUGHS

• COMPARATIVE U.S. EFFORTS

• SPECIAL JAPANESE FACTORS AND POLICIES

• EXPECTED COMMERCIAL IMPACT OF JAPANESE R&D

ON U.S. INDUSTRY

• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

sm:

r

5MC

148
r

J-7

JTECH PROGRAM STATUS

PHASE I (DoC/NSF)

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MECHATRONICS

NON-SILICONE OPTO/MICRO-ELECTRONICS

BIOTECHNOLOGY

PHASE II (NSF/DARPA)

TELECOMMUNICATION HARDWARE

ADVANCED MATERIALS

SIXTH-GENERATION COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

("SUMMARY" REPORT)

5MC

r

LITERATURE SUPPORT TO JTECH PANELISTS J-8

APPROACH

-SELECTIVE

-ITERATIVE

GENERAL PROCEDURE

-INITIALLY, GENERAL SOURCE MATERIAL PROVIDED

-PANELISTS IDENTIFY MATERIAL NEEDED IN SPECIAL

TECHNICAL AREAS

-JTECH STAFF COLLECTS, EVALUATES, TRANSLATES

SOURCE MATERIAL

SMC

149
J-9

CATEGORIES OF SOURCE MATERIAL

A. GENERAL

-OVERVIEWS, MAINLY IN ENGLISH

B. OPEN

-REGULARLY PUBLISHED TECHNICAL JOURNALS

C. SEMI-OPEN (JTECH EMPHASIS)

-ACADEMIC SOCIETY MEETINGS

-AD HOC TECHNICAL SEMINARS

-NATIONAL PRODUCT TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

z

LUoO

z

g

ccO

Closely held Information Gov. & Academic

y//^ Comm. Meetings

Research

Reports at Acad. Soc. Meetings

Academic

Journals 1

Trade Magazine

Reports

^ ^

Primary Information

yyyyyy^ Secondary Information

Journals Published

in English

Gov. & Co. Reports

(Promotional)

* Emphasis of source material under the JTECH program

1 year

I TIME

150
J-11

"SELECTIVITY" OF TRANSLATION

APPROACH

-TRANSLATE/DISTRIBUTE TITLES

-TRANSLATE ABSTRACTS OF "INTERESTING" TITLES

(BY PHONE)

-TRANSLATE FULL PAPERS BASED ON ABSTRACTS

RESULT

-ABOUT 10% OF COLLECTED SOURCE MATERIAL IS

TRANSLATED

r

EXAMPLE RECOMMENDATIONS OF PANELISTS J-12

• ESTABLISH MECHANISM OF MONITORING SEMI-OPEN

SOURCES

• BROADER DISSEMINATION OF AVAILABLE MATERIAL

• FOR LONGER RANGE, ENCOURAGE STUDY'^OF JAPANESE

LANGUAGE BY U.S. TECHNICAL STUDENTS

5MC

151
i
K 1

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

V. MEASURES TO INCREASE TRANSLATION CAPABILITIES

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Mr. George W. Rogers, Jr. Intelligence Community Staff

Washington, DC 20505

Title of Presentation

Machine-Aided Translation

Number of Visuals 1

153
ANNOUNCED SPECIFICATIONS OF JAPANESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION SYSTEMS

Manufacturers Systran Fujitsu Hitachi Bravice Bravice NEC Mitsubishi

Names of systems JESS Atlas II Athene N Pak 11/73/80

Pak 11/73/40

PIVOT

Words in dictionary

30.000 50,000 (basic)

25,000 (S8.T) 10,000

(basic & S&T)

40,000

(basic)

100,000 50.000

(basic)

50,000-60,00

(manuals)

20,000-30,00

(glossaries

0

0

)

Translation speed

(words per hour)

300,000 60,000 60,000 3,000

(73/80)

2,000

(73/40)

60.000- 80,000

100,000 20,000

Accompanying

computers

Mid-range

IBM FACOM M 430R FACOM M380H Mid-range

HITAC M- 280H Mid-range16-bit mini- computersLarge

computers

AC0S-6/MVX

-4/MVP

XE Mid-range

Large

computers

Marketing date ? June 1985 June 1984 Early 1985

? Dec 1985 Fall 1985

154
L 1-4

U.S. Access to Japanese

Technical Literature:

Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Visuals

Name of Session

V. MEASURES TO INCREASE TRANSLATION CAPABILITIES

Name, Affiliation, and Address of Presenter

Dr. Edward Daub

Professor, General Engineering

University of Wisconsin-Madison

1527 University Ave.

Madison, WI 53706

Title of Presentation

Education for Reading Japanese Technical Literature

Number of Visuals 4

155
|PROB.#-| t Time to Master &aslc Japanese

I ^ I Basic sounds ; kana ; romaji

I ^ I Basic sen+ence patterns

[m Role of par-he les

cm Inflection of verbs & adjec-hves

[E Verb-followfng expressfons

lUI Embedded relative clauses

\ 7 i Kan-Ei I If en ; radicaISi no.of stroke

156
Rro&.#2 5 Recognizing *iat lechmcAl J. is Easier than

I Conversgftonal Japanese.] | Qfher Wr/ften Japenese^

ni Many topics disappear 0Onc-te-one cornesponc - rnasu forms

^ iechnic^l word

keigo ID No li+erary ambiguity

(-tte, - chau >-0

S.

, ,

. .0 Mow limikd set of

No need io generate'-' high. frequency kanjf

sentences ^^^^^ — - HNo aural comprehension

157
I

L-3

100

4

1

80

60

40

20

0

PERCENTASE of KAtJJI IN PHYS.

TE/TBOOK. INCLUPEO IN FIRST N

KANOI ON THE PHYSICS FREO,-

DISTRI6UT/0N LIST.

R.6.BIRD 09fc7)

UW EES Rept.#33

50 100 I50

N

200 250 30O

158

I
L-4

Pfto&.»3: Need fer Special Tchg. MaMs. fer Ted>. J.l

• STRATEQ'f AND STRUCTURE OF "C.T.J."

2J 20 kan i i emphosized in each lesson

5J Vocabulary for main reading selec-Hon

l3 Reading selection and +ranslation

[El Explanatory notes for main reading

I I Consfruction examples

Supplementary readings w. vocabulary

Final translation test

159

^U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEil986-491-070/20337
NBM14A (REV. 2-80) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

NBS/SP-710

2. Performing Organ. Report No, 3. Publication Date January 1986

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

U.S. Access to Japanese Technical Literature: Electronics and Electrical

Engineeriiig

Proceedings of a Seminar

5. AUTHOR(S)

Editor: Edward L. Brady

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see in struct/on s)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

miajJ§$§fiK^§CK0S^X3^ Gaithersburg, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Department of Corrmerce Engineers, Inc.

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 345 East 47th Street

New York, NY 10017-2394

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number R5~600637

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or /ess factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) On June 24-25, 1985, NBS and IEEE cosponsored a seminar at NBS to examine the need

for irtproved access to Japanese technical information and to explore possible

approaches to satisfy those needs. To limit the discussion to practical dimensions,

the technical subject matter was restricted to electrical and electronics engineering. The program was designed to provide an opportunity for individuals representing

Congress, the practicing engineering cctimunity, industry, and the educational ccm- munity to voice their concerns and their needs. This proceedings volume contains

selected presentations made at the seminar plus the visual aids used by each speaker.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

Japanese technical information; Japanese technology; translations of Japanese

reports

13, AVAILABILITY

Unlimited

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[X] Order From Superintendent of Documents, U,S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D,C,

20402.

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO, OF

PRINTED PAGES

155

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80
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