### i UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND

POLLUTION PREVENTION



### PC Code: 124002

DP B arcode s : 385667 , 387408

, 387407 , and 389832

Date: May 23

, 2011

TRANSMITTAL MEMO

SUBJECT : Ecological Risk Assessment to Support the Proposed Section 3 U se s of

Novaluron to Control Crickets in Residential Areas, and to Control

Mosquito Larvae in Small Water Bodies

T O : John Herbert, Risk Manager

Jennifer Gaines, Risk Manager Reviewer

Registration Division (7505P)

F ROM : Alicia Korol, Biologist

Robert A. Mill er, Environmental Protection Sp ecialist

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THRU : Dr. Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

The Envir onmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has revised the environmental fate

and ecological risk assessment in support of the Section 3 registration decision on the

insecticide novaluron

. This transmittal memorandum accompanies the most recently

revised v ersion of the novaluron fate and ecological risk assessment , which supersedes

the original fate and ecological risk assessment issued on May 12, 2011.

EFED has completed the request from the Registration Division to evaluate the

ecological risk and enviro nment fate of the proposed new uses of the insecticide

novaluron ( (RS)

- 1

- [3

- Chloro

- 4 (1,1,2

- trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]

- 3

- (2,6

- difluorobenzoy1)urea , CAS # 1167

- 46

- 6). Novaluron is a non

- systemic benzoylphenyl

urea insect growth regulating insecticide that inhibits chitin biosynthesis and interferes in

cuticle formation in insects belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera,

### ii and Dipte ra. The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as

formulated in RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide (9.3% a.i.), for the indoor and

outdoor control of crickets. The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is

for the con trol of mosquito larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P (0.12% a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (0.12% a.i.).

Novaluron’s low water solubility and high soil adsorption coefficient indicate novaluron

will strongly adsorp to soil and have limited ability to leach into groundwater.

Novaluron's major route of degradation is microbial degradation. Aerobic soil and

aqueous degradation half

- lives range from 7

- 32 days and 10

- 51 days, respectively.

Novaluron is stable to hydro lysis, aqueous photolysis, and soil photodegradation. The

high lipophilicity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to

bioaccumulate.

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites of concern identified by

the Healt h Effects Division (HED) for drinking water concern (MARC, 2004).

Chlorophenyl urea is no more of a concern to aquatic organisms than novaluron based on

chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to toxicity endpoints.

Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea to xicity to aquatic organisms was not assessed and

current aqu a tic risk analysis is based on the parent alone; however, risk to terrestrial

organisms was assessed where data were available ( i.e. terrestrial invertebrates).

Environ mental exposure and risk quotients were not calculated for chloroaniline because

there are limited fate data and no terrestrial or aquatic ecotoxicity and/or toxicity data

available.

Exposure and Risk Conclusions

- RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide

EFED calc ulated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot

treatments. Consistent with EFED’s standard scenarios used to model surface water

runoff (PRZM and EXAMS mod els), it is conservatively assumed that a 10 ha watershed

is treated with novaluron in a single day. This assumption is realistic when considering

the pest management operations for a large retirement community or town home

association. However, RIMON® S UPRA 10EC is unlikely to always be applied to an

entire 10 ha surface area (including ground and building foundations) for a single

application. Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of

novaluron at 1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 ha) to bound the

aquatic exposure at estimated high and low use rates. For terrestrial exposure, the

maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) was modeled

.

Based on the screening

- level risk assessment, EFED determined that the proposed

application rate for perimeter and spot treatments is 3 times greater than currently

registered maximum single application rate of novaluron (0.32 lbs a.i./A). Therefore,

the potential for ecologically adverse effects from the proposed oudoor perimeter

and spot treatment use is greater tha n the uses previously assessed. For the proposed

use on crickets, chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all herbivorous,

### iii insecti vorous, and granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39

- 22.3). Risk quotients

for chronic dietary exposures to mammals also exceeded the Agency’s LOC for the

proposed use on crickets (does

- based RQs ≤ 1.28). Based on the magnitude of the

chronic avian RQs, a bird that obtained 5% of its dietary needs from novaluron treated

areas would still consume a quantity of novaluron that exceeds the Agency’s level of

concern. For the proposed spray use of novaluron, where applications may not be

contiguous over dietary items, adverse effects to birds are still expected. Based on the

magnitude of the chronic mammal RQs, a mammal that obtained less than 100% of its

dietary needs from novaluron treated areas would be less likely to be at chronic risk from

the propo sed novaluron spray uses.

There is the potential for adverse effects to beneficial insects ( i.e. pollinators) because

application to flowering plants is not prohibited. EFED recommends the following

protective label language that prohibits applications to blooming plants:

In order to minimize the possibility of developmental effects on pollinator larvae,

including honey bee brood, do not u se RIMON® SUPRA 10EC on blooming

plants

.

Adverse effects to all terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl ur ea toxicity are

presumed. Risks of novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants are presumed due to lack of

data. Due to novaluron’s low solubility limit, acute risks to freshwater and

estuarine/marine fish and chronic risk to freshwater fish are not expecte d; chronic risk to

estuarine/marine fish are presumed due to lack of data. At the limit of solubility, all

aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not expected.

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications. In

the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product

label it is stated that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature

stages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [ hatching eggs (nymphs) for [ 180 days]

[26 weeks] [6 months] ]. " Based on the risk profile as described above, EFED

recommends that the label be amended to include an enforceable minimum

application interval consistent with the proposed labelled efficacy claims. This

mi nimal application interval would limit the annual usage of the pesticide and reduce

potential toxicity to sensitive organisms.

Exposure and Risk Conclusions

- MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P & MOSQUIRONTM 0.12

CRD

At the highest application rates, the calculated surf ace water environmental

concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD within the

contained small water bodies exceed ed the limit of solubility; therefore, the limit of

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21

- day and 60 day EECs

.

MOSQU IRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labels restrict application to

sites that do not drain into natural water bodies. The ecosystem at immediate risk from

### iv the control of mosquito larvae would be the treated area. For certain proposed uses

, i t is

assumed that there is negligible transport of novaluron from the site of application based

on the scale of use or the assumption that the potential pathway to natural waterbodies is

incomplete ( e.g. landfill); these uses include:

**•** tree holes

**•** bird baths

**•** landfills

**•** flooded roof tops

**•** abandoned swimming pools

**•** rain barrels

**•** gutters

**•** waste water treatment facilities

**•** abandoned vehicles

**•** water holding receptables ( e.g. tires, urns, flower pots, cans & other containers)

**•** potable water containers for both humans and animals

For the remaining uses, EFED cannot preclude a potentially complete exposure pathway

to natural water bodies based on ambiguity in the use site ( e.g. sewers) and/or on the

implicit nature of the use sites’ connection with natural water bodies ( e.g. ditch). EFED

recommends the following labeled use sites be accompanied by modifier s or other

descriptive language that clearly identifies them as sites known not to drain into a

natural waterbody ( e.g. “ closed ” sewer). EFED also recommends label language

that c larifies that the following use sites should not drain into combined sewer

overflow systems. The proposed remaining uses are as follows:

**•** sewers

**•** uncultivated agriculture and non

- agricultural non

- food areas

**•** d r edging spoil sites

**•** drainage areas

**•** ditches

**•** se wage effluent

**•** retention ponds

**•** harvested timber stacks

**•** swales

**•** storm water drainage areas

**•** catch basins

**•** junk yards

**•** dairy or poultry lagoons

**•** other animal waste lagoons

**•** livestock runoff lagoons

**•** other natural and manmade depressions

For those proposed mosquit o larvae uses with an incomplete exposure pathway to natural

water bodies, f ish a re not expected to be exposed to novaluron; h owever, fish serve as a

### v surrogate for aquatic

- phased herpetafauna. Acute and chronic risks to freshwater

dwelling herpetafauna, b ased on fish toxicity data, are not expected. Freshwater

invertebrates are expected to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small,

contained water bodies, and both pelagic and benthic invertebrates are at risk from

the proposed novaluron uses up to noval uron’s solubility limit. At the limit of

solubility, all aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not

expected.

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses where a complete exposure pathway to natural

water bodies cannot be pr ecluded

, risk to these natural water bodies cann ot be assessed

quantitatively. Instead, it can be concluded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk

to organisms in a natural water would be equal to or less than the risk posed by novaluron

to organ isms located in the treated areas. Risk to fish (and species for which fish serve as

a surrogate) and aquatic plants are not expected. Adverse effects to freshwater and

estuarine/marine invertebrates is presumed. However, as opposed to the localized

con cern in the treated water body, the concern for natural water bodies exposed to

novaluron is the potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect

effects at multiple levels of the trophic system.

Risks to birds and mammals from the prop osed pellet and rod novaluron products are

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are

anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid ( i.e.

grit used by birds to grind food ). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammals are

not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is

discountable. Terrestrial plants and terrestrial invertebrates are presumed to have

negligible exposure to th e pellet/rod applications and adverse effects to these taxa are

expected to be minimal

.

The following six toxicity studies are being requested as a result of the conclusions of

this ecological risk assessment. A detailed description of the data gaps is presented on

page 11 of the Executive Summary.

1. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Seedling Emergence (850.4100)

2. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Vegetative Vigor (850.4150)

3. Avian Oral Toxicity (850.2100)

4. Estuarine/Marine Fish Early Life

- Stage Test (850.1400)

5. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040)

6. Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Test (850.1300)

### vi

## Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the New Uses

of Novaluron for Control of Crickets, and Mosquito Larvae

(ChemBlink, 2011)



### ASSOCIATED BARCODES:

D385667

, D387408 , and D387407

Team Members

Alicia Korol, Biologist

Robert A. Miller, Chemist

Peer Reviewers

Dr. Sujatha Sankula

, Lead Biologist

Dr. Stephen Wente, Biologist

Date of Approval

May 23 , 2011

### Page 2 of 106 

## Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ....................... 3

1.1 Summary of Regulatory Action

................................ ................................ ........... 3

1.2 Conclusions of Exposure Characterization

................................ .......................... 3

1.3 Potential Risks to Non

- target Organisms

................................ ............................. 4

1.4 Key Data Gaps and Uncertainties

................................ ................................ ........ 7

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION

................................ ................................ .................... 8

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action

................................ ................................ ..................... 8

2.2 Stressor Source and Distribution

................................ ................................ .............. 9

2.3 Previous Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects Risk Assessments

............... 13

2.4 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk

................................ ................................ ............... 14

2.5 Assessment Endpoints

................................ ................................ ............................ 15

2.6 Conceptual Model

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 15

2.7 Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 17

3. EXPOSURE SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ............................ 18

3.1 Use Characterization

................................ ................................ ............................... 18

3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

................................ .............. 20

3.3 Monitoring Data

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 23

3.4 Aquatic Concentration Estimates

................................ ................................ ............ 23

3.5 Terrestrial Exposure

................................ ................................ ................................ 27

4. ECOL OGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ..... 29

5. ECOLOGICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION

................................ ........................ 34

5.1 Risk Estimation

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 34

5.2 Risk Des cription

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 40

6. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERNS

.............................. 45

6.1 Listed Species Occurrence Associated with Novaluron Use

............................. 45

7. REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 46

APPENDIX A Ecotox icity Profile for Novaluron and Degradates

............................. 47

APPENDIX B Previous EFED Risk Assessments for Novaluron

............................... 50

APPENDIX C Integrate of Exposure and Effects

................................ ....................... 52

APPENDIX D Calculation of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Application Rates for

Perimeter and Spot Treatments

................................ ................................ ......................... 53

APPENDIX E Ex ample PRZM/EXAMS

................................ ................................ .... 54

APPENDIX F T

- REX Example Output

................................ ................................ ...... 58

APPENDIX G LOCATES Threatened and Endangered Species

................................ 61

### Page 3 of 106 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Summary of Regulatory Action

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide ( EPA Reg. No. 66222

- ERT, 9.3% a.i.), for the

indoor and outdoor control of crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the ecological risk

assessment include perimeter treatments of buildings ( e.g. building foundation, doors and

window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees, tree holes, mulched areas,

and other locat ions where insects may harbor ( e.g. garbage areas). RIMON® SUPRA

10EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration) liquid to be applied via a

low

- pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1.2 oz of finished spray, or 0.000188 lbs

a.i., per sq. yard.

The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is for the control of mosquito

larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P ( EPA

Reg. No. 66222

- EGR

, 0.12% a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD ( EPA Reg. No.

66222

- EG E, 0.12% a.i.). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 % P and MO SQUIRONTM 0.12% CRD

products, formulated as pellets and control rods, respectively, are to be applied to small

standing bodies of water which support mosquito larval development, or t o dry areas

prior to flooding. T he proposed labels prohibit application of novaluron to pooled water

that d rains into natural water bodies; however, EFED cannot preclude a complete

exposure pathway to aquat ic ecosystems for certain proposed use sites (see Section 2.4

for complete listing)

. The labels specify that re

- treatment should occur every 90 days.

Based on labeled application rates, novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will

reach saturation (3 ppm).

Novaluron is a non

- systemic benzoylphenyl urea i nsect growth regulating insecticide that

inhibits chitin biosynthesis and interferes in cuticle formation in developing insects

belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera, and Diptera. Novaluron has

no effect on adult insects that have co mpleted all successive molts.

1.2 Conclusions of Exposure Characterization

Novaluron ’s low water solubility and high soil adsorption coefficient indicate novaluron

will strong ly adsorp to soil and have limited ability to leach into groundwater.

Novaluro n's major route of degradation is microbial degradation. Aerobic soil and

aqueous degradation half

- lives range from 7

- 32 days and 10

- 51 days, respectively.

Novaluron is stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, and soil photodegradation. The

high lipophi licity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to

bioaccumulate.

EFED calculated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot

treatments

. Estimated Environmental Concentrations ( EECs ) in surfac e water were

calculated for RIMON® SUPRA 10EC outdoor perimeter and spot treatments using the

### Page 4 of 106 Tier II PRZM and EXAMS models. PRZM/EXAMS is based on a standard scenario in

which a ten

- hectare waters hed is completely treated and drains into a one

- hectare pond.

This model was used to generate EECs for outdoor perimeter and spot treatments with the

conservative, but realistic, assumption that a 10 hectare development such as a retirement

community or t own home association, in which pesticide spraying is conducted under the

auspices of a single landscape maintenance program, is applied with RIMON® SUPRA

10EC on a single day. H owever, Rimon is unlikely to be applied to an entire 10 h ectare

surface area a t a single application (including ground and building applications)

. Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at

1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 h ectare ) to bound the aquatic

environmental exposure a t estimated high and low use rates. For terrestrial exposure, the

maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) was modeled

.

For example, t he peak EECs for 10% of the treated 10 h ectare watershed range d from

0.09 μg/L (PA Turf ) to 0.001 μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a median of 0.04 μg/L. The 21

- day EECs range d from 0.03 μg/L (PA Turf) to 0.0007 μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a

median of 0.015 μg/L. The predicted 60

- day average EECs range d from 0.01 (PA Turf)

μg/L to 0.0004μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a median of 0.007 μg/L for all scenarios

modeled.

At the highest application rates, the calculated surface water environmental

concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD within the

contained small water bodies exceed ed the l imit of solubility; therefore, the limit of

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21

- day and 60 day EECs

. For those proposed

mosquito larvae uses w here a complete exposure pathway to natural water bodies cannot

be precluded , t he magnitude of runoff from the treated water body into natural

ecosystems cannot be modeled quantitatively; however, it ca n be conservatively assumed

that concentrations at the point of discharge into a natural water body are equal to or less

than the con centrations in the treated water body.

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites of concern identified by

the Health Effects Division (HED) for drinking water concern (MARC, 2004).

Chlorophenyl urea is less of a concern to aquatic o rganisms than novaluron based on

chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to toxicity endpoints.

Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea toxicity to aquatic organisms will not be assessed

and current risk analysis is based on the pa rent alone ; however, risk to terrestrial

organisms will be assessed where data are available ( i.e. terrestrial invertebrates).

Environmental exposure and risk quotients were not calculated for chloroaniline because

there are limited fate data and no terres trial or aquatic ecotoxicity and/or toxicity data

available.

1.3 Potential Risk s to Non

- target Organisms

Proposed Use on Crickets

Due to novaluron’s low solubility limit , acute risks to freshwater and estuarine/marine

### Page 5 of 106 fish and chronic risk to freshwater fish are not expected; chronic risk to estuarine/marine

fish are presumed due to lack of data. Chronic toxicity endpoints were used to derive risk

quotients (acute/chronic) for aquatic invertebrates due to novaluron’s m ode of action (as

discussed in the Risk Estimation Section, 6.1). There is the potential for adverse effects

to aquatic freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates at applications to treated areas

e qual to or greater than 10% of the modeled 10 h ectare w atershed . At the limit of

solubility, all aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not

expected.

Acute risk from dietary exposure to novaluron is not expected for birds or mammals

based on acute toxicity data; however no data exists on passeriforms, a potentially more

sensitive taxon than the surrogate species tested, and thus acute risk to birds is presumed.

Chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all herbivorous, insectivorous, and

granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39

- 22.3). Chronic adverse effects from

dietary exposures are also expected to mammals based on LOC exceedances (does

- based

RQs ≤ 1.28). There is the potential for adverse effects to beneficial insects ( i.e.

pollinators) because applicati on to flowering plants is not prohibited. Adverse effects to

all terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl urea toxicity are presumed. Risks of

novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants are presumed due to lack of data.

Proposed Use on Mosquito Larvae

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses with an incomplete exposure pathway to natural

water bodies, f ish a re not expected to be exposed to novaluron; h owever, fish serve as a

surrogate for aquatic

- phased herpetafauna. Acute and chronic risks to freshwa ter

dwelling herpetafauna, based on fish toxicity data, are not expected. Freshwater

invertebrates are expected to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small, contained

water bodies, and both pelagic and benthic invertebrates are at risk from the propose d

novaluron uses up to novaluron’s solubility limit. At the limit of solubility, all aquatic

plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not expected.

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses where a complete exposure pathway to natur al

water bodies cannot be precluded

, risk to these natural water bodies cann ot be assessed

quantitatively. Instead, it can be concluded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk

to organisms in a natural water would be no greater than the risk posed by novaluron to

organisms located in the treated areas. Risk to fish (and species for which fish serve as a

surrogate) and aquatic plants are not expected. Adverse effects to freshwater and

estuarine/marine invertebrates is presumed. However, as opposed to the localized

concern in the treated water body, the concern for natura l water bodies exposed to

novaluron is the potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect effects at

multiple levels of the trophic system.

Risks to birds and mammals from the proposed pellet and rod novaluron products are

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are

anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid ( i.e.

grit used by birds to grind food). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammal s are

### Page 6 of 106 not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is

discountable. Terrestrial plants and terrestrial invertebrates are presumed to have

negligible exposure to the pellet/rod applications and adverse effects to these taxa are

expected to be minimal

.

Bioaccumulation Assessment

All RQs for birds and mammals that consume aquatic organisms are below concern

levels at novaluron’s solubility limit. Therefore, although the BCF value of novaluron is

consistent with highl y bioaccumulative chemicals, it does not appear that risk exceeds

concern levels to non

- target birds or mammals that consume contaminated aquatic

o rganisms

.

Threatened and Endangered Species

Federally listed species co

- located in states, districts, or commonwealths, known to

produce the crops upon which the pesticide will be used were identified using the

LOCATES database (query performed on 4 / 11 /1 1 ). Species on which direct and indirect

effects may occur due to the proposed new uses are presented in Ap pendix G and

summarized by taxa in the following Table 1

.

Table 1. Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses of Novaluron

Listed Taxa Direct Effects Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi

- aquatic

plants

– monocots Yes 1 

### Yes

Terrestrial and semi

- aquatic

plants

– dicots Yes 1 

### Yes

Birds Yes Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians Yes Yes

Reptiles Yes Yes

Mammals Yes Yes

Terrestrial insects Yes Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Yes

Mollusks Yes Yes

Marine/estuarine fish Yes 1 

### Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates Yes Yes

1 

### Risk to taxon based on direct effects is presumed due to lack of data.

### Page 7 of 106 1.4 Key Data Gaps and Uncertainties

Data gaps

**•** Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Seedling Emergence (850.4100):

Since novaluron is proposed for outdoor use, a seedling emergence study is

required on terrestrial plants. It is noted that this product has been previously

registered on ornamental s, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica,

tomato, sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens,

sorghum, fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry

bean, swiss chard, and sweet corn, and nov aluron may not be lethal to many

plants up to the previously registered application rates. However, effects on

terrestrial plant growth (height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are

unknown. Further, b ecause the proposed spray applications a re not limited on a

spatial or temporal scale, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed from

the proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC applications. A Tier I terrestrial plant

toxicity study should be conducted at the maximum labeled rate for novaluron

(0.91 lbs a.i./A).

**•** 2. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Vegetative Vigor (850.4150):

Since novaluron is proposed for outdoor use, a vegetative vigor study is required

on terrestrial plants. It is noted that this product has been previously regis tered on

ornamentals, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica, tomato,

sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens, sorghum,

fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry bean, swiss

chard, and sweet corn, and novaluron may not be lethal to many plants up to the

previously registered application rates. However, effects on terrestrial plant

growth (height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are unknown.

Further, b ecause the proposed s pray applications are not limited on a spatial or

temporal scale, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed from the

proposed Rimon 10EC applications. A Tier I terrestrial plant toxicity study

should be conducted at the maximum labeled rate for n ovaluron (0.91 lbs a.i./A).

**•** 3. Avian Oral Toxicity (850.2100) Avian acute oral toxicity data are not

available for a passerine species, which are required under the new 40 CFR Part

158. T oxicity data on passerines may indicate that risks to passerine species are

underestimated in this risk assessment.

**•** 4. Estuarine/Marine Fish Early Life

- Stage Test (850.1400) Due to novaluron’s

persistence in the water, aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- lives ranged 9.7

- 19.7

days, chronic toxicity data of novaluron expos ure is required on estuarine/marine

fish. Risk to this taxon will be presumed in the absence of data

.

**•** 5

. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040 ) Previou s ecological risk assessments for

proposed new uses of novaluron identified a field test for pollinators as a data gap

because the toxicity of novaluron on hive viability was not assessed up to the

### Page 8 of 106 labeled maximum application rate and was not tested on a c rop registered or

proposed for use in the United States. In concurrence with the Office of Pesticide

Programs, the registrant agreed to modify label language in lieu of conducting a

field study: improve pollinator advisory and remove label statements that allow

novaluron to be sprayed on blooms (DP 383269). EFED is still waiting to review

the label amendment. Because the RIMON® SUPRA 10 EC Insecticide label

does not limit the spatial or temporal application of novaluron on spray

applications of crickets, a field study for pollinators is also a data gap for this risk

assessment. However, protective label language that prohibits applications to

blooming flowers would obv iate the need for a field study.

**•** 6. Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Test (850.1300) This study is needed for

both degradates of concern, chlorophenyl urea and chloroanaline. Based on

previous assessments, toxicity data on chlorophenyl urea ind icate that the

degradate is in some cases more toxic to certain t axa than the parent novaluron

. However, a direct comparison between the toxicity of the parent and chlorophenyl

urea on the developmental effects to aquatic invertebrates (a stage very sensitive

to parent novaluron) cannot be made. For chlor o analine, no ecotoxicity data is

av ailable to make a comparison of toxicity with the parent. Aquatic invertebrate

life cycle tests will help establish a baseline comparison of the relative toxicities

between novaluron and both degradates.

Uncertainties

The California turf (CA Turf RLF) and C alifornia residential (CA Res RLF) California

Red

- legged Frog scenarios were used to model novaluron turf and residential uses. The

extent to which the CA Turf RLF and CA Res RLF scenarios provide representative

EECs as compared to standard PRZM/EXAMS sce narios is uncertain.

The proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10 EC label does not restrict the number of annual

applicatons for outdoor perimeter treatments; therefore, EFED assessed the single

maximum application rate because the yearly maximum application rate is not specified.

2

. PROBLEM FORMULATION

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for the ecological

risk assessment being conducted for the proposed new uses of the insecticide novaluron.

As such, it articulates the purpose and objectives of the risk assessment, evaluates the

nature of the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing the data and characterizing risk

(US EPA 1998).

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in

RIMON® SUPRA 10 EC Insecticide (9.3% a.i.) , for the indoor and outdoor control of

roaches and crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the ecological risk assessment incl ude

### Page 9 of 106 perimeter treatments of buildings ( e.g. building perimeter and foundation, doors and

window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees, tree holes, mulched areas,

and other locations where insects may harbor ( e.g. garbage areas). RIMON® S UPRA

10 EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration ) liquid to be applied via a

low

- pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1 .2 oz of finished spray, or 0.000188 lbs

a.i., per sq. yard. The RIMON® SUPRA 10 EC label neither state s the maxim um

number of applicatons for outdoor uses nor the possible minimum application interval.

The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is for the control of mosquito

larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P ( 0 .12%

a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (0.12% a.i.). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% P and

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% CRD products, formulated as pellets and control rods,

respectively, are to be applied to small standing bodies of water which support mosquito

larval development, or to dry areas prior to flooding. The proposed labels prohibit

application of novaluron to pooled water that drains into natural water bodies. The labels

specify that re

- treatment should occur every 90 days. Based on labeled application rates,

novaluron co ncentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation (3 ppm).

2.2 S tressor Source and Distribution

2.2.1 Nature of Chemical Stressor

Novaluron is an insect growth regulating insecticide in the benzoylphenyl urea family

which acts on the target pest larval stage by inhibiting chitin biosynthesis blocking cuticle

formation. Novaluron is a chiral compound containing a racemic mixture of t wo

enantiomers (R,S). The available environmental fate and ecological effects data on

novaluron represents only the racemic mixture. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure

of novaluron.

Figure 1. Chemical structure of novaluron.

Novaluron has low vap or pressure (1.2 x 10

- 7 

### mm Hg), low water solubility (3 ppb), and

high soil adsorption coefficient (K

oc 

### = 6,680

- 11,813). The low water solubility plus

high soil adsorption coefficient indicates novaluron's st rong adsorption to soil and its

limited abili ty to leach into groundwater

.

Novaluron's major rout e of degradation is microbial degradation. Soil and aqueous

degr adation half

- lives range from 7

- 32 days and 10

- 51 days, respectively. Novaluron is

stable to hydrolysis (T 1/2 

### = 101 days) and soil photodegradation (T 1/2 

### = 257 days) and

aqueous photolysis (T 1/2 

### = 187 days).

### Page 10 of 106 The high lipophilicity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to

bioaccumulate. A bioconcentration study using bluegill sunfish reported the highest

mean bioconcentratio n factor in whole fish of 14,43 1. The physical and chemical

properties of novaluron are listed in Table 1

.

Table 1. Physical

- chemical P roperties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

Common Name Novaluron

Chemical Name (IUPAC) (RS)

- 1

- [3

- Chloro

- 4 (1,1,2

- trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]

- 3

- (2,6

- d ifluorobenzoy1)ur ea Product Chemistry

Molecular Weight 492.7 Product Chemistry

Molecular Formula C 17 H 9 ClF 8 N 2 0 4 Product Chemistry

Vapor Pressure 1.2 X 10

- 7 mm Hg Product Chemistry

Octanol/water Partition Coefficient (Kow) 4.3 MRID 45638405

Water Solubility 3 μg/L @ 25o C Product Chemistry

Henry’s Law Constant 2.0 Pa m 3 /mol

- 1 Calculated from vapor

pressure and water solubility.



### Degradates

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites identified by the Health

Effects Division (HED) to be of human drinking water concern (MARC, 2004). The

chloroaniline moiety, thought to be associated with the most pronounced toxicological

effects of novaluron, is conserved in b oth metabolites. Figure 2 shows the molecular

structure s of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline

.

Figure 2 . Chemical structure of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline

### Page 11 of 106 Chlorophenyl urea (275

- 3521) occurred in aerobic soil metabolism at the maximum of

26.6% of the applied parent at 7 days post treatment. Based on the McCall et al., 1980

cla ssification system the chlorophenyl urea appears to have low to slight mobility in soil

( K

oc 

### values range fr om 1

, 950 to 2

, 56 3). Comparisons of t oxicity data (DP 340579+)

show that chlorophenyl urea is orders of magnitude less toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Based on a review of the previously assessed toxicity ( Appendix A ) and fate data for

chlorophenyl urea, chloropheny l urea is less of a concern to aquatic organisms than

novaluron based on chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to

toxicity endpoints. Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea toxicity to aquatic organisms

will not be assessed; how ever, risk to terrestrial organisms will be assessed where data

are available ( i.e. terrestrial invertebrates).

Chloroaniline occurred at a maximum of 8.5% of applied in the a erobic soil metabolism

study at 120 days posttreatment, the last sampling interval (MRID 44961009)

. Additionally, it is expected that chloroaniline is formed from the further degradation of

the major degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275

- 352I) (MRIDs: 45638205 and 45789203).

In the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study, at the last s ampling interval, i.e ., 363 days

posttreatment, the maximum of 32% of the applied occurred in the soil and 49.8% in the

total system. This includes soil and volatilized chloroaniline. Chloroaniline has the

potential to be volatile (i.e., its estimated va por pressure exceeds 10

- 4 

### mmHg), more

mobile (K

oc 

### (an estimated value) = 5

, 899) and more persistent than the parent.

Degradation rates for chloroaniline could not be calculated due to the lack of formation

and decline data. No ecotoxicity data is availabl e on chloroanaline; chloroanaline is not

further considered in this ecological risk assessment.

The physical and chemical properties of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are listed in

Table 2

.

Table 2

. Physical

- chemical Properties of Chlorophenyl Urea and Chloroaniline

Parameter Value Reference

Chlorophenyl Urea

Molecular Weight 352.6 g/mole Product Chemistry

Water Solubility 33 ppm Product Chemistry



### Chloroaniline

Molecular Weight 310.6 g/mole Product Chemistry

Water Solubility 10.6 ppm Product Chemistry



### 2.2.2 Mode of Action

Novaluron is a non

- systemic benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulating insecticide that

inhibits chitin biosynthesis and inter feres in cuticle formation in insects belonging to the

orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera, and Diptera . Novaluron mediated disruption

of cuticle development in insects leads to abn ormal endocuticular deposition

, abortive

molting, and adverse effects on insect growth and development. Novaluron acts

primarily by ingestion , but also has some contact activity. Novaluron has no effect on

adult insects that have completed all successive molts.

### Page 12 of 106 2.2.3 Proposed Uses

P roposed Section 3 novaluron uses are formulated under three new product labels as

presented in Table 3

. P roposed ind oor uses of Rimon Supra 10 EC are not expected to

result in significant ecological exposure because indoor uses have limited pathways for

outdoor exposure; and therefore, are not evaluated in this assessment. The proposed

outdoor uses are relevant to this ecological risk assessment.

Table 3 . Propos ed New Uses for Novaluron

Product Targeted Areas Target Insects

R IMON® SUPRA 10 EC

Insecticide Outdoor uses : outdoor perimeter and spray spot

treatments around garbage areas, tree bases, tree

holes, mulched beds, and other areas harboring

insects.

Indoor uses C rickets

: spot and crack and crevice, warehouses,

food handling establishments (food and non

- food

areas), spray and general surface application (when

facility is not in operation or when food is covered)

and stored food warehouses.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P Outdoor uses Mosquito : Wet areas including u ncultivated

agricultural and non

- agricultural non

- food areas,

dredging soil sites, drainage areas, ditches, waste

water treatment facilities, dairy or poultry lagoons,

other animal waste lagoons, livestock run

- off lagoons,

sewage effluent, retention ponds, harvested timber

stacks, swales, storm wate r drainage areas, sewers,

catch basins, tree holes, bird baths, landfills, rain

barrels, flooded rooftops, abandoned swimming pools,

gutters, junk abandoned vehicles, water holding

receptacles, ( e.g. , tires, urns, flower pots, cans, &

other containers ) and other natural and manmade

depressions ; Dry areas prior to flooding larvae in small

water bodies

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD



### The proposed Rimon Supra 10EC label specifies an application rate of 1.2 oz of finished

spray per square yard of treated area

. The finished spray is prepared by adding the

maximum of 3.1 ounces per gallon of water :

Given that there are 4,840 square yards in an acre, if an entire acre were treated at the

specified application rate the total application would be 0.91 lbs a.i./A (1.02 kg/ha).

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label neither restricts the number of applicatons for outdoor

perimeter and spot treatments nor mentions the possible minimum application in terval.

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications. I n

the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product

### Page 13 of 106 label it is stated that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature

st ages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [ hatching eggs (nymphs) for [ 180 days]

[26 weeks] [6 months] ]. " EFED assessed a single maximum application rate because a

yearly maximum application rate is not specified. Based on the fate and persistence of

novaluron, a second application roughly six months later would not appreciably alter the

EECs nor the risk conclusions of this assessment. EFED assessed the perimeter and spot

treatment use s of novaluron at 1.0, 5.0, 10, 25, and 100% of a 10 hectare watershed to

investigate aquatic exposure and risk at various scales . For terrestrial exposure

, the

maximum application rate (0.091 lbs ai/A) was modeled.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are formulated into hard, wax

pellets and “ r ods ” (large solid pellets) , respectively, for place ment in containers of water,

wet areas, and dry areas prior to flooding, which must not drain into natural water bodies

, that may harbor mosquito larvae

. The wax formulations disintegrate slowly and absorb

to the area being treated

, retain ing effectiveness through multiple wetting and drying

events; t he labels direct re

- treatment every 90 days. Based on labeled application rates,

novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation (3 ppm) and stay

saturated until the pellets or rods have completely disintegrated

.

2.3 Previous Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects Risk Assessments

Novaluron has previously been registered via six labels for nation

- wide insecticidal use

on orna mentals plants, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica, tomato,

sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens, sorghum, fruiting

and curcurbit vegetables, low grow berries (crop subgroup), snap and dry bean, Swiss

char d, and sweet corn. 1 

### Emergency use exemptions of the insecticide have been

approved for use on strawberry in Florida and California. 2 

### The single maximum

application rates for these uses range from 0.078 to 0.32 lbs a.i./A, with the highest

maximum annual application rate of 0.972 lbs a.i./A registered for stone fruit.

Previous risk assessments in support of these registrations have determined that for some

novaluron uses, there are potential adverse direct effects to aquatic invertebrates,

mammals and birds (on a chronic basis), terrestrial insects, and terrestrial plants

( presumed due to lack of data). A comprehensive list of previous environmental fate and

ecological risk assessments for novaluron is found in Appendix B

.

In a risk assessment dated November 27 th 

### , 2009 (DP36 4 309 and DP364313), n ovaluron

was determined to meet the classification criteria for a persistent, bioaccumulative, and

toxic chemical, although certain properties of novaluron mitigate its ecological risk ( e.g.

persistence of nov aluron is <60 days is most environments). A bioaccumulation

assessment evaluated the potential for novaluron bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms to

affect birds and mammals that consume contaminated aquatic prey. The assessment was

1 

### These actions are associated with the following DP Barcodes: 318619, 285499, 285479,

287624, 297230, 321545, 358376, 364309, 364313, and 378620.

2 

### These actions are associated with the DP barcodes 357484 and 364391.

### Page 14 of 106 performed using the K ABAM model (version 1.0, April 2009) and did not identify

potential risks at the Agency’s Levels of Concern to birds or mammals that consume

aquatic organisms.

2 .4 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk

The ecosystems at risk are often extensive in scope, and as a result it may not be possible

to identify specific ecosystems during the development of a baseline risk assessment.

However, in general terms, terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk from th e proposed

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label to control of crickets could include the area treated and

naturalized sites immediately adjacent to the treated area that may receive runoff. Spray

drift as a result of the application of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC via a low pre ssure sprayer

is expected to be negligible. Terrestrial a reas adjacent to the treated site could include

cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, meadows, fallow fields or grasslands,

woodlands, riparian habitats and other uncultivated areas. Aquatic ecosystems

potentially at risk from applications to control crickets include water bodies adjacent to,

or down stream from, the treated area and might include impounded bodies such as

ponds, lakes and reservoirs, or flowing waterways such as streams or riv ers. For uses in

coastal areas, aquatic habitat also includes marine ecosystems, including estuaries.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labels restrict application to

sites that do not drain into natural water bodies. The ecosystem at immedia te risk from

the control of mosquito larvae would be the treated area. For certain proposed uses

, i t is

assumed that there is negligible transport of novaluron from the site of application based

on the scale of use or the assumption that the potential pat hway to natural waterbodies is

incomplete ( e.g. landfill) ; these uses include tree holes, bird baths, landfills, flooded roof

tops, abandoned swimming pools, rain barrels, gutters, wast e water treatment facilities,

abandoned vehicles, water holding receptables ( e.g. tires, urns, flower pots, cans & other

containers), and potable water containers for both humans and animals. For the

remaining uses, EFED cannot preclude a potentially compl ete exposure pathway to

natural water bodies based on ambiguity in the use site ( e.g. sewers) and/or on the

implicit nature of the use sites’ connect ion with natural water bodies ( e.g. ditches) ; these

proposed use sites include sewers, uncultivated agricul ture and non

- agricultural non

- food

areas, dedging spoil sites, drainage areas, ditches, sewage effluent, retention ponds,

harvested timber stacks, swales, storm water drainage areas, catch basins, junk yards,

dairy or poultry lagoons, other animal waste la goons, livestock runoff lagoons, and other

natural and manmade depressions.

As an example of a complete exposure pathway , Angelune Des Lauriers et al . (2006)

evaluated concentrations of the biopesticide methoprene for mosquito larvae control in

treated catch basins, areas receiving outflow from storm drainage systems. The study

also evaluated the concentration of methroprene in water flushed out of the catch basins

via a storm sewer outfall into the immediate watershed. This study found detectable

conc entrations of methoprene in the storm sewer outfall, demonstrating that at least for

the proposed novaluron use in catch basins, there is a potentially complete exposure

pathway to natural waterbodies. It also suggests that novaluron concentrations in wat er

### Page 15 of 106 running out the treated area may be high enough to cause adverse effects in aquatic

ecosystems. Natural water bodie s are at potential risk from some of the proposed

novaluron uses to control mosquito larvae; however, risk to these natural water bodies

cannot be assessed quantitatively. Risk to the ecosystem directly treated with novaluron

will be assessed quantitatively.

2.5 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected,

defined by an ecolo gical entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute or

characteristics (EPA, 1998). For novaluron , the ecological entities may include the

following: birds, mammals, freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and

invertebrate s, terrestrial plants, insects, and aquatic plants and algae. Birds are used as

surrogates for reptiles and terrestrial

- phase amphibians and freshwater fish are used as

surrogates for aquatic

- phase amphibians. The attributes for each of these entities may

include growth, reproduction, and survival

.

This assessment quantitatively evaluates the potential risk to fish fro m the proposed

novaluron control of mosquito larvae; however, fish are not expected to be present in

contai ned, small water bodies and as such are used as a surrogate for aquatic

- phase

herpetafauna. Likewise, estuarine/marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants are not

expected to be present in areas supporting contained, small water bodies and risks to

these taxa are quantitatively asses sed for the proposed spray applications of novaluron

only.

2.6 Conceptual Model

2. 6 .1 Risk Hypotheses

For novaluron, the following ecological risk hypotheses are being employed for

this baseline risk assessment:

**•** Terrestrial and aquatic organisms are subject to adverse direct effects such as reduced

survival, growth, and reproduction when exposed to novaluron residues as a result of

labeled use of the pesticide.

**•** Non

- target terrestrial, semi

- aquatic, and aquatic p lants are subject to adverse effects

such as reductions in vegetative vigor and seedling emergence (terrestrial) or biomass

and growth rate (aquatic) when exposed to novaluron residues as a result of labeled

use of the pesticide.

**•** Indirect effects, such a s food web dynamics, perturbing forage or prey availability,

and altering the extent and nature of nesting, will potentially occur if residue

concentrations exceed levels of concern for acute or chronic exposure for terrestrial

and/or aquatic species.

### Page 16 of 106 **•** Li sted species are subject to adverse effects if calculated risk quotients exceed acute

Listed or chronic levels of concern.

2.6 .2 Conceptual Diagram

The potential exposure pathways and effects of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC and the

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 formulations in terrestrial and aquatic environments are depicted

in Figure 3 . Solid arrows represent the most likely routes of exposure; dashed lines

represent poten tial routes of exposure that are not considered likely for novaluron.

The source and mechanism of release of novaluron for control of crickets is direct

deposition and runoff and/or erosion following rainfall events ; spray drift as a result of

applicati ons of novaluron via a low pressure sprayer is expected to be negligible. The

source and mechanism of release of novaluron for control of mosquito larvae is direct

application to the water body. For quantitative assessment, i t is assumed that novaluron

w ill be contained at the treated site, a natural or manmade depression in dry or wet

conditions, which does not drain into natural water bodies; a qualitative assessment will

evaluate novaluron runoff/erosion into natural water bodies from the mosquito larv acide

use. The conceptual model and subsequent analysis of exposure and effects are based on

novaluron and chlorophenyl urea. Surface water runoff from area of application is

assumed to follow topography.

### Page 17 of 106 Figure 3 . Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential

effects to terrestrial and aquatic organ isms from the use of novaluron.

2.7 Analysis Plan

The analysis plan for the proposed new uses of novaluron outlines the basic components

of the baseline risk assessment. This document characterizes the environmental fate of

novaluron to assess the extent to which non

- target organisms might be exposed thr ough

the proposed uses of th e insecticide

. The toxicity of novaluron is characterized based

primarily on registrant

- submitted guideline toxicity tests, but includes additional toxicity

information from open literature . The majority of open literature is acquire d through the

Agency’s ECOTOX database ( http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ )

. Estimat ed exposure and

effects are integrated to calculate risk quotients (RQs) for non

- target

endangered/threatened (listed) and non

- listed animals and plants. These RQs are

compared to pre

- determined levels

- of

- concern (LOCs) to screen out those taxa to which

novaluron appears not to pose unacceptable risk ( See Appendix C ) . The determination Stressor

Source/

Transport

Pathways Direct

Deposition Runoff/ Erosion Leaching

(Infiltration/

Source/

Exposure

Media Terrestrial Food

Residues (foliage,

fruit, insects Upland

Foliage/Soil Riparian/

Wetland

Foliage/Soil Receiving Water

Body/ Sediment Groundwater

Exposure

Route Ingestion Direct

contact/ Root

Uptake Direct

contact/ Root

Uptake Gill/ Integument

Uptake

Receptors

Attribute

Changes Terrestrial

Vertebrates

Birds, Mammals,

Reptiles, Terrestrial

Phase Amphibians Terrestrial

Upland

Plants

Individual Animals

Reduced

survival

Reduced growth

Reduced

reproduction Aquatic

Invertebrates

Aquatic

Vertebrates Wetland/

Riparian

Plants

Individual Plants

Seedling

emergence

Vegetative vigor Individual vertebrates

and invertebrates

Reduced

survival

Reduced

growth

Reduced

reproduction Plant

population

Reduced

population

growth Aquatic

Plants

Uptake/

Adsorption Ingestion up the

Food Chain

Piscivourous

Vertebrates

Birds, Mammals

Individual Animals

Reduced

survival

Reduced

growth

Reduced

reproduction Volatilization Stressors of Concern Applied

Outdoors and to Contained Small

Water Bodies

### Page 18 of 106 of which non

- target organisms may and m ay not be at risk from novaluron exposure will

be considered under the requirements of FIFRA and ESA.

3. EXPOSURE SUMMARY

3.1 Use Characterization

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide ( EPA Reg. No. 66222

- ERT, 9.3% a.i.), for the

indoor and outdoor control of roaches and crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the

ecological risk assessment include perimeter treatments of buildings ( e.g. building

foundation, doors and window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees,

tree holes, mulched areas, and other locations where insects may harbor ( e.g. garbage

areas). The proposed indoor uses of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC occur in enclosed

environments and are assumed by EFED to have no complete exposure pathways to

ecological receptors; and therefore, are not evaluated in this assessment.

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration) liquid to

be applied via a low

- pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1.2 oz of finished spray,

or 0.000188 lbs a.i., per sq. yard (see Appendix D for calculation)

. EFED calculated a

maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the proposed RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot treatments.

Consistent with EFED’s standard scenarios used to model surface water runoff ( PRZM

and EXAMS models)

, it is conservatively assumed that a 10 ha watershed is treated with

novaluron in a single day. This assumption is realistic when cons idering the pest

management operations for a large retirement community or town home association.

However, RIMON® SUPRA 10EC is unlikely to always be applied to an entire 10 ha

surface area (including ground and building foundations) for a single application

. Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at

1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 ha) to bound the environmental

exposure to aquatic ecosystems at estimated high and low use ra tes ( Table 4 )

. For

terrestrial exposure modeling, the maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) is modeled

assum ing more than one acre may be treated with novaluron at one time.

Table 4

. One Outdoor Perimeter and Spot Treatment Application (0.0001 88 lbs

a.i./sq. yard) of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Assessed at Various Percentages of a

Treated Hectare for Aquatic Risk Determination

Percent of Watershed

Treated Lbs. a.i./A Kg/ha

100% 0.91 1.02

25% 0.23 0.26

10% 0.09 0.10

5.0% 0.05 0.056

1.0% 0.01 0.011

### Page 19 of 106 The proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label neither states the maximum number of

applicatons for outdoor uses nor the possible minimum application interval.

In the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product

label it is sta ted that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature

stages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [ hatching eggs (nymphs) for [ 180 days]

[26 weeks] [6 months] ]. " EFED assessed a single maximum application rate because a

yearly maximu m application rate is not specified.

T he second proposed Section 3 N ew U se registration is for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

(EPA Reg. No. 66222

- EGR, 0.12%) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (EPA Reg. No.

66222

- EGE, 0.12%) for control of mosquito larvae for up to 90 days in small water

bodies that may harbor mosquito larvae

, which do not drain into natural water bodies

( e.g. bird baths, tree holes, and animal waste lagoons)

. MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD work only in the larval stages of mosquitoes ; therefore, it is

best to apply at the be ginning of the mosquito season. MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are to be applied every 90 days.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P is formulated as a 0.2g pellet containing 0.000 24 g of

novaluron. The MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P label directs application of 5

- 10 ounces per 100

sq. ft. of surface area; for a water body of 500 gallons, the label recommends roughly 5

ounces (~150g) of pellets (758 pellets). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD is formulated as

rods (larger pellets) of approximatel y 18 g of 0.0216 g of novaluron and labeled for

application to larger water bodies; for a water body of 500 gallons, it can be inferred that

20 rods (363g) containing 0.44 g of novaluron are recommended. Based on these labeled

application rates, novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation

(3 ppm) and stay saturated until the pellets or rods have completely disintegrated. The

proposed 90 day maximum applications rate for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are presented in Table 5 . Although the proposed

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labeled use volumes are lower than for MOSQUIRONTM

0.12 P, MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD control rods are intended for larger water bodies;

neither label proposes a maximum water volume for the treated water body.

Table 5. Application Rates for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD at the Maximum Application Rates per

Water Volume

Water Volume

(Liters) Maximum Number of Pellets

Applied Maximum

Application Rate

(Grams)

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

2.0 2 

### 0.4

7.6 8 

### 1.6

76 76 

### 15.2

379 380 

### 76

1891 758 

### 152

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD

### Page 20 of 106 189.5 2 

### 36.3

379 4 

### 72.6

569 6 

### 108.9

758 8 

### 145.2

3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

Novaluron laboratory and field studies indicate runoff of entrained sediments is most

likely dissipation pathway for off

- site movement of novaluron. Novaluron degradation in

soil and water is controlled by microbia l

- mediated processes. Novaluron degrades to

form chlorophenyl urea and 2,6

- difluorobenzoic acid. Hydrolysis of degradation pro ducts

leads to the formatio n of chloroaniline from chlorophenyl urea and 2,6

difluorobenzamide from 2,6

- difluorobenzoic acid.

Novaluron is a chiral compound containing a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R,S).

The available enviro nmental fate and ecological effects data on novaluron represents only

the racemic mixture. Additional data on individual enantiomers may be required if the

registrant chooses to develop isomeric e nriched products of novaluron. Based on

submitted environmental fate data and reported physical

- chemical properties novaluron is

not mobile and should not persist in most environments ( Table 6 ).

Table 6

. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

PC Code 124002

CAS Number 1167

- 46

- 6 Toxnet

Chemical (CAS) Name [[[3

- Chloro

- 4

- [I, 1,2

- trifluoro

- 2

- (trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]

- amino]carbonyl]

- 2,6

-

difluorobenzamide

IUPAC Name RS)

- 1

- [3

- Chloro

- 4 (1,1,2

- trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]

- 3

- (2,6

- difluorobenzoy1)urea

Molecular Formula C 17 H 9 C1FsN 2 0 4 Toxnet

Molecular Weight 492.7 Toxnet

Water Solubility (pH 6, 20 o C) 3 μg/L at 20o C MRID 45638203

Henry’s law constant (K H ) 2.0 Calculated from vapor

pressure and water solubility.

Melting Point 177.5 Toxnet

Octanol

- Water Partition

Coefficient

(log K

ow , 25°C) 4.3 MRID 45638405

Vapor pressure (20/25°C) 1.2 x 10

- 7 mm Hg Toxnet

Hydrolysis at 25 "C Stable at pH 5 and 7

T l/2 = 101 days (at pH 9) MRID 44961008

Photolysis in Water T l/2 = 187 days MRID 45638203

Photodegradation on Soil T l/2 = 257 days MRID 45638204

Aerobic aquatic metabolism T l/2 = 9.7

- 19.7 days MRID 45638206

Aerobic soil metabolism T l/2 = 7

- 31.9 days MRID 44961009

MRID 44961010

### Page 21 of 106 Table 6

. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

Anaerobic soil metabolism T l/2 = 49

- 51 days MRID 45638205

MRID 45789203

Terrestrial field dissipation T l/2 = 20

- 178 days (US, Canada, Spain,

and Germany) MRID 45638403

Bioaccumulation in fish BCF = 14,431 MRID 45638215



### 3.2.1 Degradation

Novaluron is not persis tent in soil laboratory studies; h owever, it appears to be more

persistent in some field studies under actual use conditions. Novaluron persistence in

field soils may be partially explained by temperature effects on metabolism; greater

persistence is found in co oler climates.

Laboratory studies s uggest that novaluron’s major route of disappearance is microbially

mediated degradation. Novaluron degradation rates in aerobic soil appear to be

d ependent on temperature. At 20o C, novaluron metabolizes with half

- lives ranging from

7 to 14.5 days to fo rm chlorophenyl urea (275

- 352I) and chloroaniline ( 275

-

309I ) (MRIDs: 449 61009 and 44961010). At 10o C, novaluron degrades slower (t 1/2 

### = 31.9 days) (MRID 44961009). In aquatic environments under stratified redox conditions

(aerobic conditions in water and anaerobic conditions in soil) the chemical metabolizes

with total system half

- lives of 9.7 and 19.7 days (MRID 45638206). Under anaerobic

conditions in water

- soil systems, novaluron degrades slower with total system half

- lives

of 49 and 51 days (MRIDs: 45 638205 and 45789203). A proposed transformation

pathway in aquatic environments indicates novaluron forms 1

- [3

- chloro

- 4

- (1,1,2

-

trifluoro

- 2

- trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl urea (275

- 352I) and 2,6

- difluorobenzoic acid

(275

- 158I, DFBA) through amide hydrolysis . Further hydrolysis of 275

- 352I yields 3

-

chloro

- 4

- (1,1,2

- trifluoro

- 2

- trifluoromethoxyethoxy)aniline (275

- 309I) and hydrolysis of

275

- 158I yields 2,6

- difluorobenzamide (275

- 157I) (MRID 5638206).

Novaluron was stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9 (pH 9 t 1/2 

### = 101 days (25o C) MRID

44961008) and stable to both soil photodegradation (t 1/2 

### = 257 days, MRID 45638204 )

and aqueous photolysis (t /2 

### = 1 87 days, MRID 45638203). At 50o C in pH 9 buffer

solution, however, novaluron appears to hydrolyze rapidly w ith a half

- life of 1.2 days.

3.2.2 Dissipation

Novaluron tends to strongly adsorb to soil and sediment, and it is stable to abiotic

processes. Novaluron has a very low potential to reach ground water. During surface

runoff conditions, novaluron may reach water bodies as bound to soil particles and will

likely partition into sediments once in surface water.

Novaluron tends to adsorb strongly to soil and sediment. The mean K d 

### values ranged

from 95 to 247 ml/g, and K

oc 

### values from 6,650 to 11,813 (MR ID 44961012). There was

no linear relationship between the soil organic carbon content and the K d 

### values for

different soils. Thus, the K

oc 

### model may not be appropriate. Because novaluron was

### Page 22 of 106 tested only at one concentration, Freundlich adsorption/desorption coefficients could not

be calculated.

The high sorptive properties of novaluron indicate a low potentia l for leaching to ground

water. In t he field dissipation study conducted in North America, sites located in CA,

LA, NY, WA, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, novaluron residues were not detected above

0.0851 ppm (Nova Scotia) in the 15

- 30 cm soil depth and above 0.0606 ppm (Ontario) in

the 30

- 45 cm soil depths (MRID 45789204). In all sites, total water inputs (rainfall plus

irrigation) were greater than the 10

- year average rainfall except for the No va Scotia site.

Novaluron ( RIMON® SUPRA 10EC ) was not detected above the LOQ (10 ppb) at any

sampling interval or in any replicate sample in the 10

- 20 cm soil depth when applied to

bare soil in Spain and Germany (MRID 45638403). In these foreign studies pan

evaporation data were not reported to assess whether sufficient moisture was present in

the soil t o facilitate leaching of the test substance. Irrigation was not applied to any of the

test plots during the study trials and monthly rainfall data indicated that in the first 3 to 7

months rainfall was below historical average.

In a microcosm study, nova luron exhibited water column DT 9O 

### values ranging from 12 to

20 days for three different test concentrations ( i.e. , 5, 15, and 50 g a.i./ha t reatment level;

MRID 45785801). Only low concentrations of novaluron were detected in sediment,

demons trating poten tial for microbial degradation. This was confirmed by the presence

of the main degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275

- 352I), in the water column of three out of

five tested concentration and in soil of th e highest tested concentration. Chlorophenyl

urea (275

- 3 52I) was the only degradate analyzed in water and sediment.

3.2.3 Bioaccumulation

Novaluron appears to accumulate in edi ble and non

- edible fish tissues. In a standard

bioconcentration study using the bluegill sunfish, the highest mean bioconcentration

factor (B CF) in whole fish was 14,431 x. The half

- life for clearance of residues in the

bluegill was 3.9 to 7.3 days for whole fish (MRID 45638215), sugges ting that, while

initial bioconcentration is high, changes in fish tissue would closely follow the

dissipation pattern of novaluron in water.

3.2.4 Degradates of Concern

The Health Effects Division identified novaluron metabolites c hlorophenyl urea and

chloro aniline as residues of concern for drinking water (MARC, 2004). HED believes

chlorophenyl urea shares similar toxicity as the parent because chlorophenyl urea can

further degrade to chloroaniline, which is known to cause similar toxicological effects as

th e parent.

3.2.4.1 Chlorophenyl urea

The major novaluron degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275

- 352I), was formed in aerobic

soil metabolism at a maximum rate of 26.6% of the applied parent at 7 days post treatment

### Page 23 of 106 (MRID 44961009). Its aerobic soil metabolism half

- lives estimated from the formation

and decline curves (MRID 44 961009) are 46.5 and 45.9 days. Based on the McCall et

al., 1980 classification system the degradate appears to have low to slight mobility in soil

(K

oc 

### values range from 1950 to 2563 L/kg ; MRID 45638201). The Freundlich isotherm,

however, may not adequately represent adsorption of the compound across all

concentrations (the 1/n values were not within the range o f 0.9 to 1.1). Based on a

laboratory study, novaluron degradates appear to ha ve a very low potential f or leaching

into ground water. Chlorophenyl urea (275

- 352I) has the potential to reac h surface water

through runoff.

3.3 Monitoring Data

There were no available monitoring data at the time of this assessment (March, 2011).

3.4 Aquatic Concentration Estimates

3.4.1 PRZM/EXAMS Modeling for the Rimon Supra 10 EC Label for

Outdoor Perimeter and Spot Treatment Uses

Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for aquatic ecosystems assessments for

Rimon Supra 10 EC were estimated ba sed on EFED’s Tier II aquatic models: PRZM

( P esticide R oot Z one M odel) and EXAMS ( EX posure A nalysis M odeling S ystem).

PRZM is used to simulate pesticide transport as a result of runoff and erosion from a 10

- ha agricultural field and EXAMS considers the env ironmental fate and transport of

pesticides and predicts EECs in an adjacent small water body (10,000

- m 2 

### pond, 2 m deep

with no outlet), with the assumption that the small field is cropped at 100%. The model

is designed to estimate pesticide concentrations found in water at the edge of the treated

field. As such, it provides high

- end values of the pesticide concentrations that might be

found in ecologically sensitive environments following pesticide application. The linked

PRZM

- EXAMS modeling system considers multi

- year simulations addressing runoff and

spray drift from multiple applications.

The location of the application is simulated using site

- specific information on the soils,

weather and mana gement factors associated with the scenario. The se scenario s are

intended to represent a high

- end exposure site

. Based on historical rainfall patterns, the

multiple runoff events to the small water body were simulated during a 30 year period.

Calculation s are carried out with the linkage program shell

- PE5V01.pl

- which

incorporates the standard scenarios developed by EFED. Additional information on these

models can be found at: http://www .epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm

.

The input parameters used in this assessment were selected from the environmental fate

data submitted by the registrant and in accordance with US EPA

- OPP EFED water model

parameter selection guidelines, Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides , Version 2.1, 2009

.

The scenarios were developed by EFED to represent nationwide high

- end vulnerable

### Page 24 of 106 sites to run

- off and erosion ; and therefore

, pesticide tran sport. The region specificity of

the scenarios may require that several regional s cenarios be run for pesticide use

depending on the need to capture the most conservative set of results based on the

differences in precipitation and s oil characteristics

. The CA Residential RLF, CA Turf

RLF, FL Turf Std., and PA Turf Std scenarios were model ed for the proposed RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use.

EECs in surfac e water were calculated for RIMON® SUPRA 

### outdoor perimeter and spot

treatments using the Tier II PRZM and EXAMS models. PRZM/EXAMS is based on a

standard scenario in which a ten

- hectare watershed is completely treated and drains into a

one

- hectare pond. In order to estimate conservative EECs fo r outdoor perimeter and spot

treatments it is assumed that a 10 hectare development such as a retirement com munity or

town home association, in which pesticide spraying is conducted under the auspices of a

single landscape maintenance program, is applied t hroughout the 10 hectartes on a single

day.

EFED calculated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot

treatments ; however, Rimon is unlikely to be applied over an entire 10 ha watershed

. Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at

0.1, 1.0, 10, 25, and 100% of a 10 ha watershed to estimate environmental exposure at

various scales

.

The RI MON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications.

For this assessment, the single application rate, at different scales, were modeled.

The PRZM/EXAMS model was employed to estimate novaluron concentrations in the

water column. Wa ter column EECs from spray applications of novaluron are used for

comparison with toxicity endpoints for fish

, invertebrates , and aquatic plants that live in

the water column. N ovaluron input parameters used in PRZM/EXAMS are list ed in

Table 7 and an exam ple PRZM/EXAMS output file is presented in Appendix E

.

Table 7 . PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Novaluron for Outdoor Perimeter

and Spot Treatment Uses

Parameter Input Value and Unit Source

Application Rate 1 1.02 kg/ha

– 100% of a watershed treated

0.2 55 kg/ha

– 25% of a watershed treated

0. 102kg/ha

– 10% of a watershed treated

0.05 kg/ha

– 5% of a watershed treated

0.0 1 0 kg/ha

– 1% of a watershed treated The maximum application

rate of 1.02 kg/ha per ha

calculated from product

label. The o t her application

rates are to 0.1, 1.0, 10 and

25% of a hectare

. Number of Applications 1 application Product Label

First Application Date

(day

- month) CA Res RLF 01

- 06

CA Tur RLF 01

- 06

FL Tuf Std 05

- 15

PA Turf Std 06

- 15 Cricket populations peak in

late spring in North America

Molecular Weight 492.7 g/mole Registrant Data

### Page 25 of 106 Table 7 . PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Novaluron for Outdoor Perimeter

and Spot Treatment Uses

Water Solubility @ 20° C 0.003 mg/L Registrant Data

Vapor Pressure 1.2 x 10

- 7 torr Registrant Data

Soil Partition Co

- efficient

K d 2 165 ml/g MRID 44961012

Hydrolysis t 1⁄2 **=** 0 days MRID 44961008

Aqueous Photolysis 3 Stable MRID 45638203

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 4

t 1⁄2 **=** 15.6 days MRIDs 44961009 and

44961010

Aerobic Aquatic

Metabolism Half

- life 5

t 1⁄2 **=** 21.9 days MRID 45638206

Anaerobic Aquatic

Metabolism Half

- life t 1⁄2 **=** 56.9 days MRIDs 45638205 and

45789203

Application Fraction

(percent applied) 5

Ground

– 1.0 Guidance for Selecting Input

parameters in Modeling the

Environmental Fate and

Transport of pesticides

(2009)

Spray Drift Fraction 6

Ground

– 1.0 Guidance for Selecting Input

parameters in Modeling the

Environmental Fate and

Transport of pesticides

(2009)

1 Calculation for maximum application of diluted RIMON® SUPRA 10EC for outdoor perimeter

and spot treatments:

( 0.0201 lbs. a.i.

2 An average soil adsorption constant, K d , out of f o ur soil adsorption K d values (133, 247, 184, and

95) was used.

3 The aqueous photolysis half

- life is assumed stable for modeling purposes. The half

- life of

photo degradation in water half

- life was estimated from extremely variable data within and

between labeled study concentration data (r2 ranged from 0.0039 to 0.65). Because novaluron

has a very long photodegradation half

- life, it is not expected to impact the confidence in

estimating environmental concentrations.

4 Upper confidence bound on the mean of the aerobic soil metabolism half

- life was used.

5 Since n=2 (aerobic t 1/2 : 15.7 and 9.7 days; anaerobic t 1/2 : 50.6 and 53.7 days), the upper confidence

bound on the mean aquatic metabolism half

- life was used.

6 Novaluron is applied as a spot treatment, 100 per cent application efficiency is assumed.



### The model ed res ults for all scenarios are presented in Table 8

. Peak EEC values were

used to determine acute risks. The 21

- day average EEC values were used to determine

chronic risks to aquatic invertebrates. The 60

- day average EEC values were used to

determine chronic risks to aquatic fish. An example PRZM/EXAMS output file from the

PE5 for ecological exposure assessment is presented in Appendix E

.

### Page 26 of 106 Table 8 . PRZM/EXAMS

- Estimated Concentrations of Novaluron in Surface Water

from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak



### μg/L 21

- day Average



### μg/L 60

- Day Average



### μg/L

100 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.13 0.09 0.06

CA Turf RLF 0.01 0.006 0.004

FL Turf 0.57 0.21 0.12

PA Turf 0.96 * 0.36 * 0.16 *

25 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res RLF 0.03 0.02 0.02

CA Turf RLF 0.003 0.002 0.001

FL Turf 0.14 0.05 0.03

PA Turf 0.24 * 0.09 * 0.04 *

10 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.01 0.009 0.006

CA Turf RLF 0.001 0.0007 0.0004

FL Turf 0.06 0.02 0.01

PA Turf 0.09 * 0.03 * 0.01 *

5 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.006 0.004 0.002

CA Turf RLF 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002

FL Turf 0.03 0.01 0.006

PA Turf 0.05 * 0.02 * 0.008 *

1 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.001 0.001 0.001

CA Turf RLF 0.0001 6.55e

- 005 4.08e

- 005

FL Turf 0.006 0.002 0.001

PA Turf 0.009 * 0.003 * 0.002 *

* An asterisk indicates the concentration used for r isk e stimation



### In Table 9

, PRZM/EXAMS benthic pore water EECs are presented for the scenarios that

produced the highest and lowest pore water EECs. All other modeled scenarios produced

benthic pore water EECs within the range bounded by a ground application s to PA Turf

and CA Turf

.

Table 9 . PRZM/EXAMS

- Estimated Pore Water Concentrations of Novaluron in

Surface Water from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak



### μg/L 21

- day Average



### μg/L 60

- Day Average



### μg/L

100 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.03 0.03 0.03

CA Turf RLF 0.002 0.002 0.002

FL Turf 1 0.14 0.13 0.09

PA Turf 0.13 * 0.13 * 0.11 *

25 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.007 0.006 0.006

CA Turf RLF 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004

FL Turf 1 0.01 0.01 0.01

PA Turf 0.03 * 0.03 * 0.03 *

### Page 27 of 106 Table 9 . PRZM/EXAMS

- Estimated Pore Water Concentrations of Novaluron in

Surface Water from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak



### μg/L 21

- day Average



### μg/L 60

- Day Average



### μg/L

10 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.003 0.003 0.003

CA Turf RLF 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

FL Turf 1 0.006 0.006 0.004

PA Turf 0.01 * 0.01 * 0.01 *

5 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.001 0.001 0.001

CA Turf RLF 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

FL Turf 1 0.003 0.003 0.002

PA Turf 0.007 * 0.006 * 0.005 *

1 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

CA Turf RLF 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002

FL Turf 1 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005

PA Turf 0.001 * 0.001 * 0.001 *

1 Two applications made to FL Turf scenario

* An asterisk indicates the concentration is used for r isk e stimation



### 3.4.2 Estimated Environmental Concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM

0.12 P MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are applied directly to small

water bodies , or dry areas prior to flooding ; therefore, the EECs for these uses were

calculated by dividing the mass of the active ingredient applied by the volume of water in

the water body. The EECs for the proposed mosquito larv ae use will be compared to

fish, aquatic invertebrate s, and aquatic plants. At the highest application rates, the

calculat ed surface water environmental concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD exceed the limit of solubility; therefore, the limit of

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21

- day and 60 day EECs. The pore water EECs

are assumed to be at the limit of solubility.

3. 5 Terrestrial Exposure

The exposure routes of novaluron to terrestrial organisms are direct contact, re sidues on

dietary items, pellet/rod consumption, and drinking water. For terrestrial wildlife, residue

exposures on dietary ite ms are modeled for outdoor control of crickets and exposures via

pellet/rod consumption are modeled for outdoor control of mosquitoes. The

concentrations of novaluron in contained bodies of water are also screened to determine

if drinking water exposure t o wildlife is a potential route of concern. Exposures to

terrestrial plants via direct contact from spray applications are not presented due to lack

of available terrestrial plant toxicity data; exposure to terrestrial plants via contact with

pellet and r od formulations is expected to be minimal because a habitat supporting water

bodies would likely exclude terrestrial plants. EFED does not have a preferred method of

calculating exposures to terrestrial invertebrates; exposures to this taxon will be discu ssed

### Page 28 of 106 in the Risk Characterization.

T

- REX v_1.4.1 (Oct. 9, 2008 ) was used to estimate potential acute and chronic dietary

exposures to birds and mammals from the proposed outdoor control of. Residues on

vegetative matter and terrestrial invertebrate pr ey items from spray applications were

calculated based on a single application rate of 0.91 lbs a.i./A, assuming a default 35

- day

half

- life (based on the work of Willis and McDowell (1987 )) in lieu of available data.

Results for birds and mammals are presented in Tables 10 and 1 1 , respectively

. An

example T

- REX output is provided in Appendix F

.

D ata are not generally available for screening level assessments to assess the terrestrial

exposure and effects of degradates, as is the case for this assessm ent of novaluron

. Based

on the fate and toxicity data of chlorophenyl urea, the default 35

- day foliar dissipation

half

- life used in the terrestrial modeling may not account for the formatio n and toxicity of

chlorophenyl urea to terrestrial wildlife.

Table 10

. T

- REX v.1.4.1 Avian Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) for the

Proposed Outdoor Control of Crickets at a Single Application of 0.9 1 lbs a.i./A

Feeding Category (application

rate) Dietary

- Based

EECs (mg/kg

Food item) Dose

- Based EECs (mg/kg

- bw)

Small

(20 g) Medium

(100 g) Large

(1000 g)

Herbivores/Insectivores 1

Short grass 218 248 142 63.5

Tall grass 100 114 65.0 29.1

Broadleaf plants/small insects 123 140 80.0 35.7

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects 13.7 15.6 8.86 3.97

Granivores 2

S eeds Only 13.7 3.45 1.97 0.88

1 Percent body weight consumed for a 20, 100, and 1000 gram herbivore/insectivore bird equals 114%,

65%, and 29%, respectively.

2 Percent body weight consumed for a 20, 100, and 1000 gram granivore bird equals 25%, 14%, and 6%,

respectively.



### Table 11 . T

- REX v.1.4.1 Mammalian Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) for the

Proposed Outdoor Control of Crickets at a Single Application of 0.9 1 lbs a.i./A

Feeding Category (application

rate) Dietary

- Based

EECs (mg/kg

Food item) Dose

- Based EECs (mg/kg

- bw)

Small

(15 g) Medium

(35 g) Large

(1000 g)

Herbivores/Insectivores 1

Short grass 218 208 144 33.4

Tall grass 100 94.4 66.0 15.3

Broadleaf plants/small insects 123 117 81.0 18.8

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects 13.7 13.0 8.99 2.09

Granivores 2

S eeds Only 13.7 2.89 2.00 0.46

1 Percent body weight consumed for a 15, 35, and 1000 gram herbivore/insectivore mammalian equals

95%, 66%, and 15%, respectively.

2 Percent body weight consumed for a 15, 35, and 1000 gram granivore mammal equals 21%, 15%, and

3%, respectively.

### Page 29 of 106 Direct consumption of the solid pellets/rods by terrestrial organims is a potential

exposure route of concern. Table 12 provides information on the pellet/rod formulations

of novaluron. The Table also presents the number of pellets/rods that may be applied to

a natural or manmade depression up to a fill concentration of 500 gallons (although a fill

concentration of >500 gallons is possible). Exposure to wildlife via pellet/rod

consumption is possible because applications can be made to areas prior to flooding ( dry

areas); additionally, birds may pick out the pellets/rods applied to shallow water bodies.

Table 12. Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) to Terrestrial Organisms for

the Proposed Outdoor Pellet/rod Control of Mosquito Larvae

Formulation % Active

Ingredient in

Product Weight of

Pellet/rod 1 mg

a.i./pellet/rod Number of pellets applied

(based on volume of

water)

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12P 0.12 1 pellet = 0.2

g 0.24 758 pellets for 500 gallons

(182 mg novaluron)

MOSQUIRONTM

0.12CRD 0.12 1 rod = 18 g 21.6 20 rods for 500 gallons

(432 mg novaluron)

1 Formulated as pellets and rods; weight provided on label



### SIP_ v.1.0 ( June 15, 2010 ) provides an upp er bound estimate of exposure to birds and

mammals through drinking water alone. Table 1 3 presents the acute and chronic upper

bound estimates of exposure to a 1000g mammal and 20g bird. SIP is a screening

- level

model intended to determine whether or not drinking water exposure alone is a potenti al

pathway of concern; r isk quotients are not g enerated. SIP employs the conservative

assumption that the pesticide concentration in drinking water is at the solubility limit.

Based on labeled use information, novaluron saturation (at 3 ppb) will occur in treated

water bodies.

Table 13 . SIP v.1.0 Up per Bound Exposure Concentration Estimates (Dose) for

Drinking Water at Novaluron’s Solubility Limit of 3 ppb for Proposed Outdoor

Control of Mosquito Larvae

Taxa Acute Dose (mg a.i./kg bw) Chronic Dose (mg a.i./kg bw)

Mammal

– 1000g 0.0005 0.0005

Bird

– 20g 0.0024 0.0024



### 4

. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY

A summary of aquatic and terrestrial organism toxicity data use for risk estimation are

presented below

. Toxicity data for novaluron are available for the technical grade active

ingredient (TGAI), formulated products, and the degradate chlorophenyl urea

. Tables 1 4

and 15 summarize the most sensitive aquatic organism toxicity endpoints for novaluron

. Aquat ic toxicity data for chlorophenyl urea is not evaluated in this risk assessment and is

not presented below. Table s 16, 17, and 18 present the most sensitive terrestrial

organism toxicity endpoints available for novaluron and the degradate, chlorophenyl

ur ea

. A complete listing of all submitted novaluron toxicity data by MRID number is

### Page 30 of 106 located in Appendix A . D etails on the toxicity studies can be accessed from previous

ecological risk assessments for Novaluron 3



### .

Table 14 . Summary of Aquatic Animal Toxic ity Data Used in Risk Estimation for Novaluron

Species Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity

LC 50 / EC 50 MRID NOAEC / LOAEC,

Most

Sensitive Endpoint(s) MRID

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow trout

( Salmo gairdneri ) 96

- hr LC 50 > 9 8 0 μg a.i. /L

No mortality or sublethal

effects 4549900 4 NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.i./L

LOAEC > 6.16 μg a.i./L

none 45638216

Freshwater Pelagic

Invertebrate

Water flea

( Daphnia magna ) Estimated EC 50 =

0 .15 μg a.i. /L 1 -- NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i. /L

Parental survival and offspring

production 45638211

Freshwater Benthic

Invertebrate

Chironomid

( Chironomus riparius ) -- -- NOAEC

15 ug a.i. /kg sediment

0.04 ug a.i. /L overlying water

0.13 ug a.i. /L pore water

LOAEC

30 ug a.i. /kg sediment

0.08 ug a.i. /L overlying water

0.26 ug a.i. /L pore water 47621902

Estuarine/Marine Fish

Sheepshead minnow

( Cyprinodon

variegates ) 96

- hr LC 50 > 2 μg a.i./L

No mortality or sublethal

effects occurred 45638210

- - --

Estuarine/Marine

Invertebrate

Mysid Shrimp

( Americamysis bahia ) 96

- hr LC 50 = 0.13 μg a.i. /L

Sublethal effects noted 45638209 NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i. /L

Reduction in terminal male body

length 45638212

1 Calculated based on Acute to Chronic Ratio approach [ An estimated acute LC 50 of 0.15 ppb was derived for

freshwater invertebrates using the equation: Acute toxicity fw = Chronic toxicity fw x Acute toxicity

est

- mar / Chronic

toxicity

est

- mar (0.0299 x 0.13 / 0.026 = 0.15)



### None of the acute fish (freshwater or estuarine/marine) stud ies (MRID 45499005 and

45638216) established definitive endpoints for novaluron (LC 50 

### values were greater than

the highest concentrations tested). However, no acute effects are expected for fish in

either media as the reported NOAEC values for sublethal ef fects in these acute studies

were close to or greater than the solubility limit for novaluron (3 ppb). The lowest no

effect level derived for fish from chronic toxicity studies was based on observed effects

on mortality and terminal growth (MRID 45638216) ; this NOAEC for freshwater fish is

also close to the solubility limit for novaluron.

Novaluron is classified highly toxic to both freshwater and estuarine/ marine inverte brates

on an acute exposure basis. The chronic aquatic i nvertebra te endpoints were based on

parental survival and offspring production ( in water flea) and a reduction in terminal

3 

### T hese assessments are associated with the following DP Barcodes: 318619, 285499,

285479, 287624, 297230, 321545, 358376, 364309, 364313, and 378620.

### Page 31 of 106 male body length (in mysid shrimp)

. A prolonged sediment toxicity test with

Chironomus riparius demonstrate s the impact of novaluron on benthic organisms (MRID

47621902; OECD 218). This study observed significant (p<0.05) reductions in survival

at 30 ug a.i. /kg sediment compared to controls. Percent mortality at 30 ug a.i. /kg was

73% compared to 16% mortality in controls. The NOAEC in this study was 15 ug a.i. /kg

sediment (0.13 ug a.i. /L pore water).

A community of selected algae and aquatic inverteb rates was evaluated in a microcosm

study for novaluron (MRID 458858 01). The principle objectives of the study w ere to

assess the potential biological effects of novaluron in invertebrate communities and

define the no effect concentration (NOAEC) and ecologically acceptable concentration

(EAC) . No fish were included in the community structure. Analyses of benthic

invertebrate populations were conducted primarily at the family level, with subsequent

analysis to more refined taxonomic levels for those organisms showing definitive

responses to novaluron treatment. Analysis of benthic invertebrate community response

(taxonomic response weighting) shows statistically significant (p<0.05) community level

effects at the 0.15 ug a.i. /L concentration level, with a community level response

NOAEC of 0.05 ug a.i. /L (also the EAC) . It should be noted that the Gammaridea

showe d statistically adverse response (p<0.01) below that observed for the community as

whole, with an NOAEC <0.05 ug a.i. /L and complete eradication of the family at all dose

groups by study termination.

Table 15

. Summary of Aquatic Plant Toxicity Data Use d in Risk Estimation for Novaluron

Species LC 50 or EC 50 /NOAEC

(μg ai/L) MRID

Non

- Vascular Plant

Green algae

( Selenastrum capricornutum ) EC 50 = 3549 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 2475 μg a.i. /L 45638411 1

Vascular Plant

Duckweed

( Lemna minor ) EC 50 >75.4 μg a.i./L

NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.i./L 45638223 1

1 Toxicity study conducted with the formulated product RIMON® SUPRA 10EC

.



### The risk assessment for aquatic plants is based on the vascular duckweed (MRID

45638223), with an EC 50 

### > 75.4 μg a.i./L and NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.i./L, and the

nonvascular green algae (45638411), with an EC 50 

### = 3549 μg a.i./L and NOAEC = 2,475

μg a.i./L ( Table 15 ).

### Page 32 of 106 Tabl e 16 . Summary of Terrestrial Toxicity Data Used in Risk Estimation for Novaluron

Species Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity

LD 50 / LC 50 MRID NOAEC(L)/

LOAEC(L) Affected

Endpoints

(MRID)

Northern

Bobwhite

Quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 14

- day LD 50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./kg bw 45476801

-- -- 8

- day LC 50 > 5200 mg/kg diet

NOAEC = 2610 mg a.i./kg diet 45499002

Mallard Duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) -- -- 22

- wk NOAEC

= 9.8 mg a.i./kg diet

22

- wk LOAEC

= 30 mg a.i./kg diet Number of viable

embryos per pen and

viable 14

- day embryos

set (45638219)

Laboratory rat 14

- day LD 50 >5000 mg ai/kg

- bw 44961001 NOAEC

= 1000 mg ai/kg

- diet

LOAEC

= 4000 mg ai/kg

- diet Decreased sperm

counts in male F1

generation

(45651505)



### Novaluron is classified practically non

- toxic to birds and mammals on an acute oral basis

and non

- toxic to birds on subacute dietary basis ( Table 16 ). On a chronic exposure basis,

significant reduction in the number of viable embryos per pen and viable embryos of eggs

set were noted in Northern bobwhite quail. Decreased sperm counts in male F1

generation and increased absolute and relative spleen weights in the parental generation

were noted in rats.

Table 17 . Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data f or Novaluron

Study Type/

Species Product Tested

(% ai) Toxicity Endpoint Toxicity

Categories Study

Classification MRID #

Acute

Contact/

Honey bee ( Apis

melifera ) Technical grade

(99.3) 48

- hr

LD 50 >100 μg

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 100 μg

a.i./bee Practically

Non

- Toxic Acceptable

45638220

Acute Oral/

Honey bee

( Apis melifera ) 48

- hr

LD 50 >100 μg

a.i./bee

NOAEC

= 100 μg

a.i./bee n/a Supplemental

Acute

Contact/

Honey bee ( Apis

melifera ) Formulated

product (9.1) 48

- hr

LD 50 >200 μg

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 200 μg

a.i./bee Practically

Non

- Toxic Acceptable

45638408

Acute Oral/

Honey bee

( Apis melifera ) 48

- hr

LD 50 >200 μg

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 200 μg

a.i./bee n/a Supplemental

### Page 33 of 106 Table 17 . Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data f or Novaluron

Study Type/

Species Product Tested

(% ai) Toxicity Endpoint Toxicity

Categories Study

Classification MRID #

Acute Toxicity

Earthworm

( Eisenia foetida ) Technical grade

(99.3) 14

- day

LC 50 >1000 mg

a.i./kg soil

NOAEC >1000 mg

a.i./kg soil n/a Supplemental 45638224



### Novaluron is categorized practically non

- toxic to honey bees on a contact basis for the

TGAI (MRID 45638220) and formulated product, RIMON® SUPRA 10EC (MRID

45638408) ( Table 17 ) . While the Agency does not categorize toxicity for acute oral

studies, no acute oral e ffects were observed in honey bees dosed up to 100 μg a.i./bee for

the TGAI (MRID 45638220) and 200 μg a.i./bee for the formulated product, RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC (MRID 45638408).

In addition to the contact and oral toxicity studies on honey bees, three field studies

(MRIDs 45638407; 45638409; 45638410) are available which evaluated the formulated

produ e ct RIMON® SUPRA 10EC on non

- target insects. Novaluron exposure to

beehives via the formulated product was evaluated in t wo studies (MRID 45638407 and

4563840 9)

, in which adverse effects were observed on honeybee brood development at

the egg, young larvae, and old larvae developmental stages. W asp and predatory mite

populations showed significant adverse effects to exposure of novaluron in a third field

study (MRID 45638410).

The following open literature studies are available for novaluron. Hodgeson et al ., 2011

was reviewed for inclusion in risk characterization of the proposed new novaluron uses

because it provides information on the developmental toxici ty of novaluron to non

- Apis

bees (Section 5.1.2)

.

**•** Sfara, V., S.A. De Licastro, H.M. Masuh, E.A., Seccacini, R.A. Alzogaray, and

E.N. Zerba, 2007. Synergism between cis

- permethrin and benzoyl phenyl urea

insect growth regulators against Aedes aegypti larv ae. J. Am. Mosq. Control

Assoc. 23(1): 24

- 28. ECOTOX Reference No: 100192.

**•** Scott

- Dupree, C.D., L. Conroy, and C.R. Harris, 2009. Impact of currently used or

potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on Bombus impatiens

(Hymenoptera: Apidae ), Megachile rotundata (Mymenoptera: Megachilidae), and

Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 102(1): 177

-

182. ECOTOX Reference No. 113327.

**•** Mommaerts, V., G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe, 2006. Hazards and uptake of chitin

synthesis inhibi tors in bumblebees Bombus terrestris . Pest Manag. Sci. 62 (8):

752

- 758. ECOTOX Reference No: 94221.

**•** Hodgson EW, Pitts

- Singer TL, Barbour JD. 2011. Effects of the insect growth

regulator, novaluron on immature alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata

. Journal of Insect Science 11:43. Available online: insectscience.org/11.43

The toxicity of both technical grade novaluron and its primary degradate chlorophenyl

### Page 34 of 106 urea to earthworms were evaluated in accordance with OECD guidelines (MRID

45638224 and 45638225 , respectively )

. The reported LC 50 

### for the technical grade

product and chlorophenyl urea was >1000 and 44 7 mg/kg, respectively ( Tables 17 and

18 ). No sub

- lethal effects were observed in either study.

Table 18 . Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data f or Chlorophenyl Urea

Study Type Product Tested

(% ai) Toxicity Endpoint

(mg a.i./kg soil ) Toxicity

Categor y Study

Classification MRID #

Acute Toxicity

Earthworm

( Eisenia foetida ) Chlorophenyl urea

(99.3) 14

- day

LC 50 = 447

NOAEC = 171 n/a Supplemental 45638224



### Toxic ity studies on terrestrial plants are not available for novaluron or its degradates.

5

. ECOLOGICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION

5 .1 Risk Estimation

5 .1.1 Aquatic Organism s

Fish

Risk quotients were not calculated for acute risks to freshwater or estuarine/marine fish

because none of the acute fish studies established definitive endpoints for novaluron.

However, no acute effects are expected for fish in either media as the reporte d NOAEC

values for sublethal effects in these acute studies were close to or greater than the

solubil ity limit for novaluron (3 ppb); acute risk to fish is not expected. Chronic RQs for

freshwater fish are presented in Table 1 9 for the proposed novaluron uses; RQs for both

proposed uses are below the Agency’s risk to non

- listed and listed species LOC (1.0)

. No toxicity data are available to assess chronic risk of novaluron exposure to

estuarine/marine fish; risk to estuarine/ma rine fish on a chronic basis is presumed.

Although fish are not expected to be present in contained, small water bodies, fish are

used as a surrogate for aquatic

- phase herpetafauna.

Table 1 9

. Chronic RQs * for Freshwater Fish Based on Surface Water EECs o f

Novaluron

For Control of Surface Water EECs (μg a.i./L) Chronic RQ 1

Peak 60

- day

100% watershed t reated 3 Cricket s

(0.91 lbs a.i./L) 0.96 0.16 0.03

in contained, small water bodies Mosquito Larvae 3.0 2 3.0 2 0.49

* Chronic risk to listed and nonlisted fish LOC is 1.0

1 Based on freshwater fish NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.i./L

2 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility

### Page 35 of 106 3 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed



### Aquatic Invertebrates

Novaluron is a member of a larger group of insecticides known as benzoylphenyl ureas.

It is an insect growth regulator that interferes with chitin synthesis and deposition. This

mode of action is effective in controlling immature insect growth stages. Because

chitinase inhibitors act primarily in the molting stage s, endpoints based on effects to

adults or non

- molting juveniles do not accurately reflect the toxicity of the compound.

Effects on target (and non

- target) organisms are most severe when exposure occurs at

critical life stages.

Aquatic guideline tests, which typically run for 48 hours for the aquatic invertebrate

( Daphnia magna ), may not capture a molting stage and are not an appropriate “most

sensitive” acute endpoint for assessments. Endpoints derived from chronic studies more

appropriately assess the toxicity of this type of chemical. No observed adverse effects

concentrations (NOAECs) from the chronic guideline tests have been used to evaluate

both acute and chronic risk in this assessment.

Risk quotients for aquatic invertebrates are presented in Table 20

. Toxicity data on D.

magna and A. bahia are used to derive risk quotients for pelagic invertebrates in

freshwater and estuarine/marine environments, respectively. The chronic endpoint values

for both species were identical (NOAE C = 0.03 μg a.i./L), however the NOAEC was

based on parental surv ival and offspring production for D. magna and reduction in

terminal ma l e body length for A. bahia . Toxicity data were available on the freshwater

benthic chironomid, C. riparius ; the chronic NOAEC = 0. 13 μg a.i./L (pore water

concentrations) was based on survival and emergence ratios . Risk quotients for the

proposed mosquito larvae use exceeded the Agency’s LOC for both pelagic and benthic

organisms. For pelagic invertebrates exposed to the proposed c ricket use, the Agency’s

LOC (1.0) was exceeded for applications to treated areas of 10

- 100% of a 10 ha

watershed . Benthic freshwater RQs for the proposed cricket use exceeded the LOC for

the scenario in which 100% a 10 ha watershed was treated.

Table 20

. RQs 1 

### for Aquatic Invertebrates Based on Surface Water and Pore Water

EECs of Novaluron

For Control of Pelagic Freshwater and

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates Benthic Freshwater

Invertebrates

Surface Water

21

- day EEC Acute/Chronic

RQ 1 Pore Water

21

- day EEC Acute/Chronic

RQ 1

Cricket s

100% watershed treated 5

(0.91 lbs a.i./L) 0.36 12.0 * 0.13 1 *

25% watershed treated 5

(0.23 lbs a.i./L) 0.09 3.0 * 0.03 0.23

10% watershed treated 5

(0.09 lbs a.i./L) 0.03 1.0 * 0.01 <0.1

5% watershed treated 5

(0.05 lbs a.i./L) 0.02 0. 6 7 <0.01 <0.1

### Page 36 of 106 1% watershed treated 5

(0.01 lbs a.i./L) 0.003 0.33 <0.01 <0.1

Mosquito Larvae

in contained, small water

bodies 3.0 4 100 * 3.0 4 23*

* RQ exceeds the c hronic risk to listed and nonlisted freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrate LOC

( 1.0 )

1 RQs for aquatic invertebrates are based on chronic exposure and toxicity data and represent the risk

estimation for both acute and chronic effects

2 Based on freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC s = 0.0 3 μg a.i./L

3 Based on freshwater invertebrate pore water NOEAC = 0.13 μg a.i./L

4 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility

5 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed



### Aquatic Plants

No aquatic plant RQ exceeded the Agency’s listed or non

- listed species LOC (1.0) for

either of the proposed novaluron uses ( Table 21 ). Risk to aquatic plants is expected to be

negligible.

Table 21

. RQs* for Aquatic Vascular and Nonvascular Plants Based on Surface

Water EECs of Novaluron

For Control of Peak EEC

(μg a.i./L) Vascular Plant RQs Non

- Vascular Plant

RQs

Listed 1 Non

- Listed 2 Listed 3 Non

- Listed 4

100% watershed treated 6 Cricket s

(0.91 lbs a.i./L) 0.96 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

in contained, small water

bodies Mosquito Larvae

3.0 5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

* R isk to listed and nonlisted aquatic plant LOC is 1.0

1 Based on aquatic vascular plant NOAEC = 2475 μg a.i./L

2 Based on aquatic vascular plant EC 50 = 3549 μg a.i./L

3 Based on aquatic nonvascular pant NOAEC = 75 μg a.i./L

4 Based on aquatic nonvascular p lant EC 50 > 75 μg a.i./L

5 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility of novaluron

6 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed



### 5 .1.2 Terrestrial Organisms

Birds and Mammals

Novaluron was classified as practically non

- toxic to birds on an acute oral and acute

dietary basis and practically non

- toxic to mammals on an acute oral basis . Risk quotients

for acute exposures to birds and mammals were not calculated because the available

acute endpoints are non

- definitive ( i.e. greater than values); the leth al dose at which 50%

mortality occurred was greater than the Agency’s limit doses. Therefore, acute risk s to

nonlisted birds and mammals are not expected.

### Page 37 of 106 Risk q uotients were calculated for chronic exposures of novaluron on food items of birds

and mamm als from the proposed novaluron control of crickets ( Table 2 2 ) . The chronic

avian 22

- wk NOAEC =9.8 mg a.i./kg

- diet is based on a reduction in the number of viable

embryos per pen and viable 14

- day embryos ; the chronic mammalian NOAEC=1000 mg

a.i./kg

- diet ( NOAEL=74.2 mg a.i./kg

- bw) is based on decreased sperm counts in the male

F1 generation. Th e Agency’s LOC was exceeded for avian dietary RQs for all dietary

items ; mammalian dose

- based RQs exceeded the Agency’s LOC for 15g and 35g

mammals consuming short g rass

.

Table 22

. Chronic Avian and Mammalian RQs for the Proposed Novaluron Control

of Crickets Derived from T

- REX v.1.4.1

Dietary Item Avian

Dietary RQ Mammalian

Dietary RQ Mammalian Dose

- based RQ

15 g 35 g 1000g

Short Grass 22.3 * 0.22 1.28 * 1.09 * 0.58

Tall Grass 10.2 * 0.10 0.59 0.50 0.27

Broadleaf plants/small

insects 12.5 * 0.12 0.72 0.61 0.33

Fruits/pods/seeds/large

insects 1.39 * <0.10 0.08 0.07 0.04

Seeds Only (Granivore) 1.39 * <0.10 0.02 0.02 0.01

* RQ exceeds the listed and non

- listed avian and mammalian LOC (1.0)



### Bird and mammal exposure to pellet and rod formulations of novaluron for control of

mosquito larvae, via direct consumption, is possible for the proposed pellets/rod

formulations in dry and wet areas. However, because both mosquito larvae control

products use wax as a vehicle for the slow release of novaluron, the attractiveness of the

pellets and rods to mammals and birds is unc ertain. Beklova and Pikula (2000), studied

the attractiveness of rodenticide bait to pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) made of alfalfa,

sugar, groats, paraffin wax, and other effective substances and dyes. The study authors

concluded that the paraffin wax coating had a repellent effect on the birds, which might

otherwise be attracted to the alfalfa, sugar and groats. The study authors noted a repellent

effect immediately after presenting the birds with fresh bait, but the effect subsided with

the disintegr ation of the wax; the birds then found the bait appealing enough to consume.

Based on this study’s findings, the proposed novaluron pellet and rod products are

expected to be unattractive to birds and mammals ( i.e. , pellets/rods are not identified as a

fo od source), and consumption of the pellets/rods is expected to be negligible. Thus,

adverse effects to birds and mammals from acute and chronic exposures to the proposed

pellets/rods are discountable.

SIP_v.1.0 was used to determine if chronic drinking water exposure to birds and

mammals from the control of mosquito larvae in small, contained water bodies ( e.g. bird

bath) was a pathway of concern ; based on toxicity data, acute adverse effects to birds and

mammals from drinking water exposure to novaluron are not expected

. SIP _v.1.0

employ s the following assumptions about the exposure to birds and mammals: (1) T he

assessed animals obtain 100% of their daily water needs through drinking water; (2) The

daily water need is equivalent to the daily wa ter flux rate as calculated by Nagy and

Peterson (1988); (3) T he body weight of the assessed bird is equivalent to the smallest

### Page 38 of 106 generic bir d modeled in T

- REX ( i.e. , 20 g), and t his assumption results in the highest

ratio of exposure to toxicity for the 3 a ssessed avian body weights o f T

- REX ( i.e. , 20,

100, 1000 g); ( 4 ) T he body weight of the assessed mammal is equivalent to the largest

generic mammal modeled in T

- REX ( i.e. , 1000 g), and t his results in the highest ratio of

exposure to toxicity for the 3 ass essed mammalian body weights of T

- REX ( i.e. , 15, 35,

1000 g). Based on a ratio of exposure and toxicity ( Table 2 3 )

, it was determined that

drinking water exposure from the proposed control of mosquito larvae in small, contained

water bodies is not a poten tial concern for bird s or mammals on a chronic basis.

Table 23

. SIP_v.1.0 Results of Drinking Water Screen from Proposed Control of

Mosquito Larvae

Parameter Chronic Avian Concern Chronic Mammalian Concern

Upper Bound Exposure 0.0024 mg a.i./kg

- bw 0.0005 mg a.i./kg

- bw

Adjusted Toxicity Value 0.4862 mg a.i./kg

- bw 57.0717 mg a.i./kg

- bw

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.0050 <0.0001



### Terres trial Invertebrates

Currently, EFED does not routinely quantify potential risks from pesticides on terrestrial

non

- target adult insects. However, based on the data already submitted on adult honey

bee toxicity, novaluron is practically non

- toxic to honey bees (LD 50 

### = >100 μg/bee).

Therefore, the potential risk of novaluron to adult pollinators and other adult ben eficial

insects is expected to be low.

Since novaluron acts through chitin biosynthesis inhibition of the developing insects,

reliance on adult insect toxicity testing is inadequate to comprehensively address its

effects on non

- target insects. Additional non

- guideline non

- target insect studies that

evaluated the effects of novaluron on the developmental stages of honey bee

demonstrated adverse effects on brood development at all growth stages (MRIDs

45638407 and 45638409).

MRID 45638407 pertains to a stu dy where honey bee hives, placed in a grass field, were

fed with sucrose solution dispersed with novaluron at a single concentration of 3.3 ml/L.

Significant adverse effects included reduction in successful development of eggs and old

larvae 7 days after treatment and young larvae 2 days after treatment. Overall failure rate

of eggs, young larvae, and old larvae in treated hives was more than two, three, and four

times greater than that of the control treatment. Adverse effects persisted throughout the

d uration of the study (21 days). An LC 50 

### (>3.3 ml/L) could not be determined for this

study as mortality was not observed in any of the developmental stages (due to the

overall failure rate).

MRID 45638409 refers to a study conducted in Israel where honey bee colony brood

development was evaluated in commercial orange groves following two spray

applications of novaluron at flowering at 0.2 lb ai/A (0.225 kg ai/ha) each at 7 day

intervals. Significant adverse effects were noted on egg development, young lar vae, and

old larvae following the first application of novaluron; however, second generation eggs

developed normally. Similar to the MRID 45638407, this study did not note any

### Page 39 of 106 mortality of adult bees (LC 50 

### = >0.2 lb ai/A). Based on the post

- study monitori ng results,

adverse effects on honey bee brood development were transient and no evidence of

adverse effects was apparent on hive viability, pollination efficiency, or productivity of

worker bees. It is important to note that the single application rate t ested in this study

(0.2 lb ai/A) does not represent the maximum commercial use rate for novaluron (0.32 lb

ai/A in orchard fruits).

Adverse effects were also noted on wasp and predatory mite populations following two

applications of novaluron 7 days apar t at the end of flowering to citrus groves in Sicily

(MRID 45638410). However, complete recovery of wasps and predatory mites occurred

within two days and 2 months, respectively, after the second application. No other

effects were observed in any of the other taxa in this study.

In summary, the registrant

- submitted studies on brood development of non

- target insects

(honey bees) did not test the maximum commercial application rate for novaluron and is

likely lower than the potential usage of novaluron for outdoor residential control of

crickets.

An open literature study (Hodgeson et al ., 2011) evaluated novaluron toxicity, as

formulated in Rimon 0.83 EC (9.3% w/v), to Megachile rotundata , alfalfa leafcutting

bees. The second of three experiments studie d the effect that adult bees feeding/foraging

on novaluron had on the subsequent success of mating and reproduction. The experiment

evaluated one novaluron treatment, 10% sugar

- water containing novaluron at 0.08 lbs

a.i./A using 30 gallons water/acre (3 μ l form/mL water) against a control of 10% sugar

water. This experiment was conducted 3 times in total, for three replicates; however,

nesting in the second and third test was lower due to limited flower availability. In the

first replication, complete mo rtality (100%) was observed in the developing larvae from

the treatment cages compared to 12% and 20% in the control cages; in the second

replication, 50% and 92% mortality of larvae occurred compared to 0% and 18% in the

control. In the third replication , 100% percent mortality occurred in larvae from

treatment cages compared to 0% mortality (complete survivorship) in the control. This

open literature study demonstrates that novaluron is not toxic to adult M. rotundata adults

(as expected) but is toxic t o the developing larvae. The study provides insight into the

developmental effects in non

- Apis bees. For solitary bees, such as M. rotundata , which

may have as few as 1

- 3 generations per year, greater than 50% mortality to developing

pupae would have sign ificant effects on the reproductive success of the species.

Based on the studies summarized above, a dverse effects on non

- target insects are

expected for the proposed use

.

Available toxicity data on earthworms indicate that chlorophenyl urea is at least slightly

more toxic to earthworms than novaluron. No adverse effects on earthworms were

observed in a 14

- day toxicity study for novaluron, with a resulting NOAEC = 1000 mg

a.i./kg soil. Mortality and reductions in body weight occurred in the ch lorophenyl urea

toxicity study with earthworms, resulting in an LD 50 

### = 447 mg a.i./kg soil a nd NOAEC =

171 mg a.i./kg soil.

### Page 40 of 106 Terrestrial Plants

No available data exists on novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants. It is noted that this

product has be en previously registered on ornamentals, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head

and stem brassica, tomato, sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip

greens, sorghum, fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry

bean , swiss chard, and sweet corn , and novaluron may not be lethal to many plants up to

the previously registered application rates. However, effects on terrestrial plant growth

(height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are unknown

. Further, b ec ause the

proposed spray applications are not limited on a spatial or temporal scale

, adverse effects

to terrestrial plants are presumed from the proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC

applications.

5 .2 Risk Description

Natural water bodie s are at potential risk from some of the proposed novaluron uses to

control mosquito larvae; however, risk to these natural water bodies cann ot be assessed

quantitatively. Instead, it can be conclu ded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk

to organisms in a natural wat er would be no greater than the risk posed by novaluron to

organism located in the treated areas. Thus, the potential for adverse effects to a species

( or species used as a surrogate ) as determined in the sections below provide a maximum

level of expected population or community level risk to novaluron concentrations in

natural water bodies from mosquito larvae use. As opposed to the loca lized concern in

the treated water body, the concern for natural water bodies exposed to novaluron is the

potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect effects at multiple levels of

the trophic system.

5 .2.1 Risk s to Aquatic Organisms

It was determined in the risk estimation that acute risks to fish are not expected for the

proposed novaluron uses based on acute toxicity data. C hronic adverse effects on

a quatic

- phase herpet o fauna , for which fish serve as a surrogate

, from proposed novaluron

use on mosquito larvae is not expected because concentrations of novaluron in small

water bodies is likely li mited by no valuron’s low solubility (3 ppm) ; the calculated RQ

(0.49) for mosquito larvae use was below the Agency’s LOC (1.0). A chronic RQ (0.03)

was calculated for the proposed cricket use assuming an entire 10 ha watershed was

treated with novaluron and was also below the Agency’s LOC. Although this scenar io

(assuming 100% of the watershed is treated) is believed to be a conservative estimate of

exposure, chronic risk to freshwater fish will likely be limited by the low solubility limit

of novaluron

. However, novaluron’s persistence in water (aerobic aquatic metabolism

half

- lives ranged 9.7

- 19.7 days) lends uncertainty to potential chronic risk to

estuarine/marine fish, for which no data is available. Chronic risk to estuarine/marin e

fish is presum ed from the proposed RIMON ® 10EC u se on crickets

.

Chronic t oxicity endpoints were used to derive r isk quotients (acute/chronic) for aquatic

### Page 41 of 106 invertebrates (as discussed in the Risk Estimation Section)

. For pelagic freshwater and

estuarine/marine invertebr ates exposed to the proposed cricket use, the Agency’s LOC

(1.0) was exceeded for applications to treated areas of 10

- 100% of a 10 ha watershed

. Benthic freshwater RQs for the proposed cricket use exceeded the LOC for the scenario

in which 100% the waterd shed was treated. Only freshwater invertebrates are expected

to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small, contained water bodies, and both pelagic

and benthic invertebrates are at risk from the proposed novaluron uses up to novaluron’s

solubility limit

. The available microcosm study endpoints corroborates with the acute

and chronic single species toxicity test endpoints and suggests that some aquatic

invertebrates may be more sensitive to novaluron than the tested surrogate species ( i.e.

Gammaridea spp .)

.

All aquatic plant RQs were <0.1 for the proposed mosquito larvae use; risk quotients

were also <0.1 for the proposed cricket use assuming 100% treatment of a 10 ha

watersdhed . Although the assumption of a n entire treated acre is conservative , RQs are

explored assuming that EECs rise to the concentration of novaluron’s solubility limit (this

is equivalent to tripling the current peak EEC). RQs for nonvascular and vascular listed

and no nlisted plant species would then still be <0.1, the same RQ values calculated for

the proposed treatment to contained, small water bodies.

5 .2.2 Risk s to Terrestri al Organisms

Acute risk from dietary exposure to novaluron is not expected for birds or mammals

based on acute toxicity data . In an available 8

- day dietary toxicity study with bobwhite

quail (MRID 45499002), sublethal effects were observed at the highest concentration

tested (5200 mg a.i/kg diet). The study NOAEC based of these sublethal effects was

2610 mg a.i./kg diet. A comparison of this toxicit y endpoint to the highest modeled

dietary EEC for a 20g bird (218 mg a.i./kg dietary item) indicates that the highest

modeled EEC is less than one tenth of the dietary rate; risk to Federally listed avian

species is not expected. H owever no data exists on passeriforms, a potentially more

sensitive taxon than the surrogate species tested , and thus acute risk to birds is presumed.

For the proposed use on crickets chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all

herbivorous, insectivorous, and granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39

- 22.3)

. Risk quotients for chronic dietary exposures to mammals also exceeded the Agency’s

LOC for the proposed use on crickets (does

- based RQs ≤ 1.28). Based on the magnitude

of the chronic avian RQs, a bird that obtained 5% of its dietary needs from novaluron

treated areas would still consume a quantity of novaluron that exceeds the Agency’s level

of conce rn. For the proposed spray use of novaluron

, where applications may not be

contiguous over dietary item s , adverse effects to birds are still expected. Based on the

magnitude of the chronic mammal RQs, a mammal that obtained less than 100% of its

dietary needs from novaluron treated areas would be less likely to be at chronic risk from

the propsed novaluron spray uses.

Risks to birds and mammals from the proposed pellet/rod novaluron products are

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are

### Page 42 of 106 anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid ( i.e.

grit used by birds to grind food). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammals are

not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is

discountable.

Risks to terrestrial invertebrates and ben eficial insects was qualitatively assessed. Based

on novaluron’s mode of action and the su bmitted toxicity data on adult honey bees, the

potential risk of novaluron to adult pollinators and other adult beneficial insects is

expected to be low. The data on earthworms also suggests that risk of novaluron toxicity

to earthworms and other terrestrial invertebrates at certain life stages is low. Based on

available field studies, transient effects on brood and adult life stages occurred in insect

s pecies exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of novaluron. Based on the

open literature studies with M. rotundata , significant development effects occurred in

alfalfa leadcutting bee pupae at environmental concentrations expected from the pro posed

new uses of novaluron. For a solitary bee, reproductive effects that effectively prohibit

development can have significant effects on the long

- term success of a species. Because

the proposed outdoor application rate on the RIMON® 10EC label is not limited spatially

or temporally, potential application may exceed the rate evaluated in these studies;

f urther, the RIMON® 10EC label does not restrict application on flowering plants. Thus,

a dverse effects to beneficial insects and all terrestrial invert ebrates are expected, but the

magnitude and spread of the toxicological effects to this taxon are uncertain

.

Available toxicity data on earthworms indicate that chlorophenyl urea is at least slightly

more toxic to earthworms than novaluron. Adverse effec ts to beneficial insects and all

terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl urea toxicity are presumed.

As described in the Risk Estimation, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed

from exposures to the proposed spray applications of novaluron to control crickets; risks

to terrestrial plants from exposure to the proposed new pellet and rod formulations of

novaluron were not assessed because exposure is expected to be negligible. However,

indirect adverse effects to listed terrestrial plants ( e .g. seed dispersal) are expected for all

proposed novaluron uses from the direct adverse effects on invertebrate and vertebrate

populations.

5 .2.3 Bioaccumulation Assessment

Novaluron has shown to have a high bioaccumulation potential. A bioconcentrat ion

study (MRID 45638215) using bluegill sunfish reported the highest mean

bioconcentration factor in whole fish of 14,431 L/kg w.w. Therefore, consumption of

aquatic organisms that have accumulated novaluron may serve as an additional exposure

route for higher trophic level organisms. Potential risks to birds and mammals that

consume aquatic organisms were evaluated using the KABAM model (v 1.0). Inputs to

the model are summarized below ( Tables 24 and 25 )

.

T able 24

. Chemical C haracteristics of Novaluron for Input into KABAM_v.1.0

Characteristic Value Comments/Guidance

### Page 43 of 106 Pesticide Name Novaluron

Log K OW 4.3 Enter value from acceptable or supplemental study submitted by

registrant or available in scientific literature.

K OW 19953 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically from

the Log K OW value entered above.

K OC (L/kg OC) 5899 Input value used in PRZM/EXAMS to derive EECs. Follow

input parameter guidance for deriving this parameter value

(USEPA 2002).

Time to steady state (T S ;

days) 8 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically from

the Log K OW value entered above.

Pore water EEC (μg/L) 3 Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS benthic file.

PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved

concentration of the pesticide in the pore water of the sediment.

The appropriate averaging period of the EEC is dependent on

the specific pesticide being mod eled and is based on the time it

takes for the chemical to reach steady state. Select the EEC

generated by PRZM/EXAMS which has an averaging period

closest to the time to steady state calculated above. In cases

where the time to steady state exceeds 365 d ays, the user should

select the EEC representing the average of yearly averages. The

peak EEC should not be used.

Water Column EEC

(μg/L) 3 Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS water column file.

PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved

concentration of the pesticide in the water column. The

appropriate averaging period of the EEC is dependent on the

specific pesticide being modeled and is based on the time it

takes for the chemical to reach steady state. The averaging

period used for the water column EEC should be the same as the

one selected for the pore water EEC (discussed above).



### Table 25 . Mammalian and Avian Toxicity D ata of Novaluron fo r Input into

Kabam_v.1.0

Animal Measure of

effect (units) Value Species If selected

species is

"other,"

enter body

weight (in

kg) here.

Avian LD 50 (mg/kg

- bw) > 2000 mallard duck

LC 50 (mg/kg

diet) > 5200 Northern bobwhite quail

### Page 44 of 106 NOAEC (mg/kg

diet) 9.8 mallard duck

Mineau Scaling

Factor 1.15 Default value for all species is

1.15 (for chemical specific

values, see Mineau et al. 1996).

Mammalian LD 50 (mg/kg

- bw) > 5000 laboratory rat

LC 50 (mg/kg

diet) N/A other

Chronic Endpoint 1000 laboratory rat

units of chronic

endpoint* ppm

*ppm = mg/kg

- diet



### KABAM Modeling Results

All RQs for birds and mammals that consume aquatic organisms are below concern

levels at novaluron’s solubility limit ( Table 2 6 ). Therefore, although the BCF of

novaluron is consistent with highly bioaccumulative chemicals, it does not appear that

risk exceeds concern levels to non

- target birds or mammals that consume contaminated

aquatic organisms under labeled use rates.

Tab le 26 . Calculation of RQ values for mammals and birds

consuming fish contaminated by Novaluron.

Wildlife Species Acute Chronic

Dose

Based Dietary

Based Dose Based Dietary

Based

Mammalian

fog/water shrew

< 0.000 N/A 0.013 0.002

rice rat/star

- nosed

mole < 0.000 N/A 0.015 0.002

small mink

< 0.000 N/A 0.019 0.003

large mink

< 0.000 N/A 0.022 0.003

small river otter

< 0.000 N/A 0.023 0.003

large river otter

< 0.000 N/A 0.027 0.003

Avian

sandpipers

< 0.002 < 0.000 N/A 0.231

cranes

< 0.000 < 0.000 N/A 0.235

rails

< 0.001 < 0.001 N/A 0.269

herons

< 0.000 < 0.001 N/A 0.275

### Page 45 of 106 small osprey

< 0.000 < 0.001 N/A 0.318

white pelican

< 0.000 < 0.001 N/A 0.339



### 6 . THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERNS

Based on the endangered species LOC exceedances, concerns fo r direct effects on a

chronic exposure basis have been identified for all animal taxa except freshwater fish and

aquatic

- phase amphibians; concern for terrestrial plants was identified due to lack of data

( Table 27 ). There is also a concern for indirect effects to all species that have obligate

feeding requirements or general dependency on the organisms directly affected as a

resource.

Table 2 7 . Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses of Novaluron

Listed Taxa Direct Effects Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi

- aquatic

plants

– monocots Yes 1 

### Yes

Terrestrial and semi

- aquatic

plants

– dicots Yes 1 

### Yes

Birds Yes Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians Yes Yes

Reptiles Yes Yes

Mammals Yes Yes

Terrestrial insects Yes Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Yes

Mollusks Yes Yes

Marine/estuarine fish Yes 1 

### Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates Yes Yes

1 

### Risk to taxon based on direct effects is presumed due to lack of data.

6 .1 Listed Species Occurrence Associated with Novaluron Use

The goal of the co

- location analysis is determine whether sites of pesticide use are

geographically associated with known locations of listed species [following the

conventi on of the Services, the word ‘species’ in this assessment may apply to a

‘species’, ‘subspecies’, or an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU)]. At the screening

level, this analysis is accomplished using the LO CATES database (version 2.13 ). The

### Page 46 of 106 database uses location information for listed species at the county level and compares it

to agr icultural census data (from 2007 ) for crop production at the same county level of

resolution. The product is a listing of Federally

- listed species that are located in c ounties

known to produce the crops upon which the pesticide will be used.

Novaluron is proposed for use on uncultivated agriculture and non

- agricultural areas

. Because LOCATES database contains only crop location data, state

- and county

- level

sum maries f rom LOCATES are not provided. Based on the extent of proposed uses and

the potential for direct and indirect effects, all listed species occurring nationwide may be

potentially affected by a new registration of novaluron

. A summary of listed species that

may be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed new uses of novaluron is provided

in Appendix G

. Based the results of the LOCATES database query (performed on

4/11 /2011) , there are a total o f 1396 listed species from all taxa associated with count ies

where novaluron may potentially be used nationwide for uncultivated

- agricultural and

non

- agricultural purposes.

7 . R EFERENCES

Des Lauriers, A., J. Li, K. Sze., S.L. Baker, G. Gris, and J. Chan. 2006. A field study of

the use of methoprene for West Nile virus mosquito control. J. Environ. Eng. Sci.

5 : 517

- 527 (2006). Available on the NRC Research Press Website at

http://jees.nrc.ca/

.

U.S. EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Fa ctors Handbook. Volume I of II.

EPA/600/R

- 93/187a. Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C.

20460. EPA/600/R

- 93/187a.

U.S. EPA. 1998. Guidance for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum.

EPA/630/R

- 95/002F, April 1998.

U.S. EPA. 2002. Guidance for Selecting Inp ut Parameters in Modeling the

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides Input Parameter Guidance.

Version II February 28, 2002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of

Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

U.S. EPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of

Pesticide Programs. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances.

Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C. January 23, 2004.

U.S. EPA. 200 4. Novaluron. Report of the Metabolism Assessment review Committee

(MARC). Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Office

of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C. February 3, 2004.

Willis, G.H., and L.L. McDowell. 1987. P esticide Persistence on Foliage in Reviews of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 100 : 23

- 73.

### Page 47 of 106 APPENDIX A Ecotoxicity Profile for Novaluron and Degradates

MRID Species Guideline Test Chemical Classification Endpoints

Fish

45638210 Sheepshead

minnow

( Cyprinodon

variegates ) 850.1075 96

- hr acute Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental 96

- hr LC 50 > 2 μg a.i./L

No m ortality or s ublethal effects

45499004 Rainbow trout

( Salmo

gairdneri ) 850.1075 96

- hr acute Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental 96

- hr LC 50 >980 μg a.i. /L

No m ortality or s ublethal effects

45499005 Bluegill sunfish

( Lepomis

macrochirus ) 850.1075 96

- hr acute Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental 96

- hr LC 50 >960 μg/L

No m ortality or s ublethal effects

45638216 Rainbow Trout

( Salmo

gairdneri ) non

guideline 28

- day

subchronic Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC > 6.16 μg a.i. /L

Terminal growth and mortality

45638314 Rainbow Trout

( Salmo

gairdneri ) 850.1075 96

- hr acute RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Acceptable 96

- hr LC 50 = 5,740 μg ai/L

Sublethal effects noted

45638406 Rainbow Trout

( Salmo

gairdneri ) non

guideline 28

- day

subchronic RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Supplemental NOAEC = 111.3 μg a.i. /L

(NOAEC =1210 μg form /L )

LOAEC = 310 μg a.i. /L

(LOAEC = 3370 μg form /L )

Mortality and

Sublethal Effects noted

45499006 Rainbow Trout

( Salmo

gairdneri ) 850.1075 96

- hr acute 275

- 352 I

(Chlorophenyl) Acceptable 96

- hr LC 50 = 530 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 144 μg a.i. /L

Aquatic Invertebrates

45885801 Multiple species non

guideline Mesocosm

study Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental

47651902 Chironomus

riparius non

guideline 28

- day

emergence

test Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental Pore Water

NOAEC = 0.13 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC = 0.26 μg a.i. /L

45628212 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 Life Cycle Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i. /L

Reduction in terminal male body

weight

45638211;

46581401* Daphnia magna 850.1010 21

- day

chronic Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i. /L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i. /L

Reduction in parental survival and

offspring production

45638209 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 96

- hr acute Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable 96

- hr LC 50 = 0.13 μg a.i. /L

Sublethal effects noted

### Page 48 of 106 45638208 Mollusk

deposition

Study 850.1035 96

- hr acute Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable 96

- hr EC 50 = 1.5 μg/L

Sublethal effects noted

45499007 Daphnia magna 850.1010 48

- hr acute 275

- 352 I

(Chlorophenyl) Supplemental 48

- hr EC 50 = 1910 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 690 μg a.i. /L

46086203 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 96

- hr acute RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Acceptable 96

- hr LC 50 = 0.12 μg a.i. /L

(48

- hr EC 50 = 1.28 μg form /L )

Sublethal effects noted

45638413 Daphnia magna 850.1010 48

- hr Acute RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Acceptable 48

- hr EC 50 = 0.4 μg a.i. /L

(48

- hr EC 50 = 4.31 μg form /L )

Sublethal effects noted

Plants

45638221 Selenastrum

capriconutum 850.5400 96

- hr Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental EC 50 >9,680 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 9,680 μg a.i. /L

45638223 Lemna minor 850.4400 14

- day RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Acceptable EC 50 >75.4 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.i. /L

45638411 Selenastrum

capricornutum 850.5400 96

- hr RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Supplemental EC 50 = 3549 μg a.i. /L

NOAEC = 2475 μg a.i. /L

45638222 Selenastrum

capricornutum 850.5400 96

- hr 275

- 352 I

(Chlorophenyl) Supplemental EC 50 = 330 μg met /L

NOAEC = 105 μg met /L

Birds

45638219 Mallard Duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 850.2300 1

- gen

Reproduction Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable NOAEC = 9.8 mg a.i. /kg diet

LOAEC = 30 mg a.i. /kg diet

45638218 Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 850.2300 1

- gen

reproduction Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable NOAEC = 301 mg a.i. /kg diet

LOAEC = 1013 mg a.i. /kg diet

45499003 Mallard Duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 850.2200 Subacute

Dietary Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable LC 50 > 5310 mg a.i./kg diet

NOAEC = 5310 mg a.i./kg diet

45499002 Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 850.2200 Subacute

Dietary Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable LC 50 > 5200 mg/kg diet

NOAEC = 2610 mg a.i./kg diet

45499001 Mallard Duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 850.2100 Acute Oral Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental LD 50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

45476801 Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 850.2100 Acute Oral Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable LD 50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

Mammals

44961001 Laboratory rat

( Rattus

novegicus ) 870.1100 Acute Oral Technical Grad e

Active

Ingredient Acceptable 14

- day LD 50 >5000 mg ai/kg

- bw

45651505 Laboratory rat

( Rattus

novegicus ) 870.3800 2

- Generation

Reproduction Technical Gra d e

Active

Ingredient Acceptable NOAEC = 1000 mg ai/kg

- diet

LOAEC = 4000 mg ai/kg

- diet

### Page 49 of 106 Terrestrial Invertebrates

45638409 Honey Bee

( Apis melifera ) 850.3040 Field Test RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Supplemental

45638408 Honey Bee

( Apis melifera ) 850.3020 Acute contact

(and acute

oral) RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Acceptable

(Supplemental) CONTACT and ORAL

48

- hr LD 50 >200 μg a.i./bee

NOAEC = 200 μg a.i./bee

45638407 Honey Bee

( Apis melifera ) 850.3040 Field Test RIMON®

SUPRA 10EC Supplemental

45638225 Earthworm

( Eisenia foetida ) 850.6200 14

- day

Subchronic 275

- 352 I

(Chlorophenyl) Supplemental LC 50 = 447 mg a.i./kg diet

NOAEC = 171 mg a.i./kg diet

45638224 Earthworm

( Eisenia foetida ) 850.6200 14

- day

Subchronic Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Supplemental LC 50 > 1000 mg a.i./kg diet

NOAEC = 1000 mg a.i./kg diet

45638220 Honey Bee

( Apis melifera ) 850.3020 Acute Cont

act (acute

oral) Technical Grade

Active

Ingredient

(Novaluron) Acceptable

(Supplemental) CONTACT and ORAL

LD 50 > 100 μg a.i./bee

NOAEC = 100 μg a.i./bee

### Page 50 of 106 APPENDIX B Previous EFED Risk Assessments for Novaluron

Table 3. Previous Section 3 and Section 18 Ecological Risk Assessment Actions a nd Assessed Uses for

Novaluron

Crop Single

Application

Rate

(lb ai/A) Number of

Applications

(Application

Interval in

Days) Action/DP

Barcode/Date Risk Conclusions

Ornamentals and

Greenhouse 0.17 2 (30) Section 3 New

Chemical

Registration

D318619 No risk concerns exist for acute or chronic

direct effects to listed or non

- listed fish in

freshwater or estuarine/marine environments.

However, greatest risk from novaluron use is

to invertebrates in both media. No acute

effects are expected on birds, mammal s, and

plants. Chronic effects are possible on birds

and mammals. Adverse impacts are possible

on developing insects due to the novaluron’s

mode of action, which is targeted against

chitin development and cuticle formation of

insect larvae. Pome fru it

Cotton

Potato 0.32

0.09

0.08 3 (10

– 14)

3 (7

– 14)

3 (10

– 14) Section 3 New Use

Registration

DP285477, 285479,

287624, 297230

6/14/04

Head and Stem

Brassica 0.04

– 0.08 3 (up to 0.16 lb

ai/A)

(7

– 14) Section 3 New Use

Registration

DP321545

2/2/06

Sugarcane 0.08 5 (10

– 14) Section 18

Emergency Use

Exemption

DP329703

6/27/06

Head and Stem

Brassica

Tomato

Sugarcane 0.08

0.08

0.08

(ground and

aerial) 3

3

5

(7

– 10) Section 3 New Use

Registration for

tomato and sugarcane

and increase in

maximum use rates

for brassica

vegetables

DP340579, 340581,

340583, 340672

2/5/2008

Strawberry 0.08

(ground) 3

(7

– 10) Section 18

Emergency Use

Exemption in

Florida

### Page 51 of 106 D357484

10/30/2008

Stone Fruit

Bushberry

Brassica Leafy

Greens

Turnip Greens 0.32

0.20

0.08 3 (7

- 14)

3 (10

- 14)

3 (7

- 14) Section3 New Use

Registration

D358376

04/14/2009

Strawberry 0.078 3 (7

- 10) Section 18

Emergency Use

Exemption in

California

D364391

06/02/2009 Novaluron use on strawberry has the

potential to cause adverse acute and chronic

impacts to both listed and non

- listed

freshwater and estuarine/marine

invertebrates. No acute adverse effects

expected for fish, birds, or mammals. No

chronic adverse effect s expected for fish or

mammals. Chronic risk expected to birds.

Novaluron is not expected to cause adverse

effects to terrestrial aquatic plants. Adverse

impacts are possible on developing insects.

Sorghum

Fruiting Veg.

Curcurbit Veg.

Low Growing

Be rry Subgroup

Snap and Dry

Bean

Swiss Chard 0.078 3

(7

- 14) Section3 New Use

Registration

D364309 & D364313

11/27/2009 Novaluron use has the potential to cause

adverse acute and chronic impacts to both

listed and non

- listed freshwater and

estuarine/marine invertebrates. No acute

adverse effects expected for fish, birds, or

mammals. No chronic adverse effects

expected for fish or mammals. Chronic risk

expected to birds. Risk to terrestrial plants is

assumed.

Sweet Corn 0.078 5

(7) Section3 New Use

Registration

D378620

11/18/2010 Novaluron use has the potential to cause

adverse acute and chronic impacts to both

listed and non

- listed freshwater and

estuarine/marine invertebrates. No acute

adverse effects expected for fish, birds, or

mammals. No chronic adverse effects

expected for fish; chronic risk expected for

birds and mammals. Risk to aquatic plants

not exp ected; risk to terrestrial plants

presumed due to lack of data.

### Page 52 of 106 A PPENDIX C Integrate of Exposure and Effects

Table C

- 1 lists the measures of environmental exposure and ecological effects used to

assess the potential risks of novaluron to non

- target organisms. T he risk quotient

- based

approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an

adverse effect. The methods used to assess the risk are consistent with those outlined in

the document “Overview of the Ecological R isk Assessment Process in the Office of

Pesticide Programs” (USEPA 2004).

Table C

- 1 . Agency Risk Quotient (RQ) Metrics and Levels of Concern (LOC) Per Risk

Class.

RISK CLASS RISK DESCRIPTION RQ LOC

Aquatic Animals (fish and invertebrates)

Acute Potential for effects to non

- listed animals from acute

exposures Peak EEC/LC 50 1 0.5

Acute

Restricted Use Potential for effects to animals from acute exposures

Risks may be mitigated through restricted use classification Peak EEC/LC 50 1 0.1

Acute Listed

Species Listed species may be potentially affected by acute

exposures Peak EEC/LC 50 1 0.05

Chronic Potential for effects to non

- listed and listed animals from

chronic exposures 60

- day EEC/NOAEC

(fish)

1

21

- day EEC/NOAEC

(invertebrates)

Aquatic Plants

Non

- Listed Potential for effects to non

- listed plants from exposures Peak EEC/LC 50 1 1

Listed Potential for effects to listed plants from exposures Peak EEC/NOAEC 1

Terrestrial Animals (mammals and birds)

Acute Potential for effects to non

- listed animals from acute

exposures EEC/LC 50 (Dietary)

0.5

EEC/LD 50 (Dose)

Acute

Restricted Use Potential for effects to animals from acute exposures

Risks may be mitigated through restricted use classification EEC/LC 50 (Dietary)

0.2

EEC/LD 50 (Dose)

Acute Listed

Species Listed species may be potentially affected by acute

exposures EEC/LC 50 (Dietary)

0.1

EEC/LD 50 (Dose)

Chronic Potential for effects to non

- listed and listed animals from

chronic exposures EEC /NOAEC 1

Terrestrial and Semi

- Aquatic Plants

Non

- Listed Potential for effects to non

- target, non

- listed plants from

exposures EEC/ EC 25 1

Listed Plant Potential for effects to non

- target, listed plants from

exposures EEC/ NOAEC

1

EEC/ EC 05

1 LC 50 or EC 50

.

### Page 53 of 106 APPENDIX D Calculation of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Application Rates for

Perimeter and Spot Treatments

Calculation for the maximum application of diluted RIMON® SUPRA 10EC for outdoor

perimeter and spot treatments:

### Page 54 of 106 APPENDIX E Example PRZM/EXAMS

PRZM/EXAMS PA Turf Output File (10% of a Watershed Treated)

stored as PATf10.out

Chemical: Novaluron

PRZM environment: PAturfSTD.txt modified Thuday, 23 February 2006 at 17:55:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14: 08

Metfile: w14751.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.04815 0.03743 0.01753 0.008674 0.006347

0.001813

1962 0.01099 0.008603 0.004065 0.002021 0.001646

0.00 08223

1963 0.0005617 0.0005561 0.0005427 0.000511 0.0004505

0.0001958

1964 0.00376 0.002905 0.001318 0.0006509 0.0004916

0.0001587

1965 0.001562 0.001213 0.000558 0.0002927 0.0002288

9.107e

- 005

1966 0.04129 0.03241 0.01534 0.007242 0.005518

0.001492

1967 0 .0294 0.02299 0.01077 0.006351 0.004698 0.001896

1968 0.008925 0.007041 0.003359 0.001556 0.001166

0.0005301

1969 0.1339 0.1038 0.06 0.02702 0.01975 0.005747

1970 0.01323 0.01053 0.007153 0.004475 0.00334

0.002023

1971 0.07568 0.05946 0.02992 0.01466 0.01082

0.003154

1972 1.542 1.206 0.5862 0.2652 0.1929 0.05541

1973 0.018 0.01773 0.01671 0.01625 0.01491 0.006071

1974 0.008069 0.006435 0.003333 0.001951 0.001674

0.0006957

1975 0.09818 0.077 0.03627 0.01644 0.01197 0.003779

1976 0.00867 0.006764 0.00318 6 0.001534 0.001312

0.0008605

1977 0.00039 0.0003883 0.0003797 0.0003579 0.0003131

0.0001277

1978 0.05153 0.04016 0.0265 0.01236 0.008992 0.00257

1979 0.01706 0.01347 0.006519 0.003047 0.002424

0.001044

1980 0.0003414 0.0003379 0.0003253 0.0003152 0.000289 3

0.0001251

### Page 55 of 106 1981 0.00564 0.004386 0.002398 0.001188 0.0008937

0.0002846

1982 0.02271 0.01819 0.009078 0.004238 0.003115

0.0009555

1983 0.0003041 0.0003003 0.0002847 0.0002528 0.000227

9.469e

- 005

1984 0.02153 0.01713 0.01065 0.005144 0.003764

0.001089

1985 0.0009828 0.0007845 0.0004028 0.0003898 0.0003478

0.0001733

1986 0.02873 0.02285 0.01125 0.006347 0.004775

0.00143

1987 0.04759 0.03712 0.01721 0.007645 0.005617

0.001934

1988 0.02686 0.02081 0.009509 0.004225 0.003088

0.001074

1989 0.03005 0.02373 0.01185 0.008313 0.00647

0.002073

1990 0.01121 0.008721 0.004047 0.002368 0.001805

0.0007658

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 1.542 1.206 0.5862 0.2652 0.1929 0.05541

0.0645161290322581 0.1339 0.1038 0.06 0.02702 0.01 975 0.006071

0.0967741935483871 0.09818 0.077 0.03627 0.01644 0.01491

0.005747

0.129032258064516 0.07568 0.05946 0.02992 0.01625

0.01197 0.003779

0.161290322580645 0.05153 0.04016 0.0265 0.01466 0.01082

0.003154

0.193548387096774 0.04815 0.03743 0.01753 0.01236

0.008992 0.00257

0.225806451612903 0.04759 0.03712 0.01721 0.008674

0.00647 0.002073

0.258064516129032 0.04129 0.03241 0.01671 0.008313

0.006347 0.002023

0.290322580645161 0.03005 0.02373 0.01534 0.007645

0.005617 0.001934

0.32258064516129 0.0294 0 .02299 0.01185 0.007242 0.005518

0.001896

0.354838709677419 0.02873 0.02285 0.01125 0.006351

0.004775 0.001813

0.387096774193548 0.02686 0.02081 0.01077 0.006347

0.004698 0.001492

0.419354838709677 0.02271 0.01819 0.01065 0.005144

### Page 56 of 106 0.003764 0.00143

0.451612 903225806 0.02153 0.01773 0.009509 0.004475

0.00334 0.001089

0.483870967741936 0.018 0.01713 0.009078 0.004238 0.003115

0.001074

0.516129032258065 0.01706 0.01347 0.007153 0.004225

0.003088 0.001044

0.548387096774194 0.01323 0.01053 0.006519 0.003047

0.002 424 0.0009555

0.580645161290323 0.01121 0.008721 0.004065 0.002368

0.001805 0.0008605

0.612903225806452 0.01099 0.008603 0.004047 0.002021

0.001674 0.0008223

0.645161290322581 0.008925 0.007041 0.003359 0.001951

0.001646 0.0007658

0.67741935483871 0.00867 0.006764 0.003333 0.001556

0.001312 0.0006957

0.709677419354839 0.008069 0.006435 0.003186 0.001534

0.001166 0.0005301

0.741935483870968 0.00564 0.004386 0.002398 0.001188

0.0008937 0.0002846

0.774193548387097 0.00376 0.002905 0.001318 0.0006509

0.0004916 0.0001958

0.806451612903226 0.001562 0.001213 0.000558 0.000511

0.0004505 0.0001733

0.838709677419355 0.0009828 0.0007845 0.0005427 0.0003898

0.0003478 0.0001587

0.870967741935484 0.0005617 0.0005561 0.0004028 0.0003579

0.0003131 0.0001277

0.90322580645161 3 0.00039 0.0003883 0.0003797 0.0003152

0.0002893 0.0001251

0.935483870967742 0.0003414 0.0003379 0.0003253 0.0002927

0.0002288 9.469e

- 005

0.967741935483871 0.0003041 0.0003003 0.0002847 0.0002528

0.000227 9.107e

- 005

0.1 0.09593 0.075246 0.035635 0.016421 0.014616

0.0055502

Average of yearly averages: 0.003282662

Inputs generated by pe5.pl

- Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PATf10

Metfile: w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario: PAturfSTD.txt

### Page 57 of 106 EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Novaluron

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 492.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry atm

- m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.2e

- 7 torr

Solubility sol 0.003 mg/L

Kd Kd 165 mg/L

Koc Koc mg/L

Photolysis half

- life kdp 0 days Half

- life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 21.9 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 56.9 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 15.6 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half

- life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Ap plication Rate: TAPP 0.102 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1.0 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15

- 06 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd

- mm or dd

- mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)

### Page 58 of 106 APPENDIX F T

- REX Example Output

Chemical Identity and Application Information

Chemical Name: Novaluron

Use: Residential Use

Product name and form:

% A.I. (leading zero must be entered for

formulations <1% a.i.): 100.00%

Application Rate (lbs/A): 

### 0.91

Half

- life (days): 

### 35

Application Interval (days): 

### 0

Number of Applications: 

### 1

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose

- Based Risk Quotients

Size

Class

(gram

s) Adjust

ed

LD50 EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EE

C RQ EE

C RQ

20 0.00 248.

74 #DIV/

0! 114.

00 ####

# 139.9

1 ##### 15.5

5 ##### 3.4

5 ###

##

100 0.00 141.

84 #DIV/

0! 65.0

1 ####

# 79.78 ##### 8.86 ##### 1.9

7 ###

##

1 000 0.00 63.5

0 #DIV/

0! 29.1

1 ####

# 35.72 ##### 3.97 ##### 0.8

8 ###

##

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk

Quotients

LC50 EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf

Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 218.40 ####

# 100.1

0 ####

# 122.

85 #DIV/

0! 13.65 ###

##

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

### Page 59 of 106 Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk

Quotients

NOA

EC

(ppm) EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf

Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

10 218.40 22.2

9 100.1

0 10.2

1 122.

85 12.54 13.65 1.39

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose

- Based Risk Quotients

Size

Class

(gram

s) Adjust

ed

LD50 EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EE

C RQ EE

C RQ

15 0.00 208.

23 #DIV/

0! 95.4

4 ####

# 117.1

3 ##### 13.0

1 ##### 2.8

9 ###

##

35 0.00 143.

91 #DIV/

0! 65.9

6 ####

# 80.95 ##### 8.99 ##### 2.0

0 ###

##

1 000 0.00 33.3

7 #DIV/

0! 15.2

9 ####

# 18.77 ##### 2.09 ##### 0.4

6 ###

##

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dietary Based Risk

Quotients

LC50

(ppm) EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf

Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 218.40 ####

# 100.1

0 ####

# 122.

85 #DIV/

0! 13.65 ###

##

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk

Quotients

NOA EECs and RQs

### Page 60 of 106 EC

(ppm) Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf

Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

1000 218.40 0.22 100.1

0 0.10 122.

85 0.12 13.65 0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose

- Based Risk Quotients

Size

Class

(gram

s) Adjust

ed

NOAE

L EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EE

C RQ EE

C RQ

15 163.08 208.

23 1.28 95.4

4 0.59 117.1

3 0.72 13.0

1 0.08 2.8

9 0.02

35 131.95 143.

91 1.09 65.9

6 0.50 80.95 0.61 8.99 0.07 2.0

0 0.02

1 000 57.07 33.3

7 0.58 15.2

9 0.27 18.77 0.33 2.09 0.04 0.4

6 0.01

### Page 61 of 106 APPENDIX G LOCATES Threatened and Endangered Species

Common Name Scientific Name Taxon Status

Hawaiian picture

- wing Fly Drosophila sharpi Insect E

Damselfly, Flying Earwig Hawaiian Megalagrion nesiotes Insect E

Damselfly, Pacific Hawaiian Megalagrion pacificum Insect E

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis Mammal E

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis Mammal T

Deer, Columbian White

- tailed Odocoileus virginianus

leucurus Mammal E

Deer, Key Odocoileus virginianus clavium Mammal E

Ferret, Black

- footed Mustela nigripes Mammal E

Fox, San Joaquin Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal E

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Mammal E

Panther, Florida Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi Mammal E

Pronghorn, Sonoran Antilocapra americana

sonoriensis Mammal E

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal E

Wolf, Gray Canis lupus Mammal E

Wolf, Red Canis rufus Mammal E

Whale, Blue Balaenoptera musculus Mammal E

Whale, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Mammal E

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Mammal E

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus Mammal E

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal E

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl.

australis) Mammal E

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Mammal E

Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon

(=macrocephalus) Mammal E

Bat, Hawaiian Hoary Lasiurus cinereus semotus Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay Dipodomys heermanni

morroensis Mammal E

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal E

Jaguar Panthera onca Mammal E

Prairie Dog, Utah Cynomys parvidens Mammal T

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens Mammal E

Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast Herpailurus (=Felis)

yagouaroundi cacomitli Mammal E

Jaguarundi, Sinaloan Herpailurus (=Felis)

yagouaroundi tolteca Mammal E

Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Mammal E

### Page 62 of 106 Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis Mammal T

Bat, Ozark Big

- eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus)

townsendii ingens Mammal E

Bat, Little Mariana Fruit Pteropus tokudae Mammal E

Bat, Mariana Fruit (=Mariana

Flying Fox) Pteropus mariannus

mariannus Mammal T

Bat, Virginia Big

- eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus)

townsendii virginianus Mammal E

Vole, Amargosa Microtus californicus

scirpensis Mammal E

Rice Rat (=Silver Rice Rat) Oryzomys palustris natator Mammal E

Ocelot Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis Mammal E

Mouse, Key Largo Cotton Peromyscus gossypinus

allapaticola Mammal E

Woodrat, Key Largo Neotoma floridana smalli Mammal E

Caribou, Woodland Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal E

Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach Peromyscus polionotus

allophrys Mammal E

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Peromyscus polionotus

trissyllepsis Mammal E

Bear, Louisiana Black Ursus americanus luteolus Mammal T

Fox, San Miguel Island Urocyon littoralis littoralis Mammal E

Fox, Santa Catalina Island Urocyon littoralis catalinae Mammal E

Fox, Santa Cruz Island Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mammal E

Fox, Santa Rosa Island Urocyon littoralis santarosae Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Giant Dipodomys ingens Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D.

cascus) Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton Dipodomys nitratoides

nitratoides Mammal E

Mouse, Alabama Beach Peromyscus polionotus

ammobates Mammal E

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal E

Squirrel, Mount Graham Red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

grahamensis Mammal E

Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mammal T

Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Mammal T

Seal, spotted Phoca largha Mammal T

Rabbit, Lower Keys Marsh Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Mammal E

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long

nosed Leptonycteris curasoae

yerbabuenae Mammal E

Bat, Mexican Long

- nosed Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal E

Mountain Beaver, Point Arena Aplodontia rufa nigra Mammal E

### Page 63 of 106 Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach Peromyscus polionotus

phasma Mammal E

Mouse, Pacific Pocket Perognathus longimembris

pacificus Mammal E

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei Mammal T

Mouse, Southeastern Beach Peromyscus polionotus

niveiventris Mammal T

Mouse, St. Andrew Beach Peromyscus polionotus

peninsularis Mammal E

Rabbit, Riparian Brush Sylvilagus bachmani riparius Mammal E

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn Ovis canadensis nelsoni Mammal E

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Ovis canadensis sierrae Mammal E

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate Sorex ornatus relictus Mammal E

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground Spermophilus brunneus

brunneus Mammal T

Vole, Florida Salt Marsh Microtus pennsylvanicus

dukecampbelli Mammal E

Vole, Hualapai Mexican Microtus mexicanus

hualpaiensis Mammal E

Woodrat, Riparian Neotoma fuscipes riparia Mammal E

Sea

- lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Mammal E/T

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern Puma (=Felis) concolor (all

subsp. except coryi) Mammal E

Bear, American Black Ursus americanus Mammal SAT

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino

Merriam's Dipodomys merriami parvus Mammal E

Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus idahoensis Mammal E

Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mammal T

Bear, polar Ursus maritimus Mammal E

Killer whale, Southern Resident

DPS Orcinus orca Mammal E

'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus

procerus) Hemignathus procerus Bird E

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus

munroi) Hemignathus munroi Bird E

Condor, California Gymnogyps californianus Bird E

Crane, Whooping Grus americana Bird E

Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) Corvus hawaiiensis Bird E

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) Anas wyvilliana Bird E

Duck, Laysan Anas laysanensis Bird E

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bird T

Finch, Laysan Telespyza cantans Bird E

Finch, Nihoa Telespyza ultima Bird E

Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) Branta (=Nesochen) Bird E

### Page 64 of 106 sandvicensis

Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) Buteo solitarius Bird E

Honeycreeper, Crested

('Akohekohe) Palmeria dolei Bird E

Kite, Everglades Snail Rostrhamus sociabilis

plumbeus Bird E

Millerbird, Nihoa Acrocephalus familiaris kingi Bird E

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common Gallinula chloropus

sandvicensis Bird E

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) Moho braccatus Bird E

'O'u (Honeycreeper) Psittirostra psittacea Bird E

Palila Loxioides bailleui Bird E

Parrot, Puerto Rican Amazona vittata Bird E

Parrotbill, Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys Bird E

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark

- rumped Pterodroma phaeopygia

sandwichensis Bird E

Prairie

- chicken, Attwater's

Greater Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bird E

Rail, Yuma Clapper Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird E

Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside Ammodramus maritimus

mirabilis Bird E

Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) Myadestes palmeri Bird E

Megapode, Micronesian (La

Perouse's) Megapodius laperouse Bird E

Starling, Ponape Mountain Aplonis pelzelni Bird E

Albatross, Short

- tailed Phoebastria (=Diomedea)

albatrus Bird E

Bobwhite, Masked Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bird E

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis Bird E

Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii Bird E

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii Bird E

White

- eye, Ponape greater Rukia longirostra Bird E

Woodpecker, Ivory

- billed Campephilus principalis Bird E

Tern, California Least Sterna antillarum browni Bird E

Warbler, nightingale reed (old

world warbler) Acrocephalus luscinia Bird E

'Akepa, Hawaii Loxops coccineus coccineus Bird E

'Akepa, Maui Loxops coccineus ochraceus Bird E

Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) Paroreomyza maculata Bird E

Nuku Pu'u, Kauai Hemignathus lucidus

hanapepe Bird E

Nuku Pu'u, Maui Hemignathus lucidus affinus Bird E

Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain Columba inornata wetmorei Bird E

Rail, California Clapper Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird E

### Page 65 of 106 Rail, Light

- footed Clapper Rallus longirostris levipes Bird E

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) Himantopus mexicanus

knudseni Bird E

Thrush, Large Kauai Myadestes myadestinus Bird E

Thrush, Molokai (Oloma'o) Myadestes lanaiensis rutha Bird E

Woodpecker, Red

- cockaded Picoides borealis Bird E

Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) Fulica americana alai Bird E

Creeper, Molokai (Kakawahie) Paroreomyza flammea Bird E

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla Bird E

Nightjar, Puerto Rico Caprimulgus noctitherus Bird E

Creeper, Hawaii Oreomystis mana Bird E

Po'ouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Bird E

Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird T

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Bird E

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage Amphispiza belli clementeae Bird T

Blackbird, Yellow

- shouldered Agelaius xanthomus Bird E

Crow, Mariana Corvus kubaryi Bird E

Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian Halcyon cinnamomina

cinnamomina Bird E

Moorhen, Mariana Common Gallinula chloropus guami Bird E

Rail, Guam Rallus owstoni Bird E

White

- eye, Bridled (Nossa) Zosterops conspicillatus

conspicillatus Bird E

White

- eye, Rota Bridled Zosterops rotensis Bird E

Vireo, Least Bell's Vireo bellii pusillus Bird E

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana Bird E

Caracara, Audubon's Crested Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird T

Falcon, Northern Aplomado Falco femoralis septentrionalis Bird E

Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad

- winged Buteo platypterus

brunnescens Bird E

Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp

- shinned Accipiter striatus venator Bird E

Owl, Mexican Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida Bird T

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus Bird E

Plover, Western Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus

nivosus Bird T

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum

floridanus Bird E

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum Bird E

Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird E

Towhee, Inyo Brown Pipilo crissalis eremophilus Bird T

Vireo, Black

- capped Vireo atricapilla Bird E

Warbler (=Wood), Golden

cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia Bird E

### Page 66 of 106 Scrub

- Jay, Florida Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird T

Crow, White

- necked Corvus leucognaphalus Bird E

Owl, Northern Spotted Strix occidentalis caurina Bird T

Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird T

Gnatcatcher, Coastal California Polioptila californica

californica Bird T

Eider, Spectacled Somateria fischeri Bird T

Eider, Steller's Polysticta stelleri Bird T

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray

(=Vanikoro) Aerodramus vanikorensis

bartschi Bird E

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Empidonax traillii extimus Bird E

Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris Bird E

Kauai creeper Oreomystis bairdi Bird E

Elepaio, Oahu Chasiempis sandwichensis

ibidis Bird E

Alligator, American Alligator mississippiensis Reptile T

Lizard, Blunt

- nosed Leopard Gambelia silus Reptile E

Snake, San Francisco Garter Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile E

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile E

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Reptile E

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii Reptile E

Boa, Puerto Rican Epicrates inornatus Reptile E

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Reptile E/T

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Reptile T

Sea turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Reptile T

Lizard, Island Night Xantusia riversiana Reptile T

Anole, Culebra Island Giant Anolis roosevelti Reptile E

Lizard, St. Croix Ground Ameiva polops Reptile E

Boa, Mona Epicrates monensis monensis Reptile T

Iguana, Mona Ground Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Reptile T

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge

nosed Crotalus willardi obscurus Reptile T

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile T

Turtle, Alabama Red

- bellied Pseudemys alabamensis Reptile E

Turtle, Flattened Musk Sternotherus depressus Reptile T

Turtle, Plymouth Red

- bellied Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Reptile E

Turtle, Ringed Map Graptemys oculifera Reptile T

Turtle, Yellow

- blotched Map Graptemys flavimaculata Reptile T

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile T

Boa, Virgin Islands Tree Epicrates monensis granti Reptile E

Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe

toed Uma inornata Reptile T

### Page 67 of 106 Crocodile, American Crocodylus acutus Reptile T

Gecko, Monito Sphaerodactylus

micropithecus Reptile E

Skink, Blue

- tailed Mole Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile T

Skink, Sand Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile T

Snake, Northern Copperbelly

Water Nerodia erythrogaster

neglecta Reptile T

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus Reptile T

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile T

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer),

Alameda Masticophis lateralis

euryxanthus Reptile T

Snake, Concho Water Nerodia paucimaculata Reptile T

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii Reptile T

Snake, Lake Erie Water Nerodia sipedon insularum Reptile T

Snake, Giant Garter Thamnophis gigas Reptile T

Salamander, Santa Cruz Long

- toed Ambystoma macrodactylum

croceum Amphibian E

Salamander, Texas Blind Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian E

Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis Amphibian E

Salamander, Desert Slender Batrachoseps aridus Amphibian E

Salamander, Red Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti Amphibian T

Coqui, Golden Eleutherodactylus jasperi Amphibian T

Salamander, San Marcos Eurycea nana Amphibian T

Toad, Puerto Rican Crested Peltophryne lemur Amphibian T

Guajon Eleutherodactylus cooki Amphibian T

Salamander, Barton Springs Eurycea sosorum Amphibian E

Salamander, Cheat Mountain Plethodon nettingi Amphibian T

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum Amphibian T

Salamander, Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian E

Salamander, Sonora Tiger Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian E

Toad, Wyoming Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys) Amphibian E

Salamander, California Tiger Ambystoma californiense Amphibian E

Toad, Arroyo Southwestern Bufo californicus

(=microscaphus) Amphibian E

Frog, California Red

- legged Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian T

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian T

Frog, Mountain Yellow

- legged Rana muscosa Amphibian E

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi

DPS) Rana capito sevosa Amphibian E

Salamander, Reticulated

flatwoods Ambystoma bishopi Amphibian E

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha Fish E

Cui

- ui Chasmistes cujus Fish E

### Page 68 of 106 Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea Fish E

Darter, Maryland Etheostoma sellare Fish E

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei Fish E

Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir Fish E

Squawfish, Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius Fish E

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump

Killifish) Empetrichthys latos Fish E

Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans Fish E

Pupfish, Devils Hole Cyprinodon diabolis Fish E

Pupfish, Owens Cyprinodon radiosus Fish E

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Fish E

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish E

Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache Fish T

Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae Fish E

Trout, Greenback Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish T

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris Fish T

Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae Fish E

Chub, Mohave Tui Gila bicolor mohavensis Fish E

Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail Gila robusta jordani Fish E

Dace, Kendall Warm Springs Rhinichthys osculus thermalis Fish E

Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola Fish E

Darter, Watercress Etheostoma nuchale Fish E

Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis Fish E

Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadensis

pectoralis Fish E

Stickleback, Unarmored

Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus

williamsoni Fish E

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Fish T

Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus Fish E

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi Fish T

Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Fish E

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus Fish T

Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina Fish T

Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi Fish T

Logperch, Roanoke Percina rex Fish E

Sculpin, Pygmy Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus) Fish T

Shiner, Cape Fear Notropis mekistocholas Fish E

Silverside, Waccamaw Menidia extensa Fish T

Darter, Bayou Etheostoma rubrum Fish T

Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani Fish E

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni Fish T

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis Fish T

### Page 69 of 106 Trout, Little Kern Golden Oncorhynchus aguabonita

whitei Fish T

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans Fish E

Gambusia, San Marcos Gambusia georgei Fish E

Pupfish, Leon Springs Cyprinodon bovinus Fish E

Sturgeon, Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Fish E

Chub, Borax Lake Gila boraxobius Fish E

Chub, Chihuahua Gila nigrescens Fish T

Chub, Sonora Gila ditaenia Fish T

Chub, Virgin River Gila seminuda (=robusta) Fish E

Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae Fish T

Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi Fish E

Catfish, Yaqui Ictalurus pricei Fish T

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae Fish T

Chub, Gila Gila intermedia Fish E

Chub, Hutton Tui Gila bicolor ssp. Fish T

Chub, Owens Tui Gila bicolor snyderi Fish E

Chub, Yaqui Gila purpurea Fish E

Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled Rhinichthys osculus

nevadensis Fish E

Dace, Clover Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus Fish E

Dace, Desert Eremichthys acros Fish T

Dace, Foskett Speckled Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Fish T

Dace, Independence Valley

Speckled Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus Fish E

Darter, Cherokee Etheostoma scotti Fish T

Madtom, Neosho Noturus placidus Fish T

Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli Fish E

Minnow, Devils River Dionda diaboli Fish T

Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis Fish T

Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa Cyprinodon nevadensis

mionectes Fish E

Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius Fish E

Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa Fish T

Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae Fish E

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus Fish E

Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose Notropis simus pecosensis Fish T

Spinedace, Big Spring Lepidomeda mollispinis

pratensis Fish T

Spinedace, Little Colorado Lepidomeda vittata Fish T

Spinedace, White River Lepidomeda albivallis Fish E

Springfish, Hiko White River Crenichthys baileyi grandis Fish E

### Page 70 of 106 Springfish, Railroad Valley Crenichthys nevadae Fish T

Springfish, White River Crenichthys baileyi baileyi Fish E

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish T

Sucker, June Chasmistes liorus Fish E

Sucker, Lost River Deltistes luxatus Fish E

Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps Fish E

Sucker, Razorback Xyrauchen texanus Fish E

Sucker, Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris Fish E

Sucker, Warner Catostomus warnerensis Fish T

Darter, Amber Percina antesella Fish E

Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi Fish E

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish T

Spikedace Meda fulgida Fish T

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti Fish E

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata Fish T

Shiner, Arkansas River Notropis girardi Fish T

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea Fish T

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus Fish T

Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo)

tshawytscha Fish E/T

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus Fish E

Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Fish E

Chub, Oregon Oregonichthys crameri Fish E

Smelt, Delta Hypomesus transpacificus Fish T

Goby, Tidewater Eucyclogobius newberryi Fish E

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. Fish E

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum Fish E

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery Hybognathus amarus Fish E

Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Fish E

Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) Fish E

Sucker, Santa Ana Catostomus santaanae Fish T

Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense Fish E

Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Fish E

Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae Fish E

Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo)

kisutch Fish E

Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Fish E

Darter, Vermilion Etheostoma chermocki Fish E

Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Fish T

Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Fish T

Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Fish E

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis Bivalve E

### Page 71 of 106 Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Green

- blossom Epioblasma torulosa

gubernaculum Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Tubercled

- blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Turgid

- blossom Epioblasma turgidula Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Yellow

- blossom Epioblasma florentina

florentina Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata

obliquata Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata

perobliqua Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus Bivalve E

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Appalachian

Monkeyface Quadrula sparsa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Cumberland

Monkeyface Quadrula intermedia Bivalve E

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Birdwing Conradilla caelata Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Curtis' Epioblasma florentina curtisii Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Little

- wing Pegias fabula Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus Bivalve E

Mussel, Fine

- rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus Bivalve E

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum Bivalve E

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Orange

- footed Plethobasus cooperianus Bivalve E

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick

Pearly) Obovaria retusa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax Bivalve E

Rock

- pocketbook, Ouachita

(=Wheeler's pm) Arkansia wheeleri Bivalve E

Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Bivalve E

Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon Bivalve E

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri

(=E. walkeri) Bivalve E

Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel)

Clubshell Pleurobema curtum Bivalve E

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent

mussel) Epioblasma penita Bivalve E

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's

Mussel) Pleurobema marshalli Bivalve E

### Page 72 of 106 Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge

Tait's Mussel) Pleurobema taitianum Bivalve E

Spinymussel, Tar River Elliptio steinstansana Bivalve E

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens Bivalve E

Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea Bivalve E

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus Bivalve T

Mucket, Orange

- nacre Lampsilis perovalis Bivalve T

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata Bivalve E

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri Bivalve E

Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina Bivalve E

Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes Bivalve E

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon Bivalve E

Pearlshell, Louisiana Margaritifera hembeli Bivalve T

Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis Bivalve E

Bankclimber, Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus Bivalve T

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata Bivalve E

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria Bivalve E

Fatmucket, Arkansas Lampsilis powelli Bivalve T

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata Bivalve E

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme Bivalve E

Mussel, Fine

- lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis Bivalve T

Mussel, Shiny

- rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata Bivalve E

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Bivalve E

Mussel, Fat Threeridge Amblema neislerii Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum Bivalve E

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum Bivalve E

Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum Bivalve E

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii Bivalve E

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus Bivalve T

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus Bivalve E

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum Bivalve E

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum Bivalve E

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus Bivalve E

Mussel, Ochlockonee

Moccasinshell Medionidus simpsonianus Bivalve E

Slabshell, Chipola Elliptio chipolaensis Bivalve T

Mussel, Georgia pigtoe Pleurobema hanleyianum Bivalve E

Snail, Morro Shoulderband Helminthoglypta walkeriana Gastropod E

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain Mesodon magazinensis Gastropod T

### Page 73 of 106 Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber Succinea chittenangoensis Gastropod T

Snail, Flat

- spired Three

- toothed Triodopsis platysayoides Gastropod T

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Gastropod E

Snail, Noonday Mesodon clarki nantahala Gastropod T

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest Anguispira picta Gastropod T

Snail, Stock Island Tree Orthalicus reses (not incl.

nesodryas) Gastropod T

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain Polygyriscus virginianus Gastropod E

Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi Gastropod E

Snail, Bliss Rapids Taylorconcha serpenticola Gastropod T

Snail, Snake River Physa Physa natricina Gastropod E

Ambersnail, Kanab Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Gastropod E

Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe Gastropod E

Snail, Armored Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia)

pachyta Gastropod E

Snail, Pecos Assiminea Assiminea pecos Gastropod E

Springsnail, Alamosa Tryonia alamosae Gastropod E

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Gastropod E

Springsnail, Roswell Pyrgulopsis roswellensis Gastropod E

Springsnail, Koster's Juturnia kosteri Gastropod E

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri Gastropod E

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Gastropod E

Springsnail, Socorro Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Gastropod E

Limpet, Banbury Springs Lanx sp. Gastropod E

Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella Gastropod T

Hornsnail, rough Pleurocera foremani Gastropod E

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical Lioplax cyclostomaformis Gastropod E

Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri Gastropod E

Rocksnail, Painted Leptoxis taeniata Gastropod T

Rocksnail, Plicate Leptoxis plicata Gastropod E

Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla Gastropod T

Campeloma, Slender Campeloma decampi Gastropod E

Snail, Newcomb's Erinna newcombi Gastropod T

Rocksnail, interrupted Leptoxis foremani Gastropod E

Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Gastropod E

Abalone, Black Haliotis cracherodii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

sowerbyana) Achatinella sowerbyana Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

livida) Achatinella livida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

mustelina) Achatinella mustelina Gastropod E

### Page 74 of 106 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

apexfulva) Achatinella apexfulva Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

fulgens) Achatinella fulgens Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

concavospira) Achatinella concavospira Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

stewartii) Achatinella stewartii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

decipiens) Achatinella decipiens Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

pulcherrima) Achatinella pulcherrima Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

fuscobasis) Achatinella fuscobasis Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

leucorraphe) Ach atinella leucorraphe Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

curta) Achatinella curta Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

bulimoides) Achatinella bulimoides Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

byronii) Achatinella byronii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

caesia) Achatinella caesia Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

casta) Achatinella casta Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

decora) Achatinella decora Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

dimorpha) Achatinella dimorpha Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

elegans) Achatinella elegans Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

juncea) Achatinella juncea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

lehuiensis) Achatinella lehuiensis Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

papyracea) Achatinella papyracea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

rosea) Achatinella rosea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

spaldingi) Achatinella spaldingi Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

swiftii) Achatinella swiftii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

thaanumi) Achatinella thaahumi Gastropod E

### Page 75 of 106 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

valida) Achatinella valida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

abbreviata) Achatinella abbreviata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

bellula) Achatinella bellula Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

buddii) Achatinella buddii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

cestus) Achatinella cestus Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

juddii) Achatinella juddii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

lorata) Achatinella lorata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

phaeozona) Achatinella phaeozona Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

pupukanioe) Achatinella pupukanioe Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

taeniolata) Achatinella taeniolata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

turgida) Achatinella turgida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

viridans) Achatinella viridans Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

vittata) Achatinella vittata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella

vulpina) Achatinella vulpina Gastropod E

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue Euphilotes battoides allyni Insect E

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis Insect E

Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark Apodemia mormo langei Insect E

Butterfly, Lotis Blue Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Insect E

Butterfly, Mission Blue Icaricia icarioides missionensis Insect E

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii

mitchellii Insect E

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot Speyeria zerene myrtleae Insect E

Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot Euphydryas editha quino (=E.

e. wrighti) Insect E

Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin Callophrys mossii bayensis Insect E

Butterfly, Smith's Blue Euphilotes enoptes smithi Insect E

Butterfly, Schaus Swallowtail Heraclides aristodemus

ponceanus Insect E

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot Speyeria callippe callippe Insect E

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot Speyeria zerene hippolyta Insect T

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus

palosverdesensis Insect E

### Page 76 of 106 Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx Euproserpinus euterpe Insect T

Skipper, Pawnee Montane Hesperia leonardus montana Insect T

Beetle, Delta Green Ground Elaphrus viridis Insect T

Beetle, Valley Elderberry

Longhorn Desmocerus californicus

dimorphus Insect T

Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Insect E

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot

(Wright's euphydryas) Euphydryas editha bayensis Insect T

Naucorid, Ash Meadows Ambrysus amargosus Insect T

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus Insect E

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling

Water Brychius hungerfordi Insect E

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Insect T

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana Insect T

Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot Speyeria zerene behrensii Insect E

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana Insect E

Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx Manduca blackburni Insect E

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold Batrisodes texanus Insect E

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold Texamaurops reddelli Insect E

Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground Rhadine persephone Insect E

Butterfly, Fender's Blue Icaricia icarioides fenderi Insect E

Skipper, Laguna Mountain Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Insect E

Fly, Delhi Sands Flower

- loving Rhaphiomidas terminatus

abdominalis Insect E

Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle Heterelmis comalensis Insect E

Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid Stygoparnus comalensis Insect E

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr Neonympha mitchellii francisci Insect E

Beetle, Mount Hermon June Polyphylla barbata Insect E

Beetle, Ohlone Tiger Cicindela ohlone Insect E

Grasshopper, Zayante Band

winged Trimerotropis infantilis Insect E

Rhadine infernalis (ncn) Rhadine infernalis Insect E

Beetle, Helotes Mold Batrisodes venyivi Insect E

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger Cicindela nevadica lincolniana Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila aglaia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila heteroneura Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila montgomeryi Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila mulli Insect T

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila musaphilia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila neoclavisetae Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila obatai Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila substenoptera Insect E

### Page 77 of 106 Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila tarphytrichia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila hemipeza Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila ochrobasis Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing Drosophila differens Insect E

Rhadine exilis (ncn) Rhadine exilis Insect E

Skipper, Carson Wandering Pseudocopaeodes eunus

obscurus Insect E

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf Adelocosa anops Arachnid E

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave Texella reddelli Arachnid E

Harvestman, Bone Cave Texella reyesi Arachnid E

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave Tartarocreagris texana Arachnid E

Spider, Tooth Cave Leptoneta myopica Arachnid E

Spider, Spruce

- fir Moss Microhexura montivaga Arachnid E

Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave Texella cokendolpheri Arachnid E

Spider, Government Canyon Bat

Cave Neoleptoneta microps Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Madla's Cave Cicurina madla Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave Cicurina baronia Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Government

Canyon Bat Cave Cicurina vespera Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave Cicurina venii Arachnid E

Amphipod, Hay's Spring Stygobromus hayi Crustacean E

Isopod, Madison Cave Antrolana lira Crustacean T

Amphipod, Peck's Cave Stygobromus (=Stygonectes)

pecki Crustacean E

Crayfish, Nashville Orconectes shoupi Crustacean E

Crayfish, Shasta Pacifastacus fortis Crustacean E

Shrimp, Alabama Cave Palaemonias alabamae Crustacean E

Shrimp, California Freshwater Syncaris pacifica Crustacean E

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri Crustacean E

Isopod, Socorro Thermosphaeroma

thermophilus Crustacean E

Amphipod, Illinois Cave Gammarus acherondytes Crustacean E

Amphipod, Kauai Cave Spelaeorchestia koloana Crustacean E

Amphipod, Noel's Gammarus desperatus Crustacean E

Isopod, Lee County Cave Lirceus usdagalun Crustacean E

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave Palaemonetes cummingi Crustacean T

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus

zophonastes) Cambarus zophonastes Crustacean E

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus

aculabrum) Cambarus aculabrum Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy Branchinecta conservatio Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn Branchinecta longiantenna Crustacean E

### Page 78 of 106 Fairy Shrimp, Riverside Streptocephalus woottoni Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi Crustacean T

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool Lepidurus packardi Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego Branchinecta sandiegonensis Crustacean E

Dugong Dugong dugon Mammal E

Coral, Staghorn Acropora cervicornis Coral T

Coral, Elkhorn Acropora palmata Coral T

Thornmint, San Diego Acanthomintha ilicifolia Dicot T

Achyranthes mutica (ncn) Achyranthes mutica Dicot E

Alopecurus, Sonoma Alopecurus aequalis var.

sonomensis Monocot E

Amaranthus brownii (ncn) Amaranthus brownii Dicot E

Ambrosia, San Diego Ambrosia pumila Dicot E

Rock

- cress, Hoffmann's Arabis hoffmannii Dicot E

Manzanita, Del Mar Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp.

crassifolia Dicot E

Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island Arctostaphylos confertiflora Dicot E

Manzanita, Ione Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Dicot T

Manzanita, Pallid Arctostaphylos pallida Dicot T

Sandwort, Bear Valley Arenaria ursina Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Braunton's Astragalus brauntonii Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Clara Hunt's Astragalus clarianus Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Deseret Astragalus desereticus Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Lane Mountain Astragalus jaegerianus Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Ventura Marsh Astragalus pycnostachyus var.

lanosissimus Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Coastal Dunes Astragalus tener var. titi Dicot E

Cactus, Star Astrophytum asterias Dicot E

Barberry, Nevin's Berberis nevinii Dicot E

Barberry, Island Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis Dicot E

Brodiaea, Thread

- leaved Brodiaea filifolia Monocot T

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp Brodiaea pallida Monocot T

Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) Caesalpinia kavaiense Dicot E

Pussypaws, Mariposa Calyptridium pulchellum Dicot T

Morning

- glory, Stebbins Calystegia stebbinsii Dicot E

Sedge, White Carex albida Monocot E

Clover, Fleshy Owl's Castilleja campestris ssp.

succulenta Dicot T

Paintbrush, Ash

- grey Indian Castilleja cinerea Dicot T

Paintbrush, Soft

- leaved Castilleja mollis Dicot E

Ceanothus, Pine Hill Ceanothus roderickii Dicot E

Mountain

- mahogany, Catalina Cercocarpus traskiae Dicot E

### Page 79 of 106 Island

Spurge, Hoover's Chamaesyce hooveri Dicot T

Papala Charpentiera densiflora Dicot E

Amole, Cammatta Canyon Chlorogalum purpureum var.

reductum Monocot T

Amole, Purple Chlorogalum purpureum var.

purpureum Monocot T

Spineflower, Orcutt's Chorizanthe orcuttiana Dicot E

Thistle, Suisun Cirsium hydrophilum var.

hydrophilum Dicot E

Thistle, La Graciosa Cirsium loncholepis Dicot E

Clarkia, Vine Hill Clarkia imbricata Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia

drepanomorpha) Clermontia drepanomorpha Dicot E

Bird's

- beak, Soft Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) Cyanea humboldtiana Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) Cyrtandra dentata Dicot E

Hiiwale Cyrtandra oenobarba Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea rivularis) Delissea rivularis Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea undulata) Delissea undulata Dicot E

Larkspur, Baker's Delphinium bakeri Dicot E

Larkspur, Yellow Delphinium luteum Dicot E

Na`ena`e Dubautia waialealae Dicot E

Dudleya, Conejo Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva Dicot T

Dudleya, Marcescent Dudleya cymosa ssp.

marcescens Dicot T

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island Dudleya nesiotica Dicot T

Liveforever, Laguna Beach Dudleya stolonifera Dicot T

Grass, Fosberg's Love Eragrostis fosbergii Monocot E

Yerba Santa, Lompoc Eriodictyon capitatum Dicot E

Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) Eriogonum apricum (incl. var.

prostratum) Dicot E

Buckwheat, Southern Mountain

Wild Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum Dicot T

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Euphorbia haeleeleana Dicot E

Flannelbush, Pine Hill Fremontodendron

californicum ssp. decumbens Dicot E

Fritillary, Gentner's Fritillaria gentneri Monocot E

Bedstraw, Island Galium buxifolium Dicot E

Bedstraw, El Dorado Galium californicum ssp.

sierrae Dicot E

Butterfly Plant, Colorado Gaura neomexicana var.

coloradensis Dicot T

Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender

- Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii Dicot E

### Page 80 of 106 flowered

Stickseed, Showy Hackelia venusta Dicot E

Rush

- rose, Island Helianthemum greenei Dicot T

Sunflower, Pecos Helianthus paradoxus Dicot T

Tarplant, Otay Deinandra (=Hemizonia)

conjugens Dicot T

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus

giffardianus) Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Dicot E

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus

hualalaiensis) Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Dicot E

Tarplant, Santa Cruz Holocarpha macradenia Dicot T

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) Isodendrion laurifolium Dicot E

Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) Isodendrion longifolium Dicot T

Kamakahala (Labordia triflora) Labordia triflora Dicot E

Goldfields, Contra Costa Lasthenia conjugens Dicot E

'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) Lepidium arbuscula Dicot E

Bladderpod, Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata Dicot E

Bladderpod, Zapata Lesquerella thamnophila Dicot E

Lily, Pitkin Marsh Lilium pardalinum ssp.

pitkinense Monocot E

Woodland

- star, San Clemente

Island Lithophragma maximum Dicot E

'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii

koolauensis) Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.

koolauensis Dicot E

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa Lupinus nipomensis Dicot E

Bush

- mallow, Santa Cruz Island Malacothamnus fasciculatus

var. nesioticus Dicot E

Alani (Melicope saint

- johnii) Melicope saint

- johnii Dicot E

Monardella, Willowy Monardella linoides ssp.

viminea Dicot E

Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) Myrsine linearifolia Dicot T

Navarretia, Few

- flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp.

Pauciflora Dicot E

Navarretia, Many

- flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp.

plieantha Dicot E

Grass, Colusa Neostapfia colusana Monocot T

Neraudia ovata (ncn) Neraudia ovata Dicot E

Grass, Hairy Orcutt Orcuttia pilosa Dicot E

Grass, Slender Orcutt Orcuttia tenuis Dicot T

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) Panicum niihauense Monocot E

Stonecrop, Lake County Parvisedum leiocarpum Dicot E

Pentachaeta, Lyon's Pentachaeta lyonii Dicot E

Phacelia, Island Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis Dicot E

Phlox, Yreka Phlox hirsuta Dicot E

### Page 81 of 106 Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) Phyllostegia hirsuta Dicot E

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) Phyllostegia knudsenii Dicot E

Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) Phyllostegia parviflora Dicot E

Popcornflower, Rough Plagiobothrys hirtus Dicot E

Allocarya, Calistoga Plagiobothrys strictus Dicot E

Bluegrass, San Bernardino Poa atropurpurea Monocot E

Bluegrass, Napa Poa napensis Monocot E

Potentilla, Hickman's Potentilla hickmanii Dicot E

Wahane (Pritchardia aylmer

robinsonii) Pritchardia aylmer

- robinsonii Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia remota) Pritchardia remota Monocot E

Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's Pseudobahia bahiifolia Dicot E

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin Pseudobahia peirsonii Dicot T

kopiko Psychotria grandiflora Dicot E

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) Sanicula purpurea Dicot E

Schiedea hookeri (ncn) Schiedea hookeri Dicot E

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) Schiedea kealiae Dicot E

Schiedea membranacea (ncn) Schiedea membranacea Dicot E

Schiedea sarmentosa (ncn) Schiedea sarmentosa Dicot E

Schiedea verticillata (ncn) Schiedea verticillata Dicot E

Reed

- mustard, Shrubby Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Dicot E

Butterweed, Layne's Senecio layneae Dicot T

Rock

- cress, Santa Cruz Island Sibara filifolia Dicot E

Checker

- mallow, Keck's Sidalcea keckii Dicot E

Checker

- mallow, Wenatchee

Mountains Sidalcea oregana var. calva Dicot E

Checker

- mallow, Kenwood Marsh Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida Dicot E

Catchfly, Spalding's Silene spaldingii Dicot T

Taraxacum, California Taraxacum californicum Dicot E

Dogweed, Ashy Thymophylla tephroleuca Dicot E

Abutilon eremitopetalum (ncn) Abutilon eremitopetalum Dicot E

Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) Abutilon menziesii Dicot E

Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) Abutilon sandwicense Dicot E

Liliwai (Acaena exigua) Acaena exigua Dicot E

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense Dicot T

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) Alectryon macrococcus Dicot E

Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) Alsinidendron obovatum Dicot E

Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) Alsinidendron trinerve Dicot E

Ambrosia, South Texas Ambrosia cheiranthifolia Dicot E

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus Dicot T

Fiddleneck, Large

- flowered Amsinckia grandiflora Dicot E

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook Ancistrocactus tobuschii Dicot E

### Page 82 of 106 Potato

- bean, Price's Apios priceana Dicot T

Rock

- cress, McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana Dicot E

Rock

- cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun

var. ampla Rollins Dicot E

Rock

- cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun

var. perstellata Fernald Dicot E

Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf Arctomecon humilis Dicot E

Manzanita, Presidio (=Raven's) Arctostaphylos hookeri var.

ravenii Dicot E

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly Argemone pleiacantha ssp.

pinnatisecta Dicot E

Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium

kauense) Argyroxiphium kauense Dicot E

Silversword, Haleakala

('Ahinahina) Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp. macrocephalum Dicot T

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii Dicot T

Pawpaw, Four

- petal Asimina tetramera Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Sentry Astragalus cremnophylax var.

cremnophylax Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Mancos Astragalus humillimus Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Osterhout Astragalus osterhoutii Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Ash Meadows Astragalus phoenix Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Jesup's Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi Dicot E

Rattleweed, Hairy Baptisia arachnifera Dicot E

Birch, Virginia Round

- leaf Betula uber Dicot T

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha

ssp. kalealaha) Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha Dicot E

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei) Bidens wiebkei Dicot E

Stickyseed, Baker's Blennosperma bakeri Dicot E

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) Bonamia menziesii Dicot E

'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) Brighamia insignis Dicot E

Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) Brighamia rockii Dicot E

Poppy

- mallow, Texas Callirhoe scabriuscula Dicot E

Lily, Tiburon Mariposa Calochortus tiburonensis Monocot T

Bellflower, Brooksville Campanula robinsiae Dicot E

'Awikiwiki (Canavalia

molokaiensis) Canavalia molokaiensis Dicot E

awikiwiki Canavalia napaliensis Dicot E

Bittercress, Small

- anthered Cardamine micranthera Dicot E

Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola Monocot T

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island

Indian Castilleja grisea Dicot E

Ceanothus, Coyote Ceanothus ferrisae Dicot E

Kamanomano (Cenchrus Cenchrus agrimonioides Monocot E

### Page 83 of 106 agrimonioides)

Centaury, Spring

- loving Centaurium namophilum Dicot T

Prickly

- apple, Fragrant Cereus eriophorus var.

fragrans Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides

var. kaenana) Chamaesyce celastroides var.

kaenana Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) Chamaesyce deppeana Dicot E

Spurge, Garber's Chamaesyce garberi Dicot T

Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) Chamaesyce halemanui Dicot E

Akoko Chamaesyce remyi var.

kauaiensis Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii

var. skottsbe Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.

kalaeloana Dicot E

Spineflower, Sonoma Chorizanthe valida Dicot E

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog Cirsium fontinale var.

obispoense Dicot E

Thistle, Fountain Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale Dicot E

Clarkia, Presidio Clarkia franciscana Dicot E

Clarkia, Pismo Clarkia speciosa ssp.

immaculata Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) Clermontia lindseyana Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) Clermontia peleana Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) Clermontia pyrularia Dicot E

Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) Colubrina oppositifolia Dicot E

Rosemary, Short

- leaved Conradina brevifolia Dicot E

Rosemary, Apalachicola Conradina glabra Dicot E

Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata Dicot T

Bird's

- beak, salt marsh Cordylanthus maritimus ssp.

maritimus Dicot E

Bird's

- beak, Palmate

- bracted Cordylanthus palmatus Dicot E

Cactus, Nellie Cory Coryphantha minima Dicot E

Cactus, Bunched Cory Coryphantha ramillosa Dicot T

Cactus, Lee Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. leei Dicot T

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var.

sneedii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia

crispa) Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

grimesiana) Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

grimesiana Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Cyanea mceldowneyi Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) Cyanea shipmannii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea St

- Johnii)

(=Rollandia St

- Johnii) Cyanea st

- johnii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea superba) Cyanea superba Dicot E

### Page 84 of 106 Cycladenia, Jones Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis) Dicot T

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) Cyrtandra polyantha Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra

subumbellata) Cyrtandra subumbellata Dicot E

Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) Delissea rhytidosperma Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea subcordata) Delissea subcordata Dicot E

Larkspur, San Clemente Island Delphinium variegatum ssp.

kinkiense Dicot E

Mint, Scrub Dicerandra frutescens Dicot E

Mint, Lakela's Dicerandra immaculata Dicot E

Dubautia latifolia (ncn) Dubautia latifolia Dicot E

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island Dudleya traskiae Dicot E

Coneflower, Tennessee Purple Echinacea tennesseensis Dicot E

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head Echinocactus horizonthalonius

var. nicholii Dicot E

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog Echinocereus fendleri var.

kuenzleri Dicot E

Cactus, Black Lace Echinocereus reichenbachii

var. albertii Dicot E

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog Echinocereus triglochidiatus

var. arizonicus Dicot E

Pitaya, Davis' Green Echinocereus viridiflorus var.

davisii Dicot E

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Echinomastus mariposensis Dicot T

Daisy, Maguire Erigeron maguirei Dicot T

Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus Dicot T

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob Eriodictyon altissimum Dicot E

Wild

- buckwheat, Gypsum Eriogonum gypsophilum Dicot T

Buckwheat, Cushenbury Eriogonum ovalifolium var.

vineum Dicot E

Button

- celery, San Diego Eryngium aristulatum var.

parishii Dicot E

Wallflower, Contra Costa Erysimum capitatum var.

angustatum Dicot E

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen Eutrema penlandii Dicot T

Frankenia, Johnston's Frankenia johnstonii Dicot E

Gahnia Lanaiensis (ncn) Gahnia lanaiensis Monocot E

Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) Gardenia brighamii Dicot E

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum Dicot T

Geranium, Hawaiian Red

- flowered Geranium arboreum Dicot E

Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum Dicot E

Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) Gouania hillebrandii Dicot E

Gouania meyenii (ncn) Gouania meyenii Dicot E

Gouania vitifolia (ncn) Gouania vitifolia Dicot E

### Page 85 of 106 Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) Haplostachys haplostachya Dicot E

Beauty, Harper's Harperocallis flava Monocot E

'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) Hedyotis cookiana Dicot E

Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) Hedyotis coriacea Dicot E

Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) Hedyotis degeneri Dicot E

Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) Hedyotis mannii Dicot E

Hedyotis parvula (ncn) Hedyotis parvula Dicot E

Hedyotis St.

- Johnii (ncn) Hedyotis st.

- johnii Dicot E

Dwarf

- flax, Marin Hesperolinon congestum Dicot T

Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) Hesperomannia arborescens Dicot E

Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) Hesperomannia arbuscula Dicot E

Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) Hesperomannia lydgatei Dicot E

Heartleaf, Dwarf

- flowered Hexastylis naniflora Dicot T

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus

distans) Hibiscadelphus distans Dicot E

Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus

brackenridgei) Hibiscus brackenridgei Dicot E

Hibiscus, Clay's Hibiscus clayi Dicot E

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae

ssp. hannerae) Hibiscus waimeae ssp.

hannerae Dicot E

Rush

- pea, Slender Hoffmannseggia tenella Dicot E

Hypericum, Highlands Scrub Hypericum cumulicola Dicot E

Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion

pyrifolium) Isodendrion pyrifolium Dicot E

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides Monocot T

Ivesia, Ash Meadows Ivesia kingii var. eremica Dicot T

Water

- willow, Cooley's Justicia cooleyi Dicot E

Koki'o, Cooke's (Kokia cookei) Kokia cookei Dicot E

Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides Dicot E

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) Kokia kauaiensis Dicot E

Goldfields, Burke's Lasthenia burkei Dicot E

Ridge

- cress (=Pepper

- cress),

Barneby Lepidium barnebyanum Dicot E

Bladderpod, Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata Dicot T

Bladderpod, Kodachrome Lesquerella tumulosa Dicot E

Blazing Star, Scrub Liatris ohlingerae Dicot E

Lily, Western Lilium occidentale Monocot E

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol Limnanthes vinculans Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei) Lipochaeta fauriei Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var.

leptophylla) Lipochaeta lobata var.

leptophylla Dicot E

Lipochaeta venosa (ncn) Lipochaeta venosa Dicot E

Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) Lobelia niihauensis Dicot E

### Page 86 of 106 Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) Lobelia oahuensis Dicot E

Lomatium, Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii Dicot E

Broom, San Clemente Island Lotus dendroideus ssp.

traskiae Dicot E

Birds

- in

- a

- nest, White Macbridea alba Dicot T

Bush

- mallow, San Clemente Island Malacothamnus clementinus Dicot E

Manioc, Walker's Manihot walkerae Dicot E

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii Dicot T

Alani (Melicope balloui) Melicope balloui Dicot E

alani Melicope degeneri Dicot E

Alani (Melicope haupuensis) Melicope haupuensis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) Melicope knudsenii Dicot E

Alani (Melicope lydgatei) Melicope lydgatei Dicot E

Alani (Melicope mucronulata) Melicope mucronulata Dicot E

Alani (Melicope munroi) Melicope munroi Dicot E

Alani (Melicope ovalis) Melicope ovalis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope pallida) Melicope pallida Dicot E

alani Melicope paniculata Dicot E

Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) Melicope quadrangularis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope reflexa) Melicope reflexa Dicot E

Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Melicope zahlbruckneri Dicot E

Blazing Star, Ash Meadows Mentzelia leucophylla Dicot T

Four

- o'clock, Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei Dicot T

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) Munroidendron racemosum Dicot E

Neraudia angulata (ncn) Neraudia angulata Dicot E

Neraudia sericea (ncn) Neraudia sericea Dicot E

'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Nothocestrum breviflorum Dicot E

'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) Nothocestrum peltatum Dicot E

Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) Nototrichium humile Dicot E

Evening

- primrose, Eureka Valley Oenothera avita ssp.

eurekensis Dicot E

Evening

- primrose, Antioch Dunes Oenothera deltoides ssp.

howellii Dicot E

Grass, California Orcutt Orcuttia californica Monocot E

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt Orcuttia inaequalis Monocot T

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt Orcuttia viscida Dicot E

Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum

fauriei var.carteri) Panicum fauriei var. carteri Monocot E

Whitlow

- wort, Papery Paronychia chartacea Dicot T

Lousewort, Furbish Pedicularis furbishiae Dicot E

Cactus, Brady Pincushion Pediocactus bradyi Dicot E

Cactus, Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii Dicot E

### Page 87 of 106 Cactus, Peebles Navajo Pediocactus peeblesianus

peeblesianus Dicot E

Cactus, Siler Pincushion Pediocactus

(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri Dicot T

Makou (Peucedanum

sandwicense) Peucedanum sandwicense Dicot T

Phacelia, Clay Phacelia argillacea Dicot E

Phacelia, North Park Phacelia formosula Dicot E

Phlox, Texas Trailing Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis Dicot E

Ulihi (Phyllostegia glabra var.

lanaiensis) Phyllostegia glabra var.

lanaiensis Dicot E

Cactus, Key Tree Pilosocereus robinii Dicot E

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago

princeps) Plantago princeps Dicot E

Bluegrass, Hawaiian Poa sandvicensis Monocot E

Mint, San Diego Mesa Pogogyne abramsii Dicot E

Polygala, Lewton's Polygala lewtonii Dicot E

Wireweed Polygonella basiramia Dicot E

Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla Dicot E

Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Portulaca sclerocarpa Dicot E

Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek Potamogeton clystocarpus Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia munroi) Pritchardia munroi Monocot E

Plum, Scrub Prunus geniculata Dicot E

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Pteralyxia kauaiensis Dicot E

Cliffrose, Arizona Purshia (=cowania) subintegra Dicot E

Oak, Hinckley Quercus hinckleyi Dicot T

Buttercup, Autumn Ranunculus aestivalis

(=acriformis) Dicot E

Remya kauaiensis (ncn) Remya kauaiensis Dicot E

Remya, Maui Remya mauiensis Dicot E

Rhododendron, Chapman Rhododendron chapmanii Dicot E

Beaked

- rush, Knieskern's Rhynchospora knieskernii Monocot T

Gooseberry, Miccosukee Ribes echinellum Dicot T

Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata Monocot E

Pitcher

- plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila Dicot E

Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola

coriacea) Scaevola coriacea Dicot E

Schiedea, Diamond Head

(Schiedea adamantis) Schiedea adamantis Dicot E

Schiedea kaalae (ncn) Schiedea kaalae Dicot E

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed

Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus Monocot E

Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless Sclerocactus wetlandicus Dicot T

### Page 88 of 106 Cactus, Mesa Verde Sclerocactus mesae

- verdae Dicot T

Cactus, Wright Fishhook Sclerocactus wrightiae Dicot E

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks Senecio franciscanus Dicot T

Checker

- mallow, Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana Dicot T

Silene alexandri (ncn) Silene alexandri Dicot E

Silene lanceolata (ncn) Silene lanceolata Dicot E

Campion, Fringed Silene polypetala Dicot E

Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum

incompletum) Solanum incompletum Dicot E

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum

sandwicense) Solanum sandwicense Dicot E

Goldenrod, White

- haired Solidago albopilosa Dicot T

Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii Dicot E

Pinkroot, Gentian Spigelia gentianoides Dicot E

Ladies'

- tresses, Navasota Spiranthes parksii Monocot E

Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) Stenogyne angustifolia var.

angustifolia Dicot E

Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) Stenogyne kanehoana Dicot E

Wire

- lettuce, Malheur Stephanomeria malheurensis Dicot E

Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon Streptanthus albidus ssp.

albidus Dicot E

Jewelflower, Tiburon Streptanthus niger Dicot E

Snowbells, Texas Styrax texanus Dicot E

Grass, Eureka Dune Swallenia alexandrae Monocot E

Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) Tetramolopium arenarium Dicot E

Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) Tetramolopium capillare Dicot E

Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) Tetramolopium filiforme Dicot E

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.

lepidotum (ncn) Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.

lepidotum Dicot E

Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) Tetramolopium remyi Dicot E

Tetramolopium rockii (ncn) Tetramolopium rockii Dicot T

'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra

gymnocarpa) Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Dicot E

(ncn) Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Dicot E

Meadowrue, Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi Dicot E

Townsendia, Last Chance Townsendia aprica Dicot T

Bluecurls, Hidden Lake Trichostema austromontanum

ssp. compactum Dicot T

Clover, Showy Indian Trifolium amoenum Dicot E

Clover, Monterey Trifolium trichocalyx Dicot E

Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens Monocot E

Tuctoria, Green's Tuctoria greenei Dicot E

Grass, Solano Tuctoria mucronata Monocot E

### Page 89 of 106 Opuhe (Urera kaalae) Urera kaalae Dicot E

Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) Vicia menziesii Dicot E

Vigna o

- wahuensis (ncn) Vigna o

- wahuensis Dicot E

Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana

ssp. chamissoniana) Viola chamissoniana ssp.

chamissoniana Dicot E

Viola helenae (ncn) Viola helenae Dicot E

Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis

var. wahiawaensis) Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis Dicot E

Viola lanaiensis (ncn) Viola lanaiensis Dicot E

Viola oahuensis (ncn) Viola oahuensis Dicot E

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) Wilkesia hobdyi Dicot E

A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Dicot E

Wild

- rice, Texas Zizania texana Monocot E

Pennyroyal, Todsen's Hedeoma todsenii Dicot E

Sand

- verbena, Large

- fruited Abronia macrocarpa Dicot E

Thornmint, San Mateo Acanthomintha obovata ssp.

duttonii Dicot E

Achyranthes splendens var.

rotundata (ncn) Achyranthes splendens var.

rotundata Dicot E

Joint

- vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica Dicot T

Gerardia, Sandplain Agalinis acuta Dicot E

Blue

- star, Kearney's Amsonia kearneyana Dicot E

Manzanita, Morro Arctostaphylos morroensis Dicot T

Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis Dicot E

Sandwort, Marsh Arenaria paludicola Dicot E

Silversword, Mauna Kea

('Ahinahina) Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp. sandwicense Dicot E

Pelos del Diablo Aristida portoricensis Monocot E

Milkweed, Welsh's Asclepias welshii Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Applegate's Astragalus applegatei Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Coachella Valley Astragalus lentiginosus var.

coachellae Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Fish Slough Astragalus lentiginosus var.

piscinensis Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Heliotrope Astragalus montii Dicot T

Baccharis, Encinitas Baccharis vanessae Dicot T

Palo de Ramon Banara vanderbiltii Dicot E

Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens Dicot T

Bonamia, Florida Bonamia grandiflora Dicot T

Boxwood, Vahl's Buxus vahlii Dicot E

Capa Rosa Callicarpa ampla Dicot E

Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn) Calyptranthes thomasiana Dicot E

Manaca, palma de Calyptronoma rivalis Monocot T

### Page 90 of 106 Evening

- primrose, San Benito Camissonia benitensis Dicot T

Paintbrush, Tiburon Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta Dicot E

Paintbrush, Golden Castilleja levisecta Dicot T

Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) Chamaecrista glandulosa var.

mirabilis Dicot E

Spurge, Deltoid Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp.

deltoidea Dicot E

Fringe Tree, Pygmy Chionanthus pygmaeus Dicot E

Spineflower, Howell's Chorizanthe howellii Dicot E

Spineflower, Monterey Chorizanthe pungens var.

pungens Dicot T

Aster, Florida Golden Chrysopsis floridana Dicot E

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri Dicot T

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains Cirsium vinaceum Dicot T

Wings, Pigeon Clitoria fragrans Dicot T

Cordia bellonis (ncn) Cordia bellonis Dicot E

Palo de Nigua Cornutia obovata Dicot E

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion Coryphantha robbinsorum Dicot T

Cactus, Pima Pineapple Coryphantha scheeri var.

robustispina Dicot E

Higuero De Sierra Crescentia portoricensis Dicot E

Cat's

- eye, Terlingua Creek Cryptantha crassipes Dicot E

Gourd, Okeechobee Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp.

okeechobeensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) Cyanea pinnatifida Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) Cyanea platyphylla Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) Cyanea stictophylla Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) Cyrtandra crenata Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) Cyrtandra giffardii Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) Cyrtandra munroi Dicot E

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa Dicot E

Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) Daphnopsis hellerana Dicot E

Pawpaw, Beautiful Deeringothamnus pulchellus Dicot E

Pawpaw, Rugel's Deeringothamnus rugelii Dicot E

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata Dicot E

Cactus, Chisos Mountain

Hedgehog Echinocereus chisoensis var.

chisoensis Dicot T

Sunray, Ash Meadows Enceliopsis nudicaulis var.

corrugata Dicot T

Woolly

- star, Santa Ana River Eriastrum densifolium ssp.

sanctorum Dicot E

Daisy, Parish's Erigeron parishii Dicot T

Buckwheat, Scrub Eriogonum longifolium var. Dicot T

### Page 91 of 106 gnaphalifolium

Wild

- buckwheat, Clay

- loving Eriogonum pelinophilum Dicot E

Coyote

- thistle, Loch Lomond Eryngium constancei Dicot E

Snakeroot Eryngium cuneifolium Dicot E

Wallflower, Menzie's Erysimum menziesii Dicot E

Wallflower, Ben Lomond Erysimum teretifolium Dicot E

Lily, Minnesota Trout Erythronium propullans Monocot E

Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa Dicot E

Spurge, Telephus Euphorbia telephioides Dicot T

Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) Exocarpos luteolus Dicot E

Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) Geranium multiflorum Dicot E

Gilia, Monterey Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria Dicot E

Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) Goetzea elegans Dicot E

Gumplant, Ash Meadows Grindelia fraxino

- pratensis Dicot T

Chumbo, Higo Harrisia portoricensis Dicot T

Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var.

montana Dicot E

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii Dicot E

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata Monocot T

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus

arnottianus ssp. immaculatus) Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.

immaculatus Dicot E

Holly, Cook's Ilex cookii Dicot E

Mallow, Peter's Mountain Iliamna corei Dicot E

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris Monocot T

Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum

byrone) Ischaemum byrone Monocot E

Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) Isodendrion hosakae Dicot E

Jacquemontia, Beach Jacquemontia reclinata Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) Labordia cyrtandrae Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) Labordia lydgatei Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var.

lanaiensis) Labordia tinifolia var.

lanaiensis Dicot E

Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) Lepanthes eltoroensis Monocot E

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya Dicot T

Bladderpod, Missouri Lesquerella filiformis Dicot T

Bladderpod, San Bernardino

Mountains Lesquerella kingii ssp.

bernardina Dicot E

Blazing Star, Heller's Liatris helleri Dicot T

Meadowfoam, Large

- flowered

Woolly Limnanthes floccosa ssp.

Grandiflora Dicot E

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis) Lipochaeta kamolensis Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha) Lipochaeta micrantha Dicot E

### Page 92 of 106 Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia) Lipochaeta tenuifolia Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis) Lipochaeta waimeaensis Dicot E

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) Lobelia monostachya Dicot E

Lupine, Clover Lupinus tidestromii Dicot E

Loosestrife, Rough

- leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia Dicot E

Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) Lysimachia filifolia Dicot E

Monkey

- flower, Michigan Mimulus glabratus var.

michiganensis Dicot E

Mitracarpus Maxwelliae Mitracarpus maxwelliae Dicot E

Mitracarpus Polycladus Mitracarpus polycladus Dicot E

kolea Myrsine mezii Dicot E

Navarretia, Spreading Navarretia fossalis Dicot T

Niterwort, Amargosa Nitrophila mohavensis Dicot E

Beargrass, Britton's Nolina brittoniana Monocot E

Palo de Rosa Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Dicot E

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi Dicot E

Locoweed, Fassett's Oxytropis campestris var.

chartacea Dicot T

Penstemon, Blowout Penstemon haydenii Dicot E

Pentachaeta, White

- rayed Pentachaeta bellidiflora Dicot E

Peperomia, Wheeler's Peperomia wheeleri Dicot E

Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) Phyllostegia mollis Dicot E

Butterwort, Godfrey's Pinguicula ionantha Dicot T

Platanthera holochila (ncn) Platanthera holochila Monocot E

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea Monocot T

Chupacallos Pleodendron macranthum Dicot E

Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) Poa mannii Monocot E

Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) Poa siphonoglossa Monocot E

Mint, Otay Mesa Pogogyne nudiuscula Dicot E

Polygala, Tiny Polygala smallii Dicot E

Primrose, Maguire Primula maguirei Dicot T

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Dicot E

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii Dicot E

Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) Santalum freycinetianum var.

lanaiense Dicot E

Pitcher

- plant, Alabama Canebrake Sarracenia rubra alabamensis Dicot E

Pitcher

- plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii Dicot E

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana Dicot E

Skullcap, Florida Scutellaria floridana Dicot T

Skullcap, Large

- flowered Scutellaria montana Dicot T

'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) Sesbania tomentosa Dicot E

Checker

- mallow, Pedate Sidalcea pedata Dicot E

### Page 93 of 106 Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) Silene hawaiiensis Dicot T

Erubia Solanum drymophilum Dicot E

Goldenrod, Houghton's Solidago houghtonii Dicot T

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea Dicot T

Cobana Negra Stahlia monosperma Dicot T

Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia

luquillensis) Ternstroemia luquillensis Dicot E

Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) Ternstroemia subsessilis Dicot E

Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular Thelypodium howellii

spectabilis Dicot T

Mustard, Slender

- petaled Thelypodium stenopetalum Dicot E

Penny

- cress, Kneeland Prairie Thlaspi californicum Dicot E

Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Dicot E

Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Dicot E

Vervain, California Verbena californica Dicot T

Warea, Wide

- leaf Warea amplexifolia Dicot E

Mustard, Carter's Warea carteri Dicot E

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) Xylosma crenatum Dicot E

Grass, Tennessee Yellow

- eyed Xyris tennesseensis Monocot E

Prickly

- ash, St. Thomas Zanthoxylum thomasianum Dicot E

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus Dicot T

Milk

- vetch, Holmgren Astragalus holmgreniorum Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Pierson's Astragalus magdalenae var.

peirsonii Dicot T

Clarkia, Springville Clarkia springvillensis Dicot T

Bird's

- beak, Pennell's Cordylanthus tenuis ssp.

capillaris Dicot E

Mint, Longspurred Dicerandra cornutissima Dicot E

Dudleya, Verity's Dudleya verityi Dicot T

Buckwheat, Steamboat Eriogonum ovalifolium var.

williamsiae Dicot E

Flannelbush, Mexican Fremontodendron mexicanum Dicot E

Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum Dicot T

Bladderpod, White Lesquerella pallida Dicot E

Umbel, Huachuca Water Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var.

recurva Dicot E

Lupine, Scrub Lupinus aridorum Dicot E

Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn) Mariscus pennatiformis Monocot E

Myrcia Paganii Myrcia paganii Dicot E

Cactus, San Rafael Pediocactus despainii Dicot E

Cactus, Winkler Pediocactus winkleri Dicot T

Aster, Ruth's Golden Pityopsis ruthii Dicot E

Reed

- mustard, Barneby Schoenocrambe barnebyi Dicot E

### Page 94 of 106 Hayun Lagu (Tronkon Guafi) Serianthes nelsonii Dicot E

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana Dicot T

Palo de Jazmin Styrax portoricensis Dicot E

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum Dicot E

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum Monocot E

Lead

- plant, Crenulate Amorpha crenulata Dicot E

Milkpea, Small's Galactia smallii Dicot E

Dawn

- flower, Texas Prairie

(=Texas Bitterweed) Hymenoxys texana Dicot E

Mint, Garrett's Dicerandra christmanii Dicot E

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis Dicot T

Leather

- flower, Alabama Clematis socialis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

obatae) Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

carlsonii) Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

Carlsonii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea lobata) Cyanea lobata Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea Macrostegia var.

gibsonii) Cyanea macrostegia ssp.

gibsonii Dicot E

Spineflower, Slender

- horned Dodecahema leptoceras Dicot E

Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dubautia herbstobatae Dicot E

Mallow, Kern Eremalche kernensis Dicot E

Daisy, Willamette Erigeron decumbens var.

decumbens Dicot E

Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly Eriophyllum latilobum Dicot E

Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) Gesneria pauciflora Dicot T

Heather, Mountain Golden Hudsonia montana Dicot T

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea Dicot T

Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Ochrosia kilaueaensis Dicot E

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs Physaria obcordata Dicot T

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) Pritchardia kaalae Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) Pritchardia schattaueri Monocot E

Water

- plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia Monocot T

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) Schiedea apokremnos Dicot E

Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) Schiedea haleakalensis Dicot E

Schiedea helleri (ncn) Schiedea helleri Dicot E

Schiedea lydgatei (ncn) Schiedea lydgatei Dicot E

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda

(ncn) Schiedea spergulina var.

leiopoda Dicot E

Schiedea spergulina var.

spergulina (ncn) Schiedea spergulina var.

spergulina Dicot T

Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) Schiedea stellarioides Dicot E

Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) Schoepfia arenaria Dicot T

### Page 95 of 106 Ladies'

- tresses, Ute Spiranthes diluvialis Monocot T

Ziziphus, Florida Ziziphus celata Dicot E

Onion, Munz's Allium munzii Monocot E

Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) Alsinidendron viscosum Dicot E

Rock

- cress, Shale Barren Arabis serotina Dicot E

Ayenia, Texas Ayenia limitaris Dicot E

Jewelflower, California Caulanthus californicus Dicot E

Beardtongue, Penland Penstemon penlandii Dicot E

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara Monocot T

Meadowfoam, Butte County Limnanthes floccosa ssp.

californica Dicot E

Cactus, Bakersfield Opuntia treleasei Dicot E

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) Remya montgomeryi Dicot E

Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron

lychnoides) Alsinidendron lychnoides Dicot E

Aristida chaseae (ncn) Aristida chaseae Monocot E

Milk

- vetch, Cushenbury Astragalus albens Dicot E

Ground

- plum, Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Shivwits Astragalus ampullarioides Dicot E

Milk

- vetch, Triple

- ribbed Astragalus tricarinatus Dicot E

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley Atriplex coronata var. notatior Dicot E

Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) Auerodendron pauciflorum Dicot E

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) Catesbaea melanocarpa Dicot E

'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) Centaurium sebaeoides Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Chamaesyce kuwaleana Dicot E

Spineflower, Ben Lomond Chorizanthe pungens var.

hartwegiana Dicot E

Leather

- flower, Morefield's Clematis morefieldii Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp. brevipes) Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

brevipes Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp. mauiensis) Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis Dicot E

Harebells, Avon Park Crotalaria avonensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) Cyanea asarifolia Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp.

copelandii) Cyanea copelandii ssp.

copelandii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea dunbarii) Cyanea dunbarii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea glabra) Cyanea glabra Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea mannii) Cyanea mannii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea procera) Cyanea procera Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea recta) Cyanea recta Dicot T

Haha (Cyanea truncata) Cyanea truncata Dicot E

Cyanea undulata (ncn) Cyanea undulata Dicot E

### Page 96 of 106 Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) Cyperus trachysanthos Monocot E

Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Cyrtandra cyaneoides Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis) Cyrtandra limahuliensis Dicot T

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Cyrtandra tintinnabula Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Cyrtandra viridiflora Dicot E

na`ena`e Dubautia imbricata imbricata Dicot E

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) Dubautia pauciflorula Dicot E

Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea

ssp. humilis) Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis Dicot E

Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley Dudleya setchellii Dicot E

Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) Eugenia koolauensis Dicot E

Mehamehame (Flueggea

neowawraea) Flueggea neowawraea Dicot E

nohoanu Geranium kauaiense Dicot E

Kopa (Hedyotis

schlechtendahliana var. remyi) Hedyotis schlechtendahliana

var. remyi Dicot E

Tarplant, Gaviota Deinandra increscens ssp.

villosa Dicot E

Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost Ipomopsis sancti

- spiritus Dicot E

Walnut, Nogal Juglans jamaicensis Dicot E

kamakahala Labordia helleri Dicot E

kamakahala Labordia pumila Dicot E

Layia, Beach Layia carnosa Dicot E

Woolly

- threads, San Joaquin Monolopia (=Lembertia)

congdonii Dicot E

Peppergrass, Slick Spot Lepidium papilliferum Monocot T

Leptocereus grantianus (ncn) Leptocereus grantianus Dicot E

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs Lesquerella congesta Dicot T

Lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii Dicot E

Lupine, Kincaid's Lupinus sulphureus

(=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii

(=var. kincaidii) Dicot T

Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) Lyonia truncata var. proctorii Dicot E

lehua makanoe Lysimachia daphnoides Dicot E

Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) Lysimachia lydgatei Dicot E

Lysimachia maxima (ncn) Lysimachia maxima Dicot E

Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island Malacothrix indecora Dicot E

Mariscus fauriei (ncn) Mariscus fauriei Monocot E

Alani (Melicope adscendens) Melicope adscendens Dicot E

alani Melicope puberula Dicot E

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) Myrsine juddii Dicot E

Oxytheca, Cushenbury Oxytheca parishii var.

goodmaniana Dicot E

### Page 97 of 106 Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) Phyllostegia waimeae Dicot E

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia

racemosa) Phyllostegia racemosa Dicot E

Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) Phyllostegia velutina Dicot E

Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) Phyllostegia warshaueri Dicot E

Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) Phyllostegia wawrana Dicot E

ho'awa Pittosporum napaliense Dicot E

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago

hawaiensis) Plantago hawaiensis Dicot E

pilo kea lau li`i Platydesma rostrata Dicot E

Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) Pleomele hawaiiensis Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) Pritchardia affinis Monocot E

lo`ulu Pritchardia hardyi Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) Pritchardia napaliensis Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) Pritchardia viscosa Monocot E

kopiko Psychotria hobdyi Dicot E

Watercress, Gambel's Rorippa gambellii Dicot E

Sanicula mariversa (ncn) Sanicula mariversa Dicot E

Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) Schiedea kauaiensis Dicot E

Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) Schiedea nuttallii Dicot E

Reed

- mustard, Clay Schoenocrambe argillacea Dicot T

Roseroot, Leedy's Sedum integrifolium ssp.

leedyi Dicot T

'Anunu (Sicyos alba) Sicyos alba Dicot E

Silene perlmanii (ncn) Silene perlmanii Dicot E

Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum Monocot E

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) Spermolepis hawaiiensis Dicot E

Stenogyne bifida (ncn) Stenogyne bifida Dicot E

Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) Stenogyne campanulata Dicot E

Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) Trematolobelia singularis Dicot E

Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) Vernonia proctorii Dicot E

A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var.

tomentosum) Zanthoxylum dipetalum var.

tomentosum Dicot E

Cranichis Ricartii Cranichis ricartii Monocot E

Spineflower, Robust Chorizanthe robusta va r.

robusta Dicot E

Spineflower, Scotts Valley Chorizanthe robusta var.

hartwegii Dicot E

Ilex sintenisii (ncn) Ilex sintenisii Dicot E

Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) Phyllostegia mannii Dicot E

Sea

- blite, California Suaeda californica Dicot E

Rosemary, Etonia Conradina etonia Dicot E

Ceanothus, Vail Lake Ceanothus ophiochilus Dicot T

### Page 98 of 106 Lessingia, San Francisco Lessingia germanorum (=L.g.

var. germanorum) Dicot E

Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia Dicot T

Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Monocot T

Eugenia Woodburyana Eugenia woodburyana Dicot E

Malacothrix, Island Malacothrix squalida Dicot E

Piperia, Yadon's Piperia yadonii Monocot E

Ladies'

- tresses, Canelo Hills Spiranthes delitescens Monocot E

Crownbeard, Big

- leaved Verbesina dissita Dicot T

Yellowhead, Desert Yermo xanthocephalus Dicot T

Haha (Cyanea acuminata) Cyanea acuminata Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea remyi) Cyanea remyi Dicot E

Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus

woodi) Hibiscadelphus woodii Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaen) Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) Chamaesyce herbstii Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) Chamaesyce rockii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) Cyanea koolauensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea longiflora) Cyanea longiflora Dicot E

Nanu (Gardenia mannii) Gardenia mannii Dicot E

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) Phyllostegia kaalaensis Dicot E

Pa'iniu Astelia waialealae Monocot E

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis) Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora) Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora Dicot E

Kanaloa kahoolawensis (ncn) Kanaloa kahoolawensis Dicot E

Nesogenes rotensis (ncn) Nesogenes rotensis Dicot E

Osmoxylon mariannense (ncn) Osmoxylon mariannense Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) Clermontia samuelii Dicot E

Haha Cyanea kuhihewa Dicot E

na`ena`e Dubautia plantaginea

magnifolia Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia venosa Dicot E

(ncn) Phyllostegia hispida Dicot E

(ncn) Schiedea attenuata Dicot E

(ncn) Stenogyne kealiae Dicot E

haha Cyanea eleeleensis Dicot E

Sedge, Golden Carex lutea Monocot E

'akoko Chamaesyce eleanoriae Dicot E

(ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) erici Dicot E

(ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) Dicot E

### Page 99 of 106 helenae

Polygonum, Scott's Valley Polygonum hickmanii Dicot E

Cactus, Pariette Sclerocactus brevispinus Dicot T

Cactus, Colorado hookless Sclerocactus glaucus Dicot T

Haha Cyanea dolichopoda Dicot E

(ncn) Cyanea kolekoleensis Dicot E

haiwale Cyrtandra paliku Dicot E

Naenae Dubautia kalalauensis Dicot E

Naenae Dubautia kenwoodii Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia iniki Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia pendens Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia scopulensis Dicot E

Kolea Myrsine knudsenii Dicot E

(ncn) Phyllostegia renovans Dicot E

(ncn) Tetraplasandra flynnii Dicot E

Cypress, Santa Cruz Cupressus abramsiana Conf/cycds E

Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia Conf/cycds E

Cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana ssp.

goveniana Conf/cycds T

(ncn) Diellia mannii Ferns E

Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus

periens) Adenophorus periens Ferns E

Asplenium fragile var. insulare

(ncn) Asplenium fragile var. insulare Ferns E

Fern, American hart's

- tongue Asplenium scolopendrium var.

americanum Ferns T

Diellia erecta (ncn) Diellia erecta Ferns E

Diellia falcata (ncn) Diellia falcata Ferns E

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) Diplazium molokaiense Ferns E

Quillwort, Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis Ferns E

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) Marsilea villosa Ferns E

Fern, Aleutian Shield Polystichum aleuticum Ferns E

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) Pteris lidgatei Ferns E

Quillwort, Black

- spored Isoetes melanospora Ferns E

Quillwort, Mat

- forming Isoetes tegetiformans Ferns E

Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) Ctenitis squamigera Ferns E

Tree Fern, Elfin Cyathea dryopteroides Ferns E

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus

(=Huperzia) mannii) Huperzia mannii Ferns E

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus

(=Lycopodium) nutans) Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus)

nutans Ferns E

Fern, Alabama Streak

- sorus Thelypteris pilosa var.

alabamensis Ferns T

### Page 100 of 106 Fern, Adiantum vivesii Adiantum vivesii Ferns E

Diellia unisora (ncn) Diellia unisora Ferns E

Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens Elaphoglossum serpens Ferns E

Polystichum calderonense (ncn) Polystichum calderonense Ferns E

Tectaria Estremerana Tectaria estremerana Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis Thelypteris inabonensis Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris verecunda Thelypteris verecunda Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis Thelypteris yaucoensis Ferns E

Diellia pallida (ncn) Diellia pallida Ferns E

(ncn) Doryopteris angelica Ferns E

aumakua, Palapalai Dryopteris crinalis podosorus Ferns E

Cladonia, Florida Perforate Cladonia perforata Lichen E

Lichen, Rock Gnome Gymnoderma lineare Lichen E

Whale, North Pacific right Eubalaena japonica Mammal E

Whale, beluga Delphinapterus leucas Mammal E

Rockfish, Yelloweye Sebastes ruberrimus Fish E

Sturgeon, Shovelnose Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Fish SAT

Rockfish, Canary Sebastes pinniger Fish T

Rockfish, Bocaccio Sebastes paucispinis Fish E