IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

____________________________________ 

 ) 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHAIN ) 

DRUG STORES et al., ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiffs, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) Civil Action No. 07-02017 (RCL) 

 ) 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & ) 

HUMAN SERVICES, et al., ) 

 ) 

 Defendants. ) 

____________________________________) 

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

 Before the Court is defendants’ Motion [75] to Amend/Correct the Order [36] on Motion 

for Preliminary Injunction. Upon consideration of the motion, the opposition, the reply thereto, 

and the record herein, the Court will grant defendants’ motion to amend the preliminary 

injunction to allow defendants to provide AMP data to the Government Accountability Office. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 Plaintiffs, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores (“NACDS”) and the National 

Community Pharmacists Association (“NCPA”), have challenged the United States Department 

of Health and Human Services’ calculation of federal upper payment limits for Medicaidcovered generic drugs. Plaintiffs argue that, under regulations promulgated by the Department 

of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), pharmacies will not receive adequate compensation for 

the generic drugs they dispense to Medicaid patients. 

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 In the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (“DRA”), Congress amended the Medicaid Act to 

substantially change the manner in which pharmacies would be compensated for Medicaidcovered generic drugs. Pub. L. No. 109-171, § 6001, 120 Stat. 4, 53 (2006). Effective January 

1, 2007, the DRA set the federal upper payment limit (“FUL”) for Medicaid-covered generic 

drugs at 250 percent of the average manufacturer price (“AMP”) for the least costly equivalent 

formulation of the drug, plus a reasonable dispensing fee. Id. § 6001(a)(2), codified at 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1396r-8(e)(5). Congress instructed the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) to 

promulgate a rule clarifying the term “average manufacturer price.” Id. § 6001(c)(3)(B). CMS 

issued a final rule setting forth a definition of that term on July 17, 2007. 72 Fed. Reg. 39,142 

(July 17, 2007). That rule became effective on October 1, 2007. Id. at 39,142. Since that time, 

prescription drug manufacturers have calculated AMPs for each of their drugs pursuant to 

CMS’s new AMP definition and have been submitting those AMP data to CMS on a monthly 

basis. CMS had intended to begin setting AMP-based FULs in early 2008. Pursuant to the new 

public disclosure requirement of the DRA, § 6001(b)(2)(C)(v), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1396r8(b)(3)(D)(v), CMS had intended to begin publishing AMP data on its website in December 

2007. 

 On December 14, 2007, this Court ruled that plaintiffs were likely to succeed on the 

merits of their claim that one or more components of CMS’s AMP definition were inconsistent 

with the Medicaid Act. (Hr’g Tr. 54 (Dec. 14, 2007).) The Court ultimately entered an 

injunction that prohibited CMS from setting FULS for Medicaid-covered generic drugs based on 

AMP, as the DRA would have required, and from disclosing AMP data except within HHS or to 

DOJ. (Order [36] , Dec. 19, 2007, 2 ¶ b.) CMS therefore continues to apply its pre-DRA 

methodology for calculating FULs, but relies on the AMP data calculated by the challenged 

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definition for any purpose that does not affect pharmacy payment rates for Medicaid-covered 

drugs. (Defs.’ Mot. to Am. 4.) 

 On July 15, 2008, Congress passed the Medicare Improvements for Patients and 

Providers Act of 2008 (“MIPPA”). Pub. L. No. 110-275, 122 Stat. 2494 (2008). In MIPPA, 

Congress imposed a statutory moratorium until October 1, 2009 on CMS’s use of AMPs to set 

FULs so that Congress would have sufficient time to determine whether to amend the statutory 

definition of AMP or take some other legislative action in light of the agency’s AMP definition. 

Id. § 203(a); 154 Cong. Rec. H5914 (2008) (statement of Rep. Etheridge). CMS is thus currently 

prohibited by both the MIPPA and by this Court’s preliminary injunction from setting FULs 

based on AMPs, as the DRA would have required. (Defs.’ Mot. to Am. at 5.) 

 In order to evaluate CMS’s AMP definition, the ranking member of the Senate 

Committee on Finance, Senator Charles E. Grassley, has asked Congress’s investigative arm, the 

Government Accountability Office (“GAO”), for a report comparing retail pharmacy acquisition 

costs to the FULS that would apply in an AMP-based FUL system under the challenged HHS 

regulation. (Defs.’ Mot. to Am. at 5.) This would update the report that GAO prepared in 

December 2006, shortly after the DRA was enacted, on the same topic. (See Defs.’ Mot. to Am., 

Ex. A & B.) While the December 2006 report used AMPs calculated under the agency’s preDRA AMP calculation procedures, CMS understands that the update would utilize AMPs 

calculated pursuant to the requirements of the DRA, the AMP definition CMS promulgated 

pursuant to the DRA, and the “outlier” provision adopted in the AMP regulation. (See Defs.’ 

Mot. to Am., Ex. C.) 

To prepare the requested report, GAO requires access to AMP data held by HHS. The 

preliminary injunction [36] entered by this Court on December 19, 2007, however, prohibits the 

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agency from disclosing AMP data except within HHS or to the Department of Justice (“DOJ”). 

(Order [36], Dec. 19, 2007, at 2 ¶ b.) This non-disclosure provision addresses plaintiffs’ concern 

that public release of AMP data could cause third party payers to lower their prescription drug 

payment rates. An unforeseen consequence of the preliminary injunction’s non-disclosure 

provision, however, is that it now precludes HHS from providing GAO with the data GAO 

requires to fulfill its congressional request, thereby bringing this legislative oversight process to a 

halt. Defendants assert that plaintiffs will not be harmed by the disclosure of AMP data to GAO, 

and moreover, that the public interest will be furthered by allowing GAO to prepare this report 

pursuant to its authority so that Congress may consider amendments to the AMP-based FUL 

system. Defendants thus seek a limited modification of the injunction to provide GAO access to 

AMP data, subject to GAO’s statutorily-imposed duty of confidentiality, so that GAO may 

update its 2006 report and enable Congress to perform its legislative and oversight 

responsibilities. (Defs.’ Mot. to Am. at 6.) 

 Plaintiffs oppose the disclosure of AMP data to GAO for purposes of preparing the 

congressional report, claiming that the AMP data are flawed because they will not produce 

adequate payments to pharmacies for Medicaid-covered generic drugs and therefore should not 

be used even for the limited purpose of preparing a report evaluating the adequacy of the data. 

Plaintiffs also claim that the GAO, Comptroller General, and Senator Grassley do not have the 

authority to obtain the enjoined AMP data. 

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II. ANALYSIS 

A. Plaintiffs Will Not Be Harmed by the Requested Modification 

 Disclosure of AMP data to GAO will not result in any of the harms plaintiffs have 

claimed in this lawsuit with respect to the agency’s definition of AMP. Plaintiffs’ claimed harm 

relates to public disclosure, which still would not occur if the AMP data were disclosed to GAO. 

 “Injunctive relief granted to a party in a lawsuit must be framed to remedy the harm 

claimed by the party.” Aviation Consumer Action Project v. Washburn, 535 F.2d 101, 108 (D.C. 

Cir. 1976). “An injunction must be narrowly tailored to remedy the specific harm shown.” Id.; 

see also State of Neb. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 435 

F.3d 326, 330 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“We have long held that an injunction must be narrowly tailored 

to remedy the specific harm shown.”) (quotations omitted). An injunction should be “no broader 

than necessary to achieve its desired goals.” Madsen v. Women’s Health Ctr., Inc., 512 U.S. 

753, 765 (1994). “Injunctive relief should be no more burdensome to the defendant than 

necessary to provide complete relief to the plaintiffs.” Id. (citing Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 

682, 702 (1979)) (quotations omitted). 

 Plaintiffs asserted that if CMS sets FULs at 250 percent of the AMPs calculated pursuant 

to CMS’s definition, pharmacies will not receive adequate payment for the generic drugs they 

dispense to Medicaid beneficiaries. (Pls.’ PI Memo. 39.) Consistent with this claimed harm, the 

preliminary injunction prohibits CMS from setting FULs based on AMPs. (Order, Dec. 19, 

2007, at 2 ¶ a.) However, providing AMP data to GAO would not change the manner in which 

CMS sets FULs, as CMS would continue to set FULs based on published prices and not on 

AMPs. Pharmacy payment rates therefore will not be affected by disclosing AMP data to GAO 

so that GAO may prepare the requested report. 

5
 Plaintiffs also complained that if CMS were to publicly disclose the allegedly flawed 

AMP data on a website, third party payers could use the data to set their own pharmacy payment 

rates. (See Pls.’ PI Memo. at 39; Pls.’ PI Memo., Ex. B, ¶¶ 206-10.) In order to prevent this 

claimed harm from occurring, the preliminary injunction prohibits CMS from disclosing AMP 

data except within HHS or to DOJ. (Order, Dec. 19, 2007, at 2 ¶ b.) However, this nondisclosure provision is overly broad to address plaintiffs’ claimed harm, thereby unnecessarily 

prohibiting non-public disclosures such as the requested disclosure to GAO. If GAO is given 

access to the AMP data, GAO will maintain the data in accordance with statutorily-imposed 

confidentiality restrictions in order to prevent public disclosure of the data. (See Defs.’ Mot. to 

Am., Ex. C., GAO Letter, at 2-3 & n. 7.) The requested congressional report will disclose no 

specific AMP values but, like the December 2006 report GAO prepared for Congress, will 

compare AMP-based FULs to retail pharmacy acquisition costs only in summary format. (Id. at 

3 & n. 8.) As GAO assures that it will maintain the AMP data confidentially, disclosure of AMP 

data to GAO would not provide third party payers with AMP data upon which they could base 

pharmacy payment rates. 

Plaintiffs further argue that AMP cannot be disclosed to GAO and cannot possibly satisfy 

Senator Grassley’s request because the rule pursuant to which those data were calculated does 

not comport with the Medicaid Act. (See Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Am. [76] at 2-4.) However, for 

purposes of the report, it is irrelevant whether the AMP-based FULs are consistent with the 

Medicaid Act. Senator Grassley asked GAO to update a December 2006 GAO report that 

compared AMP-based FULs to pharmacy acquisition costs. (Defs.’ Mot. to Am., Ex. A.) He did 

so in the context of a congressional moratorium partially enjoining implementation of the AMP 

rule pending congressional evaluation of that rule, and he requested the GAO report prior to the 

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expiration of that moratorium. (Id.) As his letter of request makes clear, Senator Grassley 

wishes to evaluate the effect that the current AMP rule would have on retail pharmacies if and 

when the partial moratorium on the AMP rule is lifted. (Id.) Senator Grassely plainly requested 

a report utilizing updated AMPs, calculated pursuant to the current AMP rule, because the 

December 2006 report had necessarily utilized AMP values calculated prior to the 

implementation of the AMP rule in 2007. (Defs.’ Reply [78] 3.) As the purpose of the requested 

GAO report is to evaluate the effect of the current rule, inclusion of the challenged data in the 

report is necessary to allow Congress to deliberate on the AMP-based FUL system’s adequacy. 

 Since plaintiffs have not shown that the disclosure of AMP data to GAO for the purposes 

of updating its 2006 congressional report would cause the harms of which plaintiffs complain, 

the preliminary injunction is more burdensome than necessary to provide complete relief to 

plaintiffs. 

B. The Requested Modification Will Serve the Public Interest, as the Comptroller General 

and the General Accountability Office Have Authority to Obtain the Enjoined Data 

Modification of the preliminary injunction to allow the release of AMP data to GAO 

would serve the public interest by allowing GAO to develop the information that will inform 

congressional deliberations on the adequacy of the AMP-based FUL system. 

GAO, “an instrumentality of the United States Government independent of the executive 

departments,” 31 U.S.C. § 702(a), is Congress’s investigative arm. Congress created the office 

of the Comptroller General, the head of the GAO, to be responsible to Congress alone “to check 

upon the application of public funds in accordance with appropriations.” See Bowsher v. Synar, 

478 U.S. 714, 730 (1986) (quotations omitted). The Comptroller General is granted broad 

authority to carry out investigations and evaluations regarding public expenditures: 

7
The Comptroller General shall – 

(1) investigate all matters related to the receipt, disbursement, and use of public money; 

(2) estimate the cost to the United States Government of complying with each restriction 

on expenditures of a specific appropriation in a general appropriation law and report 

each estimate to Congress with recommendations the Comptroller General considers 

desirable; 

(3) analyze expenditures of each executive agency the Comptroller General believes will 

help Congress decide whether public money has been used and expended 

economically and efficiently; 

(4) make an investigation and report ordered by either House of Congress or a committee 

of Congress having jurisdiction over revenue, appropriations, or expenditures; and 

(5) give a committee of Congress having jurisdiction over revenue, appropriations, or 

expenditures the help and information the committee requests. 

31 U.S.C. § 712 (1982). The Comptroller General also “shall evaluate the results of a program 

or activity the Government carries out under existing law (1) on the initiative of the Comptroller 

General; (2) when either House of Congress orders an evaluation; or (3) when a committee of 

Congress with jurisdiction over the program or activity requests the evaluation.” Id. § 717(b). 

To allow GAO to perform its statutory duties, “[e]ach agency shall give the Comptroller General 

information the Comptroller General requires about the duties, powers, activities, organization, 

and financial transactions of the agency.” Id. § 716(a). 

The Supreme Court has recognized the “public interest served by full GAO 

investigations.” Bowsher v. Merck & Co., 460 U.S. 824, 835 (1983). Cf. Fed. Trade Comm’n v. 

Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp., 626 F.2d 966, 970 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (“[T]he judiciary must 

refrain from slowing or otherwise interfering with the legitimate investigatory functions of 

Congress.”); Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Anderson, 631 F.2d 741, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (noting “the 

necessity for courts to refrain from interfering with or delaying the investigatory functions of 

Congress”) (quotations omitted); see also Eastland v. United States Servicemen’s Fund, 421 U.S. 

8
491 (1975); Exxon Corp. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 589 F.2d 582, 594 (D.C. Cir 1978) (noting “the 

clear public interest in maximizing the effectiveness of the investigatory powers of Congress”). 

The Supreme Court has also held that if GAO has the independent authority to conduct an 

evaluation, it is irrelevant that GAO initiated that evaluation at the request of an individual 

member of Congress. Bowsher v. Merck, 460 U.S. at 843-44. The Court emphasized that “the 

fact that the Comptroller General’s request had its origin in the requests of congressmen or that 

the GAO reported the data to Congress does not vitiate its authority.” Id. at 844. 

Plaintiffs incorrectly argue that the Comptroller General lacks the authority to conduct 

this evaluation, disregarding both the relevant statute and case law that clearly grant the 

Comptroller General this authority. (See Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Am. at 4-6.) Here, GAO 

plainly has the authority to conduct the contemplated evaluation under 31 U.S.C. § 717(b)(1). 

(See Defs.’ Reply, Ex. D [78-2].) Pursuant to this provision, the Comptroller General may 

evaluate the results of the AMP rule on his own initiative, even though no committee has 

requested that evaluation. See 31 U.S.C. § 717(b)(1). Under Bowsher v. Merck, it is irrelevant 

that GAO exercises that authority through an individual member of Congress such as Senator 

Grassley. As the Supreme Court articulated, the “public interest” is served by allowing GAO to 

conduct such an evaluation. See Bowsher v. Merck, 460 U.S. at 835. 

 Plaintiffs’ additional argument that Senator Grassley lacks the authority to request the 

AMP data is without merit. Plaintiffs assert that in requesting the information for the updated 

report, the Senator has not complied with his committee’s subpoena procedures. (See Resp. to 

Defs.’ Mot. to Am. at 5.) Senator Grassley has not purported to subpoena HHS for AMP data, 

nor has HHS argued that the Senator could do so on his own initiative. Committee rules 

regarding the issuance of subpoenas are therefore inapposite. Moreover, nothing in the 

9
committee rules prevents a senator from simply asking the Comptroller General, the 

investigative arm for all of Congress, to conduct an evaluation. Senator Grassley is not 

attempting to access the AMP data as an individual member of Congress, but rather merely 

requesting the completed report on the AMP data from GAO. The Senator will not receive the 

AMP data directly from HHS, but instead will view the AMP data in summary form in the 

updated report. The present case can be distinguished from Walker v. Cheney, cited by plaintiffs, 

which addressed only GAO’s legal standing to invoke the authority of the judicial branch to 

force the executive branch to release information to the legislature. 230 F. Supp. 2d 51, 75 

(D.D.C. 2002). In the present case, HHS has agreed to provide the requested data to GAO, so 

the separation of powers concern that drove the outcome in Walker is not implicated. As such, 

plaintiffs’ arguments regarding the Senator’s request are irrelevant and unpersuasive. 

As the Comptroller General and GAO have the lawful authority to conduct an 

investigation with regards to the AMP data, preventing the GAO from accessing the enjoined 

AMP data would frustrate Congress’s performance of its legislative and oversight functions 

which are carried out in the public interest. 

III. CONCLUSION & ORDER 

 For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby 

 ORDERED that the motion [75] is GRANTED; and it is further 

 ORDERED that Paragraph b of the preliminary injunction entered by this Court on 

December 19, 2007 is amended to read as follows: 

b. Posting any AMP data on a public website or otherwise disclosing any AMP data 

to any individuals or entities, including but not limited to States and their representatives 

10
or agencies, except that defendants may disclose AMP data within the U.S. Department 

of Health and Human Services or to the U.S. Department of Justice for their internal use 

or enforcement activities only, or to the U.S. Government Accountability Office for its 

audit and investigation activities. 

SO ORDERED. 

Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, United States District Judge, June 23, 2009. 

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