United States Department of Commerce

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NIST Monograph 177

Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys

at Cryogenic Temperatures

N. J. Simon, £. S. Drexler, and R. P. Reed

NIST Monograph 177

Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys

at Cryogenic Temperatures

N. J. Simon

E. S. Drexler

R. P. Reed

Materials Reliability Division

Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Boulder, CO 80303-3328

Sponsored by

International Copper Association, Ltd. 708 Third Avenue

New Yorl<, NY 10017

February 1992

U.S. Department of Commerce

Rockwell A. Schnabel, Acting Secretary

Technology Administration

Robert M. White, Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

John W. Lyons, Director
National Institute of Standards and Technology Monograph 177

Natl. Inst. Stand. Techno!. Mono. 177, 850 pages (Feb. 1992)

CODEN: NIMOEZ

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1992

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
NOTE TO READERS

The number of digits in some of the tables is an artifact of the computer program used to analyze the data. This program furnished tabular output with the same number of decimal places for all numbers. Thus, the number of digits given in the table does not represent the number of significant

digits in the measured or calculated values.

The letters A, B, 0, ... that follow the reference number in the tables and graphs are used to distinguish between data on alloys of different composition from the same reference.

Each subsection of the monograph is intended to be self-contained, and usually does not

require the reader to refer to other subsections. However, the table of characterization of materials and

measurements and the list of references are found only at the end of each numbered section. For

example, a subsection on thermal expansion of C10100-C10200 copper is self-contained, except for the

characterization table and reference list found at the end of section 7 on thermal properties.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION 1-1

OXYGEN-FREE COPPER

2. TENSILE PROPERTIES 2-1 Tensile Yield Strength 2-1 Ultimate Tensile Strength 2-29

Elongation 2-51 Reduction of Area 2-61 Engineering Stress-Strain 2-68

3. IMPACT PROPERTIES 3-1 Impact Energy 3-1

4. FATIGUE PROPERTIES 4-1 Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life 4-1 Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue Life 4-18

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate 4-27

5. CREEP PROPERTIES 5-1 Creep Strain 5-1

6. ELASTIC PROPERTIES 6-1 Young's Modulus 6-1 Shear Modulus 6-11

Bulk Modulus 6-19

Polsson's Ratio 6-23

7. THERMAL PROPERTIES 7-1 Specific Heat 7-1 Thermal Conductivity 7-16

Magnetothermal Conductivity 7-20

Thermal Expansion Coefficient 7-23

Mean Thermal Expansion 7-35

8. ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES 8-1

Electrical Resistivity 8-1 Residual Resistivity Ratio 8-15

Magnetoresistance 8-23

Magnetic Susceptibility 8-29

Magnetization 8-38

V
TABLE OF CONTEhfTS

(continued)

BERYLLIUM COPPER

9. TENSILE PROPERTIES 9-1 Tensile Yield Strength 9-1 Ultimate Tensile Strength 9-48

Tensile Elongation 9-96

Tensile Reduction of Area 9-138

Engineering Stress-Strain 9-160

10. IMPACT PROPERTIES 10-1 Impact Energy 10-1

11. FATIGUE PROPERTIES 11-1 Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue Life 11-1 Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life 11-19

Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue Life 1 1 -22

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue Life 1 1 -56

12. CREEP PROPERTIES 12-1 Creep Strain 12-1

13. ELASTIC PROPERTIES 13-1 Young's Modulus 13-1 Shear Modulus 13-6

Poisson's Ratio 13-11

14. THERMAL PROPERTIES 14-1 Specific Heat 14-1 Thermal Conductivity 14-4

Thermal Expansion Coefficient 14-8

Mean Thermal Expansion 14-14

15. ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES 15-1

Electrical Resistivity 15-1 Magnetic Susceptibility 15-36

vl
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

PHOSPHOR BRONZE

16. TENSILE PROPERTIES 16-1 Tensile Yield Strength 16-1 Ultimate Tensile Strength 16-13

Strain to Failure 16-20

Reduction of Area 1 6-27

Stress-Strain 16-32

17. IMPACT PROPERTIES 17-1 Impact Energy 17-1

18. FATIGUE PROPERTIES 18-1 Reversed Bending Fatigue 18-1 Stress-controlled Fatigue 18-8

19. CREEP PROPERTIES 19-1 Creep Strain 19-1

20. ELASTIC PROPERTIES 20-1

Young's Modulus 20-1

Shear Modulus 20-5

Poisson's Ratio 20-1

21. THERMAL PROPERTIES 21-1 Specific Heat 21-1 Thermal Conductivity 21-8

Thermal Expansion Coefficient 21-16

Mean Thermal Expansion 21-20

22. ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES 22-1

Electrical Resistivity 22-1 Magnetoresistance 22-16

Magnetic Susceptibility 22-17

vii

1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

The mechanical and physical properties at cryogenic temperatures for selected coppers and

copper alloys have been compiled, reviewed, and

analyzed. Tables, figures, and regression equations have been produced. The materials include:

the oxygen-free coppers (C10100-C10700), beryllium coppers (C17000-C17510), and the phosphor bronzes (C50500-C52400). The temperature range for the property data is from 4 to 295 K. Mechanical properties include tensile,

toughness, fatigue, and creep; physical properties

include elastic constants, specific heat, thermal

conductivity and expansion, and electrical resistivity. In many cases, these properties are a strong

function of metallurgical variables, such as cold

work and grain size. Regression analyses have

been performed in cases where there are suffi- cient data to ensure reasonable statistical portrayal of the effect of these variables on specific properties. Over 2500 references have been as- sessed; the final review includes over 1000 pages

that contain data from more than 400 references.

The original program of data review was

sponsored by the Office of Fusion Energy of the

U.S. Department of Energy. Its purpose was to assemble and to evaluate property data useful to magnet designers for fusion plasma confinement.

Both normal-metal, high-field magnets (e.g., the

Burning Plasma Experiment at Princeton Plasma

Physics Laboratory, using cold-worked C10700

and 01 7510 alloys) and NbTi and NbgSn superconducting magnets (e.g., the proposed International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, using

010400 and phosphor bronze alloys) are currently in design or development stages. The review

has been reedited and expanded for those more

generally interested in the low-temperature properties of copper and selected copper alloys, un- der the sponsorship of the International Oopper

Association, Ltd. OOPPER AT ORYOGENIO TEMPERATURES

Oopper or copper alloys are normally used

in low-temperature structures when a combination

of both physical (high conductivity) and mechanical (adequate strength) properties are needed.

Oopper is used in many cryogenic applications in

association with superconductors which require a

stabilizing normal conductor. High-field magnets,

power transmission and generation, and magnetic

energy storage are current or potential large-scale

applications that use both superconductors and

copper stabilizers. Oopper is ideal for stabiliza- tion of superconducting magnets. The role of the

stabilizing material in superconducting magnets is to prevent catastrophic magnet destruction if a

portion of the superconductor is warmed above

the critical temperature and becomes resistive. Oopper, used as the stability element, serves to

transfer heat away from the local "hot spots" and

to conduct a portion or all of the current that nor- mally would travel through the superconductor.

Furthermore, in most composite conductors, the

copper is expected to carry the majority of the

composite load. The idealized copper stabilizers have low electrical resistivity, high strength and

elastic moduli, and high thermal conductivity.

Unfortunately, those treatments that promote low

electrical resistivity, such as chemical purification

and annealing, promote low strength; the optimization of the ratio of flow strength to electrical

resistivity, both at 4 K, becomes the research

driving force. Ourrently, most conductor composites use oxygen-free copper (grades 010100-

010700) with residual electrical resistivity ratios of about 300 for the annealed condition with less than 0.1 wt% impurities. This copper grade is then cold-rolled or extruded to about the

1 /4-hard condition to increase its yield strength.

Magnets with a normal metal conductor, that operate at cryogenic temperatures to achieve

higher electrical conductivity, have also been

constructed. Ourrently, the design of the Burning

Plasma Experiment (BPX) at the Princeton Plas- ma Physics Laboratory includes the use of a

higher-strength beryllium-copper conductor. The

beryllium-copper system, through carefully controlled thermomechanical processing to achieve

optimum precipitation conditions, offers exceptional high-strength, high-conductivity alloys.

Both strength and electrical conductivity of copper alloys increase at low temperatures. The

high-field BPX magnets are designed to operate

using liquid nitrogen as the coolant, as opposed

to liquid helium that is required for all current superconducting magnets.

Traditionally, copper tubes and sheets have

been used in heat transfer and thermal stability

1-1
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

I

equipment at cryogenic temperatures. The higli

tliermal conductivity, combined witli good sol- dering and brazing characteristics, has made their use In refrigeration and transfer-line equipment

very appropriate and resulted In efficient devices.

Copper is used as the inner container in many 50

and 100 liter storage Dewars for liquid helium,

hydrogen, and nitrogen. In this application, copper provides excellent thermal stability and its fabrlcabllity serves to keep production costs low.

Copper alloys, especially the brasses and bronzes, are used in structural applications that require

reasonable strength, thermal conductivity, and,

sometimes, brazed or soldered joints. Copper

and copper alloys, as opposed to aluminum and

steels, are easily formed and joined and have

intermediate elastic, strength, and toughness

properties but lower strength-to-weight

ratios.The increased use of NbjSn superconductors has placed more emphasis on knowledge of the low-temperature properties of copper-tin al- loys. Usually, the reaction treatment to form

NbgSn includes the use of a bronze to provide

the source of tin for the process. The final products of the (In situ) reaction Include copper, copper-tin, and NbgSn. Knowledge of the thermal,

electrical, and mechanical properties of the

bronze alloy system permit better analysis of the

stabilizer/superconductor system.

Unlike most metals and alloys, copper and

its alloys are used in applications where excellent

thermal and electrical conductivity, combined with

optimum strength and toughness, are both re- quired. While the use of other commonly used

alloys at cryogenic temperatures, such as austenitic stainless steels or superconductors, demands

either excellent strength or conductivity, copper

alloys supply both requirements. Unfortunately, nature usually resists the combined achievement

of high strength and high conductivity. However,

there is opportunity (supported by many applications) for further development of copper thermomechanical processing and alloying to optimize

strength and conductivity.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER

Copper and the copper alloys covered in this monograph are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities.

good fabrlcabllity, adequate strength, and excellent toughness and fatigue resistance. They can be easily soldered, brazed, and welded. Copper

alloys are normally strengthened by cold work

(copper), solid-solution alloying (Cu-Sn alloys), or

precipitation (Cu-Be alloys). At low temperatures

the increase of strength from these mechanisms

is significantly greater than at room temperature.

In all cases, at constant temperature, increased

strength leads to decreased electrical conductivity. Thus, in applications such as high-field, nor- mal metal magnets, there Is always a trade-off between conductivity, strength, and operating

temperature.

Selected properties and characteristics of copper are contained in Table 1.1 (Source for data: References 1.1-1.5). Some rather specific

electronic characteristics are included, since the

primary use of copper at cryogenic temperatures

is as an electrical conductor.

Crystallographic features of copper are summarized in Table 1.2 (References 1.1 and 1.6). The face-centered cubic structure leads to good

ductility and excellent toughness at cryogenic

temperatures. The distance of closest atomic approach In face-centered cubic alloys is along

<110> directions on {111} planes.

In comparison to properties of many other

elements, the properties of copper are well known

and have been studied for over 50 years.

OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT COPPER AND

COPPER ALLOYS

Copper and copper alloys have played a

major role in the development of civilization (Ref- erences 1.7-1.9). The first metal used by man,

some 10,000 years ago, was copper, probably as a substitute for stone for tools and utensils. About three to six millennia ago, the extensive use of copper and copper-arsenic alloys led to the use of the terms "copper age," followed by

the "bronze age," as civilization progressed. The

development of high-temperature clay kilns per- mitted the smelting of copper. Primitive copper

metallurgy spread from Egypt (where copper was

mined and refined on the Sinai Peninsula as early as 3800 B.C.) to Crete and Cyprus and, subsequently, to much of the Roman Empire. The

alloys processed in these early times had high

arsenic contents, and there Is evidence that the

1-2
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.1. General Properties of Copper.

Atomic Number 29

Atomic Weight 63.546

Atomic Diameter 2.551 X

10"''° m

Melting Point 1356 K

Boiling Point 2868 K

Density at 293 K 8.94 X 10^ kg/m^

Electronic Structure 3d^°4s

Valence States 2,1

Fermi Energy 7.0 eV

Fermi Surface spherical, necks at [111]

Hall Coefficient -5.12 X

10""''' mV(A«S)

Magnetic State diamagnetic

Heat of Fusion 134 J/g

Heat of Vaporization 3630 J/g

Heat of Sublimation @1299 K 3730 J/g

Table 1 .2. Crystallographic Features of Copper.

Type of Structure A1

Space Group 0^^ - Fm3m

Crystal Structure face-centered cubic Number of Atoms per Unit Cell 4

Lattice Parameters at 293 K 3.6147 X

10"''° m

Distance of Closest Atomic Approach

(Burgers vector) at 293 K

2.556 X

10"''° m

Goldschmidt Atomic Radii

(12-fold coordination)

1.28 X

10"''° m

Atomic Volume 1.182 10"^^ m^

1-3
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

mineral algodonite (CUgAs) was deliberately

added to copper to obtain greater hardness. The

later use of tin alloying led to more controlled

alloy properties and to the bronze age. The

bronze age is judged to conclude with the intro- duction of iron alloys (iron age) in about 1500

B.C.

It was not until the 20th century, however,

that property measurements at cryogenic temperatures were conducted on copper. Perhaps the

earliest report of mechanical property testing was

the 1922 work of Guillet and Cournot (Reference

1.10) who studied the hardness and impact re- sistance of copper and brass at room temperature, liquid air, and several intermediate temperatures. As early as 1907, Dorsey (Reference 1.11)

had studied the thermal expansion of copper at temperatures ranging from room to liquid air. Sources of compilations or reviews of the

properties of copper at low temperatures are rare. Reed and Mikesell (Reference 1.12) compiled the

mechanical properties of selected coppers and

copper alloys (brasses, bronzes, aluminum bronzes, and cupronickel alloys) at cryogenic temperatures in 1967. A section in the Handbook on

Materials for Superconducting Machinery (1977)

(Reference 1.13) is devoted to copper alloys. The

physical properties of copper at low temperatures

have been compiled by Touloukian (1 967) (Refer- ence 1.2). Earlier, Wilkins and Bunn (Reference

1.14) prepared a compilation of mechanical properties, at room temperature and above, that in- cludes copper, beryllium coppers, and tin bronzes. Their book contains a comprehensive refer- ence list of early mechanical-property papers,

from about 1910 to the 1930's. Recently, Thompson, et al. (Reference 1.15) have prepared a wall chart with important low temperature properties

of copper.

There are excellent general discussions of the uses, fabrication, product forms, and roomtemperature properties of copper and copper al- loys. We describe several here The Copper

Development Association supplies a series of Standards Handbooks for Wrought and Cast

Copper and Copper Alloy Products, Reference

1.16. This series is a very useful reference source

for current standards and is an aid for specifications. Parts of this series include tolerances,

wrought-product alloy data, terminology, engineering data, sources, specification cross Index,

and cast-product alloy data. The American Society for Metals has prepared an excellent Source

Book on Copper and Copper Alloys (Reference

1 .3) with many contributions from experts in selected areas. These include metallurgy, processing, fabrication, and properties and designations.

Welding and soldering are addressed by papers

contained in this book but more extensively in the

ASM Metals Handbook on Welding and Brazing,

Reference 1.17. Research on copper and copper alloys,

emphasizing thermodynamic data and processes

and binary and ternary phase diagrams, has long

been encouraged by the International Copper

Research Association QNCRA), which began a Monograph Series in 1971, Reference 1.18. Since

then, a series of review papers has been released

by INCRA, now ICA, Ltd. (International Copper

Association, Ltd.). A recent general book on

copper and copper-alloy manufacturing, properties, and uses has been edited by Mendenhall

(1986), Reference 1.19. Butts presented extensive discussion of copper and copper alloy metallurgical practices and property characteristics in a

1964 publication. Reference 1.20.

JOINING

Copper and copper alloys can be easily

welded, brazed, and soldered. The ASM Source

Book on Copper and Copper Alloys (1979) (Ref- erence 1.3), Metals Handbook on Welding and

Brazing (Reference 1.17), and Butts (Reference

1 .20) have good discussions of copper joining

techniques. Welding of pure copper is dependent on oxygen concentration. Deoxidized and oxygen-free pure coppers are joined using both gas

and arc welding. The high conductivity of pure

copper requires high heat inputs and, for thick

sections, preheating may be necessary. Oxygen

segregates to form oxides at grain boundaries

during welding; therefore, there is difficulty in obtaining sound welds of coppers that contain

oxygen. Welding rods that contain no oxygen

are also used. The commonly used welding

techniques for copper are inert-gas metal arc (MIG) and inert-gas tungsten arc (TIG). The TIG

process, capable of producing higher deposit

rates, is usually used on thick sections. Copper

1-4
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

is readily brazed using copper-silver or copperphosphorus filter metals and easily soldered using

lead-tin solder. Most copper alloys can be welded using shielded metal arc, inert-gas tungsten

arc, inert-gas metal arc (He or Ar), and submerged arc. Some alloys (including Cu-Sn) are

"hot-short"; therefore, overheating and preheating

should be avoided and low interpass temperatures maintained in these alloys.

MONOGRAPH CONTENTS

The objective of this monograph is to pro- vide a handbook of critically evaluated data on

those coppers and copper alloys that are most

used in applications at cryogenic temperatures.

Handbook data that are critically evaluated pro- vide a basis for decisions on design allowables, or alternatively, identify requirements for more

characterization of existing materials or development of new materials. They provide guidance

for material procurement specifications, since

many key properties at low temperatures are

strongly influenced by chemical and metallurgical

differences within standard specifications. Critical data evaluation provided in handbook pages or

other formats forms the basis for decisions on

material selection and for comparison of data obtained at different international laboratories on

competing materials.

Tensile, toughness, fatigue, creep, elastic- constant, thermal, and electromagnetic properties are covered. Materials include C10100--C10700

coppers, C17000-C17510 beryllium coppers, and

C50500-C52400 phosphor bronzes. Commercially available Cu-Sn alloys are known as phosphor bronzes and are so designated in this monograph. Phosphor is added to the commercial alloy as a deoxidant. Composition ranges for these materials are given in Tables 1 .3-1 .5. To

identify the materials in this monograph, we have

used the UNS designation for the wrought alloys;

composition ranges for the cast alloys are also

included in Tables 1.3-1.5. Tables 1.6-1.16 summarize other information on these materials, in- cluding typical uses, forms and tempers, and

fabrication. Table 1.17 gives standard temper

designations for copper alloy flat stock and temper equivalents for rolled and drawn product.

The temperature range for this monograph is liquid helium (4 K) to room temperature. (Data

reported at "room temperature" were considered as obtained at 295 K.)

All data used in this monograph were obtained from original, documented literature, rather

than from surveys, handbooks, or other incompletely documented sources. In contrast to earli- er handbooks, all original data upon which design

curves and equations are based are presented as

well as much more extensive characterization in- formation on the test specimens, measurement

techniques, and thermomechanical treatment. (The UNS specification given in the characterization tables is the closest that could be determined

from the composition information presented In the

document from which data were taken.) Data are

usually presented as a function of temperature,

both in plots of individual data points and as plots

where data scatter bands are included. The data

scatter bands represent, statistically, plus and

minus two standard deviations (S.D.s). Emphasis

has been placed on identifying the effects of chemistry and material-processing parameters

such as cold work, grain size, aging temperature,

and alloy composition, since these effects are more prominent at very low temperatures. Linear

and nonlinear regression analyses are used to quantify the dependencies of specific properties on these variables. Where sufficient data are

available, the dependence of mechanical and

physical properties upon such parameters is pre- sented in the handbook pages with model equations and graphs.

With few exceptions, all low-temperature

data for the specific alloys and properties are included in the critical review. However, not all room-temperature data are included. Papers and

reports that contain room-temperature data, but no low-temperature data, were in general not in- cluded. In some cases, data are included if a

significant metallurgical variable, such as grain

size or cold work, was systematically varied and

the property was measured at room temperature.

Almost all data analyses are unique to this

critical review, a practice that ensures self-consistency and originality. The only exceptions are two comprehensive analyses of cryogenic copper

thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity,

recently completed at NIST [Equations (7-2) and

(8-1)]. Except for these analyses, which employed a combination of techniques, all interpretations of data presented are relatively straightfor1-5
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .3. Composition of Oxygen-free Copper in Wrougfit and Cast Form (percent maximum and

composition values in weight percent unless otherwise indicated). From Reference 1.21.

WROUGHT ALLOYS

Ag

ALLOY

NO. DESIG- NATION

DESCRIPTION Cu (Incl. Ag) (% MIn) %

MIn

Troy 02

MIn As Sb P Te OTHER NAMED

ELEMENTS

C10100 OFE Oxygen Free Electronic 99.99 (a) 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0O10 (b)

C10200 (c) OF Oxygen Free 99.95

C10300 OFXLP 99.95 (d) 0.001-0.005

C10400 (c) OFS Oxygen Free wttti Ag 99.95 0.027 6

C10500 (c) OFS Oxygen Free with Ag 99.95 0.034 10

CI 0700 OFS Oxygen Free with Ag 99.95 0.085 25

(a) Copper is determined by the difference of impurity total from 100%.

(b) Bi, max.. 1 ppm (0.0001%); Cd, max., 1 ppm (O.X1%), Fe, max., 10 ppm (0.0010%); Pb, max., 5 ppm (0.0005%); Mn,

max., 0.5 ppm (0.00005%); Hg, max., 1 ppm (0.00001%); Ni, max., 10 ppm (0.0010%); Oxygen, max., 5 ppm (0.0005%);

Se. max., 3 ppm (0.0003%); Ag, max., 25 ppm (0.0025%); S, max., 15 ppm (0.0015%); Sn, max., 2 ppm (0.0002%);

Zn, max., 1 ppm (0.0001%). Hg, max.. 1 ppm (0.0001%); Zn, max.. 1 ppm (0.0001%).

(c) These are high conductivity coppers which have in the annealed condition a minimum conductivity of 100% lACS.

(d) Includes P.

CAST ALLOYS

Ag

ALLOY

NO. Cu (incl. Ag)

(% min.)

%

min

Troy Oz

min B P

C80100 99.95

C80300 99.95 0.034 10

C80500 99.75 0.034 10 0.02

C80700 99.75 0.02

C80900 99.70 0.034 10

C81100 99.70

C81200 99.9 0.045-0.065

1-6
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .4. Composition of Beryllium-Copper Alloys in Wrought and Cast Form in Weight Percent

(percent maximum unless shown as a range or minimum). From Reference 1.21.

WROUGHT ALLOYS

ALLUY

NO.

rnfcVIUUo

TFWDE

NAME

Cu

(incl. Ag)

re Nl Co Si Be Pb OTHER

NAMED

ELEMENTS

C17000 Beryllium

Copper Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1.60-1.79 0.20% Al

CI 7200 Beryllium

Copper Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1 .80-2.00 0.20% Al

C17300 Beryllium

Copper Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1.80-2.00 0.20-0.6 0.20% Al

CI 7400 Rem. (a) 0.20 0.15-0.35 0.20 0.15-0.50 0.20% Al

C17410 Rem. (a) 0.20 0.35-0.6 0.20 0.15-0.50 0.20% Al

C17420 Rem. (a) 0.20 0.05-0.6 0.20 0.05-0.15 0.20% Al

CI 7500 Beryllium

Copper

Rem. (a) 0.10 2.4-2.7 0.20 0.40-0.7 0.20% Al

C17510 Rem. (a) 0.10 1.4-2.2 0.30 0.20 0.20-0.6 0.20% Al

(a) Cu + sum of named elements = 99.5% min.

(b) Ni + Co, 0.20% min.; Ni + Fe + Co, 0.6% max.

CAST ALLOYS

ALLOY

NO. Cu Ag Be Co Si Ni Fe Al Sn Pb Zn Cr

C81700 94.2 min. 0.8-1.2 0.30-0.55 0.25-1.5 0.25-1.5

C81800 95.6 min. 0.8-1.2 0.30-0.55 1.4-1.7

C82000 95.0 min. 0.45-0.8 2.4-2.7 (a) 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82100 95.5 min. 0.35-0.8 0.25-1.5 0.25-1.5

C82200 96.5 min. 0.35-0.8 1.0-2.0

C82400 96.4 min. 1.65-1.75 0.20-0.40 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82500 95.5 min. 1.90-2.15 0.35-0.7 (a) 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82510 95.5 min. 1.90-2.15 1.0-1.2 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82600 95.2 min 2.25-2.45 0.35-0.7 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82700 94.6 min. 2.35-2.55 0.15 1.0-1.5 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

C82800 94.8 min. 2.50-2.75 0.35-0.7 (a) 0.2O-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10

(a) Ni + Co

1-7
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .5. Composition of Phosplior Bronzes in Wrought and Cast Form in Weight Percent (percent

maximum unless shown as a range or minimum). From Reference 1.21.

WROUGHT ALLOYS

ALLOY

NO. PREVIOUSTRADE NAME

Ou

(a) Pb Fe Sn Zn P OTHER NAMEDELEMENTS

050100 Rem. 0.05 0.05 0.050-0.8 0.01-0.05

C50200 Rem. 0.05 0.10 1.0-1.5 0.04

050500 Phosphor Bronze, 1.25% E

Rem. 0.05 0.10 1.0-1.7 0.30 0.03-0.35 _

C50700 Rem. 0.05 0.10 1.5-2.0 — 0.30 _____

~

C50710 Rem. 1.7-2.3 0.15 0.10-0.40% Ni

C50715 Rem. 0.02 0.05-0.15 1.7-2.3 0.025-0.04 (b)

050800 Rem. 0.05 0.10 2.6-3.4 0.01-0.07 —

Rem. U.UD n in u.iu ^.0—0.0 U.oU U.Uo—U.oU

051000 Phosphor Bronze, 5% ARem. 0.05 0.10 4.2-5.8 0.30 0.03-0.35

051100 Rem. 0.05 0.10 3.5-4.9 0.30 0.03-0.35

051800 Phosphor Bronze Rem. 0.02 4.0-6.0 0.10-0.35 0.01% Al

051900 Rem. 0.05 0.10 5.0-7.0 0.30 0.03-0.35

052100 Phosphor Bronze, 8% 0Rem. 0.05 0.10 7.0-9.0 0.20 0.03-0.35

052400 Phosphor Bronze, 10% DRem. 0.05 0.10 9.0-11.0 0.20 0.03-0.35

(a) Ou + sum of named elements = 99.5% min.

(b) Ou + Sn + Fe + P = 99.5% min.

CAST ALLOYS

ALLOY

NO. Ou (a) Sn Pb Zn Fe Sb Ni (a)

(incl. Oo)

S P(a) Al Si Mn

090200 91.0-94.0 (b) 6.0-8.0 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005 090250 89.0-91.0 (b) 9.0-11.0 0.30 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.8 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005 0.10 090300 86.0-89.0 (b) 7.5-9.0 0.30 3.0-5.0 0.20 0.20 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005 090500 86.0-89.0 (c) 9.0-11.0 0.30 1.0-3.0 0.20 0.20 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005 090700 88.0-90.0 (b) 10.0-12.0 0.50 0.50 0.15 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.30 0.005 0.005

(a) In determining copper minimum, copper may be calculated as Cu + Ni. (b) Ou + sum of named elements = 99.4% min.

(c) Cu + sum of named elements = 99.7% min.

1-8
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .6. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for ClOlOO. From Reference 16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Copper (incl Silver) Residual Deoxidants Phosphorus

Tellurium Other Named Elements

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Nominal Mini

0003

.0010

The total of the seven following elements. Se, Te, Bi, As, Sb. Sn and Mn not to exceed 40 ppm. (.0040%):

Hg, max., 1 ppm. (.0001%); Zn. max., I ppm,

(.0001%); Cd, max., 1 ppm, (.0001%); S, max., 18 ppm, (.0018%); Pb, max., 10 ppm. (.0010%); Se, max., 10 ppm (.0010%); Bi, max., 10 ppm (.0010%.); Oxygen max , 10 ppm, (.0010%).

Flat Products

Pipe Rod

Shapes Tube

B48, B133. B152, 8187

B272, B432, B45 1, F68

B42, B188. F68

B49, B133

B187, F68 BI33 B187,F68

B68, B75. BI88, B280 B372,B447,B641,F68 B1.B2.B3,B33,B48

B189, B24fi bit: B298,BV 1 .

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

Ann—lid Tvnpan

Nominal Gnin Sm mm

S 5

8 8 8 I 8 3

S S II

I s

RoHsd or Drawn Tampart

s £ =

1 I

o ! 3 .s

Hot

Finiiha

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip Rolled

Strip Drawn

Flat Wire Rolled

Flat Wire Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

« •• «

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) lempei is used

foi leneiml purpose tube only, usually where there b

DO real lequiienient for Ugh ctzengtb or hardness on

the one hand or for bending qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a lube as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible foi the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5i) leraper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being t>ent (or other- wise modeiatety cold worked) is needed.

Typical Uses

ELECTRICAL AND bus bars, bus conductors and other conductors, wave guides, hol- ELECTRONIC: low conductors, lead-in wires and anodes for vacuum tubes, vacuum seals, transistor components, glass to metal seals, coaxial

cables and coaxial tubes, klystrons, micro-wave tubes, automotive

rectifiers Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, coining, coppersmithing, drawing, etching, forming and bending, heading and upsetting, hot forging and pressing, piercing and punching, roll threading and knurling, shearing, spinning, squeezing and swaging, stamping

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass =100) 65 Hot Working Temperature 1400-1600 For 750-875 C

Annealing Temperature 700-I2(J0F or 375-650 C

Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20

Suitability for being joined by; Soldering Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended

Spot . Not Recommended

Resistance Welding { Seam Not Recommended

Butt Good

1-9
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .7. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for CI 0200. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimum I MsKimu

Copper (incl. Silver) Residual Deoxidants

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

99.95 None

Flat Products B48, B133. B152, B187,

B272, B370, B432, B451, B506

Pipe B42, BI88 Rod B49, B124, B133, B187

Shapes B133. B187

Tube B68, B75, B88, Bill, B188, B280, B359, B372, B395, B447,

B640, B641

Wire B1,B2,B3.B33.B47, B48, B49.

Bl 16, B189, B246. B286, B298

B355, B566, F9

Nipples B687

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

Nominal Grain Sfzo nrni

8 s 8 8 3 8 8 8

8 S

0 H

ii

1 3

il

H

s £

S t

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Flat Wire, Rolled

Flat Wire. Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) temper ij uj«l

for fenCTftl purpose tube only, usually wb«re there U

no real requtrement for Ugh nrengtb or hardness on

the one hand or tor bendins qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper Is used only where there is need for a tut)e as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the sbe in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (HSS) temper b

used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold woiiced) is needed.

Typical Uses

ELECTRICAL; bus bars and bus conductors, and other electrical conductors, wave guides, copper to glass seals in electronic appliances

Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, coining, coppersmithing, drawing, etching, forming and bending, heading and upsetting, hot forging and pressing, piercing and punching, roll threading and knurling, shearing, spinning, squeezing and swaging, stamping

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:

Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Soldering Excellent Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) 65 Brazing Excellent Hoi Working Temperature ... 1400-1600 F or 750-875 C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Annealing Temperature 700-1 200 For 375-650 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Machinabilily Rating (Free Cutting Brass - 1001 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended

iSpot Not Reconunended Seam Not Recommended

Bult Good

1-10
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .8. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C10400, C10500, and C10700. From

Reference 1.16, with permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimum MaMimum

Copper (incl. Silver) 99.95

Sflver* No. CI 0400 .027( 8) No. C10500 .034(10) No. CI 0700 .085(25)

• Figures in parentheses are troy ounces per avoirdupois ton.

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Flat Products

Pipe Rod

Shapes Tube

Wire

B48, B133, B152, B187, B272, B506

B42. BI88

B49, B133, B187

B133. B187

B68, B75, B188, B280, B372

Bl , B2, B3. B48, B49, B246.

B272, B298, B355

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Tampan

Nominal Grain Siza mm

o o iQ lO ID S S S S 5

S S S § » £

r q I? o Q Q ii

Rollad or Drawn Tampar*

' s

uf a

I i

e I

I

i I

Hot

FinidMd Tampan

i I

X iu

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip Drawn

Flat Wire. Rolled

Flat Wire. Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar. Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) tempa is used

for genenl purpose tube only, utually where there U

no ml lequimnent for high ttmixth or hardness on

the one hind oi for bending quafities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tube as hard or u strong as is conunerciatly

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being 'bent (or other- wise moderately cold worked) is needed.

Typical Uses AUTOMOTIVE : gaskets, radiators ELECTRICAL: bus bars, conductiviiy wire, contacts, radio parts, windings, switches, terminals, commutator segments MISCELLANEOUS: chemical process equipment, printing rolls, clad metaJs, printed circuit foil; also where brazing in a hydrogen atmosphere Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, coining, coppersmithing, drawing, etching, forming and bending, heading and upsetting, hot forgmg and pressing, piercing and punching, roU

threading and knurling, shearing, spinning, squeezing and swaging, stamping

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) 65 Hot Working Temperature. . .1400 - 1600 - f or 750-875 C

Annealing Temperature 900 - 1400 - - F or 475-750 C

Machinabiiity Rating (Free Cuttmg Brass = 100) 20

Suitability for being joined by:

Soldering Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended

iSpot

Not Recommended

Seam Not Recommended

Butt Good

1-11
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1 .9. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17000. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimum Maitimum

Copper (incl. silver) 98.3 R. m.

Beryllium 1.7 1 60 1.79 Nickel + Cobalt .20 Ni + Fe + Co .6 Silicon .20

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Forgings B5 70

Flat Products B194, B196

Pipe Rod B196

Shapes B570

Tube

Wire

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

Annnlad Tampan

Nominal Grain Sizamm

SIO ID o o o W i/> tfi

S S S S £

•-: p o o q

O hi

11

Rollad or Drawn Tampara

it

Hf is

I 1

Tl S

i s Z uj St i ^ i

Tampara

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Rat Wire, Rolled

Flat Wire, Drawn

Bar. Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HSS) lempei U med

for general purpose tulw only, usually wtiere there is no real requirement for high stiength or hardness on

the one hand or for bending qualities on the other.

4. Solution heat treated.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tube as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold worked) is needed.

S. Special mill processing and precipitation treatment.

Typical Uses HARDWARE bellows, bourdon tubing, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers,

springs, switch parts, relay parts, electrical and electronic connectors,

retaining rings, roll pins INDUSTRIAL valves, pump parts, spline shafts, rolling mill parts, welding equipment

Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, drawing, forming and bending, turning, drilling, tapping

Fabrication

Capacity fur Being C old Worked Excellent Capacity lor Being llol I-urmed Good

Hoi Forgeabilily Rjling (Forging Brass = I OOl Hot Working l emperalurc .... 1200-1500 F or 650-825 C

Annealing Teniperalurc 1425-1475 F or 775-800 C

Mjchinuhilily Rjling ( Free ( ulting Brass = 100) 20

:ies

Suilability lor being joined by

Soldering Good

Brazing Good

Oxyacelylene Welding Not Recommended

Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coaled Metal Arc Welding Good

iSpot Good

Seam ''sir Butt Fair

1-12
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.10. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17200 and C17300. From Reference

1.16, with permission.

Composition — percent

AHov No C17200 Alloy No. C 7300

Norn, Min Max. Nom. Mm Ma«.

Copper 98,1 97.7

Bcrvllium 1 ,9 1 80 2 00 1.9 1.80 2.00 Uad 40 .20 .6 Nickel -1- Cobalt .20 .20 Nit Fe + Co .6 .6 Silicon .20 .20 Aluminum .20 .20

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Forglngt

t Products

Pipe Rod

Shspei Tube

No. CI 7200 B570

B19d, B196

B196 B570

8643

8197

Copper Alloy No. C17300

8196

B196

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

Annsalad Temper*

Nominil Grain Siumm

O O O O

i % % p p

RotlMl or Drawn Tampan

I i

5 I i S 5 ~

T. e f

i X I i

i i

i -a 6 I

Hoi

Finiihad TcmfMfi

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Rat Wire, Rolled

Flat Wire, Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper b laei

tot (enenl puipote tul>e only, usually where there is DO real requirement for hi$h stjen^ or haidfiesj on

the one hand or for bending qualities on the other.

4. Solution Heat Treated.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used

only where there is need for a tube as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING CH55) temper is used orvly where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold woriced) is needed.

S. Special Mill Processing and Precipitation Treatment.

Typical Uses HARDWARE: Bellows, bourdon tubing, diaphragms, fuse clips, fas- teners, lock washers, springs, switch parts, relay parts,

electrical and electronic components, retaining rings,

roll pins INDUSTRIAL: Valves, pump parts, spline shafts, rolling mill parts, welding equipment Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, drawing, forming and bending, turning, drilling, tapping

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good

Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100* Copper Alloy No. 172 40

Copper Alloy No. 1 73 Not Recommended

Hot Working Temperature 1200-1500 F or 650-825 C

Annealing Temperature 1425-1475 F 6r 775-800 C

Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) Copper Alloy No. CI 7200 20 Copper Alloy No. CI 7300 50

Suitability for being joined by: Soldering _ Good

Brazing Good

Oxyacetylene Welding Not Recommended

Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Good

I Spot Good

Resistance Welding < Seam. Fair

( Butt Fair

1-13
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.11. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17500 and C17510. From Reference

1.16, with permission.

Composition — percent Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Alloy N. C17500 Alloy No. C17510 Nom. Min. Max. Nom. Min. Max.

Copper (incl. Silver) 96.9 Rem 978 Rem.

Iron .10 .10

Nickel IB 1 .4 2.2 Cobalt 2.55 2.4 2.7 .30

Silicon .20 20

Beryllium 55 .40 .7 4 .20 6 Aluminum 20 20

Flat Products B441, BS34

Pipe Rod B44I

Shapes Tube

Wire

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Ttmpars

Nomina) Grain Sizamm

Roilad or Drawn Tatnpar>_

i S

£ f

f I

II

Hot

FinittMd Tempers

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip Drawn

Rat Wire Rolled

Flat Wire, Drawn

Bar Rolled

Bar Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper ii uied

for general purpose tube only, usually where there is no reel requirement for hl^h stren^h or hardness on

the one hand or for bending qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tut>e as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING CH5S) temper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold worlced) is needed.

Typical Uses

HARDWARE

INDUSTRIALCominon Fabrication Processes

fuse clips, fasteners, springs, switch parts, relay parts,

electrical conductors

welding equipment

Blanking, forming and bending, turning, drilling, tapping

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good

Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) Hot Working Temperature 1200-1625 F or 650-765 C

Machinabilily Rating ( Free Cutting Brass = 100)

Solution Heat Treating Temperature 1675-1725 F or 900-950 C

Suitability for being joined by:

Soldering Good

Brazing Good

Oxyacetylene Welding Not Recommended

Gas Shielded Arc Welding Coated Metal Arc Welding F"'

, Spot Good

Seam

Butt F"'

Resistance Welding

1-14
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.12. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C50500. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimum Maximum

Copper 98.7 Remainder

Lead .05 Iron 10 Tin 1.3 1.0 1.7 Zinc .30 Phosphorus .03 .35

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Flat Products B508

Pipe

Rod

Shapes Tube

Wire BI05

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnIMSlad Tampm

Nominal Grain Stamm

s s

r 9 I 3

RolM or Drawn Tampart

s

z _ — ee I i

s r

5 I

I I

Hot

FinHlMd Twnpar*

- z

c 1

I I

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Flat Wire, Rolled

Flat Wire. Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper is lued

for terienl purpose tube only, usually wlieie there is no tea] tequiiement for high strength or ttarliiess on

the one hand or for bending qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tube as

liard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

UGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5J) temper to used only where a tulM of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold woticed) is needed.

Typical Uses

INDUSTRIAL electrical contacts, flexible hose, pole-hne hardware

Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, forming and bending, heading and

upsetting, shearing, squeezing and swaging

Fabrication

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good

Hot Forgeability Rating ( Forging Brass = 100) Hot Working Temperalure 1450-1600 F or 800-875 C

Annealing Temperature 900-I200F or 475-650 C

Machinabilily Rating ( Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20

ties

Suitability for being joined by: Soldering Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair !Spot Not Recommended

Seam Not Recommended

Butt Excellent

1-15
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.13. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C51000. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Nominal Minimum Maximum

Bolts F468

Flat Products BIOO. B103. B139

Copper 94.8 Remainder Nuts F467

Lead .05 Pipe

Iron .10 Rod B139

Tin 5 4.2 5.8 Screws F468

Zinc .30 Shapes B139

Phosphorus .2 .03 .35 Studs F468

Tube

Wire BI59

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Tampan

Nominal Grain Siza mm

M w M CO O O O O 8 g 8 S S 2 q q o o p ii

RolM or Drawn T*mptrt

1 i i

i

? I ^ ? a 1 s i

i? J f if

CO a O c

<^ Ul

s £

i

S

FinidMd Tampari

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip Rolled

Strip Drawn

Flat Wire Rolled

Flat Wire Drawn

Bar Rolled

Bar Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAVW-CENERAL PURPOSE (H58) tempei is wed

for geneitl pmpoae tube only, usually where there is no real requirement for high strength or hardneu on

the one hand or for bending qusbties on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a lube as hard oi as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold worked) is needed.

ARCHITECTURAL: HARDWARE

INDUSTRIAL

Typical Uses

bridge bearing plates beater bars, bellows. Bourdon tubing, clutch disks, cotter pins, diaphragms, fuse cUps,

fasteners, lock washers, sleeve bushings, springs, switch parts, truss wire, wire brushes chemical hardware, perforated sheets, textile machinery, welding rods Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking drawing, forming and bending, heading and

upsetting, roll threading and knurling, shearing, stamping

Fabrication

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor

Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass =100)

Hoi Working Temperature F or C

Annealing Temperature 900-I250F or 745-675 C

Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20

lies

Suitability for being joined by: Soldering Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair iSpot Good

Seam Fair Butt Excellent

1-16
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.14. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C51100. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimuin Maximuin

Copper 95.6 Remainder

Lead .05 Iron .10 Tin 4.2 3.5 4.9 Zinc .30 Phosphorus 2 .03 .35

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Flat Products BlOO, B103

Pipe Rod

Shapes Tube

Wire

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Twnpara

Nomiful Grain SfM mm

i I I § § i

ii

I s

Roltad or Drawn Tinpart

1 i

I I a j

FinWMd

Temptrt

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Rat Wire, Rolled Rat Wire, Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) lempa is uaed

for fflnnil purpose tub« only, usually where there b

no ical lequtrement foi high stienjph oi hardneu on

the one hand oi for bendtne qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tutje as turd or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5S) temper b

used only where a tube of some itifTneu, but

yet capable of leadily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold wortced) b needed.

Typical Uses ARCHITECTURAL: bridge bearing plates HARDWARE, beater bars, bellows, clutch disks, connectors, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers, sleeve bushings, springs, switch parts, terminals INDUSTRIAL: chemical hardware, perforated sheets, textile machinery

Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, drawing, forming and bending, roll threading and knurling, shearing, stamping

Fabricatibn

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor

Hot Forgeability Ralmg ( Forging Brass = 100) Hoi Working Temperature F or C

Annealing Temperature 900-1250F or 475.675 c

Machmahilily Rating ( Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20

ties

Suitability for being joined by: Soldering Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fail Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coaled Metal Arc Welding Fair

( Spot Good

Resistance Welding ] Seam Fair

/ Butt Excellent

1-17
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.15. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C52100. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Minimum Maximum

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications

Copper 92

Flat Products B103, BI39

Remainder

Lead 05 Pipe

Iron .10 Rod BI39

Tin 8 7.0 9.0 Zinc .20 Shapes B139

Phosphorus .03 .35 Tube

Wire B1S9

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Tamptn

Nominal Grain SIza mm

S S S 8 IQ £

T q Q e! P q

Rollad or Drawn Tampan

I I

o

^ 1S

lE i

I

}

£ St

3 £

Finichad Tampan

9 3

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip, Rolled

Strip, Drawn

Hat Wire, Rolled

Flat Wire, Drawn

Bar, Rolled

Bar, Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) tompn b UKd

for genenl purpose tube only, usually where there is no raal reqMrvinent for high stien^h oi luidness on

the one hand of for bending qualities on the other.

tURD DRAWN (H80) temper is used

only where there is need for a lube as hard 01 as strong as is commercially

feasibte for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (oi othei- wise moderately cold worked) is needed.

Typical Uses

(Same as for Phosphor Bronze, 5% (A), but for more severe service conditions) ARCHITECTURAL: bridge bearing plates HARDWARE: beater bars, bellows, Bourdon tubing, clutch disks, cotter . pins, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers, sleeve bushings, springs, switch parts, truss wire, wire brushes INDUSTRIAL: chemical hardware, perforated sheets. textOe machinery, welding rods Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, drawing, forming and bending, shearing, stamping

Fabrication

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Good

Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor

Hot Forgeabillty Rating (Forging Brass = 100) Hot Working Temperature F or C

Annealing Temperature 900-1250 F or 475-675 C

Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20

:ies

Suitability for being joined by:

Soldering. Excellent Brazing Excellent Oxyacetylene Welding Fair Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair iSpot Good

Seam Fair Butt Excellent

1-18
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.16. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,

Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C52400. From Reference 1.16, with

permission.

Composition — percent

Nominal Maximum

Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications Minimum

90

Fiat Products B103, B139

Copper Remainder

Lead .05 Pipe

Iron .10 Rod BI39

Tin 10 9.0 1 1.0 Zinc .20 Shapes HI 39 Phosphorus .03 .35 Tube

Wire B159

Forms and Tempers

Most Commonly Used

AnnMlad Tampan

Nominal Grain Sizamm

8 !2

o a ij

Rollad o€ Drawn Tampars

J f |E

I _ — CD i I i

Z e ?

i & St

t =CO ICD i I

1 I

Hot

FinislMd

FLAT PRODUCTS

Strip Rolled

Strip Drawn

Flat Wire Rolled

Flat Wire Drawn

Bar Rolled

Bar Drawn

Sheet

Plate ROD

WIRE TUBE

PIPE SHAPES

DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper a uied

for general purpose tabe only, usually where there is no leaj requlieineat for high strength or lurdness on

the one hand or for t>eiH]ijig qualities on the other.

HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used only where there is need for a tube as hard or as strong as is commercially

feasible for the size in question.

LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper b

used only where a tube of some stiffness, but

yet capable of readily being bent (or other- wise moderately cold worlted) is needed.

Typical Uses

Heavy bars and plates for severe compression, good wear and corrosion resistance, bridge and expansion plates and fittings; and articles requiring extra spring quahlies, greatest resiliency, particularly in fatigue

Common Fabrication Processes

Blanking, forming and bending, shearing

Fabrication Properties

Capacity for Being Cold Worked Good Suitability for being joined by: Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor Soldering Excellent Hot Forgeability Rating I Forging Brass = 100) Brazing Excellent Hot Working Temperature F or C Oxyacetylcne Welding Fair Annealing Temperature 900-12SOF or 475-675 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good

Machinabilily Rating (Fret Cutting Brass = 100) 20 Coaled M. i.il Arc Weldmg Fair

( Spot Good

Resisiance Welding { Scam Fair

/ Butt Excellent

1-19
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

Table 1.17. Standard Temper Designations for Copper Alloy Flat Stock (adapted from References 1.3 and 1.22).

Standard Designation Nominal Reduction in iMiuvviic;oo uy nuiiiiiy, /o

Reduction of Area

uy L/idwiiiy, /o

Quarter hard 1

1

21

Half hard 21 37

Three-quarters hard 29

Hard (full hard) 37 60

Extra hard 50 75

Spring 60 84

Extra Spring 68 90

1-20
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

ward. Only linear and nonlinear, multivariate

regression analyses techniques, with equal

weights for all data points, were employed. Standard deviations used in this review were calculat- ed from all data points. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variables, such as temperature or cold work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

William T. Black of the Copper Data Center

(Copper Development Association) kindly supplied us with a bibliography of over 2250 refer- ences related to properties of copper and select- ed copper alloys. The assistance of F. R. Fickett

is gratefully acknowledged. Chris King, Luz

Delgado, Rebecca Toevs-Wait, Grace Norman,

and Renee Deal expertly assisted us in preparation of the manuscript and data analysis. Bill Bulla, until replaced by computer graphics, carefully drafted many of the figures for the copper

and beryllium-copper sections. We appreciate

the efforts of G. A. Cypher and W. H. Dresher of ICA, Ltd., to make funding available for the preparation of this monograph.

REFERENCES

1. M. Hansen. Constitution of Binarv Alloys. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1958).

2. Y.S. Touloukian, Thermophvsical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials. Vol. 1 , Purdue

University, Thermophysical Properties Research Center, W. Lafayette, IN (1967) 452-479.

3. Source Book on Copper and Copper Alloys, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1979).

4. Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 2, Properties and Selection: Non-ferrous Alloys and Pure

Metals, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1979) 239-490.

5. K.A. Gschneidner, Jr.. Solid State Physics. Vol. 16, Academic Press, New York (1964) 275-427.

6. W.B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacinqs and Structures of Metals. Vol. 2, Pergamon Press,

New York (1967).

7. "Purity: A Short History," AMAX Copper News, 12. No. 1 . (June, 1972).

8. G.T. Seaborg, Our Heritage of the Elements, Metallurgical Transactions A 11 A. 5-19 (1980).

9. M. Kranzberg and C.S. Smith, Part I. Materials in History and Society, Materials Science and

Engineering 37, 1-39 (1979).

10. L. Guillet and J. Cournot, "Sur la Variation des Properietes Mecaniques de quelques M6taux et Alliages aux basses Temperatures," Revue de M6tallurgie (M6moires) _19, 213 (1922).

11. H.G. Dorsey, "Coefficient of Linear Expansion at Low Temperatures," Physical Review 25, 88-102

(1907).

12. R.P. Reed and R. P. Mikesell. Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Copper and Selected

Copper Alloys. NBS Monograph 101, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1967).

1-21
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES

13. Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery. Metals and Ceramics Information Center,

Battelle, Columbus, OH (1977).

14. R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York

(1943).

15. C.A. Thompson, W.M. Manganard, and F.R. Fickett, Cryogenic Properties of Copper, International

Research Association, Ltd., New York (1990).

16. Standards Handbook. Parts 1-7, Copper Development Association, New York (1985).

17. Metals Handbook-Welding and Brazing, 9th Edition, Vol. 6, American Society for Metals, Metals

Park, OH (1983).

18. International Copper Research Association, Monograph Series, Library Congress Card No. 82-

81882, ISBN No. 0-94 3642-08-6 (1971 -present).

19. Understanding Copper Alloys. Eds. J.H. Mendenhall, R.E. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabor, FL

(1986).

20. A. Butts, Copper. The Metal, its Alloys and Compounds. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York

(1964).

21. Application Data Sheet-Standard Designations for Copper and Copper Alloys. No. 118/1, Copper Development Association, Greenwich, CT, not dated.

22. W.L. FInlay, Silver-Bearing Copper. Corinthian Editions, New York (1968).

1-22
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 48 measurements of tensile yield

strengtli at 295 K was selected for analysis be- cause grain size and impurity content were re- ported. Grain size, d, ranged from 0.056 to 320

/im; impurity content, [I], from 0.001 to 0.10 wt%.

Products were in plate, bar, and wire form. Tfiis data set (References 2.1-2.13) was used in re- gression analysis of tensile yield strength (a^) upon the two variables d and [I].

RESULTS

No significant dependence of upon [I] was observed, perhaps owing to inconsistencies

in the way this quantity was measured and report- ed. The regression equation found for the dependence of ay upon d at 295 K was the usual

Hall-Petch relation:

ay = 18.6 + 112cy"^^^

(2-1)

(S.D. = 11 MPa),

where ay is in MPa and d is in urn. The standard

deviations of the two coefficients were 1.7 and 2. Table 2.1 presents the measured values of

ay, the values of ay calculated from the regression

equation, d^'^, d, and the reference numbers.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 2.1 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (2-1). Figure 2.2 depicts the same re- gression equation with expanded scales to show

that the equation is a good fit to the data whether

the two measurements on specimens with very

small grain sizes (Reference 2.10) are included or

not. Figure 2.3 presents these results in sum- mary form. In all three figures, the scatter bands

represent two standard deviations about the re- gression lines. The variance of the data about

the regression line was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, d'''.

DISCUSSION

The coefficient of the d''^'^ term in Equation

(2-1) is very dependent upon the data set that is used for the regression analysis. Coefficients

differing by much more than twice this standard

deviation have been obtained from data sets comprising a smaller range of d. A small temperature dependence was also observed in the

d^'^ coefficient (see page 2-6). At present, the

uncertainty in this coefficient is considered to be

much larger than the two standard deviations

obtained from the present analysis.

Table 2.1. Yield Strength Dependence on Grain Size (295 K).

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPa

(Grain Size)""'^^, Grain Size, timReference

No.

30.4 24.8 0.0559 320 8

29.1 25.8 0.0645 240 8

21.9 26.7 0.0725 190 9

29.5 26.7 0.0725 190 9

19.6 26.7 0.0725 190 9

20.8 26.7 0.0725 190 9

25.0 26.7 0.0725 190 9

10.3 27.3 0.0778 165 2

14.8 27.7 0.0816 150 12

25.4 27.9 0.083 145 13

15.0 30.1 0.103 95 2

23.0 31.1 0.112 80 5

31.8 31.1 0.112 80 11 31.7 33.4 0.132 57 8

2-1
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size (295 K)

Table 2.1, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPa(Grain Size)""''^, 10^ m^'^Grain Size, /xmReference

No.

33.3 34.4 0.141 50 8

34.2 34.4 0.141 50 8

37.6 35.1 0.147 46 6 62.0 35.3 0.149 45 7

27.0 35.9 0.154 42 13

32.1 35.9 0.154 42 13

27.3 35.9 0.154 42 13

35.4 35.9 0.154 42 13

24.0 36.3 0.158 40 12

32.2 36.5 0.16 39 6

33.0 37.6 0.171 34 9

34.8 37.8 0.171 34 9

47.3 37.8 0.171 34 9

33.9 37.8 0.171 34 9

36.1 37.6 0.171 34 9

36.2 38.1 0.174 33 8

37.6 38.4 0.177 32 8

40.6 36.4 0.177 32 8

50.0 39.1 0.183 30 7

37.8 39.1 0.183 30 6

24.0 39.8 0.189 28 2 50.7 40.6 0.196 26 8

52.0 41.0 0.2 25 1 69.0 43.7 0.224 20 6

39.2 43.7 0.224 20 11 34.5 45.8 0.243 17 2 40.0 47.6 0.258 15 12

58.0 50.3 0.283 12.5 3 90.0 52.4 0.302 11 4

73.4 57.3 0.345 8.4 10

63.0 61.3 0.381 6.9 12

78.8 79.5 0.542 3.4 12 434 423 3.6 0.077 10 481 493 4.23 0.056 10

2-2
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size (295 K)

INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, 6'^^^,

( /jLm)''

Figure 2.1. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile yield strength at 295 K upon oT^^^ [Equation (2-1)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,

including all points from Reference 2.13. All data are presented in Table 2.1. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-3
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size (295 K)

200

z

LU»—CO

O

cmZ

0.2 0.4

-^2 INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d"^\ (/i.m)

Figure 2.2. This figure shows the data for the larger grain sizes presented in Figure 2.1. Owing to the

expanded scales, the slope appears changed, but the equation represented by the line is the same

as that depicted in Figure 2.1. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.1. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-4
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size (295 K)

200

O

Q.

z

LU

Of

I—

*/% a

160

120

80

Z^ 40

0

0.2

29.5 K

-

m

0.4

- 15

25

20 I

o

to

O

10

- 5

0.6

_1

INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d'^^, (yLim)

Figure 2.3. Tensile yield strength dependence upon grain size at 295 K. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a regression line based upon 48 measurements for a range of grain

size, d, from 0.056 to 320 /xm. The regression equation is

ay (MPa) = 18.6 + 112 cT^^^ (d in /im) (S.D. = 11 MPa).

Regression analysis of this set of data for impurity content indicated no significant dependence.

Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-5
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

I

C10100-C10700: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 84 measurements of tensile yield

strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis

because grain size and impurity content were re- ported. Grain size, d, ranged from 11 to 165 /xm;

impurity content, [I], from 0.0053 to 0.10 wt%.

Products were in plate, bar, and wire form. This

data set (References 2.1-2.6 and 2.13-2.14) was

used in regression analysis of tensile yield

strength {a^) upon three variables, temperature

(7), d, and [I]. Data on the variation of with silver content are presented on pages 2-20

and 2-21 (cold-worked copper).

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with a linear dependence of upon the three variables of T, the

inverse square root of the grain size, d"'''^, and [I]:

ay = - 8.60 - 0.03297 + 292cr^^^ + 150[l]

(2-2)

(S.D. = 9 MPa),

where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, d is in fim,

and [I] is in wt%. The standard deviations of the

four coefficients are 3.56, 0.0105, 20, and 67. Table 2.2 presents the measured values of

£7y, the values calculated from the i-egression

equation, the temperature, cT^''^, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materiials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 2.4-2.6 present the data as a function of each variable, 7, d, and [I], separately.

Figure 2.4 depicts the data as a function of 7

only, without showing the dependence upon d

and [II. Figure 2.5 depicts the data as a function

of gT ' only, without showing the dependence

upon 7 and [I]. Figure 2.6 depicts the data as a

function of [I] only, without showing the dependence upon 7 and d. It is clear from the large

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

amount of scatter in Figures 2.4-2.6 that separate

regression equations for as a function of each

variable, 7, d'^'^, and [I], would not be of much

value. However, when multivariate regression is used to analyze the data set, a relatively small

standard deviation of 9 MPa is obtained.

Figure 2.7 indicates the fit of the data to the

multivariate regression expression. Equation (2-2). The scatter band represents two standard deviations about the line that corresponds to complete

agreement between measured and predicted val- ues of CTy. The variance of the data was assumed

to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The 7 dependence of in Equation (2-2) is small, as expected, and the coefficient for [I] has

a sizeable uncertainty owing to the restricted range of this variable in the data available. Also,

[I] was not determined and reported consistently

in all the references.

The disagreement between the coefficient

for cf^^^ and that determined from the 295-K

measurements [Equation (2-1)] requires further study. This coefficient can change considerably

with the addition or subtraction of a few influential points of the data set. The previous set of measurements at 295 K (d from 0.056 to 320 /xm) in- cluded the measurements from 293 to 300 K of

this set (d from 1 1 to 165 /zm). Separate analy- ses of 4-K, 77-K, and 295-K data from the present

set of 84 measurements gave d"^^^ coefficients of 352, 343, and 268, respectively. However, this 7

dependence of the cT^^^ coefficient is not large

enough to explain the difference between Equations (2-1) and (2-2). At present, the 295-K coeffi- cient (112) is considered the most accurate be- cause it was obtained over the largest range of d. Since the extension of the range resulted mainly

from work carried out at one laboratory (Refer- ence 2.10), further studies would help resolve this question.

2-6
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

Table 2.2. Yield Strength Dependence on Grain Size, and Purity (4-300 K).

Yield Rtrenath Measured,

MPa

Yield Rtrenoth

Calculated, MPa

Test Temperature, K

ffirain Rlzer^^^ 10^ m-"'^2

Imni irifv/ 11 1 i^ui 1 ly

,

wt% No.

30.5 31.4 4 0.112 0.05 5

38.6 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

35.9 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

31.4 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

29.9 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

36.9 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

32.2 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

35.6 37.8 4 0.154 0.01 13

38.7 32.4 4 0.137 0.0068 14 100 80.1 4 0.302 0.0053 4

28.6 17.4 5 0.0845 0.01 13

31.9 37.6 11 0.154 0.01 13

32.9 37.5 14 0.154 0.01 13

96.0 79.6 20 0.302 0.0053 4

36.1 37.3 21 0.154 0.01 13

35.4 37.3 21 0.154 0.01 13

28.8 37.2 23 0.154 0.01 13

31.3 36.9 31 0.154 0.01 13

34.9 36.9 31 0.154 0.01 13

35.2 36.9 33 0.154 0.01 13

36.7 36.8 36 0.154 0.01 13

30.7 36.6 40 0.154 0.01 13

34.7 36.6 40 0.154 0.01 13

35.1 36.6 40 0.154 0.01 13

34.3 36.5 45 0.154 0.01 13

34.5 36.5 45 0.154 0.01 13

30.9 36.3 49 0.154 0.01 13

36.6 36.3 50 0.154 0.01 13

33.1 36.3 50 0.154 0.01 13

34.5 36.3 50 0.154 0.01 13

37.0 36.2 54 0.154 0.01 13

35.3 36.1 55 0.154 0.01 13

35.6 36.0 59 0.154 0.01 13

34.4 36.0 60 0.154 0.01 13

30.5 29.1 76 0.112 0.05 5

36.1 35.4 76 0.154 0.01 13

30.2 35.4 76 0.154 0.01 13

35.2 35.4 76 0.154 0.01 13

34.6 35.4 76 0.154 0.01 13

28.1 16.5 76 0.0894 0.01 13 100 0 77 7 / D U. JUZ

83.0 69.2 77 0.224 0.1 6

35.7 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14

41.2 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14

38.6 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14

59.0 48.7 78 0.2 0.01 1 73.8 73.6 78 0.283 0.015 3 39.4 62.2 90 0.243 0.02 2 11.7 14.2 90 0.0776 0.02 2

32.5 34.7 98 0.154 0.01 13

34.6 34.7 100 0.154 0.01 13

2-7
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

I

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

Table 2.2, continued

Yield Strength,

Measureu,

MPs IVIl cl

Yield otrengtn, L^ICUIalGQ,

ivir a

Test

1 emperaiure,

(brain bize) ,

1 u m

Impurity, Wl A>Reference

Kin

35.1 34.6 101 0.154 0.01 13

30.2 34.3 110 0.154 0.01 13

59.0 46.9 133 0.2 0.01 1 30.0 33.3 140 0.154 0.01 13

34.8 33.2 145 0.154 0.01 13

29.3 33.0 150 0.154 0.01 13

34.6 33.0 150 0.154 0.01 13

38.4 60.2 153 0.243 0.02 2

11.4 12.1 153 0.0776 0.02 2

37.9 59.2 183 0.243 0.02 2

10.9 11.1 183 0.0778 0.02 2

34.5 31.6 193 0.154 0.01 13

57.0 44.9 194 0.2 0.01 1 77.2 69.8 195 0.283 0.015 3

31.3 31.4 198 0.154 0.01 13

36.6 56.2 213 0.243 0.02 2 55.0 43.3 243 0.2 0.01 1 35.6 57.2 243 0.243 0.02 2 31.2 29.7 250 0.154 0.01 13

69.0 62.1 293 0.224 0.1 6

56.0 66.5 293 0.263 0.015 3 23.0 21.8 295 0.112 0.05 5 35 4 U.U [ 1 J 27.3 28.2 295 0.154 0.01 13

32.1 28.2 295 0.154 0.01 13

27.0 28.2 295 0.154 0.01 13

25.4 7.4 295 0.083 0.01 13

34.5 55.5 295 0.243 0.02 2

10.3 7.4 295 0.0776 0.02 2

15.0 14.6 295 0.103 0.02 2

24.0 39.9 295 0.169 0.02 2

52.0 41.5 296 0.2 0.01 1 90.0 70.3 300 0.302 0.0053 4

2-8
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100~C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strengtti vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

150

120

O

O 90

Z

LU

to

O

m 60

CO

|i 30

A O

• REF. 1 O REF. 2

REF. 3

REF. 4

A REF. 6

REF. 13

A REF. 14

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

20

- 15

10

o - 5

o

o

o

O

Z

LU

to

O

300

Figure 2.4. The data are shown as a function of temperature. The variation in grain size and impurity

content obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon temperature that is given in Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points, including all points from Reference 2.5, are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire

form.

2-9
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

I

150

O

120

O 90 Z

UJ

I—

CO

O

UJ 60

to

I- 30

O

O

oo

• REF. 1 o REF. 2

REF. 3

REF. 4

REF. 5

REF. 6

REF. 13

A REF. 14

0.1 0.2

20

15

10

0.3

o

z

UJ

I—

CO

O

-Vi INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d'^^(yu.m)

Figure 2.5. The data are shown as a function of the inverse square root of grain size (cT^^^). The

variation in temperature and impurity content obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength

upon cT^^^ that is given in Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-10
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Grain Size, Impurity (4-300 K)

150

120

O

O 90

Z

LU

«/> Q_j

uu 60

CO

H- 30

A o

o

oo

• REF. 1 o REF. 2

REF. 3

REF. 4

A REF. 5

REF. 6

o REF. 13

A REF. 14

20

15

10

o

z

UJ

ocCO

a

CO

Z

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

IMPURITY CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 2.6. The data are shown as a function of impurity content. The variation in temperature and

grain size obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon impurity content that is given in Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-11
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Tensile Yield Strengtti vs. Grain Size, Impun'ty (4-300 K)

PREDICTED TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH, MPa

Figure 2.7. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile yield strength upon

temperature, the inverse square root of the grain size, and impurity content [Equation (2-2)]. For

clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-12
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 204 measurements of tensile yield

strength at 295 K was selected for analysis.

Measurements were obtained from References

2.1-2.13 and 2.15-2.32. Products were in plate,

bar, and wire form. In most cases, the actual

percent reduction of thickness or area was specified, but in a few instances the percent reduction was obtained from standard tables of temper

designation (see Table 1.17). The amount of cold

work ranged up to 90%. Initially, data from rolled and drawn specimens were analyzed separately,

but the regression coefficients were nearly the

same, so all data were combined. Polynomial

terms were included in the regression analysis

because the dependence of tensile yield strength,

CTy, upon cold work, CW, is linear only for small

amounts of CIV.

RESULTS

The regression equation for the dependence

of (7y upon CW of less than 64% was found to be

ay = 63.5 + 1 0. 1 (CW) -0.0798(CW)^

(2-3)

(S.D. = 42 MPa),

where is in MPa, and CW is the percent of re- duction of thickness or area. The standard deviations of the three coefficients are 4.4, 0.4, and

0.0048. A constant value of 384 MPa was used

to represent for CW > 64%.

Table 2.3 presents the measured values of

ay, the values of ay calculated from the regression

equation, CW (reduction of thickness or area),

and the reference number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given

in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties

section.

Figure 2.8 indicates the fit of the data to the

combination of Equation (2-3) and a constant. Figure 2.9 presents these results in summary

form. The scatter bands represent two standard

deviations about the curves in Figures 2.8 and

2.9. The variance of the data about the curve was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, CW, except that it was reduced to a

smaller value for 0% CW, because ay for 0% CW

is known to a higher accuracy (S.D. = 20 MPa).

DISCUSSION

Some of the data from Reference 2.17 fall outside the scatter band (Figure 2.8). The copper

in these specimens is of very high purity; hence,

some recovery may have occurred before the

measurements were completed. These data were

included to assist those who may require coldworked copper of comparable purity. Variation in grain size also contributes to the scatter of the

data; since grain size often was not reported in this data set, it could not be included in the re- gression analysis. For small amounts of CW,

grain size may influence more than the degree

of CW; an estimate may be obtained from Equation (2-1).

Table 2.3. Yield Strength Dependence on Cold Work (295 K).

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPa

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

90.0 63.5 0 4

23.0 63.5 0 7 69.0 63.5 0 6

52.0 63.5 0 1 34.5 63.5 0 2 10.3 63.5 0 2 15.0 63.5 0 2 24.0 63.5 0 2

2-13
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.3, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength,

Calculated,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

56.0 63.5 0 3

27.0 63.5 0 13

oo.D U

25.4 63.5 0 13

27.3 63.5 0 13

35.4 63.5 0 13

50.0 63.5 0 7 62.0 63.5 0 7

29.1 63.5 0 8 30.4 63.5 0 8

33.3 63.5 0 8

34.2 63.5 0 8

31.7 63.5 0 8

32.2 63.5 0 8

37.8 63.5 0 8

50.7 63.5 0 6 J/.O D J.D u o

37.6 63.5 0 8

ca c: D J.D U 8

40.6 63.5 0

Q

0 J.U DO.u Qy

34.8 63.5 0 9

63.5 0 y

33.9 63.5 0 9

JD. 1 o<i.o u Qy

^ i.y u

Qy

u Q

ly.D ca ci U

Qy

DJ.O u 73 4 63 5 Q 10

63.5 0 1

Jt.O CI R D J.D U 1 1 78.8 63.5 0 12

40.0 63.5 0

14.8 63.5 0 12

63.0 63.5 0 12

24.0 63.5 0 12

73.5 63.5 0 20

84.1 63.5 0 20

46.0 63.5 0 30

43.0 63.5 0 30

31.0 63.5 0 31 90.0 63.5 0 21 54.0 63.5 0 22

82.7 63.5 0 22

45.0 63.5 0 23

34.0 63.5 0 24

45.0 63.5 0 25

48.0 63.5 0 25

62.0 63.5 0 25

2-14
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.3, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPaCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

50.0 63.5 0 25

44.0 63.5 0 27

59.0 63.5 0 27

62.0 63.5 0 29

51.7 63.5 0 32

52.3 63.5 0 32

67.0 63.5 0 20

41.0 63.5 0 18

86.2 63.5 0 18 103 53.5 0 18

75.8 63.5 0 18

40.0 63.5 0 17

106 73.6 1 22 113 83.5 2 27 137 97.0 3.4 27

130 103 4 27

101 112 5 28 103 112 5 28 107 112 5 28

101 112 5 28

101 112 5 28 153 121 5 19 228 121 6 22 184 121 6 27 194 125 6.4 27

189 130 7 27

196 139 8 27 203 144 8.5 25 205 144 8.5 25 173 148 9 32 174 148 9 32 220 152 9.4 27 230 152 9.4 27 228 155 9.8 27 209 157 10 19 208 157 10 30 208 157 10 30 208 157 10 27 188 165 11 20

331 165 11 18 207 165 11 18 231 165 11 18 186 165 11 18 175 220 18 17 242 225 19 32 247 225 19 32 260 234 20 23 296 234 20 28 307 234 20 28 296 234 20 28 304 238 21 25

2-15
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

:

I Table 2.3, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPaCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

314 238 21 25 359 239 21 18 252 239 21 18 296 239 21 18 252 239 21 18 147 241 21 31 275 241 21 5 268 241 21 5 269 267 25 19 259 267 25 19 269 267 25 30 259 267 25 30 287 290 29 32 286 290 29 32 338 291 29 26 365 292 29 18 279 292 29 18 334 292 29 18 290 292 29 18 316 295 30 28 314 295 30 28

321 295 30 28 190 295 30 17 194 301 31 20 310 315 34 21 323 325 36 24 324 329 37 31 342 329 37 5 342 329 37 5 283 329 37 29 393 329 37 25 395 329 37 25

'

372 330 37 18 303 330 37 18 355 330 37 18 314 330 37 18 313 337 39 32 317 337 39 32 347 341 40 19 338 341 40 19 334 341 40 21 341 341 40 28 340 341 40 28 205 341 40 28 376 354 44 17

321 354 44 18 369 354 44 18 324 354 44 18 330 363 47 18 334 366 48 23 337 366 48 32

2-16
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.3, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength, Calculated, MPaCold Work,

%

Fleference No.

325 370 50 32 327 370 50 19 326 370 50 30 379 370 50 30 334 370 50 18 372 370 50 18

331 370 50 18 379 380 56 18

341 380 56 18 372 380 56 18 338 380 56 18 355 383 59 32 363 383 59 32 323 384 60 16 316 384 60 15 383 384 61 18 352 384 61 18 376 384 61 18 345 384 61 18 386 384 65 18 362 384 65 18 379 384 65 18 352 384 65 18 350 384 66 23 390 384 69 IB 372 384 69 18 383 384 69 16 355 384 69 18 345 384 70 21 305 384 70 17

372 384 73 32

381 384 73 32 345 384 75 19 360 384 76 32 386 384 76 32 370 384 78 23 350 384 80 17

341 384 84 22 455 384 84 25 453 384 84 25 389 384 89 32 389 384 89 32 405 384 90 17

2-17
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

I

500

REF. 5

REF. 12

REF. 15

REF. 17

REF. 18

REF. 19

REF. 20

REF. 21

REF. 22

REF. 23

REF. 24

REF. 25

REF. 26

REF. 27

REF. 28

REF. 29

REF. 30

O REF. 32

-40

60

O

Z

LU

OC

to

O

20 —

to

40 60 80

WORK, percent

—"0

100

Figure 2.8. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression curve of tensile yield strength at 295 K upon cold work [Equation (2-3)]. For clarity, all data points from References 2.1-2.4,

2.6-2.11, 2.13, 2.16, and 2.31 and were omitted from the plot and overlapping data points from

other references were also omitted. All data are presented in Table 2.3. Products were in plate,

bar, and wire form.

2-18
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

500

0 20 40 60 80 100

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.9. Tensile yieid strengtli dependence upon cold work at 295 K. Tlie scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a second-order regression curve based upon 204 measurements of

yieid strength for a range of cold work from 0 to 90%. The regression equation is

ay (MPa) = 63.5 + 10.1 (CVV) - 0.0798(0^0^ (CIV < 64%) (S.D. = 42 MPa),

ay (MPa) = 384 {CW > 64%),

where {CW) is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Products were in plate,

bar, and wire form.

2-19
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Figure 2.10 presents data from References

2.28, 2.33, and 2.34 on cold-worked coppers of

different silver content. These are the only data

available to estimate the variation in tensile yield

strength, a^, with silver content, [Ag]. The mean

reported values for the 0.2%-offset are shown

in Figure 2.10. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Measurements reported in Reference 2.28 were

taken on square wire of initial dimensions (before

rolling) of 0.63 cm x 0.63 cm. The thickness of the 40% cold-rolled plate used for the measure- ments reported in Reference 2.33 was 1 .3 cm, but

specimen thickness was 0.63 cm. This was the

only material that was cold worked by a manufacturer. Plate thickness before rolling was 1 .3 cm

for the specimens used in the measurements

reported in Reference 2.34.

RESULTS

As [Ag] is increased up to 0.085 wt%, the

variation in is about 1 0%, for a given level of cold work. This estimate of the variation is based

upon measurements of reported from different laboratories over a range of [Ag] values. HowTensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work, [Ag] (295 K)

ewer, a variation of 5% was reported In Reference

2.33 for different measurements of (at 0.5%

strain) on the same heat of C10700 at one laboratory. Therefore, part of the 10% variation of observed when [Ag] ranges within the C10100 to C10700 specifications may simply be due to lack

of reproducibility. The improvement in with

cold work saturates at about 40 to 50% for all values of [Ag].

DISCUSSION

Ornstein (Reference 2.59) reported an in- crease of 2% from 310 to about 317 MPa in as

[Ag] was increased from 0.03 wt% (C10400,

C10500) to 0.85 wt% (C10700). Actual data

points were not given, and the method of measuring was not specified. Specimens were

cold worked 50%.

Although increases in [Ag] in the range

considered here do not affect the tensile properties appreciably, increased resistance to creep

has been reported for similar increases in [Ag]

(see Reference 2.28 and the section on creep in this publication.) However, this effect has been

studied only at temperatures above 573 K and it

is not known whether the same mechanisms

control creep in the cryogenic temperature range.

2-20
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work, [Ag] (295 K)

400

0

o

z

UJ

a

-J

LU

>-

LU

300

200

100

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.10. These data indicate that the yield strength of cold-worked copper is not strongly dependent on silver content. (Silver content is unspecified for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for C10400, > 0.034 wt%

for CI 0500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.) Products were in plate (References 2.33 and 2.34) and

wire-bar form (Reference 2.28).

2-21
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 74 measurements of tensile yield

strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form.

In most cases, the actual percent reduction of thickness or area was specified, but in a few

instances, the percent reduction was obtained

from standard tables of temper designation (see

Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW, (re- duction of thickness or area) ranged up to 60%.

Regression coefficients at 295 K were insensitive to the type of CW; hence, data for all methods of CW were combined. This data set (References

2.5, 2.15-2.16. 2.19, and 2.35-2.37) was used in regression analysis of tensile yield strength (o^) upon temperature (7) and CW. Because of the

nonlinear dependence of upon CW, polynomial

terms were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with the following

equation:

ay = 124 - 0.2417 + 14.1 (CIV) - 0.166(CWO^

(2-4)

(S.D. = 32 MPa),

where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and CW is in percent. The standard deviations of the four coefficients are 9, 0.035, 0.7, and 0.01 1

.

Table 2.4 presents the measured values of

CTy, the values calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, CW, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 2.1 1 depicts the data as a function of T only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.12 depicts

the data as a function of CW only, without showing the 7 dependence. It is evident from the

large amount of scatter in Figures 2.1 1 and 2.12

that separate regression equations for as a

function of each variable, 7 and CW. would not be of much value. However, when multivariate

regression is use to analyze the data set, a rela- tively small standard deviation of 32 MPa is obtained. Figure 2.13 presents recent measure- ments at 4, 76, and 295 K on CI 0400 plate, which

show the variation in with both 7 and CW.

(These data were not available when the regres- sion analysis was carried out.)

Figure 2.14 indicates the fit of the data set to Equation (2-4). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the line that corre- sponds to complete agreement between measured and predicted values of o^. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed

and constant throughout the range of the predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The 7 dependence for cold-worked material

is, as expected, larger than that of the annealed

material; in Equation (2-2), the 7 coefficient is 0.0329. A second-order term is necessary to fit the observed dependence of upon CW: this dependence tends to saturate, as shown in Fig- ure 2.12, in which the smaller 7 dependence is neglected and the data are plotted as a function

of CW only. The agreement between the coeffi- cients of CW dependence with those obtained at 295 K [Equation (2-3)] is satisfactory because

the data were obtained from a wide variety of sources.

Table 2.4. Yield Strength Dependence on Cold Work (4-300 K).

Yield Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Yield Strength,

Calculated,

MPa

Test Temperature, K

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

404 394 4 60 16

30.5 123 4 0 5 432 431 4 37 5 431 431 4 37 5 326 353 4 21 5

2-22
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.4, continued

Yield Rtrenath Measured,

MPa

Yield Strenath

Calculated, MPa

Test Temperature, K

Cold Work

%

RoforAnr^ 1 V9 1 Wl VI IWV No.

331 353 4 21 5 90.0 123 4 0 35 315 191 4 5 35 325 251 4 10 35 375 302 4 15 35 425 381 4 25 35 465 431 4 50 35 427 427 20 37 36

441 427 20 37 36 404 390 20 60 16 207 251 72 12 37 407 413 76 37 36 421 413 76 37 36 375 377 76 60 16

30.5 105 76 0 5 408 413 76 37 5 401 413 76 37 5 315 336 76 21 5 378 376 77 60 15

73.8 105 77 0 19

58.7 105 77 0 19

82.7 105 77 0 19

63.6 105 77 0 19 209 105 77 0 19 209 186 77 6 19 190 186 77 6 19 196 186 77 6 19 155 186 77 6 19 372 385 195 37 36 386 385 195 37 36 343 348 195 60 16 216 220 198 12 437

201 220 198 12 37 194 220 198 12 37

191 220 198 12 37

75.8 74.3 205 0 19

66.0 74.3 205 0 19

80.3 74.3 205 0 19

65.4 74.3 205 0 19 192 155 205 6 19 176 155 205 6 19 184 155 205 6 19 152 155 205 6 19

191 214 225 12 37

87.1 67.5 233 0 19

77.9 67.5 233 0 19

86.1 67.5 233 0 19

63.3 67.5 233 0 19 183 148 233 6 19 163 148 233 6 19 157 148 233 6 19

2-23
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.4, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

Mra

Yield Strength, Calculated, MraTest Temperature, KCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

139 148 233 6 19 188 208 250 12 37 323 324 295 60 16

23.0 52.5 295 0 5 342 361 295 37 5 342 361 295 37 5 275 283 295 21 5 268 283 295 21 5

73.3 52.1 297 0 19

63.0 52.1 297 0 19

78.0 52.1 297 0 19

79.4 52.1 297 0 19 173 133 297 6 19 159 133 297 6 19 148 133 297 6 19

131 133 297 6 19 316 322 300 60 15 338 359 300 37 36 338 359 300 37 36

2-24
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold VJork (4-300 K)

500

400

0

O 300

Z

LU

I—

CO

O

tu 200

o—-

100

—£rA REF. 5 • REF. 15

REF. 16

A REF. 19

REF. 35

REF. 36

0 REF. 37

o 0

A

A

A

A

A

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

60

40

o

z

LU

I—

CO

o

20 CO

300

Figure 2.1 1. The data are shown as a function of temperature for all levels of cold work. The variation

in cold work obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon temperature that is given in Equation (2-4). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form.

2-25
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtii vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

I

500

Q. 400

O

2 300

fid iU)

O

ijj — 200

I- 100

4-300 K

o

o

REF. 5 • REF. 15

REF. 16

A REF. 19

REF. 35

REF. 36

O REF. 37

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

60

z

40 Jf

20 */>

100

Figure 2.12. The data over the 4 to 300 K temperature range are shown as a function of cold work. The

variation in temperature somewhat obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon cold

work that Is given in Equation (2-4). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-26
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

500

400

300

o

z

LU

to

O

— 200

to

»- 100

CO

o

z

LU

0^

hto

Q

LU

>-LU

—J

CO

Z

20 40 60

COLD WORK/ percent

Figure 2.13. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate tlie increase of tensile yield strength with

increased cold work or lowered temperature (C10400 plate).

2-27
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

I

Figure 2.14. The data shown were used to compute the regression of tensile yield strength upon

temperature and cold work [Equation (2-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form.

2-28
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Grain Size (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 92 measurements of ultimate tensile

strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis

because grain size and impurity content were

reported. Grain size, d, ranged from 1 1 to 90 ^m,

and impurity content, [I], from 0.0012 to 0.040

wt%. Products were in bar, sheet, and wire form.

This data set (References 2.1, 2.3-2.6, 2.14, 2.19,

2.38-2.39) was used in regression analysis of ul- timate tensile strength {aJ on three variables,

temperature (7), d, and [1]. Data on the variation

of a^J with silver content are presented on pages

2-42 and 2-43 (cold-worked copper).

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained by including a

second-order term in T, and by representing the

grain-size dependence with a d^'^ term:

= 419- 1.197 + 0.001447^ + ^56 d^'^

(2-5)

(S.D. = 18 MPa),

where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and d is in nm. The standard deviations of the four coeffi- cients are 8, 0.08, 0.00025, and 27. Table 2.5 presents the measured values of

a^J, the values of calculated from the regres- sion equation, the temperature, d'^'^, and the

reference number. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 2.15 and 2.16 present the data as a

function of each variable, 7 and d, separately.

Figure 2.15 depicts the data as a function of 7

only, without showing the dependence upon d. Figure 2.16 depicts the data as a function of

cT ' only, without showing the 7 dependence.

The data are not shown plotted against [I] be- cause no effect was observed (see Discussion).

It is clear from the large amount of scatter in Figures 2.15 and 2.16 that separate regression

equations for as a function of each variable, 7

and d'^'^, would not be of much value. However,

when multivariate regression is used to analyze

the data set, a relatively small standard deviation

of 18 MPa is obtained.

Figure 2.17 indicates the fit of the data to the multivariate regression expression, Equation

(2-5). The scatter band represents two standard

deviations about the line that corresponds to complete agreement between measured and

predicted values of a^. The variance of the data

about the line was assumed to be normally dis- tributed and constant throughout the range of the

predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The 7 coefficient for of annealed material

is much larger than that found for the yield

strength [Equation (2-2)]. The coefficient for d'^'^ can change significantly with the addition or subtraction of a few influential points to the data set so the accuracy of this coefficient may not be as

high as indicated by the standard deviation of the

coefficient. Also, this coefficient is determined as an average over the range 4 to 300 K, although it apparently increases somewhat as 7 decreases.

Not enough low-7 data over a sufficient range of d were available to determine the coefficient at 77

and 4 K, but a separate determination from the

data at 295 K gave a coefficient of 85 ± 34. The absence of an observable effect of [I] could be due to inconsistent methods of determining and reporting this variable in the different sources of data.

2-29
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strengtti

vs. Grain Size (4-300 K)

Table 2.5. Tensile Strength Dependence on Grain Size (4-300 K).

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPaTest Temperature, K

Z ^T75

Grain Size

4 «3 -1 12 10 m ' Reference

No.

410 431 4 0.112 5 460 461 4 0.302 4 393 435 4 0.137 14 420 415 20 0.124 39 426 415 20 0.124 39 423 415 20 0.124 39 413 415 20 0.124 39 410 415 20 0.124 39 465 429 30 0.289 38 462 429 30 0.289 38 445 429 30 0.289 238 415 429 30 0.289 38 459 424 30 0.258 38 433 424 30 0.258 38

441 413 30 0.183 38 426 407 30 0.149 38 1 336 354 76 0.112 5 375 384 76 0.302 4 366 356 76 0.124 39 363 356 76 0.124 39 362 356 76 0.124 39 361 356 76 0.124 39 352 356 76 0.124 39 355 356 76 0.124 39 365 370 77 0.224 6 334 357 77 0.137 14 322 357 77 0.137 14

321 357 77 0.137 14 352 359 77 0.149 19 343 358 77 0.144 19 352 359 77 0.149 19 342 358 77 0.144 19 355 366 78 0.2 1 316 379 78 0.283 3 390 373 85 0.289 38

386 373 85 0.289 38 365 373 85 0.289 38 362 373 85 0.289 38 376 368 85 0.258 38

381 356 85 0.183 38 359 344 85 0.105 38 300 317 133 0.2 1 334 318 150 0.289 38

331 318 150 0.289 38

321 313 150 0.258 38 302 301 150 0.183 38 307 296 150 0.149 38 269 273 194 0.2 1 232 286 195 0.283 3 268 261 195 0.124 39 272 261 195 0.124 39

2-30
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Grain Size (4-300 K)

Table 2.5, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPa

Test Temperature, K(Grain Size)'^'^ 10^ m'^'^Reference

No.

274 261 195 0.124 39 270 261 195 0.124 39 265 261 195 0.124 39 303 280 205 0.289 38 293 276 205 0.258 38 283 264 205 0.183 38

261 259 205 0.149 19 253 258 205 0.144 19 258 259 205 0.149 19 254 258 205 0.144 19 247 243 233 0.149 19

241 242 233 0.144 19 244 243 233 0.149 19 240 242 233 0.144 19 248 246 243 0.2 1 187 238 293 0.283 3 235 229 293 0.224 6 205 211 295 0.112 5 224 213 295 0.124 39 224 213 295 0.124 39 224 213 295 0.124 39 220 213 295 0.124 39 219 213 295 0.124 39 219 224 296 0.2 1 213 216 297 0.149 19

211 215 297 0.144 19

211 216 297 0.149 19 210 215 297 0.144 19 243 237 300 0.289 38 241 237 300 0.289 38 234 237 300 0.269 38 222 237 300 0.289 38 245 237 300 0.289 36 241 237 300 0.289 38 203 237 300 0.289 38 236 232 300 0.258 38 234 232 300 0.258 38 231 232 300 0.258 38 214 208 300 0.105 38

221 208 300 0.105 38 240 239 300 0.302 4

2-31
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Grain Size (4-300 K)

500

O

O- 400

o

z

uj 300

to

•

•

to

200

<

S 100

•

•

££> O

cm -o—<

o REF. 1 REF. 3

REF. 4

REF. 5

T REF. 6

o REF. 14

A REF. 19 • REF. 38

REF. 39

- 60

A O

A

CO

o

40 »-0£

to

to

20 <

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 2.15. The data are shown as a function of temperature. The variation in grain size somewhat

obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon temperature that is given in Equation

(2-5). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.5. Products were in bar, sheet, and wire form.

2-32
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strengtii

vs. Grain Size (4 300 K)

500

O^ 400

z

2 300

I—

to

200

<

— 100

A

4

o

o

0 REF. 1 REF. 3

REF. 4

REF. 5

T REF. 6

o REF. 14

A REF. 19 • REF. 38

REF. 39

0.1 0.2

• 0

• 9 0 • m

60

40

o

z

1X1

to

LU

_J

20

0.3

<

INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d'^/^ (/xm)-'/^

Figure 2.16. The data are shown as a function of the inverse square root of grain size, d"^''^. The

variation in temperature obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon d"^^^ that is given in Equation (2-5). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data

are presented in Table 2.5. Products were in plate, sheet, and wire form.

2-33
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Grain Size (4-300 K)

I

PREDICTED ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, MPa

Figure 2.17. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon

temperature and grain size [Equation (2-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.5. Products were bar, sheet, and wire form.

2-34
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 209 measurements of ultimate tensile strength at 295 K was selected for analysis.

Measurements were obtained from References

2.5, 2.15-2.22, 2.24-2.26, 2.28-2.32, 2.36, and

2.40-2.49. Products were in plate, bar, and wire

form. In most cases, the actual percent reduction

of thickness or area was specified, but in a few

instances the percent reduction was obtained

from standard tables of temper designation (see

Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW,

ranged up to 99%. Polynomial terms were included in the regression analysis carried out with this data set, because the dependence of ultimate

tensile strength, a^, upon CW is nonlinear.

RESULTS

The regression equation for upon CW

was found to be

= 230 + 3.14(CyV) - 0.00962(CVV)2

(2-6)

(S.D. = 29 MPa),

where is in MPa and CW is in percent. The

standard deviations of the three coefficients are 4, 0.22, and 0.0024.

Table 2.6 presents the measured values of

a^j, values of calculated from the regression

equation, the percent of CW (reduction of thick- ness or area), and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the

tensile properties section.

Figure 2.18 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (2-6). The equation applies to CW from

rolling or drawing. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about the regression

curve. The variance of the data about the curve was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, CW. Figure 2.19 presents the results in summary form.

DISCUSSION

Some of the data from Reference 2.17 fall outside the scatter band (Figure 2.18). The copper in these specimens is of very high purity;

hence some recovery may have occurred before

measurements were completed. These data were

included as a guide for applications that require

cold-worked copper of similar purity. Variation in grain size also contributes to the scatter of the

data; since grain size often was not reported in this data set, it could not be included in the re- gression analysis. For small amounts of CW,

grain size may influence more than the degree

of CW; an estimate may be obtained from Equation (2-5).

Table 2.6. Tensile Strength Dependence on Cold Work (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength!

Calculated, MPa

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

282 230 0 41 175 230 0 17 228 230 0 40 210 230 0 29 263 230 0 20 212 230 0 32 210 230 0 32 238 230 0 18 203 230 0 18

241 230 0 18 231 230 0 18 255 230 0 25 219 230 0 25 249 230 0 25

2-35
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.6, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength. Calculated, MPa

Cold Work. %Reference

No.

9^n n 9^ZO £JU CiU

£JO 9in nU 99

U 22

1 ZJU U

21

1

230 0 43

z 1 ^ om^oU 0 43 213 230 0 43 230 0 19 220 230 0 19

£.0\J 0 31 222 230 0 30

^ lO 9 in u

in 9RQ 43 228 230 Q 44

991 9in u 4R 228 ^ JU nU 46 9^ U 4/ 9^7 nu 47

221 230 Q 4ft 259 230 0 42 255 233 -| 99 94Q 4 ft 47

^^o c3 zo 228 246 5 9ft 228 246 9ft ZO 228 246 5 28 228 246 5 28 285 249 5 22 218 249 g 19 237 256 6 5 25 949 9RR ft R 0.0 9Szo 235 9RA Q 19JZ Q oZ OAA 9Kn Q ft 3.0 OA 1 261 10 19 949

941 261 10 30 246 264 1

1

20 279 264 1 18 241 264 \-\ 18 365 264 11 18 252 264 11 18 268 265 11.4 47 276 269 13 42 292 276 15.3 47 195 284 18 17 269 286 18.7 32 286 286 18.7 32 308 289 20 28 313 289 20 28

2-36
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.6, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPa

Ckjid Work,

%

Reference

No.

J t£ 9n OR

J (U on Q 25

J 19 on OR

to 276 291 20 7 18

on T -in

D 9Q1 on 7 1ft

'

oUf OQ1 ^9 1 20.6 47

JUO ^y9Q11 on ft

21 5 u 01 D occ 21 31 ^D 9Q7 01 Ai4j 290 300 24 44 im 1Qiy JUJ

0^; 1Qly 304 303 25 30 309 303 25 30 347 310 07 Q 47

our 11

OQ lOJZ 317 313 29 32 352 314 29 2 26 352 314 29.4 18 303 314 29 4 18 396 314 29 4 18 303 314 29 4 18 205 316 30 17 323 316 inOK) 9ft 322 iifi inJU ZO9ft

OIIRID inJU ZO9ft 324 316 inJU 45

lift 11J 1 9nzu 117 j*t 1A 91

JO 1 JO OA

JJO 111 JO A A ICQ 333 37 36 365 111 17J r 1RJO ODD J/ 5 1R7 111 17Of cO 333 37 29 343 333 37 31 351 333 37 47 365 333 37 47

396 333 37.1 25 397 333 37.1 25 372 334 37.2 18 324 334 37.2 18 396 334 37.2 18 324 334 37.2 18 332 336 39 32 344 338 39 32

2-37
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

I

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengthi

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Table 2.6, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPaCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

205 340 40 17 341 340 40 28 349 340 40 28

349 340 40 28 352 340 40 21 352 340 40 19 383 350 44 18 338 350 44 18 396 350 44 18 341 350 44 18 354 359 48.1 32 380 359 48.1 32 368 360 48.5 47

366 363 50 18 352 363 50 18 396 363 50 18 359 363 50 18 360 363 50 19 367 363 50 30 360 363 50 30 338 363 50 45 323 363 50 46

331 363 50 46 390 363 50 47 345 363 50 48 372 365 51 42 365 372 54 44 393 375 55.5 18 365 375 55.5 18 396 375 55.5 18 369 375 55.5 18

371 382 59.2 32 400 382 59.2 32 333 384 60 15 334 384 60 16 396 384 60 1 47 400 385 60.5 18 372 385 60.5 18 396 385 60.5 18 379 385 60 5 18 417 389 62.5 49 407 393 64.8 18 379 393 64.8 18 400 393 64.8 18 390 393 64.8 18 404 400 68.3 47 414 400 68.6 18 386 400 68.6 18 400 400 68.6 18 400 400 68.6 18 315 403 70 17

2-38
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold WoriK (295 K)

Table 2.6, continued

IVllOIIO OLiUIIUlll, Measured,

MPa

Calculated, MPa

wUlu vvurK, % No.

393 403 70 21 386 408 72.7 32 415 408 72.7 32 396 410 74 42 418 411 74.7 47 393 412 75 40 359 412 75 19 386 412 75 45 393 412 75 44 418 412 75 47 386 412 75 48 403 413 75.5 32 426 413 75.5 32 396 415 77 45 365 420 80 17 403 425 83 45 376 426 84 22 457 427 84.4 25 454 427 84.4 25 417 427 84.8 47 372 428 85 42 433 431 87.5 47 400 431 87.5 48

421 432 88 45 417 434 89.4 32 426 434 89.4 32 450 435 90 17 424 435 90 45 425 435 90 47 434 438 92 45 435 440 93.4 47

439 440 93.4 47

441 440 94 45 465 443 96 45 469 444 97 45 469 446 98 45 469 446 98.2 45 469 446 98.4 45 476 446 98.6 45 486 447 98.8 45 486 447 99 45 496 447 99.3 45

2-39
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

500

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.18. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon

cold work [Equation (2-6)]. For clarity, overlapping data points, including all those from References

2.15, 2.24, 2.26, 2.31, 2.36, 2.40, and 2.43, were omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.6. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-40
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

Figure 2.19. Ultimate tensile strength dependence upon cold worl< at 295 K. The scatter l3and repre- sents two standard deviations about a second-order regression curve based upon 209 measure- ments of tensile strength for a range of cold work from 0 to 99%. The regression equation is

a, (MPa) = 230 + 3.14(CVV) - 0.00962(CyV)^ (S.D. = 29 MPa),

where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area.) Products were in plate, bar,

and wire form.

2-41
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Figure 2.20 shows data from References

2.28, 2.33, and 2.34 on cold-worked coppers of

different silver content. These are the only data

available to estimate the variation in ultimate tensile strength, o^, with silver content, [Ag]. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Measurements reported in Reference 2.28 were taken from square wire

with initial dimensions (before rolling) of 0.63 cm

X 0.63 cm. The thickness of the 40% cold-rolled

plate used for measurements reported in Refer- ence 2.33 was 1 .3 cm, but specimen thickness was 0.63 cm. This was the only material that was

cold-worked by a manufacturer. For the specimens used in the measurements reported in Ref- erence 2.34, plate thickness before rolling was 1.3 cm.

RESULTS

As [Ag] is increased up to 0.085 wt%, the

variation in a^J is about 10%, for a given level of cold work, CW. This estimate of the variation is based upon measurements of reported from

different laboratories over a range of [Ag] values.

Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs. Cold Work, [Ag] (295 K)

However, a variation of 6% was reported in Refer- ence 2.33 for different measurements of a^^ on the

same heat of CI 0700 at one laboratory. Therefore, the variation of with [Ag] within the

CI 01 00 to CI 0700 specification range will probably be less than 1 0% for cold-worked material. The improvement in with CW saturates at about 40 to 50%.

DISCUSSION

Ornstein (Reference 2.59) reported an in- crease of 3% from 334 to about 345 MPa in as

[Ag] was increased from 0.03 wt% (C10400,

CI 0500) to 0.85 wt% (CI 0700). Actual data

points were not given, and the method of measuring was not specified. Specimens were cold

worked 50%.

Although increases in [Ag] in the range

considered here do not affect the tensile properties appreciably, increased resistance to creep

has been reported for similar increases in [Ag]

(see Reference 2.28 and the section on creep in this publication). However, this effect has been

studied only at temperatures above 573 K and it

is not known whether the same mechanisms

control creep in the cryogenic temperature range.

2-42
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Cold Work, [AgJ (295 K)

400

300

O

X

O

LU

fid to

-I 2 00

CO

Z

LU

<

^ 100

• REF.

o REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

28.

28.

28.

33.

34.

0.0011X

0.0537X

0.0755X

0.088 X

0.027 X

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

40 O

z

LU

I—

to

CO

20 "J

<

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.20. These data indicate the absence of a strong dependence of ultimate tensile strength of cold-worked copper upon silver content. (Silver content is unspecified for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for CI 0400, > 0.034 wt% for C10500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.) Products were in plate (References

2.33 and 2.34) and wire-fc>ar form (Reference 2.28).

2-43
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 79 measurements of ultimate tensile

strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

In most cases, the actual percent reduction of thickness or area was specified, but in a few

instances, the percent reduction was obtained

from standard tables of temper designation (see

Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW,

ranged up to 99%. This data set (References 2.5,

2.15-2.16, 2.19, 2.36, 2.40-2.41, and 2.48) was

used in regression analysis of ultimate tensile

strength {aJ upon temperature (7) and CW. Polynomial terms in 7 and CW were included in the

analysis.

It is clear from the large amount of scatter in Figures 2.21 and 2.22 that separate regression

equations for as a function of each variable, 7

and CIV, would not be of much value. However,

when multivariate regression is used to analyze

the data set, a relatively small standard deviation

of 32 MPa is obtained.

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with the following

equation:

= 412 - 0.6647 + 2.73(CIV) - 0.00695{CW)^

(2-7)

(S.D. = 32 MPa),

Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and CIV, in percent, is the reduction of thickness or area. The standard deviations of the four coefficients are 9, 0.034, 0.42, and 0.00548.

Table 2.7 presents the measured values of

a^^, values of calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, the percent CW (re- duction of thickness or area), and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 2.21 depicts the data as a function of 7 only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.22 depicts

the data as a function of CW only without showing the 7 dependence. Figure 2.23 presents re- cent measurements at 4, 76, and 295 K on

Cl 0400 plate, which show the variation in with

both 7 and CW. (These data were not available

when the regression analysis was carried out.)

Figure 2.24 indicates the fit of the data set to Equation (2-7). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the line that corre- sponds to complete agreement between measured and predicted values of a^^. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed

and constant throughout the range of the predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The magnitude of the coefficients of the CIV

terms is in agreement with results at room temperature [Equation (2-6)].

Table 2.7. Tensile Strength Dependence on Cold Work (4-300 K).

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength,

Calculated,

MPa

Test Temperature, KCo\d Work. %Reference

No.

498 409 4 0 41 410 409 4 0 5 514 548 4 60 16 503 501 4 37 5 509 501 4 37 5 440 464 4 21 5 446 464 4 21 5 478 399 20 0 41 496 399 20 0 36 517 490 20 37 36 524 490 20 37 36

2-44
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtli

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.7, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPaTest Temperature, KCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

514 538 20 60 16 336 362 76 0 5 469 453 76 37 36 476 453 76 37 36 458 500 76 60 16 452 453 76 37 5 442 453 76 37 5 375 416 76 21 5 400 361 77 0 36 457 500 77 60 15 352 361 77 0 19 343 361 77 0 19 352 361 77 0 19 342 361 77 0 19 372 377 77 6 19 361 377 77 6 19 363 377 77 6 19 347 377 77 6 19 310 359 80 0 48 552 557 80 96 48 365 356 85 0 40

531 521 85 75 40 412 352 90 0 41 310 316 145 0 40 476 482 145 75 40 310 283 195 0 36 393 374 195 37 36 400 374 195 37 36 365 421 195 60 16 261 276 205 0 19 253 276 205 0 19 258 276 205 0 19 254 276 205 0 19 276 292 205 6 19 266 292 205 6 19 270 292 205 6 19 257 292 205 6 19 247 257 233 0 19 241 257 233 0 19 244 257 233 0 19 240 257 233 0 19 262 273 233 6 19 248 273 233 6 19 252 273 233 6 19 242 273 233 6 19 214 224 283 0 48 462 422 283 96 48 282 217 293 0 44

205 216 295 0 5 334 355 295 60 16 356 308 295 37 •5

2-45
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtfi

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.7, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength, Calculated, MPaTest Temperature, KCkjid Work,

%

Reference

No.

357 308 295 Jf cU 277 270 295 21 5 270 270 295 21 5 213 215 297 0 19 211 215 297 0 19

211 215 297 0 19 210 215 297 0 19 226 231 297 6 19 219 231 297 6 19 216 231 297 6 19 212 231 297 6 19 248 213 300 0 36 333 352 300 60 15 226 213 300 0 40 393 379 300 75 40 358 304 300 37 36 365 304 300 37 36

2-46
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtti

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

600rO

a.

O

z

LU

0£

h~

CO

IXJ

500

400

300

<

— 200 —

100

A

A

A

O

A REF. 5 • REF. 15

A REF. 16

REF. 19

REF. 36 o REF. 40

REF. 41

o REF. 48

80

in

60

6

o

z

LU

t—

to

LU

-J

A

A

i

40

o A

<

20

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 2.21. The data are represented as a function of temperature, for all levels of cold work. The

variation in cold work obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon temperature that

is given in Equation (2-7). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data

are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-47
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

600

O

5 5001

z

2 400

»—CO

Z 300^-

<

— 2004-

100

A

A

A

A

4-300 K

A REF. 5

REF. 16

A REF. 19

REF. 36 • REF. 40

0 REF. 41

REF. 48

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

80

— 60

— 40

20

o

z

LU

to

UJ

_J

CO

<

100

Figure 2.22. The data over the 4-to-300-K temperature range are represented as a function of cold worl<. The variation in temperature obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon cold work

that is given in Equation (2-7). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-48
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

600

500

O

P 400

z

LU

CO

LU

_J

300

I- 2 00

<

100

4-K - ^—

76

29 5 K

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

80

60

40 —

20 Li

Figure 2.23. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate the increase in ultimate tensile strength with

increased cold work or lowered temperature (C10400 plate).

2-49
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength

vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

6 0 0

Figure 2.24. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon

temperature and cold work [Equation (2-7)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-50
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Figure 2.25 shows data from References

2.28, 2.33, and 2.34 on cold-worked coppers of

different silver content. These are the only data

available to estimate the variation in elongation

with silver content, [Ag]. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Measurements reported in Reference

2.28 were taken from square wire with initial di- mensions (before rolling) of 0.63 cm x 0.63 cm. The thickness of the 40% cold-rolled plate used

for measurements reported in Reference 2.33 was

1 .3 cm, but specimen thickness was 0.63 cm.

This was the only material that was cold-worked

by a manufacturer. For the specimens used in the measurements reported in Reference 2.34,

plate thickness before rolling was 1 .3 cm.

Elongation vs. Cold

Work, [Ag] (295 K)

RESULTS

The authors of Reference 2.28 reported very

little change in elongation as [Ag] increased to 0.085 wt%. However, these elongations were

considerably lower than those reported in Refer- ences 2.33 and 2.34. Gage lengths for all speci- mens were comparable. Different measurements

of elongation on the same CI 0700 material gave

values from 21 to 25% (Reference 2.33).

DISCUSSION

Figure 2.27, based upon a different set of data between 4 and 300 K, also indicates substantial variation in this tensile property.

2-51
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Elongation vs. Cold

Work, [Ag] (295 K)

100

295 K

c

u

o

a

80

o

REF. 28,

REF. 28.

REF. 28.

REF. 33.

REF. 34.

0.0011X Ag

0.0537% Ag

0.0755X Ag

0.088 % Ag

0.027 % Ag

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.25. These data indicate a wide variation in tlie elongation, but do not show a strong

dependence of elongation of cold-worked copper upon silver content. (Silver content is unspecified for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for C10400, > 0.034 wt% for C10500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.)

Products were in plate (References 2.33 and 2.34) and wire-bar form (Reference 2.28).

2-52
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Elongation vs. Cold

Cold-Worked Work (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 1 53 measurements of tensile elongation from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis.

Product forms included plate, bar, and wire. In most cases, the actual percent reduction of thick- ness or area was specified, but in a few instances, the percent reduction was obtained from stan- dard tables of temper designation (see Table 1.?). The amount of cold work, CW, ranged up to 96%.

This data set (References 2.3, 2.5-2.6, 2.14-2.16,

2.19, 2.36, 2.38-2.39 and 2.50-2.56) was used in regression analysis of elongation upon temperature (7) and CW. Polynomial terms in T and CW

were Included in the analysis.

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with the equation:

Elongation - 58.4 - 0.05537- 0.51 6(CIV)

(2-8)

(S.D. = 12%)

where elongation is in percent, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and CW , in percent, is the reduction of thickness

or area). The standard deviations of the three

coefficients are 2.0, 0.0094, and 0.051.

Table 2.8 presents the measured values of

the tensile elongation, the values of elongation

calculated from the regression equation, the per- cent of CW (reduction of thickness or area), the

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the

tensile properties section.

Figure 2.26 depicts the data as a function of 7 only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.27 depicts

the data as a function of CW only, without showing the 7 dependence. It is clear from the large

amount of scatter in Figures 2.26 and 2.27 that separate regression equations for as a function

of each variable, 7 and CW, would not be of much value. However, when multivariate regres- sion is used to analyze the data set, a relatively

small standard deviation of 1 2% Is obtained.

Figure 2.28 presents recent measurements at 4, 76, and 295 K on CI 0400 plate, which show the

variation in elongation with both 7 and CIV. (These data were not available when the regres- sion analysis was carried out.)

Figure 2.29 indicates the fit of the data set to Equation (2-8). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the line, which corre- sponds to complete agreement between measured and predicted values of elongation. The

variance of the data was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the predicted values.

DISCUSSION

Since elongation is lower In flat tensile speci- mens than In round specimens, and since data

from several types of specimens were combined

in the analysis. Equation (2-8) should not be used

to predict exact elongation values. However,

since the effect of specimen type Is small compared with the effects of CW and temperature, the

equation illustrates the effect of these variables.

Note also that the only measurements on flat specimens (Reference 2.19) He within the scatter band shown in Figure 2.29, but are above the

predicted values. Thus, other sources of uncertainty are probably larger than differences In specimen type, although differences In gage

lengths also change measured elongation.

See also Figure 2.25 and page 2-51.

Table 2.8. Elongation Dependence on Temperature, Cold Work, 4-300 K.

Elongation,

Measured,

%

Elongation,

Calculated, %

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

45.0 42.1 0 295 55

101 58.2 0 4 56

77.0 54.2 0 77 56

61.0 42.1 0 295 56

2-53
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-Worked

Table 2.8, continued

Elongation,

Measured,

%

Elongation,

Calculated,

%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

48.0 42.1 0 295 5

57.0 54.2 0 76 5

f D.U RA 0 U

A4

cD

52.5 53.7 0 85 38

4Q.5 R7 n U 1AJO

48.0 57.0 0 25 36

HO.D Do. f U oo 1AJO

43.0 53.7 0 85 38

40.5 47.1 0 205 38

39.0 50.1 0 150 38 " ^ 38.0 47.1 0 205 38

36.5 57.0 0 25 38

35.0 54.0 0 80 38

35.0 50.1 0 150 38

35.5 46.5 0 215 OO

36.5 43.5 0 270 38

Jo.U U oAn 1AJO

34,0 41.8 0 300 38

41 8

nU ouu OO^A

A1 A nU OO1A

30 5 41 8 Q 300 38

41 A u JUU 001A

u OUD 1A00

0 1 .0 R7 r\ u

lAJO

OO.7f nu ASOO 1AJO OA R DU.4 u 140 JO 47 1 r\U zuo 1A00 R7 n Of .U AU ^0 lAJO

ORTJ. 7r u AS00 1AJO OQ n 0U.4 U

i >1 S 140 lA00 A7 1 HI . 1 n iiUO lAJO

Of .3 i^l c; 4 1.0 U ins JUO lAJO

Of .U 414 1 .0R U JUO ins 1AJO

OD.U yl1 c; 4 1 .0 U oUO ms QAJO 46 5 57 0 Q ^oOS '^A JO ^70/ .un U

OSzo 1AJO

"^0 OU. 1 U 1 sn 001A

Ju.U 4 1 .0 U

ins oUo 1A00

ju.u R7 "3 0/ . J AU

on 1AJO

an n jU.U 54.0 0 80 38

28.5 54.0 0 80 38

23.0 41.5 0 305 38

18.5 41.8 0 300 38

57.6 53.3 0 93 50

44.6 49.9 0 153 50

47.0 47.7 0 193 50

47.0 45.5 0 233 50

40.2 43.9 0 263 50

48.0 42.1 0 295 50

67.0 53.3 0 93 50

51.0 42.1 0 295 50

Elongation vs. Cold

Work (4-300 K)

21-54
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-Worked

Table 2.8, continuea

Elongation,

Measured,

%

Elongation,

Calculated, %

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

53.0 42.1 0 295 50

60.0 57.3 0 20 51 37.5 42.1 0 295 51 58.0 52.2 0 113 52

45.0 49.9 0 153 52

47.0 47.7 0 193 52

47.0 45.5 0 233 52

48.0 42.2 0 293 52

26.2 54.0 0 80 53

24.5 42.8 0 263 53

40.7 54.1 0 78 3 38.4 47.6 0 195 3 42.2 42.2 0 293 3

30.9 32.2 0 473 3 45.0 57.3 0 20 36

44.0 54.2 0 77 36

38.0 47.6 0 195 36

36.0 41.8 0 300 36

57.2 47.6 0 196 54

57.3 46.6 0 213 54

56.2 44.4 0 253 54

55.0 42.2 0 293 54

60.0 54.2 0 77 6

48.0 42.2 0 293 6

58.3 54.2 0 77 19

56.3 47.1 0 205 19

55.8 45.5 0 233 19

53.5 42.0 0 297 19

68.5 54.2 0 77 19

63.0 47.1 0 205 19

60.8 45.5 0 233 19

62.2 42.0 0 297 19

63.0 54.2 0 77 19

56.8 47.1 0 205 19

54.3 45.5 0 233 19

51.2 42.0 0 297 19

69.8 54.2 0 77 19

65.3 47.1 0 205 19

58.8 45.5 0 233 19

58.4 42.0 0 297 19

68.1 57.3 0 20 39

67.8 57.3 0 20 39

70.7 57.3 0 20 39

59.7 54.2 0 76 39

60.8 54.2 0 76 39

59.8 54.2 0 76 39

53.3 47.6 0 195 39

53.1 47.6 0 195 39

53.4 42.1 0 295 39

54.2 42.1 0 295 39

75.1 58.2 0 4 14

Elongation vs. Cold

Work (4-300 K)

2-55
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-Worked

Table 2.8, continued

Elongation,

Measured,

7b

Elongation,

Calculated,

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature,

(\

Fteference No.

66.0 54.2 0 77 14

64.6 54.2 0 77 14

65.4 54.2 0 77 14

43.3 51.1 6 77 19

40.0 44.0 6 205 19

46.8 42.4 6 233 19

44.0 38.9 6 297 19

61.8 51.1 6 77 19

55.5 44.0 6 205 19

51.0 42.4 6 233 19

53.6 38.9 6 297 19

58.5 51.1 6 77 19

44.5 44.0 6 205 19

52.3 42.4 6 233 19

50.4 38.9 6 297 19

67.5 51.1 6 77 19

55.8 44.0 6 205 19

58.5 42.4 6 233 19

54.8 38.9 6 297 19

48.7 47.4 21 4 5

36.6 43.4 21 76 5

13.4 31.3 21 295 5

14.3 31.3 21 295 5

54.0 38.2 37 20 36

57.0 38.2 37 20 36

35.0 35.1 37 76 36

35.0 35.1 37 76 36

20.0 28.5 37 195 36

20.0 28.5 37 195 36

18.0 22.7 37 300 36

18.0 22.7 37 300 36

29.6 39.1 37 4 5

31.6 39.1 37 4 5

19.5 35.1 37 76 5

18.7 35.1 37 76 5

10.3 23.0 37 295 5

8.7 23.0 37 295 5

24.0 23.2 60 77 15

15.0 10.9 60 300 15

41.0 27.2 60 4 16

42.0 26.4 60 20 16

29.0 23.3 60 76 16

20.0 16.7 60 195 16

17.0 11.1 60 295 16

8.2 21.0 64 80 53

2.20 9.75 64 283 53

6.30 4.47 96 60 53

1.00 -6.76 96 283 53

Elongation vs. Cold

Work (4-300 K)

2-56
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Elongation vs. Cold

Work (4 - 300 K)

100

4-300 K

c

o

u

o

CL

Z

o

<

80

60

40 V20

oo

o

o

o

o

>o

<

<

o

O

REF. 3 o REF. 38

REF. 5 REF. 39

0 REF. 6 m REF. 50 < REF. 14 REF. 51 • REF. 15 REF. 52

V REF. 16 A REF. 53 - > REF. 19 T REF. 54

o REF. 36

oo o oo

A

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 2.26. The data for all levels of cold work are represented as a function of temperature. The

variation in cold work obscures the dependence of tensile elongation upon temperature that is given in Equation (2-8). For clarity, overlapping points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 2.55 and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8. Products were in plate,

bar, and wire form.

2-57
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Elongation vs. Cold

Work (4-300 K)

100

4-300 K

80

c

u

O

Q.

601

V

V

V

V

<

o

z

o

—I

LU

40'

20

i

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF. 36

REF. 38

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

3

5

6

14

15

16

19

39

50

52

53

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 2.27. The data over the 4 to 300 K temperature range are represented as a function of cold worl<. The variation in temperature obscures the dependence of tensile elongation upon cold work that is given in Equation (2-8). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including

all points from References 2.51, 2.54, 2.55, and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-58
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Elongation vs. Cold

Cold-worked Work (4-300 K)

100

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.28. These data from Reference 2.57 indicate the decrease in elongation with increased cold

work or temperature (C10400 plate).

2-59
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Elongation vs. Cold

Cold-worked Work (4-300 K)

PREDICTED ELONGATION, percent

Figure 2.29. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile elongation upon

temperature and cold work [Equation (2-8)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure, including all points from References 2.55 and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-60
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked Cold Work (4- 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 1 12 measurements of tensile reduction of area from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis. Products were in plate, bar, and wire

form. In most cases, the actual percent reduction

of thickness or area was specified, but in a few

instances, the percent reduction was obtained

from standard tables of temper designation (see

Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW,

ranged up to 96%. This data set (References 2.1,

2.5, 2.14-2.16, 2.19, 2.32, 2.36, 2.39, 2.50-2.51,

2.53, and 2.55-2.57) was used in regression analysis of reduction of area upon temperature (7) and CW.

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with the equation:

Reduction of Area = 80.5 - 0.128(C^V)

(2-9)

(S.D. = 6%).

where reduction of area is in percent and CIV, in percent, is the reduction of thickness or area. The standard deviations of the two coefficients are 0.7 and 0.028. The equation is valid for data

between 4 and 300 K. No significant T dependence was observed for this set of data.

Table 2.9 presents the measured values of the tensile reduction of area, the reduction of area

values calculated from the regression equation,

the percent of CW (reduction of thickness or

area), T, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 2.30 depicts the data as a function of T only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.31 presents

recent measurements at 4, 76, and 295 K on C10400 plate, which show the variation in reduction of area with CW. (These data were not avail- able when the regression analysis was carried

out.) Both figures show the lack of dependence

of reduction of area upon T, as found in the re- gression analysis, Equation (2-9). Figure 2.32 indicates the fit of the data set to Equation (2-9). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the regression line. The variance of the data was assumed to be

normally distributed and constant throughout the

range of the independent variable, CW. Figure

2.33 presents the results in summary form.

DISCUSSION

Reduction of area is lower in flat tensile specimens than in round specimens. Since data

from several types of specimens were combined

in the analysis, Equation (2-9) should not be used

to predict exact values of reduction of area. However, the data on flat specimens (References

2.19 and 2.32), fall within the scatter band shown

in Figure 2.32, and are often higher than the pre- dicted values. Thus, other sources of uncertainty are larger than differences in specimen type, and

the equation illustrates the general trend of the

data with temperature (no significant effect) and

CW.

Table 2.9. Reduction of Area Dependence on Cold Work (4-300 K).

Reduction of Area, Measured, %

Reduction of Area, Calculated, %

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

92.6 80.5 0 295 55

81.0 80.5 0 4 56

83.0 80.5 0 77 56

82.0 80.5 0 295 56

87.0 80.5 0 295 5

87.0 80.5 0 76 5 82.0 80.5 0 4 5

77.0 80.5 0 93 50

2-61
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 2.9, continued

Reduction of Area, Measured, %Reduction of Area, Calculated, %(Dold Work. %Test Temperature, KReference

No.

70.0 80.5 Q 153 50

74 0 60 5 Q 193 50

77.0 60.5 0 233 50

78.0 80.5 Q 263 50

76.5 80.5 0 295 50

75 0 80 5 Q 93 50

76 0 80 5 0 295 50

ou.o u Rn

75.0 60.5 Q 20 51

oU.O u 3 1 66 0 60 5 Q 296 -\

DO.U OU.D u IsO

c. 1 J 54

* u.u 80 5 Q 253 54

70 0 80 5 Q 293 54

63 0 80 5 0 20 36

83.0 80.5 0 77 36 83 0 80 5 Q 195 36

89.0 60.5 0 300 36

80.0 80.5 0 4 57

85.0 60.5 0 78 57

86.0 80.5 0 300 57

82.4 60.5 0 4 14

83.1 80.5 0 77 14

62.5 80.5 0 77 14

63.6 60.5 0 77 14

82.3 80.5 0 20 39

82.6 80.5 0 20 39

83.8 80.5 0 20 39 63 4 60 5 Q 20 39

82.8 80.5 0 76 39

64.3 80.5 Q 76 39

65.6 60.5 0 76 39

85.4 60.5 Q 76 39

82.6 80.5 0 76 39

85 7 80 5 Q 195 39

84.3 60.5 0 195 39 64 0 60 5 Q

83.8 80.5 Q 195 39

00.3 OU.U nu

85.4 60.5 0 295 39

87.7 80.5 0 295 39

85.1 80.5 0 295 39

72.0 80.5 0 60 53

76.0 60.5 0 283 53

74.5 80.5 0 77 19

79.7 60.5 0 205 19

79.0 80.5 0 233 19

95.0 60.5 0 297 19

72.4 80.5 0 77, 19

79.4 80.5 0 205 19

Reduction of Area vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

2-62
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.9, continued

Reduction of Area, Measured, %Reduction of Area, Calculated, %

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

82.2 80.5 Q 233 19 77 A Q 0Q7 19

oy. 1 nU

"77 1Qly O 1 .*t fin R n 9nR 1Q 7R A n zoJ 19

92.2 80.5 0 297 19 CT Q Df .9 ou.o nU

7fi Q An R n 9nR 1Q1

77 ^ 80 5 Q 233 19 87 5 80.5 0 297 19

61.0 79.7 g 77 19

ou.o 7Q 7 co 19

7ji "a / 4.0 7Q 7 D zoo 1Q 7Q 7 cD 0Q7 1Q1 9 71 Q 79 7 g 77 19 79 3 79 7 g 205 19

78.8 79.7 g 233 19

77.7 79.7 g 297 19

69.2 79.7 g 77 19

78.7 79.7 g 205 19

73.6 79.7 g 233 19

90.3 79.7 g 297 19

72.1 79.7 g 77 19

77.0 79.7 g 205 19

77.6 79.7 g 233 19

85.4 79.7 g 297 19

80.6 77.8 21 4 5 82.4 77.8 21 76 5 78.4 77.8 21 295 5 86.7 77.8 21 295 5

80.0 75.7 37 20 36

81.0 75.7 37 20 36

79.0 75.7 37 76 36

79.0 75.7 37 76 36

73.0 75.7 37 300 36 76 0 7R 7 •37 300 36

75.4 75 7 37 4 5

71 7 7R 7 17 A

*f •J 76.5 75.7 37 76 5

78.3 75.7 37 76 5 75.7 75.7 37 295 5

72.0 75.7 37 295 5

85.0 72.8 60 77, 15

85.0 72.8 60 300 15

75.0 72.8 60 4 32

76.0 72.8 60 20 32

78.0 72.8 60 76 32

74.0 72.8 60 195 32

77.0 72.8 60 295 32

59.0 72.2 64 80 53

66.0 72.2 64 283 53

2-63
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked Cold Work (4-300 K)

Table 2.9, continued

Reduction of Area, Measured, %

Reduction of Area, Calculated, %Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

56.0 68.1 96 80 53

63.0 68.1 96 283 53

100

- 80

c

imo

a

<

q

I—

u

a

V

V

o

60

40

20

4-300 K

V

o

oo

T

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

REF.

A REF.

5

14

15

16

19

32

36

39

50

51

53

57

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

Oio

>

300

Figure 2.30. The data for all levels of cold work are plotted versus the temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 2.1, 2.55, and

2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.9. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-64
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Reduction of Area vs. Cold Work (4-300 K)

100

^ 80

c

u

a

< 60

LU

<

o

o

40

20

1

1

1

> 1

)

»

>

•

o 4 K

76 K

295 K

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 2.31. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate the decrease in reduction of area with increased

cold worl< and the lack of significant temperature dependence (C10400 plate).

2-65
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked Cold Work (4-300 K)

100

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 2.32. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of reduction of area upon cold

work [Equation (2-9)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 2.1, 2.14, 2.50-2.51, and 2.55-2.57. All data are presented in Table 2.9. Data from all temperatures between 4 and 300 K are included in this figure. (Regression analysis

indicated no significant dependence upon temperature.) Products were in plate, bar, and wire

form.

2-66
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked Cold Work (4-300 K)

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 2.33. Tensile reduction of area dependence upon cold work from 4 to 300 K. The scatter band

represents two standard deviations about a linear regression based upon 112 measurements of reduction of area for a range of cold work from 0 to 96%. The regression equation is

REDUCTION OF AREA (%) = 80.5 - 0.128(CIV) (S.D. = 6%),

where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). No significant temperature

dependence was observed over the range 4 to 300 K. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.

2-67
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCE

Stress-strain curves at 4, 76, and 295 K for annealed, half-hard, and hard C10400 plate are presented in Figures 2.34, 2.35, and 2.36. Refer- ence 2.5 is the source of these data. The avail- able characterization of materials and measurennents is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section. Measurements were dis- placement controlled.

DISCUSSION

Engineering Stress vs. Strain (4, 76, 295 K)

with test results on many other metals and alloys.

The phenomenon may result from localized heating, which occurs at low temperatures owing to the very low specific heat. Another possible ex- planation is twinning; serrated yields in stressstrain curves of single crystals at low temperatures have been reported to originate from deformation-induced twins in copper (Reference 2.58).

Serrated yielding, shown schematically in the figures, is observed only at 4 K, in accord

2-68
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

CI0400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Engineering Stress vs. Strain (4, 76. 295 K)

STRAIN

Figure 2.34. Stress-strain curves at three temperatures for annealed C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).

2-69
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10400: Annealed; Engineering Stress vs. Cold-worked Strain (4, 76, 295 K)

Figure 2.35. Stress-strain curves at tiiree temperatures for half-hard C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).

2-70
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Engineering Stress vs. Strain (4, 76. 295 K)

STRAIN

Figure 2.36. Stress-strain curves at tliree temperatures for hard C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).

2-71
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2 3 4

Specification C10100 CI 0200 C10100 C10200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.99 + —

99.98 —99.99

0.005 99.89860.0014

O2

BiPPb

S

Cq

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

——

—

—

0.0005

0.002

0.00007

0.0004

0.0006

0.0011 —

Ni, 0.005; Zn, 0.001

< 0.0002

Material Condition Annealed, 700 K,

1 h (a)

Annealed,

500-900 K, 2 h

Annealed, 723 K,

1 h

Annealed, 573 K,

1 h

Grain Size 25 iim 17-165 iim 10-15 iim 11 ^m

Hardness — (c)

Product Form Bar Wire, 0.203-cm-dia.

Wire

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Round

1 .28 cm

5.1 cm

Round

0.4 cm

6.0 cm

Wire

0.122 cm

15.0 cm

Wire

0.07 cm

Strain (Load) Rate (b) 0.01 /min 0.005/min (d)

No. of Specimens 4 per temperature 4 or more

per temperature

Test Temperature 78-296 K 90-295 K 78-473 K 4, 76, 298 K

(a) Bars were hot-worked and then annealed.

(b) Rate of loading was controlled so that area rate of contraction beyond yielding point was kept at about 1 .0% per minute.

(c) DPH 70 ± 10 (2-g load).

(d) Prestrained to 0.02, strain rate 0.004/min during plastic deformation.

2-72
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

5 6 7A 7B 8

C10400 CI 0200 CI 0200 CI 0200 C10100 — 99.9 99.95 99.95 99.991 0.027 0.0006

99.95 ——

———

— —— —

not detected — 0.02 0.02 0.0004 — — — — 0.0008 — —

Ca KI! Cn 7n AS, re, (Ni, on, zji Ae> KI! Cn AS, iNl, on, Zj\ re, u.uw

<0.01 <0.01

An r\ AO 1 Q/^Q Mflncalou, 9U0 l\. Mnneaiea, //o r\, Anneciled,

1 h, Ar, AC (a) 1.5 h, furnace 2 h 2h 773-973 K, cooled 1.25-8.5 h

80 iim (b) 20 30 iim 45 Mm 26-320 jitm

Rp 53 (c) —

Plate, Plate Plate Strip, 3.2-cm-thick 0.3-cm-thlck

Round Wire

0.64 cm 0.2 cm

4.19 cm 10 cm

0.6/min

11 12

4, 76, 295 K 77, 293 K 295 K 295 K 291 K

(a) Other specimens: V^hard and hard (cold-rolled 50% from V^hard condition).

(b) V4-hard, 77 itm; hard, not measured.

(c) Vi-hard, Rp 80; hard, Rp 88.

2-73
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. 9 10 11 12

Specification C10200 C10100 C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.96 99.999 + 99.9 99.99 + Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

RiPPb — ' '

' — — —

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

— • —

—

—

——

—

—

Material Condition Annealed, 894 K, 0.75 h; 1144 K, 0.1 h

(b) Annealed Annealed, various temperatures, 1 h

Grain Size 34, 190 itm 0.056-8.4 iim 20-90 iim 3.4-150 iim

Hardness 31.3-^.5 (a)

Product Form Bar _ _ _

Qnor^imon Tuno

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

0.794 cm

15.2 cm

Plat 0.32 cm

0.053-0.089 cm

0.95 cm

—

0.8 cm

3.8 cm

Strain (Load) Rate 0.053/min 0.048/min

0.0004/min

0.05/min

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Diamond-pyramid hardness.

(b) Sputter deposition: substrate temperature-controlled grain size—373 K, 0.056 /im; 473 K, 8.4 iim.

2-74
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

13 14 15 16 17A ^4 n4 /v\ ClOiCX) r\f\ O10100 CIOIOO C10100 C10100

99.993 + 99.99 99.995 99.997 0.0017 0.0016

99.99 — — < 0.0003 —

0.00006 trace — < 0.0003 — 0.0001 —

0.0005 0.0004 — 0.0013 — 0.0012 — — < 0.0002 — — —

Annealed, 923 K, Vacuum annealed, Cold-worked, 60%, Cold-drawn, 60% Annealed. Others;

1 h 922 K, 0.5 h cross-rolled cold-rolled, 18-40%

42 iim 53 iim — 287-2000 iim 40 iim

Rp 14.7 Rg 45-53 HB 45 (b)

Bar, Bar, Plate, Bar (a).

1 .9-cm-dia. 2.54-cm-dia. 1 .25-cm-thick 1.90-cm-dla.

Round Round Round Round Rat

0.64 cm 0.64 cm 0.64 cm 0.64 cm 1.1 cm (c)

3.18 cm 3.8 cm

0.05/min 0.05 cm/min

(crosshead)

4-295 K 4, 77K 77, 300 K 4-295 K 295 K

(a) Commercial stock, standard mill. (b) Cold-rolled, 18%, HB 66; 30%, HB 70; 40%, HB 72.

(c) Before rolling.

2-75
i

I

i 2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. i7d 18B 19

Specification C10200 CI 0200 C10500 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

An

99.97 (a) 99.94 99.95 99.96 "9

Cu + Ag

O2

BiP

Pb

MM ——

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

MM Mil —

—

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 70-90%Annealed, 977 K,

1 h. Others: coldrolled, 11-68.6%

Annealed 922 K,

1 h. Others: coldrolled. 11-68.6%

Annealed, 894 K, 0.5 h (d)

Grain Size 38-80 /tm 15-40 iim 15-35 Mfn 45-48 iim (e)

Hardness HE 114-126 Rp 30 (b) Rp 34 (c) —

Product Fornn Cold-forging,

9.3 cm

Strip Strip Sheet (f)

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Rat Rat

0.10 cm

5.1 cm

Rat

0.10 cm

5.1 cm

Rat (g) 1.27 cm

0.318 and 0.64 cm

Strain (Load) Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 77-297 K

(a) Electrolytic.

(b) Cold-rolled, Rp 90-92 (60-kg load).

(c) Cold-rolled, Rp 92-95 (60-kg load).

(d) Other specimens: cold-worked, 6-75%, or hot-rolled and drawn.

(e) Cold-rolled, 25-46.5 iim; cold-drawn, 40-75 /tm.

(f) Annealed condition, 0.318 and 0.64-cm thick; cold-worked, 0.338 and 0.676-cm thick.

(g) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

2-76
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

20 21 22A 22B 23

C1 1000 (a) C10100 CI 0200 CI 0200 CI 0200

99.95 —

—

99.99 + ——99.98 —

—

99.95 ——

—

—

_ _ 0.008 — — < 0.0005 — —

—

—

—

—

<0.01 Zn; ~

0.001 Fe; —

—

< 0.003 Fe; 0.001 Ni < 0.005 Nl

Annealed, 823 K, Annealed, Annealed Annealed Annealed, 873 K,

1 h (b) 700-894 K, V '/ 2 h. AC (j) 0.8S-1 h (d)

65 iim (c) 25 iim (e) 25 iim (g) 13 /im (i) —

Dal , £.UQ Ui — 2.22-cm-dia. 2.54-cm-dia.

Round Wire Wire Round

1 .28 cm 0.318 cm 0.318 cm 1.18 cm

5.1 cm 25.4 cm 25.4 cm

1 % area 0.02/min

reduction per min

5

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Possibly equivalent to CI 0200; complete analysis not given.

(b) Other specimens: cold-rolled, 11%, 31%.

(c) Cold-rolled, 1 1%, 45 ^m; 31%, 25 iim.

(d) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 34%, 40%, and 70%.

(e) Cold-drawn, 34% and 40%, 25 iim; 70%, 45 iim.

(f) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 84%.

(g) Same grain size, cold-drawn specimens.

(h) Other specimens: cold-worked, stretched 1-6%.

(i) Same as for cold-worked specimen.

0) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 20-78%.

2-77
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

^ : I

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. 24 25A 25B 26

Specification C10100 C10100 C10500 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

Bip

99.996 99.9943

0.0011

not detected

99.9411 0.0537

0.0001

99.997

not detected

Pb

b

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

— ^ —

0.0002

0.0011

0.0001

not detected

Ni, 0.0011

0.0005

0.0014

0.0003

not detected

Fe, 0.001

0.0016 —

Material Condition Annealed. Other: cold-drawn, 36%

hard

Annealed. Others: hard-drawn and 1 /2- hard (b)Annealed. Others: hard-drawn and 1 /2- hard (b)Cold-drawn,

29.2%

Grain Size 135 iJ.m (a) (c) (e) 125 /im

Hardness — — — Rg 37.2

Product Form Bar,

1 .90-cm-dia.

Bar,

lU X iu X lof cm

Bar,

lU X lu X i-if cm

Bar,

1 ,27-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Round

1.28 cm

5.1 cm

Wire; square bar

(d)

Wire; square bar

(d) Round0.64, 0.8 cm

5.0 cm

Strain (Load) Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 305 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Cold-drawn, 36%, 70 nm.

(b) Annealed, 616 K, 3 h, steam. Hard-drawn, 20.5 and 84.4% (square bar and wire, respectively); V4-hard, 8.5 and 37.1%

(square bar and wire, respectively).

(c) Annealed, 35-45 tim.

(d) 0.203-cm-dia. wire and 0.653-cm square rod.

(e) Annealed, 15-25 Mm.

2-78
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

£.1

CI 0200 CI 01 00 CI 0500 CI 0700 C10200

99.994 99.9411 99.9182 99.95 + — 0.001

0.0537 0.0755 —

not detectsd 0.0001 0.0001 — 0.0002 0.0005 0.0017 —

0.0010.0014 <0 0004 — 0.0001 0.0003 < 0.0006 —

not detected — Sb, 0.001; Ni, 0.0011 Fe, 0.001 Sb, 0.0012 —

Cold-drawn, Annealed, 616 K Annealed, 616 K Annealed, 616 K, Hot-rolled. Others: 2-10% 3 h (c) 3h (c) 3h (c) commercial hard, cold-worked, 37%

(e) — 35-45 v^m 35-45 itm 35-45 iim —

— — — — — Bar, Bar, Bar, —

10 X 10 X 137 cm 10 X 10 X 137 cm 10 X 10 X 137 cm

(a) Flat Rat Rat Round

(b) 0.653 X 0.653 cm 0.653 X 0.653 cm 0.653 X 0.653 cm 1.3 cm

2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 5.1 cm

0.0025/min (d)

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Round and rectangular.

(b) 0.77-cm dia., 0.25-cm dia., and 2.2 x 0.28-cm cross sections.

(c) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 5%; cold-rolled, 5%, 20%, 30%, 40%.

(d) Minimum values; 0.001/mln to yield point, then 0.01-0.02/min.

(e) Electrolytic.

2-79
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

I

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. 30A 308 31 32

Specification C10100. CI 0500 C10200 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

AaCu + Ag

O2

BiDrPb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%

99.995 +

0.001

0.0002

not detected

not detected 0.0003

0.002

99.924

0.072

0.0002-0.0003

not detected

not detected 0.0003

0.002

——

99.97 0 003

0.032 —

not detected not detected —

—

—

Fe, 0.005

Material Condition Annealed (a) Annealed (a) Annealed, 873 K,

1 h (e)

Annealed, 723 K. Others: coldrolled, 9.0-89.4%

Grain Size 40 tim (b) 40 |tm (b) — —

Hardness VPN 36.8 (c) VPN 37.8 (d) VPN 45 (f) D.P. 48 (g)

Product Form Strip, 3.18 X 0.3 cm

Strip, 3.18 X 0.3 cm

Bar, 1.9-cm-dia.Strip, 1.17-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Flat nat Round

0.8 cm

1.3 cm

Rat 30 cm

0.13 cm

Strain (Load) Rate

No. of Specimens 11

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 10 and 25%; 50% reduction achieved by cold-drawing 32% followed by cold-rolling.

(b) Cold-worked, 10%, 40 nm; 25%, 35 (im; 50%, unspecified.

(c) Cold-worked, 10%, VPN 91.0; 25%, VPN 101.3; 50%, VPN 111.0 (20-kg load).

(d) Cold-worked, 10%, VPN 93.4; 25%, VPN 102.0; 50%, VPN 115.0 (20-kg load).

(e) Other specimens: cold-worked, 21%, 37%.

(f) Cold-worked, 21%, VPN 70; 37%, VPN 104.

(g) Cold-rolled, D.P. 77-121.

2-80
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

oo OH o/

CI 0700 C10400 C10200 C10200 C10200

99.87 0.088 0.027 — — —

— 99.95 — — —

0.003 _ _ _

0.0022 — — — —

not dotficted 0.0008 — — — —

U.UUlU

Al, 0.0054; Sn, — — —

0.0093; Te, 0.001; Zr, 0.0022

Cold-rolled, 40% Annealed, 773 K, Annealed. Others: Hard, tested Annealed, 798 K, 1.5 h (b) cold-worked, without further 6 h (1). Other: cold- 5-50% treatment (f) worked, 11.5% — — — (g) 110 fim D OR 7R la\ Hp OO.fO \a} "b ^' v"'

oar [\), _

2.5-cm-thick 3 X 8 X 28 cm 1 .9-cm-dia.

Rat Round Ftound Ftound

0.76 cm 0.64 cm 0.05 cm 0.64 cm (j) 1 .28 cm

0.61 cm

2.5 cm 3.8 cm 2.54 cm (k)

0.02 cm/min 0.0005/min to yield; (crosshead) then 0.02/min

(d)

295 K 4, 76, 295 K 4 K 20-300 K 72, 198, 225 K

(a) Mean of 392 data points, standard deviation 1 .53, range 80.5-89.0.

(b) Other specimens: cold-rolled, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60%.

(c) Respective Rp vailues corresponding to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% cold work were 81, 82, 87, 89, 90, 91.

(d) One specimen per temperature and cold-worked condition.

(e) Hardness available on 21% cold-worked only, 92.8-93.2 (Vickers hardness scale).

(f) Other specimens: foil, annealed, 473 K, 8 h. He; wire, annealed.

(g) Foil, 14 iim; square wire, 11 iim.

(h) Foil, not specified; wire, Rp 49.

(i) Foil, 0.025 cm; square wire, 0.318 cm.

(j) Foil coupon, 1.3-cm wide; square wire, 0.203-cm^ cross section.

(k) Foil, 5.1 cm; square wire, 3.0 cm.

(I) Annealed in vacuum and then furnace-cooled.

2-81
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. 38 39 40 41

Specification C10100 C10100 C10200 C10200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.999 0.00003

99.99

99.97 99.97

O2

BiP

0.0001

rD

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001 0.0002

—— - ————

—

—

—

Material Condition Annealed,

52^-1223 K, 1 h, H2

Annealed,

soft

Annealed, 700 K, 5 h. Other: coldrolled, 75%Annealed, 873 K,

Ar, several h

Grain Size 12-90 iim 65 iim — —

Hardness ^ ^ Rh 86

Product Form Bar, 0.919-cm-dia.

Bar, 1.9-cm-dia.Bar, 2.22-cm-dia.Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Wire

0.076 cm

12.7 cm

[Round

0.45 cm

3.18 cm

Round Round

0.159 cm

0.5 cm

Strain (Load) Rate (a) 0.0508 cm/min and

0.508 cm/min (b)

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 20-1223 K 20-295 K 85-300 K 4-293 K

(a) 0.04/min to 0.09 strain; then 0.004/min.

(b) Crosshead.

2-82
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

42 43 44 45 46A

O 1 U^IAJ V-* 1 yj^\^ \^ 1 U^^AJ

99.982 99.97

0.003 —

—

<0.0001 —

— ——

—

—

0.001 — — —

—

——

—

re, u.uuo — — —

Ml II locticurMIIICdlCU, f \AJ r\ rviiiDdioLJ \uy 773-923 K, 2 h, AC (c) 0.5-1 h (b) — — — — —

VPN 88.5 (e)

Wire, Bar, Bar, Bar, 0.127-cm-dia. 2.22-cm-dia. 1.9-cm-dia. 30.5 X 5.1 X 1.3 cm

Wire Round Rat Wire

0.127 cm 1 .43 cm 1.3 cm

5.1 cm 5.1 cm

0.05/min 0.25 cm/min

(crosshead)

298 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Other specimens: cold-drawn 13-85% at 298 K.

(b) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 23%.

(c) Other specimens: extended by tension 9.8% and 24%; cold-drawn 36% and 54%; cold-rolled 75%.

(d) Other specimens: cold-rolled, 30-98.6%.

(e) Cold-worked, VPN 98.5-126.

(f) Other specimens: cold-worked, 50%; type of cold work not specified.

2-83
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

46B 47A 47B AO

Specification C10200 C10100 C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.999 99.991 99.999 Ag — < 0.00003 0.0014 < 0.00003 Cu + Ag

O2 0.03

BiP

< 0.00001 0.00002 < 0.00001

Pb —

<0.0001 0.0003 <0.0001 S ^ — <0.0001 0.0037 < 0.0001 ^ U.LnJU 1 U.UUU 1 Te — < 0.0002 0.0001 < 0.0002

Others — — Ni, 0.0015 —

(Uniy > u.uu 1 wt%

Material Condition Annealed (a) Annealed, Annealed, Annealed, 773 K, 293-732 K (b) 293-723 K (c) 1 h (d)

Grain Size — 20, 25 /im 20 fim 35-40 fim

Hardness — — — —

Product Form — Bar, hot-rolled, Bar, hot-rolled. Cast bar, 0.794-cm-dia. 0.794-cm-dia. 0.952-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Wire Wire Wire Wire Width or Dia. 0.2 cm 0.2 cm 0.206 cm

Thickness Gage Length 15.2 cm 35.6 cm 25 cm

Strain (Load) Rate 0.0125/min

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Other specimens: cold-worked, 50%; type of cold work not specified.

(b) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 20.8-93.4%.

(c) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 4.8-93.4%.

(d) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 50-87.5%.

2-84
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

49 50 51 52 53

C10200 C10200 CI 0200 C10200 C10200

——

—

—

—

99.985 —

—

—

—

99.6 —

—

—

——

99.985 ——

——

—

—

—

—

—

—

Cold-drawn, 62.5% Annealed (a) Annealed, 1073 K, Annealed Annealed, 1023 K. AC Other: cold-drawn. 64% and 96%

150 iim — — — — — — Brinell 59, 63 — —

Bar, Wire

2.54-cm-dia.

Round Round Wire

1.432 cm 0.3 cm 0.064 cm

5.1 cm 3.0 cm

295 K 93-293 K 20, 295 K 113-293 K 80-283 K

(a) Tested as received.

2-£t5
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 2.10, continued

Reference No. 54 55 56 57

Specification C10200 C10200 CIO2OO C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.98 99.96 99.95 99.99 Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

Rip

Pb

S

Se

—

- —

—

—

—

—

0.0003

0.0018

Te

Others

(Only > O.CX)1 wt% — - — -— —

Material Condition Hot-rolled Annealed. Other: 1/2 hard, cold- drawn, 21%Annealed, 478 K,

1 h Vacuum annealed,

920 K, 1 h

Grain Size 32-170 tim (a)

Hardness — Rp 13.8-18.2 (b)

Product Form Plate, 4.0 X 4.0 cmPlate, 1.3 and 1.6-cmthick

Wrought bar stock, 2.54-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Round

2 cm

10 cm

Round

0.793 cm

Round

0.51 cm

Round

0.635 cm

2.54 cm

Strain (Load) Rate

No. of Specimens 1 per temperature

Test Temperature 196-293 K 295 K 4, 77, 295 K 4, 78, 300 K

(a) Cold-drawn, 21%; not available.

(b) Cold-drawn, 21%; Rp 81.8-91.2.

2-86
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Geil, G. W., and Carwile, N. L, 'Tensile Properties of Copper, Nickel, and Some Copper-Nickel

Alloys at Low Temperatures," in NBS Circular 520, U.S. National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, MD, 67-95 (1952).

2. Knoll, H., and Macherauch, E., "Die plastische Verformung von Kupfervielkristallen im

Temperaturbereich von 90 bis 300 K," Zeitschrift fiir Metallkunde 55, 638-645 (1964).

3. Makin, M. J., "The Effect of Neutron Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of Metals: Part Ill- Copper and Nickel," Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Han/vell, Great Britain, MIR 2080, 22

pp. (1956).

4. Reed, R. P., Mikesell, R. P., and Clark, A. P., "Low Temperature Tensile Behavior of CopperStabilized Niobium-Titanium Superconducting Wire," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 22, Eds., K. D. Timmerhaus, R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark, Plenum Press, New York, 463-471

(1977).

5. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private

communication (1986).

6. Tschegg, E., and Stanzl, S., "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Threshold in B.C.C. and F.C.C. Metals at 77 and 293 K," Acta Metallurgica 29, 33-40 (1981).

7. Drefahl, K., Weinau, M., and Steinkamp, W., "Creep Properties and Design Data of Copper and

Copper Alloys for Apparatus Construction," Metall 36, 504-518 (1982).

8. Feltham, P., and Meakin, J. D., "On the Mechanism of Work Hardening in Face-Centered Cubic

Metals, with Special Reference to Polycrystalline Copper," Philosophical Magazine 2, 1 05-1 1

(1957).

9. Knapp, W., The Effects of Specimen Grain Size and Environment on the Fatigue Life of OFHC

Copper," University of Toronto, Canada, UTIAS Technical Note 124, 54 pp. (1968).

10. Merz, M. D., and Dahlgren, S. D., 'Tensile Strength and Work Hardening of Ultrafine-Grained

High-Purity Copper," Journal of Applied Physics 46, 3235-3237 (1975).

11. Polakovic, A., and Taborsky, L, "Der EinfluB der Deformationsgeschwindigkeit, des

Korndurchmessers, sowie der Reinheit von Aluminum und Kupfer auf die Verfestigungskurve,"

Metall 25, 12-14 (1971).

12. Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., 'The Effect of Grain Size on Fatigue," Acta Metallurgica

J9, 597-606 (1971).

Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., "Production and Mechanical Behavior of Very FineGrained Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 2, 2004-2005 (1971).

13. Reed, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private communication (1985).

14. Wells. J. M., Tien, J. K., Roth, L. D.. Wetzel, J. T., Yen, C. T., and Caulfield, T., "Creep of Copper

at Cryogenic Temperatures," International Copper Research Association, New York, NY, Final

2-87
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

Report, Project No. 312. 77 pp. (1985). See also Yen, C, Caulfield, T.. Roth, L. D., Wells, J. M.,

and Tien, J. K., Cryogenics 24, 371-377 (1984).

15. Becker, H., Montgomery, D. B., and Reed, R. P., "Wanted: Cryogenic Mechanical Property Data on Copper Alloys," Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Fusion Center, Cambridge,

MA, private communication (1985).

16. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).

17. Witzel, W., "EinfluB der Walzrichtung auf die Mechanischen Eigenschaften von Kupfer mit

Wurfellage," Metall 36, 1 1 74-1 1 78 (1 982).

18. Wilkins, R. A., and Bunn, E. S., "Copper and Copper Base Alloys," McGraw-Hill Book Company,

New York, 355 pp. (1943).

19. Upthegrove, C, and Burghoff, H. L., "Elevated-Temperature Properties of Coppers and CopperBase Alloys," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical

Publication No. 181, 75 pp. (1956).

20. Liaw, P. K., Leax, T. R. Williams, R. S., and Peck, M. G., "Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth

Behavior in Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 13A. 1607-1618 (1982).

21. Jenkins, W. D., and Digges, T. G., "Influence of Prior Strain History on the Tensile Properties and

Structures of High-Purity Copper," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 49,

167-186 (1952).

22. Burghoff, H. L., and Blank, A. I., "The Creep Characteristics of Copper and Some Copper Alloys

at 300, 400, and 500 °F," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 47,

725-753 (1947).

23. Thomsen, E. G., Holthuis, J. T., and Thomsen, H. H., "Flow Stresses of Prestrained Annealed

OFHC Copper and SAE 1018 Steel," Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 103. 188-193 (1981).

24. Smith, C. S., and Wagner, R. W., "The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings

of the American Society for Testing and Materials 41, 825-848 (1941).

25. Jackson, L. R., Hall, A. M.. and Schwope, A. D., "The Comparative Properties of Several Types of Commercial Coppers, as Cold Worked and as Recrystallized," Transactions of the American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 14. 1-10 (1947).

26. Anderson, A. R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceeding of the

American Society for Testing and Materials 41, 849-858 (1941).

27. Taylor, M. T., Woolcock, A., and Barber, A. C, "Strengthening Superconducting Composite

Conductors for Large Magnet Construction," Cryogenics 8. 317-319 (1968).

2-88
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

28. Schwope, A. D., Smith, K. F., and Jackson, L R., 'The Comparative Creep Properties of Several

Types of Commercial Coppers," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers 185, 409-416 (1949).

29. Jones, P. G., and Moore, H. F., "An Investigation of the Effect of Rate of Strain on the Results of Tension Tests of Metals," Proceedings of American Society for Testing and Materials 40, 610-624

(1940).

30. Benson, N. D., and McKeown, J., 'The Creep and Softening Properties of Copper for Alternator

Rotor Windings," Journal of the Institute of Metals 80, 131-142 (1952).

31. Dugdale, D. S., "Stress-Strain Cycles of Large Amplitude," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics

of Solids 7, 135-142 (1959).

Dugdale, D. S., "An Experimental Study of the V-Notch Fatigue Test," Journal of the Mechanics

and Physics of Solids 7, 282-287 (1959).

32. Cook, M., and Richards, T. L, 'The Tensile/Shear Stress Ratio in Rolled Copper Alloys," Journal

of the Institute of Metals 73, 541-551 (1947).

33. Murray, H., "Compact Ignition Tokamak, Toroidal Field Coil, Copper/Nickel Alloy Laminate

Development, FA01 , Summary Documentation," Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton,

NJ, F-861022-P-01 (1986).

34. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private

communication (1987).

35. Yoshida, K., Takahashi, Y., Tada, E., Shimada, M., Tokuchi, A., Tada, N., and Shimamoto, S., "Mechanical Properties of the Japanese LCT Coil Conductor," in Advances in Cryogenic

Engineering-Materials, Vol. 28, Eds., R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark, Plenum Press, New York,

781-790 (1982).

36. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties

of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240, 47-50

(1959).

37. Frye, J. H., Scott, J. L, and Woods, J. W., "Effect of Strain and Temperature on the Yielding of Copper and Nickel," Journal of Metals 9(5). 708 (1957).

38. Carreker, R. P., and Hibbard, W. R., 'Tensile Deformation of High Purity Copper as a Function of Temperature, Strain Rate, and Grain Size," Acta Metallurgical, 654-663 (1953).

39. Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300 °K," U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).

40. McAdam, D. J., and Mebs, R. W., 'The Technical Cohesive Strength and Other Mechanical

Properties of Metals at Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and

Materials 43, 661-706 (1943).

2-89
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

McAdam, D. J., Geil, G. W., and Woodward, D. H., "Influence of Strain Rate and Temperature on

the Mechanical Properties of Monel Metal and Copper," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 46, 902-950 (1946).

41. McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Fatigue and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Metals

between 4.2 and 293 °K," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Mathematical and

Physical Sciences A242. 203-211 (1957).

42. Ellis, W. C, and Greiner, E. S., "Effect of Prior Strain at Low Temperatures on the Properties of Some Close-packed Metals at Room Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 194. 648-650 (1952).

43. McKeown, J., and Hudson, 0. F., "Stress-Strain Characteristics of Copper, Silver, and Gold,"

Journal of the Institute of Metals 60, 109-132 (1937).

44. McAdam, D. J., Jr., Geil, G. W., and Cromwell, F. J., "Flow Fracture and Ductility of Metals,"

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Technical Publication No. 2296, 29 pp.

(1948).

45. Thompson, J. G., "Effect of Cold-Rolling on the Indentation Hardness of Copper," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards JS, 745-772 (1934).

46. Opie, W. R., Taubenblat, P. W., and Cale, N. H., "Effect of Oxygen on the Mechanical Properties

of Copper," Wire Journal 6(6), 53-58 (1973).

47. Yokelson, M. V., and Balicki, M., "Progressive Work-Hardening and Reannealing of Five Brands

of High Conductivity Copper," Wire and Wire Products 30, 1179-1194 (1955).

48. Smart, J. S., Smith, A. A., and Phillips, A. J., "Preparation and Some Properties of High-Purity

Copper," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 143. 272-283 (1941).

49. Kee, W. W., 'The Control of Properties and Structure in the Hot and Cold Rolling of Copper and

Copper-Base Alloys," Journal of the Institute of Metals 82, 307-322 (1954).

50. Colbeck, E. W., and MacGillivray, W. E., 'The Mechanical Properties of Metals at Low

Temperatures, Part II: Non-ferrous Materials," Transactions of the Institute of Chemical

Engineers 11, 107-123 (1933).

51. Haas, W. J., and Hadfield, R., "On the Effects of the Temperature of Liquid Hydrogen (-252.8 °C) on the Tensile Properties of Forty-one Specimens of Metals," Philosophical Transactions of the

Royal Society of London A232. 297-332 (1934).

52. Hooper, W. H. L., and Inglis, N. P., "Non-ferrous Data for the Chemical Engineer," Chemistry and

Industry, 1334-1348 (1954).

53. Jeffries, Z., and Archer, R. S., in 'The Science of Metals," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New

York, 210-211 (1924).

2-90
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

54. Pester, F., "Festigkeitsprufungen an Stangen und Drahten bei tiefen Temperaturen," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 24, 67-72 (1932).

55. Puccini, R. M., "Fatigue Tests and Microstructural Studies of OFHC Copper from 25 °C to 425 °C

at Plus or Minus 2 Degrees Torsion (Wood's F-Range)," University of Toronto, Canada, UTIAS

Technical Note No. 142, 15 pp. (1970).

56. Lessman, G. G., Logson, W. A., Kossowski, R., Mathur, M. P., and Wells, J. M., "Structural Materials for Cryogenic Applications," in Materials Research in Support of Superconducting

Machinery, Eds., R. P. Reed, A. F. Clark, and E. C. van Reuth, National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA, ADA 780596 (1974).

57. Nachtigall, A. J., "Strain-Cycling Fatigue Behavior of Ten Structural Metals Tested in Liquid

Helium (4 K), in Liquid Nitrogen (78 K), and in Ambient Air (300 K)," NASA TN D-7532, 30 pp.

(1974).

58. Blewitt, T. H., Coltman, R. R., and Redman, J. K., "Low Temperature Deformation of Cu Single

Crystals," Journal of Applied Physics 28, 651-660 (1957).

59. Ornstein, J. L, "Effect of Silver Additions on the Softening Temperature and Mechanical

Properties of Oxygen-free, High Conductivity Copper," Texas Instruments Inc., Attleboro, MA,

Engineering Report No. 1497, 8 pp. (1964).

2-91

3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (76 295 K)

DATA SOURCES

Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- ments from 76 to 295 K on annealed C10100

copper were obtained from References 3.1 and

3.2. The product forms of the material were bar

(Reference 3.1) and plate (Reference 3.2). Similar

measurements over the same temperature range on 60% cold-drawn C10100 copper were reported

in Reference 3.3. Product was in bar form. Data

at lower temperatures are not reported here be- cause of the large temperature rise that occurs in impact tests below 76 K in ductile materials.

RESULTS

Figure 3.1 presents the impact data as a

function of temperature. Only the average values

from Reference 3.1 are shown, but all reported

measurements are given in Table 3.1. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 3.2 at the end of the impact properties section.

DISCUSSION

Impact energies are lower for the coldworked copper, as expected. The measurements

reported in Reference 3.1 were made on half-size specimens, and were multiplied by a factor of two.

Table 3.1. Impact Energy Dependence on Temperature (76-295 K).

Impact Energy,

J

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

142 295

141 295

144 295

155 195

153 195

156 195

182 76 168 76 180 76 168 79 2 173 123 2 173 173 2 162 224 2 152 291 2 130 295 3 137 195 3 129 76 3

3-1
C10100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

vs. Temperature (76-295 K)

200

150

>-o

ccz

111 o

<

100

50

V

V V

V

So o

o

REF.

1 A 2

o 3

CONDITION

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

CW

— 100

>

o

m

3D

o

-<

50 Z

cr

100 200 300

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 3.1. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates a decrease in impact energy

with increasing temperature for annealed material (References 3.1 and 3.2). The temperature

dependence for cold-worked material (Reference 3.3) is unclear. All data are presented in Table

3.1. Product forms include bar and plate.

3-2
3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

Cold Worked vs. Temperature (76-295 K)

Table 3.2. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2 3

Specification C10100 C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag 99.99

99.50 0.002

O2

BiPPb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

——

—

0.07 < 0.002

Ni: 0.04; Fe; 0.001;

As: 0.37; Sb: 0.003; Sn: < 0.002

0.001

Material Condition Annealed Annealed Cold-drawn, 60%

Grain Size 65 ^m 287-2000 iim

IHardness Rh86 — Rb 45-53

Product Form Bar, 1.91-cm-dia.Plate Bar, 1.91-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Sub-standard Charpy V-notch,

0.5-cm-thick,

5.5 X 0.8 cm

Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch

No. of Specimens 3 per temperature

Test Temperature 76-295 K 77-333 K 7&-295 K

REFERENCES

1. Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300 °K," U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).

2. Lismer, R. E., 'The Properties of Some Metals and Alloys at Low Temperatures," Journal of the

Institute of Metals 89, 145-161 (1961).

3. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected

Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).

3-3

4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Lite (Air, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the maximum stress {aJ

versus the number of cycles to failure {N) for annealed copper were obtained from 1 7 sources

(References 4.1—4.17). /?-ratios, where stated, were -1 , except for tests reported in Reference

4.12 which R varied from 0.12 to 0.19 (/? = minimum stress/maximum stress). In some cases, the /?-ratio could not be determined from the

description of testing methods provided. The 148

measurements of the data set were plotted to- gether and analyzed to determine whether the - A/ relation could be expressed mathematically.

RESULTS

Because of the relatively small range of compared to a variation in N over several orders

of magnitude, stress-controlled fatigue life data

are often presented in a semi-logarithmic plot.

However, it was found that the data could best be

fitted by a log-log expression. In exponential

form, the equation obtained is

a^(MPa) = 271 N^-°'\ (4-1)

The standard deviation of the exponent of N is 0.005. The standard deviation of the fit to the

data (in logarithmic form) is 0.079.

Table 4.1 presents the number of cycles to

failure, the measured values of maximum stress, the maximum stress values calculated from the

regression equation, and the reference number.

Selected points from the curves fitted to the 77

and 295 K data of Reference 4.17 are presented

in Table 4.1 because the individual data points are so numerous. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties section.

Figure 4.1 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (4-1), and Figure 4.2 presents these re- sults in summary form. The scatter bands repre- sent two standard deviations about the straight

line fitted by least squares to the data in logarithmic form. The variance of the data about the line was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, log N.

DISCUSSION

An increase in the annealing temperature

has been shown to cause a decrease in the fa- tigue life (References 4.3 and 4.1 1). Variations in annealing temperature may account for some of the variance of the data shown in Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1. Dependence of Maximum Stress upon Number of Cycles to Failure of Annealed Material

(295 K).

Cycles, Maximum Stress, Maximum Stress, Reference N Measured, Calculated, No. MPa MPa

280 378.0 250.0 7 810 326.0 225.0 7 2800 290.0 199.0 7 6300 128.0 184.0 17 7900 167.0 179.0 5 7900 252.0 179.0 7 8900 159.0 177.0 5 10000 175.0 175.0 4 14000 152.0 170.0 5 20000 160.0 164.0 4 20000 117.0 164.0 17 28000 213.0 158.0 7

4-1
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C 11000: Annealed

Table 4.1, continued

Cycles,

N

Maximum Stress, Measured,

MPa

Maximum Stress, Calculated, MPa

Reference

No.

32000 165.0 156.0 4 32000 140 0 156 0 5 110.0 156.0 16 40000 112.0 153.0 \j 50000 160.0 150.0 4

199.0 147.0 7

106.0 147.0 17

150.0 146.0 4 63000 140.0 146.0 4 72000 183.0 144.0 14 75000 103.0 144.0 16 79000 125.0 143.0 5 79000 125.0 143.0 5 innnnn 108 0 140.0 2 mnnnn 160.0 140.0 4

103.0 137.0 17

1 30000 155.0 136.0 4

1 60000 110.0 133.0 5 200000 145.0 130.0 4

90.0 130.0 16 250000 140.0 127.0 4 250000 103.0 127.0 5 250000 77.2 127.0 9 300000 193.0 125.0 14 350000 98.0 123.0 5 380000 183.0 122.0 14 400000 120.0 122.0 4 400000 193.0 122.0 14 440000 193.0 121.0 14 460000 83.0 120.0 16 470000 150.0 120.0 12

183.0 120.0 14 500000 130.0 119.0 4 183 0 116 0 14 546000 89.2 116.0 Q 760000 179.0 114.0 14 810000 183.0 113.0 14 890000 135.0 112.0 12 930000 179.0 112.0 14 qgonnn 83.4 112.0 IS 1000000 93.0 111.0 2 1000000 83.0 111.0 5 1000000 113.0 111.0 12 1050000 76.0 111.0 16 1080000 83.4 110.0 15 1100000 134.0 110.0 12 1100000 121.0 110.0 12 1150000 83.4 110.0 15 1200000 110.0 109.0 12 1200000 179.0 109.0 14 1450000 83.4 107.0 15

Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

4-2
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Lite (Air, 295 K)

Table 4.1, continued

Cycles,

N

Maximum Stress, Measured,

MPa

Mziximum Stress, Calculated, MPaReference

No.

1490000 83.4 107.0 15 1500000 165.0 107.0 14 1600000 120.0 106.0 3 1600000 105.0 106.0 4 1600000 76.0 106.0 5

1 700000 165.0 105.0 14 1800000 98.0 105.0 3

1 900000 83.4 104.0 15 1900000 165.0 104.0 14 2000000 77.0 104.0 2 2000000 100.0 104.0 7 2000000 103.0 104.0 12 2100000 165.0 103.0 14 2500000 95.0 101.0 3 2800000 94.0 100.0 3 2800000 99.5 100.0 13 3000000 120.0 99.7 12 3200000 69.0 99.0 3230000 81.8 98.9 1 3500000 92.0 98.2 3 3800000 95.1 97.4 13 4000000 113.0 96.9 3 4200000 95.1 96.4 . 13 4620000 77.2 95.5 1 4800000 152.0 95.1 14 5000000 91.0 94.8 3 5490000 77.5 93.9 1 8 5600000 114.0 93.7 3 5600000 92.0 93.7 3 5600000 61.2 93.7 5 5640000 77.2 93.6 1 5880000 78.7 93.2 1 6000000 62.0 93.1 9 6080000 74.1 92.9 1 6310000 72.6 92.6 1 7100000 88.0 91.5 3 7390000 76.0 91.2 11 8450000 77.2 90.0 1 8900000 85.0 89.5 3 8900000 85.3 89.5 13 10000000 62.0 88.5 2 10000000 94.0 88.5 12 11000000 109.0 87.6 3 11600000 72.0 87.2 10 14000000 108.0 85.6 3 14000000 85.0 85.6 3 14000000 75.5 85.6 14800000 73.8 85.1 15000000 138.0 85.0 14 16000000 107.0 84.4 3 16000000 108.0 84.4 3

4-3
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Lile (Air, 295 K)

Table 4.1, continued

Cycles,

N

Maximum Stress, Measured,

MPa

Maximum Stress, Calculated, MPa

Reference

No.

lOUUUUUU Do.** 0 loUuuUUU 109.0 83.5 3 lozUUUUU f U.o OJ.4 1 lyOQUOOO 75.5 63.0 13 zUUUUUUU 11 1 .0 62.6 3 20000000 82.0 82.6 3 20000000 64.8 82.6 1 22000000 105.0 81.8 3 71 n / I.U 81 .8 1 69.5 81 .4 1 O 1 . 1 Qo ^4000000 /o.o lo LOUUUUUU 1 uo.u 7Q Q J ^OZUUUUU /D.f 7Q/ y.o 1 JU lUUUUU f y.o 1 70 7Q n -1

1

J JsUUUUU 70 >1 oO oDUUUUUU / 1.1 7Q 1

1

J/ yuuuuu Cfl 7 OC3. f 77 1 JO^UUUUU oy.u T7 c; 10 OOOUUUUU CO 7 Do. 1 77 A

1 O^UUUUUU cc o 75.1 1

1 u^.u AA f^ 00.

o 210000000 61.8 65.4 13 211000000 62.2 65.4 8 250000000 101.0 64.3 3 440000000 55.9 60.8 13 560000000 69.0 59.4 3 630000000 101.0 56.7 3 720000000 53.0 57.9 13 1000000000 53.0 56.1 13 1000000000 48.1 44.6 13 1300000000 48.1 43.5 13 1400000000 48.1 43.2 13

4-4
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed

400

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of maximum stress upon the number

of cycles to failure [Equation (4-1)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 4.1. Tests discontinued before failure are marked by an arrow. Product was predominately in bar form. The /?-ratios are discussed in the text.

4-5
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.2. Dependence of maximum stress at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 148

measurements. The regression equation is -

a^(MPa) = 271 N-°-°^\

The uncertainty of the exponent is ± 0.005, where 0.005 equals one standard deviation as determined in the regression analysis. The fl-ratios are discussed in the text.

4-6
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life

vs. Grain Size (Air, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the grain-size dependence of the

stress-controlled fatigue life at 295 K were obtained from Reference 4.5. The fl-ratio was -1

RESULTS

Figure 4.3 shows the improvement in fatigue

life with smaller grain size. This figure is adapted

from a figure presented in Reference 4.5. The ef- fect of grain size is negligible for long fatigue life. The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties section.

Figure 4.3. Data on the grain-size dependence of stress-controlled fatigue life are shown. The grain

sizes are indicated in the figure. A test discontinued before failure is marked by an arrow. This

figure is adapted from a figure presented in Reference 4.5. The R-ratio is -1

4-7
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air/Liquid, 4-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the maximum stress below room temperature versus the number of cycles to

failure were obtained from References 4.4, 4.6,

4.16, 4.18, and 4.19. The R-ratios were -1 for all measurements. All material was annealed. Be- cause of the large number of points at 77 K and room temperature reported in Reference 4.17,

data were abstracted from the smoothed cun/es

fitted to the individual points. One extensive set

of data at 4, 20, 90, and 293 K is on a Cl 1000

copper (Reference 4.4), but a few measurements

on a 010200 copper in the same apparatus (Ref- erence 4.7) showed the same magnitude of fa- tigue life change with temperature. Measurements below room temperature were obtained

with the specimens in a cryogenic liquid.

RESULTS

Table 4.2 presents the temperature, the

number of cycles to failure, the maximum stress,

and the reference number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given

in Table 4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties

section.

Figure 4.4 shows the data at room and low

temperatures from the five references. Data from

each reference show significant increase of fa- tigue life at low temperatures, in contrast to lowtemperature data (also in liquid) from strain-controlled fatigue tests (see Figure 4.11).

DISCUSSION

Results reported in References 4.4, 4.6, and

4.18 are in quantitative agreement. These results were obtained at one laboratory on the same

apparatus. Results of References 4.16 and 4.17

are in approximate quantitative agreement (with

each other) as would be expected from the similarity in tensile strengths (380 and 340 MPa, re- spectively, at 77 K). Although these two groups

of results are in qualitative agreement in that the

fatigue life increases as the temperature decreases, there is considerable quantitative disagreement, as is evident in Figure 4.4. Differences in ultimate tensile strengths could account for the

discrepancy. The tensile strength is not reported

in References 4.6 and 4.18, but in Reference 4.4 it

is reported to be 430 MPa at 77 K for C1 1000

copper. This value is somewhat higher than the

values reported in References 4.16 and 4.17 for 010100 copper. Since the yield strength of copper does not increase much with decreasing

temperature, but the tensile strength does, stress- controlled fatigue life appears to be best correlat- ed with tensile strength.

Fatigue life was found to be considerably

shorter at 4 and 20 K when the full load was applied rapidly rather than being built up gradually over a period of several thousand cycles (Refer- ence 4.4). This effect was only found to be significant at these temperatures.

Table 4.2. Dependence of Stress-Controlled Fatigue Life upon Temperature (4-295 K).

Test Temperature, KCycles,

N

Maximum Stress, MPaReference

No.

4 52000 304 4

4 85000 294 4 4 310000 288 4 4 630000 273 4

4 1800000 257 4

4 2000000 240 6 4 16000 320 18 4 41000 301 18 4 180000 292 18

4 500000 272 18 4 3000000 268 18

4-8
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100. C10200, C 11000: Annealed

Table 4.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Cycles,

N

Maximum Stress, MPaReference

No.

4 27000 263 17

4 45000 236 17

4 45000 276 17

4 63000 209 17

4

H H r\r\f\f\ noooo 214 17

4 290000 199 17

4 j/UUUU on? 1 Tf 20 31000 298 4 20 cQr\r\c\ boUUU 293 4 20 T 20000 257 4 20 1 30000 282 4

20 140000 263 4

20 150000 271 4

20 150000 265 4

20 180000 250 4 20 210000 263 4 20 41UUUU 255

20 1190000 245 4

20 1 230000 232 4 20 10000000 236 4 20 1 44UUUUU 240 4 20 ^UUUUUU 220 b

1^ JUU JU 1 1 o OAO 10 20 oUUUUU 261 18 20 ^bUUUUU 242 77 179 17

"77 tfUUUU i71 I / 1 17 jY ouuuu 169 17 77 100UOU 162 17

f f OUUUUU 1 I 77 310000 152 17 77 290000 138 16 77 480000 131 16

1 ( 1U/UUUU 11/ lb 77 1 IbOUUU 124 16 on byuuu 208 90 160000 197 4 90 340000 188 4 90 950000 175 4 90 6200000 163 4 90 2000000 160 6 293 10000 175 4 293 20000 160 4 293 32000 165 4 293 50000 160 4 293 63000 150 4 293 63000 140 4 293 100000 160 4 293 130000 155 4

293 200000 145 4

Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Lite (Air/Liquid, 4 295 K)

4-9
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

, Life (Air/Liquid. 4-295 K)

Table 4.2, continued

Test Temperature, KCycles,

N

Maximum Stress, MPa

Reference

No.

140 4 293 4UUUUU 120 4 OUUUUU 1 JU 4

J loUUUUU 4 293 2000000 100 6 295 6300 128 17 295 20000 117 17 295 40000 112 17 295 60000 106 17 295 120000 103 17 298 33000 110 16 298 75000 103 16 298 210000 90 16 298 460000 83 16 298 1050000 76 16

4-10
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C 11000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air/Liquid, 4-295 K)

o

a.

t—

X

<

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

1 III 1 III 1 III 1 III 1 III

o o —

-^.^^^

^'^~^t^~..^20K ) o

1 ^\t3 <

^

Ko>

K • F \293K '

1EF. 4. 4 K

1EF. 4. 20 K

^EF. 4. 90 K

HEF. 4. 293 K

^EF. 6. 4 K

1 III 1 III

V\298 K

1 III

A REF. 6. 20 K REF. 6. 90 K 0 REF. 6, 293 K REF. 16. 77 K > REF. 16. 298 K REF. 17. 4 K < REF. 17. 77 K « REF. 17. 295 K T REF. 18. 4 K V REF. 18, 20 K

1 1 1 1 1 1 ill

10 10^ 10= 10^ 10' 10'

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.4. Measurements of the stress-controlled fatigue life at different temperatures are shown. For

clarity, overlapping data points are eliminated from the figure. All data are presented in Table 4.2. Products were in bar and sheet form. The tests reported in Reference 4.4 were carried out on

copper with an oxygen content of 0.03 wt%, which is closer to the C1 1000 specifications than to CI 01 00 or CI 0200. All fl-ratios were -1.

4-11
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C 11000: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data comparing the maximum stress versus

the fatigue life for annealed specimens of C1 1 000

copper tested in air of varying moisture content and partial vacuum were obtained from Refer- ences 4.1 and 4.16. The fl-ratios vj/ere -1.

RESULTS

Figure 4.5 shows the improvement in fatigue

life for specimens tested in vacuum at both 77

and 295 K. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 4.6

at the end of the fatigue properties section.

DISCUSSION

Data from Reference 4.1 shown in Figure 4.5

shows that the fatigue limits obtained in air and in

Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life

(Air, Liquid/Vacuum, 77 K, 295 K)

damp, purified air were similar, whereas the re- sults in dry, purified air approached those obtained in vacuum. These results indicate that the

apparent atmospheric corrosion fatigue effect is due to the catalytic action of water In the pres- ence of oxygen. Strain-controlled fatigue testing

has corroborated this result (see References 4.10

and 4.20).

Data reported in Reference 4.15 indicate that electrodeposited coatings (applied to electropolished material) also improve fatigue life. Presumably, some mechanism of protection of the sur- face from the atmosphere is operating.

4-12
C11000: Annealed

4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life

(Air, Liquid/Vacuum, 77 K, 295 K)

Figure 4.5. Data on the differences in fatigue life of copper at 77 K and room temperature in various

atmospfieres and in vacuum are sfiown. Data are from References 4.1 and 4.16. Tests discontinued before failure are marked by an arrow. The fl-ratios are -1

4-13
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10700: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the maximum stress (a^) versus the number of cycles to failure (N) for copper cold-worked at room temperature were

obtained from References 4.7, 4.13, 4.21, and

4.22. The fl-ratios reported in References 4.7 and

4.13 were -1, and Reference 4.22 reported

R = 0. {R = minimum stress/maximum stress).

In Reference 4.21, the ft-ratio could not be determined from the description of testing methods

provided. The total of 28 measurements on specimens with 5 to 82% cold work, CIV, (reduction of area or thickness) were plotted and analyzed in the same manner as were the measurements on

annealed specimens. The mode of fatigue testing

reported in Reference 4.21 may not be axial; however, the data were included because they were in agreement with other results, and

because these were the only data available on

CI 0700 material. Also, Reference 4.23 reports

agreement at room temperature on fatigue life determined from axial and bend tests.

RESULTS

Despite the range of CW represented in the

data, it was found that the data could be well- represented by one log-log expression (see pre- ceding discussion and figures for measurements

on annealed specimens). In exponential form,

the equation obtained is

Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Life (Air, 295 K)

aJMPa) = 310 /V"° °^^ (4-2)

The standard deviation of the exponent of N is 0.008. The standard deviation of the fit to the

data in logarithmic form is 0.087.

Table 4.3 presents the number of cycles to

failure, the measured values of maximum stress, the maximum stress values calculated from the

regression equation, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties section.

Figure 4.6 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (4-2) and Figure 4.7 presents these

results in summary form. The scatter bands rep- resent two standard deviations about the straight

line fitted by least squares to the data in logarithmic form. The variance of the data about the line was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, log N.

DISCUSSION

Fatigue life improves with CW. This is shown by the individual data points from Refer- ences 4.21 and 4.22, and by a comparison of Fig- ures 4.2 and 4.7.

Table 4.3. Dependence of Maximum Stress upon Number of Cycles to Failure for Cold-worked Material

(295 K).

Cycles,

N

Maximum Stress, Measured,

MPa

Maximum Stress, Calculated, MPaReference

No.

320 446.0 426.0 7 1000 401.0 371.0 7 3200 330.0 322.0 7 3800 329.0 315.0 7 5100 313.0 304.0 7 7100 313.0 292.0 7 11000 280.0 277.0 7 14000 278.0 269.0 7 28000 249.0 247.0 7 220000 165.0 192.0 21 1O00OO0 139.0 159.0 22

4-14
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10700: Cold-worked Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Life (Air, 295 K)

Table 4.3, continued

Cycles, N Maximum Stress, Measured,

MPa

Maximum Stress, Calculated, MPaReference

No.

lUUUUUU 1 40.0 1 59.0 22

1 nnnnnn lUUUUUU 1 56.0 1 59.0 22

1 uuuuuu 11 701 ^.un 1 03.

99

1 UUUUUU -1 n 1 Dy.u 09

\ 1 UUUUU 1 jU.U 11 30. n

91

Z/lUUUUU 165.0 1 45.0 21 ozuuuuu ibO.U 1 JO.U 91 8700000 100.0 122.0 13 11000000 95.0 119.0 21 14000000 95.1 116.0 13 56000000 120.0 97.5 21 58000000 84.3 97.1 13 89000000 85.3 92.2 13 100000000 80.0 90.9 21 110000000 110.0 89.8 21 160000000 81.4 85.8 13 220000000 80.9 82.5 13 1000000000 47.1 51.8 13 1400000000 75.5 49.7 13

4-15
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10700: Cold-worked Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Life (Air, 295 K)

Figure 4.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of maximum stress upon the number

of cycles to failure [Equation (4-2)]. All data are presented in Table 4.3. Tests discontinued before

failure are marked by an arrow. Products were in bar and sheet form. The percent of cold work

refers to reduction of area or thickness. The H-ratios are discussed in the text.

4-16
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10700: Cold-worked Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Life (Air, 295 K)

1 rm I rrn i i 1 1 1 i rm \ Mil I rrn \ rm

\—rm

\—

40 1 I L-L-LI I L-LLl I I 111 I LLlI I LuJ \ LLU \ l_LlJ 1 Llll I LLL 10^ 10^ 10"* 10^ 10^ 10^ 10^ lO' 10^° 10"

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.7. Dependence of maximum stress at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 28

measurements In which degree of cold work varied from 5 to 82% (reduction of area or thici<ness).

The regression equation is

a^(MPa) = 310 Ar°

°^'

The uncertainty in the exponent is ± 0.008, where 0.008 is one standard deviation as determined in the regression analysis. The fl-ratios are discussed in the text.

4-17
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the plastic strain range

(Acp) at room temperature versus the number of cycles to failure (A/) were obtained from 8 sources

(References 4.7, 4.19, and 4.24-4.29). Fully re- versed cyclic fatigue measurements were reported on annealed and cold-worked copper. Cold

work, CW, had been carried out at room temperature. Results quoted in References 4.19, 4.26,

and 4.28 evidently refer to plastic strain amplitude; these results were multiplied by a factor of two. It is unclear whether the data presented In Reference 4.24 refer to total or plastic strain range. /?-ratios, where stated, were equal to -1

{R = minimum strain/maximum strain). In some

cases, the /?-ratio could not be determined from

the description of testing methods provided.

Except for Reference 4.27, in which true strain was calculated, it was not possible to determine

whether true or engineering strain was reported.

Individual sets of data from various authors

have been found to follow the Coffin-Manson law

for strain-controlled fatigue (Reference 4.25):

Aep = k AT",

where n for copper ranges from 0.50 (References

4.19, 4.25, and 4.28) to 0.66 (Reference 4.26). A

least-squares analysis of all the data was carried out to determine an average value for n.

RESULTS

The result in exponential form is

ACp = 0.618 A^°^^^ (4-3)

The standard deviation of the exponent of N is 0.010. Table 4.4 presents the number of cycles

to failure, the measured values of plastic strain range, the values calculated from the regression

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

equation, and the reference number. Selected

points from the curves fitted to the data of Refer- ence 4.19 are presented in Table 4.4 because the

individual data points are so numerous. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the

fatigue properties section.

Figure 4.8 shows that the data follow the

Coffin-Manson law to a good approximation. A

least-squares analysis of the data in logarithmic

form showed that the standard deviation of a fit of a straight line to the data is 0.21. Figure 4.9 pre- sents this result in summary form. The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about

the line in these figures. The variance of the data

about the line was assumed to be normally dis- tributed and constant throughout the range of the

independent variable, log N.

DISCUSSION

In accord with the results of several authors

(References 4.7, 4.25, and 4.26) no significant dif- ference was found between the ACp vs. A/ curves

of cold-worked and annealed copper. In addition.

Reference 4.7 presents results that show good

agreement between measurements for R = -^ and R = 0. The dependence of strain-controlled fatigue

life upon grain size is shown in the following pages. The points from Reference 4.19 that fall below the scatter band in Figure 4.8 are from speci- mens with a relatively large grain size (1200 /zm).

No data on axial strain-controlled fatigue life in vacuum was found; however. References 4.20,

4.30, and 4.31 present such data for flexural strain-controlled fatigue. Improved fatigue life in vacuum is reported in these references. Refer- ence 4.23 reports the equivalence of axial and

flexural strain-controlled fatigue life in air at room

temperature.

4-18
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Cold-worked Life (Air, 295 K)

Table 4.4. Dependence of Plastic Strain Range upon Number of Cycles to Failure, for Annealed and

Cold-worked Material (295 K).

N

piacti^ rlcldll^ Oil CtrAin Clll 1 Range,

Measured

Plactir* riaoLii^ OiiciiM Qtrain Range,

Calculated

No.

0.250 1.60 1.38 25 0.250 0.710 1.38 25 0.710 1.00 0.749 25

2.70 0.660 0.353 25

3.70 0.500 0.295 25

4.60 0.500 0.261 25

6.40 0.340 0.217 25

6.60 0.420 0.213 25

8.50 0.260 0.185 25

9.10 0.350 0.178 25

11.0 0.190 0.160 25

29.0 0.150 0.0924 25

32.0 0.100 0.0874 24

34.0 0.120 0.0845 25

46.0 0.0740 0.0712 25

72.0 0.0950 0.0553 25

76.0 0.0320 0.0537 7

90.0 0.0572 0.0488 27

100. 0.0540 0.0460 25

110. 0.0830 0.0436 25

130. 0.0200 0.0397 7

140. 0.0170 0.0380 7

150. 0.0630 0.0366 25

160. 0.0470 0.0353 24

165. 0.0200 0.0347 7

174. 0.0473 0.0336 27

180. 0.0300 0.0330 28

190. 0.0180 0.0320 7

200. 0.0450 0.0311 24

240. 0.0210 0.0281 7

260. 0.0160 0.0268 7

330. 0.0120 0.0234 7

430. 0.0120 0.0202 7

490. 0.0130 0.0188 7

540. 0.0100 0.0178 7

560. 0.0120 0.0174 7

560. 0.00950 0.0174 7

560. 0.0260 0.0174 25

DUU. nU.UzoU mon 0.0167 25

790. 0.00690 0.0143 7

790. 0.0144 0.0143 28

810. 0.0160 0.0141 25

830. 0.00740 0.0139 7

860. 0.0179 0.0137 27

870. 0.0200 0.0136 25

920. 0.0200 0.0131 24 1200 0.00910 0.0113 7 1200 0.00760 0.0113 7 1900 0.0130 0.00873 25 2000 0.00580 0.00848 7

4-19
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

I

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 4.4, continued

Cycles,

M

1—;;;— —:—

Plastic Strain Plastic Strain RanQ6,Reference

NIn INO.

2300 0.00450 0.00784 7 3300 0.00490 0.00640 7 3300 0.00820 0.00640 28 3400 0.00370 0.00629 7 3430 0.00820 0.00626 27 3800 0.00670 0.00591 25 4500 0.00470 0.00537 7 4800 0.00320 0.00518 7 6600 0.00220 0.00433 7 9270 0.00400 0.00357 29 11000 0.00220 0.00324 7 11000 0.00160 0.00324 7 14000 0.00152 0.00283 19 14300 0.00360 0.00280 27 16000 0.00130 0.00262 7 16000 0.00200 0.00262 28 16000 0.00200 0.00262 19 19000 0.00190 0.00238 7 21000 0.00168 0.00225 19 21000 0.00126 0.00225 19 22000 0.00250 0.00219 25 30800 0.00200 0.00181 29 44000 0.00186 0.00148 28 45400 0.00150 0.00146 29 46000 0.00116 0.00145 19 46000 0.000740 0.00145 19 55000 0.000850 0.00131 7 58000 0.00196 0.00127 26 58000 0.00170 0.00127 26 63200 0.00200 0.00121 27 76000 0.00220 0.00109 26 78000 0.00162 0.00107 26 85000 0.00124 0.00102 26 86000 0.00240 0.00102 26 90500 0.00100 0.000988 29 100000 0.000760 0.000934 19 100000 0.000340 0.000934 19 120000 0.00134 0.000842 26 130000 0.00120 0.000805 26 140000 0.00108 0.000772 28 200000 0.00138 0.000631 26 210000 0.000520 0.000614 19 210000 0.000170 0.000614 19 260000 0.000660 0.000545 26 280000 0.000820 0.000522 . 26 350000 0.000640 0.000460 28 380000 0.000900 0.000440 26 420000 0.000600 0.000415 26 460000 0.000360 0.000395 19 460000 0.000108 0.000395 19 760000 0.000400 0.000297 26

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air. 295 K)

4-20
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Cold-worked Life (Air, 295 K)

Table 4.4, continued

N

rlaSlIC Ollclin Rsngo,

Measursd

r laolIU Oirdlll Rang6,

Calculated

noioioi too No.

833000 0.000200 0.000282 29 950000 0.000220 0.000262 26 950000 0.000152 0.000262 26 1000000 0.000240 0.000255 19 1000000 0.0000740 0.000255 19 1120000 0.000560 0.000239 26 1500000 0.000380 0.000203 28 1600000 0.000220 0.000195 26 2100000 0.000158 0.000168 26 2100000 0.000166 0.000168 19 2100000 0.0000600 0.000168 19 2800000 0.000144 0.000142 26 3200000 0.000260 0.000132 26 3500000 0.000110 0.000126 26 40uUUUU U.0001^4 U.UUU1 1 / 26 4500000 0.000200 0.000109 28 4600000 0.000112 0.000108 19 4600000 0.0000520 0.000108 19 5600000 0.000178 0.0000964 26 9500000 0.0001 IS 0.0000715 26 10000000 0.0000760 0.0000695 19 10000000 0.0000420 0.0000695 19 14000000 0.000100 0.0000575 26 18000000 0.000104 0.0000499 26 30000000 0.0000940 0.0000374 26

4-21
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

5 1 I I I 1 1 I Mil I M il I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1

10"' 1 10 10^ 10^ 10"* 10^ 10^ 10^ 10

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.8. The data shown were used to compute the regression of plastic strain amplitude upon the

number of cycles to failure [Equation (4-3)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 4.4. Tests discontinued before failure are marked by an

arrow. Product was predominately in bar form. Selected points from the curves fitted to the data

of Reference 4.19 are presented in this figure and in Table 4.4. See the text for a discussion of the

fl-ratios.

4-22
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air, 295 K)

Figure 4.9. Dependence of plastic strain amplitude at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The

scatter band represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 144

measurements. The regression equation is

Acp = 0.618 N"°-^^*.

The uncertainty in the exponent is ± 0.010, where 0.010 equals one standard deviation as determined in the regression analysis. See the text for a discussion of the fl-ratlos.

4-23
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10200: Annealed Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life vs. Grain Size (Air, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the grain-size dependence of the

strain-controlled fatigue life of annealed copper at 295 K were obtained from Reference 4.19. The

H-ratio was -1

RESULTS

Figure 4.10 shows the improvement in fa- tigue life with smaller grain size. This figure is adapted from a graph in Reference 4.19 that presents smoothed curves fitted to the experimental data. Plastic strain amplitude, rather than

plastic strain range, is shown in this figure. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the

fatigue properties section.

DISCUSSION

For larger grain sizes, the data do not follow

the Coffin-Manson law [Equation (4-3)]. See

Reference 4.19 for comparable data on the fa- tigue life versus the total strain range.

Figure 4.10. Data on the grain-size dependence of strain-controlled fatigue life are shown. The grain

sizes are indicated in the figure. Data are from Reference 4.19.

4-24
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air/Liquid, 4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the plastic strain range

(Aep) below room temperature versus the number

of cycles to failure for annealed copper were obtained from Reference 4.27. The /?-ratio was -1

Measurements were made in ambient air (300 K), liquid nitrogen (78 K) and liquid helium (4 K).

RESULTS

Table 4.5 presents the temperature, the

number of cycles to failure, the plastic strain

range, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given Table 4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties section.

Figure 4.11 shows the data at room and low

temperatures. Very little dependence of fatigue

life upon temperature is observed; however, lowtemperature strain-controlled flexural fatigue measurements made in vacuum do exhibit a clear temperature dependence (see References 4.30

and 4.31). Reference 4.23 indicates approximate

equivalence of axial and flexural fatigue results at 295 K.

Table 4.5. Dependence of Strain-controlled Fatigue Life upon Temperature (4-300 K).

Test Temperature, K

Cycles,

N

Plastic Strain, RangeReference

No.

4 159 0.0352 27 4 377 0.0258 27 4 3490 0.0163 27 4 4470 0.0125 27 4 45600 0.0054 27 4 91600 0.0035 27

78 89 0.0450 27 78 182 0.0356 27

78 2150 0.0161 27

78 18700 0.0069 27 78 33900 0.0052 27 78 211000 0.0018 27 300 90 0.0572 27 300 174 0.0473 27

300 860 0.0179 27 300 3430 0.0082 27 300 14300 0.0036 27

300 63200 0.0020 27

4-25
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life (Air/Liquid, 4-300 K)

-3 I I I 1—U \ \ I—U I I UJ \ I LU I I l_lJ

lO' 10^ 10^ lO"* 10^ 10*

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 4.11. Measurements of the strain-controlled fatigue life at different temperatures are shown. All data are presented in Table 4.5.

4-26
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C11000: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Studies of the variation of the fatigue crack

growth rate {da/dN) with /?-ratio are reported in Reference 4.32. (f? = minimum stress/maximum

stress). The worl< was carried out in the near- threshold region of crack growth on annealed

and cold-worked C11000 copper.

RESULTS

Figure 4.12 presents the results reported in Reference 4.32 for annealed specimens. The

figure shows an increase in da/dN with increasing R-xaWo. Similar results were reported for quarter- and full-hard copper.

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate

vs. R-Ratio (295 K)

The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the

end of the fatigue properties section.

DISCUSSION

/?-ratio variation is also present in the data at 77 and 295 K shown in Figure 4.14. However,

there are many other variables, such as annealing

time and purity, in this presentation of data re- ported by several authors. These variables were

held constant in the work reported in Reference

4.32.

4-27
C11000: Annealed

4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate

vs. R-Ratio (295 K)

w

E

E

<

X

O

CD

10

-4

3

o

10

-5

10"^ p

^ 10-7

10 8

295

Anne

> K

aled —

—

• R=0.1

O R = 0.3

R=0.5

R=0.7 o

dP

c o

o m

0 •t

•

1 2 4 6 8 10

STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE, AK, MPax/S

Figure 4.12. The data show the changes in fatigue crack growth rate with f?-ratio at 295 K in the

threshold region of fatigue crack growth rate. {R = minimum stress/maximum stress). This figure

is adapted from a graph presented in Reference 4.32.

4-28
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on C1 1000 copper were obtained from

References 4.22 and 4.32 on the change in fa- tigue cracl< growth rate, da/dN, with roomtemperature cold work. The data from Reference

4.32 are mostly in the threshold region of fatigue

crack growth rate; data from Reference 4.22 in- clude part of the threshold region and also ex- tend to a da/c/A/ of 4 x 10"'' mm/cycle. The specimens tested were deformed in tension (Refer- ence 4.22) to a maximum of 20% reduction of area or cold-rolled (Reference 4.32) to a maximum of 31% reduction in thickness.

RESULTS

Figure 4.13 shows the data from the two

references. For clarity, the individual data points

presented in the references were abstracted into curves for the figure. The work reported in Refer- ence 4.22 shows a decrease in da/dN with in- creasing cold work, CW; the data reported in Reference 4.32 show the opposite tendency. For a given da/dN, data from Reference 4.22 show

an increase in the stress intensity factor range

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

{AK) with CW; data from Reference 4.32 show the

opposite effect of CW upon AK. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the

end of the fatigue properties section.

DISCUSSION

The data given in Figure 4.13 for annealed

specimens can be compared with other data at 295 K on ClOlOO and C10200 copper presented

in Figure 4.14 (see the following section on the

temperature dependence of da/dN). This comparison shows that the data from Reference 4.22

fall approximately in the middle of the curves pre- sented there. The data from Reference 4.32,

however, fall below all of the other results at 295 K.Reference 4.33 discusses crack closure and

thermally activated models of resistance to near- threshold fatigue crack growth. This discussion

suggests that CW could decrease da/dN if a

thermal activation model is dominant. In this case, the energy required to move a dislocation over barriers would increase, as occurs when the

temperature decreases into the cryogenic range.

4-29
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate

vs. Cold Work (295 K)

I

I

2 4 6 8 10 20

STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE, AK, MPax/i^^

Figure 4.13. Data from two references on the influence of room-temperature cold work on fatigue crack

growth rate are shown. The percent cold work refers to reduction in area (Reference 4.22) or reduction in thickness (Reference 4.32). Individual data points are not shown; instead, curves were

fitted to the data points presented in the references. See the text for discussion of the disagreement In the results from the two references.

4-30
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the difference in fatigue crack

growth rate, da/dN, at 77 and 295 K were obtained from References 4.34, 4.35, and 4.36. Specimens were from both annealed and coldworked copper. The average curve of da/dN

data at 295 K from a number of specimens that were both annealed and cold-worked was included in the figure for comparison purposes (Refer- ence 4.37). Cold work, CW, had been carried out

at room temperature.

RESULTS

Figure 4.14 shows the decrease in da/dN

observed by all authors at 77 K as compared with

295 K. While the 77 and 295 K cun/es from differ- ent references are intermingled in the figure, the

qualitative result of a decrease was observed in each case. Different material conditions, purities,

and /?-ratios may account for the variation in the

results at each temperature.

Paris-law exponents {m) for these curves are as follows: Reference 4.34, 4.2 at 295 K and 4.7

Fatigue Crack Growth

Rate (77, 295 K)

at 77 K; Reference 4.37, 4.0 at 295 K; Reference

4.35, 4.6 at 295 K and 4.8 at 77 K; Reference

4.36, 4.0 at 295 and 77 K. (The Paris law states

that da/dN = C(AK)"', where AK is the stress in- tensity factor range.)

The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the

end of the fatigue properties section.

DISCUSSION

Reference 4.33, a review of cryogenic da/dN

data, discusses a thermal activation model that could account for increased resistance to fatigue

crack growth at lower temperatures.

Reference 4.38 presents fatigue crack

growth rate data on polycrystalline copper at 173

and 295 K, and data on the effect of grain size at 295 K. These data are not presented here be- cause the thickness of the test material was not

specified, and because other authors reported

measurements at lower temperatures.

4-31
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Fatigue Crack Growth

Cold-worked Rate (77, 295 K)

10"

-2 10-4

E

E

o

-a<

10

10-

10"

-5

5

O

O 10

<J 10-

UJ

S3

I—.< 10 10

10

•REF.34. COLD-WORKED,

0.05<R^0.38

REF.37,MEAN,COLD- WORKED:

AND ANNEALED, R = 0.34 : REF.35, ANNEALED-903 K, _ R = -l

REF.36, ANNEALED-1223 K, I R=0

2 4 6 8 10 20 40

STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE, AK, MPav/ST

Figure 4.14. Data from three references on the decrease in da/dN from 295 to 77 K are shown. An

exteiisive set of data at 295 K are also shown for comparison (Reference 4.37). Data from

References 4.22 and 4.32 at 295 K are not shown, because the Intent of the figure Is to show the

effect of temperature. However, the data from Reference 4.22 (on annealed C1 1000 copper) are approximately in agreement with the 295-K curves In the figure whereas the data from Reference

4.32 (also on annealed C1 1 000 copper) lie somewhat below the other curves. Room-temperature

data reported in Reference 4.35 were obtained In silicone oil; other room-temperature data were

obtained in air.

4-32

4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 4.6. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2 3 4

Specification C11000 CI 0200 CI 0200 C1 1000 (d)

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.96 Ag

Cu + Ag —

— — —

—

O2 0.04 0.03

RiP trace — — —

Pb trace S

Se

trace — — — —

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Annealed Annealed (b) Annealed, vacuum, Annealed, 873 K, Ar 673 or 873 K, 1 h, FC

(c)

Grain Size 100 iim

Hardness —

Product Form Bar Bar, Bar,

1 .6-cm-dia. 0.1 6-cm-dia.

.—

_

Specimen Type Hourglass Hourglass Hourglass

Width or Dia. 0.65 cm (min.) 0.05 cm (min.) Thickness Gage Length 10 cm (a) 0.5 cm

"R" Ratio -1 -1 -1 Test Frequency 37 Hz 30 Hz 1000 Hz 225 Hz

No. of Specimens 19 4 26 37

Test Temperature | 295 K 295 K 295 K 4, 20, 90, 293 K

(a) Parallel portion 1.3 cm long.

(b) Specimens electropolished before annealing.

(c) Specimens electropolished before and after annealing.

(d) The O2 level of 0.03% is below the level of 0.04% required in C11000 specifications.

4-34
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

5 6 7 8 9

C10100 CI 0200 CI 0200 CI 0200 C 10200

99.4

< 0.0003

• — —

0.0006 —

—

——

z

—

— —

—

—

—

—

Anna;) 1 Art 1 h AO Annealed RTi K Annealed PTi K AnnpalpH A7'^ K

A.H h \ia/^iiiim II, Vd^UUIII yJf n ^ h M (r\ 1 II, Vd^UUI 1

1 II, vd^uu 1 1

3.4, 15, 150 /tm — — — _ _ 38 and 88 Hv _ — Sheet Bar, Bar Bar

3.8-cm-dia.

Cylindrical Flat (tapered) Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical 0.8 cm 0.08 cm (min.) 1 .43 cm (d) 0.83 cm 1.9 cm

0.08 cm

2.5 cm (gage) 15 cm 15 cm (g)

-1 -1 -1 (e) -1 -1 30 Hz 225 Hz 0.17 Hz (min.) 133 Hz 33 Hz

27 4 (f) 6 2

295 K 4, 20, 90, 293 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Chemical polishing carried out before and after annealing.

(b) Electropolished before fatigue tests.

(c) Other specimens tested "as-received" estimated to be 37% cold-worked from hardness and standard tables of temper.

(d) Reduced to this diameter over a 2.5-cm-paralled gage length. Surface not polished.

(e) Strain-controlled fatigue life tests were also run at R = 0.

(f) Total of 15 specimens in stress-controlled fatigue and 29 in strain-controlled fatigue.

(g) Gage length not specified.

4-35
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 4.6, continued

Reference No. 10 11 12 13

Specification C11000 C10100 C10100 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

OU 99.96 Balance 99.95 Ag 0.0002 0.001 Cu + Ag — — — —

O2 0.04

Bi I

P trace — —

Pb trace < 0.0001 S

Co

trace — — —

Te

Others — Fe: 0.001 —

^uniy > u.iAJi wiTb)

IVIolOl VAI BUI 11 AnnoaloH 1 k" MilllCalcU, l^fO r\, Mill lcalc;U Mliriccllcu, 1 l^o i\| 8 hr, Ar 1 h, vacuum (e)

Grain Size — 200 tim 150 fim 100-300 nm

Hardness _ 43 (f)

Product Form _ Bar, 0.5-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Hourglass Cylindrical (b) Cylindrical (d) Cylindrical (g) Width or Dia. 0.64 cm (min.) 0.05 cm 0.32 cm 0.4 cm

Thickness Gage Length ^

10 cm (a) 15 cm 1.3 cm (gage)

"R" Ratio -1 0.12-0.19 -1 Test Frequency 37 Hz 104 Hz (c) 30 Hz 17.7 kHz

No. of Specimens 2 10 per 9 24

fatigue life

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Parallel portion 1.3 cm long.

(b) Specimens electropolished after annealing.

(c) Large number of cycles taken to build up to stress range.

(d) Specimens electropolished prior to testing.

(e) Second set of specimens stretched 15% after anneal, cut to shape of test specimen.

(f) Annealed specimens.

(g) All specimens cleaned electrochemically before annealing.

4-36
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

14 15 16 17 18

C10100 CI 0200 C10100 C10100 CI 0200

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

——

—

99.99 ——

—

99.99 —z

—

—

z

—z

—

—

Annealed 903 K, Annealed Annealed, 1023 K, Annealed Annealed

1 h, Ar, FC 1 h

46 iim 160 /im 70 iim

Bar, Bar, Bar, 2.5-cm-dia. 7.6-cm-dla. 0.03-cm-dia.

Hourglass (a) Hourglass Hourglass (c) Hourglass

0.64 cm (min.) 1.1 cm (b) 0.41 cm (min.) 0.30 cm —

14 cm (1.9-cm gage) 0.64 cm (gage) 3.8 cm (0.13-cm

gage)

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 50 Hz 33 Hz 20 Hz (d) 225 Hz

17 6 17 45 13

295 K 295 K 77, 295 K 4, 77, 295 K 1.7, 4, 20 K

(a) Specimens cleaned electrochemically before annealing.

(b) Continuous-radius gage section 1.9 cm long by 1.3 cm dia. at narrowest point.

(c) Specimens electropolished before testing.

(d) Frequency 100 Hz at 4 K.

4-37
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 4.6, continued

Reference No. 19 21 22 24

Specification CI 0200 CI 0700 C10100 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

Bi

99.98

0.085

< 0.0003

99.96 —

PPb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

— — < 0.001 —

— —

Fe: 0.001; Sn: < 0.001

—

Material Condition Annealed, 873 K,

1 h, vacuum (a)

Cold-worked, 17 and 82%Annealed, various conditions (d) As received

Grain Size (b) — 45 tim 200 iim

Hardness

Product Form Sheet

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Cylindrical 0.4 cm

2.0 cm (gage)

Flat (tapered) (e)(f) 1.0 cm (min.) 0.3 cm

9.0 cm (1.0-cm gage)

Hourglass (g) 0.95 cm (min.)

10 cm (5-cm gage)

"R" Ratio Test Frequency

-1 100 Hz

0 60 Hz

-1

(h)

No. of Specimens (c) 8 5 4

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Coarse-grained specimens annealed at 1 173 K for 5 h, vacuum.

(b) Hne-grained, 60-70 tim; coarse-grained, 900-1200 iim.

(c) A total of 70 fine-grained specimens and 90 coarse-grained specimens were run either until complete fracture or at least 10^ cycles.

(d) Specimens annealed under various conditions to obtain different grain sizes. Then deformed under tension from 0 to 23%.

(e) Specimens polished mechanically after annealing, prior to testing.

(f) Fatigue crack growth rate specimens were center slit, 3.0 cm wide, 3.0-cm gage length, other dimensions same.

(g) Specimens electropolished prior to testing.

(h) Head speed of 0.5 cm/min.

4-38
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

25 26 27 28 29

C10200 C10200 C10100 C10100 CI 0200

—

99.98 —

99.99 —99.99 —

99.9 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

0.0003 —

— —

— —

—

—

—

0.0018 —

—

——

——

Annealed, 673 K, Annealed (d) Annealed, 920 K, Annealed, 823 K, Annealed, 773 K,

1 h, vacuum, FC 1 h, vacuum 1 h, vacuum 1 h, vacuum (f) (a) —

.—

_

200 — 30 fim 25 iim

Bar, — Bar, Bar

1 .9-cm-dia. 2.54-cm-dia.

Hourglass Cylindrical Hourglass Cylindrical Hourglass

0.47 cm (mm.) 0.35 cm 0.635 cm (min.) 1.0 cm 0.56 cm

9.4 cm (5.6-cm 2.0 cm (gage) 9.53 cm 1.5 cm (gage) 1.2-2.5 cm (gage)

gage) (9)

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0.11-0.28 Hz (b) 80 Hz 1.2, 33 Hz (e) (h)

25(c) 28 18 9 5

295 K 295 K 4, 78, 300 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Other specimens cold-w^orked to 33.3% reduction in diameter.

(b) Tests begun at minimum frequency for first 1000 cycles.

(c) Tests on as-received material w/ith undetermined cold w/ork not used.

(d) Other specimens prestrained 20 to 40%.

(e) Constant strain rate, 0.02/s.

(f) Specimens chemically polished before annealing.

(g) Specimens v/ith shorter gage lengths used at higher strain amplitudes to suppress buckling.

(h) Frequency selected for constant plastic strain rate, 0.0005/s.

4-39
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed: Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 4.6, continued

Reference No. 32 34 35 36

Specification C11000 C10100 CI 0200 C10100

Composition (wt%) 99.93 !»y.!>yy yy.y yy.yyy Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

BiPPb — — —

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — — — —

Material Condition Annealed, 823 K,

1 h, (a)

Prestressed,

tension, 177 MPa

Annealed, 903 K, 1.5 h, PCAnnealed, 1223 K, 4 h vacuum (e)

Grain Size 65 iim (b) 30 tim 20 tim 1000 iim

Hardness

Product Form Plate Sheet

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Wedge-open-loading

(c) 8.13 cm

0.635 cm

6.3 cm

Singled edge slit

1.08 cm

0.07 cm

4.5 cm

Singled edge slit

1.0 cm

0.01 cm

Single edge slit

1.3 cm

0.08 cm

4.4 cm

"R" Ratio Test Frequency

01, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 100 Hz

0.05-0.38 40 Hz

-1

21 kHz

0 8-22 Hz

No. of Specimens 6-16 per curve -54 at 77 K; 34 at 295 K

30, 77 K; 51, 295 K9, 77 K; 20, 295 K (f)

Test Temperature 295 K 77, 295 K 77, 293 K (d) 77. 295 K

(a) Other specimens cold rolled to 11 and 31% reduction in thickness.

(b) Grain sizes 45 and 25 (im for 11 and 31% cold reduction.

(c) Compact-tension and center-cracked specimens were also used in testing of 11% cold-worked specimens. No significant difference was found in the rates of near-threshold crack propagation.

(d) Liquid nitrogen or silicone oil specimen environment.

(e) Specimens electropolished before testing.

(f) Two specimens were tested at room temperature, one at 77 K.

4-40
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

37

CI 0200

99.97

Annealed, 873 K, 1h

(a) or cold-worked

Sheet

Center slit

23 or 25 cm

0.32 cm

23 or 25 cm (gage)

0.34

3, 30 Hz (b)

37(c)

295 K

(a) Annealed after specimen slit machined.

(b) No differences in crack growth characteristics found in tests carried out at the two frequencies.

(c) Number of specimens from which data were averaged.

4-41
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Gough, H. J., and Sopwith, D. G., "Some Further Experiments on Atmospheric Action in Fatigue," Journal of the Institute of Metals 56, 55-89 (1935).

2. Bullen, F. P., Head, A. K., and Wood, W. A., "Structural Changes During the Fatigue of Metals,"

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A216. 332-343 (1953).

3. Thompson, N., Wadsworth, N., and Louat, N., 'The Origin of Fatigue Fracture in Copper,"

Philosophical Magazine 1, 113-126 (1956).

4. McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Fatigue and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Metals

Between 42 and 293 "K," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A242. 203-211 (1957).

5. Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., 'The Effect of Grain Size on Fatigue," Acta Metallurgica

19,597-606 (1971).

6. Hull, D., "Annealing in Slip Bands in Copper Fatigued at 90 °K," Philosophical Magazine 3, 513-518 (1958).

7. Benham, P. P., "Axial-Load and Strain-Cycling Fatigue of Copper at Low Endurance," Journal of the Institute of Metals 89, 328-338 (1961).

8. Frost, N. E., "Alternating Stress Required to Propagate Edge Cracl<s in Copper and NickelChromium Alloy Steel Plates," Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 5, 15-22 (1963).

9. Clarebrough, L. M., Hargreaves, M. E., Head, A. K., and West, G. W., "Energy Stored During

Fatigue of Copper," Transactions, American Institute of Metallurgical Engineers, Journal of Metals

7, 99-100 (1955).

10. Gough, H. J., and Sopwith, D. G., "Inert Atmosphere as Fatigue Environments," Journal of the

Institute of Metals 72, 415-421 (1946).

11. Wright, M. A., and Greenough, A. P., 'The Effect of High-Temperature Intermediate Annealing on

the Fatigue Life of Copper," Journal of the Institute of Metals 93, 309-313 (1964).

12. Masuda, H., and Duquette, D. J., 'The Effect of Surface Dissolution on Fatigue Crack Nucleation

in Polycrystalline Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 87-94 (1975).

13. Awatani, J. Katagiri, K., Omura, A., and Shiraishi, T., "A Study of the Fatigue Limit of Copper,"

Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 1029-1034 (1975).

14. Nakano, Y., and Sandor, B. I., "Fatigue Behavior of Copper with Intermediate Surface Layer

Removal," Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2, 16-22 (1974).

15. Burmeister, R. A., and Dodd, R. A., 'The Effect of Electrodeposited Metals on Fatigue,"

Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 62, 675-680 (1962).

16. Laird, C, and Krause, A. R., "On the Temperature Effect in the Fatigue Fracture of Copper and

Cu-7.9 Wt Pet Al Alloy," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical

Engineers 242, 2339-2342 (1968).

4-42
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

17. Holt, D. L, and Backofen, W. A., "Fatigue Fracture in Copper and tlie Cu-8Wt Pet Al Alloy at Low

Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 239. 264-269 (1967).

18. MacCrone, R. K., McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg. H. M., 'The Fatigue of Metals at 1 7oK,"

Philosophical Magazine 4, 267-268 (1959).

19. Luk^s, P., and Kunz, L, "Effect of Grain Size on the High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Polycrystalline Copper," Materials Science and Engineering 85, 67-75 (1987).

20. Wadsworth, N. J., and Hutchings, J., 'The Effect of Atmospheric Corrosion on Metal Fatigue,"

Philosophical Magazines, 1154-1166 (1958).

21. Smith, W. E., Taubenblat, P. W.. Graviano, A. R., and Batra, R., "A New Oxygen-free HighConductivity Heat-Resistant Copper," Wire Journal International r7, 52-55 (1984).

22. Ishii, H., and Yukawa, K., 'The Role of Dislocation Substructures in Fatigue Crack Propagation in Copper and Alpha Brass," Metallurgical Transactions 10A. 1881-1887 (1979).

23. Blatherwick, A. A., and Mowbray, D. F., "Stress-Strain Relationships in Low- and IntermediateCycle Fatigue," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 64, 561 -578

(1964).

24. Boettner, R. C, Laird, C, and McEvily, A. J., Jr., "Crack Nucleation and Growth in HighStrain-Low Cycle Fatigue," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical

Engineers 233, 379-387 (1965).

25. Coffin, L. F., Jr., and Tavernelli, J. F., 'The Cyclic Straining and Fatigue of Metals," Transactions

of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 215, 794-807 (1959). Also in a

report from General Electric Research Laboratory, Research Information Section, The Knolls,

Schenectady, New York, Report No. 58-RL-2100, 32 pp. (1958).

26. Luk^s, P., and Klesnil, M., "Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Fatigue Life of Metals in Low

Amplitude Region," Materials Science and Engineering 11. 345-356 (1973).

27. Nachtigall, A. J., "Strain-Cycling Fatigue Behavior of Ten Structural Metals Tested in Liquid

Helium (4 K), in Liquid Nitrogen (78 K), and in Ambient Air (300 K)," NASA Scientific and

Technical Information Facility, B.W.I. Airport, MD, NASATN D-7532, 30 pp. (1974).

28. Pol^k, J., and Klesnil, M., "Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Dislocation Structures in Polycrystalline Copper," Materials Science and Engineering 63, 189-196 (1984).

29. Wang, R., and Mughrabi, H., "Secondary Cyclic Hardening in Fatigued Copper Monocrystals and

Polycrystals," Materials Science and Engineering 63, 147-163 (1984).

30. Yakovenko, L. F., and Grinberg. N. M., 'The Fatigue Life and Plastic Deformation Character of Copper at Low Temperatures," International Journal of Fatigue 5, 239-243 (1983).

4-43
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C10100-C11000: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

31. Verkin, B. I., Grinberg, N. M., Serdyuk, V. A., and Yakovenko, L. F., "Low Temperature Fatigue

Fracture of Metals and Alloys," Materials Science and Engineering 58, 145-168 (1983).

32. Liaw, P. K., Leax, T. R., Williams, R. S., and Peck. M. G., "Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth

Behavior in Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 13A. 1607-1618 (1982).

33. Liaw, P. K., and Logsdon, W. A., "Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold at Cryogenic Temperatures:

A Review," Engineering Fracture Mechanics 22, 585-594 (1985).

34. Yeske, R. A., and Weertman, J., "Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Varied Mean Stress

Conditions," Metallurgical Transactions 5, 2033-2039 (1974).

35. Tschegg, E., and Stanzl, S., "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Threshold in B.C.C. and F.C.C. Metals at 77 and 293 K," Acta Metallurgica 29, 33-40 (1981).

36. Ishii, H., and Weertman, J., "Fatigue Crack Propagation in Copper and Cu-AI Single Crystals,"

Metallurgical Transactions 2, 3441-3452 (1971).

37. Frost, N. E., Pook, L P., and Denton, K., "A Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Fatigue Crack

Growth Data for Various Materials," Engineering Fracture Mechanics 3, 109-126 (1971).

38. Luk^§, P., "Models for AK^^ and Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth," Fatigue 84 Conference

Proceedings, Vol. 1, 479-495 (1984).

4-44
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200. C 11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Most creep tests are done at temperatures

above 295 K, so low-temperature data are not

plentiful. The amount of creep is larger and

easier to measure at high temperatures; the longterm stability required for strain measurements at lower temperatures makes experiments difficult. References 5.1-5.5 provide data at room temperature obtained over total test durations of 1 to 25 000 h. The applied stresses were usually well above the yield strength of the materials. All of the longer-duration creep tests are on annealed

material, except for the tests reported in Refer- ence 5.3 on 8%-stretched C10200 copper for a

duration of 10 000 h. Products were in wire (Ref- erences 5.1 and 5.4), bar (References 5.2 and

5.3), and plate form (Reference 5.5). The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given In Table 5.4 at the end of the

creep properties section. Figures 5.1 and 5.2

present data from References 5.1-5.5 with differ- ent creep-strain scales. Creep strain, as plotted

in Figures 5.1 and 5.2 for selected data from

Reference 5.2, was obtained by subtracting the

initial strain, e^, from the raw strain data. Creep

strain data were reported in the other references.

Reference 5.6 reported creep data which were

not plotted as they were not in agreement with

data on similar material from other sources. Because of the variety of materials, material

conditions, and test durations, and the use of applied stresses up to a factor of ten times the

yield strength, most of the data are presented in graphical form and were not subjected to further

analysis. However, in the tests reported in Refer- ence 5.2, the applied stress ranged from about

two-thirds to twice the 25-MPa yield strength of the material, and the analysis of this data, avail- able also in Reference 5.2, will be reported here. For each level of applied stress, the raw strain data were fitted to an equation of the form

«true =

«o + a^lnf + a^t (5-1)

where t is elapsed time in min. The coefficients

a., and are a function of the test temperature

and the applied stress, ag. Linear regression

analysis was used to obtain a predictive equation

for the dependence of and aj upon the cTg.

Creep Strain vs. Time (295 K)

RESULTS

The coefficients a^ and a^ that resulted from

fitting the data from Reference 5.2 to Equation (5-

1) are given in Table 5.1 along with the test duration and the applied stress. The results of the

regression analysis were not satisfactory for the

coefficient of Equation (5-1). It is thought that

this was due to small long-term fluctuations in the

total strain due to extraneous factors, such as

vibration and temperature variation (Reference

5.2), that were reflected in the coefficient a^. The

equation obtained for the coefficient a^ is

a^ (10-^) = 0.51 +0.10^3 (5-2)

(S.D. = 1.06 X 10"^),

where is in MPa. Figure 5.3 indicates the fit of the data to this equation, which applies to copper

with Cu + Ag = 99.99 wt%, annealed at 923 K for

1 h, with a yield strength of about 25 MPa. Fur- ther limitations on the use of this equation to predict creep strain are discussed below.

DISCUSSION

Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are shown in Figure 5.4. For f < 10"* min, the creep

strain is approximately logarithmic. However, at

f > 10"* min. the dependence of strain on time

increases, relative to a logarithmic dependence.

From Figure 5.5, which shows the same data

plotted on a linear scale, it can be seen that the

creep rate, e, decreases as the elapsed time

increases. Since the test temperature is far below

0.2 7^, where is the melting point of copper,

steady-state creep (e = a constant) should not be expected (Reference 5.7). Creep data from

References 5.3 and 5.4 over longer time periods

of up to 23 000 h (1.4 X 10^ min) also exhibit decreasing strain rates with elapsed time. At 300 °C (573 K), the addition of Ag has

been shown to increase the applied stress re- quired for a given creep rate, although the tensile strength of the material is not affected (Refer- ences 5.8 and 5.9). For example, the applied

stresses required for a creep rate of 0.001 %/h are

33, 41, and 50 MPa for C10200, C10200 + 0.054

wt% Ag, and CI 0200 + 0.076 wt% Ag, respective5-1
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C 11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

ly. These results are for 5% cold-worked material

tested for about 20 h. The effect of Ag on creep

rates at lower temperatures has not been report

Creep Strain vs. Time (295 K)

ed, and different creep mechanisms may be important in the cryogenic temperature range.

Table 5.1. Dependence of the Coefficients and from Equation (5-1) on Applied Stress (295 K).

Applied Stress, MPaApplied Stress

Yield Stress

Initial Strain, 10-3

ai, 10"^ ag. 10"^ Duration of

Test, min

20.2 0.80 1.704 3.192 0.817 37 440

24.9 1.00 3.269 4.153 1.359 37 440

27.0 1.08 0.709 1.670 0.491 29 986

29.96 1.20 4.726 3.440 1.712 27 300

31.4 1.26 4.873 3.150 -0.142 18 856

34.0 1.36 3.131 3.663 1.153 29 986

34.1 1.36 5.575 4.254 2.355 41 640

36.4 1.45 5.647 4.297 ' 0.617 49 950

37.6 1.50 7.031 4.871 2.248 41 640

38.0 1.52 4.083 4.371 1.360 29 986

41.0 1.64 5.596 5.111 1.392 29 986

42.2 1.69 8.208 5.845 -0.732 15 695

42.4 1.70 8.031 4.232 0.854 49 950

45.1 1.80 9.116 1 4.490 -1.034 18 856

45.3 1.81 9.032 1 5.672 1.413 15 695

5-2
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (295 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

10-" 10"' 10"' 10^ 10'

10"* 10* 10* 10* 10*

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.1. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied

stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at room temperature were References

5.1 and 5.4. Product form was wire.

5-3
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (295 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

3000

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.2. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied

stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at room temperature were References

5.1-5.5. Data indicated with an asterisk in the legend were from material that was cold-worked.

Asterisked data from Reference 5.2 were cold-rolled 20.7%; from Reference 5.3 were stretched 8%;

and from Reference 5.5 were cold-worked 60%. Product forms were bar, wire, and plate.

5-4
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C 11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Creep Strain vs. Time (295 K)

0 I 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

APPLIED STRESS, a,. MPa

Figure 5.3. The fit of the room-temperature data (Reference 5.2) to Equation (5-2) shows the dependence of the coefficient upon the applied stress.

5-5
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (295 K)

Figure 5.4. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at room temperature from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logarithmic time scale.

5-6
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Creep Strain vs. Time (295 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

10 15 20 25 30

600

500

400

<

I-

(/) Q.

lU

lAJ o

300

200

100

1 1 1 1 1 1

if

4

A 332

5.3 MPa

5.4 MPa

D.O MPa

0.2 MPa

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.5. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at room temperature from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale.

5-7
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Most creep tests are done at temperatures

above 295 K, so cryogenic data are not plentiful.

The amount of creep is larger and easier to measure at high temperatures; the long-term stability

required for strain measurements at lower temperatures makes experiments difficult. References

5.1. 5.2, 5.5, 5.10, and 5.11 provide data at 77 K

obtained over total test durations of 1 to 1600 h. The applied stresses ranged from one half to well above the yield strength of the materials. All of the longer-duration creep tests are on annealed

material. Products were in wire (Reference 5.1),

bar (References 5.2 and 5.10), and plate form

(Reference 5.5). The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 5.4

at the end of the creep properties section. Fig- ures 5.6 and 5.7 present data from the references

with different creep-strain scales. Creep strain, as

plotted in Figures 5.6 and 5.7 for selected data

from Reference 5.2, was obtained by subtracting

the initial strain, e^, from the raw strain data. Creep strain data were reported in the other refer- ences.Because of the short test duration, and the use of applied stresses up to a factor of ten times

the yield strength, the data from References 5.1 and 5.5 are presented in graphical form and were

not subjected to further analysis. However, in the

tests reported in References 5.2 and 5.10, the

applied stress ranged from about half to twice the

yield strength of the material. Therefore, these

data were analyzed further. Details of this analysis are also available in Reference 5.2. For each

level of applied stress, the strain data were fitted to an equation of the form

«true = e„ + ajn? + a^t (5-1)

where t is elapsed time in min. The coefficients

and are a function of the test temperature

and the applied stress, cTq. Linear regression

analysis was used with the data from Reference

5.2 to obtain a predictive equation for the dependence of and upon a^.

Creep Strain vs. Time (77 K)

RESULTS

The coefficients and 83 that resulted from

fitting the data from References 5.2 to Equation

(5-1 ) are given in Table 5.2 along with the test duration and the applied stress. The results of the regression analysis were not satisfactory for the coefficient 83 of Equation (5-1). It is thought

that this was due to small long-term fluctuations

in the total strain due to extraneous factors, such

as vibration and temperature variation (Reference

5.2), that were reflected in the coefficient 83. The

equation obtained for the coefficient a., is

(10-^) = 0.62 + 0.087 (5-3)

(S.D. = 0.83 X 10"^),

where is in MPa. Figure 5.8 indicates the fit of the data to this equation, which applies to copper

with Cu + Ag = 99.99 wt%, annealed at 923 K for

1 h, with a yield strength of about 25 MPa. However, as shown in the figure, the a^ coefficients

calculated from the data from Reference 5.10,

also on annealed copper, are in reasonable

agreement. Further limitations on the use of this equation to predict creep strain are discussed

below.

DISCUSSION

Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are shown in Figure 5.9. Within the experimental

uncertainty, the creep strain is approximately

logarithmic. From Figure 5.10, which shows the

same data plotted on a linear scale, it can be

seen that the creep rate, 1, decreases as the

elapsed time increases. Since the test temperature is far below 0.2 7^, where T^ is the melting

point of copper, steady-state creep {l = a constant) should not be expected (Reference 5.7). Figure 5.1 1, in which I is plotted versus for data from both References 5.2 and 5.10, also

shows the decrease in I with time.

5-8
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (77 K)

Table 5.2. Dependence of the Coefficients and ag from Equation (5-3) on Applied Stress (77 K).

Applied Stress, MPa

Applied Stress

Yield Stress

Initial Strain, 10'^a^, 10"^ a2. 10"^ Duration of

Test, min

24.3 0.90 -0.037 2.323 0.642 12 591

26.1 0.97 1.659 3.233 -0.564 12 591

29.7 1.10 2.609 2.506 0.729 96 600

33.2 1.23 2.230 3.934 0.852 96 600

35.2 1.31 1.168 3.763 -1.263 12 591

35.4 1.31 2.731 3,876 1.163 96 600

37.1 1.37 4.889 4.684 -0.073 58 894

41.3 1.53 4.815 3.865 -0.216 36 345

45.0 1.67 5.256 4.588 -0.312 43 455

49.5 1.83 7.499 4.642 -0.621 12 820

5-9
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Creep Strain vs. Time (77 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

8000

10'

T

REF. 1, REF. 1, REF. 1, REF. 1, REF. 1, REF. 1, REF. 1,372 MPa

333 MPa

294 MPa

255 MPa

216 MPa

137 MPa

98 MPa

REF. 5*. 340 MPa

• REF. 10, 110.4 MPa

10^

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.6. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied

stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 77 K were References 5.1, 5.5, and

5.10. Data (Reference 5.5) indicated with an asterisl< in the legend were from material cold-worked

60%. Product forms were wire, plate, and bar.

5-10
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (77 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

600

500 -

400

<

I-

(/) QUJ

UJ

o

300

200

100

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.7. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied

stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 77 K were References 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, and 5.10. Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous

factors; these data are not shown here. Data indicated with an asterisk in the legend were from

material that was cold-worked. Material from the data asterisked from Reference 5.2 was coldrolled 20.7%, and from Reference 5.5 was cold-worked 60%. Product forms were wire, bar, and

plate.

5-11
C10100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

Creep Strain vs. Time (77 K)

6

4

2

o / A

—A

o

< o

O REF

A REF

. 2

. 10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

APPLIED STRESS. a„ MPa

Figure 5.8. The fit of the 77-K data (References 5.2 and 5.10) to Equation (5-4) shows the dependence

of the coefficient upon the applied stress.

5-12
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (77 K)

10-3

ELAPSED TIME, d

10"* 10"' 10® 10'

600

500

I 400

o

<

ccH

(/) Q.

UJ

UJ

GC

O

300

200

100

45.0

41.3

35.4 A 29.7

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

/ _ T/

^7

^

^ /jr

/

//

A

A

'

10'

A

10' 10* 10' 10* 10'

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.9. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at 77 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logaritlimic time scale. Some of the

data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown here.

5-13
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed; Creep Strain vs. Cold-worked Time (77 K)

ELAPSED TIME, d

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

500

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.10. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at 77 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale. Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown

here.

5-14
C10100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

Creep Strain vs. Time (77 K)

TIME INTERVAL

REF. 2. 3.6 X 10' < t < 7.2 x 10* s • REF. 2. 9 X 10' < t < 18 X 10* $

STRESS (Oa), MPa

Figure 5.1 1 . The dependence of the creep rate on the applied stress for data obtained at 77 K from

References 5.2 and 5.10.

5-15
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Most creep tests are done at temperatures

above 295 K, so cryogenic data are not plentiful.

The amount of creep is larger and easier to measure at high temperatures; the long-term stability

required for strain measurements at lower temperatures makes experiments difficult. References

5.2 and 5.10 provide data at 4 K obtained over

total test durations of 1 7 to 355 h. The applied

stresses ranged from the yield strength of the

material to about three times the yield strength.

Product was In bar form. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 5.4 at the end of the creep properties section. Figure 5.12 presents all the data from Refer- ence 5.10 and selected data from Reference 5.2. Creep strain from Reference 5.2 was obtained by

subtracting the initial strain, e^, from the raw

strain data. Creep strain data were reported in Reference 5.10. Regression analysis of this data was carried out as follows. For each level of applied stress, the strain data were fitted to an equation of the

form

where f is elapsed time in min. The coefficients

and are a function of the test temperature

and the applied stress, a^. Linear regression

analysis was also used with the data from Refer- ence 5.2 to obtain a predictive equation for the

dependence of and upon a^. Further infor- mation on the analysis is available in Reference

5.2.

RESULTS

The coefficients a-^ and aj that resulted from

fitting the data from Reference 5.2 to Equation (5-

1) are given in Table 5.3 along with information on test duration and the applied stress. The re- sults of the regression analysis were not satisfac- tory for the coefficient aj of Equation (5-1). It is thought that this was due to small long-term fluc- tuations in the total strain due to extraneous factors, such as vibration and temperature variation

(Reference 5.2), that were reflected in the coefficient aj. The equation obtained for the coeffi- cient a^ is

a^{^0-^) = -1.65 + 0.0539ag (5-4)

(S.D. = 0.65 X 10"^),

where ag is in MPa. Figure 5.13 indicates the fit of the data to this equation, which applies to copper with Cu + Ag = 99.99 wt%, annealed at 923 K for 1 h, with a yield strength of about 30

MPa at 4 K. However, as shown in the figure, the

data from Reference 5.10, also on annealed copper, are in reasonable agreement. Further limita- tions on the use of this equation to predict creep

strain are discussed below. Compared with Fig- ures 5.3 and 5.8, which show a^ as a function of

at 295 and 77 K, a^ at 4 K is much lower.

DISCUSSION

Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are shown in Figure 5.14 (logarithmic time scale) and

Figure 5.15 (linear time scale). The apparent

scatter in the data at 4 K, compared with that shown in Figures 5.3 and 5.4 (295 K) and 5.9 and

5.10 (77 K), reflects the expanded strain scale

used to depict the relatively small amount of creep at 4 K. Since the test temperature is far below 0.2 7^, where T^ is the melting point of copper, steady-state creep (I = a constant)

should not be expected (Reference 5.7).

Table 5.3. Dependence of the Coefficients a^ and aj from Equation (5-4) on Applied Stress (4 K).

Applied Stress, MPa

Applied Stress

Yield Stress

Initial Strain, 10-^ a^ 10'^ aj, 10^ Duration of

Test, min

30.0 1.00 2.199 0.005 1.119 1027

30.6 1.00 0.838 0.361 0.196 21 339

32.0 1.08 3.521 0.139 2.003 1027

34.4 1.13 2.563 0.663 .0.447 21 339

5-16
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

Table 5.3, continued

Applied Stress, Applied Stress Initial Strain, A i rt"5 a.|, 10 ^ ^ rt"9 aj, 10 Duration of MPa Yield Stress 10-3 Test, min

35.6 1.19 3.817 0.101 1.099 1488

37.6 1.23 2.178 0.423 0.593 21 339

41.5 1.38 5.743 0.787 2.951 18 540

43.8 1.46 4.933 0.160 -0.080 3612

44.0 1.46 5.834 0.170 -2.767 1027

47.2 1.57 3.926 0.144 1.418 1405

48.9 1.63 8.225 1.166 -2.375 6935

60.0 2.00 17.56 2.285 -9.008 6935

5-17
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

Figure 5.12. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied

stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 4 K were References 5.2 and 5.10. Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these

data are not shown here. Product form was bar.

5-18
C10100: Annealed

5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

4

I

2

0

O 1 A 1

^EF. 2

^EF. 10

__ —

(

A

>

o

A.

O

O

o o

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

APPLIED STRESS, a„ MPa

Figure 5.13. The fit of the 4-K data (References 5.2 and 5.10) to Equation (5-5) shows the

dependence of the coefficient upon the applied stress.

5-19
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

Figure 5.14. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at 4 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logarithmic time scale. Some of the

data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown here.

5-20
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100: Annealed Creep Strain vs. Time (4 K)

0 • '

' ' L— 1 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

ELAPSED TIME, min

Figure 5.15. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,

obtained at 4 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale. Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown

here.

5-21
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed; Creep Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 5.4. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3

Specification C10100 C10400 CI 0200

Ck)mposition (wt%) uu 99.99 Ag

Cu + Ag — — —

O2

Bi — —

P

Pb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

— —

Material Condition Annealod Annealed, 923 K, 1 h Cold-rolled, 20.7% Cold-worked, 8%

Grain Size 36 /tm 77

Hardness Rb22 Rp 80

Product Form Wire Bar, 2.0-cm-dia.Plate, 3.2-cm-thick

Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

Time Range 0.0006-1.1 h 17-1610 h 19-24 h 10000 h

Appl. Stress Range 59-372 MPa (a) 20-60 Mf^a 281, 241 fvlPa 38.6-145 MPa

Test Temperature 77, 295 K 4, 76, 295 K 76, 295 K 295 K

(a) 77-K data reported with applied stresses of 59-372 MPa; 295-K data with applied stresses of 59-177 MPa.

5-22
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C11000: Annealed; Creep Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 5.4, continued

4 5 10 11

C11000 C10100 C10100 C10100

—

——

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

——

—

—

Annealed Cold-worked, 60% Annealed Annealed — — — — — — —

Wire; Plate Bar —

silver-plated

250-23000 h 5h 30-200 h 1100 h

34-103 MPa 340, 284 MPa (a) 21-110 MPa 35 MPa

295 K 77, 295 K 4, 77 K 77 K

(a) Applied stress of the 77-K data is 340 MPa, whereas, at 295 K the data reported is for an applied stress of 284 MPa.

5-23
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200, C 11000: Annealed; Creep Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Wyatt, O. H., 'Transient Creep in Pure Metals," Proceedings of the Physical Society B66, 459-480

(1953).

2. Reed. R. P., Sinnon, N. J., and Walsh, R. P., "Creep of Copper: 4 to 295 K," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 36B, Eds., R. P. Reed and F. R. Fickett, Plenum Press, New

York, NY, 1175-1183 (1990).

Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, private

communication (1989).

3. Davis, E. A., "Creep and Relaxation of Oxygen-free Copper," Journal of Applied Mechanics 10,

A-101-A-105 (1943).

4. Gohn, G. A., and Fox, A., "New Methods for Determining Stress-Relaxation," Materials Research and

Standards!, 957-967 (1961).

5. Becker, H., Montgomery, D. B., and Reed, R. P., "Wanted: Cryogenic Mechanical Property Data on Copper Alloys," Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA,

private communication (1985).

6. Bhattacharya, S., Congreve, W. K. A., and Thompson, F. C, 'The Creep/Time Relationship under

Constant Tensile Stress," Journal of the Institute of Metals 81= 83-92 (1952).

7. Evans, R. W., and Wilshire, B.. Creep of Metals and Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, England

(1985).

8. OFHC Brand Copper: A Survey of Properties and Applications. AMAX, Inc., New York, NY (1974).

9. Schwope, A. D., Smith, K. F., and Jackson, L. R., 'The Comparative Creep Properties of Several

Types of Commercial Coppers," Journal of Metals 1, 409-416 (1949).

10. Yen, C, Caulfield, T., Tien, J. K., Roth, L. D., and Wells, J. M., "Cryogenic Creep of Copper," Paper

8305-030, Metals/Materials Technology Series, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH

(1983).

Yen, C. T., Long-term Creep of Copper ar Cryogenic Temperatures. Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia

University, New York, NY (1983).

Yen, C, Caulfield, T., Roth, L. D., Wells, J. M., and Tien, J. K., "Creep of Copper at Cryogenic

Temperatures," Cryogenics 24, 371-377 (1984).

11. McDonald, L. C, and Hartwig, K. T., "1100 Hour Creep Test Results for OFHC Copper: Validation

of Previously Published Results," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering- Materials, Vol. 38, Eds., R.

P. Reed and F. R. Fickett, Plenum Press, New York, NY, in press.

5-24
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methcxls were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of measurement techniques.)

These methods determine the adiabatic rather

than the isothermal modulus, but this difference

of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors usually associated with the static methods of measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elastic constant measurements at cryogenic temperatures were compiled and averaged in Reference

6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from

these data using an averaging technique described in Reference 6.1. These data were given a weight of six (corresponding to six extensive

sets of cryogenic data), and combined with other

polycrystalline measurements (References 6.2-

6.8) In a polynomial regression analysis of Young's modulus (E) upon temperature, T.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data is given by the equation:

E (GPa) = 137 - 1.27 X 10"^ 7^ (6-1)

(S.D. = 2.5 GPa),

where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations

of the two coefficients are 0.3 and 0.07 x 10"^. These standard deviations do not reflect the actual variance of elastic constant measurements,

since average values derived from a compilation

of single-crystal measurements (Reference 6.1) were used in the analysis.

Table 6.1 presents the measured values of

E, the values calculated from the regression equation, the temperature, and the reference number.

The measured values cited under Reference 6.1 were taken from the published curve that gives

the average of single-crystal data from several sources. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4 300 K)

Figure 6.1 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (6-1). Figure 6.2 presents these data in summary form. The scatter bands represent two

standard deviations about the curve in each fig- ure. The variance of the data about each curve was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, T.

DISCUSSION

References 6.6 and 6.9 discuss different methods of averaging single-crystal elastic constants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants. For engineering design purposes, the VolgtReuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is adequate. Reference 6.9 also provides a critical evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline

elastic constants. The value found for E is about

3% higher than the value given in Equation (6-1). This difference is less than twice the standard

deviation of 2.5 GPa.

More elaborate mathematical expressions

have been developed to represent the dependence of the elastic constants upon T (Reference

6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig- nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the

data is very small: for example, if data from one

individual set of measurements are to be fitted. The simpler polynomial used here is adequate for expressing the average results of a number of measurements and meets the thermodynamic

requirement that the slope be 0 at T = 0 K. Figure 6.1 and Table 6.1 show that E measurements for CI 0400 copper (data from Refer- ence 6.8) at 4 and 295 K are in agreement with

measurements on C10100 and C10200 coppers.

Reference 6.1 1 presents static data on E at 295 K

for C10500 copper that is in close correspondence with data obtained for C10100 copper.

Reference 6.12 discusses the increase in E

of C11000 copper as the annealing temperature

or grain size increases, on the basis of static measurements.

6-1
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 6.1. Young's Modulus Dependence on Temperature (4-300 K).

Voim/^'e Touny kVlnr^B ill le s moauius,

Msasursd,

GPa

Young's Modulus,

Predicted,

GPa

Test Temperature, K

No.

138 137 4 1 138 137 4 8 139 137 5 6 139 137 20 6 143 137 j 23 5 137 137 25 1 138 136 40 6 137 136 50 1 138 136 60 6 136 136 73 2 136 136 75 1 132 136 77 7 137 136 80 6 134 136 93 2 133 135 99 4 136 135 100 1 137 135 100 6 136 135 103 3 132 135 110 4 133 135 111 2 132 135 115 4 136 135 120 6 132 135 123 4 135 135 125 1 131 135 127 4 135 134 140 6 131 134 144 4 132 134 149 2 134 134 150 1 131 134 154 4

131 133 158 2 134 133 160 6 131 133 166 2 130 133 166 4 133 133 175 1 130 133 175 4 133 133 180 6 129 132 182 4 128 132 190 4 130 132 191 2 132 132 200 1 132 132 200 6 126 132 201 4 129 131 211 2 128 131 211 4 127 130 220 4 131 130 220 6 133 130 222 3 131 130 225 1 127 130 229 4 128 130 234 2

6-2
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 6.1, continued

Young's Modulus,

Measured,

GPa

Young's Modulus,

Predicted,

GPa

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

126 130 236 4 131 129 240 6 125 129 245 4

130 129 250 1 127 128 254 2 125 128 255 4 130 128 260 6 125 128 265 4 127 127 273 2 124 127 273 4 128 127 275 1 129 127 280 6 124 127 281 4 123 126 292 4 126 126 293 2 130 126 293 3 126 126 295 7 131 126 295 5 128 126 295 6 123 126 295 8 127 125 300 1

6-3
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

160

110

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 6.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of Young's modulus upon

temperature [Equation (6-1)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.1. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based upon six extensive sets

of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted in the analysis that determined the curve shown in this figure.

6-4
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

160

O

Q.

o

a

O

to

b

o

150

140

130

120

110

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 6.2. Dependence of Young's modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure- ments on polycrystailine copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is

E (GPa) = 137- 1.27 X 10"* T^ where 4 K < T < 300 K.

6r5
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Cold-worked Change in Young's Modulus

at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements based upon dynamic methods were compiled for copper that was coldworked at room temperature. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of the accuracy of static and

dynamic measurement techniques.) Reference

6.13 presents room-temperature data on the de- crease in Young's modulus (AE/E); Reference 6.8

presents data at room temperature and 4 K. In contrast to the case where both cold work, CW,

and measurements are carried out at 77 K, rela- tively few data are available. The measurements

are summarized in Table 6.2 below.

DISCUSSION

The results of Reference 6.13 at 295 K indi- cate a greater effect of CW upon Young's modulus, E, than the data presented in Reference 6.8. The larger effect probably results from the short

time period that elapsed before the measure- ments of Reference 6.13 were made, which did not allow much recovery from cold-working.

Results at 295 K of Reference 6.12 are also

in apparent disagreement with those of Reference

6.8. An initial decrease was observed in E with

small amounts of CW, less than 10% strain in tension. However, as strain was increased to higher levels, an increase in E was observed, with

the sign of the effect becoming positive at strains around 20 to 30%, comparable to the amount of CIV reported in Reference 6.8. This change in direction of the effect was also reported in Refer- ences 6.14 and 6.15 for CW at 77 K (see Figure

6.5), but the extent of CW was not as large as

that reported in References 6.8 and 6.12. Differ- ent types of CW may change the microstructure

of the material in different ways. Also, the measurements of Reference 6.12 were made by static, rather than by dynamic methods, and the material was C1 1000 copper, with 0.037 wt% O2. Reference 6.8 gives a brief discussion and

presents additional references on the theoretical

explanations of the decrease in modulus with CW.

References 6.16 and 6.17 present data at 295 K on the variation in E with orientation after 95 and 75% reduction by cold-rolling.

Table 6.2. Change in Young's Modulus with 295-K Cold Work.

-AE/E,

%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KCopper Number Reference

9.9 1 295 CI 01 00 or CI 0200 13

3.9* 21** 295 C10400 8

3.9* 21** 4 CI 0400 8

6.2* 37** 295 CI 0400 8

5.8* 37** 4 CI 0400 8

Average of measurements made in the rolling direction and the two orthogonal directions. The change in Young's modulus

is obtained by comparison of these results with measurements on annealed C10400 copper.

Total amount of cold work not available; % cold work estimated from hardness measurements and standard tables of temper designation.

6-6
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Cold-worked Change in Young's Modulus

at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements based upon dynamic methcxls were compiled. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of the accuracy of static and dynamic measurement techniques.) Data were obtained

from References 6.14 and 6.15 on the percent de- crease in Young's modulus (AE/f) measured at about 77 K without warmup after cold work had

been done at or near 77 K. All specimens were

polycrystalline. Regression analysis was carried out to determine the dependence of AE/E upon

cold work, CW.

RESULTS

Although AE/E = 0 for CIV = 0, the magnitude of AE/E increases very rapidly with very

small amounts of CW. To allow the use of simple

polynomial expressions, a constant term was

included in the analysis, and the range of the

equation restricted as indicated below. A third- order equation gave the best fit to the data, but

introduced a non-physical inflection point at about 15% CW. Consequently, AE/E was set equal to a constant between 15 and 17% CW in the following expression.

AE/E (%) = - 8.60 - 1.94 CIV + 2.63 x ^0-\CW)^

- 8.56 X 10-^ {CW)^

0.3% <CW < 15%

= - 7.40 15% <CW < 17%

(6-2)

The standard deviation of the fit is 1.01%; the

standard deviations of the four coefficients are

0.64, 0.39, 0.59 x 10"\ and 2.40 x 10'^

Table 6.3 presents the measured values of AE/E ratio, the values calculated from the regres- sion equation, the temperature, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given Table 6.10 at the

end of the elastic properties section. Figure 6.3 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (6-2). The

scatter bands represent two standard deviations

about the curve in this figure. The variance of the

data about the curve was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range

of the independent variable, CW.

DISCUSSION

Studies of recovery of Z^/E at higher temperatures after CIV at 77 K indicated that very

little recovery takes place until the temperature is raised to 120-140 K (References 6.14 and 6.15).

However, Reference 6.18 reports observable re- covery of Young's modulus starting at about

100 K after CIV at 4 K. Theoretical explanations for the large de- crease in modulus for relatively small amounts of CW are presented in References 6.14, 6.15, and

6.18-6.21.

The measurements reported above were

carried out on copper of 99.999% purity. Refer- ence 6.15 also presents data on dilute Cu-Au

alloys of 99.97% purity that show approximately a 30% decrease in the effect of a given amount of CW on the modulus.

Table 6.3. Change in Young's Modulus with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).

-AE/E,

Measured,

%

-AE/E,

Predicted,

%

Co\6 Work. %

Reference

No.

7.7 9.2 0.3 15

7.9 9.5 0.5 14

10.4 10.3 1.0 14

12.9 10.4 1.1 15

10.8 11.1 1.6 14

13.1 11.4 1.9 15

11.4 11.6 2.1 14

6-7
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Cold-worked Change in Young's Modulus

at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)

Table 6.3, continued

-AE/E,

Measured,

%

-AE/E,

Predicted,

%

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

13.0 11.9 2.5 15

11.8 12.2 2.8 14

12.8 12.3 3.1 15

12.3 12.7 4.0 14

12.3 12.8 4.4 15

12.5 12.8 5.0 14

11.9 12.7 5.8 15

12.5 12.6 6.2 14

11.2 12.2 7.1 15

12.5 11.9 7.6 14

12.3 11.3 8.5 14

10.5 11.3 8.6 15

9.7 10.1 10.2 15

9.1 9.0 11.7 15

8.8 8.0 13.4 15

7.7 7.4 15.0 15

6.9 7.4 16.6 15

6-8
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Cold-worked Change in Young's Modulus

at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)

20

Figure 6.3. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the percent decrease in Young's

modulus with cold work at 77 K [Equation (6-2)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted

from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.3.
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100: Cold-worked

at4K

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of the accuracy of static and

dynamic measurement techniques.) One measurement of the change in Young's modulus

(AE/f) after cold work at 4 K was located, and is given in Table 6.4 below. This result was calculated from the resonant frequencies presented in Reference 6.18 assuming no dimensional

Change in Young's Modulus

vs. Cold Work (4 K)

changes took place upon deformation. Since the

authors state that the specimen geometry was

not constant, the result should be considered as an approximation.

DISCUSSION

Reference 6.18 also presents measurements

of ^E/E after recovery at temperatures of 100 K

and higher. A small increase of the modulus

(< 2%) occurred after a 16-h anneal at 100 K.

Table 6.4. Change in Young's Modulus with 4-K Cold Work.

-AE/E,

%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, K

Copper Number Reference

No.

13% 3% 4 C10100 18

6-10
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of measurement techniques.)

These methods determine the adiabatic rather

than the isothermal modulus, but this difference

of a few percent at most Is smaller than the errors usually associated with the static methods of measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elastic constant measurements at cryogenic temperatures were compiled and averaged In Reference

6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from

these data using an averaging technique described in Reference 6.1. These data were given a weight of six (corresponding to six extensive

sets of cryogenic data), and combined with

other polycrystalline measurements (References

6.6, 6.7, and 6.8) In a polynomial regression analysis of the shear modulus (G) upon temperature,

T.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data Is given by the equation: G (GPa) = 51.2 - 4.63 x 10"^ T^ (6-3)

(S.D. = 0.5 GPa),

where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations

of the two coefficients are 0.1 and 0.18 x 10'^. These standard deviations do not reflect the actual variance of elastic constant measurements,

since average values derived from a compilation

of single-crystal measurements (Reference 6.1) were used in the analysis.

Table 6.5 presents the measured values of G, the values calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, and the reference

number. The measured values cited under Refer- ence 6.1 were tal<en from the published curve

that gives the average of single-crystal data from

several sources. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Figure 6.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(6-3). Figure 6.5 presents these data in summary

form. The scatter bands represent two standard

deviations about the curve in each figure. The

variance of the data about each curve was as- sumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the Independent variable,

T.

DISCUSSION

References 6.6 and 6.9 discuss different methods of averaging single-crystal elastic constants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants. For engineering design purposes, the VoigtReuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is adequate. Reference 6.8 also provides a critical evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline

elastic constants. These results agree with Equation (6-3) within the uncertainty represented by

the standard deviation.

More elaborate mathematical expressions

have been developed to represent the dependence of the elastic constants upon 7" (Reference

6.10). However, the differences in the fit are significant only if the coefficient of variation of the

data is very small: for example, if data from one

individual set of measurements are to be fitted. The simpler polynomial used here Is adequate for expressing the average results of a number of measurements and meets the thermodynamic

requirement that the slope be 0 at 7 = 0 K.

Table 6.5. Shear Modulus Dependence on Temperature (4-300 K).

Shear Modulus, Shear Modulus, Test Reference Measured, Predicted, Temperature, No. GPa GPa K

51.5 51.2 4 1

52.5 51.2 4 8 51.7 51.2 5 6

6-11
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100~C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 6.5, continued

Shear Modulus,

Measured,

GPa

Shear Modulus,

Predicted,

GPa

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

51.7 51.2 20 6

51.4 51.2 25 1 51.6 51.2 40 6 51.3 51.1 50 1 51.4 51.1 60 6

51.1 51.0 75 1 50.0 51.0 77 7

51.2 50.9 80 6 50.4 50.8 100 1 50.9 50.8 100 6 50.5 50.6 120 6

50.2 50.5 125 1 50.2 50.3 140 6

50.1 50.2 150 1 49.9 50.1 160 6

49.6 49.8 175 1 49.5 49.7 180 6

49.1 49.4 200 1 49.2 49.4 200 6 48.9 49.0 220 6

48.7 48.9 225 1 48.5 48.6 1 240 6

48.2 48.3 250 1 48.2 48.1 260 6

47.6 47.7 275 1 47.9 47.6 280 6 47.6 47.2 295 6 48.3 47.2 295 8 47.2 47.1 298 7 47.3 47.1 300 1

6-12
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

54

44 I \ 1 \ \ \ 1 0 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 6.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the shear modulus upon

temperature [Equation (6-3)]. All data are presented in Table 6.5. Reference 6.1 refers to an

average based upon six extensive sets of single-crystal measurements; these data were corre- spondingly weighted in the analysis that determined the cun/e shown in this figure.

6-13
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

54r

Figure 6.5. Dependence of the shear modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure- ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of

single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is G (GPa) = 51 .2 - 4.63 x 10^ f where 4 K < 7 < 300 K.

6-14
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10400: Cold-worked Change in Shear Modulus

at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of the accuracy of static and

dynamic measurement techniques.) Reference

6.8 presents data on the change of shear modulus (aG/G) on C10400 copper that had been

cold-worked at 295 K and allowed to recover for some months before measurements were made

of the shear modulus. The change in shear modulus is obtained by comparison of these results with measurements on annealed C10400 copper.

These results are summarized in Table 6.6 below.

DISCUSSION

Reference 6.8 gives a brief discussion and

presents additional references on the theoretical

explanations of the decrease in modulus.

Table 6.6. Change in Shear Modulus with 295-K Cold Work.

-AG/G,

%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, K

Copper Number Reference

No.

1.3* 21** 295 CI 0400 8

1.4* 21*. 4 CI 0400 8

2.9* 37** 295 CI 0400 8

3.1* 37** 4 CI 0400 8

Average of measurements made in the rolling direction and the two orthogonal directions. Total amount of cold work not available; % cold work estimated from hardness measurements and standard tables of temper designation.

6-15
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Cold-worked

at 77 K

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements based upon dynamic methcxJs were compiled. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of the accuracy of static and dynamic measurement accuracy.) Data were obtained

from References 6.15, and 6.19-6.21 on the per- cent decrease in the shear modulus (AG/G) measured at about 77 K without warmup after cold

work, CW, had been done at or near 77 K. All specimens were polycrystalline. Regression analysis was carried out to determine the dependence

of AG/G upon CW.

RESULTS

Although AG/G = 0 for CW = 0, the magnitude of AG/G increases very rapidly with very

small amounts of CW. To permit the use of simple polynomial expressions, a constant term was

included in the analysis, and the range of the

equation restricted as indicated below. A third- order equation gave the best fit to the data, but

introduced a non-physical inflection point at about 15% CW. Consequently, AG/G was set equal to a constant value between 15 and 17%

CW in the following equation:

A G/G(%) = - 16.3 - 2.65 CW

+ 3.00 X 10-^(CVV)2 - 9.42 X 10-^(CW)3

0.03% <CW < 15%

= - 20.2 15% <CW < 17%

(6-4)

The standard deviation of the fit is 1.3%; the stan- dard deviations of the four coefficients are 0.5,

0.3. 0.54 X 10 \ and 2.23 x 10"l

Change in Shear Modulus

vs. Cold Work (77 K)

Table 6.7 presents the measured values of aG/G, the values calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section. Figure

6.6 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (6-4). The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about the cun/e in this figure. The variance

of the data about the curve was assumed to be

normally distributed and constant throughout the

range of the independent variable, CW.

DISCUSSION

Studies of recovery of AG/G at higher temperatures after CW at 77 K indicated that very

little recovery takes place until the temperature is raised to 120-140 K (References 6.15 and 6.19).

Theoretical explanations of the large de- crease in modulus for relatively small amounts of CIV are given in References 6.8, 6.13-6.15, and

6.18-6.21.

The measurements reported in References

6.15, 6.20, and 6.21 were carried out on copper

of 99.999% purity. However, Reference 6.19

gives data on copper of lesser purity (99.9%) that indicates a comparable effect of CW on the shear

modulus. References 6.15 and 6.21 indicate

some decrease in the magnitude of the effect if small additions (-0.03 at% of Au) are made to the

high-purity copper.

Table 6.7. Change in the Shear Modulus with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).

-AG/G,

Measured,

%

-AG/G,

Predicted,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

12.8 16.4 0.03 19

17.7 16.6 0.10 19

17.9 16.9 0.25 19

14.2 17.3 0.40 15

17.7 17.4 0.45 19

1 20.5 17.7 0.57 j 20

6-16
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Change in Shear Modulus

vs. Cold Work (77 K)

Table 6.7, continued

-AG/G,

Measured,

%

-AG/G,

Predicted,

%

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

18.0 18.0 0.70 15

17.9 18.1 0.72 19

18.2 18.3 0.81 20

17.3 18.7 1.00 21 20.5 18.9 1.10 15

18.1 18.9 1.10 19

21.0 19.6 1.50 15

21.7 20.5 2.00 15

20.3 20.5 2.00 21 22.5 21.3 2.60 15

22.9 22.1 3.30 15

23.4 22.7 4.00 15

22.1 22.7 4.00 21 23.2 23.1 4.70 15

23.2 23.4 5.60 15

22.7 23.4 6.00 21

23.1 23.4 6.05 15

22.8 23.4 6.90 15

22.5 23.2 7.75 15

22.4 23.1 8.00 21

22.1 22.7 8.90 15

22.1 22.2 10.00 21 21.4 21.7 10.90 15

21.9 21.1 12.00 21

21.1 20.9 12.40 15

21.6 20.4 14.00 21 20.4 20.2 15.00 15

21.4 20.2 16.00 21 19.4 20.2 17.20 15

C10100-C10400: Cold-worked

at 77 K

6-17
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Cold-worked

at 77 K

Change in Shear Modulus

vs. Cold Work (77 K)

Figure 6.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the percent decrease in shear

modulus with cold work at 77 K [Equation (6-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted

from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.7.

6-18
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs. Temperature (4 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methcxJs were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of measurement techniques.)

These methods determine the adiabatic rather

than the isothermal modulus, but this difference

of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors usually associated with the static methods of measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elastic constant measurements at cryogenic temperatures were compiled and averaged in Reference

6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from

these data using an averaging technique described in Reference 6.1. These data were given a weight of six (corresponding to six extensive

sets of cryogenic data), and combined with other

polycrystalline measurements (References 6.6 and

6.7) in a polynomial regression analysis of the

bulk modulus (S) upon temperature, T.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data is given by the equation: 8 (GPa) = 142 - 5.70 x 10"^ T^ (6-5)

(S.D. = 2 GPa),

where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations

of the two coefficients are 0.4 and 0.96 x 10"^. These standard deviations do not reflect the actual variance of elastic constant measurements,

since average values derived from a compilation

of single-crystal measurements (Reference 6.1) were uses in the analysis.

Table 6.8 presents the measured values of S, the values calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, and the reference

number. The measured values cited under Refer- ence 6.1 were taken from the published curve

that gives the average of single-crystal data from

several sources. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Figure 6.7 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(6-5). Figure 6.8 presents these data in summary

form. The scatter bands represent two standard

deviations about the curve in each figure. The

variance of the data about each cun/e was as- sumed to be normally distributed and constant

throughout the range of the independent variable,

T.

DISCUSSION

References 6.6 and 6.8 discuss different methods of averaging single-crystal elastic constants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants. For engineering design purposes, the VoigtReuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is adequate. Reference 6.9 also provides a critical evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline

elastic constants. These results agree with Equation (6-5) within the uncertainty represented by

the standard deviation.

More elaborate mathematical expressions

have been developed to represent the dependence of the elastic constants upon 7 (Reference

6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig- nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the

data is very small: for example, if data from one

individual set of measurements are to be fitted. The simpler polynomial used here is adequate for expressing the average results of a number of measurements and meets the thermodynamic

requirement that the slope be 0 at 7 = 0 K.

Table 6.8. Bulk Modulus Dependence on Temperature (4-300 K).

Bulk Modulus,

Measured,

GPa

Bulk Modulus,

Predicted,

GPa

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

1.42 1.42 4 1 1.44 1.42 5 6

1.44 1.42 20 6

1.42 1.42 25 1

6-19
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 6.8, continued

Bulk Modulus Bulk Modulus, Test Reference Measured, Predicted, Temperature, No. GPa GPa K

1.44 1.42 40 6

1.42 1.42 50 1 1.44 1.42 60 6

1.41 1.42 75 1 1.32 1.42 77 7

1.44 1.42 80 6

1.41 1.42 100 1 1.44 1.42 100 6

1.43 1.41 120 6

1.41 1.41 125 1 1.43 1.41 140 6

1.40 1.41 150 1 1.43 1.41 160 6

1.40 1.40 175 1

1.42 1.40 180 6

1.39 1.40 200 1

1.42 1.40 200 6

1.41 1.39 220 6

1.39 1.39 225 1

1.41 1.39 240 6

1.38 1.39 250 1

1.41 1.38 260 6

1.38 1.36 275 1

1.40 1.38 280 6

1.40 1.37 295 6

1.32 1.37 298 7 1.37 1.37 300 1

6-20
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs. Temperature (4 300 K)

160

150

O

CL

o

a

O

CO

; 140

130

120

110

o O ° 0 , o

0 0 o O o (

1 1 o—o-

• R

O R

R

EF. 1 EF. 6 EF. 7

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 6.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the buli< modulus upon

temperature [Equation (6-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.8. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based upon six extensive sets

of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted in the analysis that determined the curve shown in this figure.

6-21
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

160

Figure 6.8. Dependence of the bulk modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure- ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of

single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is B (GPa) = 142 - 5.63 x 10"^ f where 4 K < 7 < 300 K.

6-22
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements based upon dynamic

methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 for a comparison of measurement techniques.)

These methods determine the adiabatic rather

than the Isothermal modulus, but this difference

of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors usually associated with the static methods of measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elastic constant measurements at cryogenic temperatures were compiled and averaged in Reference

6.1. The polycrystalline Poisson's ratios were derived from these data using an averaging technique described in Reference 6.1. These data were given a weight of six (corresponding to six extensive sets of cryogenic data), and combined

with other polycrystalline measurements (Refer- ences 6.6, 6.7, and 6.8) in a polynomial regres- sion analysis of Poisson's ratio (u) upon temperature, T.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data is given by the equation:

»/ = 0.339 + 7.03 X 10"° (6-6)

(S.D. = 0.002).

where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations

of the two coefficients are 0.0003 and

0.60 X 10"°. These standard deviations do not

reflect the actual variance of elastic constant

measurements, since average values derived from a compilation of single-crystal measurements

(Reference 6.1) were used in the analysis.

Table 5.9 presents the measured values of

u, the values calculated from the regression

equation, the temperature, and the reference

number. The measured values cited under Refer- ence 6.1 were taken from the published curve

that gives the average of single-crystal data from

several sources. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Figure 6.9 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(6-6). Figure 6.10 presents these data in sum- mary form. The scatter bands represent two

standard deviations about the curve in each fig- ure. The variance of the data about each curve was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, T.

DISCUSSION

References 6.6 and 6.9 discuss different methods of averaging single-crystal elastic constants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants. For engineering design purposes, the VoigtReuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is adequate. Reference 6.8 also provides a critical evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline

elastic constants. These results agree with Equation (6-6) within the uncertainty represented by

the standard deviation.

More elaborate mathematical expressions

have been developed to represent the dependence of the elastic constants upon 7 (Reference

6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig- nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the

data is very small: for example, if data from one

individual set of measurements are to be fitted. The simpler polynomial used here is adequate for expressing the average results of a number of measurements and meets the thermodynamic

requirement that the slope be 0 at T = 0 K.

Table 6.9. Poisson's Ratio Dependence on Temperature (4-300 K).

Poisson's Ratio, MeasuredPoisson's {Ratio, Predicted

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

0.339 0.339 4 1

0.340 0.339 4 8 0.340 0.339 5 6 0.340 0.339 20 6

6-23
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 6.9, continued

"ulsson s naito, 1 esi TAmnAmtiirA Kneieicnc©

No.

0.339 0.339 25 1 0.340 0.340 40 6

0.339 0.340 50 1 0.341 0.340 60 6

0.339 0.340 75 1 0.336 0.340 77 7

0.341 0.340 80 6

0.340 0.340 100 1 0.342 0.340 100 6

0.342 0.340 120 6

0.340 0.340 125 1 0.343 0.341 140 6

0.341 0.341 150 1 0.343 0.341 160 6

0.341 0.342 175 1 0.344 0.342 180 6 0.342 0.342 200 1 0.345 0.342 200 6 0.345 0.343 260 6 0.343 0.343 225 1 0.341 0.343 240 7

0.346 0.343 240 6

0.344 0.344 250 1 0.346 0.344 260 6

0.344 0.345 275 1 0.347 0.345 260 6 0.347 0.346 295 6

0.345 0.346 295 8

0.342 0.346 298 7 0.345 0.346 300 1

6-24
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

0.37

0.36

H- 0.35

Z

o

CO

i2 0.34

Oo.

0.33

0.32

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 6.9. The data shown were used to compute the regression of Poisson's ratio upon temperature

[Equation (6-6)]. All data are presented in Table 6.9. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based

upon six extensive sets of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted

in the analysis that determined the curve shown in this figure.

6-25
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

0.37

0.36

0.32

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 6.10. Dependence of Poisson's ratio upon temperature; 4-300 K. Tlie scatter band represents

two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure- ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of

single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is

u = 0.339 + 7.03 X 10"® where 4 K < 7 < 300 K.

6-26

6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked

Table 6.10. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 2 3 4 5

Specification C10200 C10100 C10200 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.98 — — —

O2

BiP

Pb — — — —

S

Se

Te

Others

——

———

—

——

Material Condition _ Annealed, 1073 K Annealed Annealed, 423 K, 10 h RRR

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness — — — —

Product Form

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Strip 1.2 cm

0.13 cm

10 cm

Cylinder 0.07 cm

14 cm

Rod

1 .26 cm

6.9 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 73-773 K 103-1223 K 99-470 K 4.5, 295 K

6-28
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked

6 7 8 13 14

C10100 C10400 CI 0200 (c) C10100

99.95 99.984 99.999 —

0.002 99.99 — — — 0.0045 —

— — — 0.0004 — — — — 0.001 —

— — — not detected —

not detected — — — Fe: 0.0028 —

Annealed — Annealed, 783 K, Annealed, 773 K, Annealed, 823 K,

1 h (b) 3 h, vacuum (d) 1.5 h, vacuum (g) —

60 (im — 60 iim (e) —

DPHN 45 (a) Rp 53, 80, 88

Rod Plate Sheet (f). Sheet,

0.6-cm-thlck 0.1 -cm-thick

Prismatic Bar Strip 1.3 cm 0.6 cm 1.0 cm

1.3 cm 0.6 cm 0.1 cm

1.9 cm 15 cm 6.5 cm

5-295 K 78-644 K 4, 295 K 292 K 83 K

(a) 1 kg load.

(b) Measurements were also made on the as received cold-rolled plate and on a plate given a further 60% reduction.

(c) Some measurements made on CI 01 00 copper.

(d) Subsequently extended by 1%.

(e) Reported for one specimen only.

(f) Some measurements made on bar stock.

(g) Specimens cold-worked at 83 K in tension for test measurements.

6-29
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked

Table 6.10, continued

Reference No. 15 18 19 20

Specification C10100 C10100 C10200 C1OIQO

Composition (wt%)

Cu qq qqq QQ99.9Q QQ QQQ

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

BiPPb

S

Se

Te

Ottiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

— — — — — — — -— —

Material Condition Annealed, 723 K, 1.5 h, vacuum (a)

Annealed, 973 K, 4 h, vacuum (b)

Annealed, 823 K, 1.5 h, vacuum (c) —

RRR 123

Grain Size

.. —

1000 iim _ ^

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Wire

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Bar

0.15 cm

3.5 cm

Bar

0.1 cm

1 cm

8 cm

Wire

0.15 cm

5.0 cm

Bar

0.15 cm

3.5 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 77 K 83 K 77 K

(a) Specimens cold-w^orked at 77 K in tension or torsion for test measurements.

(b) Subsequent tensile deformation of 3%.

(c) Specimens deformed by torsion at 83 K for test measurements.

6-30
C10100-C10400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Elastic Constants (All)

21

C10100

99.999

Bar

0.15 cm

3.0 cm

3 sets per curve

78 K

6-31
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Ledbetter, H. M., and Naimon, E. R., "Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper,"

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 3, 897-935 (1974).

2. Stokes, H. J., "Apparatus for the Measurement of Young's Modulus, Between -200 and 700 °C

by Transverse Vibration in Vacuum," Journal of Scientific Instruments 37, 117-120 (1960).

3. Koster, W., "Die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Elastizitatsmoduls reiner Metalle," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 39, 1-9 (1948).

4. Biller, E., and Helow, R., "Uber die Temperaturabhangigkeit des komplexen Elastizitatsmoduls von Kupfer," Zeitschrift fur Physik 224, 102-112 (1969).

5. Bordoni, P. G., "Elastic and Anelastic Behavior of Some Metals at Very Low Temperatures,"

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 26, 495-502 (1954).

6. Ledbetter, H. M., "Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline Copper at Low Temperatures, Relationship

to Single-Crystal Elastic Constants," Physica Status Solidi (a) 66, 477-484 (1981).

7. Frederick, J. R., "A Study of the Elastic Properties of Various Solids by Means of Ultrasonic

Pulse Techniques," Thesis, University of Michigan (1947).

8. Ledbetter, H. M., and Kim, S. A., "Low-Temperature Elastic Constants of Deformed

Polycrystalline Copper," in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low

Temperatures~X, Ed. R. P. Reed, NBSIR 87-3067, Fracture and Deformation Division, National

Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, 139-150 (1987).

Ledbetter, H. M., and Kim, S. A., "Low-Temperature Elastic Constants of Deformed

Polycrystalline Copper," Materials Science and Engineering A 101 . 87-92 (1988).

9. Ledbetter, H. M., "Sound Velocities and Elastic-Constant Averaging for Polycrystalline Copper,"

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 13, 1879-1884 (1980).

10. Varshni, Y. P., 'Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants," Physical Review B 2, 3952-3958 (1970).

11. Jackson, L. R., Hall, A. M., and Schwope, A. D., 'The Comparative Properties of Several Types of Commercial Coppers, as Cold Worked and as Recrystallized," Transactions of the American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 179. 1-10 (1947).

12. Soliman, M. R., Youssef, T. H., and Essawi, R. A., "Effect of Annealing and Cold-working on

Young's Modulus of Electrolytic Copper," Indian Journal of Physics 45, 77-82 (1971).

13. Smith, A. D. N., "The Effect of Small Amounts of Cold-Work on Young's Modulus of Copper,"

Philosophical Magazine 44, 453-466 (1953).

6-32
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

14. Lems, W., The Change of Young's Modulus of Copper and Silver after Deformation at Low

Temperature and its Recovery," Physica 28, 445-452 (1962).

Lems, W., "Young's Modulus of some Metals after Deformation at Low Temperature and its Recovery," Physica 30, 445-458 (1964).

15. Brouwer, A. J., and Groenenboom-Eygelaar, C, 'The Elastic Constants of Polycrystailine Cu after Plastic Deformations at 77 "K," Acta Metallurgica^S, 1597-1602 (1967).

16. Alers, G. A., and Liu, Y. C, 'The Nature of Transition Textures in Copper," Transactions of the

Metallurgical Society of American Institute of Mechanical Engineers 239. 210-216 (1967).

17. Bunge, H. J., Ebert, R., and Gunther, F., "On the Angular Variation and Texture Dependence of Young's Modulus in Cold-rolled Copper Sheet," Physica Status Solidi 31, 565-569 (1969).

18. Bruner, L. J., and Mecs, B. M., "Modulus and Damping of Copper after Plastic Deformation at 4.2 °K," Physical Review 129, 1525-1532 (1963).

19. Druyvesteyn, M. J., Schannen, 0. F. Z., and Swaving, E. C. J., "Influence of Cold Work on the

Rigidity of Copper," Physica 25, 1271-1274 (1959).

20. Collet, M. G., 'The Irreversible Amplitude Dependence of Plastically Deformed Polycrystailine

Cu," Physica 34, 246-250 (1967).

21. van den Beukel, A., and Brouwer, C, 'The Influence of Impurities on the Modulus Effect of Cold

Worked Copper," Physica 17, 453-460 (1968).

6-33

7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Because copper has been used as a calorimetry standard, a large amount of specific heat

data for copper exists in the literature. A total of 456 measurements from 4 to 300 K on annealed

and cold-worked copper were obtained from

References 7.1-7.13. (A compilation, Reference

7.14, was used as a source of some of the data

reported before 1971.) Since previous work has

indicated that the differences in heat capacity (Cp)

between annealed high-purity (99.999%) and

commercial-grade cold-worked copper are small

(Reference 7.1), all of the data sets were combined in the regression analysis. See the discussion below for information on the specific heat of severely cold-worked copper below 4.2 K. A logarithmic transformation was used to permit representation of the temperature dependence of Cp from 4 to 300 K with a small number

of coefficients (five). A 14-coefficient polynomial

representation of data from 30 to 300 K on highpurity degassed and annealed copper is also

presented in Table 7.1. The latter equation was

obtained from Reference 7.15 and is expected to apply to Research Material RM 5 available from

the Office of Standard Reference Data, National

Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. The

expected accuracy of the representation is indi- cated in the table. Small discontinuities or lack of smoothness

in the copper Cp vs. temperature, 7, relationship

have also been used to evaluate temperature

scales (References 7.3 and 7.15). For the present

purposes, the small differences between the temperature scales used for the various measure- ments have been ignored. If specific heat data

are used to calculate entropy changes between

two temperatures, the specific heat at constant volume, C^, must be used. For copper, this correction is small (< 0.05%) below 90 K, but it rises to almost 3% at room temperature (see Reference

7.16 for useful formulas, and References 7.17 and

7.18 for measurements of Cp - C^ for copper

from 77 to 800 K).

RESULTS

The best fit to the data was obtained with

the equation

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

log Cp = + 1.131 - 9.454 (log T) + 12.99 (log 7)^ - 5.501 (log T)^ + 0.7637 (log 7)', (7-1)

where Cp has units of J/(kg-K) and 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The (logarithmic) standard deviation of the fit of this equation to the data is 0.023. The

standard deviations of the five coefficients are

0.080, 0.212, 0.26. 0.114, and 0.0180. The linear standard deviation of the fit of the Cp data to this equation is 5.32 J/(kg-K). This standard deviation

indicates an uncertainty of about 2% above 1 00

K, comparable to the observed scatter of the

various sets of measurements.'^At low temperatures, where the magnitude of Cp decreases, the

difference between the predicted value and the

measurement value is, of course, much lower

than the average value of 5.32^J/(l<gK).)*^Below

100 K, this difference is often 5 to 20% of the measure value, comparable to the scatter between various sets of measurements.

Table 7.2 presents the temperature, the

measured values of Cp, the values calculated

from the regression equation, and the reference

number. Since results on different specimens were similar, not all data presented in References

7.1 and 7.2 were reported in Table 7.2 and used

in the analysis. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 7.8

at the end of the thermal properties section.

Figure 7.1 shows the fit of the data to Equation

(7-1). Figure 7.2 presents these results in sum- mary form. The scatter bands represent two

standard deviations about the curve in each fig- ure. The variance of the data was assumed to be

normally distributed and constant throughout the

range of the independent variable, log 7. (The

center curve representing Equation (7-1) was

omitted from Figure 7.1 to permit a clear presentation of the data points.)

Because Equation (7-1) is in logarithmic

form, a set of calculated values of Cp for 4 K < 7 < 300 K is presented in Table 7.3.

DISCUSSION

The specific heat of copper that is moderately cold-worked (at room temperature) is in- creased only slightly above that of annealed cop7-1
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C1G200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

per. The differences are of the order of 0.2%

(Reference 7.1). However, data for high-purity

copper severely deformed (at room temperature)

by a reduction in thickness of about 96% showed

an increase in Cp of up to 2% (Reference 7.19).

These measurements were carried out only

in the temperature range of 1 .5 to 4.2 K. Small

amounts of magnetic impurities also can have a

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

significant effect on Cp in this temperature range

(see references cited in Reference 7.19). The

earlier work by Giaque (Reference 7.12) that shows a decrease in Cp after moderate cold work

(at room temperature) is apparently in error (see

the discussion in Reference 7.1). These data were not used in the present analysis.

Table 7.1. Coefficients for Cp(J/kgK) = S >A|^ T^, 30 < T < 300 K (Reference 7.15).

Aq = -2.023343468 x 10^ A7 = +4.831975381 x lO'"""

= +4.876730516 Ag = -2.233341060 x lO"""^

Aj = -4.602942501 x

10'"' Ag = +7.171999996 x

10"''^

A3 = +2.232376993 x 10'^ A^O = -1.557097446 x

10"^*"

A4 = -5.304015312 x

10"'* All = +2.156752094 x

10"^°

A5 = +7.642771699 x 10"^ A^2 = -1.690896981 x

10"^^

Ag = +7.312456301 x 10"° Ai3 = +5.534827423 x

10"^''

The scatter of the fitted data is generally withiri 0.2 percent above 100 K, within 0.5 percent in the 50 to 100 K range and within 2 percent in the 30 to 50 K range.

Table 7.2. Specific Heat Dependence upon Temperature (4-300 K).

Test Temperature, KSpecific Heat, | Specific Heat, Measured, Predicted,

J/(kg4<) 1 J/(kg.K)

Reference

No.

4.00 0.092 0.112 9

4.00 0.092 0.112 9 4.00 0.091 0.112 3 4.03 0.094 0.113 2B

4.09 0.105 0.114 6

4.11 0.106 0.115 6

4.20 0.100 0.117 13

4.26 0.114 0.119 6

4.30 0.119 0.120 8

4.40 0.114 0.124 8 4.50 0.119 0.127 8 4.60 0.124 0.131 8 4.63 0.136 0.133 6 4.63 0.132 0.135 8

4.70 0.137 0.135 8 4.80 0.142 0.140 8

4.90 0.151 0.145 8

5.00 0.197 0.149 7

5.00 0.149 0.149 9

7-2
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, KSpecific Heat, Measured,

J/(kg«K)

Specific IHeat, Predicted,

J/(l<g'K)

Reference

No.

5.00 0.158 0.149 8

5.00 0.130 0.149 13

5.00 0.148 0.149 3 5.03 0.151 0.151 2A

5.10 0.166 0.155 8 5.14 0.168 0.157 6 5.17 0.162 0.158 2B

5.20 0.166 0.160 8

5.40 0.188 0.172 8

5.70 0.212 0.191 8 5.84 0.235 0.202 6

5.90 0.233 0.206 8

6.00 0.228 0.214 9

6.00 0.190 0.214 13

6.00 0.227 0.214 3 6.03 0.231 0.216 2B

6.10 0.253 0.222 8 6.19 0.246 0.229 2A

6.40 0.277 0.248 8 6.55 0.291 0.262 6

6.60 0.299 0.267 8 6.83 0.330 0.290 6

6.90 0.335 0.298 8 7.00 0.335 0.309 2A

7.00 0.336 0.309 9

7.00 0.300 0.309 13

7.00 0.334 0.309 3 7.20 0.375 0.332 6

7.21 0.353 0.334 2B

7.60 0.435 0.384 8 8.00 0.477 0.442 9

8.00 0.430 0.442 13

8.00 0.473 0.442 3 8.10 0.511 0.458 8 8.39 0.538 0.506 28

8.40 0.540 0.509 2A

8.60 0.600 0.544 8

8.90 0.670 0.602 8 9.00 0.656 0.622 9 9.00 0.600 0.622 13

9.00 0.650 0.622 3 9.15 0.679 0.653 2A

9.15 0.685 0.653 6

9.30 0.752 0.686 8

9.46 0.746 0.721 28

9.80 0.878 0.804 8 10.00 0.920 0.855 7

10.00 0.880 0.855 9

10.00 0.810 0.855 13

10.00 0.872 0.855 3 10.10 0.892 0.878 2A

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-3
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, KSpecific Heat, Measured,

J/(kg4<)

Specific IHeat, Predicted,

J/(kg^

Reference

No.

10.30 0.946 0.943 6

10.40 1.020 0.968 8

10.60 1.070 1.030 8 10.70 1.040 1.040 2B

11.00 1.180 1.150 8 11.00 1.140 1.150 3 11.20 1.240 1.230 6 11.50 1.360 1.330 8 12.00 1.480 1.520 9 12.00 1.470 1.520 3 12.00 1.480 1.540 2A

12.10 1.650 1.570 6 12.20 1.580 1.600 8 12.40 1.610 1.670 2B

12.90 1.890 1.920 8 13.00 1.870 1.970 3 13.40 2.190 2.170 6 13.70 2.230 2.330 8 14.00 2.350 2.500 9 14.00 2.340 2.500

14.20 2.230 2.640 6 14.30 2.490 2.670 2B

14.40 2.560 2.740 2A

14.50 2.650 2.800 8

14.70 2.640 2.930 12 14.80 2.640 3.010 12

15.00 2.770 3.130 7 15.00 2.890 3.130 3 15.10 3.140 3.210 6 15.30 3.150 3.340 8 15.40 3.120 3.380 11 16.00 3.540 3.860 9 16.00 3.540 3.860 3 16.10 3.880 3.910 6

16.20 3.810 4.020 6 16.40 3.860 4.190 2A

17.00 4.290 4.690 3 17.10 4.480 4.780 8

17.30 4.730 4.960 6

17.40 4.710 5.050 11 17.60 4.740 5.280 12

18.00 5.150 5.640 9 18.00 5.160 5.640 3 18.10 5.460 5.770 6 18.60 5.770 6.300 2A . 18.80 5.950 6.460 28

18.90 6.260 6.600 6 19.00 6.150 6.700 3 19.50 6.640 7.300 11 19.60 7.060 7.410 6

19.80 7.050 7.580 12

7-4
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, Measured,

J/(l<g4<)

Specific Heat,

Predicted,

Reference

No.

19.90 7.240 7.720 12 20.00 7.490 7.680 7 20.00 7.270 7.880 9

20.00 7.450 7.880 1A

20.00 7.200 7.880 13

20.00 7.270 7.880 3 20.30 7.600 8.230 2A

20.60 8.000 8.630 2B

21.00 8.620 9.180 IB

21.00 8.700 9.180 1C

21.00 8.700 9.180 1A

21.00 8.530 9.180 3 21.70 9.430 10.200 11 22.00 9.970 10.600 9 22.00 9.930 10.600 3 22.00 10.000 10.600 28

22.40 10.500 11.100 2A

23.00 11.500 12.200 3 23.40 12.300 12.700 12

23.80 12.800 13.400 28

24.00 13.300 13.800 9 24.00 13.200 13.800 3 24.30 13.600 14.300 11 24.30 13.700 14.300 2A

25.00 15.100 15.600 IB

25.00 15.100 15.600 1C

25.00 15.100 15.600 1A

25.00 15.100 15.600 3 26.00 17.200 17.500 9

26.00 17.100 17.500 3 27.00 19.000 19.400 11 27.00 19.200 19.600 3 28.00 21.500 21.700 9 28.00 21.500 21.700 3 28.20 22.400 22.200 12

28.60 22.800 23.100 5 29.00 24.000 24.000 3 29.60 25.300 25.300 11 30.00 26.700 26.300 IB

30.00 26.500 26.300 9

30.00 26.700 26.300 1C

30.00 26.600 26.300 1A

30.00 29.500 26.300 13

30.00 26.600 26.300 3 32.50 33.600 32.800 11 33.50 37.500 35.500 12

35.00 41.800 39.700 IB

35.00 42.000 39.700 1C

35.00 41.800 39.700 1A

35.90 44.400 42.500 5

35.90 44.400 42.500 11

7-5
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Specific l-leat, Measured,

J/(kg4<)

Specific Heat,

Predicted,

J/(kg^

Reference

No.

38.90 55 100 51.600 12

39.60 57.800 54 600 1 1 40.00 59 000 "is inn IB

40.00 58.200 inn

40.00 59.000 55.300 1C

40.00 58.800 55.300 1A

40.00 58.900 55.300 13

42.60 69.800 64.000 5 44.00 73.700 69.000 11 44.20 74.900 69.700 12

45.00 77.700 72.500 IB

45.00 77.600 72.500 1C

45.00 77.700 72.500 1A

48.20 91.000 m Qnn 12

48.40 90.700 84.700 11 50.00 Qn Rnn IB

50.00 96 fiOO 90.600 1C

50.00 96 600 qn BOO 1

50.00 89.100 90.600 13 50.10 98.500 91.100 5 53.30 114.000 103.000 10

53.30 112.000 103.000 12 55.00 117.000 109.000 IB

55.00 116.000 109.000 1C

55.00 116.000 109.000 1A

56.70 124.000 116.000 11 57.70 129.000 119.000 10 59.10 133.000 125.000 12 59.10 133.000 125.000 11 59.20 1 14 000 125 000 5 60.00 1 36.000 128.000 18

60.00 1 17 nnn 1 78 onn 7

60.00 135.000 1 28.000 1C

60.00 135.000 128.000 1A

60.00 135.000 128.000 13

60.60 140.000 130.000 10 62.70 146.000 138.000 11 64.40 152.000 144.000 11 1

65.00 154.000 146.000 IB

65.00 153.000 146.000 1C

65.00 154.000 146.000 1A

65.10 154.000 147.000 12 67.20 162.000 154.000 5 67.80 164.000 157.000 11 69.50 170.000 162.000 11 70.00 171.000 164.000 IB

70.00 171.000 164.000 1C

70.00 170.000 164.000 1A

70.00 166.000 164.000 13

70.10 172.000 165.000 12 72.30 180.000 172.000 10

7-6
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Specific IHeat, Measured,

J/(kg^

Specific Heat,

Predicted,

J/(l<g40

Reference

No.

73.00 182.000 175.000 11 74.60 187.000 180.000 5 74.70 187.000 181.000 11 75.00 iflB nnn 181 nnn IB

75.00 187 nno 181 noo 1C

75.00 187 000 181.000 1A

75.40 iflQ nnn 181 000 12 77 00 iAfl nnn

78.40 -iQT oon 11 60.00 9m nnn iqa nnn IB

80.00 ong oon IQA noo 7 60.00 oc\o nnn iQfl nnn 1C

80.00 009 nnn IQfl nnn 1A

60.00 1 flfl nnn 1 98 nno 13 60.20 203.000 198.000 11 80.60 205 000 200.000 12

83.90 214.000 210.000 11 84.20 211.000 211.000 10 85.00 217.000 213.000 IB

85.00 217.000 213.000 1C

35.00 216.000 213.000 1A

85.60 219.000 215.000 12

87.10 222.000 219.000 11 87.40 224.000 220.000 5

87.90 225.000 222.000 5 90.00 230.000 228.000 IB

90.00 229.000 228.000 1C

90.00 230.000 228.000 1A

90.00 219.000 228.000 13 90.70 231.000 230.000 12 92.60 236.000 235.000 11 92.80 236.000 235.000 5 93.20 237.000 236.000 5 95.00 242.000 241.000 IB

95.00 241.000 241.000 1C

95.00 241.000 241.000 1A

95.60 244.000 243.000 12

97.40 ?46 000 247.000 5

99.20 o^i nnn nnn 10

100.00 9S9 nnn nnn IB

100.00 253.000 253.000 4

100.00 256.000 253.000 7

100.00 251.000 253.000 1C

100.00 252.000 253.000 1A

100.00 237.000 253.000 13

100.00 253.000 254.000 11 101.00 256.000 256.000 12

103.00 258.000 261.000 5 107.00 267.000 269.000 12

109.00 268.000 272.000 5 110.00 271.000 275.000 11

7-7
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Specific IHeat, Measured,

J/(kg.K)

Specific IHeat, Predicted,

J/(kg^

Reference

No.

110.00 271.000 276.000 IB

110.00 270.000 276.000 1C

110.00 271.000 276.000 1A

112.00 277.000 280.000 12

114.00 277.000 283.000 5 118.00 284.000 290.000 11 118.00 285.000 290.000 12

119.00 286.000 292.000 11 119.00 286.000 293.000 5

120.00 287.000 294.000 IB

120.00 287.000 294.000 4

120.00 288.000 294.000 7 120.00 286.000 294.000 1C

120.00 287.000 294.000 1A

122.00 291.000 298.000 11 123.00 293.000 299.000 10

123.00 294.000 300.000 12

125.00 295.000 303.000 5

127.00 298.000 306.000 11 128.00 298.000 306.000 11 129.00 300.000 308.000 12

130.00 301.000 309.000 IB

130.00 300.000 309.000 1C

130.00 301.000 309.000 1A

131.00 302.000 311.000 5 132.00 304.000 313.000 11 133.00 304.000 313.000 5 135.00 307.000 316.000 12 136.00 308.000 317.000 11 137.00 309.000 319.000 5 138.00 310.000 319.000 11 140.00 312.000 322.000 IB

140.00 313.000 322.000 4 140.00 312.000 322.000 7

140.00 313.000 322.000 1C

140.00 313.000 322.000 1A

140.00 313.000 322.000 12 143.00 316.000 325.000 11 144.00 316.000 326.000 11 144.00 317.000 327.000 5

146.00 319.000 329.000 12

150.00 322.000 333.000 18

150.00 323.000 333.000 1C

150.00 323.000 333.000 1A

151.00 324.000 333.000 12 •

151.00 324.000 334.000 5 151.00 323.000 334.000 11 152.00 324.000 334.000 11 153.00 326.000 335.000 10 157.00 329.000 339.000 12

158.00 329.000 339.000 5

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-8
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4 300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, Measured,

J/(kg^

Specific Heat,

Predicted,

J/(kg-K)

Reference

No.

159.00 330.000 340.000 11 160.00 331.000 341.000 IB

160.00 331.000 341.000 4

160.00 332.000 341.000 7 160.00 331.000 341.000 1C

160.00 331.000 341.000 1A

162.00 334.000 343.000 12 165.00 334.000 344.000 5

166.00 335.000 345.000 11 168.00 340.000 347.000 12

170.00 339.000 348.000 IB

170.00 339.000 348.000 1C

170.00 338.000 348.000 1A

172.00 340.000 349.000 5 174.00 340.000 350.000 11 174.00 342.000 350.000 12 179.00 344.000 353.000 5 179.00 345.000 353.000 12 180.00 345.000 353.000 IB

180.00 345.000 353.000 4

180.00 347.000 353.000 7

180.00 345.000 353.000 1C

180.00 345.000 353.000 1A

181.00 345.000 354.000 11 185.00 349.000 356.000 12

186.00 348.000 356.000 11 186.00 349.000 356.000 5

188.00 348.000 357.000 10

190.00 351.000 358.000 IB

190.00 351.000 358.000 1C

190.00 351.000 358.000 1A

190.00 352.000 358.000 12 193.00 352.000 1 359.000 11 194.00 353.000 360.000 5 196.00 355.000 360.000 12 200.00 356.000 362.000 IB

200.00 356.000 362.000 4

200.00 360.000 362.000 7

200.00 356.000 362.000 1C

200.00 356.000 362.000 1A

200.00 345.000 362.000 13 201.00 355.000 362.000 11 201.00 358.000 362.000 12 207.00 358.000 364.000 11 207.00 361.000 364.000 12 208.00 359.000 364.000 11 210.00 361.000 364.000 10 210.00 361.000 364.000 IB

210.00 360.000 364.000 1C

210.00 360.000 364.000 1A

213.00 364.000 365.000 12

7-9
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.2, continued

Tsst Temperature, K

Messured

J/(kg.K)

Predicted

J/(kQ<K)

RofArAn

No.

214.00 361.000 365.000 11 219.00 365.000 367.000 12 220.00 364.000 367.000 IB

220.00 364.000 367.000 4

220.00 363.000 367.000 7

220.00 364.000 367.000 1C

220.00 364.000 367.000 1A

221.00 364.000 367.000 11 224.00 367.000 368.000 12 229.00 367.000 369.000 11 230.00 369.000 369.000 12 230.00 368.000 369.000 IB

230.00 368.000 369.000 1C

230.00 367.000 369.000 1A

235.00 371.000 370.000 12 237.00 369.000 370.000 11 238.00 369.000 370.000 11 240.00 371.000 370.000 IB

240.00 371.000 370.000 4

240.00 374.000 370.000 7

240.00 372.000 370.000 1C

240.00 370.000 370.000 1A

241.00 374.000 370.000 12

242.00 372.000 371.000 10

245.00 372.000 1 371.000 11 246.00 376.000 371.000 12

250.00 374.000 372.000 18

250.00 374.000 372.000 1C

250.00 374.000 372.000 1A

252.00 377.000 372.000 12

253.00 374.000 372.000 11 257.00 378.000 372.000 12

260.00 377.000 373.000 IB

260.00 375.000 373.000 4 260.00 378.000 373.000 7

260.00 377.000 373.000 1C

260.00 377.000 373.000 1A

261.00 376.000 373.000 11 261.00 379.000 373.000 12

267.00 381.000 374.000 12

268.00 379.000 374.000 10 268.00 378.000 374.000

^ 11 270.00 380.000 374.000 IB

270.00 380.000 374.000 1C

270.00 379.000 374.000 1A

272.00 381.000 374.000 12

273.00 381.000 374.000 IB

273.00 380.000 374.000 1C

273.00 380.000 374.000 1A

276.00 380.000 375.000 11 278.00

11 383.000 375.000 12

7-10
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Soecific Heat Measured,

J/(kg«K)

Soecific Heat

Predicted,

J/(kg4<)

Reference

No.

280.00 382.000 375.000 IB

280.00 381 .000 375.000 4

280.00 381.000 375.000 7 280.00 382.000 375.000 1C

280.00 362.000 375.000 1A

283.00 382.000 375.000 11 284.00 384.000 375.000 12

266.00 381.000 376.000 10

290.00 384.000 376.000 12 290.00 364.000 376.000 IB

290.00 383.000 376.000 7

290.00 384.000 376.000 1C

290.00 384.000 376.000 1A

290.00 383.000 376.000 11 292.00 382.000 376.000 10

293.00 362.000 376.000 10

295.00 385.000 377.000 12 295.00 384.000 377.000 11 298.00 385.000 377.000 1C

298.00 386.000 377.000 18

298.00 384.000 377.000 7 298.00 385.000 377.000 11 298.00 385.000 377.000 1A

300.00 366.000 377.000 IB

300.00 385.000 377.000 4

300.00 386.000 377.000 1C

300.00 385.000 377.000 1A

300.00 380.000 377.000 13

300.00 385.000 377.000 12

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-11
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.3. Calculated Specific Heat Values [Equation (7-1)] (4-300 K).

Toe*

K

1 esi

K

Spscific Host,

J/ [Kgt^j

Test

1 CI iipcialUi C, K

bpecitic Heat, j/(Kg«K)

4 0.112 56 113 108 271

5 0.149 57 117 109 273

6 0.214 58 120 110 276

7 0.309 59 124 111 278 8 0.442 60 128 112 279

9 0.622 61 132 113 281 10 0.855 62 135 114 283

11 — 1.15 63 139 115 285

12 1.52 64 143 116 287

13 1.97 65 146 117 289

14 2.5 66 150 118 291 15 3.13 67 154 119 292

16 3.86 68 157 120 294

17 4.69 69 161 121 296

18 5.64 70 164 122 297

19 6.7 71 166 123 299 20 7.88 72 171 124 301

21 9.18 73 175 125 302 22 10.6 74 178 126 304 23 12.2 75 181 127 305 24 13.8 76 185 128 307 25 15.6 77 188 129 308 26 17.5 78 191 130 309 27 19.6 79 195 131 311 28 21.7 80 198 132 312 29 24 61 201 133 314

30 26.3 82 204 134 315

31 28.8 83 207 135 316

32 31.4 84 210 136 317

33 34.1 85 213 137 319 34 36.9 86 216 138 320

35 39.7 87 219 139 321 36 42.7 88 222 140 322

37 45.7 89 225 141 323

38 48.9 90 228 142 324

39 52.1 91 230 143 325 40 55.3 92 233 144 327

41 58.6 93 236 145 328 42 62 94 238 146 329 43 65.5 95 241 147 330 44 68.9 96 244 148 331 45 72.5 97 246 149 332

46 76 98 249 150 333 47 79.6 99 251 151 333 48 83.3 100 253 152 334 49 86.9 101 256 153 335 50 90.6 102 258 154 336

51 94.3 103 260 155 337

52 98 104 263 156 338 53 102 105 265 157 339 54 106 106 267 158 339 55 109 107 269 159 340

7-12
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-O10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.3, continued

Test Temperature,

Specific Heat, J/(kg«K)

160 341

161 342 162 343 163 343

164 344

165 345

166 345

167 346

168 347

169 347

170 348

171 349

172 349

173 350 174 350

175 351 176 351 177 352 178 352 179 353

180 353

181 354

182 354

183 355 184 355

185 356 186 356

187 357

188 357

189 358

190 358

191 358

192 359

193 359 194 359

195 360

196 360 197 361 198 361 199 361 200 362

201 362

202 362

203 362

204 363

205 363

206 363

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, J/(kg^

207 364

208 364

209 364

210 364

211 365

212 365 213 365 214 365 215 366

216 366 217 366

218 366 219 367

220 367

221 367

222 367

223 367

224 368

225 368

226 368 227 368

228 368 229 369 230 369

231 369

232 369 233 369 234 369 235 370 236 370 237 370 238 370

239 370 240 370

241 370

242 371 243 371 244 371 245 371 246 371 247 371 248 371 249 372 250 372

251 372

252 372

253 372

7-13

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, J/(kg4<)

254 372 255 372 256 372 257 373 258 373

259 373 260 373

261 373 262 373 263 373 264 373 265 373 266 374 267 374 268 374 259 374 270 374

271 374

272 374

273 374 274 374 275 374 276 375 277 375

278 375

279 375 280 375

281 375

282 375

283 375 284 375

285 376

286 376 287 376

268 375

289 376

290 375

291 376

292 376 293 376 294 376 295 377

296 377

297 377

298 377

299 377

300 377
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Figure 7.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the specific heat, Cp, upon

temperature [Equation (7-1)]. For clarity, many overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,

including all points from References 7.4, 7.9, and 7.10. All the data used in the analysis are presented in Table 7.2.

7-14
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 7.2. Dependence of specific fieat, Cp, upon temperature, 7; 4-300 K. The scatter band

represents two standard deviations about a fourth-order logarithmic regression equation based

upon 456 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The equation is

log Cp = 1.131 - 9.454 (log T) + 12.99 (log 7)^ - 5.501 (log 7)^ + 0.7637 (log 7)^

where Cp has units of J/(kg-K) and 4 K < 7 < 300 K.

7-15
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

An extensive analysis of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of highpurity copper was carried out recently at NBS

(Reference 7.20). The analysis indicated that one

parameter, the residual resistivity ratio, RRR,

could be used to represent the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity from 2 to

1 000 K. The quantity RRR is defined as the ratio of the electrical resistivity at 273 K to the resistivity at 4 K. The 4-K resistivity of a copper sample is approximately equal to the temperatureindependent residual resistivity {pj that results from the chemical and physical imperfections of the material. The 273-K resistivity is approximately equal to the "intrinsic" temperature-dependent

resistivity (p) that results from the thermal vibrations of the copper lattice. (p(T) = + P|(T),

according to Matthiessen's rule, and for material

of commercial or higher purity, Pi(273 K) > > p^.)

Thus, the RRR gives a measure of the purity and

the extent of physical defects such as lattice imperfections due to cold-working. These factors

exert a substantial effect upon the thermal conductivity, A; the temperature (T) dependence of the A of C10100-C10200 coppers between 1 and

200 K is not single-valued. See the electromagnetic properties section for further discussions of the RRR of copper.

Data sets for the analysis described in Refer- ence 7.20 were selected from 22 references covering a range of T from 0.2 to 1250 K and a range

of RRR from 19 to 1800. These data were fitted to the function given below and the constants

determined with a nonlinear least-squares

analysis.

RESULTS

It was found that the T dependence of the A could be represented to within ± 15% of the ex- perimental values by the following equation for A: HW/m-K) ^{W^^W,* WJ-\ (7-2)

where

W, = P,r"V(1 + P,P,f'^'''' exp(-(P5/7)"')) + W„

Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature, RRR (1-300 K)

andyS = p„/2.443 x 10'^ V^/K^ ^""^"^in SI RRR

units (p273 K ^ IS-S nQ-m)

The constants are

Pi = 1.754 X 10"^ = 2.763

P3 = 1102 P4 = -0.165

P5 = 70 Pg = 1.756

P, = 0.838/^?'"'\

where yS, = y3/0.0003.

is a T-dependent term that accounts for mathematical residual deviations in W,. See Ref- erence 7.20 for more discussion of IV^. and the fit of the individual sets of data to Equation (7-2). The equation fitted almost all of the data to within ± 10%.

Table 7.4 presents values of A calculated

from Equation (7-2) for various RRR values. The

available characterization of materials and measurements for the data shown in Figure 7.3 is given in Table 7.8 at the end of the thermal properties section. (Not all of the individual data

points reported in References 7.21-7.42 were se- lected for use in the analysis of Reference 7.20.)

Figure 7.3 presents most of the data from Refer- ences 7.21-7.42 used in the analysis (data below

1 K and above 300 K are omitted from the figure).

Calculated curves of A vs. T for several RRR val- ues are given in Figure 7.4.

DISCUSSION

The effects of both impurities and cold work

upon A from 1 to 300 K can be predicted from a knowledge of the RRR, which is readily determined experimentally. Recent measurements of

the RRR on coppers that met the C10200 specification ranged from 5 to 520. This variability indi- cates the necessity of measuring the RRR for

individual coppers for which the cryogenic-temperature dependence of A is required. Further infor- mation on measurement techniques is referenced

in the electromagnetic properties section.

Reference 7.23 may be consulted for measurements on a 99.999% pure copper in both the

annealed and 25% drawn conditions. At 4 K, A decreased from 7 kW/m-K to 0.7 kW/m-K in the

drawn condition, but above 60 K the effect of cold work was negligible. The largest part of the

7-16
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked Temperature, RRR (1 300 K)

total thermal resistance above 60 K consists of actions with impurities and physical defects beelectron-phonon interactions so electron inter- come less important in this temperature range.

Table 7.4. Thermal Conductivity Calculated from Equation (7-2) for Various RRR Values (1-300 K).

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Conductivity (Calculated), W/(mK)

RRR = 30 RRR = 100 RRR = 300 RRR = 1000 RRR = 3000

-( 46 156 471 1574 4726

91 312 942 3147 9434

3 137 468 1413 4710 14044

4 183 624 1880 6243 18380

228 779 2343 7715 22170

5 274 933 2796 9075 25084

7 319 1085 3232 10260 26834

Q 365 1235 3642 11197 27328

g 409 1380 4015 11836 26756

10 454 1520 4343 12172 25496

12 541 1778 4844 12127 22264

14 624 2002 5144 11544 19150

16 703 2186 5267 10725 16398

18 777 2324 5231 9771 13924

20 843 2408 5054 8727 11683

25 960 2381 4215 6135 7271

30 999 2119 3245 4151 4573

35 970 1784 2436 2859 3028

40 900 1467 1841 2047 2122

45 814 1205 1423 1531 1568

50 731 1002 1135 1196 1216

60 597 740 799 824 832

70 513 601 634 547 651 80 465 526 549 557 560

90 437 485 502 508 510

100 421 461 475 480 482

150 396 419 426 429 430

200 391 407 413 414 415

250 388 401 405 407 407

300 386 397 400 401 402

7-17
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked Temperature, RRR (1-300 K)

20,000

10,000

E

>-— 1000

I—

o

z

O

uj 100

A

20

—o

4

o > o

o

4i

V

I*

o

A

0

V

V

>

<

REF.21

REF.22

REF.23

REF.24

REF.24

REF.25

REF.26

REF.27

REF.28

REF.29

REF.30

REF.31

REF.32

REF.33

I I L

o

10 100 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 7.3. The data shown were used in the analysis described in Reference 7.20 to compute the

constants for Equation (7-2). (Data below 1 K and above 300 K are not shown in this figure.) For

clarity, many overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from

References 7.34 and 7.35. All data are presented graphically in Reference 7.20, which may also be

consulted for detailed figures showing the deviations of the data from Equation (7-2). This figure is adapted from a figure presented in Reference 7.20.

7-18
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature, RRR (1 300 K)

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

10 100 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 7.4. Thermal conductivity for C10100-C10700 copper is shown as a function of temperature

calculated from Equation (7-2) at selected values of the RRR. This figure is adapted from a figure

presented In Reference 7.20.

7-19
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

The most extensive sets of longitudinal nnag- netothermal conductivity data were obtained from

Reference 7.43. The test temperatures ranged

from 5 to 21 K and magnetic field from 1 to 8 T. Some additional data at 4 K for fields from 1 to 5 T were obtained from Reference 7.44. Residual

resistance ratios (RRR) from 62 to 1520 were

reported in References 7.43 and 7.44.

RESULTS

in very pure materials most of the thermal

transport is by electronic conduction. Thus,

when a magnetic field of several tesia is applied, Lorentz forces cause a sizeable decrease in the

thermal conductivity, A. This is shown in Figure

7.5 for a high-purity copper with an RRR of 1520.

Thermal conductivity at 5 K for this specimen in a 4-T field was about 25% of the zero-field

Longitudinal Magnetothermal Conductivity

vs. Temperature (4-21 K)

conductivity. However, data from Reference 7.44 on a specimen with an RRR of 62 showed that A

at 5 T was about 87% of the zero-field conductivity. This effect is too small to distinguish on the

scale of Figure 7.5, but is evident in Figure 7.6, which presents data from the two references for copper of intermediate RRR's of 107 and 163. In heavily alloyed materials, most of the thermal

conduction is due to phonons (lattice vibrations)

which are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.

DISCUSSION

Additional data from Reference 7.34 on the

magnetothermal conductivity in a smaller field of 0.9 T between 4 and 50 K indicate that the effect of the field disappears above ~ 45 K, where elec- tron-phonon interactions dominate the total ther- mal resistance.

7-20
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Longitudinal Magnetothermal Conductivity

vs. Temperature (4-21 K)

Figure 7.5. Longitudinal magnetothermal conductivity data from Reference 7.43 on a high purity CI 01 00

copper with RRR = 1520 as shown as a function of temperature. This figure is adapted from a

figure presented in Reference 7.43.

7-21
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Longitudinal Magnetothermal Conductivity

vs. Temperature (4-21 K)

Figure 7.6. Longitudinal magnetothermal conductivity data from Reference 7.43 on a C10200 copper

with RRR = 107 are shown as a function of temperature from 5 to 21 K. Data from Reference 7.44

for copper with RRR = 163 are plotted at 4 K.

7-22
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the coefficient of thermal

expansion, a, were obtained from 16 sources

(References 7.13, 7.45-7.59). A compilation (Ref- erence 7.59) was used as a source of some of the data reported before 1 973. Reference 7.56

reports results on several types of specimens:

their reported mean values were used In this analysis. All a-values from Reference 7.60 were removed from the analysis because of sizeable

deviations from the rest of the data; however, the

deviations appeared to be random and the inte- grated values reported in that reference were

used in the regression analysis for mean thermal

expansion (see the following section). A total of 322 measurements from 4 to 300 K were used in the final data set. In carrying out regression analysis on this data set it was found that a logarithmic transformation was desirable to provide a good fit without a large number of coefficients.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data was obtained with

the equation:

log a = - 1 1 .27 + 37.36 (log 7) - 66.59 (log T)^ + 63.49 (log 7)^ - 31.49 (log 7)^ + 7.748 (log 7)^ - 0.7504 (log r)^ (7-3)

where a has units of 10"^ K""" and 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The logarithmic standard deviation of the fit of

this equation to the data is 0.03 and the linear standard deviation is 0.14 x 10"^ K"\ The stan- dard deviations of the seven coefficients of Equation (7-3) are 1.06, 4.99, 9.30, 8.85, 4.55, 1.21,

and 0.1290. (The size of the residuals at low

temperatures where the magnitude of a decreas- es is much lower than the linear standard deviation of 0.14 x 10"^ K"\ Residuals near 300 K contribute more to the standard deviation).

Table 7.5 presents the temperature, the

measured values of a, the values calculated from

the regression equation, and the reference number. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 7.8 at the

end of the thermal properties section. Figure 7.7 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (7-3). Figure 7.8 presents these results in summary

form. The scatter bands represent two standard

deviations about the curve in each figure. The

variance of the data was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, log 7. The center curve

representing Equation (7-3) was omitted from Fig- ure 7.7 to allow a clearer presentation of the data

points.

Because Equation (7-3) is in logarithmic

form, a set of calculated values of q for 4 K < 7 < 300 K is presented in Table 7.6.

DISCUSSION

Apparently, q is insensitive to impurity levels and to cold-working. Reference 7.50 reports data on Asarco copper, OFHC copper, free-machining,

tough-pitch copper, and copper deformed by

70% (at room temperature). The differences in a

at 283 K were less than 0.2%. Additions of 0.2 wt% Fe and 0.2 wt% Mn resulted in changes in a

(from pure copper) of 0.2% and 0.7%, respectively.

Table 7.5. Dependence of Thermal Expansion Coefficient upon Temperature (4-300 K).

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion,

Measured,

10'^/K

Thermal Expansion,

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

4.0 0.00150 0.00228 51

4.0 0.00300 0.00228 55A

4.0 0.00252 0.00228 55A

4.0 0.00270 0.00228 56

4.0 0.00273 0.00228 57

5.0 0.00424 0.00545 51

5.0 0.00517 0.00545 55A

7-23
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Fynfin^ion

Measured,

lO'^/K

ThArmal 1 1 ivi 1 1 ICII PynonQinn tA^ai idii^i 1

Predicted, 10"^/K

No.

5.0 0.00436 0.00545 55B

5.0 0.00460 0.00545 56

6.0 0.00688 0.00924 51

6.0 0.00820 0.00924 55A

6.0 0.00701 0.00924 55A

6.0 0.00750 0.00924 56

6.0 0.00733 0.00924 57

7.0 0.01060 0.01360 51

7.0 0.01230 0.01360 55A

7.0 0.10700 0.01360 55B

7.0 0.01130 0.01360 56

7.5 0.01600 0.01620 52

7.8 0.01700 0.01780 52

8.0 0.01550 0.01890 51

8.0 0.02000 0.01890 52

8.0 0.01780 0.01890 55A

8.0 0.15500 0.01890 55B

8.0 0.01640 0.01890 56

8.0 0.01590 0.01890 57

8.5 0.02000 0.02200 52

8.6 0.02100 0.02260 52

9.0 0.02170 0.02540 51

9.0 0.02490 0.02540 55A

9.0 0.02170 0.02540 558

9.0 0.02290 0.02540 56

9.1 0.02500 0.02610 52

9.8 0.03000 0.03160 52

10.0 0.02000 0.03340 47

10.0 0.02940 0.03340 51

10.0 0.03350 0.03340 55A

10.0 0.02960 0.03340 556

10.0 0.03100 0.03340 56

10.0 0.03000 0.03340 57

10.0 0.04000 0.03340 58

10.4 0.03800 0.03710

11.0 0.03880 0.04320 51

11.1 0.04700 0.04430 52

11.4 0.05000 0.04770 52

11.9 0.05800 0.05390 52

12.0 0.05000 0.05520 51 ion U.UO/ JU U.U33£U ^I^A DOM

12.0 0.05110 0.05520 55B

12.0 0.05300 0.05520 56

12.0 0.05160 0.05520 57

12.2 0.06200 0.05790 52

12.5 0.06400 0.06220 52

13.0 0.06320 0.06980 51

13.3 0.07700 0.07470 52

13.4 0.09400 0.0764O 52

13.5 0.08200 0.07810 52

14.0 0.07660 0.08720 51

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-24
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature,

IS

Thermal Expansion,

Measured, Thermal Expansion,Predicted,

Reference

No.

14.0 0.09010 0.08720 55A

14.0 0.08220 0.08720 55B

14.0 0.08650 0.08720 56

14.0 0.08280 0.08720 57

14.9 0.09700 0.10600 57

15.0 0.10000 0.10800 47

15.0 0.09640 0.10800 51 15.0 0.11200 0.10800 55A

15.0 0.10200 0.10800 55B

15.0 0.10700 0.10800 56

15.0 0.11000 0.10800 56

16.0 0.13600 0.13200 55A

16.0 0.12600 0.13200 55B

16.0 0.13100 0.13200 56

16.0 0.12600 0.13200 57

16.3 0.14600 0.14000 52

17.2 0.15400 0.16600 52

17.6 0.16200 0.17900 52

18.0 0.19600 0.19300 55A

18.0 0.18500 0.19300 558

18.0 0.19200 0.19300 56

18.0 0.18600 0.19300 57

18.5 0.22400 0.21100 52

18.7 0.21500 0.21800 52

19.3 0.24000 0.24200 52

19.9 0.32000 0.26700 45

20.0 0.20000 0.27100 48

20.0 0.27000 0.27100 47

20.0 0.27300 0.27100 55A

20.0 0.26300 0.27100 558

20.0 0.27100 0.27100 56

20.0 0.40000 0.27100 13

20.0 0.26300 0.27100 57

20.0 0.26000 0.27100 58

20.9 0.30900 0.31300 52

21.4 0.32700 0.33800 52

22.0 0.36600 0.37000 55A

22.0 0.36400 0.37000 558

22.0 0.37200 0.37000 56

22.5 0.40200 0.39800 52

22.8 0.41400 0.41600 52

23.1 0.52000 0.43400 45

23.2 0.42900 0.44000 52

23.5 0.47400 0.45900 52

24.0 0.49300 0.49100 55A

24.0 0.48700 0.49100 558

24.0 0.49400 0.49100 56

24.2 0.47400 0.50400 52

24.9 0.55300 0.55300 52

25.0 0.50000 0.56000 47

25.0 0.56200 0.56000 55A

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4 300 K)

7-25
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100~C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion,

Measured,

10"^/K

Thermal Expansion,

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

25.0 U.ODOUU 0.56000 55B

25.0 0.56400 0.56000 56

25.0 0.55500 U.abOUO 57

25.0 O.bouUU O.ObOOO 56

25.3 U.DDUUU U.Df OUU Ad4y

25.7 0.0940U 0.61100 52

26.0 U.b4oUU U.bJ4UU 55A

26.0 f\ CIAnn U.bj4UU 55B

U.D4U0U U.bJ4UU 3b

26.1 U.bDOUU U.b4^UU

U.b/ JUU c;9

£f .1 U. f lOUU n 79'jnn U. r £.jUu 97 4 nU.OsUUU Aonnn U. 1 'KjUU 27.7 U. fOxjuU \J.( 1 4UU 52

U.oUf UU U.OUUUU ODD

28.0 0,8 lOOO O.oOuOO 56

28.1 U.tOfKJU o.ouyuu 52

29.6 1.25000 rt>irtnrt 0.94300 45

30.0 \ .UUUUU rt QQQrtrt 48

30.0 U.tJbUUU rt QQQrtrt U.yoyuu 47

JU.U U. / DUUU rt QOQrtrt 0 J oU.U I.U lUUU rt QQonrt u.yoyuu

30 0 i1 .Unmnn 1 uuu rt QQQnn 56

30 0 1 . 1 uuuu 13

30 0 57

30 0

rt Qftonn 56

32 0 52

32 0 56

34 0 56

3/1 c: ^ viQrtrtrt

1 .'tyuuu *fy 34.7 l.boUUU ^ c^ortrtrt

1 .D<;UUU A c; 40

35.0 1.58000 1.55000 57

35.7 1.59000 1.b4UUU 52

37.3 1.97000 1.85000 52

38.3 1.91000 1 .99000 45

38.6 2.11000 2.03000 52

20 C jy.D z.iyuuu ^.1 f uuu 0/

40.0 Z.zOOOO ^.^jUUO 48

*RJ.U ^.UUUUU Z.ZJUUU A7

40.0 ^.lUUUU ^.ZoUUU ou

40.0 2.30000 2.23000 13

40.0 2.28000 2.23000 57

40.0 2.34000 2.23000 58

40.4 2.30000 2.29000 45

42.5 2.69000 2.60000 52

43.5 2.78000 2.75000 49

43.8 2.58000 2.80000 45

44.8 3.26000 2.95000 52

45.0 3.05000 2.99000 57

45.2 2.88000 3.02000 45

47.5 3.42000 3.38000 45

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-26
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4 -300 K)

Table 7.5, continued

1 CSl

1 empciaiuio, K

1 Fieimai expansion, 1 normal expansion, rwToronco

Kin

49.0 3.77000 3.63000 45

50.0 3.70000 3.79000 48

50.0 3.62000 3.79000 47

50.0 3.51000 3.79000 50

50.0 3.90000 3.79000 13

50.0 3.85000 3.79000 57

50.0 3.87000 3.79000 58

50.8 4.20000 3.92000 52

51.3 4.10000 4.00000 45

51.5 4.12000 4.04000 49

52.9 4.32000 4.27000 52

53.0 4.22000 4.28000 45

54.4 4.66000 4.51000 52

55.1 4.84000 4.63000 45

57.0 5.17000 4.94000 43

57.5 5.09000 5.02000 56

56.9 5.10000 5.25000 45

60.0 5.65000 5.43000 46

60.0 5.34000 5.43000 47

60.0 5.16000 5.43000 50

60.0 5.60000 5.43000 13

60.0 5.48000 5.43000 57

60.0 5.61000 5.43000 58

60.4 5.58000 5.49000 49

61.0 5.59000 5.59000 45

63.9 5.80000 6.05000 45

65.0 6.26000 6.22000 56

66.3 6.22000 6.42000 45

69.5 6.92000 6.89000 49

70.0 7.10000 6.97000 49

70.0 7.10000 6.97000 46

70.0 6.35000 6.97000 45

70.0 6.88000 6.97000 47

70.0 6.63000 6.97000 50

70.0 7.10000 6.97000 13

70.0 7.00000 6.97000 57

73.3 6.75000 7.44000 45

75.0 7.69000 7.68000 56

76.7 6.80000 7.91000 45

79.7 8.32000 8.29000 49

80.0 8.40000 8.34000 46

80.0 8.24000 8.34000 47

80.0 8.05000 8.34000 50

80.0 8.80000 8.34000 13

80.0 8.35000 8.34000 57

80.0 8.45000 8.34000 58

81.7 7.65000 8.55000 46

85.0 8.94000 8.95000 56

85.7 9.12000 9.02000 49

87.5 8.73000 9.23000 45

88.0 9.44000 9.29000 53

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

7-27
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion,

Measured,

10"^/K

Thermal Expansion,

Predicted,

10^/K

Reference

No.

90.0 9.40000 9.51000 49

90.0 9.38000 9.51000 54

90.0 9.60000 9.51000 46

90.0 9.40000 9.51000 47

90.0 9.36000 9.51000 50

90.0 9.60000 9.51000 13

90.0 9.52000 9.51000 57

93.0 9.87000 9.82000 53

93.3 9.72000 9.65000 45

94.8 10.00000 10.00000 49

100.0 10.80000 10.50000 48

100.0 10.40000 10.50000 54

100.0 10.60000 10.50000 46

100.0 10.50000 10.50000 47

100.0 10.40000 10.50000 50

100.0 10.60000 10.50000 13

100.0 10.50000 10.50000 57

100.0 10.60000 10.50000 58

103.0 10.70000 10.80000 53

105.0 10.80000 10.90000 50

105.0 10.90000 11.00000 49

110.0 11.30000 11.30000 54

110.0 11.50000 11.30000 46

110.0 11.40000 11.30000 47

113.0 11.50000 11.50000 53

117.0 11.90000 11.80000 49

120.0 12.00000 12.00000 54

120.0 12.20000 12.00000 46

120.0 12.20000 12.00000 47

120.0 12.10000 12.00000 57

120.0 12.00000 12.00000 58

123.0 12.20000 12.20000 53

129.0 12.50000 12.60000 49

130.0 12.60000 12.60000 54

130.0 12.80000 12.60000 47

133.0 12.80000 12.80000 53

140.0 13.20000 13.10000 54

140.0 13.30000 13.10000 47

140.0 13.20000 13.10000 57

140.0 13.10000 13.10000 58

142.0 13.30000 13.20000 49

143.0 13.40000 13.30000 53

150.0 13.80000 13.60000 48

150.0 13.60000 13.60000 54

150.0 13.70000 13.60000 47

150.0 13.70000 13.60000 13

153.0 13.80000 13.70000 53

154.0 13.90000 13.70000 49

160.0 14.10000 14.00000 54

160.0 14.10000 14.00000 47

160.0 14.10000 14.00000 57

7-28
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Expansion,

Measured, Thermal Expansion,Predicted, 10^/K

Reference

No.

160.0 14.00000 14.00000 58

163.0 14.20000 14.10000 53

159.0 14.40000 14.30000 49

170.0 14.40000 14.30000 54

170.0 14.40000 14,30000 47

173.0 14,50000 ^ A A A A/>A 14.40000 53

180.0 14.70000 14.60000 54

180.0 14.70000 A C A A AA 14.50000 47

1 ou.u 1 *+. / uuuu

1 80.0 14. /UUUU 1 4.D<AJUU DO

183.0 1 4.oUUuO 1 4.70G00 53

1 87.0 1 4.3UUUU 1 4.yUuU0 49

1S0.0 15.00000 H il AAAAA 14.90000 54

1 30.0 lO.UOUuU ^ /I OPiiAiAin i4.yULRJU J J 1S0.0 14.90000 14.90000 47

200.0 1 0. jUUUU 1 0.^UoOb 48

200.0 lO.zOOOO C AAAAA 10.20000 54

200.0 10.10000 10.20000 47

200.0 15.40000 15.200OC 13

2Cj.O lO.^OOUO "1" C A An A O.ZUOOJ 57

200.0 I0..ii0000 1 5,2COCC 55

10. JUUvU 1 0. -U-UUU 207.0 1 0.4UUUu 1 0.4OO0U AO

01 r n 1 0.4UUUU 1 0.4\AJO\j

O.U lO.OUUUO 1 1; t: AAAA 1 O.OuUUU 0 J

1 O.DUUUU 1 C TAAAA 10.' U-^OU 0^

220.0 1 0.bOUuU 10. / UUOJ 57 220 0 1 ^ . QUUUU 1 . f uuuu 58

/ eo.\jn I O.OoJUU 10.' OoUU D J 230 0 10.' UUOU 11 =i0.3UUUU Qfinnn 49

1 0.oUuUU 1 0.3U>jUU J4

z J J. J 1 O.OUJUU 10.3 JUOJ J J 240.0 ^ Z A/»^/^A 10.90000 C AAAAA 15.00000 54

240.0 1 b.UUUuU 16.00000 57

240.0 C A/~1J^/^A 10. 00000 C AAAAA 16.0C0C0 58

243.0 Ib.OOuOJ Ib.luUOU 53

250.0 16.10000 15.20C00 46

250.0 la.lOOOO 15.20000 54

253.0 16.10000 16.20OC0 53

255.0 16.20000 15.30000 49

250.0 H C AAAAiA 15.20000 C ^ AAAA 16.3CC00 54

260.0 15.30COO 15.30CO0 57

263.0 15.3X00 16.40000 53

270.0 16.40000 15.40000 54

273.0 15.40000 15.5CCC0 53

273.0 15.40000 ^5.50000 57

230.0 16.50000 16,50000 54

280,0 16.700C0 15.50000 45

280.0 16.50000 15.50000 57

283.0 15.50000 16.5OCO0 53

283.0 16.40000 16.50000 55

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

7-29
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.5, continued

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion,

Measured,

10"^/K

Thermal Expansion,

Predicted, 10'^/K

Reference

No.

286.0 16.60000 16.50000 49

290.0 16.60000 16.60000 54

293.0 16.60000 16.60000 53

293.0 16.60000 16.60000 57

295.0 16.80000 16.60000 46

300.0 16.40000 16.60000 48

300.0 16.70000 16.60000 54

300.0 16.70000 16.60000 13 300.0 16.70000 16.60000 57

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-30
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.6. Calculated Values of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient [Equation (7-3)] (4-300 K).

Test Temperature,

1^

Thermal Expansion

uoeTTicienti PrpriirtPd in"^/K

4 0.00239

5 0.00475

6 0.00775

7 0.0116

8 0.0165

9 0.0228

10 0.0308

11 0.0408

12 0.0531 13 0.0681 14 0.0862 15 0.108 15 0.133 17 0.162 18 0.195

19 0.233 20 0.276

21 0.324 22 0.376

23 0.435 24 0.498 25 0.567 26 0.542 27 0.722 28 0.808 29 0.899 30 0.995

31 1.10 32 1.20 33 1.31 34 1.43 35 1.55 36 1.58 37 1.81 38 1.94 39 2.08 40 2.22

41 2.36 42 2.51 43 2.65 44 2.81 45 2.96 46 3.11 47 3.27 48 3.43 49 3.59 50 3.75 51 3.91 52 4.08 53 4.24 54 4.40

I est Temperature, KThermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted KT^/K

55 4.56 56 4.73 57 4.89 58 5.05 59 5.21 50 5.38

61 5.54 52 5.70 63 5.85 64 6.01 55 6.17 66 6.32 67 5.48 58 5.53 59 6.78 70 5.93

71 7.08 72 7.22 73 7.37 74 7.51 75 7.65 75 7.79 77 7.93 78 8.05 79 8.19 80 8.32

81 8.45 82 8.58 83 8.71 84 8.83 85 8.95 85 9.07 87 9.19 88 9.31 89 9.42 90 9.53

91 9.64 92 9.75 93 9.86 94 9.96 95 10.1 96 10.2 97 10.3 98 10.4 99 10.5 100 10.6 101 10.6 102 10.7 103 10.8 104 10.9 105 11.0

Test Temperature, Thermal Expansion

Coefficient,

Prorii(~tnd in"^/K

106 11.1 107 11.2 108 11.3 109 11.3 110 11.4 111 11.5 112 11.5 113 11.5 114 11.7 115 11.8 115 11.9 117 11.9 118 12.0 119 12.1 120 12.1 121 12.2 122 12.3 123 12.3 124 12.4 125 12.4 126 12.5 127 12.6 126 12.6 129 12.7 130 12.7 131 12.8 132 12.8 133 12.9 134 12.9 135 13.0 135 13.0 137 13.1 138 13.1 139 13.2 140 13.2 141 13.3 142 13.3 143 13.4 144 13.4 145 13.5 146 13.5 147 13.5 14a 13.6 149 13.6 150 13.7

151 13.7 152 13.7 153 13.8 154 13.8 155 13.9 156 13.9

7-31
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.6, continued

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted, 10'^/K

157 13.9 158 14.0 159 14.0 160 14.0 161 14.1 162 14.1 163 14.1 164 14.2 165 14.2 166 14.2 167 14.3 168 14.3 169 14.3 170 14.4 171 14.4 172 14.4 173 14.4 174 14.5 175 14.5 176 14.5 177 14.6 178 14.6 179 14.6 180 14.6 181 14.7 182 14.7 183 14.7 184 14.8 185 14.8 186 14.8 187 14.8 188 14.9 189 14.9 190 14.9 191 14.9 192 15.0 193 15.0 194 15.0 195 15.0 196 15.0 197 15.1 198 15.1 199 15.1 200 15.1 201 15.2 202 15.2 203 15.2 204 15.2

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted, 10"®/K

205 15.2 206 15.3 207 15.3 208 15.3 209 15.3 210 15.4 211 15.4 212 15.4 213 15.4 214 15.4 215 15.5 216 15.5 217 15.5 218 15.5 219 15.5 220 15.6 221 15.6 222 15.6 223 15.6 224 15.6 225 15.6 226 15.7 227 15.7 228 15.7 229 15.7 230 15.7 231 15.8 232 15.8 233 15.8 234 15.8 235 15.8 236 15.8 237 15.9 238 15.9 239 15.9 240 15.9 241 15.9 242 16.0 243 16.0 244 16.0 245 16.0 246 16.0 247 16.0 248 16.1 249 16.1 250 16.1 251 16.1 252 16.1

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted, 10"^/K

253 16.1 254 16.2 255 16.2 256 16.2 257 16.2 258 16.2 259 16.2 260 16.2 261 16.3 262 16.3 263 16.3 264 16.3 265 16.3 266 16.3 267 16.4 268 16.4 269 16.4 270 16.4 271 16.4 272 16.4 273 16.4 274 16.5 275 16.5 276 16.5 277 16.5 278 16.5 279 16.5 280 16.5 281 16.6 282 16.6 283 16.6 284 16.6 285 16.6 286 16.6 287 16.6 288 16.7 289 16.7 290 16.7 291 ' 16.7 292 16.7 293 16.7 294 16.7 295 16.7 296 16.8 297 16.8 298 16.8 299 16.8 300 16.8

7-32
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100~€10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (4 -300 K)

20

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 7.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient, a, upon temperature [Equation (7-3)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 7.5.

7-33
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 7.8. Dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient, q, upon temperature; 4-300 K. The

scatter band represents two standard deviations about a sixth-order logarithmic regression equation

based upon 322 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The regression equation is

log a = - 1 1.27 + 37.36 (log T) - 66.59 (log 7)^ + 63.49 (log T)^ - 31.49 (log 7)"*

+ 7.748 (log T)^ - 0.7504 (log T)^

where a has units of 10"^ K"^ and 4 K < 7 < 300 K.

7-34
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the mean thermal expansion, AL/(L AT), were obtained from 19 sources

(References 7.8, 7.46, 7.48, 7.49, 7.53, 7.54, 7.57,

and 7.60-7.71). A compilation (Reference 7.59) was used as a source of some of the data reported before 1973. A total of 338 measurements

were obtained; however, many outliers near 293 K were eliminated, owing to discontinuities

from the slope of the curve established at lower

temperatures. (AL = [L(293 K) - L(7)], and the

experimental accuracy near 293 K is lower as AL

decreases.) Data from Reference 7.8 were in dis- agreement with the trend of other data above 140

K; all values from this reference above 140 K

were eliminated from the regression analysis.

The total number of measurements used in the

final curve fitting was 312.

RESULTS

The polynomial regression analysis carried out on the data set indicated that a satisfactory fit could be obtained with a second-order equation

I — (10-^/K) = + 11.32 + 3.933 x IQ-^T

L AT

- 7.306 X 10-^7^ (7-4)

where T is temperature, and M/L-AT = [/.(293 K) - L(T)]/[L(293 K) (293 K - 7)] for 4 K < T < 300 K

except that at 7 = 293 K, this quantity is (1 /L)

{dL/dT). The standard deviation of the fit to this equation is 0.31 x 10"^/K; the standard deviations

of the three coefficients are 0.06; 0.084 x 10 ^ and 0.272 x 10 ^

Table 7.7 presents the temperature, the

measured values of the mean thermal expansion,

the values calculated from the regression equation, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 7.8 at the end of the thermal properties section. Figure 7.9 indicates the fit of the

data to Equation (7-4). Figure 7.10 presents

these results in summary form. The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about

the curve in each figure. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, temperature.

Table 7.7. Dependence of Mean Thermal Expansion upon Temperature (4-300 K).

Test Temperature, K

AL/(LAT),

Measured,

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10'^/K

Reference

No.

4 11.6 11.5 69

4 11.3 11.5 57

4.2 11.3 11.5 64

5 11.1 11.5 8

6 11.3 11.5 57

7 11.7 11.6 69

8 11.4 11.6 57

10 11.3 11.7 8 10 11.5 11.7 57

12 11.9 11.8 69

12 11.6 11.8 57

14 11.7 11.9 57

16 11.8 11.9 57

18 11.9 12.0 66

18 11.8 12.0 57

20 11.8 12.1 63

20 11.9 12.1 48

20 11.9 12.1 71 20 11.7 12.1 6 20 11.9 12.1 57

7-35
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature, K

Measured,

10"^/K

AL/(LAT).

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

20.3 11.8 12.1 67

23 12.1 12.2 66

24 12.3 12.2 69

25 12.2 12.3 64

25 12.1 12.3 57

25.3 12.1 12.3 49

30 12.2 12.4 63

30 12.4 12.4 48

30 12.1 12.4 8

30 12.4 12.4 57

33 12.6 12.5 66

34 12.7 12.6 69

34.5 12.5 12.6 49

35 12.6 12.6 57

40 12.6 12.8 63

40 12.8 12.8 48

40 12.7 12.8 71 40 12.5 12.8 8 40 12.8 12.8 57

43 13.0 12.9 66

43.5 1 2.9 12,9 49

45 1 3.0 12.9 57

50 13.0 13.1 63

50 13.3 13.1 64

50 13.2 13.1 48

50 13.0 13.1 8 50 13.2 13.1 Of

51.5 13.3 13.1 49

oz Ij.Z 53 13.5 13.2 66

60 13.4 1 J.

60 13.5 13.4 71 60 13.3 13.4 46

60 13.4 13.4 8 60 13.5 13.4 57

60.4 13.5 13.4 49

63 13.9 13.5 66

69.5 13.9 13.7 49

70 13.8 13.7 63

70 13.9 13.7 48

7n 1 J.Q 1 0.

46

70 13.9 13.7 57

73 14.2 13.8 66

75 14.0 13.9 64

77 14.1 13.9 65

78 14.2 13.9 8

79.7 14.2 14.0 49

80 14.0 14.0 63

80 14.1 14.0 71 80 13.8 14.0 46

80 14.3 14.0 8

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-36
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature,

AL/(LAT),

Measured,

lU /l\

AL/(LAT),

Predicted,

ift-6 /ix lU /l\

Reference

No.

80 14.2 14.0 57

82 14.2 14.1 69

83 14.0 14.1 62

63 14.6 14.1 66

83 14.0 14.1 70

85.7 14.3 14.1 49

87.7 14.1 14.2 67

87.7 14.4 14.2 61 88 14.4 14.2 53 90 14.2 14.3 63

90 14.4 14.3 49 90 14.4 14.3 54 90 14.1 14.3 46 90 14.5 14.3 8 90 14.4 14.3 57

91 14.4 14.3 65

93 14.8 14.3 66

93 14.4 14.3 68 93 14.5 14.3 53

94.2 14.5 14.4 61 94.8 14.5 14.4 49 100 14.7 14.5 64

100 14.7 14.5 48 100 14.6 14.5 71 100 14.6 14.5 54 100 14.3 14.5 46 100 15.0 14.5 60 100 14.2 14.5 8 100 14.7 14.5 57 100 14.7 14.5 61 103 15.1 14.6 66 103 14.7 14.6 53 104 15.0 14.6 60

105 14.8 14.6 61 105 14.8 14.7 49 109 14.9 14.7 61 110 14.6 14.8 63 110 14.9 14.8 54 110 14.5 14.8 46

110 14.8 14.8 6 111 15.2 14.8 60 113 15.3 14.8 66

113 14.8 14.8 68

113 14.9 14.8 53 114 15.0 14.8 61 114 15.2 14.9 60 117 15.0 14.9 49 119 14.8 15.0 69 119 15.2 15.0 61 120 15.0 15.0 54

120 14.6 15.0 46

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

7-37
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature, KAL/(LAT),

Measured,

10'^/K

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

120 14.9 15.0 8 120 15.0 15.0 57

121 15.3 15.0 60

121 15.1 15.0 61 122 15.4 15.0 60

123 15.5 15.0 66

123 15.1 15.0 53 125 15.2 15.1 64 126 15.2 15.1 61 129 15.5 15.2 60 129 15.2 15.2 49 130 15.0 15.2 63

130 15.2 15.2 71 130 15.2 15.2 54

130 15.0 15.2 8 131 15.3 15.2 61 132 15.5 15.2 60

133 15.1 15.3 65

133 15.7 15.3 66

133 15.2 15.3 68

133 15.3 15.3 53

136 15.4 15.3 61 137 15.6 15.3 60

139 15.5 15.4 61 140 15.4 15.4 54

140 15.7 15.4 60

140 15.1 15.4 8 140 15.4 15.4 57

142 15.4 15.4 61 142 15.4 15.4 49

143 15.9 15.4 66

143 15.4 15.4 53

146 15.7 15.5 60 150 15.3 15.6 63

150 15.5 15.6 64

150 15.5 15.6 48 150 15.5 15.6 54 150 15.6 15.6 61 151 15.1 15.6 69

153 15.4 15.6 65

153 16.1 15.6 66

153 15.5 15.6 68

153 15.5 15.6 53 154 15.5 15.6 49 154 15.6 15.6 61 155 15.8 15.7 60 157 15.9 15.7 60 157 15.7 15.7 61 158 15.9 15.7 60

160 15.5 15.7 71 160 15.6 15.7 54

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

7-38
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature, K

AL/(L-AT),

Measured,

10 /K

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10 /K

Reference

No.

160 15.6 15.7 57

161 15.7 15.8 51 163 16.2 15.8 66 163 15.6 15.8 53 165 14.9 15.8 69 165 15.8 15.8 51 168 16.0 15.9 50 169 15.8 15.9 61 169 15.7 15.9 49 170 15.4 15.9 53 170 15.7 15.9 54

170 15.5 15.9 57

173 16.0 15.9 51 173 15.6 15.9 65

173 16.3 15.9 66

173 15.7 15.9 68 173 15.8 15.9 53 175 15.8 16.0 64

176 16.0 16.0 61 176 16.1 16.0 60

179 16.1 16.0 60

180 16.0 16.0 61 180 15.8 16.0 54

180 15.8 16.0 57

183 16.0 16.1 61 183 15.8 16.1 53 184 15.2 15.1 69 187 16.2 16.1 50 187 16.1 16.1 51 187 15.9 16.1 49 188 15.4 16.1 62

189 16.2 16.1 60 190 16.1 16.2 61 190 15.6 16.2 63 190 15.9 16.2 54

193 16.1 15.2 61 193 15.7 16.2 65 193 16.6 15.2 66 193 15.9 16.2 68

193 16.3 16.2 60

193 15.9 16.2 53

196 16.4 16.2 60 196 15.1 16.2 61 200 16.1 16.3 61 200 16.1 16.3 64 200 16.0 16.3 48 200 15.9 16.3 71 200 16.0 16.3 54

200 16.0 16.3 57 203 16.0 16.3 53 205 16.4 16.3 60

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

7-39
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature,AL/(LAT),

Measured,

1 U / 1\

AL/(LAT),

Predicted,

1 u / 1\

Reference

rMO.

207 16.3 16.3 61 207 16.1 16.3 49

208 16.4 16.3 60

210 15.7 16.4 63

210 16.0 16.4 54

211 16.5 16.4 60

211 16.5 16.4 61 213 16.3 16.4 61 213 16.7 16.4 66

213 16.1 16.4 68

213 16.1 16.4 53 217 16.4 16.4 61 219 16.6 16.4 60

220 16.2 16.4 54 220 16.2 16.4 57 220 16.3 16.4 61 221 16.5 16.4 60 223 16.1 16.5 53 224 16.7 16.5 61 227 16.6 16.5 61 229 16.4 16.5 61 230 16.3 16.5 49 230 15.8 16.5 63 230 16.2 16.5 54 230 16.7 16.5 60 233 15.8 16.5 65 233 17.0 16.5 66

233 16.2 16.5 68 233 16.3 16.5 53 234 16.7 16.5 61 234 16.4 16.5 60 237 16.8 16.5 61 239 16.5 16.5 60 240 16.2 16.5 54 240 16.4 16.5 57 240 16.8 16.5 61 243 16.4 16.6 53 244 17.0 16.6 61 246 16.4 16.6 60 246 16.9 16.6 61 249 16.1 16.6 60 250 17.2 16.6 61 250 15.7 16.6 63 250 16.3 16.6 64

250 16.3 16.6 48 250 16.3 16.6 71 250 16.3 16.6 54 253 17.0 16.6 61 253 17.0 16.6 66 253 16.3 16.6 68 253 16.5 16.6 53

7-40
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 7.7, continued

Test Temperature, K

AL/(l.AT),

Measured,

10'^/K

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

256 16.6 16.6 49

256 17.0 16.6 61 259 16.9 16.6 61 259 16.5 16.6 60

260 16.4 16.6 54 260 16.5 16.6 57

262 17.2 16.6 61 263 16.3 16.6 53 265 17.3 16.6 61 269 17.7 16.6 61 270 16.5 16.6 54 270 16.5 16.5 60 272 17.8 16.6 61 273 16.0 16.6 65 273 17.0 16.6 66 273 16.5 16.6 68 273 16.5 16.6 53 273 16.5 16.6 57

273 17.7 16.6 51 273 16.2 16.6 67

275 17.5 16.6 61 277 17.3 16.6 61 280 16.9 16.6 54

280 16.9 ID.D 280 16.8 16.6 57

281 17 9 16 6 61 283 17.0 16.6 53 286 16.3 16.6 49 290 16.7 16.6 54 295 17.4 16.6 61 300 15.7 16.5 64

300 15.7 16.5 69

300 15.7 16.5 48

300 16.6 16.5 71 300 17.1 16.5 54

300 16.3 16.5 57

301 16.3 16.5 70

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

7-41
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 7.9. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the mean thermal expansion,

AL/bAT, upon temperature [Equation (7-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 7.7.

7-42
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 7.10. Dependence of the mean thermal expansion, AL/{bAT), upon temperature; 4-300 K. The

scatter band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based

upon 312 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The equation is I — (10-^/K) = 11.32 + 3.933 x lO'^T - 7.306 x IQ-^r^,

L AT

where AL/(L-A7) = [Z.(293 K) - L(7)]/[L(293 K) (293 K - 7)] for 4 K < 7 < 300 K except that at 7 = 293 K, this quantity is {1 /L){dL/dT).

7-43
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A 18 1C 2A

Specification C10100 C10100 CI 0200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.999 99.999 99.999 A9

Cu + Ag —

Bip

Pb —

—

————

—

—

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

—

———

Mg: < 0.0001;

Si: < 0.0001

—

—

Material Condition Annealed, vacuum

(a)

Cold-worked below

295 K (b)

Cold-rolled Annealed, 923 K, 3.5 h, vacuum RRR

Grain Size — — 50 iim

Hardness 45 (c)

Product Form Bar, 0.582-cm-dia.

Specimen Mass

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

65 g -71 g -

71 g 387 g

No. of Measurements

40 38 38 70

Test Temperature 20-300 K 20-300 K 20-300 K 1.3-20 K

(a) Measured in "as cast" condition. Specimen was large crystal with much smaller crystals at edges.

(b) Reduction in area of 33%, machined without specimen heating. Average strain in specimen - 0.2%, determined by x-ray

analysis.

(c) Diamond pyramid, determined with 0.2-kg load.

7-44
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

2B 3 4 5 6

C10100 C10100 C10200 C10200 (d) C10200

99.999 —

——

—

99.999 ——

—

—

—

—

——

—

——

—

99.9 —

—

—

Swaged, 28% Annealed, 1173 K, Annealed, 673 K, reduction of area 8 h, vacuum (b) 1 h (d) — —

15 tim (d)

102 (a) — — — — — — — —

310 g 60g 878 g

30 27(c) 12 (below 300 K) 28 20

1.3-20 K 77-1357 K 30-200 K 1.2-20 K

(a) Diamond pyramid, determined with 0.2-kg load.

(b) R300 K/R4 K = 550.

(c) Number of values reported from a smoothed curve derived from several sets of measurements.

(d) It is unclear whether the total specific heat reported was obtained with this specimen (used for a determination of the

dilatational specific heat) or represents other unpublished specific heat data also obtained at the University of California.

7-45
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C 10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 7 8 9 10

Specification CI 0200 C10200 C10100 C10200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

0,

BiP

99.96

0.001-0.01 99.999

not detected

< 0.001 not detected —

Pb

S

be

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

< 0.001 —

Sb: 0.001-0.01; Ca, Fe, Mg, Ni, Si: < 0.001

1

1

1

1

1

not detected < 0.0001 < O.CXXJl not detected

—

—

—

Material Condition Annealed Annealed Machined after vacuum casting

Annealed, 673 K, 16 h, vacuum RRR

Grain Size — — —

—

Product Form Wire

Specimen

Type/IVIass

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

143 g 604g

No. of Measurements

19 36 17 (above 4 K) (a) 15

Test Temperature 5-298 K 4.3-17.1 K 0.4-30 K 53-293 K

(a) Two or more series of measurements made; 17 values reported from a smoothed curve derived from all measurements.

7-46
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (Ah,

Annealed; Cold-worked

11 12 13 21 22

C10100 C10200 CI 0200 C10100 C10100

99.999 99.96 99.999 99.999 0.00034 (a) — —

—

— — — —

—

—

—

—

— —

< 0.0001

_

——

—

Fe: 0.00002 (a) — — —

Cast, machined, Cast, annealed. — Annealed, 803 K, Annealed, 673 K, etched - 120 h, N, several h, vacuunn 2 h

1781 1530 —^ — — — — —

Bar — — Bar Bar

242 g 825 g Wire Cylinder 0.076 cm 0.18 cm

8 cm

62 (below 300 K) 57 12 24

15-380 K 15-300 K 4-300 K 2-55 K 4-105 K

(a) Average content of a similar specimen, from neutron activation analysis.

7-47
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 23A 23B 24 25

Specification C10100 CI 0500 C10100 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.999 —99.97

0.034

99.999

- 0.0005 99.9988

- 0.0005

O2

BiP

Phs

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

— —

- U.UU4 ——

— ^

— . —

Ni: < 0.0003; Pb: < 0.0004

Material Condition Annealed Annealed Annealed, 823 K, 3 h, vacuum (a)

Annealed, 723 K, 6h

RRR 1450 400 339 (b) 280

Grain Size

Hardness — —

Product Form Bar Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

_ Cylinder

0.1 or 0.2 cm

5 cm

Wire

0.11 cm

No. of Measurements27 (annealed) 37

Test Temperature 4 120 K 4-120 K 2-160 K 2-90 K

(a) Two other specimens tested in "as drawn" condition.

(b) The "as drawn" specimens had RRR's of 27 and 30.

7-48
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500. C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

26 27 28 29 30A

C10200 C10100 C10100 C1 1000 C10200 — 99.999 — 99.98 < 0.0001 — —

0.0013 —0.00 1

< U.UUUUo — — 0.0008 —

0.0008 — —

—

— —

—

—

0.0001

Nl: 0.0007 Ni: 0.0007

Annealed, 923 K, Annealed — Annealed, 803 K, Annealed, 1033 K,

1 h (etched before 3 h 0.28 h anneal)

250 — — 270 —

— — — — ~ 50

54 Brinnell D.P.H.

Rar Daf OM llci cu Dal

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Foil Cylinder up to 3 cm 0.1-0.2 cm 0.37 cm 0.37 cm

0.005 cm

23 cm 5 cm 23 cm

58 (runs) 21 24

4-300 K 2-40 K 4-300 K 0.45-1.5 K 4-273 K

7-49
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 308 30C 31A 31

Specification C11000 Cu-Te CI 0200 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

BiP

Pb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > O.CX)1 wt%)

0.001 —

I—

Fe: 0.01; Ag: 0.001; Zn: 0.001

0.001 —

0.007 < 0.001 —

0.56

Fe: 0.001; Si: 0.001; Zn: 0.001

QO OA

—

—

Ge: 0.02

QQ OR

Fe- 0 0043

Material Condition As received Hard temper Annealed Annealed

RRR 18 (a) 38

Grain Size - 40 iim - 37 iim

Hardness 124 Brinnell D.P.H. 133 Brinnell D.P.H.

Product Form Bar Bar Bar Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder

0.1-0.2 cm

6 cm

Cylinder

0.1-0.2 cm

6 cm

No. of Measurements

27 33

Test Temperature 4-273 K 4-273 K 2-140 K 2-140 K

(a) This specimen identification appears to be interchanged with that of 36B in one of the figures in this reference.

7-50
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C 10100, CI0200. CI0500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

32 33 34 35 36

r\i /v\ O IQIQU UlOlOO O10100 C10100 (c)

99.999 99.99 — — — —

0.001 — —

— ——

— —

0.001 —

— — —

0.001 — —

Annealed, 1223 K, Soldered at 433 K

6 h — 900 45 55 — — 574 iim — — —

Bar —Plate Bar Bar

Cylinder Cylinder (b) Cylinder Wire

1.3 cm - 1 cm 0.11 cm 0.3 cm

0.025 cm

51 cm - 7 cm 2.5 cm

27 18 (a) 38 24 14 and 20

23-245 K 85-400 K 4-50 K 3-35 K 0.2-0.7 K

(a) Number of values reported from a smoothed curve.

(b) See Rg. 1 of Reference 7.21 for specimen geometry.

(c) Impurities to < 10 ppm in 2 specimens tested.

7-51
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100. C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 37 38 39 40

Specification Oiuiuu (a) C11000 U10100 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

2

Bi

99.999 ;' 99.99 — —

—

— — —

pPbs

Se —

—

MM —

—

—

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Annealed, 973 K, 2hCold-drawn — —

RRR 900

Grain Size

Hardness — —

Product Form Bar Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Cylinder

1.9 cm

20 cm

Cylinder

1.9 cm

15 cm

Cylinder

1.27 cm

10 cm

No. of Measurements43 7

Test Temperature 300-1250 K 297-1311 K 320 723 K 323-873 K

(a) impurities to < 0.5 ppm.

7-52
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200. C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

41 42 43A 43B 44A

C10200 CI 0200 C10100 CI 0200 (a)

99.9 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Zr: 0.20; Ni: 0.002;

Fe: 0.002

—

——

—

—

—

—

—

——

—

—

Annealed Annealed, 693 K Annealed, 1123 K,

1 h, vacuum

Annealed, 1123 K,

1 h, vacuum

107 1520 62 — — — —

Bar Wire

Cylinder

1.9 cm

Cylinder

0.64 cm

37 cm

Cylinder 0.25 cm

2.3 cm

Cylinder

2.3 cm

Wire

18 26 5 per magnetic

field

5 per magnetic

field

10

367-898 K 373-923 K 5-20 K 5-21 K 4 K

(a) Estimated from RRR.

7-53
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200. CI0500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Fteference No. 44B 45 46 47

Specification C10100 (a) CI 0200 C10100 C10100 (b)

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

99.9 99 999 99 999

Cu + Ag n —

BiPPb —

— — — —

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

< 0.0002 —

—

Material Condition Annealed, 573 K, 4 h, vacuumAnnealed, 773 K, several hAnnealed, 823 K, 3 h, Ar, FC

RRR 103

Grain Size

Hardness — —

Product Form Wire Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Wire Cylindrical tube

2.54 cm

0.48

5.08 cm

Cylinder

1.8 cm

Cylinder

1.1 cm

6 cm

No. of Measurements11 25 23 68

Test Temperature 4 K 20-93 K 5-295 K 10-200 K

(a) Estimated from RRR.

(b) Total metallic impurity level < 10 ppm.

7-54
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200. C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

48 49 50 51 52

C10200 U1 U 1 UU L-1U1U0

99.999 99.99 — —

0.004 —< 0.0005 — —

—

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

—

— —

0.0001 —0.003 —

—

—

— ——

—

Sn: 0.002

Annealed Annealed, 623 K, 48 h

— — — —

— — — —

Bar Bar

Cylindrical tube Cylinder Cylinder

0.7 cm 0.50 cm

10 cm 8.14 cm -60 20 -250 - 90

20-300K 25-295 K 2-110 K 4-15 K 6-55 K

7-55
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER:

C10100, C10200, CI0500, C11000:

Annealed; Cold-worked

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Properties (All)

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 53 54 55A 558

Specification

Composition (wt%)

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

BiP —

99.99

—

99.999

< 0.0002

f 0.003

,1

99.999

< 0.00001

0.001 —

Pb

S

Se

Te

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

— — 0.003 < 0.0001 — —

U-UU^, Vv. U.UI^, Zn: 0.008

K^. U.Uc.\, vv. U.UUo

Material Condition Annealed, vacuum

(b)

Annealed, 1073 K, vacuum Vacuum cast Cast in graphite

RRR — — 560 730

Grain Size

Hardness

Product Form

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Cylinder

(a)

2.0 cm

Cylinder

2.5 cm

Cylinder

0.6 cm

9.7 cm

Cylinder

0.8 cm

10 cm

No. of Measurements

- 1100 15 - 31 -23

Test Temperature 8S-573 K 90-230 K 1-26 K 1-30 K

(a) Eleven specimens of varying purity and dimensions were tested; averaged curve used in the present analysis.

(b) Some of the eleven specimens were not annealed.

7-56
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

56A 56B 57 58 60

C10100 C10200 C10100 C10100

99.999 (a) 99.999 99.999 (d) ——

—

—

0.0004 —

——

——

—

—

—

—

—

—

Si: 0.001

——

—

—

Annealed, 773 K, Annealed, - 673 K Annealed, 573 K, _ As cut from rail vacuum 1 h, vacuum — — 600-1500 — —

— — — — —

Bar (c) Rail

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder

1.9 cm 1.9 cm

5.1 cm 5.1 cm 10.2 cm 1.9 cm

(b) (b) 101 - 26 58

2-283 K 2-283 K 3-320 K 10-240 K 80^360 K

(a) Total of < 10 ppm impurities.

(b) A total of - 200 measurements on specimens 50A and 508 were averaged. The mean values were used in the present

analysis.

(c) Ingot from which bar was machined was electron-beam melted in vacuum.

(d) Total impurity content < 5 ppm.

7-57
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

Reference No. 61 62 63 64

Specification CI 0200 CI 0200 CI 0200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.979 — 99.98 99.999 Ag

Cu + Ag — — —

O2 0.02

Bi — — — —

P

Pb

c

Se

Te

Others

— — — —

— — - — —

— —

—

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition

. Annealed — — —

RRR

Grain Size — — —

—

—

—

— —

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Bar

Specimen Type Cylinder Cylinder

Width or Dia. 0.64 cm

Thickness Length 0.6 cm 2 cm 7.6 cm

No. of 141 11 Measurements

Test Temperature 77-773 K 83-188 K; 20-273 K 4-300 K

298-363 K

7-58
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All) Anriealed; Cold-worked

65 66 67 68 69

C10200 C10100 CI 0200 CI 0200 C1020G

99.968 —99.999 — _

—

99.9 — — —

—

—

Sb: 0.015; Fe: 0.010;

—

—

—

—

—

—

——

—

—

——

—

—

—

—

S: 0.007

Annealed, 653 K, Annealed

4 h — — — — —

— — — — —

Bar — Tube Tube —

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylindrical tube Cylinder

0.5 cm 0.62 cm 0.44 cm

10 cm 10.16 cm 94 cm (a) 0.97 cm 3.8 cm

- 10 37 4 10 13

77-273 K 18-573 K 20-374 K 103-283 K 2-^ K

(a) Length of Inner vacuum vessel constructed from electrolytic copper. Thermal expansion measured at atmospheric

pressure.

7-59
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C 10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All) Annealed; Cold-worked

Table 7.8, continued

1 R6f6r6nc6 No. 70 7-)

Specification C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu QQ go la\ Ag

Cu + Ag —

O2

Bi — '

PPb

S —

—

——

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

1 Material Condition Annealed, 811 K RRR 63

Grain Size - _— —

1 Hardness —,— -

Product Form Bar Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Bar

2.5 cm

1.5 cm

12 cm

Cylinder 0.64 cm

1 cm

No. of Measurements

8 - 50 for each of 5 specimens

Test Temperature 1 82-1207 K 20-800 K

(a) Estimated from RRR. About 0.012 wt% dissolved impurities estimated.

7-60
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, CI0500, C 11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Martin, D. L, 'The Specific Heat of Copper from 20° to 300 "K," Canadian Journal of Pfiysics 38,

17-24 (1960).

2. Ahlers, G., "Heat Capacity of Copper," Review of Scientific Instruments 37, 477-480 (1966).

3. Holste, J. C, Cetas, T. C, and Swenson, C. A., "Effects of Temperature Scale Differences on the

Analysis of Heat Capacity Data: The Specific Heat of Copper from 1 to 30 K," The Review of Scientific Instruments 43, 670-676 (1972).

4. Chang, Y.-S. A., "Dilation Contribution to Heat Capacity of Metals and Alloys," Ph.D. Thesis,

University of California, 79 pp. (1963).

5. Dockerty, S. M., 'The Specific Heat of Copper From 30° to 200 °K," Canadian Journal of Research ISA, 59-66 (1937).

6. Kok, J. A., and Keesom, W. H., "Measurements of the Atomic Heats of Platinum and of Copper

from 1.2 to 20 °K," Physica 3, 1035-1045 (1936).

7. Sandenaw, T. A., "Heat Capacity of Copper Below 300 °K, a Test of Two Calorimeter Designs,"

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California, Los Alamos, NM, LA-2307, 19

pp. (1959).

8. Jelinek, F. J., and Collings, E. W., "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat

Properties of Structural Materials," in Materials Research for Superconducting Machinery-ll, Eds.

A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, E. C. van Reuth, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA,

ADA 004586 (1974).

9. Franck, J. P., Manchester, F. D., and Martin, D. L, 'The Specific Heat of Pure Copper and of Some Dilute Copper + Iron Alloys Showing a Minimum in the Electrical Resistance at Low

Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 263A, 494-507 (1961).

10. Maier, C. F., and Anderson, C. T., 'The Disposition of Work Energy Applied to Crystals," Journal

of Chemical Physics 2, 513-527 (1934).

11. Robie, R. A., Hemingway, B. S., and Wilson, W. H., 'The Heat Capacities of Calorimetry

Conference Copper and of Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3)Oio(OH)2, Pyrophyllite Al2Si40^o(OH)2, and lUite K3(Al7Mg)(Sii4Al2)04o(OH)g between 15 and 375 K and their Standard Entropies at 298.15 K," Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey 4, 631-644 (1976).

12. Giauque, W. F., and Meads, P. F., 'The Heat Capacities and Entropies of Aluminum and Copper

from 15 to 300 °K," Journal of the American Chemical Society 63, 1897-1901 (1941).

13. Hust, J. G., and Kirby, R. K., "Standard Reference Materials for Thermophysical Properties," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 24, Eds. K. D. Timmerhaus, R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark,

Plenum Press, New York, 232-239 (1978).

14. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., Specific Heat-Metallic Elements and Alloys, Thermphysical

Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, IFl/Plenum, New York, 51-61 (1970).

7-61
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

15. Fisher, J. W., Lielmezs, J., Martin, D. L, Martin, J. F., Sabbah, R., and Snowdon, R. L, "Cp.

Copper," in Recomnnended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical

Properties, Blackwell Science Publications, Oxford, U.K. (1987).

16. Corruccini, R. J., "Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures (Part I)," Chemical Engineering

Progress 53, 262-267 (1957).

17. Chang, Y. A., and Himmel, L, 'Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants of Cu, Ag, and

Au above Room Temperature," Journal of Applied Physics 37, 3567-3572 (1966).

18. Chang, Y. A., and Hultgren, R., 'The Dilation Contribution to the Heat Capacity of Copper and

Q-Brass at Elevated Temperatures," The Journal of Physical Chemistry 69, 4162-4165 (1965).

19. Bevk, J., 'The Effect of l_attice Defects on the LowTemperature Heat Capacity of Copper,"

Philosophical Magazine 28, 1379-1390 (1973).

20. Hust, J. G., and Lankford, A. B., 'Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum, Copper, Iron, and Tungsten

for Temperatures from 1 K to the Melting Point," National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO,

NBSIR 84-3007, 256 pp. (1984).

21. White, G. K., and Tainsh, R. J., "Lorenz Number for High-Purity Copper," Physical Review 119. 1869-1871 (1960).

22. Powell, R. L, Roder, H. M., and Hall, W. J., "Low-Temperature Transport Properties of Copper

and Its Dilute Alloys: Pure Copper, Annealed and Cold-Drawn," Physical Review 1 1

. 314-323

(1959).

23. Roder, H. M., Powell, R. L, and Hall, W. J., "Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Pure

Copper," in Low Temperature Physics & Chemistry, Ed. J. R. Dillinger, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wl, 364-367 (1958).

24. White, G. K., "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at Low Temperatures,"

Australian Journal of Physics 6, 397-404 (1953).

25. Berman, R., and MacDonald, D. K. C, "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 211 A. 122-128 (1952).

26. Hust, J. G., and Giarratano, P. J., 'Thermal Conductivity" in Semi-Annual Report on Materials

Research in Support of Superconducting Machinery, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder,

Colorado, NBSIR 74-393, 1-35 (1974).

27. Mendelssohn, K., and Rosenberg, H. M., "The Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Low

Temperatures. I: The Elements of Groups 1, 2 and 3," The Proceedings of the Physical Society

65A, 385-394 (1952).

28. Powell, R. L, Rogers, W. M., and Coffin, D. 0., "An Apparatus for Measurement of Thermal

Conductivity of Solids at Low Temperatures," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 59, 349-355 (1957).

7-62
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERNECES

29. Lindenfeld, P., Lynton, E. A., and Soulen, R., "Metallic Heat Conductivity Below 1 °K," Physics

Letters 19, 265 (1965).

30. Powell, R. L., Roder, H. M., and Rogers, W. M., "Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Some

Commercial Coppers," Journal of Applied Physics 28, 1282-1288 (1957).

31. White, G. K., and Woods, S. B., 'Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Solids at Low

Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics 33, 58-73 (1955).

White, G. K., and Woods, S. B., 'The Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Copper Alloys at Low

Temperatures," Philosophical Magazine 45, 1343-1345 (1954).

32. Powers, R. W., Schwartz, D., and Johnston, H. L., 'The Thermal Conductivity of Metals and

Alloys at Low Temperatures--I. Apparatus for Measurements Between 25° and 300 °K. Data on

Pure Aluminum, OFHC Copper, and 'L' Nickel," Cryogenic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, TR 264-5, 19 pp. (1951).

33. Moore, J. P., McElroy, D. L., and Graves, R. S., "Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of High-Purity Copper from 78 to 400 °K," Canadian Journal of Physics 45, 3849-3865 (1967).

34. Fletcher, R., "The Nernst-Ettinghausen Coefficient and the Kondo Effect in Copper and Gold,"

Philosophical Magazine 25, 87-95 (1972).

35. Nelson, W. E., and Hoffman, A. R., "Measurements of the Temperatures and Magnetic Field Dependence of Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity in OFHC Copper," in Thermal

Conductivity 14, Eds. P. G. Klemens and T. K. Chu, Plenum Press, New York, 73-80 (1976).

36. Dupr6, A., Van Itterbeek, A., and Michiels, L, "Heat Conductivity of Copper Below 1 "K," Physics

Letters 8, 99-100 (1964).

37. Laubitz, M. J., "Transport Properties of Pure Metals at High Temperatures-I. Copper," Canadian

Journal of Physics 45, 3677-3696 (1967).

38. Lucks, C. F, and Deem, H. W., 'Thermal Properties of Thirteen Metals," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical Publication No. 227, 29 pp. (1958).

39. Mikryukov, V. E., Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Mat., Mekh., Astron., Fiz., Khim., H, 53-70 (1956).

40. Powell, R. W., and Tye, R. P., "New Measurements on Thermal Conductivity Reference

Materials," Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer J[0, 581-596 (1967).

41. Schofield, F. H., 'The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Some Pure Metals," Proceedings

of the Royal Society of London 107A. 206-227 (1925).

42. Siu, M. C. I., Carroll, W. C, and Watson, T. W., "Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Six Copper-Base Alloys," National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C, NBSIR 76-1003, 22

pp. (1976).

7-63
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100. C10200, C10500, C11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERNECES

43. Sparks, L L, "Magnetothermal Conductivity of Selected Pure Metals and Alloys," in Materials

Research for Superconducting Machinery--IV, Eds. R. P. Reed, A. F. Clark, E. C. van Reuth,

National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, ADA 019230 (1975).

Sparks, L. L, "Magnetic Field Effect on Thermal Conductivity of Selected Metals," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 24, Eds. K. D. Timmerhaus, R. P. Reed, and A. F. Clark, Plenum

Press, New York, 224-231 (1978).

44. Fevrier, A., and Morize, D., 'The Effect of Magnetic Field on the Thermal Conductivity and

Electrical Resistivity of Different Materials," Cryogenics 13. 603-606 (1973).

45. Fraser, D. B., and Holiis Hallett. A. C, 'The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Various Cubic

Metals Below 100 "K," Canadian Journal of Physics 43, 193-219 (1965).

46. Carr, R. H., McCammon, R. D., and White, G. K., "The Thermal Expansion of Copper at Low

Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 280. 72-84 (1964).

47. Bunton, G. V., and Weintroub, S., "A Sensitive Optical Lever Dilatometer for Use at Low

Temperatures and the Thermal Expansion of Copper," Cryogenics 8, 354-360 (1968).

48. Fraser, D. B., and Hollis Hallett, A. C, "The Coefficient of Linear Expansion and Gruneisen 7 of Cu, Ag. Au, Fe, Ni, and Al from 4 "K to 300 °K," in Proceedings of the Vllth International

Conference on Low Temperature Physics, Eds. G. M. Graham and A. C. Holiis Hallett, University

of Toronto Press. 689-692 (1961).

49. Rubin, T., Altman, H. W., and Johnston, H. L, "Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Solids at Low Temperatures. 1. The Thermal Expansion of Copper from 15 to 300 °K.," Journal of the

American Chemical Society 76, 5289-5293 (1954).

50. Novikova, S. I., and Strelkov, P. G., 'Thermal Expansion of Silicon at Low Temperatures," Soviet

Physics-Solid State 1, 1 687-1 689 (1 960).

51. Kos, J. F., and Lamarche, J. L. G., 'Thermal Expansion of the Noble Metals Below 15 °K,"

Canadian Journal of Physics 47, 2509-2518 (1969).

52. Shapiro, J. M., Taylor, D. R., and Graham, G. M., "A Sensitive Dilatometer for Use at Low

Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics 42, 835-847 (1964).

53. Lifanov, I. I., and Sherstyukov, N. G., 'Thermal Expansion of Copper in the Temperature Range

-185 to +300 °C," Measurement Techniques J2, 1653-1659 (1968).

54. Leksina, I. E., and Novikova, S. I., 'Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and Gold within a Wide

Range of Temperatures," Soviet Physics-Solid State 5, 798-801 (1963).

55. McLean, K. O., Swenson, G. A., and Case, C. R., 'Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and

Gold Below 30 K," Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7, 77-98 (1972).

56. White, G. K., and Collins, J. G., "Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and Gold at Low

Temperatures," Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7, 43-75 (1972).

7-64
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

57. Kroeger, F. R., and Swenson, C. A., "Absolute Linear Thermal-Expansion Measurements on Copper and Aluminum from 5 to 320 K," Journal of Applied Physics 48. 853-864 (1977).

58. Cooper, R. F., and Yates, B., "Low Temperature Inteferometric Measurements of the Thermal

Expansion of Copper and Nitralloy," Cryogenics 10. 442-444 (1970).

59. Touloukian, Y. S., Kirby, R. K., Taylor, R. E.. and Desai, P. D.. Thermal Expansion-Metallic

Elements and Alloys, Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 12. IFI/Plenum. New York, 77-91

(1975).

60. Strelkov, P. G., and Novikova, S. I.. "Silica Dilatometer for Low Temperatures. 1. Thermal

Expansion of Copper and Aluminum." Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta 5, 105-118 (1957).

61. Nix, F. C, and MacNair, D., 'Thermal Expansion of Pure Metals: Copper, Gold, Aluminum,

Nickel, and Iron," Physical Review 60. 597-605 (1941).

62. Ullrich, H.-J., "Precision Lattice Parameter Measurements by Interferences from Lattice Sources

(Kossel Lines) and Divergent Beam X-Ray Diffraction (Pseudo-Kossel-Lines) in Back Reflection,"

Physica Status Solidi 20, K113-K117 (1967).

63. BijI, D., and Pullan, H., "A New Method for Measuring the Thermal Expansion of Solids at Low

Temperatures; the Thermal Expansion of Copper and Aluminium and the Gruneisen Rule." Physica 21, 285-298 (1955).

64. Beenakker, J. J. M., and Swenson. C. A.. 'Total Thermal Contractions of Some Technical Metals

to 4.2 °K," The Review of Scientific Instruments 26, 1204-1205 (1955).

65. Aoyama, S., and Ito, T., 'Thermal Expansion of Nickel-Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures, (Part

I)," Science Reports of the Tohoku University 27, 348-364 (1939).

66. Rhodes, B. L, Moeller, C. E., Hopkins, V., and Marx, T. I., 'Thermal Expansion of Several

Technical Metals from -255° to 300 °C," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 8, Ed. K. D. Timmerhaus, Plenum Press, New York, 278-286 (1963).

67. Keesom, W. H., Van Agt, F. P. G. A. J., and Jansen, A. F. J., 'The Thermal Expansion of Copper

Between +101° and -253 "C," Communications of the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the

University of Leiden, Amsterdam 182A. 2-9 (1926).

68. Dorsey, H. G., "Coefficient of Linear Expansion at Low Temperatures." Physical Review 25,

88-102 (1907).

69. Sandenaw, T. A., The Thermal Expansion of Plutonium Metal Below 300 K," Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory of the University of California. Los Alamos. New Mexico, LA-2394. 23 pp.

(1960).

70. Richards, J. W., 'The Over-all Linear Expansion of Three Face-centered Cubic Metals (Al, Cu,

Pb) from -190 Degrees Cent, to Near Their Melting Points," Transactions of the American

Society of Metals 30. 326-336 (1942).

7-65
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C10100, C10200. C10500, C 11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

71. Hahn, T. A., Thermal Expansion of Copper from 20 to 800 K--Standard Reference Material 736,"

Journal of Applied Physics 41. 5096-5101 (1970).

7-66
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Electrical Resistivity

vs. Impurity Content

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Effects of impurity elements on the electrical

resistivity of high-purity copper have been measured by a number of workers. The results of the more reliable studies were summarized and aver- aged in Reference 8.1. This summary was used

in the preparation of Figure 8.1. Table 8.1 pres- ents the data from Reference 8.1 as well as data on some additional elements from Reference 8.2.

RESULTS

Table 8.1 gives the increase in electrical

resistivity for both 10 ppm and 0.001 wt% of impurity element in solid solution in copper. Refer- ence 8.1 may be consulted for a convenient list- ing of solid solubility limits of the elements in copper. Figure 8.1 gives the change in electrical

resistivity per wt% of impurity element, up to 0.01 wt%. A linear relationship exists between the

amount of a particular single impurity in solid solution and the increase in resistivity. (The rela- tionship between percent impurity and electrical conductivity is hyperbolic; for simplicity, such

plots are not presented here.)

DISCUSSION

Some caution must be exercised in using

Figure 8.1 or Table 8.1 to predict the effect of a

given level of impurity content upon the electrical

resistivity, p. First, the numbers have an estimated uncertainty of 20 to 30%, due to inherent diffi- culties in making the measurements. Second, the

extent to which a given impurity element increas- es p depends upon both the identity of the impurity and the metallurgical condition in which it is present. If the impurity is present in solid solution

it is far more effective than if it is incorporated

into a second phase. [Theory predicts that dis- turbances of the lattice periodicity on an atomic

scale (solid solution) are more effective in scatter- ing electrons tlian perturbations on a macro scale

(second phase).] In the latter case, the effect depends upon the form and distribution of the

second phase. For example, in an oxygen anneal, solute atoms may be internally oxidized and

segregated to grain boundaries, which produces

a sizeable decrease in p. The very small effects

of silver, zinc, and cadmium on p are due to the

extremely low solubilities of these elements in copper at room temperature. Because the values

in Figure 8.1 and Table 8.1 are based upon ideal

solubility conditions, the fabrication history also

affects the final resistivity. The effects of several

impurities in combination are expected to be

additive if they are all present in solid solution

(Reference 8.3). Ornstein (Reference 8.4) reported that the electrical resistivity increased by about

0.4% as the silver content was increased from

about 0.03 wt% (C10400, CI 0500) to about 0.85

at wt% (C10700) but actual measurements were

not reported.

Since the change in p due to impurity addition is approximately temperature-independent

(Matthiessen's rule, see References 8.2 and 8.5), these results, obtained at room temperature, may

be provisionally applied to cryogenic temperatures. Some recent results in which residual

resistivities were measured at 4 K for 3d and 4d

transition metal impurities in copper are in approximate agreement with these room-temperature results. (See Reference 8.6 and citations

therein.) However, results reported in Reference

8.6 are in conflict with some recent theoretical

work reported in Reference 8.7. These references

may be consulted for additional information and

for references to the less-common impurity ele- ments not reported in Table 8.1.

8-1
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed Electrical Resistivity

vs. Impurity Content

Table 8.1. Increase in Resistivity with Impurity Elements Present Singly in Solid Solution.

Impurity

Element

Increase in Resistivity per 0.001 wt%

Impurity,

nOm

Increase in Resistivity per 10 ppm

Impurity,

nOm

0 0.21 0.53

Ti 0.20 0.16 s 0.16 0.081 P 0.13 0.064 V 0.12 0.097 Fe 0.11 0.099 Se 0.097 0.121 Co 0.071 0.066

Si 0.069 0.030 R 0.065 0.020 As 0.056 0.066 Cr 0.048 0.039 Be 0.045 0.0064 Te 0.034 0.069 Mn 0.033 0.028 Ge 0.032 0.037 Hq 0.032 0.010 Sb 0.029 0.055

Al 0.026 0.011 Ma 0.021 0.0080

Bi 0.017 0.057 Sn 0.016 0.029

Ni 0.014 0.012 Ga 0.013 0.014 Pb 0.0093 0.030

In 0.006 0.011 Ca 0.005 0.003 Zn 0.0034 0.0035 Aq 0.0020 0.0034 Cd 0.0016 0.0028

8-2
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Electrical Resistivity

vs. Impurity Content

C10100-C10700: Annealed

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0 01 IMPURITY CONTENT , weight percent

Figure 8.1. Tlie change in electrical resistivity of liigh-purity copper with the addition of various impurity

elements in solid solution is shown. The figure was prepared from information summarled in Reference 8.1.

8-3
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

An extensive analysis of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, p, of highpurity copper was carried out recently at NBS,

now NIST, (Reference 8.5). The analysis indicat- ed that one parameter, the residual resistivity

ratio, RRR, could be used to represent the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity

from 2 to 900 K. The quantity RRR is defined as

the ratio of the resistivity at 273 K to the resistivity at 4 K. The 4-K resistivity of a copper sample is approximately equal to the temperature-independent residual resistivity (pj that results from the

chemical and physical imperfections of the material. The 273-K resistivity is approximately equal

to the "intrinsic" temperature-dependent resistivity

(Pi) that results from the thermal vibrations of the

copper lattice. (p(7) = p^ + p^T), where T is temperature, according to IVIatthiessen's rule, and

for material of commercial or higher purity, ^,(273

K) > > p^.) Thus, the RRR gives a measure of the purity and the extent of physical defects such

as lattice imperfections due to cold-working.

Commercially pure copper wire has an RRR of 50

to 500, whereas very high-purity copper, well- annealed, could have an RRR of around 2,000.

Special measures to reduce the effectiveness of electron scattering centers, such as oxygen annealing, can raise the RRR to 50,000.

Data sets for the analysis described in Refer- ence 8.5 were selected from 1 0 references covering a range of temperature from 0.2 to 900 K and

a range of RRR from 19 to 1530. These data were fitted to the function given below and the

constants determined with a nonlinear least squares analysis.

RESULTS

It was found that the temperature dependence of p could be represented to within ± 15%

of the experimental values by the following equation for p:

Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature, RRR

p(nnm) = + p, + p,^, (8-1) where

P, = 7^7(1 * P,P,f'^''' exp -{PJTf^) . p,

and Pi„ = PjPiPo/iPi + Po)

The constants are:

Pi = 1.171 X 10"^^ = 4.49

P3 = 3.841 X 10^° P4 = 1.14

P5 = 50 Pg = 6.428 Pj = 0.4531

The value of p^ to be used in Equation (8-1) can be determined from the relation Po = p

(273 K)/RRR where p(273 K) = 15.53 nnm. See

Reference 8.5 for further discussion of p,^, which

represents the deviation from Matthiesson's rule and for an explanation of p^.

Figure 8.2 presents selected (References

8.3, and 8.8-8.12) data used in the analysis and

the calculated curves of p vs. 7 for various RRR

values. The available characterization of materials

and measurements for the data shown in Figure

8.2 is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the elec- tromagnetic properties section.

DISCUSSION

The effects of both impurities and cold work

upon electrical resistivity from 2 K to 300 K can

be predicted from a knowledge of the RRR,

which is readily determined experimentally. An

explanation of the size effect correction to the

experimentally determined resistance at 4 K is given on page 8-24. Recent measurements of the

RRR on coppers that met the C10200 specification ranged from 5 to 520 (Reference 8.2). This

shows the necessity of measuring the RRR for individual coppers for which the cryogenic temperature dependence is required. Reference 8.2

gives details of 4-K resistance measurement techniques.

8-4
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature, RRR

2 4 10 20 40 100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 8.2. The data shown were used in the analysis described in Reference 8.5 to compute the

constants for Equation (8-1). The cun/es represent Equation (8-1) for the series of RRR values

Indicated.

8-5
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C107G0: Cold-worked

at 295 K

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the change with cold work

of the electrical resistivity at 295, 77, and 4 K

were obtained from References 8.8, and 8.13-

8.27 (see Tables 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4). The number

of measurements selected for analysis was 48,

12, and 56 at 295, 77. and 4 K, respectively.

Product was predominately in extruded wire form,

but some data on rolled strip (Reference 8.17)

and rolled plate (Reference 8.21) were also in- cluded. The amount of cold work, CW, ranged

up to 96, 60, and 82% for measurements made at 295, 77, and 4 K, respectively. All of the CW was

carried out at room temperature. (The next section presents data on CW carried out at 77 K, in which Ap, the change in resistivity, was measured

at 77 K without specimen warmup.)

Regression analyses that included polynomial terms were carried out on the three data

sets described above.

RESULTS

The equations representing the best fits to the data sets are as follows. The CW refers to reduction in thickness or area.

295 K: Ap(nnm) = 1.02 X 10"^CW-6.59x W^{CW)\

CW < 77%;

Ap = 0.39 nfim, CW > 77%

(8-2)

77 K: Ap(nnm) = 9.84 X 10'^CIV - 1.04 x W^CW)^,

CW < 47%;

Ap = 0.23 nflm, CW > 47%

(8-3)

4 K: Ap(nQm) = 6.24 x 10'^CW-5.11 x W^CW)\

CW < 61%;

Ap = 0.19 nnm, CW>61%

(8-4)

For the 295-K measurements, the standard

deviation of the fit is 0.08 nOm; the standard deviations of the two coefficients are 0.09 x 10'^ and

1.16 X 10'^. For the 77-K measurements, the

standard deviation of the fit is 0.06 nOm; the stanChange in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

dard deviations of the two coefficients are 1 .91 x

10"^ and 0.37 x 10 ^ For the 4-K measurements,

the standard deviation of the fit is 0.03 nfim; the

standard deviations of the two coefficients are 0.44 X 10'^ and 0.75 x 10 ^

Tables 8.2. 8.3, and 8.4 present (for 295, 77,

and 4 K, respectively) the measured values of Ap,

the values calculated from the regression equation, CW, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section.

Figures 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 indicate the fit of the data to Equations (8-2), (8-3) and (8-4). Figures 8.6 and 8.7 present these results in sum- mary form. (No summary figure is presented for the 77-K results because comparatively few data were available.) The scatter bands represent two

standard deviations about each curve in these

figures. The variance of the data about each

curve was assumed to be normally distributed

and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, CW, except that it was reduced

to zero for 0% CIV.

DISCUSSION

The Ap vs. CW values of 3.2-cm plate rolled to 60% reduction (Reference 8.21) appear to be

consistent with the values found from measure- ments on extruded wire. Results on strip stock

also are in agreement with the wire measurements. The results reported in Reference 8.21 have been related to the dislocation density pro- duced by cold working and to the dislocation

contribution to'the electrical resistivity, p. Further

discussion of defect resistivity may be found in Reference 8.2. The effect of CIV on p is linear only for small

amounts of CW, and appears' to saturate at approximately 60% for all temperatures. However,

room-temperature results presented in Reference

8.28 show a linear dependence up to 40 or 50%

and then a very steep increase in Ap of a factor

of 4 at about 60%, followed by a decline to the

original slope at about 80%. These data were not used in the present analysis since most other

investigators have not observed this effect. Equations (8-2) to (8-4) and Figures 8.3 to

8.5 show that Ap for a given amount of CW in- creases with temperature. There are two possible

8-6
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4. 77. 295 K)

explanations for this effect, which was also observed in the measurements reported in Refer- ence 8.8. First, Ap with CIV could be a temperature-dependent effect. Second, the imperfection

resistivity, p^, may not be additive with the

temperature-dependent or intrinsic resistivity, p^. Matthiessen's rule states that p = + p,, but

deviations are sometimes observed (see Refer- ences 8.2 and 8.5).

Table 8.2. Change in Electrical Resistivity with Cold Work (295 K).

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nftm

Change In Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nam

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.100 0.0223 2.2 8

0.150 0.0490 5.0 8 0.100 0.0699 7.2 19

0.170 0.0745 7.7 8 0.130 0.0952 10. 17

0.0700 0.0952 10. 17

0.280 0.0987 10. 8 0.210 0.125 14. 15 0.175 0.146 16. 19 0.210 0.170 19. 20

0.170 0.177 20. 13 0.230 0.206 24. 19 0.370 0.213 25. 17

0.150 0.213 25. 17

0.240 0.220 26. 13

0.260 0.246 30. 19

0.290 0.292 38. 13 0.360 0.292 38. 16

0.340 0.311 42. 20

0.320 0.333 47. 13

0.290 0.340 49. 19

0.300 0.344 50. 17

0.390 0.351 52. 20

0.340 0.367 58. 13 0.220 0.373 60. 14

0.295 0.376 61. 19

0.410 0.376 61. 20

0.450 0.378 62. 16 0.350 0.383 65. 16

0.320 0.388 69. 20

0.303 0.389 70. 19

0.360 0.392 75. 13

0.310 0.392 75. 15

0.470 0.392 75. 20

0.295 0.393 76. 19 0.370 0.393 79. 13 0.290 0.392 80. 19 0.325 0.392 81. 19

o.4ao 0.392 81. 20

0.400 0.391 83. 13

0.300 0.390 84. 19

0.460 0.390 84. 16

8-7
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

Table 8.2, continued

1 Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nOm

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nCm

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.360 0.390 85. 15

0.490 0.390 85. 20

0.390 0.390 88. 13

0.500 0.390 88. 20

0.510 0.390 90. 20

0.400 0.390 96. 18

Table 8.3. Change in Electrical Resistivity with Cold Work (77 K).

j Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nftm

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nam

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.0510 0.0213 2.2 8 0.0600 0.0463 5.0 8 0.115 0.0696 7.7 8 0.0200 0.0830 10. 21 0.160 0.0911 10. 8

0.130 0.155 20. 21 0.300 0.187 26. 8

0.150 0.201 30. 21 0.170 0.227 40. 21 0.200 0.230 50. 21 0.250 0.230 60. 21 0.220 0.230 60. 14

Table 8.4. Change in Electrical Resistivity with Cold Work (4 K).

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, n(hn

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nftm

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.0060 0.0117 1.9 23

0.0190 0.0135 2.2 8

0.0126 0.0177 2.9 23

0.0239 0.0200 3.3 23 0.0147 0.0235 3.9 23 0.0250 0.0299 5.0 22

0.0360 0.0299 5.0 8

0.0341 0.0356 6.0 23

0.0360 0.0356 6.0 23

0.0382 0.0389 6.6 23 0.0574 0.0412 7.0 23

0.0653 0.0439 7.5 27

0.0658 0.0439 7.5 27

0.0564 0.0439 7.5 25

0.0558 0.0439 7.5 25

8-8
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Table 8.4, continued

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nttm

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nom

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.0465 0.0445 7.6 23

0.0474 0.0466 8.0 23

0.0590 0.0466 6.0 6 0.0697 0.0545 9.5 23

0.0838 0.0562 9.6 23

0.0680 0.0573 10. 21 0.0350 0.0573 10. 22

0.0577 0.0573 10. 23

0.0780 0.0599 11. 8 0.144 0.0787 14. 27

0.134 0.0787 14. 27

0.0920 0.0787 14. 27

0.109 0.0787 14. 25

0.111 0.0787 14. 25 0.0450 0.0821 15. 22 0.153 0.104 20. 21 0.0870 0.104 20. 26 0.0290 0.108 21. 24

0.108 0.108 21. 24

0.113 0.108 21. 24

0.0750 0.124 25. 22

0.118 0.128 26. 8 0.179 0.141 30. 21 0.126 0.150 33. 26

0.0830 0.161 37. 24

0.188 0.161 37. 24

0.170 0.161 37. 24

0.195 0.168 40. 21 0.220 0.184 50. 21 0.0800 0.184 50. 22

0.209 0.184 50. 24

0.158 0.185 51. 26

0.255 0.190 60. 21 0.166 0.190 60. 26

0.150 0.190 60. 14

0.141 0.190 60. 24

0.246 0.190 60. 24

0.19S 0.190 60. 24

0.181 0.190 71. 26 0.185 0.190 75. 26 0.190 0.190 82. 26

Change in Electn'cal Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

8-9
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

E

c

<

>

I—

CO

to

<

LU

U

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 8.3. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity

upon cold work at 295 K [Equation (8-2)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted

from the figure. All data are presented in Table 8.2. Products were in wire, sheet, and plate form.

8-10
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

0.6

REF. 8

REF.14

REF.21

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 8.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity

upon cold work at 77 K [Equation (8-3)]. All data are presented in Table 8.3. Products were in wire and plate form.

8-11
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

0.6

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

,100

Figure 8.5. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity

upon cold work at 4 K [Equation (8-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 8.4. Products were in wire sheet, and plate form.

8-12
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

0.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 8.6. Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity at 295 K upon cold work. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon 48

measurennents for a range of cold work from 0 to 96%. The regression equation is

Ap(nnm) = 1.02X 10"^CW-6.59x 10"^(C^V)^ {CW < 77%)

Ap(nnm) = 0.39 (CW>77%),

where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Products were in wire,

sheet, and plate form.

8-13
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)

0.6

E

c

>->

CO

to

LU

Z

to

<

UJ

fid U

Z

0.5

- 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

4K

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 8.7. Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity at 4 K upon cold work. The scatter band

represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon 56

measurements for a range of cold work from 0 to 82%. The regression equation is

Ap(nnm) = 6.24 X 10'^CIV-5.11 x 10'^ (CW)^

A/j(nnm) =0.19

{CW < 61%)

(CIV > 61%),

where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Product was in plate form.

8-14
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Residual Resistivity Ratio, at 295 K RRR vs. Cold Work

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on residual resistivity ratio, RRR, as a

function of cold work were obtained from Refer- ences 8.21 and 8.24. Products were in plate and

wire form. The data are plotted in Figure 8.8. The quantity RRR is defined as the ratio of the

resistivity at 273 K to the resistivity at 4 K. The

4-K resistivity of a copper specimen is nearly

equal to the temperature-independent residual

resitivity (p^) due to the chemical and physical

imperfections in the material. The 273-K resistivity, which is at least an order of magnitude larger,

is approximately a constant for high purity copper

and does not depend significantly upon composition. Therefore, the RRR gives a measure of the

purity and the extent of physical defects such as

lattice imperfections due to cold-working. See

the section "Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature,

RRR" for further information.

RESULTS

As expected, Figure 8.8 shows that cold

work reduces the RRR of high-purity copper significantly. For all specimens, the RRR decreases

to a nearly constant value of about 55 ± 20 after cold work of 50 to 60%.

The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 8.10 at the

end of the electromagnetic properties section.

8-15
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 295 K

Residual Resistivity Ratio,

RRR vs. Cold Work

250

200

< 150

^ 100

in

m

0^

<

a

COTZ 5 0

1

A

•

O

REF.2'

REF.2^

REF.2^

REF.2i

REF.2i

REF.2i

X

1

1

X

X

o

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 8.8. The residual resistance ratio, RRR, which is defined in the text, is shown as a function of the

amount of cold work. Products were in plate (Reference 8.21) and wire form (Reference 8.24).

8-16
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the change with cold work

of the electrical resistivity at 77 K were obtained

from References 8.20 and 8.29-8.32 (see Table

8.5). A set of 37 measurements was selected for analysis. Product included plate (Reference 8.32)

but was chiefly in wire form. All cold work, CIV, was carried out at 77 K, and Ap, the change in electrical resistivity, was also measured at 77 K

without specimen warmup. The amount of CW

ranged up to 88%. Regression analysis that in- cluded polynomial terms was carried out with this data set.

RESULTS

The equation representing the best fit of the

data is

Ap(nnHTi) = 2.35 X 10"^ {CW) + 1.63 x 10"^ {CW)^

(S.D. =0.16 nn<n), (8-5)

where CW, in percent, is the reduction of thick- ness or area. The standard deviations of the two

coefficients are 0.20 X 10'^ and 0.32 x 10"*. Table 8.5 presents the measured values of Ap, the values calculated from the regression

equation, CW, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section.

Figure 8.9 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (8-5). Figure 8.10 presents these results

in summary form. The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about each cun/e. The

variance of the data about each cun/e was as- sumed to be normally distributed and constant

throughout the range of the independent variable,

CW, except that it was reduced to zero for 0%

CW.

DISCUSSION

As expected, Ap for a given amount of CW

at 77 K is much greater than for material that is cold- worked at room temperature where more

recovery may occur. See Figure 8.4 and Equation (8-3) for comparison.

Data is presented in Reference 8.31 in terms

of torsional and axial deformation and the data

are shown to follow one unified curve. This refer- ence may be consulted if shear strain is expected

to occur.

Table 8.5. Change in Electrical Resistivity with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).

Change In Electrical

Ftesistivity, Measured, nOm

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nam

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.0100 0.0284 1.2 30

0.0250 0.0549 2.3 30

0.0250 0.0768 3.2 31 0.0470 0.1060 4.4 30

0.0750 0.1540 6.3 31 0.0830 0.1650 6.7 30 0.1250 0.2270 9.1 31 0.1630 0.2750 11.0 30 0.2000 0.2920 12.0 31 0.2500 0.3690 14.0 30 0.3000 0.3860 15.0 31 0.3750 0.4380 17.0 31 0.2600 0.4460 17.0 29

0.3450 0.4490 17.0 30 0.5000 0.4780 18.0 20

0.4400 0.5230 20.0 30

8-17
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES I

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked

at 77 K

Table 8.5, continued

Change In Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nttm

Change in Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nftm

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

0.5800 0.5260 20.0 20

0.4880 0.5320 20.0 31 0.3000 0.5650 21.0 32

0.5300 0.5980 22.0 30

0.6380 0.6260 23.0 31 0.6380 0.6700 24.0 30

0.7500 0.7360 27.0 31 0.9500 0.8480 30.0 31 1.1200 0.9620 33.0 31 1.2800 1.0700 36.0 31 1.0400 1.0900 37.0 20

1.1600 1.1000 37.0 20

1.4500 1.1600 39.0 31 0.9600 1.1600 39.0 32

1.6000 1.2500 42.0 31 1.7500 1.3400 44.0 31 1.0700 1.3900 45.0 32

1.8500 2.0800 62.0 32

2.3700 2.2600 66.0 32

2.8000 3.0200 82.0 32

3.4300 3.3300 88.0 32

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (77 K)

8-18
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 8.9. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity

upon cold work at 77 K [Equation (8-5)]. The specimens were cold worked at 77 K and the

resistivity measured without warmup. This figure may be compared with Figure 8.4, which also

shows A/9 measured at 77 K, but since the specimens had been cold worked at room temperature,

Ap for a given amount of cold work is much smaller due to the recovery process. For clarity,

overlapping data points are omitted from this figure. All data are presented in Table 8.5. Product was chiefly in wire form.

8-19
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700:

at 77 K

Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (77 K)

E

c

0

>

S2

to

to

<

LU

u

z

20 40 60 80

COLD WORK, percent

100

Figure 8.10. Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity upon cold work performed at 77 K. The

scatter band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based

upon 37 measurements for a range of cold work from 0 to 88%. The regression equation is

Ap(nflm) = 2.35 X 10"^ (CIV) + 1.63 x 10'^ (CyV)^

where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Product was predominately

in wire form.

8-20
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100: Cold-worked

at 77 K

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the change with cold work

of the electrical resistivity at 4 K were reported in Reference 8.33. The cold work, CW, was carried out at 4 K, and Ap, the change in electrical resistivity, was also nneasured at 4 K, without specimen warmup. The amount of CW ranged up to 28%. Individual data points were not reported in Reference 8.33; an equation was fitted to the

smoothed curve provided.

RESULTS

The equation fitted to data taken from the

smoothed curve is

Ap(nnm) = 5.77 x 10'^ (CW) + 7.01 x

10""* (CIV)^

(S.D. = 0.23 nfim), (8-6)

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4 K)

where CW, in percent, is the reduction of area. The standard deviations of the two coefficients are 1.94 X 10"^ and 0.8 x 10"l

Figure 8.1 1 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (8-6). The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

8.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties

section.

DISCUSSION

As expected, Ap at 4 K for a given amount

of CW is much greater than for material that is cold-worked at room temperature where more

recovery may occur. See Figure 8.5 and Equation (8-4) for comparison. These results for Ap

are comparable to results obtained for cold-working and measurement at 77 K, as indicated in Figure 8.9 and Equation (8-5).

8-21
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100: Cold-worked

at 77 K

Change in Electrical Resistivity

vs. Cold Work (4 K)

Figure 8.11. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity

upon cold work at 4 K [Equation (8-6)]. The specimens were strained at 4 K and the resistivity

measured without warmup. This figure may be compared with Figure 8.5, which also shows A/9 measured at 4 K, but since the specimens had been cold-worked at room temperature, Ap for a

given amount of cold work is much smaller due to the recovery process.

8-22
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the fractional change in electrical

resistivity {^p/p) with transverse magnetic field were obtained from References 8.3, 8.22, 8.27,

and 8.34-8.44. Reference 8.34, with 256 data

points between 4 and 35 K, and Reference 8.39,

with 1218 data points at 4 K were particularly

useful. The magnetic flux density, S, of the data

ranged up to 1 0 Tesia (T) and temperature

ranged from 4 to 130 K. A small amount of room

temperature data was available (Reference 8.38).

Some of the measurements were obtained on

neutron irradiated specimens; these data are reviewed at the end of the discussion section

below.

Figures 8.12 and 8.13 show the abstraction

of this data onto a Kohler plot, in which

[Rj{H) - Rj{0)/Rj{0)] is shown as a function of B • [/?273 k(0)/^t(0)] where T represents the temperature (K). (Since Ap appears only in a ratio, the resistance, R, has been substituted.) In the

Kohler plot, the vertical axis gives the fractional change in resistance with magnetic field, hR/R,

and the horizontal axis shows the field strength

normalized by the ratio of the ice-point resistance

to the resistance at the test point. This resis- tance-ratio factor allows the data from specimens

with varying levels of cold work, CW, and impurity

content, [I], tested at different temperatures to be

plotted on one curve. Some inaccuracies in abstracting the data for this plot may occur if P2J2 k was not reported. This permits the validation of the dependence of Ap/p upon B with a large

amount of data. See Reference 8.34 for further discussion of the Kohler curve and for additional

references.

In previous work, individual investigators

have shown that their data from several speci- mens followed a Kohler curve or fell within a nar- row band; in Figures 8.12 and 8.13, data from

many different laboratories are presented on a

single Kohler plot. Individual data points could

not be shown: a Kohler curve or band was abstracted from the data given in each reference.

The band of data within the solid outer lines in Figures 8.12 and 8.13 was the basis for derivation

of an average curve with an expected deviation

equal to the observed variance of the data. An

analytic expression relating log Ap/p to

log B S(T) was also derived, where S(7) =

^273 k(0)/^t(0)- The available characterization of

Magnetoresistance vs. Transverse Field (4-295 K)

materials and measurements is given in Table

8.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties

section.

RESULTS

Figure 8.14 presents the average Kohler curve and expected uncertainty. The procedure

for using this figure to obtain the expected resis- tance change at a design temperature for a specific C10100-C10700 material follows.

1 . Measure the zero-field resistance, R, of the

material at 273 K and at 7, the design temperature. S(7) = /?273 k(0)/^t(0)- (See

discussion section below if a size-effect correction is necessary to determine R

correctly.)

2. Multiply S(T) by the expected field strength

to obtain the horizontal coordinate,

e.S(7).

3. Use Figure 8.14 or the analytic expression

below [Equation (8-7)] to obtain AR/R (or

Ap/p). The expected uncertainty in aR/R

may be obtained from the graph.

If specimen measurements are not available,

Pj{0) may be estimated from data presented in the preceding pages relating p to 7, CW, and [I]. For high purity copper, P273 k

"IS-S nOm. In analytic form, the average Kohler curve is rep- resented by

log (Ap/p) = -2.662 + 0.3168 log[e -5(7)]

+ 0.6229 (log[e -$(7)])^

-0.1839 (log[e • S(7)])' + 0.01827 (log[S -5(7)])^ (8-7)

The uncertainty for a particular B S{T) value

may be obtained from the graph. The effects of

[I] and 7 upon the magnetoresistance are ex- pressed in the S(7) factor.

DISCUSSION

Because of variation in the results reported

in the literature to date, the uncertainty associated

with Ap/p values obtained from Figure 8.14 and

Equation (8-7) is sizeable. At present, the spread

In the data appears to be due to variations

8-23
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

I

I

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

between laboratories in mal<ing these measure- ments and material variability rather than to inher- ent discrepancies between the data and the

Kohler law. Several individual investigators (Ref- erences 8.34, 8.35, and 8.39) have separately

correlated a large amount of data to a curve or

fairly narrow band; but the lack of agreement between different investigators results in the broad

uncertainty band shown in Figures 8.12 and 8.13. After Figures 8.12-8.14 were prepared, the author

of Reference 8.32 found that additional measure- ments made on lower purity coppers tended to

fall in a band below the curve he obtained for high purity copper. The width of the band was

broader at lower values of B 5(7) (Reference

8.45), but these additional measurements fall within the band depicted in Figure 8.14. Thus

variations in materials may also contribute to the

width of the band.

Several factors, not discussed here, do

cause well-known deviations from the Kohler rule. For small specimens. Reference 8.44 may be

consulted to assess the magnitude of the magnetoresistance size effect (thickness < 1 mm). The

effects of dilute magnetic impurities may be esti- mated from studies on dilute Cu-Cr alloys reported in Reference 8.46. The longitudinal magnetoresistance is generally smaller than the transverse magnetoresist- ance and saturates with field strengths -3-10 T

at 4 K (References 8.42 and 8.47).

The following discussion of the Nordheim

correction for size effect of measured resistance,

R, is reproduced with permission of the author of Reference 8.34: "Nordheim's Rule: An equation giving the

contribution to p caused by electron scattering at the boundaries of the specimen. This is a signifi- cant contribution to the measured resistivity of very pure copper wires and strips at low temperatures, where the mean free path of the electrons

(£) may be on the order of 1 mm.

^measured ^bulk O

where d is the wire diameter or a derived characteristic dimension for a strip. (/3i)t,uik 'S assumed

to be constant for a given metal. Its value for copper is not at all certain. We have chosen

0.66 X

10'^^ ncm^ which we think is the best

value."

Magnetoresistance vs. Transverse Field (4-295 K)

'The correction term is subtracted from the

measured zero magnetic field resistivity to arrive

at a bulk value. All of our zero field data have

been corrected by this technique. It is not considered necessary to use the correction when a magnetic field is applied to the specimen. The

field prevents most surface scattering by confining the electrons to the bulk of the metal. There

is much debate over the validity of the Nordheim

relation, particularly when the temperature is varied. Experimental work on the problem is very

difficult and no resolution of the questions seems

to be forthcoming."

An anomalous RF magnetoresistance has

been reported at 4.4 K for the surface resistance

of polycrystalline copper (Reference 8.48). At a

frequency of 1.2 GHz, both the transverse and

longitudinal magnetoresistance are an order of magnitude smaller than the DC magnetoresist- ance and depend quadratically on the field. Under the experimental conditions, the surface resis- tance is well into the anomalous skin effect re- gion, but has not reached its limiting value. The measurements from References 8.39

and 8.40, obtained on neutron-irradiated copper,

are plotted in Figure 8.15 together with some

recent additional data on irradiated copper that came to our attention after these graphs were

originally prepared. The irradiation of the speci- mens in Reference 8.39 took place at 4 and 330

K In the Bulk Shielding Reactor of Oak Ridge

National Laboratory and represents a relatively

soft, fission neutron spectrum. In contrast, the

specimens of References 8.40 and 8.49 were

irradiated with 14.8-Mev neutrons at 4 K. Refer- ence 8.50 combines data from irradiations with

14.8-Mev neutrons with data from irradiations with a neutron spectrum similar to what might be ex- pected at a magnet in a fusion reactor. The fis- sion spectrum data (obtained with and without Cd

shielding to eliminate thermal neutrons), lie between the two curves denoted Reference 8.39 in Figure 8.15. The single curve for Reference 8.40

(14-Mev spectrum) represents data from partially

recrystallized C10100 and C10200 copper with

RRRs of 200-300. The single curve for Reference

8.49 (14-Mev spectrum) represents data from

both recrystallized and 7- and 14% cold-worked

C10200 specimens. The data combined from

different irradiation spectra fall between the two

curves denoted Reference 8.50 in Figure 8.15. All the data on irradiated copper fall within the band

8-24
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Magnetoresistance vs. Cold-worked Transverse Field (4 295 K)

established for the compiled copper measure- ments (Figure 8.14), and there is no significant

difference between material irradiated with low or high energy neutrons. The original reports should be consulted for details of the irradiation fluence, room-temperature annealing procedures, and further descriptions of the specimen materials used. Some

specimens were cold-worked before irradiation,

and the references also provide detailed information on the degree of damage recovery after suc- cessive irradiations and anneals.

0.001 L \ \ LJ_J \ 111! \ ^-L_U \ 1

I I I 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY-(R273 k!0)/Rt(0)). T

Figure 8.12. Data on the fractional change in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are shown. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed curve or band was abstracted from each reference. See text for further details.

8-25
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Magnetoresistance vs. Cold-worked Transverse Field (4-295 K)

Figure 8.13. Data on the fractional ciiange in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are shown. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed curve or band was abstracted from each reference. The data from Reference 8.39 fall between the two lines shown.

See text for further details.

8-26
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Magnetoresistance vs. Cold-worked Transverse Field (4-295 K)

Figure 8.14. Average cun/e (heavy line) of tfie fractional change in electrical resistivity with transverse magnetic field. The uncertainty estimated from the variance of the data in Figures 8.12 and 8.13 is shown by the shaded band.

8-27
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Magnetoresistance vs. Transverse Field (4-295 K)

Figure 8.15. Data on the fractional cliange in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are shown for neutron-irradiated copper. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed

curve or band was abstracted from each reference. See text for further details.

8-28
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Temperature ( 1 -300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the temperature dependence of the

magnetic susceptibility of C10100 and C10200

copper from 1 .4 to 300 K were obtained from

References 8.51-8.55 (See Table 8.6). An equation of the form k = A/T + B + CT, where T is the temperature in K, was fitted to the susceptibility data. The susceptibility, k. In SI units, is defined as K = M/H (dimensionless), where

H = applied field and M = magnetization (both in A/m). The relative permeability, also dimensionless, is related to the susceptibility by /i^ = n/Ho =

1 + K. (The magnitude of /x^ is the same in both

SI and cgs units.)

RESULTS

The fit of the equation to the data gave the

following result:

/c(10"^) = 3.59/7 - 9.84 + 6.66 x 10"^ T

1.4 K < T<300 K (8-8)

Figure 8.16 indicates the fit of the data to

this equation. Some considerations for using this equation are discussed below. Since the purity of

the copper is an important parameter, the stan- dard deviation is not useful.

DISCUSSION

Very high purity copper is diamagnetic from

4 K to the melting point. However, small

amounts of iron impurity give a paramagnetic

contribution that is higher at cryogenic temperatures. (See also the following sections.) The

curve given by Equation (8-8) is an adequate

representation for a CI 0200 copper of average

composition, but for a CI 01 00 copper from which

the iron has been selectively removed (for example, Fe < 0.10 ppm, vA) the lowest set of data

shown in Figure 8.16 would be a better guide

(data of Reference 8.51 A). The paramagnetic 1 /T

term in Equation (8-8) is due to the effects of the

dilute iron impurity. The T term apparently arises

from the change in density of states at the Fermi

level caused by the thermal expansion; the lattice expansion increases the density of states and

thus the paramagnetic contribution of the free electrons (Reference 8.51).

Reference 8.56 reports measurements of the

roonri-temperature susceptibility of several highpurity copper specimens; Equation (8-8) at 295 K

is in agreement with these results.

Table 8.6. Magnetic Susceptibility Dependence upon Temperature (1.4-300 K).

Magnetic

Susceptibility, Measured

Magnetic

Susceptibility, Predicted

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

-7.56 -7.37 1.45 53

-7.69 -7.63 1.62 54

-7.93 -8.18 2.16 53

-8.25 -8.65 3.00 53

-9.14 -8.92 3.90 55

-8.65 -8.98 4.19 53

-9.12 -8.99 4.20 52

-8.98 -8.99 4.20 54

-9.27 -9.22 5.80 55

-9.89 -9.23 5.90 51 -9.39 -9.30 6.60 51 -9.79 -9.32 6.90 51 -9.34 -9.40 8.10 55

-8.93 -9.48 10.00 53

-9.42 -9.52 11.40 55

-9.00 -9.58 13.80 53

-9.90 -9.60 15.00 51

8-29
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Temperature (1-300 K)

Table 8.6, continued

Mann^tic IVICIUI Susceptibility,

Measured

IVICIUI lOllw Susceptibility, Predicted

Test Temperature, K

noId wi iwo No.

-9.85 -9.61 15.70 51 -9.12 -9.61 16.30 53 -9.45 -9.61 16.40 55

-9.62 -9.63 17.60 54

-9.16 -9.63 18.10 53

-9.21 -9.65 20.20 53

-9.71 -9.65 20.40 52

-9.70 -9.65 20.40 54

- 9.61 - 9.67 22.60 51 -9.89 -9.70 30.00 51

- 9.90 - 9.71 30.80 51

- 9.69 - 9.71 30.80 51

- 9.62 -9.71 31.30 55

-9.76 -9.73 40.50 51 -9.90 - 9.73 43.00 51 -9.90 - 9.74 45.60 51 -9.79 -9.74 48.20 51 -9.90 -9.74 55.20 51 -9.80 -9.74 56.50 56

-9.90 - 9.74 60.60 51

- 9.80 - 9.75 62.00 51

- 9.80 -9.75 70.20 54

- 9.71 - 9.75 77.00 52

- 9.16 - 9.75 77.00 53

- 9.79 -9.75 77.30 54

- 9.79 -9.75 80.00 51

- 9.89 - 9.75 80.80 51

- 9.90 -9.75 81.40 —

51rr—

- 9.76 - 9.74 98.80 51

- 9.88 - 9.74 101.00 51 -9.89 - 9.74 101.00 51 -9.76 -9.73 128.00 51 -9.86 -9.73 133.00 51 -9.85 - 9.73 134.00 51 -9.74 -9.72 160.00 51 -9.80 -9.71 174.00 51 -9.82 -9.70 181.00 51 -9.69 -9.69 208.00 51 -9.76 -9.68 215.00 51

- 9 72 - 9 67 240 00 51 -9.71 -9.67 244.00 51 -9.64 -9.67 248.00 51 -9.64 -9.64 291.00 51 -9.64 -9.64 292.00 51 -9.60 -9.64 292.00 51 -9.66 -9.64 293.00 54

-9.64 -9.64 294.00 51 -9.42 -9.64 295.00 52

-9.66 -9.64 295.00 55

-9.32 -9.63 300.00 53

8-30
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Temperature (1-300 K)

-7.5

^0

Io

it:

»—

_j

»—

LU

to

to

<

-8.0

-10.0

-7.0 O)

3

E

uD

1o

-7.5

w

hQ.

LU

u

to

-8.0

to

U

hLU

z

o

<

-8.5

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 8.16. The data shown were used to compute the coefficients of Equation (8-8), which represents

the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility from 1.4 to 300 K of C10200 copper of average Fe content. All data are presented in Table 8.6. Table 8.10 should be consulted for the

compositions of the CI 01 00 and CI 0200 coppers for which data are presented; as explained in the

text, the temperature dependence of « is strongly influenced by small amounts of Fe impurities,

especially near 4 K. [See also Equations (8-9), (8-10), and (8-11).]

8-31
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER:

C10100-C10200: Annealed

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe] (4, 77, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the increase in the magnetic susceptibility of high-purity copper with dilute iron additions were obtained from References 8.57-

8.60 (See Tables 8.7-8.9). Sufficient data for analysis were available at three temperatures:

4 K (actually 1.3-6 K), 77 K, and 295 K. Data at intermediate temperatures may be found in Refer- ences 8.57 and 8.58. Regression analysis was

carried out on the three data sets.

RESULTS

The equations representing the best fits to the data sets are as follows. The change in magnetic susceptibility, A/c, is given in SI units (dimensionless) and the iron content, [Fe], is in atomic ppm.

295 K:

A/c (10"^) = 9.76 X 10"^ [Fe]

(S.D. = 0.0052 X 10'^) (8-9)

77 K: Ak (10'^) = 2.64 X 10"^ [Fe] S.D. = 0.025 X 10"^) (8-10)

4 K:

Aac (10'^) = 1.00 X 10'^ [Fe]

(S.D. = 0.44 X 10"^) (8-11)

The standard deviations of the coefficients in the

three equations, (8-9), (8-10), and (8-11), are

1.0 X 10'^, 5 X 10"^and5x 10 ^ The linearity

of Equation (8-11) is discussed below.

Tables 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9 present (for 295, 77,

and 4 K, respectively) the measured values of Ak,

the values calculate from the regression equation, [Fe], and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section.

Figures 8.17, 8.18, and 8.19 indicate the fit of the data to Equations (8-9). (8-10), and (8-11).

The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about each line in these figures. The vari- ance of the data about each line was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout

the range of the independent variable, [Fe].

DISCUSSION

The specimens measured were prepared

from high-purity (-99.999%) copper, which has a

diamagnetic susceptibility of about -9.65 x

10"^

at 295 K (Reference 8.56). Cl0200-grade copper

(99.95% pure) could have sufficient [Fe] to cause

it to be (weakly) paramagnetic. This is especially

!il<ely at low temperatures as a comparison of Equations (8-11) and (8-9) shows. See also the

following section on magnetization.

Only one set of measurements on Cl 0200

copper was available (Reference 8.51 , data

shown in Figure 8.14) and this material remained

diamagnetic down to 6.6 K. The effects of nickel

impurities are smaller than those of iron (Refer- ence 8.52).

In any case, the effects noted here are so

small that for many applications, the magnetic

permeability is equal to 1 to a good approximation. The susceptibility, « in SI units, is defined as K M/H (dimensionless), where H = applied

field and M = magnetization (both in A/m). The

relative permeability, also dimensionless, is relat- ed to the susceptibility by = n/ = ^ + k. Although some individual sets of data near 4 K indicate a departure from linear behavior

(References 8.57, 8.59, and 8.60) the deviations

from a straight line were in different directions, so

that this effect canceled out in the regression

analysis carried out here. See also Reference

8.61 for a discussion of this point.

8-32
B. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe] (4, 77, 295 K)

Table 8.7. Change in Magnetic Susceptibility with Iron Content (295 K).

\jfiwi^v III ivia^iioiiw Susceptibility, Measured

r^hAfiriA IQII^V in111 MAnnAtif^ IVICI^IIdlV^ Susceptibility, Predicted

I'OJ, ppm No.

0.0156 0.0146 15 58

0.0493 0.0469 48 58

0.0706 0.0684 70 58

0.0B20 0.0896 92 57

0.1010 0.1040 106 58

0.1390 0.1400 143 57

0.1460 0.1420 145 58

0.2060 0.1970 202 58

0.2020 0.2060 211 57

0.2930 0.2970 304 57

Table 8.8. Change in Magnetic Susceptibility with Iron Content (77 K).

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility, Measured

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility, Predicted

[Fe], ppmReference

No.

0.0156 0.0396 15 58

0.0998 0.1270 48 58

0.1620 0.1850 70 58

0.2350 0.2430 92 57

0.2400 0.2800 106 58 0.3770 0.3770 143 57

0.3560 0.3620 145 58

0.5270 0.5330 202 58

0.5670 0.5570 211 57

0.8380 0.8020 304 57

Table 8.9. Change in Magnetic Susceptibility with Iron Content (4 K).

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility, Measured

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility, Predicted

[Fe], ppm

Reference

No.

0.125 0.150 15 58

0.335 0.200 20 60

0.680 0.401 40 60

0.370 0.451 45 59

0.394 0.481 48 58

1.030 0.631 63 60

0.654 0.701 70 58

0.670 0.862 86 59

1.020 0.922 92 55

1.630 0.922 92 60

0.960 1.060 106 58

8-33
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe] (4, 77, 295 K)

Table 8.9, continued

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility,

Measured

Change in Magnetic

Susceptibility, Predicted

[Fe], ppmReference

No.

0.950 1.100 110 59

1.620 1.430 143 57

1.300 1.450 145 58

1.350 1.550 155 59

1.740 2.000 200 59

2.190 2.020 202 58

2.800 2.110 211 57

4.360 3.050 304 57

2.810 3.160 315 59

3.030 3.360 335 59

3.820 4.560 455 59

8-34
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe] (4. 77, 295 K)

? 8

O

<

CO 6

LU

to

<

<

LU

29 5 K

7

• R

O R

EF.57. 2£

EF.58, 2S

)7 K U K

8 O)

E

IO

- 2

CO

LU

u

CO

Z)

<

CO

<

LU

U

200 400

IRON CONTENT, ppm

600

Figure 8.17. The change in magnetic susceptibility at -295 K of high-purity copper with the addition of iron as an impurity element is shown. These data were used to compute the regression of the

change In magnetic susceptibility at 295 K upon iron content [Equation (8-9)]. All data are presented in Table 8.7.

8-35
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe] (4, 77, 295 K)

I

IRON CONTENT, ppm

Figure 8.18. The change in magnetic susceptibility at -77 K of high-purity copper with the addition of

iron as an impurity element is shown. These data were used to compute the regression of the

change in magnetic susceptibility at 77 K upon iron content [Equation (8-10)]. All data are presented in Table 8.8.

8-36
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fa] (4, 77, 295 K)

IRON CONTENT, ppm

Figure 8.19. The change in magnetic susceptibility at -4 K (data range from 1.3 to 6 K) of high-purity

copper with the addition of iron as an impurity element is shown. These data were used to compute the regression of the change of magnetic susceptibility at 4 K upon iron content [Equation

(8-11)]. All data are presented in Table 8.9.

8-37
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER:

C10100-C10200: Annealed

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Magnetization vs. Magnetic

Field, [Fe] (1.3 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the magnetization of C10100 copper

and dilute Cu:Fe alloys at 1.3 K are presented in Figure 8.20. The data were obtained from Refer- ence 8.59; similar curves, not presented, were obtained at 4, 10, 20, and 33 K. Field strength

ranged up to 7 Tesla.

DISCUSSION

Pure copper is diamagnetic, as shown in the

figure; the addition of dilute iron impurities results

in a Kondo system (see Reference 8.62 for further discussion). The data for small amounts of iron

impurity are presented here because C10100 and

C10200 coppers often contain enough iron to cause an observable effect on the magnetic properties at cryogenic temperatures. See also Figure

8.16 and the text preceding it for further discussion of the paramagnetic behavior of this dilute alloy system.

The relative permeability, dimensionless and

of the same magnitude in SI and cgs units, is re- lated to the magnetization, M, and applied filed, H, by /X, = fjL/fi^ = 1 + M/H. M and H have SI units of A/m. The initial relative permeability, n^.^, is measured near the origin of a magnetization vs. applied field curve.

8-38
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10200: Annealed Magnetization vs. Magnetic

Field, [Fe] (1.3 K)

Figure 8.20. Magnetization data for C10100 copper and dilute Cu:Fe alloys are shown. The figure is adapted from data presented in Reference 8.59. The curves are labeled with atomic parts per

million of Fe.

8-39
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 3A 38 8 9

Specification C10100 CI 0200 C10100 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.999 —

99.999 —

99.9988

0.0005

O2

BiP — — — —

Pb

Q — — — < 0.0004

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — —

— —— —

—

Material Condition Annealed, 873 K, 4 h, Ar ———

Annealed, 873 K, 4 h, Ar

Cold-drawn, 295 K, 2.22-26.4%Annealed, 723 K, 6 h. He RRR 855 151, 272 180-530

Grain Size — — —

Product Form Wire Wire Bar, 0.952-cm-dia.

Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Wire

0.05 cm

Wire

0.05 cm

Wire

(a)

18 cm

Wire

0.045, 0.112 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 1 4, 16, 20 K 4, 16, 20 K 4-273 K 4-90 K

(a) 0.081-0.18 cm in diameter.

8-40
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

10 11 12A 12B 12C

C10200 C10100 C10100 CI 0200 C10200 — 99.996 99.9957 99.98 99.944 —

—

—

0.001 —

—

——

—

—

0.0003 — 0.001 — — — —

0.001 — — — — Fe: 0.0043 Ge: 0.02 Fe: 0.056

Annealed, 923 K, Annealed, 973 K, Annealed, 973 K, Annealed, 973 K,

1 h, vacuum 2 h 2 h 2 h

14 — — : = _ _ _

Bar, Bar, — — —

0.64-cm-clia. 1.3-cm-dia.

Bar Wire Wire Wire 0.326 cm 0.1-0.2 cm 0.1-0.2 cm 0.1-0.2 cm

23 cm 2.5 cm 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm

4-300 K 4-35 K 1.5-142 K 1.5-142 K 1.5-142 K

8-41
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

Reference No. 13 14 15 16

Specification C10100 C10200 C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

O2

BiP

Pb

S

Se

Te

Ottiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

99.999 < 0.00003

< 0 00001

< 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0002

-99 (a) < 0.1

< 0.1

<r 0 1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1

Sb, Ni, Fe, As, Sn,

Au, Mn, Hg, Cd, Zn: < 0.1

—

——

—

99.99 + —

—

—

—

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 295 K, 20-87.5%

—

Cold-drawn, 295 K, 60%Cold-drawn, 298 K, 13.5, 75, 85%Cold-drawn, 295 K, 38, 62, 84%

RRR 51

Grain Size 35 to 40 MTi 287 iim — —

Hardness Rq 39 (b)

r lUUUUl r Ulill Rar

0.582-cm-dia.

D<ir Wire VVKC, 0.13-cm-dia.

Ljdl

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Wire

0.20 cm

Round

0.635 cm

15.2 cm

Wire

No. of Measurements

1 per temperature

Test Temperature 293 K 4-273 K 293 K 295 K

(a) COA 102 material.

(b) Values for 13.5, 75 and 85% cold-drawn conditions not specified; however, for a 37.5% cold-drawn condition a hardness

(Rg) of 53.6 is reported.

8-42
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

17A 17B 18 19 20

C10100 CI 0500 CI 01 00 C10100 C10200

^ QQ QQC > ay.yyo yy.yyy 99.96

0.001 0.072 < 0.01

0.0002 0.0002 — — —

not detected not detected — — —

not detected not detected 0.0003 0.0003 — — < 0.01 0.002 0.002

not detected not detected — —

Cd, Si, Mg, Fe: < 0.01

Cold-drawn, 295 K Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-worked, 295 K, Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-drawn, 90 K

1 —fy^n ~

(b) (b)

(c) (d) VPN 92-122 (e)

strip, Strip, VVre Wire, Wire, 0.2 X 3.18 cm 0.2 X 3.18 cm 0.25-cm-dia. 0.3-cm-dia. 0.18-cm-dia.

Strip Strip Wire Wire Wire

0.05 cm 0.056 cm

10 cm 20 cm

293 K 293 K 295 K 295 K 90, 273 K

(a) Rfty percent reduction achieved by drawing 32%, followed by rolling.

(b) Cold-drawn: 10%, 40 iim, 25%, 35 iim, 50%, not determined due to elongated grain shape.

(c) VPN (20 kg load): 10%, 91; 25%, 101.3; 50%, 111.0.

(d) VPN (20 kg load): 10%. 93.4; 25%, 102.0.

(e) Measured with 1 g load.

(f) Percent reduction of area: 90 K, 22-59%; 273 K, 19-90%.

8-43
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

R6f6r6nc6 No. 21 22

Specification CI 0400 CI 0200 C10200 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag —

99.99

Cu + Ag — —

2

BirPb —

—

—

— ——

—

—

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) —

I

— I—

I

—

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 77 K, 10-60%

Cold-worked, 295 K, 5-25%Cold-drawn, 295 K, 2-10%Cold-drawn, 295 K, 21, 37, 60%

RRR 44-92 100-300 126-228 175

Grain Size — —

Hardness (a)

Proflijpt nwJUwl Form 1 villi Wire Bar

(b)

Wire

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thicl<ness Length

Round

0.6 cm

3-3.5 cm

Wire

0.05, 0.10 cm

Bar

(b)

(b) 5 cm

Wire

0.10 cm

No. of Measurements1 per condition

Test Temperature 4, 76, 295 K 4 K 4 K 4 K

(a) Hardness available on 21% cold-worked only; 93 (Vickers hardness scale).

(b) Circular sections, 0.77-cm and 0.25-cm dia.; rectangular sections, 0.28 x 2.2 cm (dimensions before cold drawing).

8-44
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

24B 25 26 27 28

C10200 C10100 C10100 C10100 010200

99.95 z

——

—

—

99.99 z

—

—

—

—

99.999 + z

—

——

—

99.99, 99.999 —

——

—

—

99.97 ——

—

—

—

Cold-drawn, 295 K Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-drawn 77 K, Gold-drawn, 78 K, 21, 37, 60% 7.5, 14.3% 20-82% 7.5, 14.3% 17%

60-240 180 82-172 (c) 300 — — — — —

Wire Wire, Bar — Wire, 0.32-cm-dia. 12-cm-long

Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire

0.10 cm (a) 0.325 cm 0.0126 cm

11.4 cm 0.81-1.11 cm

1 per condition 4 samples (b)

4 K 4 K 4 K' 4 K 78 K

(a) Cold-drawn: 7.5%, 1.37 x l0'^-cm diameter; 14.3%, 1.27 x lo"^-cm diameter.

(b) Nine transverse magnetic field values per sample.

(c) RRR: 7.5% cold-drawn, 138, 165; 14.3% cold-drawn, 81-162.

8-45
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

Fteference No. 30 31 32 33

Specification C10100 C10200 C10200 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

Cu + Ag

99.999 99.98 99.97

0.0001

O2

Bi — . — —

PPb

S

Se

Te

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

——

—— . —

—

—

— — .

'

' — .... . —

re. u.UUO, oi. 0.001; Zn: 0.005

iviaisrial L/Onuiiion uoiu-urawn, fo ^, 1.2-24.4%

uoiu-worKea, i\, 3.2^3.9%L<oia-ro!iea, 1 1 \\, 21-88%

Anneaieo, /^o i\, 2 h, before

straining at 4 K RRR 88

Grain Size — — —

Hardness

Product Form Wire, 0.13-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Widtfi or Dia. Thicl<ness Length

Wire Wire Flat (a)

10 cm (b)

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 78 K 78 K 77 K 4 K

(a) Cross sectional area before reduction = 0.1 x 0.08 cm.

(b) Before rolling.

8-46
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

34 35 36A 36B 37

C10200 C10100 C10100 CI 0200 C10200

99.99 + 99.999 + — 0.0003 ——

——

—

0.0004 ——

—

—

—

—

—

—

——

——

—

—

AAnnsalsd (a) Annealed, oon, /4 iiciru, 703-1273 K, 1 h Vi hard. and hard

81-7000 37-222

86-122 /im — — —

Bar, Bar

1.9-cm-dia.

(b) Wire Flat Flat Wire

(c) 0.09-0.10 cm 1.27 cm 1.27 cm 0.10 cm

0.01 cm 0.002, 0.008 cm

(d) 10 cm 10 cm 4.0 cm

1 per condition

4-35 K 4 K 4 K 4 K 4 K

(a) Stress relief, 773 K, 0.25 h, vacuum; vacuum anneal, 1273 K, 1 h, 1.5 x 10"^ mm Hg; Oxygen anneal, 1273 K, 12 h, 5 X 10"^ mm Hg air. (b) Bar, wire, and coil.

(c) Bar, 0.6-cm diameter; w/ire and coils, 0.15-cm diameter.

(d) Bar, 4.4 cm; wire, 5.0 cm; coils wound from wire 25 cm long.

8-47
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-O10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

Reference No. 38 39 40A 40B

Specification C10100 C10100 C10100 CI 0200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.999 + 99.999 99.999 99.95 Ag

Cu + Ag

BirPb — '—

——

——

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) —- —

Material Condition Annealed, 1413 K,

1 14 h, vacuum (a)

Annealed, 1273 K, vacuum (b)Annealed, 673 K, 0.17 hAnnealed, 673 K, 0.17 h RRR 1330 200-300 200-300

Grain Size

Hardness — — — ~

Product Form Foil Foil

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Wire

0.16 cm

Flat 0.012 cm

2.5 X lO"'' cm

2 cm

Rat

0.012 cm

2.5 X 10'^ cm

2 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 80-130 K 4, 330 K 4 K 4 K

(a) 10'^ mm Hg.

(b) Also, annealed in 192 x 10'^ Pa, air.

8-48
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

41A 41B 42 43 44

C10200 C10200 C10100 CI 0200 CI 0200

yy.oo yy.yyy — —

0.04 — — — —

—

—

0.01 —

—

—

—

—— z

— Ni: 0.02; Fe: 0.03; — — z

—

As: 0.04; Ca: 0.001

Annsaled II IwMlW1 973 ^ r w K1 \| f^l Annealed II 1 1 973 w r ^ K1 X| Annealed 673 K Annealed Tfi"? K vacuum vdcuum 4 h vacuum 1 h, high v3cuum

700 450 — — — — —

WHO WirA Wire

Wire Wire Wire Wire Fiat 0.015 cm 0.015 cm 0.02 cm 0.02-0.03 cm 0.45 cm

0.16 cm

20-30 cm 20-30 cm 2.5 cm 3.7 cm

88, 193, 290 K 88, 193, 290 K 4, 78, 297 K 4, 80 K 4 K

8-49
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

Reference No. 49 50A 508 51A

Specification "OFHC" "OFHC" "OFHC" C10100

Connposition (wt%)

Cu

Ag

99.999 99.999 99.9999

•Cu + Ag

O2

Bi —

E

p

Pb

S

Se

Te

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

—

— — —

z

——

—

—

Fe: 0.00001;

Si: 0.000025

Material Condition Annealed, 307 K

(a) Annealed Cold-worked, 7.5% Annealed, 823 K, 5 d, AC (b)

RRR 1780 166

Grain Size —

Hardness

~iuuut<i ruiiii 1 Wire Wira VVIIO Wire rVJVJ

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

11

1

1

1

1

11 1.0 cm 1.0 cm

Cylinder

0.9 cm

0.5-2.0 cm

No. of Measurements _ 2 per temperature

at 0.7 and 2 T

Test Temperature

I" 4.2 K 4 K 4K 5.9-294 K

(a) Cold-worked 7.5% and 14.3%.

(b) Measurements on unannealed samples gave similar results. All samples were heavily etched to remove any surface ferromagnetic contamination.

8-50
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

51B 51C 52 53 54

C10100 C10200 C10100 C10100 C10100

99.999 —

—

Fe: 0.000035;

Si- 0 00001

—

—

Fe: 0.000053; Mn- 0 000015'

Ni: 0.00005

99.999 —

z

—

Co: < 0.0001;

Fe' < 0 003' Mn: < 0.0002

99.999 —

z

—

Fe: < 0.0001;

Ni: < 0.0001

99.999

0.0001 —

z—

Fe: 0.0002; Mn:

0 00005' Ni' 0 0003

Annealed, 823 K, 5 d, AC (a)Annealed, 823 K, 5 d, AC (a)(b) Annealed, rean- nealed, after drawing

and fabricating (c)

350 — — — —

Ftod Rod Rod Rod

Cylinder

0.9 cm

0.5-2.0 cm

Cylinder

0.9 cm

0.5-2.0 cm

Cylinder

15 cm

50 Wires (d) 0.03 cm

6 cm

Cubic block, 3.5 g

2 per temperature

at 0.7 and 2T

2 per temperature

at 0.7 and 2 T

Several per temperature

at 0.5-2.2 T

Several per temperature

at 0.15-0.44 T

6.9-292 K 6.6-292 K 4-295 K 1.45-300 K 1.62-293 K

(a) Measurements on unannealed samples gave similar results. All samples were heavily etched to remove any surface ferromagnetic contamination.

(b) Specimens heavily pickled in nitric acid to remove surface ferromagnetic contamination.

(c) Wires were frequently etched to avoid surface ferromagnetic contamination during the drawing process and before

annealing.

(d) Spaced apart by two polytetrafluoroethylene disks.

8-51
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 8.10, continued

Reference No. 55 56A 56B 57

Specification C10100 C10100 C10100 C10100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 99.999 (c) An U.UUU5 < 0.00003 Cu + Ag . — —

O2 < 0.0001

BiP

< 0.00001

Pb . < 0.0004 < 0.0001 S — — < 0.0001 —

Se < 0.0001 Te — < 0.0002 —

Others Ni: < 0.0003 (a) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition — — (b) Annealed

RRR 172

firain ^1*7©

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Rod — — —

Specimen Type Round Cylinder Cylinder

Width or Dia. 0.3 cm 0.75 cm 0.75 cm

Thickness Length 2.0 cm 2.0 cm

No. of Several per Measurements temperature

at 0.09-0.85 T

Test Temperature 3.9-295 K 293 K 293 K 1.7-300 K

(a) As: < 0.0002; Cr: < 0.00005; Fe: 0.00002; Ni: < 0.0001; Sb: < 0.0001; Sn: < 0.0001.

(b) Two specimens machined as received, 5 annealed in vacuum in pyrex containers for various periods of time. No

differences were found in susceptibility measurements due to different heat treatments.

(c) Total metallic impurity content 10 ppm.

8-52
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Propenies (All) Cold-worked

58 59 60

C10100 C10100 C10100

99.9999

—

99.999 z

—

99.999 (a)

— —

—

re. u.LAAA^ 1

—

—

—

—

—

—

Si: 0.000025

Annealed, 1273 K, Annealed in H2 or Annealed, 1273 K, 24 h, rapidly vacuum, Hj 1 h, vacuum of quenched quenched or WC 10"^ Torr

Rod

Cylinder Cylinder Ftod 0.9 cm 0.7 cm 0.6 cm

0.5-2.0 cm 2 cm

2 per temperature

at 0.7 and 2 T

6-294 K 1.3 K 4 K

(a) Purity of copper to which up to 91 atomic ppm of Fe was added.

8-53
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Gregory, P., Bangay, A. J., and Bird, T. L, 'The Electrical Conductivity of Copper," Metallurgia

and Metal Forming 71, 207-214 (1965).

2. FIckett, F. R., "Electrical Properties," in Materials at Low Temperatures, Eds. R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1983).

3. Burnier, P., and Berteaux, F., "Electrical Properties of Copper at Low Temperatures," International

Copper Research Association, Massy, France (1968).

4. Ornstein, J. L., "Effect of Silver Additions on the Softening Temperature and Mechanical

Properties of Oxygen-free, High Conductivity Copper," Texas Instruments Inc., Attleboro, MA,

Engineering Report No. 1497, 8 pp. (1964).

5. Hust, J. G., and Lankford, A. B., 'Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum, Copper, Iron, and Tungsten

for Temperatures from 1 K to the Melting Point," National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO,

NBSIR 84-3007, 256 pp. (1984).

6. Toyoda, T., and Kume, K., "Residual Resistivities of Au- or Cu-Based 4d Transition Metal Dilute

Alloys," Solid State Communications 15, 1889-1890 (1974).

7. Mertig, I., Mrosan, E., Zeller, R., and Dederichs, P. H., "Electronic Properties of Dilute Copper

Alloys II. Residual Resistivity," Physica Status Solidi (B) ri7, 619-623 (1983).

8. Powell, R. L, Roder, H. M., and Hall, W. J., "Low-Temperature Transport Properties of Copper

and Its Dilute Alloys: Pure Copper, Annealed and Cold-Drawn," Physical Review 115. 314-323

(1959).

Roder, H. M., Powell, R. L, and Hail, W. J., "Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Pure

Copper," in Low Temperature Physics and Chemistry, Ed. J. R. Dillinger, University of Wisconsin

Press, Madison, Wl, 364-346 (1958).

9. Berman, R., and MacDonald, D. K. C, 'The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A211. 122-128 (1952).

10. Hust, J. G., and Giarratano, P. J., 'Thermal Conductivity," in Semi-Annual Report on Materials

Research in Support of Superconducting Machinery , National Bureau of Standards, Boulder,

Colorado, NBSIR 74-393, 1-35 (1974).

It. Nelson, W. E., and Hoffman, A. R., "Measurements of the Temperatures and Magnetic Field

Dependence of Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity in OFHC Copper," In Thermal

Conductivity 14, Eds., P. G. Klemens and T. K. Chu, Plenum Press, New York, 73-80 (1976).

12. White, G. K., and Woods, S. B., 'Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Solids at Low

Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics 33, 58-73 (1955).

13. Smart, J. S., Smith, A. A., and Phillips, A. J., "Preparation and Some Properties of High-Purity

Copper," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 143. 272-283 (1941).

8-54
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

14. Clark, A. F., and Wallace, G. H., "Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys at Low

Temperatures," Cryogenics 10, 295-305 (1970).

15. Ellis, W. C, and Greiner, E. S., "Effect of Prior Strain at Low Temperatures on the Properties of Some Close-Packed Metals at Room Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 194. 648-650 (1952).

Crampton, D. K., Burghoff, H. L, and Stacy, J. T., "Effect of Cold-work upon Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers 133, 228-245 (1941).

Benson, N. D., McKeown, J., and Mends, D. N., 'The Creep and Softening Properties of Copper

for Alternator Rotor Windings," Journal of the Institute of Metals 80, 131-142 (1952).

Suzuki, H., Kanno, M., and Maeda, T., "Effects of Small Addition of Transition Elements on the

Heat-resisting and Electrical Properties of Cold-worked Pure Copper, Journal of the Japan

Institute of Metals 48, 209-213 (1984).

Rider, J. G., and Brooks, J. H. H., 'The Relationship Between Hardness and Electrical Resistivity

Changes Induced by Cold Work in Copper, Nickel, and Aluminium," Applied Materials Research

2, 44-50 (1963).

20. Broom, T., 'The Effect of Temperature of Deformation on the Electrical Resistivity of Cold-worked

Metals and Alloys," Proceedings of the Physical Society, London 65, 871-881 (1952).

21. Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Effects of Grain Size and Cold Rolling on

Cryogenic Properties of Copper," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 34, Eds.,

A. F. Clark and R. P. Reed, Plenum Press, New York, 299-308 (1988).

22. Yoshida, K., Takahashi, Y., Tada, E., Shimada, M., Tokuchi, A., Tada, N., and Shimamoto, S., "Mechanical Properties of the Japanese LCT Coil Conductor," in Advances in Cryogenic

Engineering-Materials, Vol. 28, Eds., R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark, Plenum Press, New York,

781-790 (1982).

23. Taylor, M. T., and Woolcock, A., "Strengthening Superconducting Composite Conductors for Large Magnet Construction," Cryogenics 8, 317-319 (1968).

24. Fickett, F. R., "Conductors for Advanced Energy Systems," International Copper Research

Association, New York, Project No. 321A, 97 pp. (1983).

25. Klabunde, C. E., and Coltman, R. R., 'The Magnetoresistivity of Copper Irradiated at 4.4 K by

Spallation Neutrons," Sixth Annual Progress Report on Special Purpose Materials for Magnetically Confined Fusion Reactors, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/ER0113/3, UC-20C, 6 pp. (1984).

26. Carapella, S. C, Bess, M. L, and Leseur, D. R., "Factors Influencing Resistance Ratio Values of High-Purity Copper," Journal of Metals 25, 30-33 (1973).

16.

17.

18.

19.

8-55
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C 10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

27. Guinan, M. W., "Radiation Effects Limits on Copper in Superconducting Magnets," in Copper and

Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, April 14-15, 1983, Washington, DC, Eds. F. W.

Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 229-242 (1983).

28. Berghout, C. W., 'Tlie Influence of Elastic Strains on the Recovery of Cold-worked Copper," Acta

Metallurgica 6, 613-619 (1958).

29. Weyerer, Von H., "Die Anderung des Elektrischen Widerstandes Durch Kaltverformung,"

Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 44, 51-58 (1953).

30. Hibbard, W. R., 'The Effect of Cold Work on the Electrical Resistivity of Copper Solid Solution

Alloys," Acta Metallurgical, 565-574 (1959).

31. Kovacs, I., and Nagy, E., "Plastic Properties of Polycrystalline f.c.c. Metals," Physica Status Solidi

8, 795-803 (1965).

32. Gindin, I. A., Lazareva, M. B., and Matsevityy, V. M., "Lattice Defects in Copper Rolled at Low

Temperatures," Fizika Metallov 1 Metallovedenie 23, 197-200 (1967).

33. Kitada, M., and Kudo, M., "Plastic Deformation of Cu and Cu-Ge Alloys at 4.2 K," Cryogenic

Engineering (Tokyo) 6, 64-72 (1971).

34. Fickett, F. R., "A Preliminary Investigation of the Behavior of High-Purity Copper in High

Magnetic Fields," International Copper Research Association, New York, Project No. 186, 69 pp.

(1972).

35. Yntema, G. B., "Magnetoresistance of Mg, Cu, Sb, and Al at Liquid Helium Temperatures,"

Physical Review 91, 1388-1394 (1953).

36. Benz, M. G., "Magnetoresistance of Copper at 4.2 K in Transverse Fields up to 100 KG," Journal

of Applied Physics 40, 2003-2005 (1969).

37. Fickett, F. R., 'The Effect of Mill Temper on the Mechanical and Magnetoresistive Properties of Oxygen-Free Copper in Liquid Helium," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 30,

Eds., A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, Plenum Press, New York, 453-460 (1984).

38. Witzenburg, W. Van, and Laubitz, M. J., "Magnetoresistances and the Phonon Conductivity of Metals," Canadian Journal of Physics 46, 1887-1894 (1968).

39. Williams, J. M., Klabunde, C. E., Redman, J. K., Coltman, R. R., and Chaplin, R. L, 'The Effects

of Irradiation on the Copper Normal Metal of a Composite Superconductor," Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Magnetics MAG-15. 731-734 (1979).

40. Van Konynenburg, R. A., Guinan, M. W., and Kinney, J. H., "Fusion Neutron Damage in Superconductors and Magnet Stabilizers," Journal of Nuclear Materials J03 & 104, 739-744

(1981).

41. Kapitza, P., 'The Change of Electrical Conductivity in Strong Magnetic Fields, Parts I and II," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A123. 292-341, 342-372 (1929).

8-56
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Propenies (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

42. de Launay, J., Dolecek, R. L, and Webber, R. T., "Magnetoresistance of Copper," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids H, 37-42 (1959).

43. Liithi, B., "Widerstandsanderung von Metallen in Hohen Magnetfeldern," Helvetica Physica Acta

33, 161-182 (1960).

44. Beriincourt, T. G., "Mali Effect, Magnetoresistance, and Size Effects in Copper," Physical Review

112. 381-387 (1958).

45. Fickett, F. R., 'Transverse l\^agnetoresistence of Oxygen-free Copper," IEEE Transactions on

Magnetics 24, 1 1 56-1 1 58 (1 988).

46. Legvold, S., Vyrostek, T. A., Schaefer. J. A., Burgardt, P., and Peterson, D. T., "Electrical Resistivity and Magneto-Resistance of Very Dilute Cu-Cr Alloys," Solid State Communications 16,

477-480 (1975).

47. Powell, R. L, "Longitudinal Magnetoresistance of Copper," in Low Temperature Physics LT9,

Plenum Press, New York, 732-735 (1965).

48. Rogers, J. T., De Panfilis, S., Melissinos, A. C, Moskowitz, B. E., Semertzidis, Y. K., Wuensch,

W. U., Halama, H. J., Prodell, A. G., Fowler, W. B., and Nezrick, F. A., "Anomalous RF

Magnetoresistence in Copper at 4 K," Applied Physics Letters 52, 2266-2268 (1988).

49. Guinan, M. W., and Van Konynenburg, R. A., "Fusion Neutron Effects on Magnetoresistivity of Copper Stabilizer Materials, Journal of Nuclear Materials 122 andJ23, 1365-1370 (1984).

50. Guinan, M. W., "Radiation Effects Limits on Superconducting Magnets: Data Base for Copper

Stabilizers," in Eighth Annual Progress Report on Special Purpose Materials for Magnetically

Confined Fustion Reactors, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/ER-01 13/5,

37-45 (1986).

51. Hurd, C. M., "A Magnetic Susceptibility Apparatus for Weakly Magnetic Metals, and the

Susceptibility of Pure Copper in the Range 6-300 "K," Cryogenics 6, 264-269 (1966).

52. Pugh, E. W., and Ryan, F. M., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Copper-Nickel and Silver-Palladium

Alloys at Low Temperatures," Physical Review HI. 1038-1042 (1958).

53. Bowers, R., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Copper Metal at Low Temperatures," Physical Review

102. 1486-1488 (1956).

54. Van Itterbeek, A., and Duchateau, W., "Measurements on the Magnetic Susceptibility of White Tin

and Copper Down to Liquid Helium Temperatures," Physica 23, 169-172 (1957).

55. Hedgcock, F. T., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Dilute Cu Alloys at Low Temperatures," Physical

Review 104. 1564-1567 (1956).

56. Henry, W. G., and Rogers, J. L, 'The Magnetic Susceptibilities of Copper, Silver and Gold and

Errors in the Gouy Method," Philosophical Magazine I, 223-236 (1956).

8-57
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

57. Ekstrom, H. E., and Myers, H. P., 'The Magnetic Susceptibility of Dilute CuFe Alloys in the

Temperature Range 1.7-300 K," Physik der Kondensierten Materie 14, 265-274 (1972).

58. Hurd, C. M., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Very Dilute Cu-Fe and Au-Fe Alloys in the Range

6-300 °K," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 28, 1345-1352 (1967).

59. Tholence, J. L, and Tournier, R., "One-Impurity and Interaction Effects on the Cu:Fe

Magnetization," Physical Review Letters 25, 867-871 (1970).

60. Fickett, F. R., "A Preliminary Investigation of the Behavior of High Purity Copper in High

Magnetic Fields," International Copper Research Association, New York, Report 186B (1974).

61. Klein, M. W., "Magnetic Susceptibility of a Two-Component Kondo System: Proposed

Experiment to Distinguish Between Various Models for the c^ Dependence of x." Journal of Low

Temperature Physics 22, 85-103 (1976).

62. Heeger, A. J., "Localized Moments and Nonmoments in Metals: The Kondo Effect," 284-412 and

Kondo, J., 'Theory of Dilute Magnetic Alloys," 184-283 in Solid State Physics, Vol. 23, Eds. F. Seitz, D. Turnbull, H. Ehrenreich, Academic Press, New York (1969).

8-58
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed; Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (77 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium

copper from 77 to 293 K were obtained from

Reference 9.1. This source reported the stress at a total strain of 0.1 instead of the 0.2%-offset

yield strength, a^. Measurements from Reference

9.2 on annealed material at 295 K only are pre- sented for comparison. Product was in strip

form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.1,

which presents a^, test temperature, aging

temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9. 1 presents

the ay measurements as a function of test temperature.

The trend for the temperature dependence is similar for the measurements on each of the

aging conditions. Perhaps because of the long

aging times reported for these specimens, at room temperature is comparable to other results (Reference 9.2) on annealed material.

Table 9.1. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium

Copper upon Temperature (77-295 K).

Yield Test Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Temperature, Temperature, Time, No. MPa K K h

186 77 0 0 157 175 0 0 98 293 0 0 257 77 458 45

207 175 458 45

192 293 456 45

343 77 408 46

310 175 406 48

271 293 406 48 343 77 360 20 247 293 360 20 222 295 0 0 2 230 295 0 0 2

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

9-1
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C 17000: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (77-295 K)

1400

1200

^ 1000

o

Z 800

LU

Oi

t—

Q

600

400 Z

200

AGING

REF. TEMP.. • 1 360.

1 408.

•- 1 458.

f 1 ANN.

o 2 ANN.

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

0

300

Figure 9.1. Yield strength measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium

copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.1. Product was in strip form.

9-2
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from four sources (References 9.1-9.4).

All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^, except Reference 9.1, which reported the stress

at a strain of 0.1. Product was in strip form. Reported aging temperatures ranged from 360 to 630 K; aging times from 2 to 48 h. Aging temperatures and times were not specified in References

9.3 and 9.4, sometimes for proprietary reasons. Not enough data were available to estimate optimum aging temperatures and times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.2,

which presents a^, aging temperature and time,

and the reference number. (Because the highest

and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref- erence 9.4 in place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.2 and 9.3 present the measure- ments as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the /-axis. Two

measurements from Reference 9.1 at long aging

times are not shown in Figure 9.3. The ay reported in Reference 9.2 after high

aging temperatures (602-630 K) for short times

(2-3 h) are higher than the after lower temperatures with longer times (Reference 9.1). The

obtained with the aging conditions of Reference

9.2 are about as high as those reported in Refer- ences 9.3 and 9.4 where aging conditions were

unspecified for proprietary reasons.

Table 9.2. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and

Time (295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

247 360 20 1 271 408 48 1 192 458 45 1 590 N.S. N.S. 3 890 N.S. N.S. 4 1100 N.S. N.S. 4 904 602 3 2 1005 602 3 2 931 630 2 2 1005 630 2 2 969 616 3 2 1025 616 3 2 841 588 3 2 910 588 3 2

N.S. = not specified.

9-3
C17000: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400rjr

1200

o

o

z

111 t—in

a

toz

1000

800

6006-

400

200

oV

295 K

6

REF.

1

1

122

34

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

AGING

TIME. H

20.

48.

45.

2.

3. N.S. N.S.

800

Figure 9.2. Yield strength measurements on annealed C1 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.2. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.4 indicates not specified.)

9-4
C17000: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1200

o

o.%

Z^IOOO

I—O

z

111 I—

«/> a

(A

z

1

295 K

1

f 6

1 P- VGING

6

' tpo- 9

REF. TEMP.. K • 1 360.

2 630.

h 2 filfi. D- : 9 ' o :

>

i

602.

586.

N.S.

N.S.

»

(

16 20

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.3. Yield strength (a^) measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis. Two

values from Reference 9.1 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For clarity, overlapping

data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.2. Product was in strip

form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.4 indicates not specified.)

9-5
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtii vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength, o^, of cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from four sources (References 9.2-9.5).

All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength

(ay) except Reference 9.5 (not specified). Pro- duct was in strip form. Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging) ranged from 1 1 to 50% (reduction in thickness). Reported aging temperatures

ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times from 2 to 3 h. Aging temperatures and times were not

specified in References 9.3 and 9.4, and for several measurements in Reference 9.5, sometimes

for proprietary reasons. Sufficient data were

available to estimate a range of optimum aging

temperatures and times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.3,

which presents ct^, CW (reduction in thickness in

percent), aging temperature and time, and the

reference number. (Because the highest and

lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the

measurements presented in the figures and tables

for this reference should be considered upper

and lower limits.) The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.4 and 9.5 present the measure- ments as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the /-axis.

The figures indicate that the optimum aging

temperature is about 600 K, and the optimum

aging times range from about 2 to 3 h. The

for these aging conditions are approximately as

high as measurements for unspecified aging conditions.

Table 9.3. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C1 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

570 11 M.S. N.S. 5 1071 11 589 2.0 5 648 11 N.S. N.S. 3 636 11 N.S. N.S. 3 761 21 N.S. N.S. 3 831 21 N.S. N.S. 3 1062 50 N.S. N.S. 3 1213 50 N.S. N.S. 3 1070 37 N.S. N.S. 4 1275 37 N.S. N.S. 4 1030 11 602 3.0 2 1039 21 602 2.5 2 1072 37 602 2.0 2 1067 11 602 3.0 2 1080 21 602 2.5 2 1117 37 602 2.0 2 953 11 630 2.0 2 991 21 630 2.0 2 1009 37 630 2.0 2 1012 11 630 2.0 2 1021 21 630 2.0 2 1037 37 630 2.0 2

9-6
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked

and Aged

Table 9.3, continued

OOiCI VVOiK, Aging Aging ^^AfAfAn^A rT©T©r©nc©

cvAS 1 emporaiure, Tim6, MnINO. MPa K h

969 11 616 3.0 2 996 21 616 2.5 2 1031 37 616 2.0 2 1028 11 616 3.0 2 1030 21 616 2.5 2 1065 37 616 2.0 2 912 11 588 2.0 2 990 21 588 2.0 2 1063 37 588 2.0 2 1005 11 588 2.0 2 1049 21 588 2.0 2 1117 37 588 2.0 2

N.S. = not specified.

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

9-7
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1500 rV1300

o

a.

^ 1100

ui

ec

I—v»O

UJ 900

>-

700

500

295 K

p-Sd

-go

<i o

200

AGING

REF. CW, % TIME. H

2 37. 2.

lb 2 21. 2. - 2 11. 2. P 2 21. 2.5

-a 2 11. 3. O 3 50. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S.

O- 3 11. N.S. 4 37. N.S. • 5 11. 2. 4 5 11. N.S. 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.4. Yield strength measurements on cold-worl<ed Cl 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on

the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented

in Table 9.3. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3-9.5 indicates not

specified.)

9-8
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1500

295 K

1300.

O 1100

o

I-a

6-

6-

-9

I -6 900

i t - ,. ui

K. 700

500

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP., K

2 37. 588.

6 2 21. 588. - 2 21. 630.

2 11. 588. - 2 11. 630.

6- 2 21. 602.

9- 2 21. 616.

-P 2 11. 602.

-6 2 11. 616. o 3 50. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S.

o- 3 11. N.S. 4 37. N.S. • 5 11. 589.

5 11. N.S.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.5. Yield strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.3. The legend for this graph is given on the following page. Product was in strip form.

(N.S. In legend for References 9.3-9.5 indicates not specified.)

9-9
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed C17200 berylliunn copper between 20 and

300 K were obtained from five sources (Refer- ences 9.1, and 9.6-9.9). All sources reported

0.2%-offset yield strength (ay) except Reference

9.1, which reported the stress at a total strain of

0.1. Products were in strip or bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.4,

which presents a^, test temperature, and the

reference number. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.6 presents the measurements as a

function of test temperature.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the of a 2.6-wt% beryllium-copper alloy in an annealed condition. These data

exhibit an increase in strength as the temperature

decreases that is similar to the trend shown in Figure 9.6.

Table 9.4. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

237 77 1 212 175 1 135 293 1 236 300 6 262 214 6 314 144 6 390 88 6 185 295 7 192 295 7 238 195 7 241 195 7 343 76 7

339 76 7 403 20 7 398 20 7 234 215 8

221 255 8 234 300 8 269 295 9 307 232 9

9-10
C17200: Annealed

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20 300 K)

1400

1200

O

Qu

^ 1000

S 800

s—

«/> Q

uj 600

to2 400

200

0

1 REF. • 1 O 6

1

[

i

1 2 8

^ 9

•

o

a •

0

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.6. Yield strength measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function

of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.4. Products were in strip or bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).

9-11
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from 17 sources (References 9.1-9.4,

9.6, and 9.11-9.22). All sources reported 0.2%-

offset yield strength, a^, except Reference 9.1,

which reported the stress at a strain of 0.1, Refer- ence 9.19 (0.1%-offset), and References 9.14 and

9.22 (not specified). Product forms were wire,

sheet, strip, bar, and plate. Reported aging temperatures ranged from 408 to 723 K; aging times

from 0.33 to 170 h. Aging temperatures and/or

times were not specified in References 9.4 and

9.22. Sufficient data were available to estimate a

range of optimum aging temperatures and times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.5,

which presents o^, aging temperature and time,

and the reference number. (Because the highest

and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref- erence 9.4 In place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.7 and 9.8 present the measurements

as a function of aging temperature and time,

respectively. Unspecified values of temperature

or time are plotted on the y-axis. Three yield

strength measurements from References 9.1 and

9.19 at long aging times are not shown in Figure

9.8. The figures indicate that optimum aging temperatures range from about 588 to 644 K, and

optimum aging times from 0.5 to 3 h.

DISCUSSION

Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence

of CI 7200 beryllium on temperature and time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation is faster and peak properties are obtained more rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles

coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off (overaging). In Figure 9.30, which presents tensile strength vs. aging time, the strength first in- creases rapidly, but the slope becomes less steep

at longer aging times. Reference 9.23 also dis- cusses the advantages of achieving a given

strength level by under- or overaging, and the

relationship with elastic modulus, which reaches a peak after the maximum in yield or tensile strength is attained.

The effect of thickness upon hardness of an- nealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper is dis- cussed in Reference 9.24 (for strip).

Table 9.5. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

259 458 45.0 1 298 408 48.0 1 922 588 3.0 11 904 588 3.0 11 927 588 3.0 11 1000 588 3.0 6 862 672 1.5 6 1027 588 3.0 12 1020 588 3.0 12

1031 588 3.0 13 1045 588 3.0 13 1048 588 3.0 13

9-12
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.5, continued

rield Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

1003 588 3.0 13 1020 588 3.0 13 979 588 3.0 13 931 588 3.0 13 630 566 0.33 14 627 566 0.50 14

741 566 0.67 14 753 566 0.83 14

791 566 1.00 14 850 566 1.50 14 874 566 2.00 14 1034 588 3.00 15 1056 573 3.00 16 240 473 0.50 17 343 473 17.00 17 569 473 170.00 17 1007 588 3.00 18 1151 644 0.50 19 1062 644 0.50 19 1093 588 2.00 3 1079 588 2.00 3 1030 588 3.00 20 1280 588 2.00 21 965 N.S. N.S. 4 1170 N.S. N.S. 4 180 473 N.S. 22

188 593 N.S. 22 199 623 N.S. 22 204 723 N.S. 22

1101 630 2.00 2 1150 630 2.00 2 1151 630 2.00 2 1098 616 3.00 2 1152 616 3.00 2 1153 616 3.00 2 1109 602 3.00 2 1169 602 3.00 2 1182 602 3.00 2 1063 588 3.00 2 1120 588 3.00 2 1140 588 3.00 2

N.S. = not specified.

9-13
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400 &-

1200

o

1000

o

z

ULi 800

O

600

2 400

200

o6

V

4

U

k

Oa

A

-

0

REF.

1

122

34

66

1113

14

14

14

14

14

14

16

17

17

17

18

20

2122

AGING

TIME, H

48.

45.

3.2.

2. N.S.

3.1.5

3.

3.2.1.5

1.0.83

0.67

0.50

3. 166.7

16.7 0.50

3.

3.

2. N.S.

295 K

a

o 6

8

A

°

i

A

r

k

• —<] <

<j

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.7. Yield strength measurements on annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all data points

from References 9.12 and 9.15. All data are presented in Table 9.5. Products were in wire, sheet,

strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.22 indicates not specified.)

9-14
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strengtti vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400

1200

o5 1000

o

z

t—O

800

600

(A 400

z

200<

4

o 1

o- V 6

—

A

A'

566 K

oHr

o-V

•4

lbo

>

<

4

REF.

2

2

2

34

6

6

111314

16

17

18

19

20

2122

22

AGING

TEMP.. K 630.

602.

588.

588.

N.S. 672.

588.

588.

588.

566.

573.

473.

588.

644.

588.

588.

623.. 723.

473., 593.

295 K

8 12

AGING TIME, h

16 20

Figure 9.8. Yield strength (a^) measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis. Three

cTy values from References 9.1 and 9.17 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For clarity,

overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all data points from References 9.12

and 9.15. All data are presented in Table 9.5. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate

form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates not specified.)

9-15
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper between 20 and 300 K were obtained from five sour- ces (References 9.1, 9.6, 9.11, 9.12, and 9.19).

All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength

(cTy) except Reference 9.1, which reported the

stress at 0.1 total strain, and Reference 9.19,

which reported 0.1%-offset strength. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.12).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.6,

which presents a^, test temperature, aging temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.9 presents

the ffy measurements as a function of test temperature.

The strengths (at 0.1 total strain) reported in Reference 9.1 fall considerably below the others

shown in Figure 9.9. Probably this is due to the

relatively long aging times. These strengths also

do not increase with decreasing temperature as

sharply as the other measurements do.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the proof stress of a 2.6-wt%

beryllium-copper alloy in an aged condition.

These data exhibit an increase in strength as the

temperature decreases that is similar to the trend

shown in Figure 9.9.

Table 9.6. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (20-300 K).

Yield Strength,

IVlPa

Test Temperature, KAging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

288 77 458 45.0 1 304 175 458 45.0 1 259 293 458 45.0 1 347 77 408 46.0 1 320 175 408 48.0 1 298 293 408 48.0 1 922 295 588 3.0 11 904 295 588 3.0 11 927 295 588 3.0 1330 20 588 3.0 1305 20 588 3.0 11 1313 20 588 3.0 11 1000 300 588 3.0 6 1103 214 588 3.0 6 1117 144 588 3.0 6 1186 88 588 3.0 6 1063 88 672 1.5 6 1007 144 672 1.5 6 910 214 672 1.5 6 86? 300 672 1.5 6 1027 299 588 3.0- 12 1020 299 588 3.0 12 1103 197 588 3.0 12 1076 197 588 3.0 12 1310 77 588 3.0 12

1241 77 588 3.0 12

1151 300 644 0.5 19

9-16
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20 300 K)

Table 9.6, continued

Yield Test Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Temperature, Temperature, Time, No. MPa K K h

1062 300 644 0.5 19 1027 200 644 0.5 19

1158 200 644 0.5 19

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

1400

1200

O

o.^ 1000

800

o

z

LU

oc

I—

to

O

-> 600

LU

>-LU

5^ 400

o

o AGING

REF. TEMP.. K • 1 408.

1 458.

6 588.

6 672. o 1

588.

12 588.

A 19 644.

i

SMOOTH

200

0 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.9. Yield strength measurements of annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.6. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Refer- ence 9.12).

9-17
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and

300 K were obtained from five sources (Refer- ences 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data from

Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for comparison because measurements were made

for varying amounts of cold work, CW. All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength (a^). Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not

specified in Reference 9.26).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.7,

which presents a^, test temperature, CW (reducTenslle Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

tion in thickness or area in percent), and the

reference number. (The percent of CW could not be determined from Reference 9.26: it was 21% if the material was rolled or 37% if it was drawn.)

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.10 pre- sents the measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.7. Yield Strength Dependence of Coid-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature,

(20-300 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, KCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

765 88 33 6 717 144 33 6 672 214 33 6 676 300 33 6 731 20 21 25 752 20 21 25 662 76 21 25 683 76 21 25 690 76 21 25 710 76 21 25 600 195 21 25 600 195 21 25 536 300 21 25 552 300 21 25 663 295 37 7 670 295 37 7 684 195 37 7 696 195 37 7 829 76 37 7 808 76 37 7 813 20 37 7 829 20 37 7 648 300 N.S. 26 648 300 N.S. 26

641 300 N.S. 26 634 300 N.S. 26 800 77 N.S. 26 807 77 N.S. 26

9-18
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20 300 K)

Table 9.7, continued

ViaIH TI6IQ TACt 1 OSl rVilH UrtJIQ WnrU VVUfK, rwTclol let; Oil Qtronnth vl 1^ LI l| % No. MPa K

786 77 N.S. 26 779 77 N.S. 26 689 20 N.S. 26

641 20 N.S. 26 848 20 N.S. 26 669 20 N.S. 26 669 20 N.S. 26 765 295 60 9 772 232 60 9 213 295 0 27 489 295 11 27 579 295 21 27 720 295 37 27

N.S. = not specified.

9-19
9- BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

1500

REF. CW. X

1300

o

A

A

6

7

9

25

26

27

27

33.

37.

60.

21.

N.S.

37.

21.

O 1100

z

HI

HO

^ 900

>-

CO

Z

LU

700

oo

o

o I

500

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

o

o

300

Figure 9.10. Yield strength measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.7. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Refer- ence 9.26).

9-20
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from 1 9 sources (References 9.2-9.6,

9.8, 9.9, 9.13, 9.14, 9.16, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21, and

9.28-9.33). All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield

strength (a^), except Reference 9.19 (0.1%-offset),

and References 9.14 and 9.22 (not specified).

Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate

form. Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging)

ranged from 1 1 to 97% (reduction in thickness or

area). Reported aging temperatures ranged from

297 to 698 K; aging times from 0.09 to 24 h. Aging temperatures and/or times were not specified for several measurements in References

9.3-9.5, 9.28, and 9.30, sometimes for proprietary reasons. Sufficient data were available to esti- mate a range of optimum aging temperatures and

times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.8,

which presents a^, CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent), aging temperature and time, and

the reference number. (Because the highest and

lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of

materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.11 and 9.12 present the measure- ments as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis. Three

measurements from References 9.8 and 9.21 at long aging times are not shown in Figure 9.12.

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

The figures indicate that optimum aging temperatures range from about 588 to 620 K, and

optimum aging times at these temperatures range

from about 1 to 4 h.

DISCUSSION

References 9.34 and 9.55 report an improvement in of Cl7200-type beryllium copper when

the specimen is strained during aging instead of CW before aging. The maximum reported in Reference 9.35 were not as large as some of those presented in Figures 9.11 and 9.12, but the

aging temperature was kept below 473 K. Refer- ence 9.34 reports a maximum of about 1 100

MPa for material aged at 573 K, but the alloy

composition does not meet Cl 7200 specifications. Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence

of C17200 beryllium copper on temperature and

time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation

is faster and peak properties are obtained more

rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles

coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off (overaging). In Figure 9.30, which presents tensile strength, vs. aging time, the strength first increases rapidly, but the slope becomes less steep at longer aging times. Reference 9.23 also

discusses the advantages of achieving a given

strength level by under- or overaging, and the

relationship with elastic modulus, which reaches a peak after the maximum in yield or tensile strength is attained. Although cold-worked material is more difficult to form, higher can be

obtained for similar aging conditions (see Figures

9.7 and 9.8 in this section).

The effect of thickness upon hardness of cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper

is reported in Reference 9.24 (for strip).

9-21
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.8. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

% Temperature, K

Aninn

Time,

h

No.

1234 33 588 2.00 6 641 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28 696 97 297 2.00 29 1172 97 452 2.00 29 1310 97 525 2.00 29 1344 97 544 2.00 29 1347 97 555 2.00 29 1082 z

619 2.00 29 952 97 647 2.00 29 1103 97 297 2.00 29 1324 97 452 2.00 29 1282 97 619 2.00 29

1131 97 647 2.00 29 1108 11 573 N.S. 30 1175 21 573 N.S. 30 1235 37 573 N.S. 30 1356 44 588 2.00 31 1231 35 588 2.00 31 1218 33 588 2.00 31 901 37 588 3.00 13 886 37 588 3.00 13 658 15 566 0.33 14 800 15 565 0.50 14 862 15 566 0.67 14 907 15 566 0.83 14 924 15 566 1.00 14 952 15 566 1.50 14 972 15 566 2.00 14 1270 15 573 3.00 16 1393 37 594 3.00 32 1303 37 594 3.00 32 1310 37 594 3.00 32 1365 37 594 3.00 32 1248 N.S. 588 2.00 8 607 N.S. 698 24.00 8 1144 21 588 2.00 18 1096 37 644 0.33 19 1062 37 644 0.33 19 1169 11 589 2.00 5 1251 21 589 2.00 5 629 11 N.S. N.S. 5 707 21 N.S. N.S. 5 1172 60 575 2.00 9 1176 11 588 2.00 3 1190 11 588 2.00 3 1309 21 588 2.00 3 1313 21 588 2.00 3 1282 37 588 2.00 3 1429 37 588 2.00 3 820 37 N.S. N.S. 3

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

9-22
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtli vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.8, continued

Yield Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

853 37 N.S. N.S. 3 1434 18 588 2.00 21 1489 39 588 2.00 21 1496 50 588 2.00 21 952 50 588 0.09 21 1151 50 588 0.30 21 1434 50 588 1.00 21 1455 50 588 4.00 21 1324 50 588 17.00 21 1020 50 622 0.09 21 1282 50 622 0.30 21 1365 50 622 0.75 21 1282 50 622 4.00 21 1069 50 622 17.00 21 1214 50 644 0.09 21' 1276 50 644 0.30 21 1241 50 644 0.75 21 1062 50 644 4.00 21 1034 50 644 8.30 21 1140 37 N.S. N.S. 4 1345 37 N.S. N.S. 4 1338 50 588 1.00 33 1344 50 588 2.00 33 1344 50 588 3.00 33 1344 50 588 4.00 33 1331 50 588 5.00 33

1331 50 588 6.00 33 1324 50 588 7.00 33 1324 50 588 8.00 33 1331 50 622 1.00 33 1317 50 622 2.00 33 1296 50 622 3.00 33 1269 50 622 4.00 33 1241 50 622 5.00 33 1214 50 622 6.00 33 1193 50 622 7.00 33 1165 50 622 8.00 33 1214 50 644 1.00 33 1138 50 644 2.00 33 1103 50 644 3.00 33 1089 50 644 4.00 33 1069 50 644 5.00 33 1055 50 644 6.00 33 1048 50 644 7.00 33 1027 50 644 8.00 33 1120 11 630 2.00 2 1128 21 630 2.00 2 1137 37 630 2.00 2 1192 11 630 2.00 2 1205 21 630 2.00 2 1199 37 630 2.00 2

9-23
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.8, continued

Yield Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

1199 11 630 2.00 2 1207 21 630 2.00 2 1205 37 630 2.00 2 1114 11 588 2.00 2 1178 21 588 2.00 2 1216 37 588 2.00 2 1178 11 588 2.00 2 1262 21 588 2.00 2 1300 37 588 2.00 2 1152 11 568 2.00 2 1260 21 588 2.00 2 1322 37 583 2.00 2 1170 11 602 3.00 2 1189 21 602 2.50 2 1208 37 602 2.00 2 1231 11 602 3.00 2 1269 21 602 2.50 2 1284 37 602 2.00 2 1225 11 502 3.00 2 1267 21 602 2.50 2 1294 37 602 3.00 2 1125 11 616 2.50 2 1152 21 516 2.00 2 1157 37 516 2.00 2 1205 11 616 2.50 2 1217 21 616 2.00 2 1219 37

11

616 2.00 2 1196 616 2.50 2 1220 21 616 2.00 2 1216 37 616 2.00 2

N.S. = not specified.

9-24
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

ISOOrf

1300 o

I o O 1100

z

ui

atI—

«na

900

«Az

t;; 700

500 Lj,

295 K

I

oo OA

• A

t

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.11. Yield strength (ay) measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the

y-axis. Measurements of ay from Reference 9.29 at 2-h aging time indicate the trend of increased

ay at the optimum aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure, including all points from Reference 9.6. All data are presented in Table 9.8. The legend for

this graph is given on the following page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.

(N.S. in legend for References 9.3-9.5, 9.28, and 9.30 indicates not specified.) The values from

Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.

9-25
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

AGING

REF. CW. % TIME. H

2 37. 3.

1 lb 2 37. 2. Eh 2 21. 2.5

«? 2 11. 3. -O 2 11. 2.5

6- 2 11. 2. 2 21. 2. 3 37. N.S.

3 37. 2.

-4- 3 21. 2. i 3 11. 2. o 4 37. N.S.

5 21. N.S.

5 11. N.S.

5 21. 2. 8 N.S. 2. 8 N.S. 24.

> 9 60. 2. 13 37. 3. A 14 15. 2. i 14 15. 1.5

14 15. 1. t

14 15. 0.83

A 14 15. 0.67

L 14 15. 0.50

i 14 15. 0.33

A 16 15. 3.

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME, H

18 21. 2. V 19 37. 0.33

< 21 50. 2.

1 21 39. 2. <- 21 50. 4.

<^ 21 18. 2. < 21 50. 17.

21 50. 0.30

< 21 50. 0.09

21 50. 0.75

xj- 21 50. 8.25 • 28 N.S. N.S. • 29 97. 2. o 30 37. N.S.

6 30 21. N.S.

o- 30 11. N.S.

31 45. 2.

ill 31 35. 2. 32 37. 3. 33 50. 4.

L 33 50. 1. \ 33 50. 2.

^. 33 50. 3. A 33 50. 5. A 33 50. 6. k 33 50. 7. 33 50. 8.

Figure 9.11, continued. Legend for preceding grapli.

9-26
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1500

—A A A .

295 K

;88K,50^cw

622K,50%cw

-r^644K,50%ew ^ -A

4 6

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.12. Yield strength {a^) measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis.

Three values from References 9.8 and 9.21 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For

clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 9.6

and 9.9. All data are presented in Table 9.8. The legend for this graph is given on the following

page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References

9.3-9.5, 9.8, and 9.28 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.

9-27
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

AGING

n c c HEF. CW, % TEMP., K

2 37. 588.

2 11. 588.

2 21. 588.

IpT

2 21. 588.

-Q 2 11. 588.

ib- 2 21. 588.

T 2 11. 588.

3 37. 588.

3 21. 588.

3 11. 588.

1

3 37. N.S.

O 4 37. N.S.

5 21. 389.

5 11. 589.

5 21. N.S.

5 11. N.S.

0 8 N.S. 588.

13 37. 588.

14 15. 566.

A 16 15. 573.

T 18 21. 588.

V 19 37. 644.

< 21 50. 644.

21 50. 622. <- 21 50. 588.

<! 21 39. 588.

21 17. 588.

AGING

REF. CW. % TEMP., K • 28 N.S. N.S. • 29 97. 555.

29 97. 297.

•- 29 97. 619.

f 29 97. 647.

-• 29 97. 297. o 30 37. 573.

6 30 21. 573.

o- 30 11. 573.

31 45. 588.

31 35. 588.

32 37. 594.

33 50. 588.

A 33 50. 622.

A 33 50. 644.

Figure 9.12, continued. Legend for preceding grapii.

9-28
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtii vs. and Aged Temperature (88-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked and aged Cl 7200 beryllium copper between 88 and 300 K were obtained from four sources (References 9.6. 9.8, 9.9, and 9.19). All sources reported yield strength, a^, with an offset of 0.2%, except Reference 9.19, which reported

0.1%-offset strength. Products were In sheet and

bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.9,

which presents a^, test temperature, percent of

cold work (reduction in thickness or area), aging

temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.13 pres- ents the measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.9. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (88-300 K).

Yield Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K K h

1164 300 33 568 2.00 '6 1365 68 33 588 2.00 6 1338 144 33 588 2.00 6 1234 214 33 588 2.00 6 1276 215 N.S. 588 2.00 8 1303 255 N.S. 588 2.00 8 1248 300 N.S. 588 2.00 6 1096 300 37 644 0.33 19 1220 200 37 644 0.33 19 1062 300 37 644 0.33 19 1172 200 37 644 0.33 19 1172 295 60 575 2.00 9 1214 232 60 575 2.00 9

N.S. = not specified.

9-29
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (88-300 K)

1500

1300

Q.

O noo

z

UJ

a

^ 900

t/) Z

UJ

700

500

• • o

1

1

O

•

1

1

o

1)

II

II

AGIN(

REF. CW. % TEMP., • 6 33. 588.

O 8 N.S. 588.

9 60. 575.

19 37. 644.

1 1 1

K

0 100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.13. Yield strength measurements of cold-wori<ed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown

as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.9. Products were in sheet and

bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).

9-30
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from four sources (References 9.3, 9.4,

9.12, and 9.36). All sources reported 0.2%-offset

yield strength {a^). Product was in strip form

(References 9.3 and 9.4) or not specified (Refer- ence 9.12 and 9.36). Reported aging temperatures ranged from 727 to 755 K; aging times from

0.13 to 8 h. These parameters were not specified

In Reference 9.4. Since the original data points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were

extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.10,

which presents a^, aging temperature and time,

and the reference number. (Because the highest

and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref- erence 9.4 in place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.14 and 9.15 present the measurements as a function of aging temperature and time,

respectively. Unspecified values of temperature

or time are plotted on the y-axis.

Not enough data are available in the litera- ture to determine optimum aging parameters.

However, Reference 9.37 states that it is standard

commercial practice to overage at 753 K in order

to develop the most favorable combination of strength and electrical conductivity. See also the

electromagnetic properties section and Reference

9.36.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and CI 7510 beryllium copper is reported.

The C17500 alloy was found to have slightly higher strengths after aging in both the annealed and

cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.10. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Aging

Tennperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

696 727 8.00 12 800 727 8.00 12 588 755 3.00 3 602 755 3.00 3 550 N.S. N.S. 4 690 N.S. N.S. 4 230 753 1 0.13 36 400 753 0.25 36 580 753 0.50 36 620 753 1.00 36 620 753 2.00 36 620 753 3.00 36 620 753 4.00 36 610 753 6.00 36 600 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-31
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400 rf

1200

o

a. 1000

800

O

UJ— 600

Z 400

200

295 K

0 Lfr

6-

REF.

34

1236

36

36

AGING

TIME. H

3. N.S.

8.4.0.25

0.13

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.14. Yield strength! measurements on annealed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.10. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates not specified.)

9-32
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400

1200

o

% 1000

l"

o

Z 800

LU0£

K- I 9 600

z

200

295 K

-g —

0 4"

REF. O 34

• 1236

AGING

TEMP., K 755.

N.S. 727.

753.

8 12

AGING TIME, h

16 20

Figure 9.15. Yield strengtln measurements on annealed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the y-axis.

For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In Table

9.10. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates not

specified.)

9-33
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked; Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked

and aged CI 7500 beryllium copper between 20

and 300 K were obtained from three sources

(References 9.6, 9.12, and 9.25). Measurements at 295 K only on cold-worked material

(Reference 9.38) are presented for comparison.

All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.11,

which presents o^, test temperature, percent of cold work (reduction in thickness or area), aging

temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.16 pre- sents the ay measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.11. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and

Aged C17500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).

Yield Test Co\d Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K K h

772 86 33 755 2 6 786 144 33 755 2 6 745 214 33 755 2 6 738 300 33 755 2 6 800 299 0 727 8 12 896 299 0 727 8 12 695 197 0 727 8 12 762 197 0 727 8 12 786 77 0 727 8 12 958 77 0 727 8 12 979 20 0 727 8 12 1010 20 0 727 8 12 483 20 21 0 0 25 483 20 21 : :

25 427 76 21 25

441 76 21 0 0 25 393 195 21 0 0 25 393 195 21 0 0 25 345 300 21 0 0 25 352 300 21 0 0 25

471 295 50 0 0 38

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

9-34
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked;

Cold-worked and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

1400

1200

O

QL

^ 1000

O

z

LU

t—

CO

O

Z

800

600

400

REF. CW, %

• 6 33. o 12 0.

25 21.

38 50.

o •

AGING

TEMP., K

755.

727. SMOOTH

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

O

O

200

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.16. Yield strength measurements of annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and

aged Cl 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.1 1 . Products were

In sheet and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).

9-35
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from six sources (References 9.3, 9.4, 9.6. 9.36, 9.38, and 9.39). All sources reported

0.2%-offset yield strength (ay). Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in References

9.36 and 9.38). Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging) ranged from 3 to 65% (reduction in thickness or area). Reported aging temperatures

ranged from 723 to 755 K; aging times ranged

from 0.13 to 8 h. These parameters were not

specified in References 9.4 and 9.39. Enough

data were available to estimate a range of optimum aging times, but not aging temperature.

Since the original data points were not presented

in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.12,

which presents a^, CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent), aging temperature and time, and

the reference number. (Because the highest and

lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the measTensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

urements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.17 and 9.18 present the measure- ments as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis.

Not enough data are available in the litera- ture to determine an optimum aging temperature,

but in Figure 9.17, optimum aging limes appear

to range from approximately 1 to 8 h (for an aging temperature of about 750 K). Reference 9.37

states that it is standard commercial practice to overage at 753 K in order to develop the most

favorable combination of strength and electrical conductivity. See also the electromagnetic properties section and Reference 9.36.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are report- ed. The CI 7500 alloy was found to have slightly

higher strengths after aging in both the annealed

and cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.12. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Ctold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

738 33 755 2.00 6 613 50 723 0.75 38 643 50 723 1.00 38 692 50 723 1.50 38 716 50 723 2.00 38 701 50 723 2.50 38 701 50 723 3.00. 38 570 65 N.S. N.S. 39 650 65 N.S. N.S. 39 624 3 755 3.00 3 616 3 755 3.00 3 708 11 755 2.00 3 679 11 755 2.00 3 690 37 N.S. N.S. 4

9-36
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C 17500: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.12, continued

Yield Cold Work. Aging Aging Reference

Strength, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

625 37 N.S. N.S. 4 660 N.S. 753 0.13 36 820 N.S. 753 0.25 36 690 N.S. 753 0.50 36 840 N.S. 753 1.00 36 820 N.S. 753 2.00 36 816 N.S. 753 3.00 36 600 N.S. 753 4.00 36 780 N.S. 753 6.00 36 770 N.S. 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-37
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

ISOOrf295 K

1300

O

o.

o

LU

I—O

^ 900

1100

700

500 ^

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME, H

3 11. 2. b 3 3. 3. 4 37. N.S. • 6 33. 2. 36 N.S. 0.5 A 36 N.S. 1. 36 N.S. 3. 36 N.S. 4. A 36 N.S. 6. A 36 N.S. 8. A 36 N.S. 0.125

o 38 50. 2. 6 38 50. 3.

o- 38 50. 1. 9 38 50. 0.75

39 65. N.S.

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

o

-io

9

AI

-a6

800

Figure 9.17. Yield strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.12. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in References 9.36 and

9.38). (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.39 indicates not specified.)

9-38
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtli vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

1300 o

»-O 1100

z

ui

ec

I—in

O•J

111 900

>-lU

i-i (A

zUI

I- 700

-I

500 V

295 K

—A .

AQINQ

REF. CW. X TEMP., K

3 11. 755.

6 3 3. 755.

4 37. N.S. • 6 33. 755.

3e N.S. 753. o 38 50. 723.

39 65. N.S.

•—

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.18. Yield strength measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on

the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented

In Table 9.12. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.38).

(N.S. In legend for References 9.4 and 9.39 indicates not specified.)

9-39
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of an- nealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging time were obtained from three sources (References 9.4, 9.36, and 9.40). All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength (ay). Product was in strip form (References 9.4 and

9.40) or was not specified (Reference 9.36).

Aging temperature was 753 K (Reference 9.36) or was not specified. Aging times ranged from 0.13

to 8 h (Reference 9.36) or were not specified.

Since the original data points were not presented

in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.13,

which presents a^, aging temperature and time,

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

and the reference number. (Because the highest

and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref- erence 9.4 in place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) Figure 9.19 presents the measurements as a function of aging time. Unspecified values of time are plotted on the y-axis.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper is reported

The CI 7500 alloy was found to have slightly

higher strengths after aging in both the annealed

and cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.13. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).

Yield Aging Aging Fteference Strength, Temperature, TInne, No. MPa K h

648 N.S. N.S. 40 550 N.S. N.S. 4 690 N.S. N.S. 4 200 753 0.13 36 380 753 0.25 36 490 753 0.50 36 530 753 1.00 36 560 753 2.00 36 580 753 3.00 36 590 753 4.00 36 590 753 6.00 36 588 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-40
C17510: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1400

1200

o

a.S 1000

O

z

ui

oct—

%n

O

800

600

>-

UI

to 400

z

UJ

200

!

29 5 K

»

> 753 K — —

1

1 ^ h

1

1

1 REF. AGING

TEMP., ¥ ;

1

o

•

4 N.S. 36 753.

40 N.S.

1

1 8 12

AGING TIME, h

16 20

Figure 9.19. Yield strengtii measurements on annealed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.13. Product was in strip form (References 9.4 and 9.40) or was not specified (Reference 9.36). (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.40 indicates not

specified.)

9-41
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked ^''t-

'

. Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were obtained from nine sources (References 9.4, 9.36,

and 9.40-9.46). All sources reported 0.2%-offset

yield strength (ay). Products, where specified, were in strip or plate form. Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging except for Reference 9.45)

ranged from 21 to 80% (reduction in thickness).

Reported aging temperatures ranged from 573 to 838 K; aging times from 0.13 to 70 h. These

parameters were not specified in References 9.4,

9.41-9.43, and 9.46. Before cold rolling, some

material was pre-aged at temperatures from 573

to 758 K, usually for 3 h (Reference 9.45). Since

the original data points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals. Data presented

here from Reference 9.46 include tensile measurements at 295 K from a commercial supplier,

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Reference 9.44

also reports tensile test data on one of the heats

(A) included in the tests summarized in Reference

9.46. Cryogenic test results from Reference 9.44 on this heat are presented on pages 9-47-9-48 of the tensile properties section.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.14,

which presents a^, CW (reduction in thickness in percent), aging temperature and time, and the

reference number. (Because the highest and

lowest values obtained were reported in Reference 9.44 in place of the original data, the measurements presented in the figures and tables for

this reference should be considered upper and

lower limits.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figures 9.20 and 9.21 present the measure- ments as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis. Several

measurements from Reference 9.45 at long aging

times are not shown in Figure 9.21. Because aging times and temperatures often were not specified, optimum aging conditions are

difficult to determine. Reference 9.45 reported

that optimum aging temperatures for high were

about 573 to 593 K with aging times ranging from

5 to 70 h. However, these conclusions were

based on a limited number of measurements from one source on material that was pre-aged, as

described above.

DISCUSSION

Further information on the microstructure

resulting from the aging processes reported in Reference 9.43 may be found in Reference 9.47. Reference 9.48 reports the effect of adding 1-wt%

Zr to C17510 beryllium copper on aging times

and temperature. Results are presented in terms

of hardness, rather than yield strength.

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are reported. The C17500 alloy was found to have slightly

higher strengths after aging in both the annealed

and cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.14. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

814 40 755 3.00 41 813 N.S. N.S. N.S. 41 1000 N.S. N.S. N.S. 41 1092 N.S. N.S. N.S. 41 784 40 755 N.S. 42

786 40 755 N.S. 42

9-42
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strengtli vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.14, continued

Yield Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

820 40 755 N.S. 42 823 40 755 N.S. 42 924 37 N.S. N.S. 43 993 37 N.S. N.S. 43 758 37 N.S. N.S. 43 917 37 N.S. N.S. 43 783 37 755 2.00 44 777 37 755 2.00 44 745 21 727 8.00 40 703 21 755 8.00 40

641 21 783 8.00 40 572 21 811 8.00 40 517 21 838 6.00 40 942 60 593 70.00 45 1005 80 573 6.00 45 960 60 673 1.00 45 960 60 633 4.00 45 1022 80 593 5.00 45 1005 80 573 7.00 45 970 80 593 24.00 45 955 60 593 16.00 45

931 60 593 16.00 45 950 80 633 2.00 45 918 60 633 2.00 45 927 60 673 2.00 45 690 37 N.S. N.S. 4 825 37 N.S. N.S. 4 560 N.S. 753 0.13 36 670 N.S. 753 0.25 36 780 N.S. 753 0.50 36 820 N.S. 753 1.00 36 800 N.S. 753 2.00 36 765 N.S. 753 3.00 36 760 N.S. 753 4.00 36 700 N.S. 753 6.00 36 680 N.S. 753 8.00 36 765 37 753 2.00 46A

717 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46B

703 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

724 37 755 2.00 46A

737 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

N.S. = not specified.

9-43
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

ISOOrj295 K

1300

X^ 1100<

UJDC

t-a

^ 900'

Zuu

»- 700

500

A uin va nc r

1 IMC g n 4 37. N.S. 0 36 N.S. 2. 36 N.S. 4. 36 N.S. 8. 36 N.S. 0.25

36 N.S. 0.13

40 21. 8. • 41 N.S. N.S. o 42 40. N.S. 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 2. A 45 80. 6. A 45 80. 5. ^ 45 80. 24.

A 45 60. 16. A 45 60. 4. A 45 80. 2. A 45 60. 2. A 45 60. 1. ^ 45 60. 2. V 46A 37. 2. 7 46B N.S. N.S. y 46C N.S. N.S.

A 4

o

-nA- o200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.20. Yield strength measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are pre- sented in Table 9.14. Products, where specified, were in strip or plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.4, 9.41-9.43, and 9.46 indicates not specified.)

9^
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

1500 fV"

295 K

1300

O

a.

I—0 iioo<'-

zlAJ m

a

111 900

>-

111 1

'

111 t- 700

0

A

i

A.

4

REF.

436

40

40

40

40

40

41

41

CW, X

37.

N.S. 21.

21. 21.

21. 21.

N.S. 40.

AGING

TEMP.. K

N.S. 753.

727.

755.

783.

811.

838.

N.S. 755.

-o —

J

500

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP.. K 42 40. 755. 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 755. _

45 60. 673.

45 80. 633.

45 60. 633.

45 80. 593.

45 80. 573.

46A 37. 755.

46B N.S. N.S. 46C N.S. N.S.

l~-_753 K

I A

—1-

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.21. Yield strength measurements on cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter \lvas not specified, yield strength is plotted on the

y-axis. Several data points from Reference 9.45 at long aging times do not appear in the figure.

For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table

9.14. Products, where specified, were in strip or plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.4, 9.41, 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)

9-45
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

CI75 10: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (4-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of coldworked and aged C17510 beryllium copper from

4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference 9.44. The 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^, was reported.

Product was in plate form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.15,

which presents a^, test temperature, percent of

cold work (reduction in thickness), aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figure 9.22 presents

the ay measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.15. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (4-295 K).

Yield Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, K

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

715 295 37 755 2 44 783 76 37 755 2 44 814 4 37 755 2 44 718 295 37 755 2 44 799 76 37 755 2 44 795 4 37 755 2 44

f

9-46
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Temperature (4-295 K)

1500

1300

O

CD 1100

z

UJ

I—

to

O

^ 900

in

700

500

REF. • 44

CW,

37.

% TE

AGING

MP.. K

755.

•

• •

•

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.22. Yield strength measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium copper are shown

as a function of test temperature. An overlapping data point at 295 K is omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.15. Product was in plate form.

9-47
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C1 7000: Annealed; Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (20-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium copper from 20 to 295 K were obtained from

Reference 9.49. Measurements from References

9.2 and 9.50 on annealed material at 295 K only

are presented for comparison. Product forms were strip (Reference 9.2), bar (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference 9.49).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.16,

which presents the tensile strength, test temperature, aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.23 presents the tensile strength measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.16. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged C17000 Beryllium

Copper upon Temperature (20-295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, KAging

Temperature,

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No. r~~ 1 514 295 0 0 50 434 295 0 0 2 543 295 0 0 2 638 290 N.S. N.S. 49 795 77 N.S. N.S. 49

1 902 20 N.S. N.S. 49

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

f

9-48
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20-295 K)

2000

1800

o

X

I—

z

LU

t—

to

1600

1400

UJ 1200

CO

Z

<

1000

800

600

400

AGING

REF. TEMP.. K

2 ANNEALED

49 N.S.

50 ANNEALED

o

O

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.23. Tensile strength measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium

copper are sliown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.16. Products were in strip (Reference 9.2), or bar form (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference

9.49).

9-49
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of an- nealed C1 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were obtained from three sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

and 9.49). Product was in strip form or was not

specified (Reference 9.49). Reported aging temperatures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times

from 2 to 3 h. Aging parameters were not specified in References 9.3 and 9.49, sometimes for proprietary reasons.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.17,

which presents tensile strength, aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. The small amount of available data indicates that satisfactory aging

temperatures range from about 588 to 603 K, with an aging time of about 3 h. Figures 9.24 and

9.25 present the tensile strength measurements

as a function of aging temperature and time,

respectively. Unspecified values of temperature

or time are plotted on the y-axis.

Table 9.17. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

721 N.S. N.S. 3 1088 602 3 2 1172 602 3 2 1047 630 2 2 1134 630 2 2 1091 616 3 2 1143 616 3 2 1070 588 3 2 1152 588 3 2 638 N.S. N.S. 49

N.S. = not specified.

9-50
C17000: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

1600

O 1400

Q.

(5 1200

z

1000

UJ 800

600

295 K

AGING

REF. TEMP.. K 6 2 2. o 2 3. • 3 N.S. 49 N.S.

0| o 6

oo

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.24. Tensile strengtli measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.17. Product, where specified, was in strip form.

(N.S. In legend for References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)

9-51
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

o

Q.

o

z

LU

to

COZ

<

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

3 600

400

295 K

oo

I

AGING

REF. TEMP.. K o 2 602.

6 2 630.

o- 2 588.

9 2 616. • 3 N.S. 49 N.S.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.25. Tensile strength) measurements for annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.17. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and

9.49 indicates not specified.)

9-52
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of cold-worked Cl 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from three sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

and 9.5). Product was in strip form. Cold work,

CW, (carried out before aging) ranged from 1 1 to 50% (reduction in thickness). Reported aging

temperatures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging

times from 2 to 3 h. Aging temperatures and

times were not specified in Reference 9.5 (for some measurements) and In Reference 9.3, for proprietary reasons.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported In Table 9.18,

which presents tensile strength, CW (reduction in

thickness in percent), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.26 and 9.27 present the

tensile strength measurements as a function of aging temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis.

The reported aging temperatures and times cover a narrow range, and within this range there

is not much difference in the measured yield

strengths for a given level of CW. Thus, it is not possible to determine optimum values of temperature and time from the available data.

Table 9.18. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

807 11 N.S. N.S. 5 1198 11 569 2.0 5 782 11 N.S. N.S. 3 732 11 N.S. N.S. 3 922 21 N.S. N.S. 3 923 21 N.S. N.S. 3 1172 50 N.S. N.S. 3 1250 50 N.S. N.S. 3 1189 11 602 3.0 2 1167 21 602 2.5 2 1205 37 602 2.0 2 1200 11 602 3.0 2 1210 21 602 2.5 2 1236 37 602 2.0 2 1101 11 630 2.0 2 1116 21 630 2.0 2 1142 37 630 2.0 2 1138 11 630 2.0 2 1145 21 630 2.0 2 1165 37 630 2.0 2 1116 11 616 3.0 2 1130 21 616 2.5 2 1168 37 616 2.0 2 1151 11 616 3.0 2 1161 21 616 2.5 2 1190 37 616 2.0 2

9-53
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.18, continued

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

1090 11 588 2.0 2 1143 21 588 2.0 2 1202 37 588 2.0 2 1194 11 588 2.0 2 1200 21 588 2.0 2 1235 37 588 2.0 2

N.S. = not specified.

2000H^

O

a. 1700

O

z

uj 1400

et

t—

i/i tu < 1

' UJ 1100

<

1 1 -J 800*

500 4"

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME. H

2 37. 2.

ik 2 21. 2.5 - 2 11. 3. T 2 21. 2. 2 11. 2. o 3 50. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S. o 3 11. N.S. • 5 11. 2. 4 5 11. N.S.

295 K

fx

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.26. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.18. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indi9-54
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

2000 r-|r

O

a. 1700

1400

295 K

1100

I

-f

-I 8004-

3 9-

AGING

REF. CW. % TEMP.. K

2 37. 588. * 2 21. 588.

m- 2 21. 602. - f 2 11. 602.

2 37. 616. 2 21. 616.

2 11. 616.

-f 2 11. 588. o 3 50. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S.

o- 3 11. N.S. • 5 11. 589.

5 11. N.S.

500 4"

2 3

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.27. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are pre- sented in Table 9.18. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 Indicates not specified.)

9-55
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strengtfi vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper between 20

and 300 K were obtained from three sources

(References 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.19,

which presents tensile strength (aJ, test temperature, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.28 presents the measurements as a function of test temperature.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the of a 2.6-wt% berylliumcopper alloy in an annealed condition. These

data exhibit an increase in strength as the temperature decreases that is similar to the trend

shown in Figure 9.28.

Table 9.19. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

506 300 6 516 214 6 579 144 6 676 88 6 477 295 7 487 295 7 515 195 7 518 195 7 682 76 7 684 76 7 813 20 7 804 20 7

500 295 9 517 232 9

9-56
C17200: Annealed

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

2000

1800

S. 1600

z

1400

K 1200

a

-J

1X1 >" 1000

LU

to

m 800

600

400

REF. •

o

6

7

9

o

o •

' »

o •

O

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.28. Tensile strength measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.19. Product was in bar form.

9-57
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C 17200: Annealed , Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of an- nealed CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were obtained from 15 sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

9.11-9.15. 9.18, 9.20, and 9.51-9.54). Products were in sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. Reported aging temperatures ranged from 293 to 758 K; aging times from 0.067 to 8 h. Sufficient data were available to estimate a range of optimum

aging temperatures and times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.20,

which presents tensile strength {aJ, aging temperature and time, and the reference number.

The availat>le characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.29 and

9.30 present the a^J measurements as a function

of aging temperature and time, respectively.

The figures indicate that optimum aging

temperatures range from about 588 to 600 K, and

optimum aging times from about 2 to 5 h. Al- though Reference 9.51, for an aging temperature

of 622 K, reports a maximum in at an aging

time of only 0.5 h, higher ct^ are observed (Ref- erence 9.12) at 3 h for 588 K. (See Discussion

section below).

DISCUSSION

Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence

of CI 7200 beryllium copper on temperature and

time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation

is faster and peak properties are obtained more

rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles

coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off (overaging). In Figure 9.30, the strength first in- creases rapidly, but the slope becomes less steep

at longer aging times. Reference 9.23 also dis- cusses the advantages of achieving a given

strength level by under- or overaging, and the

relationship with elastic modulus, which reaches a peak after the maximum in yield or tensile strength is attained. The time-temperature rela- tionships for fTjj are also shown clearly in Figure

13 in Reference 9.51 which presents typical

trends for strip.

The effect of strip thickness upon the

strength of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium

copper is reported in Reference 9.24.

Table 9.20. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

1118 588 3.000 11 1080 588 3.000 11 1106 588 3.000 11 676 622 0.067 51 1020 622 0.170 51 1131 622 0.250 51 1179 622 0.330 51 1193 622 0.420 51 1207 622 0.500 51 • 1200 622 0.580 51 1193 622 0.670 51 1179 622 0.750 51 1158 622 0.830 51 1138 622 0.920 51 1117 622 1.000 51 1089 622 1.100 51

9-58
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.20, continued

MPa TfimDdratutb Tirn6 No. K h

1282 568 3.000 6

1131 672 1.500 6 1503 586 3.000 12 1476 586 3.000 12 1227 586 3.000 12 1255 568 3.000 12 1193 568 3.000 13 1214 588 3.000 13 1217 588 3.000 13 1227 568 3.000 13 1172 568 3.000 13 1145 568 3.000 13 1124 568 3.000 13 863 566 0.330 14 932 566 0.500 14

961 566 0.670 14 1006 566 0.630 14 1012 566 1.000 14 1083 566 1.500 14 1096 566 2.000 14 1241 633 0.800 15 1179 633 5.000 15 1227 588 3.000 15 455 293 1.000 15 462 413 1.000 15 736 496 1.000 15 1041 558 1.000 15 965 706 1.000 15 600 758 1.000 15 665 568 3.000 52 913 568 3.000 52 1196 575 3.000 52 1063 586 3.000 52 1307 586 3.000 53 1227 586 3.000 18 1262 644 0.500 19 1234 644 0.500 19 1309 588 2.000 3 1252 568 2.000 3 1209 588 3.000 20 756 561 0.500 54

561 2 000 54 1055 561 5.000 54

1136 561 6.000 54 , 917 586 0.500 54 1166 588 2.000 54 1207 586 4.000 54

1241 586 6.000 54 1124 602 0.500 54 1200 602 1.000 54 1220 602 2.000 54

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9-69
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.20, continued

Tensile Strength, Aging Aging Reference MPa Tennperature, Time, No.

n

1310 602 5.000 54 1324 602 8.000 54

1200 616 0.670 54

1241 616 1.000 54

1289 616 2.000 54

1234 616 5.000 54 1227 630 0.500 54

1255 630 1.000 54

1241 630 2.000 54

1214 630 5.000 54 1103 588 2.000 54

1221 616 3.000 2 1264 616 3.000 2 1288 616 3.000 2 1247 602 3.000 2 1310 602 3.000 2 1339 602 3.000 2 1254 588 3.000 2 1304 588 3.000 2 1329 588 3.000 2 1226 630 2.000 2 1277 630 2.000 2 1294 630 2.000 2

9-60
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

1600

O 1400

o.

^ 1200

z

ui

tn

til 1000

_l

z

UI

I—

ju 800

<

_j

3 600

<4

V

o

6

A

A

A

REF.

2

2

36

6

8

1314

14

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

19

400

AGING

TIME, H

3.2.

2.

3.1.5

3.

3.

2.1.5

1. 0.67

0.50

0.33 0.80

5.

1. 0.50

REF,

20

5151

51

51

51

515152

54

54

0- 54

P- 54

4-

->>

54

54

AGING

TIME. H

3.0.58

0.67

0.75

0.83

0.92

1.0.17

3.8.

2.

1. 0.67

5.0.50

1

295 K

oi b»'^ I 0-^

> A\ A

Aty 6

I A

A

I 1h/

/

/

> _

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.29. Tensile strength (aJ measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. A series of measurements from Reference 9.15 at 1-h aging time are connected by a dashed line to indicate the trend of increased at the optimum

aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all data points from References 9.1 1, 9.18, and 9.53. All data are presented in Table 9.20. Products were in sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.

9-61
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

1600

g 1400

5 1200

295 K

5

H- 622 K

(A

uj 1000

—602K

6_^566K

//

ui 800

I—<

—J3 600

/ I

400 _1_

561 K ^ —

REF.2

36

6

1112

13

14

15

15

15

15

15

AGING

TEMP., K

588.

588.

588.

672.

588.

588.

588.

566.

633.

558.

708.

758.

498.

AGING

, 4 , ,

: . 6

AGING TIME, h

REF. TEMP.,

4- 15 413.

t- 15 293.

19 644. > 20 ~ 588. o 51 622.

52 575.

52 588.

53 588.

'4 54 _ 602.

54 630.

54 616.

i 54 588.

54

1

561.

1 8 10

Figure 9.30. Tensile strength measurements on anneaied CI 7200 beryliium copper at 295 K are siiown as a function of aging time. For ciarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, inclu- ding all data points from Reference 9.18. All data are presented in Table 9.20. Products were in sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.

9-62
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (20 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of

annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper

between 20 and 300 K were obtained from four sources (References 9.6, 9.11, 9.12, and 9.19).

Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.12).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.21

which presents tensile strength {aJ, test temperature, the aging temperature and time, and the

reference number. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.31 presents the measurements as a

function of test temperature.

The higher set of values from Reference

9.12 were obtained on notched specimens. The

stress concentration factor, K^, is 4.2, where K, is defined as (a/rY'^. The notch radius is r and a Is one-half the distance between the notches.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the of a 2.6-wt% berylliumcopper alloy in an aged condition. These data

exhibit an increase in strength as the temperature

decreases that is similar to the trend shown In Figure 9.31.

Table 9.21 . Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (20-300 K).

Tensile Strength, Test Aging Aging Reference MPa Temperature, Temperature, Time, No. n

1106 295 588 3.0 11 1080 295 588 3.0 11 1118 295 588 3.0 11 1516 20 588 3.0 11 1506 20 588 3.0 11 1506 20 588 3.0 11 1282 300 588 3.0 6 1296 214 588 3.0 6

1351 144 588 3.0 6 1455 88 588 3.0 6 1238 88 672 1.5 6 1200 144 672 1.5 6 1117 214 672 1.5 6

1131 300 672 1.5 6 1255 299 588 3.0 12 1227 299 568 3.0 12 1266 197 588 3.0 12 1236 197 588 3.0 12 1434 77 588 3.0 12 1379 77 588 3.0 12 1476 299 588 3.0 12 1503 299 588 3.0 12 1427 197 588 3.0 12 1558 197 588 3.0 12 1741 77 588 3.0 12 1806 77 588 3.0 12 1262 300 644 0.5 19 1317 200 644 0.5 19 1234 300 644 0.5 19 1269 200 644 0.5 19

9-63
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

2000

1800

O

Q_

to

<

1600

X

O 1400

1200

CO

Z

UJ 1000

800

600

AGING

REF. TEMP.. K o 6 588.

6 672. • 1

588.

12 588.

12 588.

19 644.

400

±

J, °

SMOOTH

NOTCHED

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

o

300

Figure 9.31. Tensile strength measurements of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown

as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 9.21. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Refer- ence 9.12).

9-64
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of cold-worked Cl 7200 beryllium copper between

20 and 300 K were obtained from five sources

(References 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data

from Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented

for comparison because measurements were made for varying amounts of cold work, CIV. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not

specified in Reference 9.26).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.22,

which presents tensile strength, test temperature,

CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent),

and the reference number. (The percent of CW

could not be determined from Reference 9.26: it was 21% if the material was rolled or 37% if it was drawn.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.32 presents the tensile strength measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.22. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, KCold Work,

%

Reference

No.

800 88 33 6 814 144 33 6 752 214 33 6 710 300 33 6

931 20 21 25 938 20 21 25 938 20 21 25 945 20 21 25 952 20 21 25 765 76 21 25 607 76 21 25 814 76 21 25 645 195 21 25 658 195 21 25

621 300 21 25

621 300 21 25 702 295 37 7

701 295 37 7 743 195 37 7 753 195 37 7 903 76 37 7 916 76 37 7 1060 20 37 7 1060 20 37 7 779 300 N.S. 26 779 300 N.S. 26 758 300 N.S. 26 765 300 N.S. 26 972 77 N.S. 26

9-65
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

Table 9.22, continued

MPs

1 09l

K

fViIrl Wnrb Mn

972 77 N.S. 26 972 77 N.S. 26 979 77 N.S. 26 1117 20 N.S. 26 1076 20 N S

1096 20 N.S. 26 1124 20 N.S. 26 1117 20 N.S. 26 779 295 60 9 817 232 60 9 436 295 0 27 544 295 11 27

591 295 21 27 744 295 37 27

N.S. = not specified.

r

9-66
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

2000

1800

o

o.^ 1600

O

Z 1400

LU

Od

H-woa 1200

CO

1000

<

^ 800

o

o

-o—•-

o

A

A

REF.

6,7

9

25

26

27

27

27

CW. X

33.

37.

60.

21.

N.S.

37.

21.

11.

AO

0

600 -A"

400

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.32. Tensile strength measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. One

point from Reference 9.27, for zero cold work, does not appear in the figure. All data are presented

In Table 9.22. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.26).

9-67
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of

cold-worked C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from 24 sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

9.5, 9.6, 9.9, 9.13-9.15, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21. 9.28,

9.29, 9.31-9.33, and 9.52-9.59). Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. Cold worl<,

CW, ranged from 3 to 97% (reduction in thickness

or area), and was carried out before aging, ex- cept in the measurements reported in Reference

9.55. Reported aging temperatures ranged from

297 to 748 K; aging times from 0.05 to 25 h. Aging temperatures and times for several measurements were not specified in References 9.3,

9.5, and 9.28, sometimes for proprietary reasons.

Sufficient data were available to estimate a range

of optimum aging temperatures and times.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.23,

which presents tensile strength {aJ, CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent), aging temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.33 and

9.34 present the measurements as a function

of aging temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotUltimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

ted on the y-axis. Several tensile strength measurements at long aging times are not shown in Figure 9.34. The figures and Table 9.23 indicate that the

optimum aging temperatures range from about

544 to 588 K and optimum times from 1 to 5 h.

DISCUSSION

Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence

of C17200 beryllium copper on temperature and

time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation

is faster and peak properties are obtained more

rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles

coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off (overaging). In Figure 9.30, which presents vs. aging time, the strength first Increases rapidly, but

the slope becomes less steep at longer aging

times. Reference 9.23 also discusses the advantages of achieving a given strength level by

under- or overaging, and the relationship with

elastic modulus, which reaches a peak after the

maximum in yield or tensile strength is attained.

Although cold-worked material is more difficult to form, higher o^^ can be obtained (see Figures 9.29

and 9.30 in this section and Figure 13 in Refer- ence 9.51).

The effect of strip thickness upon the of cold-worked and aged Cl 7200 beryllium copper

is reported in Reference 9.24.

Table 9.23. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

1183 50 575 7.00 55 1372 75 575 7.00 55 1522 90 575 7.00 55 1334 33 588 2.00 6 669 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28 1379 30 561 1.00 56 1462 30 575 1.00 56 1482 30 575 1.00 56 1482 30 588 1.00 56 1448 30 602 1.00 56 1600 67 561 1.00 56

9-68
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.23, continued

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference Mra 7b Temperature, NO. Kr\ h

1600 67 561 1.00 56 1620 61 575 1.00 56 1600 67 588 1.00 56

1517 67 602 1.00 56

1207 97 647 2.00 29 1344 97 619 2.00 29 1613 97 591 2.00 29 1634 97 555 2.00 29

1641 97 544 2.00 29 1556 97 525 2.00 29 1400 97 452 2.00 29 1289 97 297 2.00 29

1041 97 647 2.00 29 1172 97 619 2.00 29 1344 97 591 2.00 29 1424 97 555 2.00 29 1420 97 544 2.00 29 1386 97 525 2.00 29 1234 97 452 2.00 29

1131 97 297 2.00 29 1334 44 588 2.00 31 1321 35 588 2.00 31 1424 33 588 2.00 31 1120 37 588 3.00 13 1119 37 588 3.00 13 1182 15 566 2.00 14 1151 15 566 1.50 14 1114 15 566 1.00 14 1103 15 566 0.83 14

1041 15 566 0.67 14 986 15 566 0.50 14 638 15 566 0.33 14 1262 17 588 3.00 15 1372 34 588 3.00 15 648 21 293 1.00 15 676 21 423 1.00 15 1282 21 573 1.00 15 841 21 746 1.00 15 772 34 633 0.25 15

1351 34 633 0.67 15 1241 34 633 5.00 15 1441 37 594 3.00 32 1455 37 594 3.00 32 1413 37 594 3.00 32 1420 37 594 3.00 32 1413 37 594 3.00 32 1496 37 594 3.00 32 1258 37 575 2.00 52 1245 37 588 2.00 52 1175 21 575 2.00 52 1202 21 588 2.00 52 1289 21 573 1.50 57

9-69
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.23, continued

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

1345 30 593 2.00 58 1420 37 588 2.00 53 1317 21 568 2.00 18 1317 37 644 0.33 19 1303 37 644 0.33 19 1278 11 589 2.00 5 1347 21 589 2.00 5 1382 37 589 2.00 5 770 11 N.S. N.S. 5 855 21 N.S. N.S. 5 1389 60 575 2.00 9

1351 11 588 2.00 3 1319 11 588 2.00 3 1445 21 588 2.00 3 1429 21 588 2.00 3 1442 37 588 2.00 3 1478 37 588 2.00 3 958 37 N.S. N.S. 3 954 37 N.S. N.S. 3 1247 50 N.S. N.S. 3 1307 50 N.S. N.S. 3 896 50 561 0.05 21 1158 50 561 0.30 21 1434 50 561 0.75 21 1586 50 561 4.00 21 1572 50 561 8.20 21 1034 50 588 0.09 21 1034 50 588 0.09 21 1531 50 588 1.00 21 1538 50 588 4.00 21 1413 50 588 17.00 21 1344 50 588 25.00 21 1151 50 622 0.09 21 1441 50 622 0.30 21 1462 50 622 0.75 21 1324 50 622 4.00 21 1165 50 622 17.00 21 1131 50 622 24.00 21 1269 50 644 0.09 21 1413 50 644 0.30 21 1310 50 644 0.75 21 1214 50 644 4.00 21 1172 50 644 8.30 21 1062 50 644 17.00 21 1020 50 644 24.00 21 1489 18 588 2.00 21 1558 39 588 2.00 21 1600 50 588 2.00 21 1165 3 588 2.00 54

1186 8 586 2.00 54 1296 17 588 2.00 54 1296 25 588 2.00 54

9-70
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.23, continued

Cold Work

MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

1351 34 588 2.00 54

1358 48 588 2.00 54 1344 59 588 2.00 54

1331 67 588 2.00 54

1317 74 588 2.00 54 1262 79 588 2.00 54

1227 83 588 2.00 54 627 11 561 0.50 54 969 11 561 1.00 54

1076 11 561 2.00 54

1144 11 561 4.00 54 1179 11 561 8.00 54

1117 11 588 0.50 54 1200 11 588 1.00 54 1262 11 588 2.00 54 1310 11 588 4.00 54

1276 11 588 8.00 54

1151 11 602 0.50 54

1200 11 602 1.00 54 1248 11 602 2.00 54

1289 11 602 4.00 54 1303 11 602 8.00 54

1241 11 616 0.50 54 1296 11 616 1.10 54 1289 11 616 2.00 54 1262 11 616 5.00 54 1262 11 630 0.50 54

1262 11 630 1.00 54 1303 11 630 2.00 54 1255 11 630 4.00 54 1262 11 644 0.50 54

1234 11 644 1.00 54 1200 11 644 2.00 54

1165 11 644 4.00 54 972 21 561 0.50 54 1103 21 561 1.00 54 1179 21 561 2.00 54

1241 21 561 4.00 54 1214 21 588 0.50 54 1296 21 588 1.00 54

1331 21 588 2.00 54 1358 21 568 4.00 54

1 Rn9 ou^ U. JU 54

1310 21 602 1.00 54

1331 21 602 2.00 54

1379 21 602 4.00 54 1289 21 616 0.50 54

1331 21 616 1.00 54 1310 21 616 2.00 54 1214 21 616 4.00 54 1344 21 630 0.50 54 1310 21 630 1.00 54

9-71
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.23, continued

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No.

t\ n

1317 21 630 2.00 54

1282 21 630 4.00 54

1331 21 644 0.50 54

1269 21 644 1.00 54 1214 21 644 2.00 54 1193 21 644 4.00 54

1117 37 561 0.50 54 1172 37 561 1.00 54 1254 37 561 2.00 54 1303 37 561 8.00 54 1248 37 568 0.25 54 1365 37 588 1.00 54 1379 37 588 2.00 54

1351 37 588 8.00 54

1344 37 602 0.50 54 1379 37 602 1.00 54 1386 37 602 2.00 54 1400 37 602 8.00 54 1324 37 616 0.50 54

1351 37 616 1.00 54 1344 37 616 2.00 54

1207 37 616 5.00 54

1372 37 630 0.33 54

1331 37 630 1.00 54

1324 37 630 2.00 54

1289 37 630 4.00 54 1310 37 644 0.50 54 1296 37 644 1.00 54

1241 37 644 2.00 54

1220 37 644 4.00 54

1241 11 588 3.00 59 1282 21 588 3.00 59 1262 29 588 3.00 59 1324 37 588 3.00 59 1324 50 588 3.00 59

1151 11 588 3.00 59 1296 21 588 3.00 59 1296 37 588 3.00 59 1282 50 588 3.00 59 1186 6 588 3.00 59 1 1186 6 588 3.00 59 1317 50 644 1.00 33

1241 50 644 2.00 33 1227 50 644 3.00 33 1214 50 644 4.00 33 1207 50 644 5.00 33 1193 50 644 6.00 33 1186 50 644 7.00 33 1172 50 644 8.00 33 1517 50 588 1.00 33

1531 50 588 2.00 33 1531 50 568 3.00 33

9-72
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

CI7200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.23, continued

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

1531 50 588 4.00 33 1536 50 588 5.00 33 1524 50 588 6.00 33 1510 50 588 7.00 33 1503 50 588 6.00 33 1448 50 622 1.00 33 1379 50 622 2.00 33 1338 50 622 3.00 33 1324 50 622 4.00 33 1310 50 622 5.00 33 1282 50 622 6.00 33 1269 cnOU 622 7.00 33 1255 50 622 6.00 33 1007 -1 i

1 1 o nn n

1 £*tO 01 0>3U 0 {\C\ 0 1266 37 630 2.00 2 1299 11 630 2.00 2

1 JJO 01 oJU o rv\ c.w

1343 37 630 2.00 2 1319 11 630 2.00 2 1343 21 630 2.00 2 1362 37 630 2.00 2 1237 11 616 2.50 2 1272 21 616 2.00 2 1292 37 616 2.00 2

1 a14 11 616 2.50 2

oi C1C o nn oc 1371 37 616 2 00 2

1 Jiu 1

CIC o tin 0 1378 21 616 2.00 2

1 009 Of AIR 0 ID 0 nn 0

(ZD/ 11 1 0 nn 0 OI o An c 1356 37 588 2.00 2 1318 11 586 2.00 2 1405 21 586 2.00 2 1447 37 586 2.00 2 1334 11 586 2.00 2 1420 21 588 2.00 2 1471 37 586 2.00 2 1285 11 602 3.00 2 1318 21 602 2.50 2 1349 37 602 2.00 2 1365 11 602 3.00 2 1416 21 602 2.50 2 1433 37 602 2.00 2 1376 11 602 3.00 2 1420 21 602 2.50 2 1441 37 602 2.00 2

N.S. = not specified.

9-73
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

2000 rV

o

O. 1700

O

21

UJ 1400

295 K

UJZ

lu 1100

800 I- 7

500 f

/

/

1h,21%cw/

' 'A

7^

oo

• 44

•4 •J*

OO < D>Q <

-o— c>s«e— <

•-4 Vd6A<J-

/ «3

-XXtJO

\

\

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.33. Tensile strength (aJ measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, o^^ is plotted on the

y-axis. Measurements of from Reference 9.15 at 1-h aging time are connected by a dashed line to indicate the trend of increased at the optimum aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping

data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 9.6, 9.18, 9.19, 9.31,

9.53, 9.55, 9.58, and 9.59. All data are presented in Table 9.23. The legend for this graph is given on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3, 9.5, and 9.28 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for roomtemperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.

9-74
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

AGING AGING

REF. CW, X TIME. H REF. cw, % TIME, H

2 37 2. 5 1 50. 24.

2 2 ^ 1 50. 0.05

2 1 1. 2. \J N.S. N.S.

> 3 37 2.

f\\J 97. 2.

L 3 50 N.S. id. 37. 3. >- 3 1 1 2. JO 50. 2.

3 37 N.S. 50. 3. V 5 37. 2.

A

*v 50. 6.

_LV 5 21 2. AT 50. 8.

v 5 21 N.S. 37. 2.

Y 5 11. N.S.

i 21. 2.

9 60. 2. 37. 8.

13 37. 3. J 54 37. 2. 14 15 2. 37. 0.33

J. 14 1 5 1.5 R54A 37. 0.50

n- 14 15. 0.83 R54A 21. 0.50

9 14 15. 0.67 R54A 21. 1. - 14 15. 0.50 R54A 21. 2. 6- 14 15. 0.33 54 37. 4.

A 15 34 0.67 54 11. 4.

X 15 34. 5. 54 21. 4.

15 21. 1. ><- 54 11. 5. 15 34. 0.25 54 37. 0.25 < 21 50. 2. 54 37. 1. 21 50. 8.2 54 11. 1. <- 21 39. 2. 54 11. 8. 1 21 50. 4. 54 11. 0.50

21 18. 2. 54 11. 2.

21 50. 0.75 • 55 90. 7.

< 21 50. O.30 55 75. 7.

21 50. 17. • 56 67. 1. 21 50. 25. 56 61. 1. 21 50. 0.09 •- 56 30. 1. 0 57 21. 1.5

Figure 9.33, continued. Legend for preceding graph.

9-75
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strengtii vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Figure 9.34. Tensile strength {aJ measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis.

Several values from References 9.21, 9.28, 9.33, 9.54, and 9.55 at long aging times do not appear in the figures. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 9.6, 9.18, 9.31, 9.53, and 9.58. All data are presented in Table 9.23. The

legend for this graph is given on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate

form. (N.S. In legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values from

Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.

9-76
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

CI 7200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP.. K

2 37. 602.

2 21. 602.

2 11. 602.

2 11. 616.

> 3 37. 588.

3 11. 588.

>- 3 21. N.S.

3 37. N.S.

V 5 21. N.S.

5 11. N.S.

5 37. 588.

y 5 11. 588.

9 60. 588.

13 37. 588.

14 15. 566.

15 34. 588.

JL 15 34. 633.

15 21. 573.

f 15 17. 588.

A 15 21. 748.

I 15 21. 423.

15 21. 293.

T 19 37. 644. < 21 50. 588.

21 50. 561.

21 39. 588. ^ 21 18. 588.

-< 21 50. 622.

21 50. 644.

• 28 N.S. N.S.

o 29 97. 544.

6 29 97. 452.

AGING

REF. CW, % TEMP., K

o- 29 97. 647.

9 29 97. 297.

A 32 37. 594.

A 33 50. 588.

A 33 50. 622.

A^ 33 50. 644.

52 37. 588.

i 52 21. 588.

52 21. 575.

< 54 37. 602.

1 < 54 37. 630.

<- 54 21. 602.

<^ 54 37. 616.

-< 54 37. 588.

<' 54 37. 644.

< 54 37. 561. ^ 54 21. 616. ^ 54 21. 561.

54 21. 588. ^

54 11. 644.

-<- 54 11. 602.

A 54 21. 644.

^ 54 11. 561.

« 54 11. 588. • 56 61. 575.

4 56 67. 602.

56 30. 602.

f 56 30. 561.

0 57 21. 573.

© 59 37. 588.

6 59 11. 588.

©- 59 6. 588.

Figure 9.34, continued. Legend for preceding graph.

9-77
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Temperature (48-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper

between 48 and 300 K were obtained from four sources (References 9.6, 9.9, 9.19, and 9.51).

Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.51).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.24,

which presents tensile strength, test temperature.

percent of cold work, (reduction in thickness or

area), aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.35 presents the tensile strength measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.24. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (48-300 K).

Tensile Strength, Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. K K h

1572 48 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1482 73 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1431 98 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1396 123 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1365 148 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1344 173 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1331 198 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1324 223 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1317 248 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1310 273 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1307 293 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 1334 300 33 588 2.00 6 1489 88 33 588 2.00 6 1413 144 33 588 2.00 6 1351 214 33 588 2.00 6 1317 300 37 644 0.33 19 1372 200 37 644 0.33 19 1303 300 37 644 0.33 19 1338 200 37 644 0.33 19 1389 295 60 575 2.00 9 1482 232 60 575 2.00 9

N.S. = not specified.

9-78
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (48-300 K)

2000

1800

o

Ql

^ 1600

O

5 1400

H111 Zf 1200

1000

<

800

600

I REF. o 6

9

19 • 51

400

cw. %

33.

60.

37.

N.S.

AGING

TEMP., K

588.

575.

644.

N.S.

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.35. Tensile strengtfi measurements of coid-worl<ed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 9.24. Products were in siieet and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.51).

9-79
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of an- nealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from three sources (References 9.3,

9.12, and 9.36). Product was in strip form (Refer- ence 9.3) or not specified (References 9.12 and

9.36). Reported aging temperatures ranged from

727 to 755 K; aging times from 0.13 to 8 h. Since

the original data points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.25,

which presents tensile strength, aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figures 9.36 and 9.37

present the tensile strength measurements as a

function of aging temperature and time, respectively.

Not enough data are available in the litera- ture to determine optimum aging parameters.

Reference 9.37 states that it is standard commercial practice to overage at 753 K in order to develop the most favorable combination of strength

and electrical conductivity. See also the electro- magnetic properties section and Reference 9.36.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper is reported.

The C17500 alloy was found to have slightly higher strengths after aging in both the annealed and

cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.25. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Aging

Tennperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

758 727 8.00 12 917 727 8.00 12 1224 727 S.OO 12 758 755 3.00 3 743 755 3.00 3 460 753 0.13 36 620 753 0.25 36 740 753 0.50 36 800 753 1.00 36 821 753 2.00 36 820 753 3.00 36 810 753 4.00 36 790 753 6.00 36 788 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-80
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

1600

1400

1200

1000

295 K

REF.

31236

36

36

36

36

AGING

TIME. H

3.8.

3.4.

6.0.25

0.13

800

600

• o

o

400

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.36. Tensile strength measurennents on annealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 8.25. Product was in strip form (Reference 8.3) or not specified

(Reference 9.12 and 9.36).

9-81
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

o

Q.

1600

1400

1200 O

z

lU

CO

111 1000

UJ 800

<

3 600

400

29 5 K

< >

R o

•

EF. T

312

)6

1

AGING

EMP.. K 755. 727.

1 ^ 1 1 .

1

:

1 " 1

753.

753 <

< t

/

/

/

I !

1 r • 1

>

/

/

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.37. Tensile strengtli measurements for anneaied C17500 beryliium copper at 295 K are sfiown as a function of aging time. Ali data are presented in Table 8.25. Product was in strip form (Refer- ence 9.3) or not specified (References 9.12 and 9.36).

9-82
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked; Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (20 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of annealed and aged, cold-worked, and coldworked and aged CI 7500 beryllium copper between 20 and 300 K were obtained from three sources (References 9.6, 9.12, and 9.25). Measurements from Reference 9.38 on cold-worked

material at 295 K only are presented for comparison. Products were in sheet and bar form

(not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.26,

which presents the tensile strength {aJ, test temperature, percent of cold work (reduction in thick- ness or area), aging temperature and time, and

the reference number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Figure 9.38 presents the measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

The higher set of values from Reference

9.12 were obtained on notched specimens. The

stress concentration factor, K^, is 4.2, where is defined as {a/ry^. The notch radius is r and a is one-half the distance between the notches.

Table 9.26. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and

Aged C17500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Test

Tenaperature, K

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

945 88 33 755 2 6 896 144 33 755 2 6 876 214 33 755 2 6 852 300 33 755 2 6 917 299 0 727 8 12 758 299 0 727 8 12 752 197 0 727 8 12 824 197 0 727 8 12 903 77 0 727 8 12 1089 77 0 727 8 12 1214 20 0 727 8 12 1203 20 0 727 8 12 1224 299 0 727 8 12 1224 299 0 727 8 12 1300 197 0 727 8 12 1296 197 0 727 8 12 1462 77 0 727 8 12 1462 77 0 727 8 12 1544 20 0 727 8 12 648 20 21 0 0 25 662 20 21 0 0 25 558 76 21 0 0 25 572 76 21 0 0 25 455 195 21 0 0 25 462 195 21 0 0 25 414 300 21 0 0 25

421 300 21 0 0 25 505 295 50 0 0 38

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

9-83
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked;

Cold-worked and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

2000

1800

o^ 1600

z

1400

uj 1200

(7) Z

UJ

I- 1000

UJ

I—

<

? 800

600

400

AGING

REF. CW, X TEMP., K • 6 33. 755. o 12 0. 727. SMOOTH

12 0. 727. NOTCHED

25 21. ANNEALED

38 50. ANNEALED

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.38. Tensile strength measurements of annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and

aged C1 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.26. Products were

In sheet and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).

9-84
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of

cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from five sources (References 9.3, 9.6,

9.36, 9.38, and 9.39). Products were in strip and

bar form (not specified in References 9.36 and

9.38). Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging)

ranged from 3 to 65% (reduction in thickness or

area). Reported aging temperatures ranged from

723 to 755 K; aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. These parameters were not specified in Ref- erence 9.39. Sufficient data were available to estimate a range of optimum aging times, but not aging temperatures. Since the original data

points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate

intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.27,

which presents tensile strength {aJ, CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent), aging temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.39 and

9.40 present the measurements as a function

of aging temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis.

Not enough data are available in the litera- ture to determine an optimum aging temperature,

but in Figure 9.40, optimum aging times appear

to range from approximately 1 .5 to 2.5 h (for an

aging temperature of about 750 K). Reference

9.37 states that it is standard commercial practice to overage at 753 K in order to develop the most

favorable combination of strength and electrical conductivity. See also the electromagnetic properties section and Reference 9.36.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are report- ed. The C17500 alloy was found to have slightly

higher strengths after aging in both the annealed

and cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.27. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C1 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength, Cold Work. Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

652 33 755 2.00 6 652 50 723 0.75 38 692 50 723 1.00 38 736 50 723 1.50 38

741 50 723 2.00 38 755 50 723 2.50 38 755 50 723 3.00 38 615 65 N.S. N.S. 39 745 65 N.S. N.S. 39 760 3 755 3.00 3 738 3 755 3.00 3 802 11 755 2.00 3 756 11 755 2.00 3 680 N.S. 753 0.13 36 880 N.S. 753 0.25 36 920 N.S. 753 0.50 36 910 N.S. 753 1.00 36 900 N.S. 753 2.00 36

9-85
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtfi vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.27, continued

Tensile Strength, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference MPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

B80 N.S. 753 3.00 36 870 N.S. 753 4.00 36 840 N.S. 753 6.00 36 800 N.S. 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

2000 rVO 1700

o

z

Ul 1400

CO2 1100

<

^ 800

500

295 K

AGING

REF. CW. % TIME. H

3 11. 2. 3 3. 3. • 6 33. 2. 36 N.S. 0.50

36 N.S. 3. 36 N.S. 6. t 36 N.S. 0.13 o 38 50. 3. 6 38 50. 1. o- 38 50. 0.75

39 65. N.S.

A

A•

a o 6

1 1

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.39. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C1 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.27. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.38).

9-86
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

2000

?: 1700

O

z

LU

oe. I—

to

UJ_l

Z

1400

1100

LU

»—<

I— 800

500

295 K

753 K

Vl

-D-O

AGING

REF. CW, X TEMP.. K

3 11. 755.

lb 3 3. 755. • 6 33. 755.

36 N.S. 753. o 38 50. 723.

39 65. N.S.

723 K,50%cw

2 3 AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.40. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.27. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.38).

(N.S. In legend for Reference 9.39 indicates not specified.)

9-87
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of an- nealed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging time were obtained from two

sources (References 9.36 and 9.40). Product was

in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified

(Reference 9.36). Aging temperature was 753 K

(Reference 9.36) or was not specified. Aging

times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h (Reference 9.36) or were not specified. Since the original data points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were

extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.28,

which presents tensile strength, aging time, and

the reference number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Figure 9.41 presents the tensile strength

measurements as a function of aging time. Unspecified values of time are plotted on the y-axis.

DISCUSSION

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

CI 7500 and CI 7510 beryllium copper is reported.

The Cl 7500 alloy was found to have slightly higher strengths after aging in both the annealed and

cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.28. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength, Aging Aging Reference MPa Temperature, Time, No. K h

834 N.S. N.S. 40 380 753 0.13 36 530 753 0.25 36 680 753 0.50 36 720 753 1.00 36 780 753 2.00 36 768 753 3.00 36 755 753 4.00 36 740 753 6.00 36 740 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-88
C17510: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

1600^

o

GL^ 1400

O

zUJ 1200

«/> o

— 1000

LU 800

<

P 600

400 l|

291> K

REF. AGTEMF

75

N.

ING

>.. K o 36 • 40

3. S.

/

_J '

>

c » \ i 75 3 k

» — ~~ — — 4 —

1o

< 4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.41. Tensile strengtfi measurements on annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown

as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the

y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.28. Product form was not specified. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.40 indicates not specified.)

9-89
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as

a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from six sources (References 9.36, 9.41

and 9.43-9.46). Products were in strip and plate

form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.41).

Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging) ranged

from 37 to 80% (reduction in thickness). Aging

temperatures ranged from 573 to 755 K; aging

times from 0.13 to 70 h. These parameters were

not specified in References 9.43 and 9.50. Before

cold rolling, some material was pre-aged at temperatures from 573 to 758 K, usually for 3 h (Ref- erence 9.45). Since the original data points were

not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals. Data presented here from Reference 9.46 include

tensile measurements at 295 K from a commercial supplier, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Reference 9.44 also reports tensile test data on one of the heats (A) included in the tests summarized in Reference 9.46. Cryogenic test results from Reference 9.44 on this heat are presented in Part B of the tensile properties section.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.29,

which presents tensile strength {oj, CW (reduction in thickness in percent), aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figures 9.42 and 9.43

present the measurements as a function of aging temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified values of temperature or time are plotted on the y-axis. Several measurements at long aging times are not shown in Figure 9.43. The figures indicate that optimum aging

temperatures for high range from about 573 to 593 K with aging times ranging from 1 to 20 h. However, these conclusions are based on a limit- ed number of measurements, and some material was pre-aged, as described above (Reference

9.45).

DISCUSSION

Further information on the microstructure

resulting from the aging processes reported in Reference 9.43 may be found in Reference 9.47.

In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of measurements of yield and tensile strengths on both

C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are report- ed. The CI 7500 alloy was found to have slightly

higher strengths after aging in both the annealed

and cold-worked conditions.

Table 9.29. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7510 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

931 j 40 755 3.00 41 1000 37 N.S. N.S. 43 1034 37 N.S. N.S. 43 827 37 N.S. N.S. 43 972 37 N.S. N.S. 43

783 37 755 2.00 44

777 37 755 2.00 44

1090 60 593 70.00 45 1068 80 573 6.00 45 1045 60 673 1.00 45 1048 60 633 4.00 45

9-90
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.29, continued

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

1070 80 593 5.00 45 1057 80 573 7.00 45 1035 80 593 24.00 45 1049 60 593 16.00 45 1030 60 593 16.00 45 1005 80 633 2.00 45 1046 60 633 2.00 45 1040 60 673 2.00 45 590 N.S. 753 0.13 36 780 N.S. 753 0.25 36 860 N.S. 753 0.50 36 880 N.S. 753 1.00 36 870 N.S. 753 2.00 36 850 N.S. 753 3.00 36 840 N.S. 753 4.00 36 780 N.S. 753 6.00 36 760 N.S. 753 8.00 36

841 37 755 2.00 46A

793 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46B

765 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

793 37 755 2.00 46A

803 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

N.S. = not specified.

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

9-91
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

O

z

ui

<

2000 &

O 1700

a.

1400

1100

295 K

800

500

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME. H

A 36 N.S. 1. i 36 N.S. 2. 36 N.S. 3. 36 N.S. 0.13 • 41 40. 3. O 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 2. 45 80. 7.

lb 45 60. 70.

D- 45 80. 5.

"? 45 60. 16. -a 45 60. 2. 6- 45 80. 2. 9- 45 60. 2. V 46A 37. 2. 7 46B N.S. N.S. Y 46C N.S. N.S.Q-9

-r

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.42. Tensile strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the /-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In Table 9.29. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified in References 9.36

and 9.41). (N.S. In legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)

9-92
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

2000 r|-

295 K O 1700

o

zUJ

t—

to

1400

z

ui 1100

<

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP., K

A 36 N.S. 753. • 41 40. 755. o 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 755.

45 60. 673.

6 45 60. 673.

a- 45 80. 633.

P 45 60. 633.

-D 45 80. 593.

V 46A 37. 755.

y 46B N.S. N.S. y 46C N.S. N.S.

6

. . ii- 753 K

800

500 H2 3

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.43. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worl<ed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the y-axis. Several data points from Reference 9.45 at long aging times do not appear In the

figure. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.29. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.41).

(N.S. in legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)

9-93
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile strength of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper

from 4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference

9.44. Product form was plate.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.30,

which presents tensile strength, test temperature.

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature (4-295 K)

percent of cdd work (reduction in thickness),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.44 presents the tensile strength measurements

as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.30. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (4-295 K).

Tensile Strength,

MPa

Test Temperature, K

Cold Work. %Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

783 295 37 755 2 44 888 76 37 755 2 44

972 4 37 755 2 44

777 295 37 755 2 44

890 76 37 755 2 44

937 4 37 755 2 44

f

9-94
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Aging Temperature (4-295 K)

2000

1800

o

^

1600

^ 1400

LU

OC

t—

(/) uu 1200

Z

LU

<

H- 800

600

400

REF.

. • 44

1

1 AGING

CW, X TEMP., K

37. 755. „

•

•

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.44. Tensile strength measurements of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 9.30. Product was in plate form.

9-95
a BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

and aged C17000 beryllium copper between 20

and 290 K were obtained from Reference 9.49. Measurements from References 9.2 and 9.50 on

annealed material at 295 K only are presented for comparison. Products were in strip (Reference

9.2) and bar form (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference 9.49). Gage lengths were 25 cm

(Reference 9.50), 5 cm (Reference 9.2) or not

specified (Reference 9.49).

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-295 K)

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.31,

which presents elongation, test temperature,

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.45 presents the elongation measurements as a

function of test temperature.

Table 9.31. Elongation Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium Copper

upon Temperature (20-295 K).

Elongation,

%

Test Temperature, KAging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Fteference No.

20.6 295 0 0 50

53.2 295 0 0 2

51.8 295 0 0 2 20 290 N.S. N.S. 49

20 77 N.S. N.S. 49 40 20 N.S. N.S. 49

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

9-96
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-295 K)

100

80

c

o

w

® 60

Q.

<

40

20

R EF. 1

2

49

50

AGING

•£MP.. K

ANNEAL

N.S.

ANNEAL

o

•

.ED

.ED

—

0o

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.45. Elongation measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium copper

are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.31. Products were in strip (Reference 9.2) and bar

form (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference 9.49).

9-97
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

Cl 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function

of aging temperature and time were obtained

from three sources (References 9.2, 9.3, and

9.49). Product was in strip form or was not specified (Reference 9.49). Reported aging temperatures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times from

2 to 3 h. Aging parameters were not specified in References 9.3 and 9.49, sometimes for proprietary reasons. Gage lengths were 5 cm (not

specified in Reference 9.49).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.32,

which presents elongation, aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.46 and 9.47 present the

elongation measurements as a function of aging

temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified

values of temperature and time are plotted on the

y-axis.

Not enough data are available to determine

optimum aging temperature and time.

V

Table 9.32. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and

Time (295 K).

Elongation, Aging Aging Reference % Temperature, Time, No. K h

17.6 N.S. N.S. 3 13.4 602 3 2

10.0 602 3 2

12.8 630 2 2

11.5 630 2 2

12.5 616 3 2

11.1 616 3 2

15.9 588 3 2

12.4 588 3 2

20.0 N.S. N.S. 49

N.S. = not specified.

9-98
C17000: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50 Hr

40

c«

u• 30

a

<

O 201

z < o

10

295K

REF.

22

349

AGING

TIME, H

3.2. N.S.

N.S.

O 6

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.46. Elongation measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the

y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.32. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)

9-99
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50 r|

40

co

\J® 30

a

Z

o

<

O 20

Z

o

10

295 K

o

6

o

9

REF.

2

2

2

2

349

AGING

TEMP.. K 588.

630.

602.

616.

N.S.

N.S.

0^

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.47. Elongation measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.32. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)

9-100
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation v$. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked CI 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from tfiree sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

and 9.5). Product was in strip form. Cold work,

CIV, (carried out before aging) ranged from 1 1 to 50% (reduction in thickness). Reported aging

temperatures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging

times from 2 to 3 h. For proprietary reasons, aging temperatures and times were not specified

in Reference 9.5 (for one elongation measurement) and in Reference 9.3. Gage lengths were

2.5 cm (Reference 9.5) and 5 cm.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.33,

which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thickness in percent), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.48 and 9.49 present the

elongation measurements as a function of temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified

values of temperature and time are plotted on the

y-axis.

Table 9.33. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Elongation,

Tb Cold Work,%

Aging

Temperature, K

p— i Aging

1 ime,

h

1 ~ 1 Reference

NO.

12.6 11 N.S. N.S. 5

3.7 11 589 2.0 5 18.4 11 N.S. N.S. 3

21.6 11 N.S. N.S. 3

11.6 21 N.S. N.S. 3

10.0 • 21 N.S. N.S. 3

4.1 50 N.S. N.S. 3

4.5 50 N.S. N.S. 3

11.6 11 602 3.0 2

10.8 21 602 2.5 2

7.0 37 602 2.0 2

10.4 11 602 3.0 2

8.2 21 602 2.5 2

6.3 37 602 2.0 2

11.8 11 630 2.0 2

11.5 21 630 2.0 2

8.0 37 630 2.0 2

11.5 11 630 2.0 2

10.0 21 630 2.0 2

7.5 37 630 2.0 2

11.4 11 616 3.0 2 10.9 21 616 2.5 2 7.3 37 616 2.0 2

10.9 11 616 3.0 2

9.1 21 616 2.5 2 7.3 37 616 2.0 2

14.6 11 588 2.0 2

12.8 21 588 2.0 2

6.4 37 588 2.0 2

11.8 11 588 2.0 2

10.0 21 588 2.0 2

6.0 37 588 2.0 2

N.S. = not specified.

9-101
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

25

15

20

C«

ua

Z

o

6

< I O 10 6- O

295 K

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME, H

2 11. 2. 2 21. 2. 2 11. 3. 2 21. 2.5 2 37. 2. o 3 11. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S.

o- 3 50. N.S. • 5 11. N.S.

5 11. 2. r

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.48. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.33. Product was in strip form. (N.S in legend for Reference 9.3 indicates not specified.)

9-102
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

25

20

C

9

%j

15

a

o

^

< 6

O I Z 10<!^

295 K

r - 1

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP.. K 2 11. 588.

2 21. 588.

2 11. 630.

f 2 11. 616. m 2 21. 616.

h- 2 11. 602.

f- 2 21. 602.

-f 2 37. 630.

2 37. 616.

2 37. 588. o 3 11. N.S. 6 3 21. N.S.

o- 3 50. N.S. • 5 11. 589.

5 11. N.S.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.49. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis.

For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table

9.33. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.3 indicates not specified.)

9-103
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

the reference number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Figure 9.50 presents the elongation

measurements as a function of test temperature.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the elongation of a 2.6-wt% beryllium-copper alloy in an annealed condition.

These data exhibit an increase in elongation as

the temperature decreases that is similar to the

trend shown by the data from Reference 9.7 in Figure 9.50.

Table 9.34. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C1 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Elongation,

%

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

51.8 300 6 55.0 214 6 50.8 144

50.0 86

62.4 295 7 62.9 295 7

68.9 195 7 69.0 195 7

72.8 76 7

66.7 76 7

69.9 20 7

68.1 20 7

46.5 295 9

46.5 232 9

r

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and 300 K

were obtained from three sources (References

9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in bar form.

Gage lengths were 2, 3.2, and 5 cm for Refer- ences 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9, respectively.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.34,

which presents elongation, test temperature, and

9-104
C17200: Annealed

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

100

80

u

2 60

<

O 40

O

20

REI • € o 79

r

oo o

o O

o

• •

•

<

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.50. Elongation measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of

test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.34. Product was in bar form.

9-105
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from 15 sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

9.6, 9.11-9.15, 9.18-9.21, 9.51, 9.52, and 9.54).

Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate

form. Reported aging temperatures ranged from

293 to 763 K; aging times from 0.067 to 5 h. Gage lengths, where specified, were 2 and 5 cm.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.35,

which presents elongation, aging temperature and

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.51 and 9.52 present the

elongation measurements as a function of temperature and time, respectively.

As exp)ected, elongation correlates inversely

with yield strength. Thus, minima of elongation

vs. temperature and time in Figures 9.51 and 9.52

(References 9.14, 9.15 and 9.51) correspond to maxima in yield strength in Figures 9.7 and 9.8.

Table 9.35. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and

Time (295 K).

Elongation,

%

Aging

Temperature,

K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

4.5 588 3.000 11

4.5 588 3.000 11 26.5 622 0.067 51

16.0 622 0.170 51 10.0 622 0.250 51 7.0 622 0.330 51

5.5 622 0.420 51

5.0 622 0.500 51 5.5 622 0.580 51

6.0 622 0.670 51

6.5 622 0.750 51

7.0 622 0.830 51

7.8 622 0.920 51

8.8 622 1.000 51

9.7 622 1.100 51

9.0 672 1.500 6

6.2 588 3.000 6

10.0 568 3.000 12

9.0 588 3.000 12

2.5 .588 3.000 13

2.5 588 3.000 13

2.5 588 3.000 13

2.5 588 3.000 13

2.5 588 3.000 13

2.0 588 3.000 13

2.0 588 3.000 13

16.7 566 0.330 14

12.7 566 0.670 14

15.0 566 0.500 14

9-106
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.35, continued

ClOliyctllUili Aninn % TAmrvArAtijrA Tim© No. K h

10.8 566 0.830 14

10.8 566 1.000 14

9.9 566 1.500 14

8.8 566 2.000 14

6.0 588 3.000 15

50.0 293 1.000 15

50.0 373 1.000 15

32.0 423 1.000 15

22.0 473 1.000 15

13.0 518 1.000 15

10.0 573 1.000 15

7.0 622 1.000 15

12.0 763 1.000 15

10.0 633 0.800 15

5.0 633 5.000 15

7.9 588 3.000 52

7.6 575 3.000 52

10.8 588 3.000 52

7.0 588 3.000 52

9.0 588 3.000 18

3.5 644 0.500 19

1.3 644 0.500 19

7.5 588 2.000 3

8.3 588 2.000 3 4.3 568 3.000 20

43.0 588 2.000 21 46.0 588 2.000 54

6.6 588 3.000 2

5.2 588 3.000 2 J.UUU oc.

6.6 616 3.000 2

4.3 616 3.000 2

5.5 616 3.000 2

6.5 630 2.000 2

4.5 630 2.000 2

5.5 630 2.000 2

5.6 602 3.000 2

3.8 602 3.000 2

5.0 602 3.000 2

9-107
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50

40

c

o

O 30

a

z"

o

»—O 20

Z

o

10

<

o

f

A

LAA

A

0

T>

REF.

2

2

3612

1314

14

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

1518

1920

21

51

51

51

AGING

TIME. H

3.2.

2.1.5

3.3.0.33

0.67

0.50

1.1.5

2.

1.0.80

3.5.

3.0.50

3.2.0.067

0.17

0.25

4-

REF.

51

5151

5152

54

AGING

TIME, H

1. 0.92

0.67. 0.50

3.2.

295 K

L oV

•-A-

<J< «1

200 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.51. Elongation measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,

including all points from Reference 9.1 1. All data are presented in Table 9.35. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.

9-108
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50

295 K

40

C

u• 30

<

O 20

10

• • A •••

T

A

V

<3<

4 6

AGING TIME, h

AGING

REF. TEMP., K

c ^ n ADO

V J coo

o 6 672.

12 588.

D 13 588.

14 566.

A 15 373. A 15 423.

A, 15 473.

15 518.

A 15 763.

A 15 633. A 15 573.

A 15 622.

15 588.

18 586.

T 19 644.

20 588. > 21 588. • 51 622.

52 588.

52 575.

•4 54 588.

10

Figure 9.52. Elongation measurements on anneaied C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tfie figure, including all points from Reference 9.11. All data are presented in Table 9.35. Products were in wire, slieet,

strip, bar, and plate form.

9-109
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

and aged C17200 beryllium copper between 20

and 300 K were obtained from four sources (Ref- erences 9.6, 9.11, 9.12, and 9.19). Products were

In sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference

9.12). Gage lengths were 2 cm (References 9.6

and 9.12), 5 cm (Reference 9.19) or not specified

(Reference 9.11).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.36,

which presents the elongation, the test temperaTensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

ture, the aging temperature and time, and the

reference number. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.53 presents the elongation measurements as a function of test temperature.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the elongation of a 2.6-wt% beryllium-copper alloy in an aged condition. These

data exhibit a slight increase in elongation as the

temperature decreases that is similar to the trend

shown in Figure 9.53.

Table 9.36. Elongation Dependence of Annealed and Aged Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (20-300 K).

Elongation,

%

Test Temperature, KAging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

[Reference No.

4.5 295 588 3.0 11

4.5 295 588 3.0 11

8.6 20 588 3.0 11 10.9 20 588 3.0 11

9.8 20 588 3.0 11

6.2 300 588 3.0 6

6.0 214 588 3.0 6

9.6 144 588 3.0 6

9.4 88 568 3.0 6

15.5 88 672 1.5 6

13.6 144 672 1.5 6

12.1 214 672 1.5 6

9.0 300 672 1.5 6

9.0 299 588 3.0 12

10.0 299 588 3.0 12

9.0 197 588 3.0 12

9.0 197 588 3.0 12

12.0 77 588 3.0 12

16.0 77 588 3.0 12

3.5 300 644 0.5 19

5.0 200 644 0.5 19

1.3 300 644 0.5 19

2.8 200 644 . 0.5 19

9-110
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

50

40

c

0)u

i 30

<

O 20

10

AGING

REF. TEMP., K

0 6 672.

6 6 588. • 1

588.

12 588.

19 644.

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

SMOOTH

300

Figure 9.53. Elongation measurements of annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.36. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference

9.12).

9-111
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and

300 K were obtained from five sources (Refer- ences 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data from

Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for comparison because measurements were made

for varying amounts of cold work, CW. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.26). Gage lengths were 2 cm (Refer- ences 9.6 and 9.26), 3.2 cm (Reference 9.7) or 5

cm (References 9.9, 9.26, and 9.27).

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.37. which presents elongation, test temperature, CW

(reduction in thickness or area in percent), and

the reference number. (The percent of CW could

not be determined from Reference 9.26: it was 21% if the material was rolled or 37% if it was

drawn.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.54 presents the elongation measurements as a

function of test temperature.

Table 9.37. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Elongation,

%

Test Temperature, KCold Work,

%

Fteference No.

20.0 88 33 6

20.0 144 33 6

16.0 300 33 5

39.0 20 21 25

42.0 20 21 25

44.0 20 21 25

45.0 20 21 25

46.0 20 21 25

31.0 76 21 25

40.0 76 21 25

43.0 76 21 25 — 14.0 195 21 25

20.0 195 21 25

15.0 300 21 25

16.0 300 21 25

19.6 295 37 7

18.8 295 37 7

23.7 195 37 7

22.1 195 37 7

31.5 76 37 7

30.5 76 37 7

31.4 20 37 7

31.4 20 37 7

13.0 300 N.S. 26

12.0 300 N.S. 26

12.0 300 N.S. 26

14.0 300 N.S. 26

22.0 77 N.S. 26

19.0 77 N.S. 26

21.0 77 N.S. 26

21.0 77 N.S. 26

26.0 20 N.S. 26

9-112
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20 300 K)

Table 9.37, continued

tlonyaiion

cv70

Test Temperature, K

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

21.0 20 N.S. 26

20.0 20 N.S. 26

19.0 20 N.S. 26

20.0 20 N.S. 26

11.0 295 60 9

11.5 232 60 9

23.0 295 11 27

14.0 295 21 27

6.0 295 37 27

N.S. = not specified.

9-113
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

0)u

k.o

a

Z

o

<

o

z

o

50

40

30

20

10

o

o

o

o

-oREF. CW. % • 6 33.

7 37.

9 60.

0 25 21.

26 N.S.

A 27 11.

A 27 21.

27 37.

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.54. Elongation measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tfie figure. All data are presented In Table 9.37. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.26).

9-114
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked Cl 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from 18 sources (References 9.2, 9.3,

9.5, 9.6. 9.9, 9.13-9.15, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21, 9.29,

9.31, 9.32, 9.52, 9.55, 9.57. and 9.58). Products were In wire, sheet, strip, bar. and plate form.

Cold work. CW, ranged from 1 1 to 97% (reduction in thickness or area). CW was carried out

before aging, except in the measurements reported in Reference 9.55. Reported aging temperatures ranged from 297 to 748 K; aging times from

0.25 to 5 h. For proprietary reasons, some elongation data were reported in References 9.3 and

9.5 without specifying aging temperatures and

times. Gage lengths, where specified, ranged

from 2 to 5 cm except for Reference 9.32

(25 cm).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.38,

which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thic- kness or area in percent), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.55 and 9.56 present the

elongation measurements as a function of aging

temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified

values of temperature or time are plotted on the

y-axis.

As expected, elongation correlates inversely

with yield strength. Thus, minima of elongation

vs. temperature and time in Figures 9.55 and 9.56

(References 9.14 and 9.15) correspond to maxima of yield strength in Figures 9.11 and 9.12. [Elongation values reported in Reference 9.29 are uniformly low due to the high level of CIV (97%).]

Table 9.38. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Elongation, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference % % Temperature, Time, No. K h

3.5 50 575 7.00 55

1.5 75 575 7.00 55

1.5 90 575 7.00 55

4.0 33 588 2.00 6

1.2 97 297 2.00 29

1.0 97 525 2.00 29

1.0 97 544 2.00 29

1.4 97 555 2.00 29

1.0 97 591 2.00 29

2.4 97 619 2.00 29

2.9 97 647 2.00 29

1.6 97 297 2.00 29

0.5 97 452 2.00 29

0.2 97 619 2.00 29

0.1 97 647 2.00 29

3.7 33 588 2.00 31

3.0 35 588 2.00 31

2.0 44 588 2.00 31

5.0 37 588 3.00 13

14.0 15 566 0.33 14

8.0 15 566 0.50 14

6.0 15 566 0.67 14

6.0 15 566 0.83 14

6.0 15 566 1.00 14

9-115
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Table 9.38, continued

Elongation, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference % % Temperature, K

Time,

h

No.

4.0 15 566 1.50 14

4.5 15 566 2.00 14

3.0 17 588 3.00 15

2.0 34 588 3.00 15

9.0 21 293 1.00 15

9.0 21 423 1.00 15

4.0 21 573 1.00 15

13.0 21 748 1.00 15

8.5 34 633 0.25 15

2.5 34 633 0.67 15

5.0 34 633 5.00 15

2.0 37 594 3.00 32

1.0 37 594 3.00 32

1.0 37 594 3.00 32

1.0 37 594 3.00 32

5.0 37 594 3.00 32

2.0 37 594 3.00 32

3.8 21 588 2.00 52

4.4 21 575 2.00 52

4.6 37 588 2.00 52

4.6 37 575 2.00 52

6.7 21 573 1.50 57

6.0 30 593 2.00 58

2.8 21 588 2.00 18

2.6 37 644 0.33 19

3.0 37 644 0.33 19

2.4 11 589 2.00 5

1.9 21 589 2.00 5

2.0 37 589 2.00 5

16.1 11 N.S. N.S. 5

12.8 21 N.S. N.S. 5

3.0 60 575 2.00 9

5.9 11 588 2.00 3

4.7 11 588 2.00 3 2.3 21 588 2.00 3

2.2 21 588 2.00 3

2.0 37 588 2.00 3

1.9 37 588 2.00 3

12.7 37 N.S. N.S. 3 11.7 37 N.S. N.S. 3

6.0 18 588 2.00 21

2.0 39 588 2.00 21

2.0 50 588 2.00 21

6.5 11 630 2.00 2

6.3 21 630 2.00 2

5.0 37 630 2.00 2

3.8 11 630 2.00 2 4.5 21 630 2.00 2

4.0 37 630 2.00 2

5.0 11 630 2.00 2

4.3 21 630 2.00 2

9-116

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.38, continued

Elongation, Cold Work, Aoing Aoing Reference % % Temperature, Time, No. K h

3.6 37 630 2.00 2

D.O 1 1 D lO n

5.0 21 616 2,00 2

Q Q 0 lO z

4.0 1616 2.50 2

3.6 21 616 2.00 2

3.3 37 616 2.00 2

4.5 11 616 2.50 2

3.4 21 616 2.00 2

3.3 37 616 2.00 2

5.0 11 602 3.00 2

4.6 21 602 2.50 2

3.7 37 602 2.00 2

A n 1

o.uu 0

O.D £\n cno dU^ o£. o o z.o ji o no n

£. 4.4 1

arm 3.00 o

J.^ 1 Kno DU£ £.

2.8 37 602 2.00 2 6.8 11 588 2.00 2

4.6 21 588 2.00 2

3.5 37 568 2.00 2

4.8 11 588 2.00 2

3.1 21 588 2.00 2

2.5 37 588 2.00 2

4.9 11 588 2.00 2

3.2 21 588 2.00 2

2.5 37 588 2.00 2

N.S. = not specified.

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

9-117
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

25 ry20

wea

Z

o

<

15

10

0^

295 K

1

O

i

•i I

i 200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.55. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as

a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the

y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from

References 9.6 and 9.55. All data are presented in Table 9.38. The legend for this graph is given on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.

9-118
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

AGING

REF. CW, X TIME 1 IVI Urn g H11 2 11. 2.

k 2 11. 2.5

2 21. 2.

2 11. 3. A 2 37. 2.

A 2 21. 2.5

< 3 37. N.S.

3 11. 2. <- 3 21. 2.

5 11. N.S.

> 5 21. N.S. < 9 60. 2. m 13 37. 3. a 14 15. 0.33

6 14 15. 0.50

a- 14 15. 1. q 14 15. 2. - 14 15. 1.5

A 15 21. 1. i 15 34. 0.25

15 34. 5. 15 34. 0.67

V 18 21. 2.

19 37. 0.33 o 21 18. 2.

6 21 50. 2. • 29 97. 2. o 31 37. 2.

A 32 37. 3. 52 37. 2.

i 52 21. 2.

55 50. 7.

55 90. 7.

57 21. 1.5

T 58 30. 2.

Figure 9.55, continued. Legend for preceding graph.

9-119
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked ' Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

25 r|-

20

c

0>u»a

Z

q

I—<

o

z

o

15

10

295 K

i 1 566 K

4-

\

\DO

AGING

REF. CW. % TEMP., K 2 11. 586.

2 11. 630.

2 11. 616.

4 2 21. 602.

A 2 11. 602. < 3 37. N.S.

3 11. 588.

<- 3 21. 588. > 5 11. N.S. 5 21. N.S.

•4 9 60. 575.

14 15. 566.

15 21. 748.

0^

o

I -A-

<1O

4

O-6

•

1

O

•-to

A

0

REF.

15

15

15

15

19

21

2129

29

29

29

3132

52

55

55

57

CW. X

21. 34.

21.

17. 37.

18. 39. 97.

97.

97.

97.

37. 37.

37. 50.

90.

21.

AGING

TEMP.. K 423.

633.

573. - 588.

644.

588.

588.

297.

591.

452. "

647.

588.

594.

588.

575. 575. _

573.

10

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.56. Elongation measurements on cold-worked CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the /-axis.

For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References

9.6, 9.18, and 9.58. All data are presented in Table 9.38. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar,

and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values

from Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values

for higher aging temperatures.

9-120
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. and Aged Temperature (48 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked and aged C17200 beryllium copper between 48 and 300 K were obtained from four sources (References 9.6, 9.9, 9.19, and 9.51).

Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.51). Gage lengths were 2 cm

(Reference 9.6), 5 cm (References 9.9 and 9.19), or not specified (Reference 9.51).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.39,

which presents elongation, test temperature, percent of cold work (reduction In thickness or area),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.57 presents the elongation measurements as a

function of test temperature.

Table 9.39. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (48-300 K).

Elongation, Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference % Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. K K h

2.68 48 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.50 73 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.40 96 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.25 123 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.20 146 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.10 173 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.10 198 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.00 223 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.00 248 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.00 273 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 2.00 293 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.00 300 33 588 2.00 6

5.50 88 33 588 2.00 6

4.50 144 33 588 2.00 6

4.50 214 33 588 2.00 6

2.60 300 37 644 0.33 19

2.60 200 37 644 0.33 19

3.00 300 37 644 0.33 19

3.20 200 37 644 0.33 19

3.00 295 60 575 2.00 9

2.50 232 60 575 2.00 9

N.S. = not specified.

9-121
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (48-300 K)

50

40

C

q) 30

a

Z

o

<

o

z

o

20

10

AGING

REF. CW. % TEMP.. K o 6 33. 588.

9 60. 575.

19 37. 644. • 51 N.S. N.S.

o o

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.57. Elongation measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.39. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference

9.51).

9-122
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function

of aging temperature and time were obtained

from tfiree sources (References 9.3, 9.12, and

9.36). Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified (References 9.12 and 9.36). Reported aging temperatures ranged from 727 to 755 K; aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. Gage lengths were 2 cm (Reference 9.12) and 5

cm (Reference 9.3). Since the original data

points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate

inten/als.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.40,

which presents the elongation, the aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figures 9.58 and 9.59

present the elongation measurements as a function of aging temperature and time, respectively.

Table 9.40. Elongation Dependence of Annealed CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and

Time (295 K).

Elongation, Aging Aging Reference % Temperature, Time, No. K h

15.0 727 8.00 12

15.0 727 8.00 12

17.3 755 3.00 3

18.4 755 3.00 3

25.5 753 0.13 36

20.5 753 0.25 36

20.0 753 0.50 36

19.6 753 1.00 36

19.0 753 2.00 36

18.5 753 3.00 36

17.5 753 4.00 36

16.0 753 6.00 36

15.8 753 8.00 36

9-123
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50

40

co

u

k.• 30

UL z

o

I—<

O 20

z

o

295K

10

REF.

312

36

36

- 36

36

AGING

TIME. H

3.8.0.13

0.50

2.

6.

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.58. Elongation measurements on annealed C1 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tiie figure. All data are presented in Table 9.40. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified

(References 9.12 and 9.36).

9-124
C17500: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50

40

UJ

10

0

295 K

R EF. T

31236

AGING

EMP.. K 755.

727.

753.

\\

o

•

1 — — ^1 "—Jc

•

> — —^1 K

(

1

0 2 4 6 8 10

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.59. Elongation measurements on annealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.40. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified (References

9.12 and 9.36).

9-125
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked; Tensile Elongation vs. Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of annealed

and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and

aged C17500 beryllium copper between 20 and

300 K were obtained from three sources (Ref- erences 9.6, 9.12, and 9.25). Measurements from

Reference 9.38 on cold-worked material at 295 K

only are presented for comparison. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Ref- erences 9.12 and 9.38). Gage lengths were 2 cm

(References 9.6 and 9.12) or 5 cm (References

9.25 and 9.38).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.41

which presents elongation, test temperature, per- cent of cold work (reduction in thickness or area),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.60 presents the elongation measurements as a

function of test temperature.

Table 9.41. Elongation Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and Aged

CI 7500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).

Elongation,

%

Test

Tennperature, Cold Work,

%

Aging

Tennperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

15.2 66 33 755 2 6

15.0 144 33 755 2 6

13.0 300 33 755 2 6

15.0 299 0 727 a 12

15.0 299 0 727 6 12

17.0 197 0 727 e 12

16.0 197 0 727 6 12

21.0 77 0 727 8 12

21.0 77 0 727 6 12

25.0 20 0 727 8 12

24.0 20 0 727 8 12

47.0 20 21 0 0 25

49.0 20 21 0 0 25

30.0 76 21 0 0 25

32.0 76 21 0 0 . 25

16.0 195 21 0 0 25

21.0 195 21 0 0 25

10.0 300 21 0 0 25

10.0 300 21 0 0 25

8.0 295 50 0 38

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

r

9-126
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked;

Cold-worked and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

50

40

O

w

I.O 30

CL

<

O 20

10

REF. CW. X

• 6 33. o 12 0.

25 21.

38 50.

AGING

TEMP.. K

755.

727. SMOOTH

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.60. Elongation measurements of anneaied and aged, cold-worl<ed, and cold-worl<ed and aged

C17500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data

points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.41 . Products were in sheet

and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).

9-127
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from four sources (References 9.3, 9.6,

9.36, and 9.38). Products were in bar (Reference

9.6) and strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified (Reference 9.36 and 9.38). Cold work, CW,

(carried out before aging) ranged from 3 to 50%

(reduction in thickness or area). Reported aging

temperatures ranged from 723 to 755 K; aging

times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. Gage lengths were 2 cm (Reference 9.6) and 5 cm. Since the

original data points were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.42,

which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thic- kness or area in percent), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.61 and 9.62 present the

elongation measurements as a function of aging

temperature and time, respectively.

Table 9.42. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Elongation,

%

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

13.0 33 755 2.00 6

12.5 50 723 0.75 38

14.8 50 723 1.00 38

15.0 50 723 1.50 38

15.0 50 723 2.00 38

15.0 50 723 2.50 38

14.5 50 723 3.00 38

15.3 3 755 3.00 3 19.2 3 755 3.00 3

13.3 11 755 2.00 3 14.3 11 755 2.00 3 8.0 N.S. 753 0.13 36

11.0 N.S. 753 0.25 36

12.0 N.S. 753 0.50 36

11.5 N.S. 753 1.00 36

N.S. 753 2.00 36

9.8 N.S. 753 3.00 36

9.0 N.S. 753 4.00 36

8.2 N.S. 753 6.00 36

8.0 N.S. 753 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-128
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

25

295 K

20

C

15

<

z

o

_l

til

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME. H

3 3. 3. 3 11. 2. • 6 33. 2. 36 N.S. 0.50

36 N.S. 1. - 36 N.S. 2. 36 N.S. 3. -D 36 N.S. 4. 6- 36 N.S. 8. o 38 50. 2.5 6 38 50. 3. o- 38 50. 0.75

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

-O TA

o- -9—

-Q

6-

800

Figure 9.61. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 9.42. Products were in bar (Reference 9.6) and strip form (Ref- erence 9.3), or not specified (Reference 9.38).

9-129
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

25

295 K

20

co

w

b«a

Z

o

<

o

15

o

a

REF.

3

3636

38

10

CW, %

3. 11. 33. N.S. 50.

AGING

TEMP.. K

755.

755.

755.

753.

723.

"0--. 753 K

5

Ql 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 0 2 4 6 8 10

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.62. Elongation measurements on colcl-worl<ed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. All data are presented in Table 9.42. Products were in bar (Reference

9.6) and strip form (Reference 9.3), or not specified (Reference 9.38).

9-130
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the tensile elongation of

annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging time were obtained from two

sources (References 9.36 and 9.40). Product was

in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified

(Reference 9.36). Aging temperature was 753 K

(Reference 9.36) or not specified (Reference

9.40). Aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 hi. Since the original data points were not presented

in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals.

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.43,

which presents elongation, aging time, and the

reference number. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.63 presents the elongation measure- ments as a function of aging time. Unspecified

values of time are plotted on the y-axis.

Table 9.43. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).

Elongation,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

15.0 N.S. N.S. 40

33.5 753.0 0.13 36

22.5 753.0 0.25 36

20.0 753.0 0.50 36

20.0 753.0 1.00 36

19.6 753.0 2.00 36

19.0 753.0 3.00 36

18.0 753.0 4.00 36

17.1 753.0 6.00 36

16.8 753.0 8.00 36

N.S. = not specified.

9-131
C17510: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

50rf

40

30

C

«

w

w

«a

Z

o

<

O 20

10

of

29:> K

0

1

1

\

\

\

\°\ —

1

» <»

< ) I 75 3 K

iT

REF.

36

40

>

AQINC

TEMP.,

753.

N.S.

K 0

•

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.63. Elongation measurements on annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a

function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.43. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified

(Reference 9.36). (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.40 indicates not specified.)

9-132
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from six sources (References 9.36, 9.40,

9.41, 9.43, 9.44, and 9.46). Products were in strip

and plate form (not specified in References 9.36

and 9.41). Cold work, CW, (carried out before

aging) ranged from 21 to 40% (reduction in thick- ness). Reported aging temperatures ranged from

727 to 838 K. Aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. Aging parameters were not specified in Ref- erence 9.43. Gage lengths, where specified, were

2 (Reference 9.43), 3.8 (Reference 9.44), and

5 cm (Reference 9.40)- Since the original data

points were not presented In Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at appropriate In- tervals. Data presented here from Reference 9.46

Include tensile measurements at 295 K from a

commercial supplier, Princeton Plasma Physics

Laboratory, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Reference 9.44 also reports tensile test data on one of the heats (A) included in the tests summarized in Reference 9.46. Cryogenic test results from Reference 9.44 on this heat are pre- sented on pages 9-142 and 9-145 of this section.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.44,

which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thickness in percent), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given In Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figures 9.64 and 9.65 present the

elongation measurements as a function of aging

temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified

values of temperature or time are plotted on the

y-axis.

Table 9.44. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature

and Time (295 K).

Bongation, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference % % Temperature, Time, No. K h

15.90 40 755.0 3.00 41

7.00 37 N.S. N.S. 43

11.00 37 N.S. N.S. 43

12.00 37 N.S. N.S. 43

2.00 37 N.S. N.S. 43

9.76 37 755.0 2.00 44

9.06 37 755.0 2.00 44

12.70 21 727.0 8.00 40

10.10 21 755.0 8.00 40

9.10 21 783.0 8.00 40

9.30 21 811.0 8.00 40

9.30 21 838.0 8.00 40

10.00 N.S. 753.0 0.13 36

14.00 N.S. 753.0 0.25 36

14.00 N.S. 753.0 0.50 36

13.20 N.S. 753.0 1.00 36

12.00 N.S. 753.0 2.00 36

11.00 N.S. 753.0 3.00 36

10.00 N.S. 753.0 4.00 36

9.50 N.S. 753.0 6.00 36

9.50 N.S. 753.0 8.00 36

12.00 37 755.0 2.00 46A

13.00 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46B

9-133
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 9.44, continued

Elongation, Co\6 Work, Aging Aging Reference % % Temperature, Time, No. K h

10.00 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

12.50 37 755 2.00 46A

10.50 N.S. N.S. N.S. 46C

N.S. = not specified.

25

AGING

295 K

20

C

w

«a 15

9

< ^ o

REF. CW. X TIME. H

36 N.S. 0.50

i 36 N.S. 1. \ 36 N.S. 2. t 36 N.S. 3. A 36 N.S. 8. a 40 21. 8. • 41 40. 3. o 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 2. V 46A 37. 2. 7 46B N.S. N.S. y 46C N.S. N.S. Ai

200 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.64. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation Is plotted on the

/-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In Table 9.44. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.41).

9-134
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

25 fir

295 K

20

C»

w

O

a

15

z

o— 9

7/

f

/

<

z

o

$1

AGING

REF. CW. X TEMP., K 36 N.S. 753.

40 21. 727.

lb 40 21. 755.

40 21. 838.

9 40 21. 783. • 41 40. 755. o 43 37. N.S. 44 37. 755.

V 46A 37. 755.

7 46B N.S. N.S. 46C N.S. N.S.

753 K —Ik 9

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 9.65. Elongation measurements on colcl-worl<ed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis.

For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table

9.44. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified In References 9.36 and 9.41). (N.S. in legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)

9-135
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. and Aged Temperature (4-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the elongation of coldworked and aged C17510 beryllium copper from

4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference 9.44. Product was in plate form. Gage lengths were

3.8 cm.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.45,

which presents elongation, test temperature, percent of CIV (reduction in thickness), aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figure 9.66 presents

the elongation measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.45. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (4-295 K).

Elongation,

%

Test

Tennperature, K

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

9.76 295 37 755 2 44

15.30 76 37 755 2 44

16.90 4 37 755 2 44

9.06 295 37 755 2 44

13.50 76 37 755 2 44

17.60 4 37 755 2 44

I

9-136
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Elongation vs. Temperature (4-295 K)

50

40

30

c

0)u

0)a

Z

o

<

O 20

O

10

REF.

44

CW.

37.

> X TEkGING

MP., K

755.

••

•

•

•

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.66. Elongation measurements of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.45. Product was in plate form.

9-137
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs. and Aged Temperature (20-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of

annealed and aged CI 7000 beryllium copper

from 20 to 290 K were obtained from Reference

9.49. Product form was not specified.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.46,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperature, aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.67 presents the reduction of area measurements as a function of test temperature.

The trend of a small decrease in reduction

of area as the temperature is decreased is in agreement with results on C10100-C10400 copper (Reference 9.44).

Table 9.46. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (20-295 K).

Reduction of Test Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, Temperature, Time, No. K K h

68 290 N.S. N.S. 49 64 77 N.S. N.S. 49

62 20 N.S. N.S. 49

N.S. = not specified.

i

9-138
C17000: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (20 295 K)

100

80

c

w

o

a

< 60

UJ

<

o

z

o

u

3

O

Ul

0^

40

20

REF

• 49

A

TEK

f

GING

IP.. K

4.S.

•

•

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.67. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged C17000 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.59. Product form was

not specified.

9-139
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of annealed C17200 beryllium copper between 20

and 300 K were obtained from three sources

(References 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.47,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperature, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure 9.68 presents the reduction

of area measurements as a function of test temperature.

Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the reduction of area of a

2.6-wt% beryllium-copper alloy in an annealed

condition. These data exhibit an increase in re- duction of area as the temperature decreases that

is similar to the trend shown in Figure 9.68.

Table 9.47. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed C1 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(20-300 K).

Reduction of Area, %

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

73.5 300 6 74.5 214 6

75.0 144 6

68.5 88 6

79.7 295 7

79.4 295 7

77.6 195 7

80.5 195 7

75.7 76 7

69.9 76 7

71.0 20 7

68.5 20 7

58.5 295 9

59.0 232 9

1

9-140
C17200: Annealed

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

100

c

o

u

0)a

O

z

o

u

o

80

< 60

UJ

<

40

20

•

o

1 REF.

6

7

9

o- o

oo

O

O

•

•

o • <

1

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.68. Reduction of area measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.47. Product was in tDar form.

9-141
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging time and temperature were

obtained from four sources (References 9.6, 9.12,

9.13, and 9.20). Products were In t>ar and plate

form, or not specified (Reference 9.12). Reported

aging temperatures were 588 and 672 K; aging

times were 1 .5 and 3 h.

RESULTS

All data are reported in Table 9.48, which

presents the reduction of area, aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments Is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figures 9.69 and 9.70

present the reduction of area measurements as a

function of temperature and time, respectively.

Although the range of aging temperatures

and times reported Is rather narrow, the aging

temperature of 588 K and aging time of 3 h corre- spond to optimum values for maximizing the yield

strength of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium

copper (see Figures 9.7 and 9.8).

Table 9.48. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Reduction of Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, Time, No. K h

11.0 672 1.5 6

7.0 588 3.0 6

12.0 588 3.0 12

12.0 588 3.0 12

6.4 588 3.0 13

7.8 588 3.0 13

9.4 588 3.0 13

6.5 568 3.0 13

9.2 588 3.0 13

7.1 588 3.0 13

8.1 588 3.0 13

5.9 588 3.0 20

9-142
CI7200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

20

16 c«

u

0

a

<

Z

o

I—u

a

12

295 K

REF.

6

612

13

20

AGING

TEMP.. K 672.

568.

588.

568.

586.

200 400 600

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

800

Figure 9.69. Reduction of area measurements for annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are sliown as a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. All data are presented in Table 9.48. Products were in bar and plate form, or not specified

(Reference 9.12).

9-143
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Aging Temperature. Time (295 K)

20

16 co

w•a

< 12

UJ<

ULO

1

'

I—a

2^?5 K

>

<

1

1

1

•

REF.

6

612

13

20

AGING

TIME, H

1.5

3.

3.

3.3.

11

1

1[

t1

\

o

2 3

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.70. Reduction of area measurements for annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

All data are presented in Table 9.48. Products were in bar and plate form, or not specified

(Reference 9.12).

9-144
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs. and Aged Temperature (77-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of annealed and aged CI 7200 t^erylliunfi copper between 77 and 300 K were obtained from two

sources (References 9.6 and 9.12). Product was

in bar form (Reference 9.6) or not specified (Ref- erence 9.12).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.49,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperature, aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of

materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.71 presents the reduction of area measurements as a function of test temperature.

The lower set of values for reduction of area from Reference 9.6 correspond to the higher yield

strengths attained with the aging temperature of 588 K.Reference 9.10 presents measurements from

93 to 293 K on the reduction of area of a 2.6-wt%

beryllium-copper alloy in an aged condition.

These data exhibit a slight increase in reduction

of area as the temperature decreases that is similar to the trend shown in Figure 9.71

Table 9.49. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (77-300 K).

Reduction of Test Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, Temperature, Time, No. K K h

7.0 300 588 3.0 6

10.0 214 588 3.0 6

14.0 88 588 3.0 6

2B.0 68 672 1.5 6

25.0 144 672 1.5 6

19.8 214 672 1.5 6

11.0 300 672 1.5 6 1^0 299 588 3.0 12

12.0 299 588 3.0 12

14.5 197 568 3.0 12

15.0 197 588 3.0 12

20.0 77 588 3.0 12

24.5 77 588 3.0 12

9-145
CI7200: Annealed

and Aged

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (77-300 K)

c

a

O

z

o

u

3

O

LU

50

40

< 30

LU

<

20

10

AGING

REF. TEMP., K • 6 672.

4 6 588.

O 12 588. SMOOTH

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.71. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are sliown as a function of test temperature. A duplicate value from Reference 9.12 at 299 K is omitted

from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.49. Product was in bar form (Reference 9.6) or

not specified (Reference 9.12).

9-146
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Reduction of Area

vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper between

20 and 300 K were obtained from four sources

(References 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, and 9.26). Data from

Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for comparison because measurements were made

for varying amounts of cold work, CW. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in Refer- ence 9.26).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.50,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperature, CW (reduction in thickness or area in percent), and the reference number. (The per- cent of CIV could not be determined from Refer- ence 9.26: it was 21% If the material was rolled or 37% If it was drawn.) The available characterization of materials and measurements is given In Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Figure 9.72 presents the reduction of area measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.50. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (20-300 K).

Reduction of Test Cold Work, Reference

Area, % Temperature, % No. K

50.0 86 33 6

49.0 144 33 6

57.0 300 33 6

66.0 295 37 7

68.0 295 37 7

69.6 195 37 7

70.1 195 37 7

66.1 76 37 7

65.8 76 37 7

60.0 20 37 7

60.0 20 37 7

70.0 300 N.S. 26

68.0 300 N.S. 26

71.0 300 N.S. 26

71.0 300 N.S. 26

67.0 77 N.S. 26

68.0 77 N.S. 26

67.0 77 N.S. 26

68.0 77 N.S. 26

64.0 20 N.S. 26

55.0 20 N.S. 26

53.0 20 N.S. 26

59.0 20 N.S. 26

60.0 20 N.S. 26

42.5 295 60 9

41.5 232 60 9

86.0 295 0 27

56.0 295 11 27

46.0 295 21 27

24.0 295 37 27

N.S. = not specified.

9-147
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Reduction of Area

vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

100

O

z

o

u

3

Q

LU

80

c

o

4)CL

< 60

LU

<

40

20

REF. CW. X

• 6 33.

0 7 37.

9 60.

26 N.S.

27 0.

1 27 11.

27 21.

27 37.

Oil

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.72. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.50. Products were in strip and bar

form (not specified in Reference 9.26).

9-148
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of cold-worked C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and time were

obtained from six sources (References 9.6, 9.9,

9.31, 9.32, 9.57, and 9.58). Products were in wire

and bar form. Cold work, CW, (carried out before

aging) ranged from 21 to 60% (reduction in thick- ness or area). Reported aging temperatures

ranged from 573 to 594 K; aging times from 1 .5 to 3 h.

RESULTS

All data are reported in Table 9.51 , which

presents the reduction of area, aging temperaTensile Reduction of Area vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

tures and time, CW (reduction in thickness or area In percent), and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section. Figures 9.73 and 9.74

present the reduction of area measurements as a

function of temperature and time, respectively.

Although the range of aging temperatures

and times reported is rather narrow, aging temperatures near 588 K and aging times of 2 to 3 h

correspond to optimum values for maximizing the

yield strength of cold-worked and aged Cl 7200

beryllium copper (see Figures 9.11 and 9.12). In general, the reduction of area values obtained

correlate inversely with the degree of CW before

aging.

Table 9.51. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Reduction of Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Area, % % Temperature, Time, No. K li

12.0 33 588 2.0 6

16.0 35 588 2.0 31

8.0 33 588 2.0 31 11.0 37 594 3.0 32

16.0 37 594 3.0 32

6.0 37 594 3.0 32

16.0 37 594 3.0 32

18.9 21 573 1.5 57

13.6 30 593 2.0 58

6.0 60 575 2.0 9

9-149
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

60

295 K

C•

u

a.

<

O

z

o

u

O

50

40

30

20

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME, H • 6 33. 2. o 9 60. 2. 31 33. 2. 32 37. 3. A 57 21. 1.5 A 58 30. 2.

10

0' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 0 200 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.73. Reduction of area measurements for cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.51. Products were in wire and bar form.

9-150
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

60

S 50

* 40

O 30

U 20 3

O

10

29 5 K

REF. CW. X

AQIN

TEMP.. GK

O-O

>

• 6 . 33. 568.

9 60. 575.

31 35. 586.

31 33. 588.

32 37. 594.

57

58

21. 30. 573

593

cp

1

c

i

4

>

(

1

1

1

ii

1 1

2 3

AGING TIME, h

Figure 9.74, Reduction of area measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a function of aging time. All data are presented in Table 9.51. Products were in wire and

bar form.

9-151
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of

cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper

between 48 and 300 K were obtained from three sources (References 9.6, 9.9, and 9.51). Product was in bar form (not specified in Reference 9.51).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported In Table 9.52,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperTensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (48-300 K)

ature, percent of cold work (reduction in area),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.75 presents the reduction of area measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.52. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (48-300 K).

Reduction of Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. K K

5.60 48 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 5.50 73 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 5.10 98 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.90 123 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.80 148 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.60 173 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.50 198 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.40 223 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.35 248 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 4.35 273 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51

4.30 293 N.S. N.S. N.S. 51 12.00 300 33 588 2 6

10.00 88 33 588 2 6

13.80 144 33 588 2 6

13.00 214 33 588 2 6

6.00 295 60 575 2 9

4.00 232 60 575 2 9

N.S. = not specified.

9-152
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Temperature (48-300 K)

C

u

a

O

z

o

u

3

O

LU

50

40

< 30

LU

20

10

o

-•

REF.

6

9

51

CW. X

33.

60.

N.S.

AGING

TEMP.. K

588.

575.

N.S.

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.75. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.52. Product was In bar

form (not specified in Reference 9.51).

9-153
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A limited amount of data on the reduction of area of annealed Cl 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K was obtained from Reference 9.12. Pro- duct form was not specified. Measurements were

reported on material aged at 727 K for 8 h.

RESULTS

The measurements are reported in Table

9.53, which presents the reduction of area, aging

temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Table 9.53. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Reduction of Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, Time, No. K h

30.0 727 6 12

37.5 727 8 12

9-154
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Tensile Reduction of Area vs. Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (4-295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of annealed and aged, and cold-worked and aged

C1 7500 beryllium copper between 20 and 300 K

were obtained from two sources (References 9.6

and 9.12). Product was In bar form (Reference

9.6) or not specified (Reference 9.12).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.54,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperature, percent of cold work (reduction in area),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. Figure

9.76 presents the reduction of area measure- ments as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.54. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged, and Cold-worked and Aged C17500

Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).

Reduction of Area, %

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

22.0 33 755 2 6

23.0 33 755 2 6

23.5 33 755 2 6

24.0 33 755 2 6

30.0 0 727 8 12

37.5 0 727 8 12

44.0 0 727 8 12

43.5 0 727 8 12

48.5 0 727 e 12

41.0 0 727 8 12

41.0 0 727 8 12

42.5 0 727 8 12

9-155
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Tensile Reduction ot Area vs. Temperature (4-295 K)

50

c

u

a

O

z

o

u

3

O

LU

40

< 30

UJ

<

20

10

o

o

o

REF.

6

12

CW. X

33.

0.

o

o

AGING

TEMP.. K

755.

727. SMOOTH

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 9.76. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged, and cold-worked and aged

Cl 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.54. Product was in bar form (Reference 9.6) or not specified (Reference 9.12).

9-156
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Tensile Reduction of Area vs. and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A limited amount of data on the reduction of area of cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K was obtained from References 9.6 and

9.39. Product was in bar form. Cdd work, CW, was 33% (reduction area, Reference 9.6) or 65%

(type not specified. Reference 9.39). CW was

carried out before aging. Aging conditions were

755 K, 2 fi (Reference 9.6) or not specified (Refer- ence 9.39).

RESULTS

The measurements are reported in Table

9.55, which presents the reduction of area, per- cent of CIV (reduction in area), aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the

tensile properties section.

Table 9.55. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging

Temperature and Time (295 K).

Reduction of Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Area, % % Temperature, Time, No. K h

24 33 755 2 6 63 65 N.S. N.S. 39 48 65 N.S. N.S. 39

N.S. = not specified.

9-157
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the reduction of area of

cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper

from 4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference

9.44. Product was in plate form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 9.56,

which presents the reduction of area, test temperTensile Reduction of Area

vs. Temperature (4-295 K)

ature, percent of cold work (reduction in thick- ness), aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.

Figure 9.77 presents the reduction of area measurements as a function of test temperature.

Table 9.56. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (4-295 K).

Reduction of Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Area, % Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. K K h

23.5 295 37 755 2 44

48.8 76 37 755 2 44

35.2 4 37 755 2 44

34.0 295 37 755 2 44

46.8 76 37 755 2 44

45.8 4 37 755 2 44

9-158
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Reduction of Area

vs. Temperature (4-295 K)

100

REF.

44

CW. X

37.

AGING

TEMP., K

755.

80

C

o

w

a

< 60

LU

<

Z

o

u

Q

40

20

0 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 9.77. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.56. Product was in plate

form.

9-159
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Engineering Stress vs. and Cold-worked Strain (20, 76, 195, 295 K)

DATA SOURCE

Stress-strain curves at 20, 76, 195, and

295 K for annealed and 37% cold-rolled C17200

beryllium copper are presented in Figures 9.78

and 9.79. Reference 9.15 is the source of these

data. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the

end of the tensile properties section. Measurements were displacement-controlled.

1000

800

O 600

to 400

200

r 1if7 2^ C^ AN NEA LED

20 K

76 K

95 K

295 i

140

120

- 100

80 ^

*/> UJ

60

- 40

- 20

0.2 0.4 0.6

STRAIN

0.8 1.0

Figure 9.78. Stress-strain curves at four temperatures for annealed C17200 beryllium copper bar are shown. Reference 9.7 is the source of these data.

9-160
C17200: Annealed;

Cold-worked

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Engineering Stress vs. Strain (20, 76, 195, 295 K)

0.08 0.16 0.24

STRAIN

0.32 0.40

Figure 9.79. Stress-strain curves at four temperatures for 37% cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper bar

are shown. Reference 9.7 is the source of these data.

9-161
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Stress-Strain curves at 4, 76, and 295 K for 37% cold-rolled and aged C17510 beryllium copper are presented in Figure 9.80. Reference 9.44

Engineering Stress vs. Strain (4, 76, 295 K)

is the source of these data. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given

in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties

section. Measurements were displacement-controlled.

STRAIN

Figure 9.80. Stress-strain curves at three temperatures for cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium

copper plate are shown. Reference 9.44 is the source of these data.

9-162

9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID

Specification CI 7000 C17000 C17200 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

Al

rt? SI Otiiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

> 98.37

1.57 —

—

< 0.06 impurities

> 98.37

1.57, —

—

< 0.06 impurities

> 97.86

2.08 —

—

< 0.06 impurities

> 97.86

2.08 —

—

< 0.06 impurities

Material Condition Annealed, 1073 K, 3 h Aged (a) Annealed, 1073 K, 3 h Aged (a)

Grain Size 300 iim — 300 iim —

ricii vji icod

ProHijf^t niwuuwi Fnrm r Willi 0.32-cm-thick

Rtrio wii tfjf 0.32-cm-thickRtrio 0.32-cm-thick

Strip, 0.32-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Rat

0.35 cm

0.3 cm

1.0 cm

Rat

0.35 cm

0.3 cm

1.0 cm

Rat

0.35 cm

0.3 cm

1.0 cm

Rat

0.35 cm

0.3 cm

1.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate 0.012 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.012 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.012 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.012 cm/min

(crosshead)

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 77. 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K

(a) Aged: 458 K, 45 h; 408 K, 48 h; 360 K, 20 h.

9-164
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

2A 2B 2C 2D 2E

C17000 C17000 CI 7000 CI 7000 C17000

> 97.85 97.78 > 97.85 97.78 > 97.85 > 97.86 97.79 > 97.86 97.79 > 97.86

1.59 1.70 1.59 1.70 1.59

0.01 0.002 0.01 0.002 0.01 0.25 —

0.20 —

0.25 —0.20 —0.25 —

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

la\ W (0) (D) (a)

AnneSUea, lUOO l\, Anneaieu, lUoo i\, Aj^aM coo 1^ Agea, ooo-oio i\, Ama#J coo 1^ PQea, 5o8-oi6 i\. UoiQ-roiieG, 1 17b, U.l£ n u. 12 n o n; oou i\, 2 n 3 n; ooO K, 2 n ^iTb, o/to, tnen agea \c)

25 ftm 25 iim 25 nm

^ 25 iim 20, 25 /im

Rr 53 Ro 55 D fV 31-36 FV 34-37 FV 32-38

Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thicl< 0.25-cm-thicl< 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick

Rat Flat Rat Rat Rat

1.9 cm 1.9 cm 1.9 cm

0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm

5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: < 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; IVIn: 0.005.

(b) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(c) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.

9-165
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 2F 2G 2H 21

OpoCITICallun Kj \ iKAAJ / AW 01 f £\JKj 017200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.78 > 97.49 > 97.36 > 97.20 Cu + Ag 97.79 > 97.50 > 97.38 > 97.22 OG i.fU l.Ol 1 Qti

1 .90 O AO

Kli INI U.U1 U.Ul O.OZ Co 0.20 0.30 0.26 0.26

Ni + Co

INI + re + uo

Al 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05 Fe 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.14

Si 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.17 Others (a) (c) (d) (e) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Aged, 58&-616 K, Aged, 588-616 K, Aged. 588-616 K. 21%, 37%, then 3 h; 630 K, 2 h 3 h; 630 K, 2 h 3 h, 630 K, 2 h aged (b)

Grain Size 20, 25 itm 25 nm 25 /im 20, 25 iim

Hardness Rc 36-39 Rc 38-40 Rc 41-43 Rc 41^3

Product Form Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, U.tD-Cm-iniCK u.fcO-cm-inicK u.tD-crn-inicK U.fcD-Cm-in1 CK

Specimen Type Rat Rat Rat Rat

Width or Dia. 1.9 cm 1.9 cm . 1 .9 cm 1.9 cm

Thickness 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm

Gage Length 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(b) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.

(c) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.

(d) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005, Mn: 0.008.

(e) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

9-166
, 9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

2J 2K 2L 3A 3B

CI 7200 C17200 C17200 CI 7000 C17000

> 97.49 -> Q7 on

> 97.50 > 97.38 > 97.22

1.81 1.96 2.09 1.6-1.79 1.6-1.79

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25

0.26 0.26

0.36 0.36 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.10

0.13 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.08

(a) (c) (d) (e) (e)

Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%, Aged (f) Gold-rolled, 11%,

21%, 37%, then 21%, 37%, then 21%, 37%, then 21%, 50%, then aged (b) aged (b) aged (b) aged (f)

25 itm 25 fim 20, 25 ftm

Rc 39-42 Rc 40-44 Rc 40-44

Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip Strip 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick

Rat Flat Rat Flat (g) Rat (g) 1.9 cm 1.9 cm 1.9 cm (h) (h) 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.08 cm 0.025 cm 0.025 cm

5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.

(b) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.

(c) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

(d) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

(e) Sn: 0.015; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.015; Pb: < 0.05.

(f) Aging conditions considered proprietary.

(g) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

(h) Ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation measurements obtained using 1.27-cm-wide specimens, tensile yield strength obtained using 0.64-cm-wide specimens.

9-167
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

ou or

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 C17500

Composition (wt%)

Cu Balance Balance Balance Balance Cu + Ag — — — —

Be 1.8-2.0 1.8-2.0 1.8-2.0 0.40-0.70

Ni 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Co 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.5

NI + Co 0.26 0.26 0.26 2.51 Ni + Fe + Co 0.36 0.36 0.36 2.56

Al 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 Fe 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 nu<uo nA u.uo u.uo U.UO Others (a) (a) (a) (e) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Aged, 588 K, 2 h Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 37% Aged, 755 K, 3 h 21%, 37%, then 50%, then aged (d) aged, 588 K, 2 h

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Strip Strip Strip Strip

Specimen Type Flat (b) Rat (b) Rat (b) Rat (b) Width or Dia. (c) (c) (c) 1.27 cm

Thickness 0.025 cm 0.025 cm 0.025 cm 0.025 cm

Gage Length 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.015; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.

(b) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

(c) Ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation measurements obtained using 1 .27-cm-wide specimens, tensile yield

strength obtained using 0.64-cm-wide specimens.

(d) Aging conditions considered proprietary.

(e) Sn: 0.005; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.

9-168
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

3G 4A 4B 4C 4D

CI 7500 C17000 C17000 CI 7200 C1720G

Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance

0.40-0.70

0.01 2.5

2.51 2.56

0.01 0.05

0.05

(a)

1.6-1.79

0.2O-0.60

1.6-1.79

0.20-0.60

1.8-2.0

0.20-0.60 z

i.a-2.o

0.20-0.60 — —

— Mil

III! —

—

—

—

Cold-rolled, 3%,

then aged, 755 K, 3 h (b)

Aged (d) Cold-rolled, 37%

then aged (d) Aged (d) Cold-rolled, 37%,

then aged (d)

Strip Strip Strip Strip Strip

Flat (c) 1.27 cm

0.025 cm

5.0 cm

Flat 1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Flat 1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Flat 1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

10.0 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.005; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.

(b) Other specimens cold-rolled, 11%, then aged, 755 K, 2 h.

(c) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

(d) Aging conditions not specified.

9-169
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 4E 4F 4G 4H

Specification C17500 CI 7500 C17510 C17510

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

Al

Balance

2.4-2.7

0.40-0.75 I—

Balance

2.4-2.7

0.40-0.75 I

—

Balance

0.20-0.60

1.4-2.20

—

Balance

0.20-0.60

1.4-2.20

—

Fe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — — — —

Material Condition 1 Aged (a) Cold-rolled, 37%

then aged (a) Aged (a) Cold-rolled, 37%,

then aged (a)

Grain Size

Morrlnpee

Product Form Strip Strip Strip Strip

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Rat

1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

10.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens _

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aging conditions not specified.

9-170
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

5A 5B 5C 5D 5E

C17000 CI 7000 C17200 C17200 C17200

90.U 90.U 97.99

1.68 1.77 1.8 1.81 1.80 —

0.23 z

——

—

0.24 I

—

—

—

0.21 I

——

—

0.21 I

——

—

0.21

——

Cold-rolled, ii%, Cold-rolled, ii%, Cold-rolled, 11% Cold-rolled, 11% Cold-rolled, 21%

then aged, 589 K, then aged (a) then aged (a) then aged, 589 K, then aged (a) 2h 2h — — — — — — — — — —

Strip Strip Strip Strip Strip

Rat Rat Rat Rat Rat

0.041 cm 0.041 cm 0.038 cm 0.041 cm 0.038 cm

2.5 cm 2.5 cm 2.5 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aging conditions considered proprietary.

9-171
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Rdferencfi No 5F DCS

specification CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.92 97.86 97.56 97.56 Cu + Ag — — — —

Be 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.85

Ni 0.02 0.02 Co 0.24 0.29 0.28 0.28

Ni + Co — — —

Ni + Fe + Co — —

Al 0.02 0.02 Fe — — 0.12 0.12

Si 0.14 0.14 Others — — Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 21%, Cold-rolled, 37%, Annealed Aged, 588 K, 3 h; then aged, 589 K, then aged, 589 K, or 672 K, 1.5 h 2 h 2 h

Grain Size 25 /im 25 /im

Hardness — — Rb64 (a)

Product Form Strip Strip Bar, Bar,

1 .4-cm-dia. 1.4-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Rat Rat Round Round

Width or Dia. 0.64 cm 0.64 cm

Thickness 0.038 cm 0.038 cm

Gage Length 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.0 cm 2.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295K 88-300 K 88-300 K

(a) Aged: 588 K. R^ 39; 672 K, R^ 35.

9-172
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

6C 6D 6E 7A 7B

CI 7200 CI 7200 C17500 CI 7200 C17200

97.68 97.68 96.48 97.7 Q7 7

1.86 1.86 0.58 1.8 1.8 0.01 0.01 0.03 — —

O.ZZ 0.22 2.64 0.2 0.2

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.1 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.1 0.1 Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01

Cold-drawn, 33% Cold-drawn, 33%, Cold-drawn, 33%, Annealed Cold-rolled. 37%

then aged, 588 K, then age, 755 K, 2h 2h

35 nm 35 (im 1 6 iim (a) 13 fim (a)

Rc21 Rc42 Rc22 Rg 55 Rg 95

Bar, Bar, Bar, Bar, Bar, 1.4-cm-dia. 1.4-cm-dia. 1.4-cm-dia. 1.9-cm-dia. 1.9-cm-dia.

Round Round Round Round Round

0.64 cm 0.64 cm 0.64 cm 0.45 cm 0.45 cm

2.0 cm 2.0 cm 2.0 cm 3.2 cm 3.2 cm

0.02 cm/min 0.02 cm/min

(crosshead) (crosshead)

88-^ K 8&-300 K 88-300 K 20-295 K 20-295 K

(a) Grain size converted from ASTM number using ASTM standard El 12-85.

9-173
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 8A 8B 9A 9B

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

Si Ottiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

1.9

—— - —

<

1.9

— _ _ —

—

97.63

2.02

0.26 —

0.09 —

97.63

2.02

0.26 —

0.09 —

Material Condition Annealed, 1073 K,

1 h

Cold-rolled, then aged, 588 K, 2 h; or 698 K, 24 hAnnealed Cold-drawn, 60%

Grain Size

l-iardness Brinell 188 Brinell 225

Product Form - — Bar,

1 .6-cm-dia.

Bar,

1 .6-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Widtli or Dia. Thlcl<ness Gage Length

Rat

0.45 cm

0.16 cm

2.0 cm

Rat

0.45 cm

0.16 cm

2.0 cm

' Round

0.95 cm

5.0 cm

Round

0.95 cm

5.0 cm

Strain or Load l=<ate 0.05 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.05 cm/min

(crosshead)

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 215, 255, 303 K 215. 255, 303 K 232, 295 K 232, 295 K

9-174
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

9C 11 12A 12B 13A

C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17500 CI 7200

97.63 97.6-97.4 98.1 97.4

2.02

0.26

1.8-2.05 1.9 0.5

2.0

1.8-2.05

0.2-0.6 (c) 0.2-0.6 (c)

< 0.6 —

0.09 — —

0.1 —

— Sn: 0.01 —

Cold-drawn, 60%,

then aged, 575 K, 2h

Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 727 K, 8 h Aged, 588 K, 3 h

— —

Brinell 375 FU 31-40 Rr 18-27

Bar,

1.6-cnn-dia.

Sheet, 0.10-cm-thickPlate,

1 .3-cm-thick

Round

0.95 cm

Flat 0.51 cmRound (a) 0.64 cmRound (a) 0.64 cmRound

0.64 cm

5.0 cm 5.7 cm 2.70 cm 2.7 cm 5.87 cm

0.13 cm/min (b) (crosshead)

0.13 cm/min (b) (crosshead)

12 15

232, 295 K 20, 295 K 77-299 K 77-299 K 295 K

(a) Smooth and notched specimens. Notch radius, 0.013 cm. Distance between notches, 0.45 cm.

(b) Prior to 0.2% offset, then at 0.25 cm/min.

(c) Percent nickel or cobalt, or both.

9-175
a BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 13B 14A 148 15A

Specification C17200 C17200 CI 7200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

INI T ro X

A!Fe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

1.8-2.05 0.2-0.6 (a) 0.2-0.6 (a) —

—

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

—

\ —

[ —

; —

97.65

1.86

0.01 0.19

0.20

U.OD

0.02

0.16

0.07

Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 37%,

then aged, 588 K, 3h

Aged, 566 K, 0.33-2 hCold-rolled, 15%,

then aged, 561 K, 0.33-2 h

Aged, 588-633 K, 0.08-5 h

Grain Size — — 30 iim

Hardness — R30N 44-57 (b) R30N 38.5-54 (b) —

Product Form Bar, Strip Strip Strip, n nsfi-rm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Round

0.64 cm

5.87 cm

Rat

5.0 cm

Rat

5.0 cm 5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Percent nickel or cobalt, or both.

(b) To convert hardness to Rockwell C scale see Reference 9.2.

9-176
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

15B 15C 15D 16A 168

CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 CI 7200

97.65 97.34 97.39 97.54 97.46

1.86 1.91 1.87 2.16 2.20

0.01 0.02 0.02 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.29 0.39 —

—

0.20 0.31 0.41 0.36 0.55 0.63 0.33 0.36 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.16 0.24 0.22 0.11 0.15 n\J-\JO fw

Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03

Cold-rolled, 17%, Aged, 293-763 K, Cold-rolled, 21%, Aged, 573 K, 3 h Cold-drawn, 15%,

34%, then aged. 1 h then aged, then aged, 573 K, 588 K, 3 h 293-763 K, 1 h 3 h

30 /im 30 fim 30 75 ^m

Strip, Strip, Strip, Bar, Bar, 0.056-cm-thick 0.05-cm-thick 0.055-cm-thick 1 .9-cm-dia. 1.9-cm-dia.

Round Round

1 .28 cm 1 .28 cm

5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

9-177
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

RAfAfAfif^ Kin J7 1ftA 1 on lOD 1QA 1 9M

Specification C17200 C17200 CI 7200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.75 97.40 97.35 97.59 Cu + Ag 97.42 97.37 Be 1.93 1.89 1.94 1.89

Ni 0.01 0.015 0.01 Co 0.19 0.29 0.27 0.24

Ni + Co — 0.30 0.285 0.25

Ni + Fe + Co 0.45 0.425 0.34

Al 0.02 0.06 . 0.09 0.06 Fa nU. 141 H

Si 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.11 Others Mg: 0.006 (b) (d) Sn: 0.01 (Uniy > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Aged, 473 K, Aged, 388 K, 3 h Cold-rolled, 21%, Aged, 644 K, 0.5-167 h then aged, 588 K, 0.5 h 2 h

Grain Size 25 iim (f)

ir\

V'l

Prnriur^t 1 lUUUwl Form 1 Willi Sheet, 0.16-cm-thick

Specimen Type Flat Rat

Width or Dia. Thicl<ness 0.05 0.20 cm

Gage Length 5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate 0.005 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.005 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.002/cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 200, 300 K

(a) Micro-Vickers hardness, 130-250.

(b) Mn: 0.005; Cr: 0.006; Sn: 0.010; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.30.

(c) VIckers Diamond, 5 kg load, 362.

(d) Mn: 0.004; Cr: 0.001; Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.03.

(e) Vickers Diamond, 5-kg load, 368.

(f) Grain size converted from grains/cm^ using ASTM standard E112-85.

9-178
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

19B 19C 19D 20 21A

CI 7200 C17200 CI 7200 C17200 CI 7200

97.49 97.59 97.69 97.46 Balance

1.95 1.89 1.84 2.08 1.81-1.86

0.01 0.02 0.02 — 0.01-0.03

0.25 0.26 0.18 0.23-0.27

0.26 0.28 0.20 0.40

0.33 0.37 0.32 —

0.02 0.06 0.03 0.01-0.07

0.13 0.09 0.12 — 0.08-0.10

0.07 0.09 0.09 0.06-0.09

on. u.uo on. U.U1

Aged, 644 K, Cold-rolled, 37%, Cold-rolled, 37% Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 588 K, 2 h

0.5 h then aged, 644 K, then aged, 644 K, u.oo n U.oo n

82 iim (a) 75 fim (a) 41 iim (a) — —

Rc42 Rc42 Rc42 Rc37 —

Sheet, Sheet, Sheet, Bar, —

0.16-cm-thick 0.16-cm-thlck 0.16-cm-thick 0.62-cm-wide

Round Wire

0.8 cm 0.14-0.20 cm

5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

0.002/min 0.002/mln 0.002/min

200, 300 K 200, 300 K 200, 300 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Grain size converted from grains/cm using ASTM standard El 12-85.

9-179
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 21B 22 25A — 1 256

Specification C17200 C17200 C17200 CI 7500

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Balance

1.81-1.86 0.01-0.03

0.23-0.27

0.01-0.07

0.08-0.10

0.06-0.09

Sn: 0.01

97.742

1.95

0.248 —

—

All others, 0.06

97.7

1.9

0.21 —

0.07

0.08

96.8

0.51

2.6 —

0.05

0.05

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 18%,

39%, 50%, then aged (a)

Aged, 473-723 K, times not givenCold-rolled, 21% Cold-rolled, 21%

Grain Size ~ _

Hardness Rg 98 Rd 73 B

Product Form _ Plate, 0.15-cm-thick

Sheet, 0.32-cm-thickSheet, 0.32-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Wire

0.14-0.20 cm

Flat 1.5 cm

0.15 cm

7.3 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

0.12 cm

5.0 cm

Rat

1.3 cm

0.12 cm

5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate (b) (b)

No. of Specimens

1 Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 2-300 K 20-300 K

(a) Aged: 588-644 K; 0.05-24 h. (b) 0.0005/min to yield strength, then 0.02/min.

9-180
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

26 27A 27B 28 29

C17200 C17200 C17200 C17200 C17200

97.43

1.89

0.29

0.30

0.45

0.06

0.15 0.13

Cr: 0.006; Mn:

0.005; Zn: 0.03; Pb: 0.002

Balance

1.9-1.99 0.00-0.02

0.23-0.31 0.23-0.33

0.30-0.45

0.05-0.08

0.07-0.12

0.07-^3.13

Balance

1.9-1.99 0.00-0.02

0.23-0.31 0.23-0.33

0.30-0.45

0.05-O.08

0.07-0.12

0.07-0.13

97.54-97.55 97 56

1.92 0.03

0.25

0.28

0.33

0.05

0.05

0.1 Zn: 0.025; Mn:

0.009; Cr: 0.003; Pb: 0.004

97.62

1.87 0.011 0.24

0.251 0.311 0.06

0.06 0.014

(c)

Cold-worked,

V4 hard Annealed Cold-rolled, 11%,21%, 37%

Cold-drawn,

then aged (b)

Cold-rolled, 96.5%,

then aged,

297-647 K, 2 h — 10-120 Mm 10-120 /tm — —

Rb 100 — — — — — Strip Strip Bar, 1.91-cm-dla.

Plate, 0.73-cm-thick

Round

0.405 cm

2.0 cnn

Rat (a)

0.01-0.1 cm

5.0 cm

Rat (a)

0.01-0.11 cm

5.0 cm

Round

0.762 cm

Rat (a)

0.025 cm

5.0 cm

0.012-1.2 cm/min

(crosshead)

0.06/min 0.05/mln

20, 77, 300 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

(b) Aging conditions not specified.

(c) Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.12; Mn: 0.001; Cr: 0.006; Pb: 0.004.

9-181
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 30 31A 31

31C

Specification C17200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Hu + An

Be

NiCo

Nl + VJO Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.55 Q7

1.91

0.21

0^34

0.05

0.07

0.07

(a)

97.53

1.83

0.22

0.23

0.11 0.07

Sn: 0.01

97.49

1.82

0.18

0.21

0.12

0.15

Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.002

97.48

1.86

0.22

0.23

0.13

0.07

Sn: 0.01

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 2.5-37%, then aged, 573 K (b)

Cold-drawn, 44%,

then aged, 588 K, 2h

Cold-drawn, 35%,

then aged, 588 K, 2 h

Cold-drawn, 33%

then aged, 588 K, 2 h

Grain Size — 25 Mm 25 itm 35 iim

Hardness — — Rg 95 Rb99

Product Form Strip, 2. 54 X

10.16 X 0.089 cm

Bar Bar Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Rat

1.2 cm

2.0 cm

Round

0.23 cm

5.0 cm

Round

0.56 cm

5.0 cm

Round

1 .42 cm

5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate 0.02/min

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.007; Sn: 0.03; Zn: 0.02; Pb: 0.005.

(b) Aging times up to 6 h.

9-182
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

32 33 36A 36B 36C

CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7500 CI 7500 C17510

97.05 97.05 97.59

4 OA OC 1 .80-2.05 0.5 0.5 0.41 1.90 0.24 — — —

—

—

— z

All others, - 0.1

—

All others, - 0.1

—

—

All others, - 0.1

Cold-drawn, 37% Cold-drawn, 50% Aged, 753 K, Cold-worked, hard. Aged, 753 K, then aged, 594 K, then aged, 0.13-8 h then aged, 753 K, 0.13-8 h 3h 588-644 K, 1-8 h 0.13-8 h

3-40 ;tm _

Vickers 110-251 Vickers 160-278 Vickers 110-240

Wire, — —

Wire Wire

0.089 cm

25.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

9-183
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Fteference No.

' "

1 36D 38A 38B 39A

Specification C17510 C17500 C17500 CI 7500

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.59

0.41 1.90

—

All others, - 0.1

96.35

0.44

0.13

; 2.61 2.74

'i 2.89

0.15 0.32

96.35

0.44

0.13

2.61 2.74

2.89

0.15 0.32

96.7

0.5

(a) 2.6 ——

Material Condition Cold-worked, hard

then aged, 753 K, 0.13-8 h

Cold-worked, 50% Cold-worked, 50%

then aged, 723 K, 0.75-3 h

Cold-worked, 65%,

then aged (b)

Grain Size — —

Hardness Vickers 160-251

, : — —

Product Fornn — — Bar, 1.6-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

(c)

7.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate 0.2/min

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Fe + Ni: 0.25 wt%.

(b) Aging conditions not specified.

(c) Specimen geometry not specified, cross-section = 0.32 cm^.

9-184
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

39B 40A 40B 41A 41B

C17500 C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510

96.7 98.1 98.1 (e) (e)

0.54

(a) 2.6 —

—

0.38

1.53 — - —

—

0.38

1.53 —

—

—

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2 —

—

—

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2 —

—

—

Cold-worked, 65%,

then aged (b) Aaed 728-755 K (ti\ Cold-rolled ?1%then aged,

727-838 K, 8 h

fVilri-wnrkod 4(1% then aged, 755 K, 3h

then aged (b) — — — — —

— — — — —

Bar,

1 .6-cm-dia.

Strip Strip — —

(c)

7.0 cm

Rat Flat (f)

5.0 cm

0.04

0.2/min

295 K 295 K 295 K 293 K 293 K

(a) Fe + Ni: 0.25 wt%.

(b) Aging conditions not specified.

(c) Specimen geometry not specified, cross-section = 0.32 cm^.

(d) Aging times not specified.

(e) Cu + Be + Ni: 99.5 wt%.

(f) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

9-185
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 42 43 44 45

Specificstion O17510 C17510 C17510 CI 7510

Cu 97.6 Q7 A Cu + Ag 97.6 Be 0.4 0.4 0.38 0.38

MiINI I.O I.O 1.67 ou U.UO

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co — — —

Al 0.01 Fe ' —, , 0.03 —

Si 0.02 Others (e) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-worked, 40%, Cold-rolled, 37%, Cold-rolled, 37% Cold-rolled, 60%,

then aged, 755 K then aged (b) then aged, 755 K, 80%, then aged

(a) 2 h (f)

Grain Size

Hardness — (c) Rf92 —

Product Form — Strip, Plate, Plate, 0.02-cm-thick 2.5-cm-thick 1 .3-cm-thick

Qnopimon T\/oa Pniinrl tfi\ Rat

Width or Dia. 0.64 cm 0.64 cm

Thickness 1.3 cm

Gage Length 2.0 cm 3.8 cm 2.54 cm

Strain or Load Rate 0.20 cm/min

(crosshead)

No. of Specimens 2 per temperature

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 4. 76, 295 K 295 K

(a) Aging times not specified.

(b) Aging conditions not specified.

(c) Diamond pyramid hardness, 250-305.

(d) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

(e) Zr: 0.03; Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.01; Ag: 0.01; Cr: 0.005; Pb: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(f) Aged: 57^73 K; 1-70 h.

9-186
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

46A 46B 46C 49 50 w 1 /UUU 1 f lAAJ

Balance Balance Balance 98.49 98.37

u.oo U.*tU 1I.OR 1 CO

11 .¥9 7Q 11 .9Ql1 1 .93 0.05 0.01 0.10 — —

0.01 0.01 0.01 —

0.03 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03

(a) (c) (e) — —

Cold-rolled, 37%, (d) (d) Aged (g) Annealed

2 h — — — — —

Rg 95-99

Plate, Plate, Rod Bar, 2.5-cm-thick 2.5-cm-thick 2.5-cm-dia.

Round (b) Round (f) Round Wire

0.64 cm 0.32 cm 0.62 cm

3.8 cm 2.5 cm 25.0 cm

< 21 MPa/s

Several 3

295 K 295 K 295 K 20, 77, 290 K 295 K

(a) Zr: 0.03; Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.01; Ag: 0.01; Cr: 0.005; Pb: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(b) Specimen details from PPPL tests. Measurements from a commercial supplier also reported.

(c) Zn: 0.02; Ag: 0.01; Zr: 0.01; Sn: < 0.01; Tl: < 0.01; Cr: 0.004; Pb: 0.003; Mn: 0.001.

(d) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(e) Ag: 0.09; Sn: 0.02; Zn: 0.02; Cr: 0.007; Mn: 0.004; Pb: 0.003.

(f) Specimen details from MIT tests. Measurements from a commercial supplier also reported.

(g) Aging conditions not specified.

9-187
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Reference No. 51A 51B 52A 52B

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu Balance Balance 97.91 97.88 Cu + Ag

Be 1.90-2.15 1.90-2.15 1.87 1.88

Ni < 0.01 < 0.01 Co 0.25-0.35 0.25-0.35 0.10 0.09

Ni + Co — — < 0.011 < 0.10

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

0.22 0.22 — —

0.12 0.13

Si 0.11 0.11 Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Agea, o<iic i\, Cold-worked, then Aged, 575 or (J0la-r0ll60, ^iTb, 0.067—1.1 n aged (a) coo ! O L» 588 K, 3 n then aged, 575 or 588 K, 2 h

Grain Size — —

Hardness - — (b) (c)

Product Form — — Strip strip

Specimen Type Strip Flat Rat

Width or DIa. Thickness 0.082 cm 0.082 cm

Gage Length 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 48-293 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Type of cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(b) Aged: 575 K, Bq 35.5; 588 K, in purified nitrogen, 31.7; in muffle furnace, R,; 26.

(c) Aged: 575 K, Rc 36; 588 K, Rc 36.7.

9-188
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-O17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

52C 53A 53B 54A 54B

CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200

QT fiQ > ^f,0*f > y7.o4 CiT CO 97.58

1.86 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.89 < 0.01 0.01 0.01 — —

0.08 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 < 0.09 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.39 0.39 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13

0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 Sb: 0.005; Zn, Pb, Sb: 0.005; Zn, Pb,

Cr: < 0.005 Cr: < 0.005

Cold-rolled 37% Aaed 588 K 3 h Cold-rolled 37% Aaed 561-644 K Cold-rolled 3-83%

then aaed 575 or then aaed 5AA K 0.5-8 h than 588 K, 2 h 2 h aged, 588 K, 2 h

15 fim

(a) R,nN 60 (b) RonN 62 (b) R,nM 59-64 (b)

Strip Strip, Strip, Strip Strip 0.05-cm-thick 0.05-cm-thick

Rat Rat Rat Rat Rat

1.3 cm 1.3 cm

0.082 cm 0.02-0.13 cm

5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm

0.005/min 0.005/min

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aged: 575 K, Rc 38.6; 588 K, Rc 37.7.

(b) To convert hardness to Rockwell C scale see Reference 9.2.

I

9-189
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 9.57, continued

Referdnce No. 54C 55 56 57

Spocific&tion CI 7200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.58 — 97.42 Cu + Ag

Be 1.89 1.91 1 .80-2.05 2.12

Ni 0.40 Co 0.27 _ 0.20-0.35

Ni + Co — — —

Ni + Fe + Co

Al 0.04 — — —

re 0.13 0.09

Si 0.09 — —

Others — — — —

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Aged, 575 K, 7 h,

. Cold-drawn, 30%, Cold-drawn, 21%,

21%, 37%, then then cold-roiled 67%, then aged, then aged, 573 K, aged (a) 50%, 75%, 90% 561-602 K, 1 h 1.5 h

Grain Size 15 iim — — 25 itm

l-iardness — (b) — Rg98.2

Product Form Strip Strip, Wire, Bar, =— 0 20-cm-thick 0 064-cm-dia 1 3-cm-dia

Specimen Type Flat Rat Wire Round

Width or Dia. 0.064 cm 0.80 cm

Thickness Gage Length 5.0 cm 3.0 cm

Strain or Load Rate

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aged: 561-644 K; 0.5-8 h.

(b) Monotron hardness. Cold-rolled: 50%, 275; 75%, 280; 90%, 285.

9-190
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

58 59

CI 7200 CI 7200

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Cold-rolled, 30% Cold-rolled, 6-50%,

then aged, 593 K, then aged,

2h 588 K, 3 h

Rc 36-40

Bar, Strip

1 .6-cm-dia.

Rat

0.13, 0.16 cm

293 K 295 K

9-191
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed, Annealed and Aged Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

1. Hornbuckle, J., and Martin, J. W., "Plastic Yield in Some Copper-Beryllium Alloys," Metallurgia

75, 195-198 (1967).

2. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., 'The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium

Alloy Strip," ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 367, American Society for Testing and

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 109 pp. (1964).

3. Harkness, J. C, and Lorenz, C. S., "Stress Relaxation of Beryllium Copper in Bending," in Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Connector Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group,

Inc., Fort Washington, PA, 38-52 (1979).

4. Filer, E. W., and McClelland, H. T., "Stress Relaxation of Copper-Beryllium and Nickel-Beryllium

Alloys," in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group,

Fort Washington, PA, 179-186 (1980).

5. Fox, A., "Stress Relaxation in Bending of Copper Beryllium Alloy Strip," Journal of Testing and

Evaluation 8, 119-126 (1980).

6. Richards, J. T., and Brick, R. M., "Mechanical Properties of Beryllium Copper At Subzero

Temperatures," Journal of Metals 6, 574-580 (1954).

7. Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials From 20 to 300 °K," National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).

8. Bonfield, W., 'The Temperature Dependence of Microyielding in Polycrystalline Cu 1.9 Wt pet

Be," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 242. 2163-2167 (1968).

9. Giilett, H. W., "Impact Resistance and Tensile Properties of Metals at Subatmospheric

Temperatures," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Project No. 13 (1941).

10. Colbeck, E. W., and MacGillivray, W. E., 'The Mechanical Properties of Metals at Low

Temperatures, Part ll-Non-ferrous Materials," Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineers

(London) VL, 107-123 (1933).

11. Baughman, R. A., "Interim Progress Report #2 on Gas Atmosphere Effects on Materials,"

General Electric Company, Flight Propulsion Laboratory Department, Aircraft Gas Turbine

Division, Evendale, OH, R58AGT823, unpaged (1958).

12. Belton, J. H., Godby, L. L, and Taft, B. L., "Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature,"

American Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Publication 287, 108-121 (1961).

13. Weisman, M. H., Melill, J., and Matsuda, T., "Uni-directional Axial Tension Fatigue Tests of Beryllium Copper and Several Precipitation Hardening Corrosion-Resistant Steels," American

Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical Publication 196, 123-142

(1956).

14. Roach, D. B., Fischer, R. B., and Jackson, J. H., "A Precipitation-Hardenable Copper-NickelSilicon-Aluminum Alloy," Transactions of the American Society for Metals 46, 329-347 (1954).

9-192
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed, Annealed and Aged Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

15. Richards, J. T., and Murakawa, K., "Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on the Directional

Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials

57, 791-807 (1957).

16. Smith, C. S., and Van Wagner, R. W., 'The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," American

Society for Testing Materials 41 . 825-848 (1941).

17. Murakami, Y., Yoshida, H., and Yamamoto, S., "On the Aging Characteristics of Copper-2 wt%

Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 9, 11-18 (1968).

18. Favor, R. J., Gideon, D. N., Grover, H. J., Hayes, J. E., and McClure, G. M., "Investigation of Fatigue Behavior of Certain Alloys in the Temperature Range Room Temperature to -423 F," Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADD Technical Report 61-132, 116 pp. (1961).

19. Bornemann, A., and Gela, T., "Studies in the Behavior of Certain Non-ferrous Metals at Low

Temperatures, Final Report Vol. I, Improved Non-ferrous Alloys for Use at Temperatures Down to -100 "F," Pierce Memorial Laboratory for Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of Technology, Contract

No. DA-36-039-SC-15393. Signal Corps Project 2005-M08-METALS. 152 pp. (1953).

20. Cummings, H. N., Stulen, F. B., and Schulte, W. C, "Investigation of Materials Fatigue

Problems," Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADC-TR-56-61 1 (1957).

21. Richards, J. T., Levan, R. K., and Smith, E. M., 'The Influence of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the Engineering Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire," Proceedings of the American Society

for Testing Materials 51. 771-789 (1951).

22. Kayaba, T., Akazawa, M., and Ko, M., "Studies on the Influences of Strain-Hardening on the

Plastic Workability of Cu-Be Alloy," Technology Reports, Tohoku University 38, 269-286 (1973).

23. Kuhn, J. B., "How to Heat Treat Beryllium Copper," Metaliurgia 68, 155-159 (1963).

24. Richards, J. T., and Smith, E. M., "Problems Associated with Hardness Conversion of Several

Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 57, 161-169 (1957).

25. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties

of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing Materials Bulletin 240. 47-50 (1959).

26. Eash, D. T., "Cryogenic Tensile Testing of Project Rover Materials," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California, Los Alamos, NM, LA-3161, 66 pp. (1965).

27. Richards, J. T., and Smith, E. M., 'The Forming Characteristics of Beryllium Copper Strip,"

Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 50, 1085-1100 (1950).

28. Benson, D. K., and Hancock, J. R., The Effect of Strain Rate on the Cyclic Response of Metals,"

Metallurgical transactions 5, 1711-1715 (1974).

29. Hart, R. R., Wonsiewicz, B. C, and Chin, G. Y., "High Strength Copper Alloys by

Thermomechanical Treatments," Metallurgical Transactions!, 3163-3172 (1970).

9-193
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed, Annealed and Aged Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

30. Nordstrom, T. V., Rohde, R. W., and Mottern, D. J., "Explosive Strengthening of a Cu-Be Alloy,"

Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 1561-1568 (1975).

31. Richards, J. T., "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic Moduli," in Symposium on Determination of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).

32. Ogden, H. R., Hodge, W., Williams, D. N., and Wood, R. A., "Effect of Fabrication on Be-Cu

Hardness and Grain Size," Wire Journal 2, 52-57 (1969).

33. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper Wire: Property and Design Considerations," Wire and Wire

Products 27, 257-307 (1952).

34. Drobnjak, Dj., Jovanovi6, M., and Djuri6, B., "Dynamic Strain Age Hardening of Cu-Be Alloys,"

Metal Science il, 196-199 (1977).

35. Jovani6, M., Djuri6, B., and Drobnjak, Dj., "Strain Hardening Behaviour of Cu-Be Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," in Deformation of Polycrystals: Mechanisms and Microstructures, Riso

National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 311-314 (1981).

36. Weinlich, W., "CuNiBe-eine Variante der Aushartbaren CuCoBe-Knetlegierungen,"

Metallwissenschaft und Technik 34, 135-138 (1980).

37. Mollard, F. R., Wikle, K. G., and Chaudhry, A. R., "Copper-Beryllium for Elevated Temperature

Electronic and Electrical Applications," in High Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds.

E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, 147-168 (1984).

38. Pfeiffer, I., and Honig, A., "Berylliumleitbronzen," Metallwissenschaft und Technik 22, 1125-1129

(1968).

39. Taplin, D. M. R., and Collins, A. L. W., 'The Cyclic Stress Response of Copper Alloys at 100-500 °C," International Copper Research Association, Inc., New York, NY, INCRA Project No.

228(B) (1976).

40. Spiegelberg, W. D., and Guha, A., "Properties of Beryllium Copper Alloy C17510," in Copper and

Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F. W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge

National Uboratory, TN, CONF-830466, (1984).

41. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of CuBeNi Alloy (C17510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corporation, Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545,

MIT P.O.FCA-534436, 19 pp. (1985).

42. Nir, N., "Isochronous Creep of Copper-Beryllium-Nickel Alloy (Cu-0.4Be-2.0Ni) Solution Treated

and Aged," in Second Israel Materials Engineering Conference, Ben Gurion, University of the

Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, 122-127 (1984).

9-194
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed, Annealed and Aged Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

43. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and

Electronic Applications," in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection

Technology Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group, Inc., Fort Washington, PA, 131-140

(1983).

44. Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Properties of CDA 104, 155, and 175 Copper

Alloys," in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures--X,

National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126 (1987).

45. Rotem, A., and Rosen, A., "Improvement of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloy

by Means of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment," Metallurgical Transactions 16A. 2073-2077 (1985).

46. Bushnell, C. W., "A Compendium of Beryllium Copper (Alloy C17510) Data for the CIT Device,"

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, F-880909-PPL-01 (1988).

47. Guha, A., "Development of a High Strength High Conductivity Cu-Ni-Be Alloy," in High

Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds. E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical

Society of AIM E, New York, 133-145 (1984).

48. Mihajlovi6, A., Malci6, S., and Nesi6, O., "Precipitation-Hardening of Cast Cu-Be-Ni-Zr Alloy,"

Journal of the Institute of Metals 99, 19-24 (1971).

49. Kostenets, V. I., "Mechanical Properties of Metals under Static Load at Low Temperatures, Part ll~Nonferrous Alloys," Journal of Technical Physics, U.S.S.R.je, 527-538 (1946).

50. Bassett, W. H., "Beryllium-Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the Institute of Metals Division,

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers E27, 218-232 (1927).

51. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper," Materials and Methods 31, 76-89 (1950).

52. Gohn, G. R., and Arnold, S. M., 'The Fatigue Properties of Beryllium-Copper Strip and Their

Relation to Other Physical Properties," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials

46, 741-775 (1946).

53. Wikle, K. G., and Sarie, N. P., "Properties of Hardened Copper-Beryllium Strip After Exposures to Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 61, 988-1007

(1961).

54. Richards, J. T., and Smith, E. M., 'The Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip as Affected by Cold

Rolling and Heat Treatment," American Society for Testing Materials, Papers on Metals, STP 196,

143-156 (1956).

55. Smith, J. K., "Copper-Beryllium 'Bronzes'," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers 99, 65-77 (1932).

56. Crooks, R. D., and Johnson, W. R., "Mechanical Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire and

Springs," Metal Progress 85. 89-91 (1964).

9-195
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed, Annealed and Aged Tensile Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

57. Anderson, A. R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the

American Society for Testing Materials 41 . 849-858 (1941).

58. Smirnov, M. A., Shteynberg, M. M., Kareva, N. T., Teplov, V. A., and Koryagin, Yu. D., "Influence

of Plastic Deformation Temperature on the Structure and Properties of Beryllium Bronze,"

Physics of Metals and Metallography 38, 173-178 (1974).

59. Gohn, G. R., "A Hardness Conversion Table for Copper-Beryllium Alloy Strip," Proceedings of the

American Society for Testing Materials 55, 230-239 (1955).

9-196
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

DATA SOURCE

Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- ments from 20 to 296 K on 37% cold-drawn

C17200 beryllium copper were obtained from

Reference 10.1. Product form was not reported.

Data at 20 K are Included because a large temperature rise in the specimen from absorbed

energy is not expected from the relatively brittle material.

RESULTS

The measurements for impact energy, test temperature, and reference number are tabulated

in Table 10.1. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

10.3 at the end of the impact properties section.

Figure 10.1 presents the impact data as a function of temperature.

DISCUSSION

The fracture appearance was reported to be

moderately granular, and the shear area remained

constant in size at the different temperatures. At

all temperatures, the specimens were almost

completely broken through.

Table 10.1. Impact Energy Dependence on Temperature (20-296 K).

Impact Energy, JTest Temperature, K

Reference

No.

67.2 24

71.2 24

73.5 24

77.7 24

79.2 24

77.4 24

60.0 60

61.9 60

62.1 60

96.9 196

87.2 196

67.4 196

105.7 296

104.6 296

96.8 296

97.8 296

97.7 296

92.2 296

10-1
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

200

REF. CONDITION

o 1 CW

150 — 100

o

cc

lU

z

LU

Io

<

Q.2

100

o IS

o

a

8

o

9>

>

o

H

m

z

m

JJ

O

•<

50 i

50

—' 0

300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 10.1. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates an increase in impact

energy with increasing temperature (Reference 10.1). Ali data are presented in Table 10.1. Product

form was not reported.

10-2
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

and Aged vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

DATA SOURCE

Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- ments from 20 to 296 K on 37% cold-drawn

and aged C17500 beryllium copper were obtained

from Reference 10.1. Product form was not re- ported. Data at 24 K are included because the

material is relatively brittle so that a large temperature rise in the specimen from absorbed energy

is not expected.

RESULTS

The measurements for impact energy, test temperature, and reference number are tabulated

in Table 10.2. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

1 0.3 at the end of the impact properties section.

Figure 10.2 presents the impact data as a function of temperature.

DISCUSSION

The fracture appearance was reported to be

granular, and the shear area remained constant in size at all temperatures. The specimens were

completely broken through at all temperatures. In the majority of specimens, the crack did not propagate to the point of impact.

Table 10.2. Impact Energy Dependence on Temperature (24-296 K).

Impact Energy, JTest Temperature, KReference

No.

32.9 24

34.4 80

33.1 80

33.5 80

33.8 196

33.2 196

29.8 196

32.9 296

32.2 296

31.2 296

10-3
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C17500: Cold-worked

and Aged

Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

100

75

>-

(D

a.ui

z

<

50

25

REF COI

o 1 CW

hJDITION ^ 10 1 \y 1^ AND AGED

\ .

8 i

o

§

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

50

>

o

-I

m

73

<

25

300

Figure 10.2. The impact energy is independent of test temperature for CI 7500 material in tfie coldworked and aged condition (Reference 10.1). All data are presented in Table 10.2. Product form was not reported.

10-4
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Cold-worked; Impact Properties (All) Cold-worked and Aged

Table tO.3. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A 1B

Specification C17200 C17500

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag z

Be 2.0 0.5

NlCo 0.2 2.6

Ni + Co

Ni -I- Fe + Co

Al — —

Fe

Si — —

utners

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold worked, Cold worked,

1 /9-harH

Grain Size

Hardness Rg 91-93 Rq 97-100

Product Form

Specimen Type Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch

No. of Specimens 3-6 per temperature 1-3 per temperature

Test Temperature 24-296 K 24-296 K

REFERENCE

1. MIkesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Results of the Impact Testing of Copper Alloys," U.S. Atomic

Energy Commission, Memorandum of Understanding AT(29-1)-1500, 16 pp (1958).

Mikesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Impact Testing of Various Alloys at Low Temperatures," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 3, Ed., K. D. Timmerhaus, Plenum Press, NY, 316-324

(1960).

10-5

11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (<7^) versus the number of cycles to

failure (A/) for annealed and aged C1 7000 beryllium copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1).

Product was in strip form. Aging temperatures were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the Equation (11-1) used to analyze the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

\oqN = A/o + N, log(a^-ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and

CTq. If duplicate results (same N for a given oj

were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESULTS

The equation obtained from the measure- ments was

log N = 9.60 - 2.98 log(a^ - 189), (11-2)

where is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.30. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 0.68, 0.28,

and 8.Table 11.1 presents N, o^, [Be], the aging

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the

fatigue properties section. Figure 11.1 indicates

the fit of the data to Equation (11-2). The scatter band represents two standard deviations about

the regression curve. The variance of the data

about the line was assumed to be normally dis- tributed and constant throughout the range of the

independent variable, a^.

DISCUSSION

The constants Nq, N^, and Oq from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of cold work in Figure 11.10. For both C17000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers, a systematic variation of these constants with

cold work was observed.

Table 11.1. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged C17000 Beryllium Copper (295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

151 486 1.59 616

151 490 1.70 616

170 490 1.70 616

170 490 1.70 616

182 496 1.70 586

191 486 1.59 616

191 486 1.59 616

200 490 1.70 616

200 490 1.70 616

219 496 1.70 588

224 462 1.59 588

234 495 1.70 588

234 486 1.59 616

237 460 1.59 588

237 460 1.59 588

237 460 1.59 588

251 486 1.59 616

11-1
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Lite, Air (295 K)

Table 11.1, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

263 460 1.59 588 1 269 499 1.70 588

331 410 1.70 588

372 403 1.59 616

372 403 1.70 616 1 372 403 1.70 616 1 396 410 1.70 588 427 403 1.70 616 1 437 403 1.59 616 1 457 403 1.59 616 1 468 403 1.70 616 1 479 410 1.70 588 1 479 410 1.70 588 1 513 403 1.59 616 1 562 403 1.59 616 1 562 402 1.70 616 1 603 410 1.70 588 1 617 390 1.59 588 1 617 390 1.59 588

661 388 1.59 588

661 388 1.59 588

708 388 1.59 588 1 832 330 1.70 616 1 851 330 1.70 616

1070 334 1.70 588 1 1120 314 1.59 588 1 1170 328 1.59 616 1 1170 328 1.59 616 1 1170 331 1.70 616 1 1200 314 1.59 588 1 1200 334 1.70 568 1 1200 334 1.70 588 1 1260 331 1.70 616 1 1350 334 1.70 588 1 1480 328 1.59 616

1480 331 1.70 616 1 1580 314 1.59 568 1 1660 332 1.70 588 1 1660 328 1.59 616 1 1660 290 1.59 616

1780 279 1.59 588 1 1780 293 1.70 568

1880 290 1.70 616

2000 293 1.70 588

2090 279 1.59 588

2090 315 1.59 588

2090 279 1.59 588

2290 259 1.70 588

2400 293 1.70 588

2400 328 1.59 616

2450 279 1.59 588

11-2
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 11.1, continued

N hd^\

iviciAiinum Stress MPa

TRaI IDej, wt%

Aging

K

rwierence

No.

2820 293 1.70 568

2950 290 1.70 616

3160 279 1.59 568

3980 262 1.59 568 4170 293 1.70 588

4220 262 1.59 588

4270 258 1.70 588

4270 290 1.59 616

4570 290 1.70 616

5010 260 1.59 588 5010 290 1.70 616 "I 5310 262 1.59 588 5370 290 1.70 616 5620 262 1.59 588 6310 290 1.59 616

6310 290 1.59 616

7410 259 1.70 588

8320 259 1.70 588

11000 290 1.59 616

13300 254 1.59 616

21900 246 1.59 568 23400 226 1.59 586 26300 226 1.59 588 29500 255 1.70 588 63100 252 1.70 616 64600 253 1.59 616 77600 252 1.59 616 81300 254 1.70 616 81300 254 1.70 616

100000 228 1.59 588

100000 245 1.59 588 100000 226 1.59 588 100000 228 1.59 588 100000 245 1.59 586 100000 245 1.59 588

100000 245 1.59 588 100000 223 1.70 588 100000 223 1.70 588

100000 223 1.70 588

100000 223 1.70 588

100000 223 1.70 588 100000 250 1.59 616

100000 221 1.59 616

100000 250 1.59 616

100000 221 1.59 616

100000 221 1.59 616

100000 221 1.59 616

100000 221 1.59 616

100000 252 1.70 616

100000 221 1.70 616

100000 252 1.70 616

C17000: Annealed

and Aged

11-3
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Lite, Air (295 K)

Table 11.1, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

100000 221 1.70 616 1 100000 221 1.70 616 1 100000 221 1.70 616 1 100000 221 1.70 616 1

I _— J

C17000: Annealed

and Aged

1 I m I

I TT

lo"* 10^ 10® 10^ 10® 10®

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.1. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for annealed and aged CI 7000 beryllium copper are shown.

The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve given by

Equation (11-2), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.1. Product was in strip form. Arrows

denote completion of test before failure.

11-4
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 11% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (a^) versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked, CI 7000 beryllium copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The fatigue

mode was flexural (/?-ratio equals -1). Product was in strip form. Cold work, CW, was 1 1 % (re- duction in thickness). Aging temperatures were

588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium

content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

log/V = No + N, \og{a^-a,). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and

Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given aJ

were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESULTS

The equation obtained from the measure- ments was

log A/ = 14.3 - 4.66 log(a^ - 162), (11-3)

where Is In MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (In units of log N) is 0.3. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 2.0, 0.76,

and 29. Table 11.2 presents N, o^, [Be], percent of CW, aging temperature, and the reference number. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the

end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 1 1 .2 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (11-3).

The scatter band represents two standard deviations about the regression curve. The variance of the data about the line was assumed to be nor- mally distributed and constant throughout the

range of the independent variable, o^.

DISCUSSION

The constants A/q, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For

both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a

systennatic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

Table 1 1 .2. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cl 7000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 1 1 % Before Aging

(295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Fteference No.

126 524 1.59 616

148 524 1.59 616

168 524 1.59 616 174 602 1.70 588

191 602 1.70 588

195 524 1.59 616

195 524 1.59 616 204 602 1.70 588

251 600 1.70 588

263 507 1.59 588

295 507 1.59 588

295 507 1.59 588

302 507 1.70 588

363 507 1.59 588

I

11-5
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 11% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life. Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .2, continued

IN ^lu ;

mio\#irtni inn Maxirnurri

MPa

lt»J> WI ^

UOlu WOiK,

0/ —

Aging

1 ompoiciiuio, K ^ 1 Mnno, 1

1

363 507 1.59 588 1 407 507 1.70 588 1 479 507 1.70 588 1 525 507 1.70 588 1 562 431 1.59 616 1 676 425 1.59 "I 588 1 692 431 1.59 "I 616 1 692 431 1.59 616 1 724 425 1.59 I"! 588 1 741 425 1.59 1'' 588 1 741 431 1.59 1'' 616 1 613 424 1.70 588 1 651 424 1.59 588 1 851 424 1.70 588 1 1230 424 1.70 "I 588 1 1320 424 1.70 "I 588 1 1500 424 1.70 "I 588 1 1780 352 1.59 "I 616 1 1860 352 1.59 616 1 2000 345 1.59 588 1 2090 345 1.59 588 1 2400 345 1.59 588 1 2400 345 1.70 11 588 1 3090 352 1.59 616 1 3310 345 1.59 588 1 3310 345 1.59 588 1 3390 352 1.59 616 1 3630 352 1.59 616 1 4070 303 1.70 588 4680 310 1.59 616 1 4680 310 1.59 616 1 5130 345 1.70 588 1 6030 307 1.59 588 1 6310 345 1.70 588 1 6680 345 1.70 586 1 7410 303 1.70 586 1 8130 307 1.59 616 1 8320 345 1.70 ""I 588 1 8510 287 1.59 11 586 1 8510 307 1.59 11 616 1 8510 293 1.59 616

10700 305 1.59 588 11200 305 1.59 588 12000 267 1.59 588 13500 287 1.59 588 14800 308 1.59 616

18200 268 1.59 588 20000 310 1.70 616 20900 305 1.59 588 26300 305 1.70 588

38900 287 1.59 588

11-6
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .2, continued

Cycles,

N (10 ) Maximum

Stress, MPn

[Be], Wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature,

i\

Reference

No.

36900 305 1.70 11 568 1 40700 310 1.70 11 616 1 46800 310 1.70 11 616 1 53700 293 1.59 11 616 1 56200 272 1.59 11 616 1 56900 266 1.59 11 588 1 56900 303 1.70 11 586 1 56900 293 1.59 11 616 1 60300 310 1.70 11 616 1 66100 310 1.70 11 616 1 66600 263 1.70 11 586 1 70800 293 1.59 11 616 1 77600 293 1.59 11 616 1 77600 290 1.70 11 616 1 82200 290 1.70 11 616 1 85100 272 1.59 11 616 1 100000 286 1.59 11 588 1 100000 265 1.59 11 568 1 100000 246 1.59 11 568 1 100000 265 1.59 11 588 1 100000 265 1.59 11 588 1 100000 246 1.59 11 588 1 100000 246 1.59 11 588 1 100000 246 1.59 11 586 1 100000 246 1.59 11 588 1 100000 283 1.70 11 586 1 100000 265 1.70 11 588 1 100000 283 1.70 11 588 1 100000 283 1.70 588

100000 283 1.70 588

100000 265 1.70 588

100000 265 1.70 588 100000 265 1.70 588

100000 265 1.70 588 100000 272 1.59 616

100000 272 1.59 616

100000 272 1.59 616

100000 290 1.70 616 100000 290 1.70 616

100000 290 1.70 616

C17000: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

11-7
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.2. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17000 beryllium copper cold-worl<ed 11% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-3), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .2. Product was in strip form.

Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-8
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (<7^) versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C1 7000 beryllium

copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The

fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1).

Product was in strip form. Cold work, CW, was 21% (reduction in thickness). Aging temperatures were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

log A/ = A/o + A/, log(a, - ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression procedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and

Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^) were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESULTS

The equation obtained from the measure- ments was

log A/ = 1 4.8 - 4.79 log(a^ - 1 60), (11 -4)

where Is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.3. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 1 .6, 0.59,

and 25. Table 11.3 presents N, o^, [Be], percent of CIV, aging temperature, and the reference number. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the

end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 1 1 .3 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(11-4). The scatter band represents two standard

deviations about the regression curve. The vari- ance of the data about the line was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout

the range of the independent variable, a^.

DISCUSSION

The constants N^, N^, and Oq from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For

both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a

systematic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

Table 11.3. Fatigue Life Measurements for CI 7000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 21% Before Aging

(295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

132 598 1.59 21 616

132 598 1.59 21 616

132 598 1.59 21 616

132 602 1.70 21 616

145 598 1.59 21 616

145 598 1.59 21 616

151 602 1.70 21 616

166 602 1.70 21 616

182 600 1.70 21 588

182 602 1.70 21 616

191 600 1.70 21 588

200 508 1.59 21 616

224 600 1.70 21 588

224 602 1.70 21 616

11-9
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .3, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

240 600 1.70 21 588

269 508 1.59 21 616

282 600 1.70 21 588 -, 295 508 1.59 21 616

295 508 1.59 21 616

316 507 1.59 21 588 1 355 507 1.59 21 588 1 355 507 1.59 21 588 -1 355 507 1.59 21 588 1 355 514 1.70 21 616

372 507 1.59 21 588

372 508 1.59 21 616

372 514 1.70 21 616

380 515 1.70 21 616

380 515 1.70 21 616

479 507 1.70 21 588 1 479 507 1.70 21 568 j 589 507 1.70 21 588 589 507 1.70 21 568 1 741 508 1.59 21 616 1 759 424 . 1.70 21 616 1 851 423 1.59 21 568 1 651 423 1.59 21 588 1 912 421 1.59 21 568 1 912 421 1.59 21 616 1 1000 424 1.70 21 616

1000 424 1.70 21 616 1 1020 423 1.70 21 568 1 1050 421 1.59 21 616

1100 424 1.70 21 616

1150 421 1.59 21 616

1200 422 1.59 21 568 1 1200 423 1.70 21 588 1 1200 421 1.59 21 616 1 1450 423 1.70 21 588

1480 422 1.59 21 568 1 1500 424 1.70 21 616 1 1740 423 1.70 21 568 1 1860 423 1.70 21 588 1 1910 345 1.70 21 588 1 2290 341 1.70 21 616 1 2880 345 1.59 21 588

3390 345 1.59 21 566

3800 317 1.70 21 616 4170 336 1.59 21 616

4170 336 1.59 21 616 4470 345 1.70 21 586 5370 334 1.59 21 616 5750 293 1.59 21 616 5890 345 1.59 21 588

5890 345 1.59 21 586

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-10
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .3, continued

Cycles,

N \\{J ) Maximum

Stress, MPn

[Be], WlTb

Cold Work, Aging

Temperature,

IS

Reference

No.

6310 345 1.70 21 588 1 6310 334 1.59 21 616 1 6610 334 1.59 21 616 1 6760 346 1.70 21 588 1 8910 306 1.59 21 588 1 9550 341 1.70 21 616 1 10400 341 1.70 21 616 1 10500 345 1.59 21 588 1 11700 341 1.70 21 616

13200 307 1.70 21 588 1 13200 317 1.70 21 616 1 13200 317 1.70 21 616 1 15100 265 1.59 21 588 1 16200 290 1.59 21 616 , 1 17400 285 1.70 21 588 1 17400 291 1.59 21 616 1 17400 341 1.70 21 616 1 17400 317 1.70 21 616 1 19100 307 1.70 21 568 1 20400 317 1.70 21 616 1 23400 307 1.70 21 588 1 24000 345 1.70 21 588 26300 292 1.59 21 616 1 26300 276 1.59 21 616 28200 302 1.70 21 616 1 28800 306 1.59 21 588 1 30200 307 1.59 21 588 1 38000 276 1.59 21 616 1 40700 302 1.70 21 616 44700 285 1.70 21 588 47300 276 1.59 21 616 1 50100 276 1.59 21 616 1 57500 290 1.59 21 616 1 60300 302 1.70 21 616 1 66100 286 1.70 21 616 1 70800 308 1.59 21 586 1 77600 307 1.70 21 588 1 79400 286 1.59 21 586 85100 276 1.59 21 616 1 89100 305 1.70 21 588 91200 303 1.59 21 588

100000 290 1.59 21 588 100000 269 1.59 21 588 100000 250 1.59 21 588

100000 290 1.59 21 588

100000 290 1.59 21 588

100000 290 1.59 21 588

100000 269 1.59 21 588 100000 269 1.59 21 56e 100000 269 1.59 21 588 100000 250 1.59 21 588

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-11
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .3, continued

v,/yci6S, Maxirnum

Stress, MPaWl rt3

WOlK,

QJ Aging

1 emperaiure, K

Reference

Kin r>io.

100000 250 1.59 21 588 1 100000 250 1.59 21 588 100000 250 1.59 21 588 100000 286 1.70 21 588 100000 269 1.70 21 588 100000 286 1.70 21 588 100000 286 1.70 21 588 100000 269 1.70 21 588 100000 269 1.70 21 588 100000 269 1.70 21 586 100000 269 1.70 21 588 100000 259 1.59 21 616

100000 259 1.59 21 616 100000 259 1.59 21 616 100000 259 1.59 21 616 100000 259 1.59 21 616 100000 302 1.70 21 616 100000 286 1.70 21 616 100000 302 1.70 21 616 100000 266 1.70 21 616 100000 286 1.70 21 616 100000 286 1.70 21 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-12
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Figure 11.3. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17000 beryllium copper cold-worked 21% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-4), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are onfiitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.3. Product was in strip form.

Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-13
1t BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 37% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress {a J versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17000 beryllium

copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The

fatigue mode was flexural (/?-ratio equals -1).

Product was In strip form. Cold work, CW, was 37% (reduction In thickness). Aging temperatures were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

log A/ = A/o + A/, log(a, - ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants N^, N^, and

ctq. If duplicate results (same N for a given aJ

were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESULTS

The equation obtained from the measure- ments was

log N = 31.5 - 10.3 log(a^ + 107), (11-5)

where is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.3. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 1 1 .0, 3.5,

and 167.

Table 11.4 presents N, a^, [Be], CIV, aging

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.4 indi- cates the fit of the data to Equation (11-5). The

scatter band represents two standard deviations

about the regression curve. The variance of the

data about the line was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, a^.

DISCUSSION

The constants Nq, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 1 1.10. For

both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a

systematic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

Table 11.4. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 37% Before Aging

(295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

IReference No.

170 569 1.59 37 616 170 593 1.70 37 616

178 569 1.59 37 616 176 593 1.70 37 616

204 597 1.70 37 588 204 593 1.70 37 616

204 593 1.70 37 616

2C9 569 1.59 37 616

214 593 1.70 37 616

229 569 1.59 37 616

240 569 1.59 37 616 245 45S 1.59 37 586

269 459 1.59 37 588 269 459 1.59 37 588

1

11-14
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Table 11.4, continued

Cyclds,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

FBel, wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

286 596 1.70 37 588

302 596 1.70 37 568

302 501 1.70 37 616

.1, 331 457 1.59 37 568

347 501 1.70 37 616

355 596 1.70 37 588

1 355 490 1.59 37 616

369 457 1.59 37 588

^! A17 *r 1 1 1 1 . t u 17J/ D lO 422 596 1.70 37 568 447 490 1 59 37 447 490 1.59 37 616

501 490 1.59 37 616

501 490 1.59 37 616

501 501 1.70 37 616

501 501 1.70 37 616

603 517 1.70 37 588

741 517 1.70 37 588 613 517 1.70 37 588 1

933 517 1.70 37 588

1050 421 1.70 37 616

1150 410 1.59 37 616

1170 421 1.70 37 616

1170 421 1.70 37 616 AIT 1l.fU 7n 57 O ID 1480 517 1.70 37 588

1 7n ^7Of 0 lO Am 17of 0 10 Ain Hl\J 17Of 0 10 2340 410 1.59 37 616

17Of 2510 427 1.70 37 588 2510 427 1.70 37 566 2860 374 1.59 37 588 2950 427 1.70 37 588

] 3310 372 1.59 37 588 3550 372 1.59 37 588

^ 3800 374 1.59 37 588

^ 4570 425 1.70 37 ooo 4680 374 1.59 37 588 5130 279 1.59 37 588 6460 341 1.70 37 616 8130 341 1.70 37 616 8910 331 1.59 37 616

10500 279 1.59 37 588 11000 279 1.59 37 588 12600 341 1.70 37 616

12600 341 1.70 37 616

13500 331 1.59 37 616

14100 314 1.59 37 616 14100 314 1.59 37 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-15
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .4, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

15000 348 1.70 37 588 15100 331 1.59 37 616

•

15800 314 1.59 37 616 17200 341 1.70 37 616 22400 348 1.70 37 588 22400 331 1.59 37 616 ~i

24000 331 1.59 37 616 25100 310 1.70 37 588 25700 292 1.59 37 616 26900 292 1.59 37 616 28800 312 1.59 37 616

•

29500 348 1.70 37 588 31600 303 1.70 37 616 33100 299 1.59 37 588

•

34700 348 1.70 37 588 35500 292 1.59 37 616 37200 348 1.70 37 588 40700 327 1.70 37 588 45700 299 1.59 37 588 47900 297 1.59 37 588 56200 301 1.70 37 616 57500 262 1.59 37 583 64600 319 1.70 37 616 74100 296 1.59 37 588 ., 95500 303 1.70 37 616 95500 303 1.70 37 616

100000 296 1.59 37 588 100000 279 1.59 37 588 100000 261 1.59 37 588 100000 232 1.59 37 588 100000 279 1.59 37 588

100000 261 1.59 37 588 —

100000 261 1.59 37 588 100000 261 1.59 37 588 100000 232 1.59 37 588 100000 232 1.59 37 588

^

100000 232 1.59 37 588 100000 232 1.59 37 588 innnnn 328 1.70 37 588

^

• 100000 308 1.70 37 588 100000 269 1.70 37 588

,

100000 328 1.70 37 588 lOMOO 326 1.70 37 588 100000 328 1.70 37 588 100000 308 1.70 37 588 100000 308 1.70 37 588 100000 308 1.70 37 588 100000 269 1.70 37 588 100000 269 1.70 37 588 100000 269 1.70 37 588 100000 269 1.70 37 588

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-16
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .4, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

lUUUUU 1

1 .39 RQ Jf DID 100000 292 1.59 37 616

luuuuu 1.39 3f 616 100000 292 1.59 37 616 100000 276 1.59 37 616 100000 276 1.59 37 616 100000 276 1.59 37 616 100000 276 1.59 37 616 100000 303 1.70 37 616 100000 286 1.70 37 616 100000 266 1.70 . 37 616 100000 266 1.70 37 616

100000 286 1.70 37 616 100000 266 1.70 37 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-17
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked 37% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

1000

AGING —

REF. BE. % CW. X TEMP., K • 1 1.59 37. 588. o 1 1.70 37. 588.

1 1.59 37. 616.

1 1.70 37. 616.

10° 10' FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 1 1 .4. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C1 7000 beryllium copper cold-worked 37% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-5), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .4. Product was In strip form.

Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-18
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Stress-controlled Axial

Aged; Cold-worked and Aged Fatigue Life. Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (a J versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) of Cl 7200 beryllium copper were obtained

from References 1 1 .3 and 1 1 .4. The fatigue

mode was axial (R-ratio equals 0). The measure- ments reported in Reference 1 1 .3 were on speci- mens tested in four different conditions: annealed, annealed and aged (600 K for 0.28 h), coldworked (60% reduction of area) and aged (600 K

for 0.28 h), and cold-worked (60% reduction of area) and overaged (600 K for 24 h). The data

reported in Reference 1 1 .4 were obtained on

notched and unnotched specimens cold-worked

21% before aging at 588 K for 3 h. Product was

in bar form.

Attempts were made to fit the measurements

to Equation (11-1) by a nonlinear least-squares

regression procedure, but convergent results could not be obtained with this expression.

RESULTS

Table 1 1 .5 presents N, a^, CW, aging temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end

of the fatigue properties section. The fatigue life curves are shown in Figure 1 1 .5. The measure- ments from Reference 11.3 fall in two distinct bands: specimens that were cold-worked before

aging have longer fatigue lives at a given stress than specimens that were not cold-worked. The

measurements from Reference 1 1 .4 on notched

specimens fall considerably below those on unnotched specimens.

Table 1 1 .5. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed, Annealed and Aged, and Cold-worked and Aged

CI 7200 Beryllium Copper (295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Aging

Time,

h

Reference

No.

2.82 483 N.S. 588 3.0 4

3.90 690 N.S. 588 3.0 4

9.60 690 N.S. 588 3.0 4

13.40 414 N.S. 588 3.0 4

15.80 690 N.S. 588 3.0 4

15.80 278 60 N.S. N.S. 3 20.00 576 60 600 0.3 3 23.40 314 60 0 0.0 3 27.10 345 N.S. 588 3.0 4

31.60 452 60 600 24.0 3 37.10 564 60 600 0.3 3 39.80 276 60 0 0.0 3 42.60 237 60 0 0.0 3 44.70 266 60 N.S. N.S. 3 48.10 552 N.S. 588 3.0 4

50.10 576 60 600 0.3 3 63.10 240 60 N.S. N.S. 3 84.30 276 N.S. 588 3.0 4

89.10 400 60 600 24.0 3 112.00 247 60 N.S. N.S. 3 112.00 206 60 0 0.0 3 117.00 214 N.S. 588 3.0 4

120.00 462 60 600 0.3 3 190.00 196 60 N.S. N.S. 3 251.00 414 N.S. 588 3.0 4

251.00 200 60 N.S. N.S. 3

11-19
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and

Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 1 1 .5, continued

Cycles, Maximum Cold Work, Aging Aging Fteference N (10^) Stress, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa K h

275.00 406 60 600 0.3 3 275.00 492 60 600 0.3 3 282.00 138 N.S. 588 3.0 4

316.00 176 60 0 0.0 3 355.00 358 60 600 24.0 3 353 60 600 24.0 3 39B 00 176 60 N.S. N.S. 3 602.00 364 60 600 0.3 3 759.00 305 60 600 24.0 3 955.00 163 60 0 0.0 3 1000.00 160 60 N.S. N.S. 3 1359.00 345 N.S. 588 3.0 4 1698.00 158 60 0 0.0 3 2239.00 317 60 600 0.3 3 3631.00 144 60 0 0.0 3 3981.00 145 60 N.S. N.S. 3 9550.00 276 60 600 24.0 3 9822.00 103 N.S. 588 3.0 4 14125.00 136 60 0 0.0 3 19953.00 140 60 N.S. N.S. 3 25704.00 288 60 600 0.3 3

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-20
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and

Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Stress-controlled Axial

Fatigue Lite. Air (295 K)

1000

800

600

1 TTT

295K

O

into

ui

X

<

400

200

100 J L_L1

1 TTT

AGING

11 J L_L1 I III

10' 10= 10® 10^

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

AGING

REF. CW, X TEMP., K TIME. • 3 60. 600. 0.3 o 3 60. 600. 24.

3 0, 600. 0.3

3 0. 0. 0. 4 21. 588. 3. A 4 21. 588. 3.

10^ 10'

Figure 1 1.5. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper for four different material

conditions and notched and unnotched specimens are shown. The lower set of measurements

from Reference 1 1 .4 were obtained on V-notched specimens. A few points from Reference 4 are

off the scale of the graph. All data are presented in Table 11.5. Product was in bar form.

11-21
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (aJ versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for annealed and aged C1 7200 beryllium copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The

fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1).

Product was in strip form. Aging temperatures were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium content, [Be], was 1.81, 1.96, and 2.09 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

. log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(c7, - cTo). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and

Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^) were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESUU"S

The equation obtained from the measure- ments was

log N = 13.0 - 4.20 log(a^ - 150). (11-6)

where Is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.4. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 1 .4, 0.52,

and 20. Table 11.6 presents N, a^, [Be], aging temperature, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the fatigue

properties section. Figure 1 1 .6 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (11-6). The scatter band

represents two standard deviations about the re- gression curve. The variance of the data about

the line was assumed to be normally distributed

and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, a^.

DISCUSSION

The constants N^, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of cold work in Figure 11.10. For both C17000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers, a systematic variation of these constants with

cold work was observed.

Table 11.6. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper (295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

105 520 2.09 586

107 534 1.96 616

119 552 1.96 588

120 534 1.96 616

126 534 1.96 616

129 552 1.96 588

141 590 2.09 616

145 552 1.96 588 150 552 1.96 588

166 552 1.96 588

166 590 2.09 616

170 520 2.09 588 174 515 1.81 588

174 590 2.09 616

178 520 2.09 568

184 590 2.09 616

184 590 2.09 616

11-22
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .6, continued

1-—

Cycles,

. Maximum —;

1 Aging Reference

IN ^1U ) Stress wt% TAmrt0r2)ti iro 1 Ol 1 I^CI OIUI o, Kin MPa K

186 515 1.81 588

186 499 1.81 616

191 499 1.81 616 1 204 499 1.81 616 1 209 448 1.96 616 1 214 499 1.81 616 1 214 499 1.81 616 1 229 457 1.96 588 1 234 520 2.09 588 1 240 514 1.81 588

245 457 1.96 588

263 514 1.81 588

263 458 1.96 588

263 448 1.96 616

269 520 2.09 588

282 448 1.96 616 "I 288 514 1.81 588

288 444 2.09 616

302 426 1.81 588

316 457 1.96 588

331 431 2.09 588

331 417 1.81 616 "I 347 448 1.96 616 "I 347 448 1.96 616

372 457 1.96 568

372 417 1.81 616

372 417 1.81 616

380 431 2.09 586 417 445 2.09 616 437 445 2.09 616 457 431 2.09 588 468 431 2.09 588 473 417 1.81 616 479 445 2.09 616 490 424 1.81 588 490 424 1.81 588

501 445 2.09 616

525 431 2.09 588 537 365 1.96 616

575 424 1.81 588 589 417 1.81 616 603 424 1.81 588 646 327 1.96 588

661 365 1.96 616 708 365 1.96 616 724 293 1.81 588

741 327 1.96 588 759 327 1.96 588 832 365 1.96 616 933 534 1.96 616 933 328 1.96 616

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

11-23
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .6, continued

IN ^lu ;

miavimi inn Stross MPa

Itsej, Aging j Reference Temperature, No. K

1 955 341 1.61 616 977 534 1.96 616

1000 343 1.81 588 1000 293 1.61 588 1050 341 1.81 616 1060 327 1.96 588 1170 328 1.96 616 1200 327 1.96 588 1—i

1200 348 2.09 588 1200 348 2.09 588 1 1260 341 1.81 568 _

1260 365 1.96 616

1260 359 2.09 616 1320 348 2.09 568 1320 348 2.09 568 1380 341 1.81 616

1480 j 341 1.61 568 1500 348 2.09 568 1510 341 1.81 616

1510 359 2.09 616 1660 341 1.81 588 1700 359 2.09 616 1820 341 1.81 568 1860 341 1.81 616 2240 359 2.09 616 2240 321 2.09 616

2290 288 1.96 588 2340 359 2.09 616

2400 328 1.96 616

2570 293 1.81 588 2630 321 2.09 616 1 2630 321 2.09 616 —-— 2690 293 1.61 568 -, 2690 286 1.96 588 2690 299 1.81 616 2880 293 1.81 586 1 2950 287 1.96 588 1 2950 299 1.81 616 1 2950 299 2.09 616 2990 286 1.96 616 3160 299 1.61 616 3160 328 1.96 616 3630 286 1.96 616 3720 328 1.96 616 3800 283 1.61 616

3890 252 1.96 588 4170 286 1.96 588 4570 283 1.81 616 4570 266 1.96 616

4790 286 1.96 616

5010 248 1.96 616

11-24
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Lite, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .6, continued

Cycles, Maximum [Be], Aging Reference N (10^) Stress, Wt% Temperature, No. MPa K

5130 286 1.96 616 5190 319 2.09 616 5500 o no DID

'

5620 266 1.96 588

OQQ l.u 1 D ID 5750 283 1.81 616

6310 248 1.96 616

' 6760 299 1.81 616

] 6760 248 1.96 616

' 7940 279 1 .81 616

1 8910 314 2.09 588

1 9120 299 2.09 615

10700 314 2.09 588 11500 285 1.81 616 14800 252 1.81 588

' 15100 293 2.09 588

] 17400 314 2.09 588 19100 252 1.96 586 21400 299 2.09 DID

^Jr UU •57Q £.U9 D ID

1 .0 1 000 ou^uu O I*T 2 09 568

' 313 2 09 588

0 r>Q >jOD — *» 1 f uu ^uU 1 fii 1 . 1 568

i:9«: ooo ^AA DUU OQQ 0 no 616

00 lUU £9£ o no £.U9 (^AA DOO

lUUUUU £3U i Al I.O 1 <^AA

1 UUUUU OH 1.81 (^AA 300

1 UUUUU 01

A

£ 14 1 .0 1 c;aa ooo

1 UUUUU 250 1 .81 RAA 300

1 UUUUU Oli 1 .0 1 588

1

i UUUUU 0*31 £0 1 1 A1 l.O 1

1 UUUUU OH l.O 1 RAA

1

1 UUUUU 231 1.81 RAA 000

1 UUUUU 214 1.81 c^AA 300

1 UUUUU 214 1.81 RAA 000

1 UUUUU 214 -1 Q-1 1.01 000 RAA

1 UUUUU 214 1.81 I^AA 000 100000 250 1,96 588 100000 250 1.96 588 100000 250 1.96 588 100000 292 2.09 588 100000 273 2.09 588 100000 273 2.09 588 100000 273 2.09 588 100000 273 2.09 588 100000 273 2.09 588

100000 262 1.81 616 100000 224 1.81 616

11-25
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .6, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress,

[Be], wt%Aging

Temperature,

Reference

No.

100000 262 1.81 616 1 100000 262 1.81 616 1 100000 262 1.61 616 1 100000 224 1.81 616 1 100000 224 1.81 616 1 100000 224 1.81 616 1 100000 224 1.81 616 1 100000 248 1.96 616 1 100000 248 1.96 616 100000 299 2.09 616

100000 279 2.09 616

100000 241 2.09 616 100000 279 2.09 616 100000 279 2.09 616 100000 279 2.09 616 100000 241 2.09 616

100000 241 2.09 616 100000 241 2.09 616 100000 241 2.09 616

11-26
C17200: Annealed

and Aged

11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexure!

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.6. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown.

The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve given by

Equation (11-6), in whicfi N is tlie dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .6. Product was in strip form. Arrows

denote completion of test before failure.

11-27
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 11% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress {oj versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium

copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The

fatigue mode was flexural (f?-ratio equals -1).

Product was in strip form. Cold work, CW, was 11% (reduction in thickness). Aging temperatures were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium content, [Be], was 1.81, 1.96, and 2.09 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(a, - ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants A/g, N^, and

Og. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^) were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis.

RESULTS

The equation obtained from the measure- ments of Reference 11.1 was

log A/ = 12.4 - 3.92 log(a^ - 190), (11-7)

where is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.3. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 0.9, 0.34,

and 13. Table 11.7 presents N, a^, [Be], CW, aging

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.7 indi- cates the fit of the data to Equation (11-7). The

scatter band represents two standard deviations

about the regression cun/e. The variance of the

data about the line was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, a^.

DISCUSSION

The constants A/g, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 1 1.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For

both C17000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a

systematic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

Table 11.7. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 11% Before

Aging (295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

100 645 1.96 616

107 645 1.96 616

110 617 1.81 588

117 645 1.96 616

120 621 2.09 586

141 519 1.81 616

148 602 1.96 588

155 621 2.09 588

158 617 1.81 588

158 602 1.96 588

166 602 1.96 588

167 617 1.81 588

167 617 1.81 588

167 617 1.81 588

11-28
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .7, continued

Cycles,

N (10'^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

168 621 2.09 11 1 588 1 168 621 2.09 •1 588

178 621 2.09 588

178 519 1.81 I"" 616

186 602 1.96 588 1 195 427 1.81 616 1 204 602 1.96 588 1 209 519 1.81 616 1 209 534 2.09 616 1 234 534 2.09 616 1 240 512 1.81 588 1 245 519 1.81 616 1 263 534 2.09 616 1 269 529 1.96 '''' 616 1 269 529 1.96 616 1 282 500 1.96 11 588 1 282 534 2.09 616 1 295 500 1.96 588 1 299 529 1.96 616 1 299 529 1.96 '''' 616 1 302 534 2.09 "I "I 588 1 309 512 1.81 588 1 309 500 1.96 588 1 316 517 1.61 616 1 331 512 1.81 588 1 331 529 1.96 616 1 331 534 2.09 616 1 1 339 534 2.09 '''' 588 1 355 534 2.09 11 588 1 363 510 1.81 588 1 372 534 2.09 11 568 1 398 512 1.81 588 1 398 534 2.09 588 1 398 427 1.81 '''' 616 1 447 438 1.96 ''^ 616 1 468 501 1.96 588 1 562 500 1.96 588 1 562 427 1.81 616 1 575 425 1.81 588 1 631 441 2.09 616 1 661 425 1.81 588

661 438 2.09 588

661 427 1.81 616

661 441 2.09 616

676 414 1.96 588 692 427 1.81 616

741 438 2.09 588

741 438 1.96 616

741 441 2.09 616 794 438 1.96 616 813 425 1.61 568

C17200: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

11-29
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .7, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

813 414 1.96 11 588 1 832 438 2.09 11 588 1 841 438 1.96 11 616 1 841 438 1.96 11 616 1 933 414 1.96 11 588 1 955 441 2.09 11 616 1 977 439 2.09 11 588 1 1120 439 2.09 11 588 1 1200 424 1.81 11 588 1 1260 414 1.96 11 588 1 1260 441 2.09 11 616 1 1330 414 1.96 11 588 1 1460 348 1.81 11 616 1 1580 348 1.81 11 516 1 1910 353 1.96 11 616 1 2000 359 2.09 11 586 1 2340 345 1.81 11 588 1 2340 348 1.81 11 616 1 2400 353 1.96 11 616 1 2510 354 2.09 11 616 1 2630 348 1.81 11 616 1 2630 353 1.96 11 616 , 1 2630 354 2.09 11 616 1 2750 354 2.09 11 616 1 2820 345 1.81 11 588 T"

2880 359 2.09 11 588 1 2950 345 1.81 11 588 1 2950 345 1.81 11 588 1 3090 345 1.81 11 588 1 3310 334 1.96 11 588 1 3310 310 1.81 11 616 1 3470 272 1.81 11 588 1 4070 359 2.09 11 588 1 4170 310 2.09 11 616 1 4790 359 2.09 11 588 1 5010 310 1.81 11 616 1 5370 353 1.96 11 616 1 5500 359 2.09 11 588 1 5500 354 2.09 n 616 1 5750 334 2.09 11 616 1 6030 353 1.96 11 616 1 6170 334 2.09 616 6170 334 2.09 616 6760 319 2.09 588 7080 310 1.81 616

7080 354 2.09 616

7590 299 1.96 588 7590 334 2.09 616

7760 306 1.81 58S 9120 334 1.96 588 9330 310 1.81 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Lite, Air (295 K)

11-30
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .7, continued

Cycles,

IN ^lu ;

1 Maximum

MPa

wire

L>Olu WOlK,

A)

1 r~- 1 Aging

TArvmorati ira K

Refaronce Mn

9550 334 1.96 588 1 10000 334 2.09 616 1 11500 306 1.81 "•I 588 1 11700 334 1.96 588 1 12900 308 1.81 616 1 13200 299 1.96 I'" 588 1 15500 319 2.09 ""I 588 1 15800 290 1.81 616 1 15600 314 1.96 "•I 616 1 15800 312 2.09 11 616 1 16600 299 1.96 588 1 16600 314 1.96 616 1 16600 312 2.09 1"' 616 1 17000 306 1.81 ll 588 1 18200 314 1.96 616 1 21400 312 2.09 11 616 1 22400 319 2.09 11 588 1 23400 287 1.81 11 616 , 1 24000 296 1.96 616 25100 312 2.09 616 25700 314 1.96 616 26300 319 2.09 588 29500 319 2.09 588 33900 305 1.81 588 34700 294 2.09 616

35500 264 1.96 11 588 38000 251 1.81 586 42200 301 2.09 588 47900 300 1.96 588 50100 300 1.96 11 588

50100 293 1.96 11 616

53700 301 2.09 I"! 588 57500 286 1.81 11 616 58900 303 2.09 11 588 1 58900 294 2.09 11 616 1 61700 303 2.09 11 588 70800 294 1.96 11 616 1 75000 261 1.96 11 588 81300 286 1.61 11 615 83200 272 1.81 616 89100 269 1.81 588

100000 303 1.81 588

100000 269 1.81 588 100000 251 1.81 588 100000 269 1.81 588 100000 269 1.81 588 100000 251 1.81 588 100000 251 1.81 588 100000 251 1.61 588 100000 261 1.96 588 100000 261 1.96 588

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-31
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 11% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .7, continued

Cycles,

N (10'^) MaximumStress, MPa

[Be], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Fteference No.

100000 261 1.96 11 588 100000 303 2.09 11 588 100000 279 2.09 11 588 100000 279 2.09 11 588 100000 279 2.09 11 588 100000 279 2.09 11

1 588 100000 279 2.09 11 1 588 100000 286 1.81 11 616 j 1 100000 272 1.81 11 616 j 1 100000 272 1.81 11 616 100000 272 1.81 11 616 1 100000 272 1.81 11 616 ' 100000 314 1.96 11 616 100000 296 1.96 11 616 100000 276 1.96 11 616 100000 296 1.96 11 616 100000 276 1.96 11 616 100000 276 1.96 11 616 100000 276 1.96 11 616 100000 276 1.96 11 616 100000 296 2.09 11 616 100000 296 2.09 11 616 100000 296 2.09 11 616

11-32
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 11%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.7. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 11% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-7), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are onfiitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.7. Product was in strip form.

Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-33
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress {a J versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium

copper were obtained from References 11.1 and

1 1 .5. The fatigue mode was flexural (H-ratio

equals -1). Products were in strip and bar form.

Cold work, CW, was 21% (reduction in thickness).

(The degree of CW for one set of data from Refer- ence 1 1 .5 was not given, but the authors stated

that the material used for all tests was similar).

Aging temperatures were 573, 588, and 616 K; aging time was 3 h (Reference 11.1) or 1.5 h

(Reference 11.5). Beryllium content, [Be], for the

data reported in Reference 11.1 was 1.81, 1.96,

and 2.09 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(a, - ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants N^, N^, and

Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given o^) were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis. Data from Reference 1 1 .5 (bar stock)

did not follow the fatigue life trend line of data

from Reference 11.1. To determine if the constants in Equation (11-1) varied systematically

with CW, this equation was fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only. (See Figure 11.10).

RESULTS

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life. Air (295 K)

log N = 16.2 - 5.26 log(a^ - 146). (11-8)

where Is In MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.3. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 1 .8, 0.62,

and 26. Table 11.8 presents N, a^, [Be], CIV, aging

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.8 indi- cates the fit of the data to Equation (1 1 -8) and

also shows the data of Reference 1 1 .5. The scatter band represents two standard deviations

about the regression cun/e. The variance of the

data about the line was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, a^. The data from

Reference 1 1 .5, on bar stock, fall slightly above

this scatter band.

DISCUSSION

The constants A/q, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For

both C17000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a

systematic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

A comparison with Figure 1 1 .5 shows that data from axially fatigued specimens with a similar percent of CW and similar aging conditions

(Reference 1 1 .4, unnotched specimens) fall just

slightly below the scatter band for Equation

(11-8).

The equation obtained from the measure- ments of Reference 11.1 was

11-34
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 11.8. Fatigue Life Measurements for CI 7200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 21% Before Aging

(295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

112 590 1.96 21 616 1 135 602 1.81 21 616 1 135 602 1.81 21 616

135 602 1.81 21 616

151 617 2.09 21 588

151 590 1.96 21 616

158 590 1.96 21 616

162 602 1.81 21 616

170 621 1.81 21 588

170 621 1.81 21 588 1 170 602 1.81 21 616 1 186 610 1.96 21 588 1 191 621 1.81 21 588 1 209 621 1.81 21 588 1 209 610 1.96 21 588

211 617 2.09 21 588

211 590 1.96 21 616

229 617 2.09 21 588 1 234 621 1.81 21 588 1 240 617 2.09 21 568 1 240 617 2.09 21 588 1 240 417 1.96 21 616 1 269 507 1.81 21 616 1 275 610 1.96 21 588 1 288 610 1.96 21 588 1 268 610 1.96 21 588 1 295 500 1.96 21 616 1 299 514 2.09 21 616 1 299 514 2.09 21 616 1 300 469 2.12 N.S. 588 324 507 1.81 21 616 1 331 514 2.09 21 616 1 347 507 1.81 21 616 1 355 500 1.96 21 616 1 355 514 2.09 21 616 1 355 514 2.09 21 616 1 372 500 1.96 21 616 1 380 507 1.81 21 616 1 398 507 1.81 21 616

398 500 1.96 21 616 437 512 1.81 21 588 457 500 1.96 21 616 468 552 2.12 N.S. 588 468 521 1.96 21 588

490 512 1.81 21 586

501 427 2.09 21 616

525 521 1.96 21 588

531 510 2.09 21 588

531 510 2.09 21 588

550 521 1.96 21 588

11-35
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural

arid Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .8, continued

N ^^a^^

Kilo vi mi t^n ivicixiiTiurn Stross MPa

wt%

rVilH OOlU WnrU- VVuiK, %

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

562 512 1.81 21 588 575 510 2.09 21 588

575 510 2.09 21 588 1 1 575 427 2.09 21 616

589 521 1.96 21 588 ___

603 512 1.81 21 588 T

603 510 2.09 21 588 —.—

_

631 427 2.09 21 516 __—_____

676 521 1.96 21 586 ________

676 421 1.61 21 616

.—_—_

759 421 1.81 21 616 813 418 1.81 21 616

832 417 1.96 21 616

891 590 1.96 21 616

933 469 2.12 N.S. 588 944 586 2.12 21 573 955 427 2.09 21 616 955 427 2.09 21 616

1000 552 2.12 21 573

1000 417 1.96 21 616

1000 417 1.96 21 616

1020 421 1.81 21 588 1120 517 2.12 N.S. 588 5 1120 423 2.09 21 588 7"

1150 421 1.81 21 616

1150 421 1.81 21 616

1290 421 2.09 21

. 588 1380 423 2.09 21 588 1410 421 1.81 21 588 1585 469 2.12 N.S. 588

1620 422 1.81 21 588

1620 417 1.96 21 616

1660 431 1.96 21 588

1700 422 1.81 21 588

•- —

1700 422 1.81 21 588

1860 431 1.96 21 588

1860 431 1.96 21 588

1910 423 2.09 21 588

2138 496 2.12 N.S. 588 5 2291 495 2.12 N.S. 588 5 2399 456 2.12 N.S. 588 5 2570 423 2.09 21 588 1 2818 517 2.12 21 573 5 3020 315 , 1.96 21 616 1 3550 431 1.96 21 588 1 3890 341 1.81 21 616 1 4070 341 1.81 21 616 1 4467 469 2.12 N.S. 588 5 6610 341 1.61 21 616 1 7240 341 1.81 21 616 1 7940 341 1.81 21 616 1

11-36
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .8, continued

N (10^)

nnciAiiiiuni Stress, MPa

loej. wt%

ryilH ^AiiU Wr>rU VVuiK, %

Aging

viiihi/viatuiw, K

Reference

No.

7943 448 2.12 21 573 5 6320 348 2.09 21 616

6910 341 1.81 21 588 8910 349 1.96 21 588 8910 348 2.09 21 616 8912 482 2.12 21 573 9120 334 1.96 21 616 9330 350 2.09 21 588 9770 331 2.09 21 616

11200 350 2.09 21 588

11500 348 2.09 21 616

12000 323 1.81 21 588

12600 314 1.96 21 616

13183 469 2.12 N.S. 588

13200 333 1.96 21 616

13964 448 2.12 21 573

14100 349 1.96 21 586

14500 294 1.96 21 588 14500 307 1.81 21 616

14800 338 1.81 21 588

15000 314 1.96 21 616

15300 349 1.96 21 588

16200 310 2.09 21 616 '' 17783 462 2.12 21 573

17800 338 1.81 21 586 1 17800 323 1.81 21 588

17800 331 2.09 21 616

16600 352 2.09 21 616

19500 350 2.09 21 586 20400 322 1.81 21 586 21400 314 1.96 21 616 ''_„.... 22400 307 1.81 21 616

22900 314 1.96 21 616

23400 307 2.09 21 588 23714 434 2.12 21 573 24000 321 1.81 21 586 25700 339 1.81 21 588

26300 281 1.96 21 616

26900 349 1.96 21 586

26900 307 1.81 21 616

1 28200 339 1.81 21 586

28200 334 1.96 21 616 28200 331 2.09 21 616 28800 352 2.09 21 616

30200 321 1.81 21 588

31600 334 1.96 21 616

33900 287 1.81 21 616

33900 334 1.96 21 616

33900 310 2.09 21 616

34700 294 1.96 21 588

35500 281 1.96 21 616

C17200: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

11-37
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .8, continued

Cycles,

N (10 ) MaximumStress, MDa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature,

Reference

No.

38900 331 2.09 21 616 1 38904 420 2.12 21 573 5 40700 348 1.96 21 588 1 40700 294 1.96 21 616 1 41700 324 1.96 21 588 1 41700 348 2.09 21 588 1 44668 407 2.12 21 573 45700 308 2.09 21 588 1 50100 349 2.09 21 588 1 50100 293 1.96 21 616 1 51300 322 1.96 21 588 1 51300 331 2.09 21 616 1 52481 448 2.12 N.S. 588 52500 293 1.96 21 616 1 56200 308 2.09 21 588 1 56200 307 1.81 21 616 1 59566 356 2.12 21 573 60300 324 1.96 21 588 1 60300 291 2.09 21 568 1 60300 307 1.81 21 616 1 72400 308 2.09 21 588 1 91200 309 2.09 21 588 1 100000 301 1.81 21 588 1 100000 265 1.81 21 588 1 100000 301 1.81 21 588 100000 301 1.81 21 588 "1 100000 301 1.81 21 588

100000 265 1.81 21 588

100000 265 1.81 21 588 1 100000 265 1.81 21 588 1 100000 265 1.81 21 588 1 100000 324 1.96 21 588 1 100000 295 1.96 21 588 1 100000 270 1.96 21 588 1 100000 324 1.96 21 588 1 100000 295 1.96 21 588 1 100000 295 1.96 21 588 1 100000 270 1.96 21 588 1 100000 270 1.96 21 588 1 100000 270 1.96 21 588 1 100000 270 1.96 21 588 100000 290 2.09 21 568 100000 272 2.09 21 588 100000 290 2.09 21 588 100000 290 2.09 21 588 100000 290 2.09 21 568 100000 272 2.09 21 588 100000 272 2.09 21 588 100000 272 2.09 21 588 100000 272 2.09 21 588 100000 287 1.81 21 616

11-38
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .8, continued

Oycies,

N (^o^\

Maxirnurn

Stress MPa

luej, wt%

L>OIU WOlK,

%

Aging

TAmnArAtiirA K

Referenc© No

100000 269 1.81 21 616

100000 267 1.81 21 616

100000 287 1.81 21 616

100000 287 1.81 21 616

100000 269 1.81 21 616

100000 269 1.81 21 616

100000 269 1.81 21 616

100000 269 1.81 21 616

100000 293 1.96 21 616

100000 279 1.96 21 616

100000 293 1.96 21 616

100000 279 1.96 21 616 100000 279 1.96 21 616

100000 310 2.09 21 616 100000 290 2.09 21 616

100000 310 2.09 21 616 100000 310 2.09 21 616

100000 290 2.09 21 616 100000 290 2.09 21 616 100000 290 2.09 21 616

100000 290 2.09 21 616

154882 393 2.12 21 573 5 218776 379 2.12 21 573 5 354813 324 2.12 21 573 5

N.S. = not specified.

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-39
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 21%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Figure 11.8. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 21% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-8), In which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .8. Products were in strip (Reference

11.1) and t>ar form (Reference 11.5). Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-40
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress {a J versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C1 7200 beryllium

copper were obtained from References 11.1 and

1 1 .6. The fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1). Product was in strip form. Cold-work,

CW, was 37 or 40% (reduction in thickness).

Aging temperatures were 588, 616, and 698 K; aging time was 3 h (Reference 1 1.1) or varied

(Reference 11.6). Beryllium content, [Be], for the

data reported in Reference 11.1 was 1.81, 1.96,

and 2.09 wt%.

In the analysis, N is treated as the dependent variable, and the equation used to analyze

the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is

\ogN = N, + N, log(a,-ao). (11-1)

The measurements were fitted to this equation by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- cedure that determines the constants A/g, N^, and

Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given o^) were obtained, both test results were included in the measurement set used for the regression

analysis. Although the data from Reference 1 1 .6 follows the fatigue life trend line of the data from

Reference 11.1 fairly well, for consistency in determining the behavior of the constants of Equation (11-1) with CW, this equation was refitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only. (See Figure

11.10).

RESULTS

log N = 24.6 - 8.04 log(a^ + 4.03), (11-9)

where is in MPa. The standard deviation of the fit (in units of log N) is 0.4. The standard

deviations of the three constants are 7.1, 2.33,

and 1 14.50. Since the uncertainty of the last constant, Gq, exceeds the value of the constant,

is not well determined from this data set. Table 11.9 presents N, o^, [Be], CIV, aging

temperature, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.9 indi- cates the fit of the data to Equation (1 1 -9) and

also shows the data of Reference 1 1 .6. The scatter band represents two standard deviations

about the regression curve. The variance of the

data about the line was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent variable, o^. Data from Refer- ence 11.6 are consistent with Equation (11-9) determined from analysis of data from Reference

11.1.

DISCUSSION

The constants Nq, N^, and from Equation

(11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For

both CI 7000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers, a

systematic variation of these constants with CW

was observed.

The equation obtained from the measure- ments of Reference 11.1 was

Table 11.9. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 37% Before Aging

(295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

63 758 1.90 40 588 6 63 690 1.90 40 588 6 89 548 1.90 40 588 6 108 690 1.90 40 588 6

11-41
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .9, continued

uyciss,

IN ^ lU / Maximum

Stress, MPa

fRol Wl /o

UOIG VVOrK,

/o

Aging 1 Reference Temperature, No. K

1 126 627 1.90 40 588 5_ I 150 627 1.90 40 588 6 158 552 1.90 40 588 6 158 545 2.09 37 616

158 545 2.09 37 616

178 476 1.90 40 588

166 627 2.09 37 588 186 603 1.81 37 616

^

186 603 1.81 37 616

186 545 2.09 37 616

191 600 1.96 37 616

195 603 1.81 37 616

195 603 1.81 37 616

195 603 1.81 37 616

200 600 1.96 37 616 l"~ 204 590 1.81 37 588

209 627 2.09 37 588 224 552 1.90 40 588

229 545 2.09 37 616

229 545 2.09 37 616 234 600 1.96 37 616

234 600 1.96 37 616

240 600 1.96 37 616

251 627 2.09 37 588 266 508 1.81 37 615

269 552 1.96 37 588 1 282 486 2.09 37 616

:

299 552 1.96 37 588

299 505 1.96 37 616

302 590 1.81 37 588 302 590 1.81 37 588

331 590 1.81 37 588

335 627 2.09 37 588 347 590 1.81 37 588

355 410 1.90 40 588

355 508 1.81 37 616 1 372 486 2.09 37 616 ;

380 627 2.09 37 588

380 505 1.96 37 616

398 508 1.81 37 616 407 552 1.96 37 588 407 505 1.96 37 616 422 486 2.09 37 616 437 505 1.96 37 616 457 508 1.81 37 616 457 508 1.81 37 616 468 486 2.09 37 616 473 483 1.90 40 588 473 505 1.96 37 616

501 552 1.96 37 588

501 552 1.96 37 588

11-42
11, BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37% Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 1 1 .9, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

501 515 2.09 37 588 1 525 386 2.09 37 616 1 531 483 1.90 40 588 603 501 1.81 37 588 1 603 486 2.09 37 616 1 661 501 1.81 37 588 1 708 501 1.81 37 588 1 724 515 2.09 37 588 1 724 421 1.81 37 616 724 421 1.81 37 616 1 832 500 1.81 37 588 1 851 421 1.61 37 616 1 891 500 1.61 37 588 1 912 515 2.09 37 588 1 912 421 1.96 37 616 1 933 474 1.96 37 588 1 933 474 1.96 37 588 1 955 325 2.09 37 616 1 1050 474 1.96 37 588 1 1070 386 2.09 37 616 1 1120 421 1.81 37 616 1 1170 474 1.96 37 588 1 1170 386 2.09 37 616 1 1260 421 1.96 37 616 1 1350 421 1.81 37 616 1 1350 421 1.96 37 616 1 1412 341 1.90 40 588 1480 417 1.81 37 588 1 1480 517 2.09 37 588 1 1550 474 1.96 37 588 1 1580 517 2.09 37 588 1 1660 386 2.09 37 616 1 1700 421 1.96 37 616 1 1860 417 1.81 37 588 1 1860 421 1.96 37 616 1 2950 398 1.96 37 588 1 2950 431 2.09 37 588 1 2985 414 1.90 40 588 3240 431 2.09 37 588 1 3467 420 1.90 40 588 3550 431 2.09 37 588 3800 341 1.81 37 616 3980 417 1.81 37 588 3980 431 2.09 37 588 4170 417 1.81 37 588 4170 398 1.96 37 588 4790 417 1.81 37 588 4790 341 1.96 37 616 5130 322 2.09 37 616 5890 431 2.09 37 588 6760 324 2.09 37 616

11-43
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .9, continued

Cycles,

N (10 ) MaximumStress, MPs IVIl CI

[Be], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature,

Reference

No.

6760 324 2.09 37 616 1 7240 398 1.96 37 588 7240 341 1.81 37 616 1 7240 324 1.81 37 616 8220 341 1.81 37 616 8320 398 1.96 37 588 '1 9330 324 2.09 37 616 1 9550 421 2.09 37 588 10600 338 1.81 37 588 10700 321 1.96 37 588 1 11220 276 1.90 40 588 11500 398 1.96 37 588 1 11700 341 1.81 37 616 1 12600 421 2.09 37 586 1 12600 341 1.81 37 616 "1 13335 338 1.90 40 588 13500 338 1.81 37 588 1 13500 300 1.81 37 588 1 14500 324 1.81 37 616

15100 421 2.09 37 588 1 15849 338 1.90 40 588 16200 338 1.81 37 588 16600 421 2.09 37 588 19100 338 1.81 37 588 1 20900 303 2.09 37 616 21400 324 1.81 37 616 23400 322 1.96 37 616

24500 321 1.96 37 588 25700 290 1.81 37 616 26300 338 1.81 37 588 26600 285 1.96 37 588 26600 290 2.09 37 616 26900 324 1.81 37 616 29500 286 1.81 37 616 29500 341 1.96 37 616 29500 341 1.96 37 616 33900 321 1.96 37 616 1 37200 286 1.81 37 616 37200 303 2.09 37 616 40700 338 1.96 37 616 1 41700 382 2.09 37 588 1 45700 305 1.81 37 616 46800 338 1.96 37 616 50100 324 1.81 37 616 52500 303 2.09 37 616 56200 265 1.81 37 588 56200 321 1.96 37 588 74100 285 1.96 37 588 87100 301 1.81 37 588 89100 421 2.09 37 588 89100 290 2.09 37 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-44
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Table 1 1 .9, continued

Cycles,

N (10 ) Maximum

Stress, MPa

[Be], wt%Cold Work,

%

Aging

Temperature,

i\

Reference

No.

93300 324 1.96 37 616 •1 100000 300 1.81 37 588 1 100000 265 1.81 37 588 1 100000 300 1.81 37 588 1 100000 300 1.81 37 588 1 100000 265 1.81 37 588 1 100000 265 1.81 37 588 100000 265 1.81 37 588 1 100000 321 1.96 37 588 1 100000 285 1.96 37 588 1 100000 252 1.96 37 588 1 100000 321 1.96 37 588 1 100000 285 1.96 37 588 1 100000 285 1.96 37 588 100000 252 1.96 37 588 1 100000 252 1.96 37 588 100000 252 1.96 37 588 1 100000 252 1.96 37 588 1 100000 379 2.09 37 588 100000 379 2.09 37 588 > 100000 379 2.09 37 588 "I 100000 379 2.09 37 588 "I 100000 307 1.61 37 616 1 100000 290 1.81 37 616

100000 307 1.81 37 616

100000 307 1.81 37 616 "I 100000 307 1.81 37 616 100000 290 1.81 37 616 100000 301 1.96 37 616 1 100000 301 1.96 37 616 1 100000 301 1.96 37 616 1 100000 301 1.96 37 616 100000 301 1.96 37 616 100000 301 1.96 37 616

100000 305 2.09 37 616

100000 290 2.09 37 616 100000 272 2.09 37 616 100000 305 2.09 37 616 100000 290 2.09 37 616 100000 272 2.09 37 616 100000 272 2.09 37 616

100000 272 2.09 37 616

100000 272 2.09 37 616

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

11-45
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Figure 1 1.9. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 37% before aging are shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve

given by Equation (11-9), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .9. Product was in strip form.

Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-46
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked 37%

and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life. Air (295 K)

200

100 o

o.^ 0

b°

-100

-200

z

< 0

C17000

295 K

C17200

295 K —^-

/ / /

/

/

/

'

>•

-7

• —c—

/

<

•

Z -4

o

'-^ z"

Q -8

LU

»—u

Q -12

LU« 40

Q.

•

> •\

•

-

30

o

Z

20

/

/

/

•

N - *"

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

COLD WORK, percent COLD WORK, percent

Figure 11.10. The constants Nq, N, and Oq from Equation (11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only, are shown as a function of cold work.

log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(a^ - ao) (11-1)

11-47
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged; Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Cold-worked and Aged Life, Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of maximum stress (cr^) ver- sus the number of cycles to failure (A/) of C17200

beryllium copper at temperatures ranging from 20

to 300 K were obtained from References 1 1.7 and

1 1 .8. The fatigue mode was flexural, with an

f?-ratio of -1 (Reference 1 1 .7) or not specified

(Reference 11.8). Specimens were tested in the

annealed and aged and the cold-worked and

aged conditions. Aging temperatures were 588 K

(Reference 11.7) and 644 K (Reference 11.8);

aging times ranged from 0.33 to 3 h. The amount

of cold work, CW, was 21 and 31% (reduction in thickness). Product was in sheet form. The ef- fect of grain size, d, at 200 and 300 K was reported in Reference 1 1 .8. Tests below room temperature were carried out with the test specimens immersed in the coolant.

RESULTS

Table 11.10 presents values of test temperature, N, a^, d, and the reference number for specimens in the annealed and aged condition.

Table 11.11 presents values of test temperature,

N, o^, CW, d, and the reference number for specimens in the cold-worked and aged condition.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end

of the fatigue properties section.

Figure 11.11 presents measurements on

specimens in the annealed and aged condition,

and Figure 11.12 presents measurements on

specimens in the cold-worked and aged condition. Both figures show an improvement In fa- tigue life with decreasing temperature. The data

from Reference 1 1 .8 show, in general, a slight improvement with decreasing d. Also, if data from

Reference 11.8 are compared in Figures 11.11 and 11.12, the specimens in the cold-worked and

aged conditions had a longer fatigue life for a

given stress level than did specimens in the an- nealed and aged conditions. This is in agreement

with data from Reference 1 1 .3 for axial fatigue

shown in Figure 1 1 .5. However, a similar comparison of data from Reference 11.7 in Figures

11.11 and 11.12 leads to a different result: at 294

and 20 K, the fatigue life of the annealed and

aged specimens is longer for a given stress level than is the fatigue life of the cold-worked and

aged specimens. The aging conditions reported

in the two references are somewhat different: Reference 11.7 reports longer aging times at lower temperatures than does Reference 1 1 .8. In both cases, tensile and yield strengths at room

temperature are higher in the cold-worked and

aged condition than in the annealed and aged

condition. Increased tensile strength was found

to correlate with longer fatigue life in copper (see

Section 4).

DISCUSSION

Data presented in Reference 1 1 .9 on an- nealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper at

A/ « 10^ show an improvement in fatigue strength

at 123 K compared with fatigue strength at 412 K.

Table 11.10. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper (20-300 K).

Test Temperature, K

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

Grain Size, ^mReference

No.

20 132.0 1014 N.S. 7 20 219.0 958 N.S. 7 20 295.0 910 N.S. 7 20 417.0 841 N.S. 7 20 912.0 786 N.S. 7 20 1020.0 724 N.S. 7 77 70.8 903 N.S. 7 77 77.6 848 N.S. 7 77 112.0 765 N.S. 7 77 186.0 696 N.S. 7

11-48
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged; Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Cold-worked and Aged Life. Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

Table 11.10, continued

1 6S1

1 oi 1 ifjoi aiui K N M0^\

iVIclXn 1 lUl TI

MPa

Grdin Siz6, r-— 1 Heferenc©

77 245.0 627 N.S. 7 77 479.0 558 N.S. 7 77 1350.0 490 N.S. 7 194 15.0 938 N.S. 7 194 30.2 848 N.S. 7 194 58.9 786 N.S. 7 194 106.0 717 N.S. 7 194 186.0 593 N.S. 7 194 209.0 648 N.S. 7 194 398.0 524 N.S. 7 194 692.0 483 N.S. 7 200 123.0 483 30 8 200 447.0 414 30 8 200 457.0 379 30 8 200 490.0 345 30 8 200 933.0 310 30 8 200 1350.0 276 30 8 200 3020.0 241 30 8 200 20000.0 228 30 8 200 27500.0 234 30 8 200 141.0 414 100

1 8 200 234.0 379 100 8 200 407.0 345 100 8 200 741.0 310 100 8 200 1050.0 293 100 8 200 2290.0 262 100 8 200 3020.0 276 100 8 200 6760.0 241 100 8 200 20400.0 248 100 8 200 20400.0 234 100 8 294 12.9 917 N.S. 7 294 43.7 772 N.S. 7 294 47.9 772 N.S. 7 294 132.0 572 N.S. 7 294 473.0 490 N.S. ' 294 1330.0 386 N.S. 7 294 16600.0 283 N.S. 7 300 27.5 517 30 8 300 33.5 483 30 8 300 52.5 414 30 8 300 57.5 448 30 8 300 158.0 379 30 8 300 174.0 345 30 8 300 347.0 276 30 8 300 376.0 310 30 8 300 617.0 255 30 8 300 741.0 241 30 8 300 1060.0 228 30 8 300 1380.0 217 30 8 300 19500.0 207 30 8 300 85.1 345 100 8

11-49
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.10, continued

Test Temperature, KCycles,

N (10'^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

Grain Size, Reference

No.

300 186.0 276 100 8 300 427.0 221 100 8 300 525.0 241 100 8 300 741.0 207 100 8 300 933.0 193 100 8 300 1550.0 200 100 8 300 1780.0 172 100 8 300 7760.0 179 10Q

N.S. = not specified.

Table 11.11. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper (2-300 K).

Test

1 vSi 1 luci diuf O) K

r— 1 Cycles,

IN ^lu ; MaximumStress, MPa

OOIQ WOrK,

TO

1

1 Grain Size, /im

Reference

Nln

20 39.8 1124 21 N.S. 7

20 42.7 979 21 N.S. 7 20 43.7 814 21 N.S. 7

20 93.3 979 21 N.S. 7

20 93.3 731 21 N.S. 7 20 174.0 655 21 N.S. 7 20 372.0 607 21 N.S. 7 20 1070.0 569 21 N.S. 7 77 23.4 896 21 N.S. 7 77 56.2 852 21 N.S. 7

77 74.1 752 21 N.S. 7 77 100.0 779 21 N.S. 7 77 145.0 703 21 N.S. 7 77 178.0 617 21 N.S. 7 77 912.0 552 21 N.S. 7 77 1000.0 586 21 N.S. 7 194 20.9 821 21 N.S. 7 194 95.5 596 21 N.S. 7 194 266.0 531 21 N.S. 7 194 1350.0 448 21 N.S. 7 200 204.0 483 37 75 8 200 339.0 414 37 75 8 200 1050.0 379 37 75 8 200 2400.0 345 37 75 8 200 8510.0 310 37 75 8 200 8510.0 276 37 75 8 200 15500.0 262 37 75 8 200 33100.0 255 37 75 8 200 41700.0 269 37 75 8 200 50100.0 241 37 75 8 200 841.0 414 37 29 8 200 871.0 448 37 29 8 200 1700.0 396 37 29 8

Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Life, Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

11-50
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.11, continued

Test Temperature, KCycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

Cold Work,

%

Grain Size, Reference

No.

200 2950.0 379 37 29 8 200 7080.0 362 37 29 8 200 8710.0 345 37 29 8 200 21900.0 324 37 29 8 200 23400.0 310 37 29 8 200 29500.0 303 37 29 8 294 21.9 676 21 N.S. 7 294 25.1 738 21 N.S. 7 294 27.5 752 21 N.S. 7 294 33.1 627 21 N.S. 7 294 35.5 676 21 N.S. 7 294 41.7 593 21 N.S. 7 294 168.0 517 21 N.S. 7 294 473.0 441 21 N.S. 7 294 1660.0 372 21 N.S. 7 294 1780.0 345 21 N.S. 7 294 10500.0 300 21 N.S. 7 300 56.2 517 37 75 8 300 72.4 463 37 75 8 300 102.0 448 37 75 8 300 162.0 414 37 75 8 300 240.0 379 37 75 8 300 355.0 345 37 75 8 300 531.0 310 37 75 8 300 912.0 276 37 75 6 300 1000.0 255 37 75 8 300 1580.0 241 37 75 8 300 9550.0 207 37 75 8 300 20900.0 221 37 75 8 300 20900.0 200 37 75 8 300 112.0 448 37 41 8 300 263.0 379 37 41 8 300 331.0 414 37 41 8 300 457.0 345 37 41 8 300 603.0 310 37 41 8 300 891.0 290 37 41 8 300 1450.0 262 37 41 8 300 2510.0 248 37 41 a 300 3090.0 234 37 41 8 300 20900.0 214 37 41 8

N.S. = not specified.

Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Life, Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

11-51
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Life, Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

1000

GRAIN

REF. TEMP.. K SIZE. UM

• 7 20. N.S. o 7 77. N.S. 7 194. N.S. 7 294. N.S. A 8 200. 30.

A 8 200. 100.

8 300. 30.

8 300. 100.

lO** 10' FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.11. Fatigue life curves at 20 to 300 K for CI 7200 beryllium copper in the annealed and aged

condition are shown. One point from Reference 11.7 at 20 K (a^ = 1020 MPa) does not appear in the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.10. Product was in sheet form. Arrows denote

completion of test before failure. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)

11-52
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Stress-controlled Flexural Fatigue

Life, Air, Liquid (20-300 K)

1000

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.12. Fatigue life curves at 20 to 300 K for C17200 beryllium copper in the cold-worked and

aged condition are shown. One point from Reference 11.7 at 194 K (a^ = 1350 MPa) does not appear in the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.11. Product was in sheet form. Arrows

denote completion of test before failure. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)

11-53
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17500, C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the maximum

stress (a^) versus the number of cycles to failure {N) for cold-worked and aged C17500 and

C17510 beryllium copper were obtained from

References 11.10, 11.11, and 11.12. The fatigue

mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1). Aging

conditions and percent of cold work were not

specified. Product was in bar (Reference 11. 10) or strip form (References 11.11 and 11.12). In Reference 11.11, data on specimens in both the transverse and longitudinal orientations were

reported.

RESULTS

All data are presented in Table 11.12 which

gives N, a^, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the

fatigue properties section. Figure 11.13 preStress-controlled Flexural

Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

sents the fatigue life curves. The measurements

from Reference 11.12 on C17500 and CI 7510

show that the fatigue life of C17500 was somewhat longer than that of C17510, for a given

stress level, although the yield and tensile strengths were identical. Measurements from

Reference 11.11 on C17510 indicate that the fa- tigue life at a given stress level for transverse specimens is considerably longer than that of specimens with a longitudinal orientation. The

yield and tensile strengths were higher in the transverse orientation than in the longitudinal

orientation.

DISCUSSION

Additional data presented in Reference 11.11 on 37% cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium

copper indicate that its fatigue life characteristics are similar to those of C17510 in the transverse

orientation.

Table 11.12. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cold-worked and Aged C17500 and CI 7510 Beryllium

Copper (295 K).

Cycles,

N (10^) Maximum

Stress, MPa

Reference

No.

133 414 11

211 414 11 237 345 12 292 379 10 316 345 12 531 345 12 546 483 11 631 345 12 794 486 11 891 381 11 900 310 10 1188 448 11 1334 276 12 1372 448 11 1412 276 10 1412 348 11 2113 276 12 2661 276 12 2818 276 12 3868 417 11 4467 417 11 7000 241 10

11-54
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17500, C17510: Cold-worked Stress-controlled Flexural

and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)

Table 11.12, continued

Cycles,

N (10^) MaximumStress, MPa

Reference

^to.

15399 276 11 17783 241 12 23041 310 11 90000 207 10

1000

800

600

o

UI

ec

><<

400

200

100

1 III 1 III 1 III 1 III 1 Ml

295 K

REF. • 10 C17510

C17510 IRAK

C17510 LONG

O 1111 ISVERSE

IITUDINAL

12 A 12C17500

C17510

>

1 III 1 IN 1 III 1 III 1 III

10* 10= 10* 10' 10' 10' FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.13. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for cold-worl<ecl and aged C17500 and C17510 beryliium

copper are shown. All data are presented in Table 11.12. Products were in bar (Reference 11.10)

and strip form (References 11.11 and 11.12). Arrows denote completion of test before failure.

11-55
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

No measurements of strain-controlled fatigue

life on C17200 beryllium copper were located.

Such measurements would be expected to follow

the Coffin-Manson law (Reference 11.13)

Aep = khf", (11-10)

where ACp is the plastic strain range and N is the

number of cycles to failure. Reference 11.14 presents cyclic measure- ments under fully reversed strain control of coldworked and aged Cl 7200 beryllium copper. The

cyclic strain-hardening parameters K' and n'

Act

( — = K' [ — and Aa is the stress amplitude)

2 2 were obtained in these studies. Specimens were

Strain-controlled Axial

Fatigue Lile, Air (295 K)

subjected to cycles of increasing strain amplitude

followed by cycles of decreasing strain amplitude.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements for these tests is given in Table

1 1.14 at the end of the fatigue properties section.

It Is unclear from the reference whether the

Cl 7200 beryllium copper was aged after cold

working. The degree of cold work was not

specified.

DISCUSSION

The cyclic stress-strain coefficient K' and the

exponent n' can be related to fatigue life and fa- tigue crack-growth rate. See Reference 11.14 for discussion of such empirical and theoretical rela- tionships.

11-56
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17500,C17510: Cold-worked Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

and Aged Life, Air (295. 423 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the plastic strain range (ACp) versus the number of cycles to failure

(A/) for cold-worked and aged C1 7500 and

C17510 beryllium copper were obtained from

References 11.15 and 11.16. Plastic strain range

values were reported in Reference 11.15; Refer- ence 11.16 reports strain range without specifying

whether total strain or plastic strain is meant. The

amount of cold work was 40% (Reference 11.16) or 65% (Reference 11.15). Aging conditions were

3 h at 755 K (Reference 11.16) or not specified

(Reference 11.15).

Strain-controlled fatigue data are expected

to follow the Coffin-Manson law (Reference

11.13),

A€p = k A/"". (11-10)

RESULTS

Table 11.13 presents test temperature, N,

ACp, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the fatigue

properties section. Figure 11.14 presents the fa- tigue life curve. The data from Reference 11.16

show a decrease in fatigue life for a given

when the temperature is increased from 295 to 423 K.

Table 11.13. Fatigue Life Measurements of Cold-worked and Aged C17500 and C17510 Beryllium

Copper (295 and 423 K).

Test Temperature, KCycles,

N (10^)

Plastic Strain RangeReference

No.

295 0.40 0.01800 16 295 0.60 0.01700 16 295 1.00 0.01580 16 295 2.00 0.01410 16 295 4.00 0.01240 16 295 6.00 0.01140 16 295 7.00 0.01100 16 296 0.32 0.00500 15 298 0.72 0.00300 15 298 1.95 0.00200 15 298 5.72 0.00100 15 423 0.20 0.01800 16 423 0.40 0.01630 16 423 0.60 0.01540 16 423 1.00 0.01410 16 423 2.00 0.01240 16 423 4.00 0.01070 16 423 6.00 0.00975 16 423 8.00 0.00900 16

11-57
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17500, C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue

Life, Air (295, 423 K)

0.02

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 11.14. Fatigue life curves at 295 and 423 K for cold-worl<ed and aged C17500 and C17510

beryllium copper are shown. All data are presented In Table 11.12. Product was in bar form

(Reference 11.15) or not specified (Reference 11.16).

11-58

11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.14. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID

Specification C17000 CI 7000 CI 7000 CI 7000

Composition (wt%)

Cu > 97.85 97.78 > 97.85 97.78 Cu + Ag > 97.86 97.79 > 97.86 97.79 Be 1.59 1.70 1.59 1.70

Ni 0.010 0.002 0.010 0.002 Co 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20

Ni + Co — — — —

Ni + Fe + Co

Al 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Fe 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.11

Si 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Others (a) (b) (a) (b) (Unly > 0.001 wt%)

IViclloilcll OvilUllluri rVklH OUIU'iUIIOlJ, mllArl 11%. 1 ln>f PjnIrl.mllAH 11%. 616 K, 3 h 616 K, 3 hr 21%, 37%, aged (c) 21%, 37%. aged (c)

£0 fint Of\ II im flit I OK OK on lim OK on 9n iim

Hardness Rc 30.9, 34.4 Rc 34.3, 36.8 R^ 32.2^7.3 Rp 35.7-38.5

Product Form Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thicl< 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick

^ Specimen Type Flat Rat Rat Rat

Width or Dia. Thicl<ness Length

"R" Ratio - 1 -

- 1 - 1 Test Frequency

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: < 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.005.

(b) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(c) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.

11-60
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

1P1 ^ 1 o 1 i-i 1 n

1

1

1

C17200 C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200

> 97.49 > 97.36 > 97.20 > 97.49 > 97.36 > 97.50 > 97.38 > 97.22 > 97.50 > 97.38

1.81 1.96 2.09 1.81 1.96

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.26

0.05 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.07

0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.13 0.11

(a) (b) (c) (a) (b)

Aged, 588 K or Aged, 588 K or Aged, 588 K or Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%, 616 K, 3 h 616 K 616 K, 3 hr 21%, 37%, aged (d) 21%, 37%, aged (d)

25 iim 25 iim 20 iim 25 Mm 25 iim

Rc 38, 39.4 Rc 40.8, 41.9 R(. 41.2, 42.3 Rj. 3&-41.5 R^ 40.1-43

Strip, Rtrin Oil tfjf Strip, Strip, 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick

Rat Rat Rat Rat Rat

- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.

(b) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

(c) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

(d) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.

11-61
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.14, continued

Reference No. 1J 3A 3B 3C

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

uomposition (wt%) > 97.20 98.2 98.2 98.2 Cu + Ag > 97.22 Be 2.09 1.8 1.8 1.8 Ni 0.02 — — —

Co 0.26 — — —

Mi X fV> INI + L»0

Ni + Fe + Co — — — —

A! 0.05 Fe 0.14

Si 0.17 — — —

Others (a) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Annealed, 1073 K Annealed, 1073 K, Annealed, 1073 K, 21%, 37%, aged (b) aaed (d) cold-drawn, 60%,

and aged (e)

Grain Size 20, 25, 20 iim — — —

Hardness 40.4-44.2 — — —

Product Form Strip, Bar, Bar, Bar, 0.25-cm-thick 1 .27-cm-dia. 1 .27-cm-dia. 1.27-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Rat Round (c) Round (c) Round (c) widtn or uia. Thicl<ness Length

"R" Ratio - 1 0 0 0

Test Frequency 158 Hz 158 Hz 158 Hz

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.

(b) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.

(c) Specimens chemically and electrolytically polished before testing.

(d) Aging conditions not specified.

(e) Aged: 600 K, 0.3 h.

11-62
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

3D 4 5A 5B 6

C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200

98.2 97.54 97.42 97.9

1 ft 1.&-2.05 1 Q

0.20-0.60 (c) U.O 1 r\ An —

0.20-0.60 (c) — —

0.2

_

—

Mill —

0.07 —

—

0.09 —

—

—

Annealed, 1073 K, Cold-worked, 21%, Aged, 573 K, 1.5 h (f) Cold-drawn, 21%, Cold-worked, 40%,

coiu-virawn, du^, aged, 588 K, 3 h ayeu, Of o i\i 1 -O n ageu \r\j and over-aged (a) — — 25 /im —

Rq 99.1 98.2, 102.2

Bar, Bar, Bar, Bar, 1.27-cm-dia. 2.8-cm-dia. 1.3-cm-dia. 1.3-cm-dla.

Round (b) Round (d) Round (o) Round (a) V/

(e) 0.76 cm 0.76 cm

4.6 cm 4.6 cm

0

158 Hz

0 20-25 Hz 58 Hz 58 Hz 30 Hz

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aged: 600 K, 24 h.

(b) Specimens chemically and electrolytically polished before testing.

(c) Nickel or cobalt, or both.

(d) Unnotched specimens sanded lightly before testing.

(e) Unnotched speciments, 0.76-cm-dia.; notched specimens, 1.2-cm-dia.

(f) Extent of previous cold work not specified.

(g) Specimens polished mechanically before testing.

(h) Aged: 588 K, 2 hr; 588 K, 24 h; 698 K, 24 h.

(!) Specimens chemically polished before testing.

11-63
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.14, continued

Reference No. 7A 7B 8A 88

Specification C17200 C17200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.40 97.35 97.59 97.49 Cu + Ag 97.42 97.37 Be 1.89 1.94 1.89 1.95

Ni 0.01 0.015 0.01 0.01 Co 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.25

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

Al 0 06 n OQ

Fe 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.13

Si 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.07

Otiiers (a) (©) Sn: 0.01 bn: 0.02, Zn: 0.06

fOnlv > 0 001 wt%^

Mdtori&l Condition uoia-roiiou, ^1%, /\Qea, d44 ^, u.o n Agea, 044 }\, u.o n aged, 008 k, 2 n

Grain Size 30 /tm 100 |tm

ncii ui 362 (b) 368 (b)

r^iwvjuViri 1 v/i 1 1

Sheet Sheet Sheet

0.053-cm-thick 0.20-cm-thick 0.16-cm-thick 0.16-cm-thick

Specimen Type Rat (c) Rat (c) Rat Rat

Width or Dia. Thickness

Length 5.7 cm 5.7 cm

"R" Ratio - 1 - 1 Test Frequency (d) (d)

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 20-294 K 20-294 K 200, 300 K 200, 300 K

(a) Mn: 0.005; Cr: 0.006; Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.03.

(b) 5-kg load.

(c) Specimens mechanically polished before testing.

(d) Frequency: 20 K, 58 Hz; all other temperatures, 30 Hz.

(e) Mn: 0.004; Cr: 0.001; Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.03.

11-64
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

8C 8D 10 11 12A

C17200 C17200 C17510 C17510 C17500

97.59 97.69

1.89 0.021.84 0.02 n\J. ifl 1 o

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2 —

———

—

0.06

0.09

0.09

0.03 0.12

0.09

Sn: 0.03 — — —

Cold-rolled, 37%,

aged, 644 K, 0.3^ h

Cold-rolled, 37%,

aged, 644 K, 0.33 h

Cold-worked and

aged (b)

Cold-worked and

aged (b)

Cold-worked and

aged (b)

75 fim (a) 41 iim (a) — — —

D A O "c ^2

Sheet, 0.16-cm-thickorieet, 0.16-cm-thick

bar Strip Ctrl A otrip

Rat Rat Rat (c) Rat

5.7 cm 5.7 cm

0.02 cm 0.05 cm

-

1

- 1 27 Hz

- 1 26 Hz

200, 300 K 200, 300 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Grain size converted from grains/cm'' using ASTM standard El 12-85.

(b) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(c) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.

11-65
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Constants (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 11.14, continued

Reference No. 12B 14 15 16

Specification C17510 CI 7200 CI 7500 C17510

Composition (wt%)

Cu — — 96.7 (i) Cu + Ag

Be — 1.92 0.54 0.2-0.6

Ni — 0.03 (e) 1.4-2.2 Co 0.25 2.6

Ni + Co _

Ni + Fe + Co — — —

A! 0.05 Fe " — 0.05 — —

Ol n 1 Others (b) (Only > 0.001 wt%)

IVIcllollal wUilUlllUil ouiu*wuiKeu anu wOlu-WUIKoU, OOn>, OOlU-WOlKoQ, HUtd,

flriAH oyoU| 7iv(\ f k'r\, O^ h11

Grain Size — — 10 /im —

Hardness

Product Fornn Bar, Bar, 1.9-cm-dia. 1.6-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Rat Round (g) —

Widtli or Dia. 0.76 cm (h) Thicl<ness 0.05 cm

Length 1 1 .5 cm 0.7 cm

"R" Ratio - 1 (d) -

Test Frequency 26 Hz 0.17 Hz

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 298 K 295, 423 K

(a) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(b) 2n: 0.025; Ag: 0.013-0.02; Mn: 0.009; Pb: 0.004; Cr: 0.003.

(c) The degree of cold work and whether or not specimens were aged were unspecified.

(d) Specimens subjected to cyclic tests of variable strain amplitude and variable strain rate.

(e) Fe + Ni: 0.25.

(f) Aging conditions not specified.

(g) Specimens polished before testing.

(h) Specimen geometry not specified, cross section = 0.32 cm^.

(i) Cu + Be + Ni: 99.5 wt%.

11-66
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Properties (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

1. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., "The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium

Alloy Strip," American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication No. 367,

109 pp (1964).

2. "Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures," Vol. 1 , Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., MIL-HDBK-5E (1987).

3. Uoyd, C. H., and Loretto, M. H., 'The Effect of Precipitate Distribution on the Tensile and Fatigue

Behaviour of a Copper-1.8% Beryllium Alloy." Metal Science 9, 195-200 (1975).

4. Weisman, M. H., Melill, J., and Matsuda, T., "Uni-directional Axial Tension Fatigue Tests of Beryllium Copper and Several Precipitation Hardening Corrosion-Resistant Steels," in American

Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Publication 196, 123-142 (1956).

5. Anderson, A. R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the

American Society for Testing Materials 41, 849-858 (1941).

6. Bonfield, W., "Precipitate Substructure and Fatigue of Cu 1 .9 Wt% Be," Scripta Metallurgica 6, 77-80 (1972).

7. Favor, R. J., Gideon, D. N., Grover, H. J., Hayes, J. E., and McClure, G. M., "Investigation of Fatigue Behavior of Certain Alloys in the Temperature Range Room Temperature to -423 F," Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADD Technical Report 61-132, 116 pp (1961).

8. Bornemann, A., and Gela, T., "Studies in the Behavior of Certain Non-ferrous Metals at Low

Temperatures," Vol. I, Pierce Memorial Laboratory for Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Contract No. DA 36-039-SC-1 5393, Signal Corps Project

2005-M08-METALS, 95-109 (1953).

9. Wolff, R. P., and Dodd, R. A., "Fatigue Properties of Some Age-hardened Alloys," Materials

Research and Standards 3, 734-735 (1963).

10. Guha, A., and Spiegelberg, W. D., "Development of a Nickel-containing Beryllium Copper Alloys

for Connector Applications," in Annual Connector and Interconnection Technology Symposium,

Fort Washington, PA, 133-140 (1979).

11. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and

Electronic Applications," in Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection Technology

Symposium Proceedings, Electronic Connector Study Group Inc., Fort Washington, PA,

131-140 (1983).

12. Guha, A., "Properties of Beryllium Copper Alloy CI 7510," in Copper and Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F. W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

TN, CONF-830466, 144-150 (1984).

13. Coffin, L. F., Jr., and Tavernelli, J. F., 'The Cyclic Straining and Fatigue of Metals," Transactions

of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 215, 794-807 (1959). Also in a

report from General Electric Research Laboratory, Research Information Section, The Knolls,

Schenectady, New York, Report No. 58-RL-2100, 32 pp. (1958).

11-67
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Properties (All) and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

14. Benson, D. K., and Hancock, J. R., 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Cyclic Stress-Strain

Response of Metals," National Technical Infornnation Service, Springfield, VA, AD-762 610, 28 pp.

(1973).

15. Taplin, D. M. R., and Collins, A. L. W., 'The Cyclic Stress Response of Copper Alloys at 100—500 °C," in International Copper Research Association, Inc., New York, NY, INCRA Project

No. 228(B), unpaged (1976).

16. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of CuBeNi Alloy (CI 7510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corp., Components and Materials Technology

Group, Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545, 19 pp. (1985).

11-68
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked creep Strain vs. Elapsed

and Aged Time (313 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A search of the literature for creep data of C17200 at 295 K and lower temperatures was

unproductive; therefore, data at 313 K from Refer- ence 12.1 are presented. These data were obtained on wire that was cold-worked 50% and

aged. Both commercially fabricated wire with a

grain size of 40 /xm and laboratory-processed

wire with a grain size of 5 nm were tested. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 12.2 at the end of the

creep properties section.

Reference 12.1 does not present instanta- neous creep strain as a function of elapsed time,

but instead cumulative data are reported for first- stage creep (transient regime) and second-stage

creep (steady-state regime).

RESULTS

The deformation in first-stage creep is pre- sented in Table 12.1 in addition to the creep rate

during second-stage creep and the total plastic

deformation. The second-stage creep rate is plotted against the applied stress in Figure 12.1. For

the smaller grain size of 5 /xm, there was no measurable second-stage creep rate, at 313 K, but

the specimens with an average 40-/im grain size

showed an increase in creep rate with applied

stress above a threshold of 552-931 MPa.

DISCUSSION

Since the instantaneous creep data were not presented in Reference 12.1, there is no assur- ance that a steady-state regime was actually

attained. As discussed in Section 5 on oxygenfree copper, careful examination of the creep

strain plotted as a function of time showed that the creep rate did not attain a constant value, even after elapsed time periods of more than

20 000 h.

Table 12.1. Dependence of Deformation upon Time for the First and Second Stages of Creep (313 K).

Rrst Stage Second Stage

Hardness, Grain Applied Deformation, Time, Deformation, Time, Rate, Total Plastic Total VHN Size, Stress, e. 10"® min e, 10^ min Deformation, Elapsed

/tm MPa 10^ Time, min

393 40 0.00 -23 1 440 0 28 800 0 12 30 240 402 40 552 12 5 760 0 24 480 0 -24 30 240 366 40 931 37 2 880 0 15 840 0 175 18 660

391 40 1138 200 12 600 25 19 260 0.16 650 31 860

397 40 1138 66 4 320 12 8 640 0.17 224 12 900

396 40 1207 150 4 200 12 8 640 0.17 520 12 780

391 40 1276 267 1 440 63 14 460 0.54 1380 15 900 390 5 552 44 5 760 0 10 080 0 12 15 780 407 5 552 31 12 000 0 18 300 0 18 30 300

371 5 931 129 2 640 0 14 400 0 129 17 040 403 5 931 75 5 760 0 21 660 0 0 27 420 407 5 1138 44 1 140 0 15 900 0 125 17 040 407 5 0.00 56 10 080 0 15 840 0 531 25 900

12-1
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Creep Strain vs. Elapsed

Time (313 K)

0.6

a. H

<

ccCL

lU

UJcco

lU

<

I-

(O

I z

o

o

lij

CO

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

^ 5 pm

40

—<a A

500 750 1000 1250 1500

APPLIED STRESS, MPa

Figure 12.1. The second-stage creep rate versus applied stress for CI 7200 beryllium copper for two

grain sizes (5 and 40 /im). Data from Reference 12.1.

12-2
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Creep Strain vs. Elapsed

Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS RESULTS

The only available creep data on C17510

were obtained at 295 K on plate that was coldworked 37% and aged at 755 K for 2 h (Refer- ence 12.2). The test duration was brief, 18 h. Only one level of applied stress, 646 MPa, was

utilized. This is 90% of the tensile yield strength

of about 718 MPa. The available information on

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 12.2 at the end of the creep properties section.

Figure 12.2 shows the creep strain as a

function of elapsed time.

DISCUSSION

Test duration was not long enough to determine if a steady-state creep regime had been

reached. Also, since only one specimen was

tested, the data were not subjected to any further analysis.

500

iO

<

H

o.lU

UJ

o

400

300

200

100

1 1 1 1 M 1 1

1

1 1 j1 1 1 1 -1 1—1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1—1 j 1 1 1

1

— 1 1—1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 0

10-' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10^

TIME, min

Figure 12.2. The dependence of creep strain of CI 7500 beryllium copper upon elapsed time. Data from

Reference 12.2.

12-3
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C17200, C17510: Cold-worked Creep Properties (All) and Aged

Table 12.2. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2

Specification CI 7200 C17200

Connposition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Mi -1. INI X V^thJ Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

SiOtiiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

1.8-2.05

0.18-0.30 —

—

—

97.6

0.38

1.79 0.05 —

0.01 0.03

0.02

Sn, 0.01; Pb, 0.002; Zn, 0.01; Cr, 0.005; Mn, 0.002; Ag, 0.01

Material Condition Cold-worked, 50%;

aged, 588-616 K, 2-5 h

Cold-worked, 50%;

aged, 755 K, 2 h

Grain Size {iim) 40 or 5 /tm

Hardness 371-407 VHN Rp 92 (b)

Product Form Wire. 0.089-cm-dia.Plate, 2.5-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Wire

Time Range 211-531 h 18 h

Appl. Stress Range 552-1276 MPa 646 MPa

No. of Specimens 13 1

Test Temperature 313 K 295 K

12-4
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES

C17200, C17510: Cold-worked Creep Properties (All) and Aged

REFERENCES

1. Wood, R. A., Williams, D. N., Hodge, W., and Ogden, H. R., "Creep Behavior of Copper -2%

Beryllium Wire at Slightly Elevated Temperatures," Transactions of the American Society for Metals

57, 362-364 (1964).

2. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, private

communication (1991).

Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Properties of CDA 104, 155, and 175 Copper Alloys,"

in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures--X, Ed., R. P. Reed, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126

(1987).

12-5

13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Young's Modulus vs. Aging

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Only measurements of Young's modulus

based upon dynamic methods were considered.

These methods determine the adiabatic rather

than the isothermal modulus, but the difference

between the two moduli of 0.28% at 295 K for beryllium copper (Reference 13.1) is smaller than

the errors usually associated with static methods.

Dynamic measurements at 295 K of Young's

modulus, E, of annealed and cold-worked 01 7200

beryllium copper as a function of aging temperature and time were obtained from References

13.1, 13.2, and 13.3. Measurements from Refer- ences 13.1 and 13.2 on both annealed and coldworked material that was not aged were included

for comparison. Aging temperatures ranged from

523 to 823 K; aging times from 1 to 3 h. Cold

work, CIV, ranged from 33 to 44% (reduction in thickness or area). Products were in strip (Refer- ence 13.3) and bar form (References 13.1 and

13.2). The results presented here from Reference

13.1 are the averages of several different dynamic

methods carried out at different laboratories on

the same test material; the variation in results between these measurement methods was less than 2%.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 13.1,

which presents E, CW (reduction in thickness or

area), aging temperature and time, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Figures 13.1 and 13.2 present E measurements at 295 K as a function of aging temperature and

time, respectively. Measurements on specimens

that were not aged are plotted on the y-axis.

Aging evidently raises the modulus a few percent

(References 13.1 and 13.2); the effect of CW before aging is small (Reference 13.3).

DISCUSSION

Data are presented in Reference 13.3 on the

decrease in E as a function of exposure to temperatures up to 750 K for annealed and aged,

and cold-worked and aged 01 7200 beryllium

copper. The change is less than 5% when a dynamic method is used to measure the modulus. The dynamic method used is not described

in the reference.

Table 13.1. Young's Modulus Measurements of C17200 Beryllium Copper in the Annealed, Annealed

and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and Aged Conditions (295 K).

Young's Modulus, Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference GPa % Temperature, Time, No. K h

115 44 0 0 1A

122 44 568 2 IB

118 35 0 0 1C 126 35 588 2 ID

115 33 0 0 IF

130 33 588 2 IE 130 0 0 0 2A

133 0 523 1 2B

140 0 623 1 28

140 0 823 1 28

175 0 588 3 3A

172 37 586 2 3B

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

13-1
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Young's Modulus vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

200

180

C17200

295 K

O

o

3—I3Q

o

b

z

o>-

160

140

120

REF. CONDITION

• 1A. IE CW. 44X OR 33%

o 1C CW. 35X

IB CW. 44X AND AGED

ID CW. 35X AND AGED

A IF CW. 33X AND AGED

A 2A ANNEALED

2B AGED

3A AGED

T 3B CW. 37X AND AGED

100 I 1 1 1 1 1 —I 1 « 0 200 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 13.1. Young's modulus measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of aging temperature. The material condition is indicated in the graph legend and is further described in Table 13.6. Modulus values for specimens that were not aged are plotted on

the /-axis. One modulus value from Reference 13.2 at an aging temperature of 823 K does not appear in the graph. All data are presented in Table 13.1. Products were in bar (References 13.1 and 13.2) and strip form (Reference 13.3).

13-2
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Young's Modulus vs. Aging

Temperature. Time (295 K)

200

C17200

2 95 K

180

O

a.O

to3 160

3

O

o

o

z

o

>-

140

120

REF. CONDITION

• 1A, IE CW, 44X OR 33X _ O 1C CW. 35X

IB CW. 44X AND AGED

ID CW. 35X AND AQED

A IF CW. 33X AND AGED

A 2A ANNEALED

2B AGED ^ 3A AGED

T 3B CW. 37X AND AGED

100

2 3 AGING TIME, h

Figure 13.2. Young's modulus measurements at 295 K on C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of aging time. The material condition is indicated in the graph legend and is further described in Table 13.6. Modulus values for specimens that were not aged are plotted on the y-axis.

All data are presented in Table 13.1. Products were in bar (References 13.1 and 13.2) and strip

form (Reference 13.3).

13-3
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Young's Modulus vs. and Aged Temperature (227-297 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of Young's modulus from 227

to 297 K of cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper were obtained from Reference 13.1. The dynamic method used was that of longitudinal vibration. The amount of cold work, CW, was 44% (reduction in area), the aging temperature was 588 K and the aging time was 2 h. Product was in bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 1 3.2,

which presents test temperature, Young's modulus, E, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section. Figure 13.3 presents the E measurements as a function of test temperature. The

modulus increases with decreasing temperature,

in accord with results on high-purity copper.

(See Section 6 in this volume.)

Table 13.2. Dependence of Young's Modulus upon Temperature for Cold-worked and Aged C17200

Beryllium Copper (227-297 K).

Test Young's Modulus, Reference Temperature, GPa No. K

227 124 IB

261 122 IB 297 120 IB

i

13-4
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (227-297 K)

130

126

O

a.O

»/» 3 122

3

o

>-

114

C17 200

RE:f.

•

• li

•

•

200 220 240 260 280 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 13.3. Young's modulus measurements of cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 13.2. Product was in bar

form.

13-5
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed Shear Modulus vs. Aging

and Aged Temperature (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the shear modulus at 295 K of annealed CI 7200 beryllium copper as a

function of aging temperature were obtained from

Reference 13.4. A measurement on an annealed

specimen was included for comparison. The test method was torsional vibration of a wire. Aging

temperature varied from 473 to 723 K; aging time was 0.5 h.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 13.3,

which presents shear modulus (G), aging temperature, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section. Figure 13.4 presents G measure- ments as a function of aging temperature. A

measurement on a specimen that was not aged is plotted on the y-axis. High aging temperatures

(above 673 K) caused a noticeable increase in G.

Table 13.3. Shear Modulus Measurements of C17200 Beryllium Copper In the Annealed, and Annealed

and Aged Condition (295 K).

Shear Modulus,

GPa

Aging

Temperature, K

Reference

No.

49.6 0 4A

50.8 473 4B

49.8 573 48

49.7 623 4B

51.8 673 4B

53.4 723 48

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

13-6
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged

Shear Modulus vs. Aging

Temperature (295 K)

60

56

Q.

3

CO

44

40

C17 200

R EF. • I O IM

IB

o

o

» o

o

o

0 200 400 600 800

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 13.4. Shear modulus measurements at 295 K on annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown

as a function of aging temperature. A modulus value for a specimen that was not aged is plotted on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 13.3. Product was in wire form.

13-7
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked; Cold-worked Shear Modulus

and Aged (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Dynamic shear modulus data at 295 K for cold-worked, and cold-worked and aged C17200

beryllium copper were obtained from Reference

13.1. This reference reports results of roundrobin tests made at several different laboratories

by different dynamic methods on the same test material. The amount of cold work ranged from

33 to 44% (reduction in area). The specimens were aged at 588 K for 2 h. Product was in bar

form.

j RESULTS

the average for coid-worked and aged material was significantly higher, 47.1 GPa. The variation was less than ± 2.8% for cold-worked specimens,

and less than ± 2.5% for cold-worked and aged

specimens. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

1 3.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.

(References 13.1 A, 13.1C, and 13. IE refer to the

cold-worked material and References 13. IB,

13. ID, and 13. IF refer to the material that was

cold-worked and aged.)

The average shear modulus, G, for coldworked C17200 beryllium copper was 42.5 GPa;

13-8
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Shear Modulus vs. and Aged Temperature (200-297 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the shear modulus from

200 to 297 K of cold-worked and aged

CI 7200 beryllium copper were obtained from

Reference 13.1. The shear modulus, G, was obtained from the deflection rate of a compression

spring; these static-method results are presented

here because no low-temperature dynamic test data were found. The amount of cold work was 44% (reduction in area), the aging temperature was 588 K and the aging time was 2 h. Product was in bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 13.4. which presents test temperature, G, and the refer- ence number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.

Figure 13.5 presents G as a function of test temperature. The modulus increases slightly with decreasing temperature, in accord with results on

high purity copper.

Table 13.4. Shear Modulus Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon

Temperature (200-297 K).

Test Temperature, KShear Modulus,

GPa

Reference

No.

297 46.7 IB

200 48.0 IB

222 47.4 18

250 47.2 IB

261 47.0 IB

272 46.9 IB

283 46.8 IB

13-9
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked

and Aged

Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (200-297 K)

60

56

O

o.O

5 2

—JO

o

48

<

lU

Z

44

40

200

C17 200

REF. • IB

1 •

• • • • •

220 240 260

TEMPERATURE, K

280 300

Figure 13.5. Shear modulus measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. Ail data are presented in Table 13.4. Product was in bar

form.

13-10
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked; Cold-worked Poisson's Ratio vs. and Aged Aging (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Direct measurements of Poisson's ratio, u, on cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper were obtained from Reference 13.1. This source also gives a series of w values determined

from the ratio of the shear modulus to Young's

modulus, where both moduli were determined

experimentally in the same laboratory. These

measurements were carried out in a round-robin

in which the material to be tested was supplied to

several laboratories. The available material characterization of this material is given in Table 13.5

at the end of the elastic properties section. Cold

work, CW, varied from 33 to 44% (reduction of area). About half of the specimens were aged at 588 K for 2 h.

RESULTS

Poisson's ratio determined directly from

tension was 0.39, and from compression, 0.40. Specimens were cold-worked 33% before aging.

The indirect determinations of u gave an

average value of 0.37 for cold-worked material,

and an average value of 0.33 when the material was aged after CW. The standard deviations of the two measurements were 0.01 and 0.03, re- spectively.

DISCUSSION

The expression used in Reference 13.1 to

relate to Young's modulus and the shear modulus is valid only for isotropic material. Since the

specimens were cold-worked, this assumption was probably not correct.

13-11
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 13.5. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID

Specification C17200 C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.72 97.72 97.64 97.64 Cu + Ag

Be 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.82

Ni 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 Co 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.18

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

Al , 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 Fe 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12

Si 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.15 Others Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.02; Sn: 0.02" (Only > 0.001 wt%) Pb: 0.002 Pb: 0.002

Material Condition ^^aI^ WcAiAiM A AO/ UOiQ-OraWn, 44% ^^1/^ f4 r At A AO/ (joio-arawn, 44%, (joio-orawn, 35% uoiQ-orawn, 35%,

tnen aged, ooo K,

4>kknM COO 1/ then aged, ooo K, 2 h 2 h

r^rAtn Qi70 fit 1

^9 fLi 1£.0 /111! II m

Hardness FU 95 FL 42

Product Form Bar Bar Bar Bar

Specimen Type Round (a) Round (a) Round (a) Round (a) Width or Dia. 0.23 cm 0.23 cm 0.56 cm 0.56 cm

Thickness Gage Length

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 293 K 227-297 K 293 K 293 K

(a) Specimen type and diameter refer only to the test material supplied to different investigators.

13-12
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

1E IF 2A 2B 3A

L> 17200 CI 7200 C17200

97.68 97.68 > 97.54

i OA I.OO I.OO —

2.0 —

2.0 1.91 A fti U.U 1 0.01 — —

f\ Oft

0.02 0.02 — — 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.07 I 0.10

Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 — — Sn: 0.005; Zn,

Pb, Cr: < 0.005

Cold-drawn, 33% Cold-drawn, 33%, Annealed Aged, 1 h (b) Aged, 588 K. 3 h then aged, 588 K 2h

35 iim 35 /im — — 20 /rm

Rc 42 R30N 60 (c)

Bar Bar Strip

Round (a) Round (a) Cylinder Cylinder Rat

1.42 cm 1.42 cm 0.6 cm 0.6 cm 1.27 cm

0.05 cm

16 cm 16 cm 5.0 cm

293K 293 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Specimen type and diameter refer only to the test material supplied to different investigators.

(b) Aging temperatures: 523 K, 623 K, or 823 K.

(c) To convert hardness to Rockwell C scale see Reference 13.5.

13-13
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Elastic Constants (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 13.5, continued

Reference No. 3B 4A 48 ...

Specification 017200 U17200 CI 7200

Cu > 97.54 Cu + Ag

Be 1.91 2.0 2.0

Kll

IMI 0.0

uo \J.iiO Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co — —

AlAI 0.04 Fe 0.12 — —

Si 0.10 Others Sn: 0.005; Zn, (Only > 0.001 wt%) Pb, Cr: < 0.005

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 37%, Annealed Aged, 473-723 K, then aged, 588 K, 0.5 h

2 h

Grain Size 22 iim

IHardness ^30N 62 (a) — —

Product Form Strip

Specimen Type Rat Wire Wire Width or Dia. 1.27 cm 0.025 cm 0.025 cm

Thickness 0.05 cm

Gage Length 5.0 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) To convert hardness to Ftockwell C scale see Reference 13.5.

13-14
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Young's Modulus vs. Aging

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature. Time (295 K)

REFERENCES

1. Richards, J. T., "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic Moduli," in Symposium on Determination of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).

2. Grachev, S. V., and Grigoryeva, V. N., "Variation in the Elastic Modulus of Alloys with a Metastable

Structure," Fizika Metallov I Metallovedenie 32, 155-161 (1971).

3. Wlkle, K. G., and Sarle, N. P., "Properties of Hardened Copper-Beryllium Strip after Exposures to Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 61, 988-1006

(1961).

4. Masing, G., and Haase, C, "Uber die Anderung des Elastizitatsmoduls bei der Vergutung von

Beryllium-Kupferlegierungen," Wiss. Veroffentlich. aus den Siemens-Konzern, 142-148 (1929).

5. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., 'The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium Alloy

Strip," American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication No. 367, 1 09 pp

(1964).

6. Guillet, M. L, "Contribution k I'Etude du Module d'Elasticit6 des Alliages M6talliques," Revue de

M6tallurgie 36, 497-521 (1939).

13-15

14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4 345 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Reference 14.1 presents data for the specific

lieat, Cp, of C17510 beryllium copper from 83 to 345 K in the annealed and aged, and cold-worked

and aged conditions. No measurements of Cp of other beryllium copper alloys below room temperature were found (see Discussion below). Since

Cp is generally insensitive to alloy condition, a

polynomial expression was fitted to all the measurements from Reference 14.1.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data was obtained with

the equation

Cp = 104.5 + 1.883 r- 0.002987 f (14-1)

for three different heat treatments of C17510 only;

where 83 K < 7 < 345 K. The standard deviation

of the fit of the data to this equation is 8.4

J/(kg-K). The standard deviations of the three

constants are 14.8, 0.156, and 3.64 x 10 ^

Table 14.1 presents the test temperature,

and the measured and calculated values of Cp.

The available characterization of materials and

methods is given in Table 1 4.7 at the end of the

thermal properties section. Figure 14.1 indicates

the fit of the data to Equation (14-1). The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about

the curve.

DISCUSSION

CI 7200, and C17500 below room temperature.

The Cp of CI 7000, C17200, CI 7500, and CI 7510

beryllium coppers at 295 K Is reported by Refer- ence 14.2 to be 418 J/(kg-K) or 0.10 cal/(gK).

The Cp of beryllium at 295 K is 1970 J/(kg-K) (Ref- erence 14.3); that of copper is 384 J/(kg-K) (Ref- erence 14.2). If the additivity principle is valid,

the expected specific heat of a 2% binary beryllium copper alloy would be 415 J/(kg-K), approximately in agreement with the value quoted in Reference 14.2. A discussion of the limits of the

additivity principle for Cp of alloys can be found in Reference 1 4.4. Since most of the contribution to Cp of beryllium coppers is from copper, cryogenic

values could be estimated by multiplying the

specific heats presented in Section 7 of this vol- ume by the ratio 1.1. This ratio is equal to 418/377, the 295-K value for beryllium copper

divided by the average value at 295 K found for the C10100-C10200 coppers. Alternatively,

measurements of the thermal expansion coeffi- cient of C17200 (see pp 7-23-7-34) could be

scaled to give a estimate of the cryogenic Cp.

See Reference 14.4 for a more detailed discussion of the limitations of this procedure. The Cp

is proportional to the thermal expansion coeffi- cient only for ideal solids that obey a Debye

equation of state in which the Gruneisen constant, 7, is temperature independent.

As noted above, no measurements were

found for Cp of beryllium copper alloys C17000,

Table 14.1. Dependence of the Specific Heat of C17510 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(83-345 K).

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, Measured,

J/(kg^

Specific Heat,

Predicted,

J/(kg^

Reference

No.

83.2 228. 241. 1A

113. 289. 280. 1A

143. 328. 312. 1A

182. 359. 349. 1A

212. 371. 369. 1A

242. 381. 385. 1A

14-1
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. Cold-worked Temperature (4-345 K)

Table 14.1, continued

1 oSI Tdmnf^rAt( J rA KopociTic neait

J/(ka«K)

opoCITIC n6al, Reference

No.

273. 391. 396. 1A

297. 396. 400. 1A

345. 404. 399. 1A

120. 279. 287. IB

160. 321. 329. IB

221. 367. 375. IB

299. 400. 401. IB

99.4 261. 262. 1C

125. 297. 293. 1C

150. 326. 319. 1C

250. 383. 389. 1C

325. 406. 401. 1C

14-2
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Specific Heat vs. Temperature (4 345 K)

500

400

300

200

100

50 50 200 250 300 350

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 14.1. Data from three separate heat treatments were used to calculate the regression cun/e of the specific heat of C17510 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-1)]. All data are presented in Table 14.1.

14-3
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked; Cold-vi/orked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the thermal conductivity,

A, of C17200 beryllium copper between 2 and

300 K were obtained from References 14.5 and

14.6. Measurements at 295 K only were obtained

from References 14.7, 14.8, and 14.9. Measurements of A for C17510 beryllium copper between

77 and 293 K were obtained from Reference

14.10. Measurements of A for C17000, CI 7500,

and CI 7510 beryllium coppers at 295 K only were

obtained from References 14.9, 14.11, and 14.12. Material conditions were varied: see Table 14.7

at the end of the thermal properties section and

the legend of Figure 14.2 described below. Polynomial regression analysis was carried out on the

CI 7200 beryllium copper data set of 43 measurements, and the C17510 beryllium-copper data set

of 37 measurements.

Table 1 4.2 presents the test temperature, T, the measured values of A, the values calculated

from the regression equation (for C17200 and

CI 7510 only), and the reference number. The

notation "N.C." in the table refers to alloys other

than CI 7200 and C17510 which were not used in the regression analyses. The available characterization of materials and methods is given in Table 14.7 at the end of the thermal properties

section.

RESULTS

Figure 14.2 presents a plot of the data from

all beryllium-copper alloys. The polynomial regression analysis carried out on the Cl 7200 data

set indicated that a satisfactory fit could be obtained with a second-order equation

A(W/mK) = 0.93 + 0.492 7-0.000594 T^ (CI 7200 only) (14-2)

where 2 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviation of the fit of the data to this equation is 8.4 W/(m-K);

the standard deviations of the three constants are

2.72, 0.049, and 0.000159. The value of the first constant is not well-determined from the data set. The polynomial regression analysis carried out on the C17510 data set also gave a satisfac- tory fit with a second-order equation

A(W/m-K) = 64.7 + 0.987 7-0.00138 T^ (C1 7510 only) (14-3)

where 77 K < 7 < 293 K. The standard deviation

of the fit to this equation is 1.9 W/(m-K); the stan- dard deviations of the three constants are 2.5,

0.032, and 9 x 10"^. One value, from Reference

14.9D, was eliminated from the analysis because

of lack of agreement with the other data. This

may be due to the difference in material condition. Figure 14.2 indicates the fit of the CI 7200

data to Equation (14-2), and that of the C17510

data to Equation (14-3). The scatter bands repre- sent two standard deviations about the curve. The variance of the data was assumed to be

normally distributed and constant throughout the

range of the independent variable, T.

Table 14.2. Dependence of Thermal Conductivity upon Temperature (2-300 K).

Test Temperature, KThermal Conductivity,

Measured, W/(m«K)

Thermal Conductivity,

Predicted, W/(mW<)

Material Reference

No.

2.00 0.900 1.91 CI 7200 5

3.00 1.40 2.40 CI 7200 5

4.00 1.90 2.89 CI 7200 5

5.00 2.30 3.37 C17200 5

6.00 2.90 3.86 CI 7200 5

6.00 3.90 4.83 CI 7200 5

10.0 4.90 5.79 CI 7200 5

15.0 7.80 6.18 CI 7200 5

20.0 10.7 10.5 CI 7200 5

25.0 13.5 12.9 CI 7200 5

14-4
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)

Table 14.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Conductivity,

Measured, W/(m^

Thermal Conductivity,

Predicted, W/(m4<)

Material Reference

No.

30.0 16.2 15.2 CI 7200

40.0 21.5 19.7 CI 7200 5

50.0 26.2 24.1 C17200 5 60.0 30.4 28.3 CI 7200 5 70.0 34.0 32.5 CI 7200 5 60.0 37.1 36.5 CI 7200 5

125. 50.0 53.2 CI 7200 53

128. 61.0 54.2 CI 7200 6A

160. 56.5 64 5 C17200 6B

163. 71.0 65.4 CI 7200 6A

163. 63.5 71.1 CI 7200 6B

188. 67.0 72.5 CI 7200 6B

188. 78.5 72.5 CI 7200 6A

193. 76.5 73.8 CI 7200 6A

213. 71.5 78.8 CI 7200 68

213. 66.0 78.8 CI 7200 6A

226. 76.5 62.3 C17200 6B

226. 90.0 82.3 C17200 6A

246. 76.0 86.5 CI 7200 SB

253. 94.0 67.4 CI 7200 6A

263. 81.0 89.3 CI 7200 6B

293. 80.0 94.2 C17200 7A

293. 106. 94.2 CI 7200 7C

293. 74.0 94.2 C17200 7B

293. 106. 94.2 CI 7200 7D

293. 74.0 94.2 CI 7200 7B

293. 106. 94.2 CI 7200 7D

293. 109. N.C. CI 7000 11A

293. 105. 94.2 CI 7200 118

293. 180. N.C. CI 7500 lie

293. 60.0 94.2 CI 7200 8A

293. 104. 94.2 LI f Z\JU noOD

293. 105. N.C. CI 7000 9A

293. 105. 94.2 CI 7200 9B

293. 180. N.C. C17500 9C

293. 176. N.C. C17510 9D

299. 230. N.C. C17510 12

300. 91.0 95.1 LI f <iUU OD

300. 108. 95.1 CI 7200 6A

76.0 132.5 131.8 C17510 10

77.2 133.0 132.7 C17510 10

78.46 133.5 135.6 C17510 10

60.93 135.5 135.6 C17510 10

83.41 137.3 137.5 C17510 10

90.95 143.1 143.1 C17510 10

96.0 146.7 146.8 C17510 10

106.3 153.6 154.1 C17510 10

192.7 202.4 203.8 C17510 10

193.5 202.0 204.1 C17510 10

14-5
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000, C17200, C17500, and C175 10: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)

Table 14.2, continued

Test Temperature, K

Thermal Conductivity,

Measured, W/(m^

Thermal Conductivity,

Predicted, W/(m.K)

Material Reference

No.

194.9 207.7 204.8 C17510 10

197.7 207.2 206.0 C17510 10

209.4 209.5 211.0 C17510 10

215.4 213.0 213.4 C17510 10

217.4 214.1 214.2 C17510 10

273.9 232.5 231.8 C17510 10

274.6 231.9 231.9 C17510 10

276.0 232.6 232.2 C17510 10

276.8 233.5 232.9 C17510 10

261.7 234.2 233.5 C17510 10

264.5 235.4 234.1 C17510 10

290.2 237.4 235.2 C17510 10

293.2 236.0 235.7 C17510 10

299.0 230.0 236.7 C17510 10

N.C. = not calculated (not C17200 or CI 7510 data set)

14-6
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2 300 K)

REF. UNS CONDITION

• 4 C17200 AQED

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 14.2. The data keyed as CI 7200 and C17510 in the legend were used to compute the regression

of the thermal conductivity of CI 7200 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-2)], and

the thermal conductivity of CI 7510 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-3)]. For

clarity, overlapping data points were omitted from the figure. Consequently, some points for different material conditions (References 14.7A, 14.7C, 14.7D, 14.8B, and 14.9A) do not appear in the figure. All data are presented in the table. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)

14-7
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the coefficient of thermal

expansion, a, of Cl 7200 beryllium copper were

obtained from four sources (References 14.13-

14.16). A variety of material conditions were

represented. A total of 97 measurements between 6 and 320 K were used in the regression

analysis. A logarithmic transformation of the data was made to avoid a large number of constants.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data was obtained with

the equation

log a = - 25.30 + 95.96 (log T) - 164.5 (log T)^ + 147.6 (log 7)^ - 70.83 (log T)^ + 17.28 (log 7)^ - 1.689 (log 7)^ (14-4)

where q has units of 10"^ K"^ and 7 is temperature

for the range 6 K < 7 < 300 K. The logarithmic

standard deviation of the fit of this equation to the

data is 0.04 and the linear standard deviation is 0.14 X 10"^ K"\ The standard deviations of the seven constants of Equation (14-4) are 6.21,

25.88, 43.5, 37.8, 17.93, 4.42, and 0.443. (The

size of the residuals at low temperatures where

the magnitude of a decreases is much lower than

the linear standard deviation of 0.14 x 10"^ K"\

Residuals near 300 K contribute more to the stan- dard deviation.)

Table 14.3 presents 7, the measured values

of a, the values calculated from the regression e- quation, and the reference number. The availat>le characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 14.7 at the end of the thermal properties section. Figure 14.3 indicates the fit of the

data to Equation (14-4). Figure 14.4 presents

these results in summary form. The scatter bands in both figures represent two standard

deviations about the curve given by Equation

(14-4). However, because of the narrowness of the bands, the curve had to be omitted in both

figures. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout

the range of the independent variable, log 7. Because Equation (14-4) is in logarithmic

form, a set of calculated values of a for 5 K < 7 < 300 K is presented in Table 14.4.

DISCUSSION

The data shown in Figure 14.3 indicate that a is insensitive to material condition. This is in agreement with results on ClOlOO and C10200

copper (see Section 7 in this volume). However,

data on the mean thermal expansion (pages

14-14-14-17) do show some variation with cold

work and aging.

Table 14.3. Dependence of Thermal Expansion Coefficient upon Temperature (6-300 K).

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion

Coefficient, Measured, 10"^/K

Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted, 10"^/K

Fteference No.

6.00 0.00720 0.00767 13B

6.00 0.00850 0.00767 13A

8.00 0.0146 0.0176 13B

6.00 0.0166 0.0176 13A

10.0 0.0269 0.0317 13B

10.0 0.0301 . 0.0317 13A

10.0 0.0600 0.0317 14

12.0 0.0461 0.0522 138

12.0 0.0514 0.0522 13A

14.0 0.0747 0.0618 138

14.0 0.0826 0.0816 13A

16.0 0.115 0.123 138

16.0 0.127 0.123 13A

14-8
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.3, continued

Tost

1 omperaiure, K

Thermal Expansion

uooTTicieni, Measured 10"^ /K

Thermal Expansion

uoetlicient,

Prariirtorl 1 n"^ /k

Fteference No.

18.0 0.172 0.179 13B

18.0 0.204 0.179 13A

20.0 0.248 0.251 13B

20.0 0.265 0.251 13A

20.0 0.210 0.251 14

25.0 0.528 0.517 13B

25.0 0.550 0.517 13A

30.0 0.948 0.915 138

30.0 0.961 0.915 13A

30.0 0.760 0.915 14

35.0 1.49 1.44 138

35.0 1.49 1.44 13A

40.0 2.13 2.07 138

40.0 2.10 2.07 13A

40.0 2.08 2.07 14

45.0 2.83 2.78 138

45.0 2.78 2.78 13A

50.0 3.55 3.54 138

50.0 3.48 3.54 13A

50.0 3.69 3.54 14

60.0 5.02 5.07 138

60.0 4.92 5.07 13A

60.0 5.38 5.07 14

70.0 6.39 6.50 138

70.0 6.27 6.50 13A

70.0 6.75 6.50 14

80.0 7.61 7.76 138

80.0 7.51 7.76 13A

80.0 7.82 7.76 14

90.0 8.69 6.84 138

90.0 8.61 8.84 13A

90.0 8.68 8.84 14

100. 9.63 9.74 138

100. 9.57 9.74 13A

100. 9.57 9.74 14

110. 10.5 10.5 14

120. 11.1 11.2 138

120. 11.1 11.2 13A

120. 11.3 11.2 14

130. 11.8 11.7 14

140. 12.3 12.2 138

140. 12.3 12.2 13A

140. 12.4 12.2 14

150. 12.8 12.7 14

160. 13.2 13.1 138

160. 13.3 13.1 13A

160. 13.2 13.1 14

170. 13.6 13.4 14

1B0. 13.9 13.8 13B

180. 14.0 13.8 13A

180. 13.9 13.8 14

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

I

14-9
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.3, continued

Test Temperature, KThermal Expansion

Coefficient, Measured, 10 VK

Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, Predicted, lO'^/K

Reference

No.

190. 14.2 14.1 14

200. 14.4 14.4 13B

200. 14.6 14.4 13A

200. 14.4 14.4 14

210. 14.7 14.7 14

220. 14.9 15.0 13B

220. 15.1 15.0 13A

220. 14.9 15.0 14

230. 15.1 15.2 14

240. 15.3 15.5 13B

240. 15.4 15.5 13A

240. 15.3 15.5 14

250. 15.5 15.7 14

260. 15.6 15.8 138

260. 15.8 15.8 13A

260. 15.6 15.8 14

270. 15.8 16.0 14

273. 15.8 16.0 13B

273. 16.0 16.0 13A

280. 15.9 16.1 13B —

280. 16.1 16.1 13A

280. 16.0 16.1 14

290. 16.2 16.2 14

293. 16.1 16.2 13B

293. 16.2 16.2 13A

295. 16.8 16.2 16

300. 16.2 16.3 13B

300. 16.3 16.3 13A

300. 16.2 16.3 15A

300. 16.3 16.3 15A

300. 16.4 16.3 15B

320. 16.4 16.2 13B

320. 16.6 16.2 13A

14-10
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.4. Calculated Values of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient [Equation (14-4)] (6-300 K).

Test Temperature, KThermal

Expansion

(Coefficient, 10"^/K

5.00 \J.KJ\J-J0KJ

1U.U 15 0 0 101 on n 0.251

25.0 0.517

30.0 0.915 35 0 1 44

40.0 2.07 n 0 7A

50.0 3.54

DU.U

Tn n 6.50 75.0 7 15 on n 7 7C

A "iO O. on n A A/S 0.04 QR n Q "^1

100. 9.74

105. 10.1 110. 10.5

115. 10.8

120. 11.2

125. 11.4

130. 11.7

135. 12.0

140. 12.2

145. 12.4

150. 12.7

Test Temperature, K

Thermal 1 lO 1 1 1 I oil Expansion

Coefficient, 10'^/K

OD. 1 2.9

160. 13.1 165. 13.3

170. 13.4

175. 13.6

180. 13.8

185. 14.0

190. 14.1 195. 14.3

200. 14.4

205. 14.6

210. 14.7

215. 14.9

220. 15.0

225. 15.1 230. 15.2

235. 15.4

240. 15.5

245. 15.6

250. 15.7

255. 15.8

260. 15.9

265. 15.9

270. 16.0

275. 16.1

280. 16.1

285. 16.2

290. 16.2

295. 16.2

300. 16.3

14-11
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 14.3. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient, a, upon temperature [Equation (14-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the

figure. Two points at 320 K used in the regression do not appear in the figure. All data are presented in Table 14.3.

14-12
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (6 -300 K)

0 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 14.4. Dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient, a. upon temperature, 7; 6-300 K. The

scatter band represents two standard deviations about a sixth-order logarithmic regression equation

based upon 97 measurements on annealed, annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked

and aged C17200 beryllium copper. The regression equation is

log a = - 25.30 + 95.96 (log T) - 164.5 Oog 7)^ + 147.6 (log 7)^ - 70.83 (log 7)^ + 17.28 (log 7)^ - 1.689 (log 7)^

where a has units of 10"^ K"^ and 6 K < 7 < 300 K.

14-13
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the mean thermal expansion, aL/(L-AT) (where 7 Is temperature), of C17200 beryllium copper were obtained from six sources (References 14.13, 14.14, and 14.17-

14.20). A variety of material conditions were

represented. A total of 1 42 measurements between 6 and 320 K were obtained; after outliers were omitted, 126 data points were used in the

regression analysis.

Measurements of AL/(L A7) of aged C17500

beryllium copper were obtained from Reference

14.19.

RESULTS

The polynomial regression analysis carried out on the data set indicated that a satisfactory fit could be obtained with a second-order equation

1— (lO-^K-"") = + 10.66 + 0.040237

LAT

- 7.362 X 10-^72

(14-5)

where tJL/{LLT) = [L(293 K) - L(7)]/[L(293 K) • (293 K - 7)] for 6 K < 7 < 300 K except that at 7 = 293 K, this quantity is (1/L) (dL/dT). The

standard deviation of the fit to this equation is 0.36 X 10"^ IC^; the standard deviations of the

three constants are 0.08, 0.00134, and 0.447 x

10"^

Table 14.5 presents 7, the measured values

of AL/(L-a7), the values calculated from the regMean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

ression equation, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 14.7 at the end of the

thermal properties section. Figure 14.5 Indicates

the fit of the data to Equation (14-5). The scatter bands represent two standard deviations about

the curve in each figure. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the independent

variable, 7.

DISCUSSION

Table 14.6 and Figure 14.6 present some of the data of Figure 14.5, and other data that were

excluded from the regression analysis, in a differ- ent format that shows the effect of changes in the

material condition upon AL/(L A7). Data from

Reference 14.13 shows a slight decrease in aL/(L a7) in cold-worked material after aging.

Data from Reference 14.17 shows that AL/(/. A7)

is slightly higher for annealed material than for material that is cold-worked. Data from Refer- ence 14.18 on specimens that were aged at 473

K may indicate that aging at a low 7 results in a

significant decrease in thermal expansion, since

this cury/e lies considerably below those of Refer- ences 14.13 and 14.19 which reported aging

temperatures of 603 and 588 K. However, the

difference could be due to other factors. Figure 14.6 also presents a limited number

of measurements from Reference 14.19 on

CI 7500 beryllium copper.

Table 14.5. Dependence of Mean Thermal Expansion of C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature

(6-320 K).

Test Temperature, KAL/(LAT),

Measured,

lO'^/K

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10'^/K

Reference

No.

6.00 10.7 10.9 13B

6.00 10.8 10.9 13A

8.00 10.8 11.0 13B

e.oo 10.8 11.0 13A

10.0 10.8 11.0 13B

10.0 10.9 11.0 13A

10.0 10.9 11.0 14

14-14
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.5, continued

Test Temperature, KAL/(LAT).

Measured,

10"^/K

AL/(LAT).

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

12.0 10.9 11.1 13B n.u 11.1 13A

14.0 11.0 11.2 13B

14.0 11.1 11.2 13A

16.0 11.1 11.3 13B

16.0 11.1 11.3 13A

18.0 11.2 11.4 138

16.0 11.2 11.4 13A

20.0 11.2 11.4 138

20.0 11.3 11.4 ISA

20.0 11.3 11.4 14

20.0 11.6 11.4 178

on n 1 1 o 11.4 17A

11.4 11.6 13B

25.0 11.5 11.6 13A

07 A £.1 .H 12.6 11.7 19A

30.0 11.6 11.8 138

30.0 11.7 11.8 13A

JU.U 11 7 i i O 1 1 .0 14

jd.u 11.8 12.0 138

35.0 11.9 12.0 13A

*HJ.U io n 1 38

•HJ.U io 1 12.2 13A

An n 10 1 1 A

12.4 12.2 178

•HJ.U IO 7 •100 1 7A

n 10 o 1 1D

10 ^ 1

(^n 3U.Un 10 A 1 JD

Rn n 10 <\ 1MM^fl en n DU.U 12.5 12.5 14 cn n DU.U 12.6 12.8 138

60.0 12.8 12.8 13A

DU.U IO Q 10 Q 1^.0 14

60.0 13.3 12.8 17B cn n OU.U 13.5 12.8 17A

70.0 13.1 13.1 13B

70.0 13.2 13.1 13A

70.0 13.2 ' 13.1 14

77.4 14.2 13.3 19A

77.4 12.9 13.3 20

eo.o 13.4 13.4 138

60.0 13.5 13.4 13A

80.0 13.4 13.4 14

80.0 13.9 13.4 178

80.0 14.1 13.4 17A

88.6 13.2 13.6 20

90.0 13.6 13.7 13B

90.0 13.7 13.7 13A

90.0 13.7 13.7 14

100. 13.9 14.0 138

14-15
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.5, continued

Test Temperature, KAL/(LAT),

Measured,

lO'^/K

AL/(LAT),

Predicted, 10"^/K

Reference

No.

100. 14.0 14.0 13A

100. 13.9 14.0 14

100. 14.4 14.0 17B

100. 14.6 14.0 17A

110. 14.1 14.2 14

120. 14.3 14.4 13B

120. 14.4 14.4 13A

120. 14.3 14.4 14

120. 14.8 14.4 17B

120. 15.0 14.4 17A

130. 14.5 14.6 14

140. 14.6 14.8 138

140. 14.7 14.8 13A

140. 14.7 14.8 14

140. 15.2 14.8 178

140. 15.4 14.8 17A

144. 14.7 14.9 20

150. 14.8 15.0 14

160. 14.9 15.2 138

160. 15.0 15.2 13A

160. 14.9 15.2 14

160. 15.4 15.2 178

160. 15.8 15.2 17A

170. 15.1 15.4 14

180. 15.1 15.5 138

180. 15.3 15.5 13A

180. 15.2 15.5 14

180. 15.7 15.5 178

180. 16.1 15.5 17A

190. 15.3 15.6 14

197. 15.7 15.7 19A

200. 14.8 15.7 20

200. 15.3 15.7 138

200. 15.5 15.7 13A

200. 15.4 15.7 14

200. 15.8 15.7 178

200. 16.3 15.7 17A

210. 15.5 15.8 14

220. 15.5 15.9 138

220. 15.6 15.9 13A

220. 15.6 15.9 14

220. 16.0 15.9 178

220. 16.6 15.9 17A

230. 15.7 16.0 14

240. 15.7 16.0 138

240. 15.8 16.0 13A

240. 15.8 16.0 14

240. 16.2 16.0 178

240. 16.8 16.0 17A

250. 16.0 16.1 14

255. 15.4 16.1 20

14-16
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.5, continued

1 vol Temperature, K

Measured,

lO'^/K

LX L^/ \^LA 1 y

,

Predicted, 10"^/K

RofAron

No.

260. 15.9 16.1 13B

260. 16.0 16.1 13A

260. 16.0 16.1 14

260. 16.4 16.1 17B

260. 17.3 16.1 17A

270. 16.0 16.1 14

273. lo.u 16.1 17B

273. 15.9 16.1 138

273. 16.0 16.1 13A

280. 16.0 16.1 138

280. 16.0 16.1 13A

260. 16.0 16.1 14

290. 16.0 16.1 14

300. 16.1 16.0 138

300. 16.3 16.0 13A

320. 16.2 15.9 138

320. 16.5 15.9 13A

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

14-17
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.6. Measurements of the Mean Thermal Expansion of C17200 and C17500 Beryllium Copper

(6-300 K).

Test Tempersture,AL/(LAT),

Measured,

lU /IS

Reference

INO.

0. 9.69 18

6.00 10.7 13B

6.00 10.8 13A

8.00 10.8 13B

6.00 10.8 13A

10.0 10.8 13B

10.0 10.9 13A

12.0 10.9 138

12.0 11.0 13A

14.0 11.0 138

14.0 11.1 13A

16.0 11.1 138

16.0 11.1 13A

18.0 11.2 138

18.0 11.2 13A

20.0 11.2 138

20.0 11.3 13A

20.0 11.6 178

20.0 11.9 17A

25.0 11.4 138

25.0 11.5 13A

25.0 10.6 18

27.4 13.8 198

27.4 12.6 19A

30.0 11.6 138

30.0 11.7 13A

35.0 11.8 138

35.0 11.9 13A

40.0 12.0 138

40.0 12.1 13A

40.0 12.4 178

40.0 12.7 17A

45.0 12.2 138

45.0 12.3 13A

50.0 12.4 138

50.0 12.5 13A

50.0 11.6 18

60.0 12.8 138

60.0 12.8 13A

60.0 13.3 178

60.0 13.5 17A

70.0 13.1 138

70.0 13.2 13A

75.0 12.3 18

77.4 14.4 19B

77.4 14.2 19A

80.0 13.4 138

80.0 13.5 13A

80.0 13.9 17B

80.0 14.1 17A

14-18
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

Table 14.6, continued

Test Temperature, K

AL/(LAT),

Measured,

Reference

No.

90.0 13.6 13B

90.0 13.7 13A

100. 13.9 13B

100. 14.0 13A

100. 14.4 17B

100. 14.6 17A

100. 12.8 18

120. 14.3 13B

120. 14.4 13A

120 14.8 178

120. 15.0 17A

125. 12.9 18

140. 14.6 138

140. 14.7 13A

140. 15.2 178

140. 15.4 17A

150. 12.9 18

160. 14.9 138

160. 15.0 13A

160. 15.4 178

160. 15.8 17A

175. 12.9 18

180. 15.1 138

180. 15.3 13A

180. 15.7 178

180. 16.1 17A

197. 15.5 198

197. 15.7 19A

200. 15.3 138

200. 15.5 13A

200. 15.8 178

200. 16.3 17A

200. 12.9 18

220. 15.5 138

220. 15.6 13A

220. 16.0 178

220. 16.6 17A

240. 15.7 138

240. 15.8 13A

240. 16.2 178

240. 16.8 17A

250. 9.77 18

260. 15.9 138

260. 16.0 13A

260. 16.4 178

260. 17.3 17A

273. 16.0 178

273. 17.5 17A

273. 15.9 138

273. 16.0 13A

j 280. 16.0 138

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

14-19
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.6, continued

Temperature, K

Measured,

lO'^/K

No.

280. 16.0 13A

280. 16.9 17B

280. 17.7 17A

300. 16.1 13B

300. 16.3 13A

320. 16.2 13B

320. 16.5 13A

14-20

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (6-300 K)
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (6-300 K)

300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 14.5. The data shown for C17200 beryllium copper were used to compute the regression of the

mean thermal expansion upon temperature [Equation (14-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. Two points from Reference 14.13 at 320 K do not appear in the figure.

All data are presented in Table 14.5.

14-21
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)

z

<

o.X

<

<

m

18

16

14

12

10

1^

, jff /

/

O A

1^

/

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

-4

REF. UNS CONDITION

• 13A C17200 CW

o 13B C17200 CW AND AGED"

17A C17200 ANNEALED

17B C17200 CW

A 18 C17200 CW AND AGED

A 19A C17200 AGED

19B C17500 AGED

300

Figure 14.6. The data from Figure 14.5, plus some additional thermal expansion data, are presented to show the effects of aging, aging temperature, and cold work upon mean thermal expansion of CI 7200 beryllium copper. Some measurements on CI 7500 beryllium copper are also presented.

All data are presented in Table 14.6. The aging temperature reported in Reference 14.18 is considerably below those reported in References 14.13 and 14.19. It is not known if this is the reason for the discrepancy in these results.

14-22
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.7. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 1C 5

Specification Oi75i0 C17510 C17510 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu Bal Bal Dal Cu + Ag

Be 0.39 0.39 0.34 2.0

Ni 1 QO

Co 0.01 0.01 0.02 —

Ni + Co 1.93 1.93 1.94

Ni + Fe + Co 1.95 1.95 1.96

Al 0.01 0.01 0.01 Fe 0.02 0.02 0.02

Si < 0.01 < 0.01 0.02 —

Others Cr: 0.007; Pb: Cr: 0.007; Pb: Cr- < 0 005- Pb- (Only > 0.001 wt%) < 0.003; Sn: 0.005; < 0.003; Sn: 0.005; 0.003; Sn: < 0.005; Zn: < 0.01 Zn: < 0.01 Zn: < 0.01

Material Condition Aged Heat-treated Heat-treated Aged, 573 K, 2 h RRR — — — —

Grain Size _

Hardness Re 88.5 — Rg 101 Rockwell 41 (a)

Product Form Rate Plate Plate, 3.18-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 83-345 K 120-299 K 99-325 K 2-90 K

(a) Hardness scale not specified.

14-23
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.7, continued

Reference No. 6A 6B 7A 78

Specification C17200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu —

—

f^ii An

Be 1.80 1.83 — —

Ni — 0.01-0.1 — —

Co 0.1-1.0

Ni + Co —- — —

Ni + Fe + Co *—

Al (a) Fe — — —

Si Others All others < 0.01 — — —

Material Condition Cold-rolled (b) Cold-rolled (b) Annealed Cold-rolled, 21%

or 37%

RRR

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness Knoop 243-332 Knoop 513-541 — —

Product Form Strip, 0.005-cm-thick, Strip, 0.005-cm-thick, Strip Strip 5.08-cm-wide 5.08-cm-wide

Specimen Type Rat (c) Rat (c) Width or Dia. 1.58 cm 1 .78 cm

Thicktness 1.08 cm 1.75 cm

Gage Length 25.4 cm 25.4 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 128-300 K 125-300 K 293 K 293 K

(a) Al + Fe + Si: 0.01-0.1 wt%.

(b) Percent cold work not specified.

(c) Composite flat specimens were fabricated by stacking together and compressing pieces of strip material, then fastening

together with phosphor-bronze screws.

(d) Al + Co + Fe + Si: 0.01-1.0 wt%.

14-24
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

7C 7D 8A 8B 9A

C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17000 — 97.7 97.7 — — 1.90 1.90 1.60-1.80 — (b) (b) —

—

—

—

—

—

0.25-0.35 —

Annealed and aged Cold-worked, 21% or Before aging Aged (a) As cast

(a) 37%, then aged (a)

Strip Strip

~ —^ —

293 K 293K 293 K 293 K 293 K

(a) Aging conditions not specified.

(b) Ni + Co + Fe: 0.40 wt%.

14-25
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.7, continued

Reference No. 96 9C 9D 10

Specification CI 7200 CI 7500 C17510 C17510

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Nl + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AiFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

1.80-2.15

0.25^.35 —

—

0.45-0.65

2.40-2.60 —

—

0.45-0.65

2.40-2.60 —

—

0.39

1 Q9 —

—

Material Condition As cast As cast As cast —

RRR — — — —

Grain Size — — —

Hardness —

Product Form

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Round

0.317 cm

2.54 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 293K 293 K 293 K 76-293 K

14-26
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

11A 11B lie 12 13A

CI 7000 CI 7200 CI 7500 C17510 C17200 — — — 97.8 97.95

1.60-1.85 2.00-2.25 0.55-0.75 0.4 1.8 1.8

—

—

—

—

C..OO—<£. f U ——

—

—

—

As cast As cast As cast uoiu-roiiea, 0/%, Cold-worked,

then aged (a) hard

— — — — —

strip

Rat Cylinder

3.8 cm

10 cm

293 K 293K 293 K 294 K 6-320 K

(a) Aging conditions not specified.

14-27
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.7, continued

Reference No. 13B 14 15A 158

Specification CI 7200 C17200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

ClM + An

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

A!Fe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.95

1.8

0.25 ——

98.2

1.8

—

—

97.78

2.14

—

0.06

0.02

97.78

2.14

—

0.06

0.02

l^^aterial Condition Cold-worked,

hard, then aged,

603 K, 4 h

Aged, 600 K, 4 h Annealed, 1073 K, 0.5 hAnnealed, 1073 K, 0.5 h, aged, 573 K, 2.5 h RRR

Grain Size

Hardness

Product Form

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage length

Cylinder

3.8 cm

10 cm

Cylindrical tube

2.3 cm

7.8 cm

Round

0.6 cm

30 cm

Round

0.6 cm

30 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 6-320 K 10-290 K 293 K 293 K

14-28
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

16 17A 17B 18 19A

C17200 C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200

97.7 97.7 98.10 — 1.8 1.8 — 1.9 — —

0.2 —0.2 —

—

—

— —

0.1 0.1 — — — 0.1 0.1 — — —

n 1 U. 1 U. 1 — —

Cold-worked ^) Annealed Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, Aged, 588 K, 3 h

V& hard, aged.

473 K, 2 h — — — — —

— — — — —

Rb55 Rb95 Rc22 (b)

Bar Bar

Wire Square bar Square bar Round Cylindrical tube (c) 0.016 cm 0.64 X 0.64 cm 0.64 X 0.64 cm 0.64 cm 0.82 cm (O.D.)

10 cm 20 cm 20 cm 7.62 cm 13 cm

293 K 20. 293 K 20. 293 K 0-300 K 27, 77, 197 K

(a) Method not specified.

(b) Average of eight measurements of unnotched tensile specimens.

(c) Inside hole: 0.32 cm in diameter, concentric with outside diameter and 3.2 cm deep from one end.

t4-29
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 14.7, continued

Reference No. 19B 20

Specification CI 7500 CI 7200

^.^mposiiion ^wia)

Cu 97.40 97.80 Cu + Ag

Be 0.5 2.0

MiINI Co 2.0 0.2

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

Al —

Fe 0.1

Si — —

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Aaed 727 K 8 h AC

RRR —

Grain Size —

. —

Hardness Rc 39 (a)

Product Form Bar

Specimen Type Cylindrical tube (b) Round

Width or Dia. 0.82 cm (O.D.) 0.36 cm

Thickness Gage Length 13 cm 5.0 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 27, 77, 197 K 77-294 K

(a) Average of six measurements of unnotched tensile specimens.

(b) Inside hole: 0.32 cm in diameter, concentric with outside diameter and 3.2 cm deep from one end.

(c) Aging conditions not specified.

14-30
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

1. Bushnell, C, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, personal communication

(1990).

2. "Standards Handbook, Part 2-Alloy Data. Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products,"

Eighth Edition, Copper Development Association Inc., Greenwich, CN (1985).

3. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., "Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, Specific Heat,

Metallic Elements and Alloys," IFI/Plenum, New York, 16-20 (1970).

4. Corruccini, R. J., "Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures (Part I)," Chemical Engineering

Progress 53, 262-267 (1957).

5. Berman, R., Foster, E. L, and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Thermal Conductivity of Some Technical

Materials at Low Temperatures," British Journal of Applied Physics 6, 181-182 (1955).

6. Watson, T. W., and Flynn, D. R., 'Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium

Copper Foil," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 242. 876-880 (1968).

7. Bulow, C. L, "High-Strength Copper-base Alloys," Electro-Technology 71, 113-116 (1963).

8. Weaver, V. P., "Wrought Copper Alloys," in Copper, The Science and Technology of the Metal,

Its Alloys and Compounds, Ed. A. Butts, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 535-572

(1954).

9. Wlkle, K. G., "Semicontinuous Casting of Beryllium Copper," Metal Progress 73, 85-89 (1958).

10. Rule, D. L, 'Thermal Conductivity of Beryllium-Copper Alloy C17510 from 77 to 300 K," personal

communications (1991).

11. Honig, A., and Koeppen, H., "Uber die Vielseitige Verwendung von Kupfer-Beryllium (II)," Metallwissenschaft und Technik 29, 1121-1125 (1975).

12. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper CI 7510 Strip for Electrical and

Electronic Applications," in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection

Technology Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group, Inc., Fort Washington, PA, 131-140

(1983).

13. Holtz, R. L, and Swenson, C. A., "Thermal Expansivity Measurements Below 300 K on a CopperBeryllium Alloy," Journal of Applied Physics 54. 2844-2846 (1983).

14. Radcliffe, W. J., Gallop, J. C, and Dominique, J., "A Microwave Method for Thermal Expansion

Measurement," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments J6. 1200-1202 (1983).

15. HIdnert, P., "Thermal Expansion of Copper-Beryllium Alloys," Journal of Research of the National

Bureau of Standards 16, 529-548 (1936).

16. Imal, H., and Bates, W. J., "Measurement of the Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Thin

Specimens," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments M, 883-888 (1981).

14-31
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

17.. Arp, v., Wilson, J. H., Winrich, L, and Sikora, P., "Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering

Materials from 20 to 293 "K," Cryogenics 2, 230-235 (1962).

ISl Beenakker, J. J. M., and Swenson. C. A., Total Thermal Contractions of Some Technical Metals

to 4.2 °K," Review of Scientific Instruments 26, 1204-1205 (1955).

^9t. Belton, J. H., Godby. L. L, and Taft. B. L, "Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature,"

American Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Put)licatlon 287, 108-121 (1961).

20. Williams, L R., Young, J. D., and Schmidt, E. H., "Thermal Expansion Properties of Aerospace

Materials, Technical Support Package for NASA Technical Brief 69-10055," National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB-1 84749, 174 pp (19^).

14-32
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Aging Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a

function of aging time were obtained from Refer- ence 15.1. The aging temperature was 623 K and

aging times ranged from 0.001 to 1 7 h. Product

form was not specified.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 15.1,

which presents the electrical resistivity {p), the

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 1 5. 1 7 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section.

Figure 15.1 presents p as a function of aging

time.

DISCUSSION

The decrease in p with aging time is due to removal of beryllium and other elements from

solid solution in copper by precipitation. See

also the discussion of electrical resistivity vs. impurity content [Ag] for C10100-C10700 copper

(Section 8).

Table 15.1. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time

(295 K).

Electrical Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, Temperature, Time, No. nam K h

71.6 0 0

69.5 623 0.000833

69.3 623 0.001200

68.8 623 0.001700

68.1 623 0.003330

66.6 623 0.006670

66.3 623 0.013100

65.5 623 0.020000

64.5 623 0.033100

60.2 623 0.066900

57.3 623 0.083100

58.0 623 0.083100

54.4 623 0.100000

47.3 623 0.130000

48.8 623 0.170000

30.8 623 0.250000

27.9 623 0.333000

25.1 623 0.670000

24.7 623 1.060000

22.2 623 3.300000

18.6 623 17.000000

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-1
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000: Annealed

and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging Time (295 K)

120

100

E

c

. 80

> !

TJi to 60

lii r

<

u

I—u

40

20

295 K

AGING

REF. TEMP.. K • 1 623.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 15.1. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on annealed C17000 beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

One measurement at an aging time greater than 1 0 h is also not shown. All data are presented in Table 15.1. Product form was not specified.

ji' ' '

15-2
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function

of cold work were obtained from References 1 5.2 and 15.3. Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 84%

(reduction in area). Product was in bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 1 5.2,

which presents the electrical resistivity (p), CW

(reduction in area), and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end

of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure

15.2 presents p as a function of CW.

DISCUSSION

The resistivity is essentially unchanged by

CW. See also Figures 15.8 and 15.12 where similar results are shown.

Table 15.2. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17000 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Reference

Resistivity, % No. nam

51.60 75 2 42.70 0 2 61.30 0 3 60.96 37 3 80.71 60 3 80.58 64 3

15-3
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold Work (295 K)

120

100

E

cic

>

I—

in

(/) ui

<

u

I—u

80

60

40

20

2<»5 K

RlEF.

o

( >

•

o

2

3—o

o

•

20 40 80 100

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 15.2. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on C17000 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of cold work. Product was in bar form.

15-4
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of annealed and cold-worked C1 7200 beryllium

copper at 295 K as a function of aging temperature were obtained from three sources (Referenc- es 15.4, 15.5, and 15.6). Aging temperatures

ranged from 373 to 753 K; aging times from 0.5

to 15 h. Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 50%

(reduction in thickness or area). Products were

in wire, strip, and bar form.

Measurements of the electrical resistivity, p, of annealed CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging time were obtained from four sources (References 15.4, 15.7, 15.8, and 15.9).

Aging temperatures ranged up to 573 K; aging

times from 0 to 438 h. Products were in wire,

strip, and bar form. Measurements at several

aging temperatures are reported in Reference

15.8; only data at 573 K are presented here. Reference 15.10 reports similar data in relative form which were not included in this analysis

because p was not given. Measurements from

Reference 1 5.9 of p at aging temperatures were

corrected to room-temperature p with the temperature coefficient of p of 0.009 nOm/K given in Reference 15.11. Measurements of p of cold-worked C1 7200

beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging

time were obtained from seven sources (Refer- ences 15.4-15.8, 15.12, and 15.13). Aging temperatures ranged from 569 to 644 K; aging times

from 0.09 to 100 h. CW ranged from 1 1 to 75%

(reduction in thickness or area). Products were

in wire, strip, and bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Tables

15.3, 15.4, and 15.5 which present p. CW (reduction in thickness or area), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure 15.3 presents p as a function of aging temperature, and Figures

15.4 and 15.5 present p as a function of aging

time, for annealed and cold-worked material,

respectively. As explained in the figure captions,

some of the data are omitted from those figures

for clarity.

DISCUSSION

In agreement with Figures 15.2, 15.8, and

15.12, there is little difference in p in Figure 15.3

for annealed and 21% cold-worked material (Ref- erence 15.4).

As explained earlier, the decrease in p with

aging is due to the removal of solute elements

from the copper matrix by precipitation. If the

aging temperature is below about 500 K, as shown in Figures 15.3 and 15.4 for data from

References 15.4 and 15.9, not much precipitation occurs and p remains approximately constant. Data from Reference 1 5.8 presented in Fig- ure 15.5 and Table 15.5 show that at aging time

equal to 0, p is somewhat higher for the largest

amount of CW. However, after aging begins, the curves shown in Figure 15.5 cross over and the

effect is reversed because CW facilitates precipitation.

15-5
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 1 5.3. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed and Cold-worked C1 7200 Beryllium Copper

on Aging Temperature (295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nom K h

81 3 Q 586 3 0 4

1 1 000 A

*t AO i ^AA 000 1 n A

101.4 U OQA l.u 4 102 0 Q 373 1 0 4

I 1 *t.^ n '»/ J 1 ,u A

104.5 Q 513 1.0 4 96 0 0 536 1 0 4

81.3 0 603 1.0 4 70 4 0 633 1 0 4

60.6 703 1.0 4

62.5 0 753 1.0 4

104.5 '21 293 1.0 4

108.5 21 363 1.0 4

104.5 21 438 1.0 4 104 5 21 548 1 0 4

87.7 21 588 1.0 4

72.5 21 608 1.0 4

68.3 21 638 1.0 4

62.5 21 753 1.0 4

78.7 44 588 2.0 5 81.0 35 586 2.0 5

78.0 33 586 2.0 5 66.2 50 644 0.5 6 61.7 50 644 1.0 6

59.5 50 644 2.0 6

55.6 50 644 4.0 6

52.6 50 644 8.0 6

71.9 50 633 0.5 6 68.0 50 633 1.0 g

63.7 50 633 2.0 g 61.0 50 633 4.0 6 57.8 50 633 7.0 6 55.9 50 633 10.0 6

53.8 50 633 15.0 6

87.0 50 588 0.5 6

82.0 50 588 1.0 6

75.2 50 588 2.0 6

70.4 50 586 4.0 6

66.2 50 586 7.0 6

63.7 50 586 10.0 6

61.7 50 588 15.0 6

r

15-6
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 15.4. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time

(295 K).

Electrical (JOlU WOlK, Aging Aging Reference

QAcict!v/!t\# rwoioii VI ly

}

1 CI 1 i^ci diui o, Tim©, Mn

K

104.5 0 633 0.088 4 100.2 0 633 0.270 4

87.0 0 633 0.410 4

88.5 0 633 0.500 4

79.4 0 633 0.640 4

72.5 0 633 1.000 4

71.8 0 633 1.400 4

66.2 0 633 1.900 4

57.1 0 633 5.600 4

76.1 0 0 0.000 7

76.4 0 569 0.083 7

75.0 0 569 0.500 7

61.3 0 569 1.000 7

81.5 0 0 0.000 8 75.0 0 573 1.000 8 66.0 0 573 4.000 8

64.0 0 573 8.000 8

59.8 0 573 18.000 8 57.8 0 573 27.000 8

56.0 0 573 41.000 8 54.0 0 573 61.000 8 53.5 0 573 86.000 8

52.0 0 573 100.000 8

96.6 0 448 0.006 9

97.0 0 448 0.010 9

97.3 0 448 0.017 9 98.3 0 448 0.033 9

99.8 0 448 0.067 9 102.0 0 448 0.170 9 104.3 0 446 0.660 9

104.8 0 448 1.500 9

104.7 0 448 2.640 9

104.6 0 448 4.200 9

104.4 0 448 6.600 9

104.3 0 448 8.300 9

104.2 0 448 10.000 9 103.7 0 448 26.400 9 103.3 0 448 78.700 9 103.5 0 448 100.000 9

103.0 0 448 132.000 9

98.1 0 496 0.006 9

100.4 0 496 0.010 9

101.0 0 496 0.017 9 101.4 0 496 0.026 9 101.4 0 496 0.050 9

101.4 0 496 0.150 9

101.5 0 496 0.330 9

100.9 0 496 0.833 9

100.4 0 496 2.490 9

100.4 0 496 4.180 9

15-7
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.4, continued

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nom K n

100.0 0 496 5.300 9

99.9 0 496 7.400 9

99.6 0 496 10.000 9

98.9 0 496 13.300 9

98.1 0 496 16.700 9

76.4 0 496 83.300 9

95.2 0 573 0.008 9

95.1 0 573 0.017 9

95.2 0 573 0.030 9

94.7 0 573 0.042 9

94.0 0 573 0.100 9

92.7 0 573 0.170 9

88.7 0 573 0.330 9

83.7 0 573 0.500 9

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

Table 15.5. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time

(295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nnm K h

106.4 34 633 0.088 4

106.4 34 633 0.280 4

90.9 34 633 0.380 4

68.5 34 633 0.440 4

88.5 34 633 0.550 4

77.6 34 633 0.670 4

75.2 34 633 0.840 4

69.9 34 633 1.040 4

70.4 34 633 1.430 4

63.7 34 633 1.9?0 4

61.0 34 633 3.620 4

59.5 34 633 5.940 4

78.7 44 588 2.00 5 81.0 35 588 2.00 5

78.0 33 588 2.00 5

66.2 50 644 0.500 6

61.7 50 644 1.000 6

59.5 50 644 2.000 6

55.6 50 644 4.00 6

52.6 50 644 8.000 6 71.9 50 633 0.500 6

68.0 50 633 1.000 6

63.7 50 633 2.000 6

61.0 50 633 4.000 6

57.8 50 633 7.000 6

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

15-8
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

Table 15.5, continued

Bectrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nOm !}\ n

55.9 50 633 10.000 6

53.8 50 633 15.000 6

87.0 50 588 0.500 6

82.0 50 588 1.000 6

75.2 50 588 2.000 6

70.4 50 588 4.000 6

66.2 50 588 7.000 6

63.7 50 588 10.000 6

61.7 50 588 15.000 6

79.6 50 569 0.083 7

77.5 50 569 0.250 7

73.4 50 569 0.500 7 8Z5 16 0 O.OOO 8

84.0 36 0 0.000 8

85.8 64 0 O.OOO 8

86.5 75 0 O.tXX) 8

76.0 16 573 1.000 8 71.0 16 573 1.750 8 69.5 16 573 1.750 6 68.5 16 573 4.000 8 63.0 16 573 8.000 a

58.0 16 573 16.000 8 55.0 16 573 27.000 8

53.5 16 573 41.000 8 51.2 16 573 61.000 8

51.0 16 573 86.000 8

49.5 16 573 100.000 6 75.5 36 573 1.000 8

70.2 36 573 1.750 8 66.5 36 573 A.OOQ 8 61.5 36 573 8.000 8

56.2 36 573 18.000 8 54.0 36 573 27000 6 51.5 36 573 41.000 8 50.0 36 573 61.000 8 49.0 36 573 86.000 8

47.0 36 573 100.000 8

72.5 64 573 1.000 8 68.5 64 573 1.750 8 62.5 64 573 4.000 8 57.0 64 573 8.000 8

52.8 64 573 18.000 8

51.5 64 573 27.000 8

48.0 64 573 41.000 8

46.5 64 573 61.000 8 45.5 64 573 86.000 8

45.0 64 573 100.000 8

69.9 75 573 1.000 8

64.8 75 573 1.750 8

59.5 75 573 4.000 8

54.5 75 573 8.000 6

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

15-9
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.5, continued

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nnm K h

49.7 75 573 18.000 8 47.5 75 573 27.000 8

45.7 75 573 41.000 8

44.5 75 573 61.000 8

43.2 75 573 86.000 8

43.0 75 573 100.000 8

78.4 11 589 2.000 12

78.7 50 644 0.089 13

75.2 50 644 0.160 13

70.0 50 644 0.270 13

64.9 50 644 0.480 13

61.0 50 644 1.000 13

59.0 50 644 2.000 13

56.5 50 644 3.000 13

55.2 50 644 4.600 13

53.2 50 644 7.900 13

84.5 50 622 0.089 13

75.2 50 622 0.250 13

69.4 50 622 0.650 13

63.7 50 622 2.000 13

60.6 50 622 4.600 13

58.5 50 622 7.000 13

53.8 50 622 17.000 13

98.0 50 588 0.089 13

86.2 50 588 0.250 13

86.2 50 588 0.480 13

82.0 50 588 1.000 13

76.2 50 588 1.470 13

75.2 50 588 2.000 13

69.4 50 588 4.000 13

66.2 50 588 7.000 13

61.7 50 588 17.000 13

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

15-10
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

120

100

^ 80

— 60

— 40

20

295 K

AGING

REF. CW. X TIME. H • 4 0. 1. 4 21. 1. o 5 35. 2. 6 5 44. 2. 6 50. 1. 4 6 50. 2.

200 400

AGING TEMPERATURE, K

600 800

Figure 15.3. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on annealed and cold-worked C17200 beryllium

copper are shown as a function of aging temperature. Values from Reference 15.6 at aging times

other than 1 or 2 h are omitted from the figure for clarity. All data are presented in Table 15.3. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.

15-11
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

120

lOOgbf—

E

>->

to

LU

—J

<

295 K — - 1-

8 oT^v •v

60

40

20

o

AGING

REF. CW, X TEMP., K • 4 0. 633. o 7 0. 569.

8 0. 573.

9 0. 446.

lb 9 0. 496.

9 0. 573.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 15.4. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.

Measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table

15.4. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.

15-12
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging

Temperature, Time (295 K)

120

295 K

100

vt 60

LU

Od. 40

20

^ J

REF. CW, X

34.

35. 50.

50. 50.

50.

AGING

TEMP.. K

633.

586.

566.

633.

644.

569.

---»

1

A

A

A

8

812

13

1313

16. 75.

11. 50.

50. 50.

573.

573.

589.

588.

622.

644.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 15.5. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. Values from Reference 15.8 for amounts of cold work other

than 16 or 75% are omitted from the figure for clarity, as are other overlapping data points.

Measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table

15.5. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.

15-13
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed

and Aged; Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity

from 4 to 300 K of C17200 beryllium copper were

obtained from five sources (References 15.14-

15.17). The annealed, annealed and aged, and

cold-worked only conditions are represented in this data set. Products were in strip (Reference

15.17) and bar form (Reference 15.15), or not

specified.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 15.6,

which presents the electrical resistivity (p), test temperature (7), cold work, aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The availElectrical Resistivity vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section. Figure 1 5.6

presents p as a function of 7.

DISCUSSION

Measurements for all material conditions exhibit a decrease in p with decreasing 7. The

small difference in p values reported in Reference

15.17 for two specimens is presumably due to differences in composition.

Reference 15.18 presented data at 77 K on

the relative values for the change in p with aging

temperature. Because the absolute values for p were not reported the data are not presented in Table 15.6 or Figure 15.6.

Table 15.6. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17200 Beryllium Copper on Test Temperature

(4-300 K).

Electrical Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. nom K K h

82.5 295.0 0 573 2.00 14

62.0 77.0 0 573 2.00 14

55.0 4.2 0 573 2.00 14

105.1 273.0 0 0 0.00 15

96.8 192.0 0 0 0.00 15

84.9 75.8 0 0 0.00 15

81.8 19.6 0 0 0.00 15

82.1 4.0 0 0 0.00 15

92.1 273.0 0 N.S. N.S. 15

84.0 192.0 0 N.S. N.S. 15

72.4 75.8 0 N.S. N.S. 15

69.2 19.6 0 N.S. N.S. 15

69.2 4.0 0 N.S. N.S. 15

70.0 4.0 0 0 0.00 16

51.8 4.0 0 598 0.95 16

39.7 4.0 0 598 2.90 16

73.5 77.0 0 0 0.00 16

55.0 77.0 0 598 0.95 16

43.0 77.0 0 598 2.90 16

90.8 243.0 0 0 0.00 16

70.5 243.0 0 598 0.95 16

97.0 300.0 0 0 0.00 16

77.0 300.0 0 598 0.95 16

65.2 300.0 0 598 2.90 16

71.0 128.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

73.0 160.0 M.S. 0 0.00 17

76.0 163.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

75.0 188.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

15-14
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged; Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)

Table 15.6, continued

Electrical Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, 1 emporaiuro, Tfa Temperature, Time, INO.

ilUiil h

78.0 215.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

79.0 230.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

82.0 248.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

83.0 260.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

62.0 133.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

61.0 160.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

62.0 188.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

72.0 191.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

70.0 . 215.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

62.0 238.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

72.0 250.0 N.S. 0 0.00 17

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-15
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; fijinealed

and Aged; Cold-worked

Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature (4-300 K)

120

100

i

C?

>->

80

6o

IXI <

^ 40

I-U

20

REF. CONDITION _

• 14 AGED

0 15 ANNEALED

6 15 AGED

16 ANNEALED

16 AGED. 0.95 H16 AGED, 3 H

17 CW

17 CW

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 15.6. Electrical resistivity measurements from 4 to 300 K on C17200 beryllium copper in annealed, annealed and aged, and cold-worked conditions are shown. All data are given in Table

15.6. Products were in strip (Reference 15.17) and bar form (Reference 15.15), or not specified.

15-16
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Change In Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Aging Time (4, 77, 243, 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the change In electrical

resistivity at 4, 77, 243 and 300 K of annealed

CI 7200 beryllium copper as a function of aging

time were obtained from References 15.16 and

15.19. Aging temperatures were 403 and 598 K; aging times ranged from 0.02 to 167 h. Product

form was not specified.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table

15.7, which presents the change in electrical

resistivity (A/?), test temperature, aging temperature and time, and the reference number. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure

15.7 presents Ap at several cryogenic temperatures as a function of aging time.

DISCUSSION

The data from Reference 15.19 do not show

a decrease in Ap with aging time because the aging temperature of 403 K is too low to remove

beryllium and other elements from solid solution

in the copper matrix by precipitation.

Table 15.7. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time

(4, 77. 243. and 300 K).

Change in Test Cold Work. Aging Aging Reference

Electrical Resistivity, Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. nam K K h

0.0 4 0 0 0.000 16

-18.2 4 0 598 0.950 16

-30.3 4 0 598 2.950 16

0.0 77 0 0 0.000 16

-18.5 77 0 598 0.950 16

-30.5 77 0 598 2.950 16

0.0 243 0 0 0.000 16

-20.3 243 0 598 0.950 16

-31.3 243 0 598 2.950 16

0.0 300 0 0 0.000 16

-20.0 300 0 598 0.950 16

-31.8 300 0 598 2.950 16

7.3 77 0 403 0.022 19

9.5 77 0 403 0.111 19

11.7 77 0 403 0.556 19

12.7 77 0 403 1.530 19

13.1 77 0 403 3.140 19

12.9 77 0 403 5.140 19

12.3 77 0 403 167.000 19

7.1 243 0 403 0.022 19

9.2 243 0 403 0.111 19

11.3 243 0 403 0.556 19

12.2 243 0 403 1.530 19

12.5 243 0 403 3.140 19

12.2 243 0 403 5.140 19

11.7 243 0 403 167.000 19

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-17
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

Change In Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging Time (4, 77. 243, 300 K)

AGING

REF. TEMP., K • 16 598.

16 598.

•- 16 598. o 19 403.

-40' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 1 1 J 0 2 4 6 8 10

AGING TIME, h

Figure 15.7. Electrical resistivity measurements at cryogenic temperatures on annealed C17200

beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, and measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table 15.7. Product form was not specified.

15-18
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function

of cold work were obtained from five sources

(References 15.4, 15.5, 15.7, 15.8, and 15.13).

Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 94% (reduction

in thickness or area). Products were in wire,

strip, and bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 15.8,

which presents the electrical resistivity (p), CW

(reduction In thickness or area), and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is presented in Table

15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties

section. Figure 15.8 presents p as a function of CIV.

DISCUSSION

The resistivity is slightly increased by CW.

See also Figures 15.2 and 15.12 where similar results are shown.

Table 15.8. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17200 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).

Bectrlcal

Resistivity, nam

Cold Work,

%

Reference

No.

101.4 0 4 106.4 17 4 107.8 34 4

107.8 33 5 102.0 35 5 108.0 44 5 82.8 50 7

82.5 16 8

84.0 36 8

85.8 64 8

S6.5 75 8

98.5 0 13

106.0 37 13 105.0 49 13

106.0 70 13

110.0 76 13

107.0 78 13

117.0 84 13

111.0 88 13

114.0 90 13

113.0 92 13

112.0 94 13

15-19
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold Work (295 K)

120

100

c

>

77i 60

lU

<

u

U

80

40

20

291> K •

o

o A i

A

A

A

a 1 1

REF.

•

C 4

57

813

20 40 60

COLD WORK, percent

80 100

Figure 15.8. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a

function of cold work. All data are presented in Table 15.8. Products were in wire, strip, and bar

form.

15-20
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Cold-worked; Tensile Yield Strength vs. Cold-worked and Aged Electrical Resistivity (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength of C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function

of electrical resistivity were obtained from three sources (References 15.5, 15.12, and 15.13). The

annealed, cold-worked, and cold-worked and

aged conditions are represented in this data set. The amount of cold work, CIV, ranged from 0 to 94% (reduction In thickness or area). Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table 15.9,

which presents the yield strength {o^), electrical

resistivity (p), CIV (reduction in thickness or area),

aging temperature, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is presented in Table 15.17 at the

end of the electromagnetic properties section.

Figure 15.9 presents as a function of p. The

shading denotes the two different conditions of cold-worked only and cold-worked and aged.

DISCUSSION

The shaded areas in Figure 1 5.9 show that

for a given level of a^, a lower p is obtained for material in the cold-worked and aged condition

than in the cold-worked only condition.

Table 15.9. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence of CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Electrical Resistivity

(295 K).

Yield Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa nnm K h

666 108.0 44 0 0.00 5 1356 78.7 44 588 2.00 5 592 102.0 35 0 0.00 5 1231 81.0 35 588 2.00 5 663 107.8 33 0 0.00 5 1218 78.0 33 588 2.00 5 1169 78.4 11 589 2.00 12 207 98.5 0 0 0.00 13 690 106.0 37 0 0.00 13 760 105.0 49 0 0.00 13 917 106.0 70 0 0.00 13 1076 110.0 76 0 0.00 13 1145 117.0 84 0 0.00 13 1152 111.0 88 0 0.00 13 1200 114.0 90 0 0.00 13 1227 113.0 92 0 0.00 13 1124 112.0 94 0 0.00 13 952 98.0 50 588 0.09 13 1379 86.2 50 588 0.48 13 1434 82.0 50 588 1.00 13 1434 75.2 50 586 2.00 13 1434 69.4 50 588 4.00 13 1400 66.2 50 586 7.00 13 1324 61.7 50 588 17.00 13 1020 84.5 50 622 0.09 13 1324 63.7 50 622 2.00 13 1193 58.5 50 622 7.00 13 1069 53.8 50 622 17.00 13 1214 78.7 50 644 0.09 13

15-21
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed; Cold-worked;

Cold-worked and Aged

Tensile Yield Stren0h vs. Electrical Resistivity (295 K)

Table 15.9, continued

Yield Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa nOm K h

1267 75.2 50 644 0.16 13 1276 70.0 50 644 0.27 13 1276 64.9 50 644 0.48 13 1214 61.0 50 644 1.00 13 1034 53.2 50 644 7.90 13

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

2000

40 60 80

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, niim

120

Figure 15.9. Tensile yield strength measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are sliown as a

function of electrical resistivity. The shaded areas denote different material conditions. For clarity,

overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 15.9. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.

15-22
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold-worked and Aged Aging Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of annealed and cold-worked C17500 beryllium

copper at 295 K as a function of aging time were

obtained from References 15.20 and 15.21. Aging temperature was 753 K; aging times

ranged from 0.15 to 32 h. The percent and type

of cold work (Reference 15.21) was not specified

(hard condition, product form not specified).

Product form also was not specified in Reference

15.20.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table

15.10, which presents the electrical resistivity (p),

aging temperature and time, and the reference

number. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section.

Figure 15.10 presents p as a function of aging

time.

DISCUSSION

As explained earlier, the decrease in p with

aging time is due to the removal of impurity ele- ments from the copper matrix by precipitation.

The data of Reference 15.22 indicate that p re- mains approximately constant during exposure to 423 K for up to 100 h, with an increase of about

20% that is recovered upon return to room temperature.

Table 15.10. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed and Cold-worked C17500 Beryllium Copper

on Aging Time (295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nom K h

87.0 0 753 0.010 20

54.6 0 753 0.150 20

47.2 0 753 0.320 20

45.9 0 753 0.730 20

45.0 0 753 1.000 20

41.3 0 753 2.000 20

40.0 0 753 4.000 20

38.5 0 753 5.750 20

36.8 0 753 15.800 20

36.4 0 753 31.600 20

111.0 N.S. 0 0.000 21

63.3 N.S. 753 0.125 21

49.5 N.S. 753 0.250 21 42.7 N.S. 753 0.500 21

37.3 N.S. 753 1.000 21

34.8 N.S. 753 2.000 21

33.9 N.S. 753 3.000 21

33.3 N.S. 753 4.000 21

32.7 N.S. 753 6.000 21

32.3 N.S. 753 8.000 21

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-23
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17500: Annealed and Aged;

Cold-worked and Aged

Electn'cal Resistivity vs. Aging Time (295 K)

120

295 K

100

E

a

c

>"' >

vt

<

u

Ul

80

60 i

40

20

AGING

REF. CW. % TEMP.. K • 20

O 21

0. 753.

N.S. 753.

4 6

AGING TIME, h

10

Figure 15.10. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on annealed and cold-worked CI 7500

beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. Two data points from Reference 15.20 at aging times greater than 10 h do not appear on the graph. All data are presented in Table 15.10. Product form was not specified.

15-24
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Aging Time (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging time were obtained from seven sources (References 15.21, and 15.23-

15.28). Aging temperatures ranged from 593 to 838 K; aging times from 0.12 to 70 h. The

amount of cold work, CW, ranged from 21 to 80%

(reduction in thickness). In some cases, aging

conditions or amount and mode of CIV was not

specified In the reference. Products were in strip

and plate form, or not specified (References

15.21, 15.24, and 15.25).

Data presented here from Reference 1 5.28

Include resistivity, p, measurements on three

heats. Reference 15.26 reports p data on one of these heats at 76 and 4 K In addition to 295 K. See Figures 15.13 and 15.14.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table

15.11, which presents p, CW, aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section. Figure 15.11 presents p as a function of aging time.

DISCUSSION

As explained earlier, the decrease in p with

aging time is due to the removal of impurity ele- ments from the copper matrix by precipitation.

The data of Reference 15.22 indicate that p re- mains approximately constant during exposure to 423 K for up to 100 h, with an Increase of about

20% that is recovered upon return to room temperature.

Reference 15.29 notes that the recent use of higher purity C17510 material and improved ther- momechanical processing procedures may result

In lower values of p.

Table 15.11. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time

(295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nfim K h

51.30 N.S. 0 0.000 21 48.60 N.S. 753 0.125 21 42.60 N.S. 753 0.250 21 38.20 N.S. 753 0.500 21 35.10 N.S. 753 1.000 21 32.60 N.S. 753 2.000 21 31.80 N.S. 753 3.000 21 31.40 N.S. 753 4.000 21 30.80 N.S. 753 6.000 21 30.30 N.S. 753 8.000 21 29.50 21 727 8.000 23

28.20 21 755 8.000 23

27.70 21 783 8.000 23

27.40 21 811 8.000 23

26.90 21 838 6.000 23

38.50 N.S. N.S. N.S. 23

41.20 N.S. N.S. N.S. 23

27.20 40 755 3.000 24

30.80 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

30.60 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

15-25
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Aging Time (295 K)

Table 15.11, continued

Electrical Cold Work, Aalna Aaina Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nam K h

27.80 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

35.20 N.S. 783 0.500 25

34.50 N.S. 783 1.000 25

33.00 N.S. 783 2.000 25

33.10 N.S. 783 3.000 25

32.60 N.S. 783 4.000 25

32.00 N.S. 783 5.000 25

34.60 N.S. 811 0.500 25

33.40 N.S. 811 1.000 25

32.80 N.S. 811 2.000 25

32.00 N.S. 811 3.000 25

32.00 N.S. 811 4.000 25

31.60 N.S. 811 5.000 25

51.50 N.S. 0 0.000 25

43.70 N.S. 672 0.500 25

42.00 N.S. 672 1.000 25

39.80 N.S. 672 2.000 25

38.80 N.S. 672 3.000 25

39.20 N.S. 672 4.000 25

39.70 N.S. 672 5.000 25

36.50 N.S. 727 0.500 25

37.40 N.S. 727 1.000 25

36.10 N.S. 727 2.000 25

35.70 N.S. 727 3.000 25

34.60 N.S. 727 4.000 25

34.70 N.S. 727 5.000 25

37.40 N.S. 755 0.500 25

36.00 N.S. 755 1.000 25

34.40 N.S. 755 2.000 25

33.30 N.S. 755 3.000 25

33.70 N.S. 755 4.000 25

33.00 N.S. 755 5.000 25

39.80 37 755 2.000 26

33.00 37 0 0.000 27

38.00 60 0 0.000 27

29.00 60 723 1.000 27

31.00 60 693 1.000 27

33.00 60 673 1.000 27

28.00 60 723 2.000 27

31.00 60 673 2.000 27

36.00 60 633 2.000 27 OU / £ J J.UUU 07

29.00 60 693 3.000 27

37.00 60 593 3.000 27

34.10 60 633 4.000 27

28.00 60 693 6.000 27

29.50 60 673 6.000 27

33.40 60 633 6.000 27

36.00 60 593 8.000 27

32.00 60 633 12.000 27

27.20 60 673 16.000 27

15-26
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Agirig Time (295 K)

Table 15.11, continued

CloClllCcll

RAQi<ti\/it\/ nflm

fV>IH Wnrk

%

Aging

K

Aging

Timo,

h

H6fer6nc© Mn

35.20 60 593 18.000 27

34.80 60 593 24.000 27

29.50 60 633 36.000 27

34.00 60 593 42.000 27

33.00 60 593 70.000 27

34.65 60 593 70.000 27

33.81 80 573 6.000 27

33.77 60 673 1.000 27

33.34 60 633 4.000 27 an 5.000 27

33.09 80 573 7.000 27

31.93 80 593 24.000 27

31.64 60 593 16.000 27

31.32 60 593 16.000 27

31.26 80 633 2.000 27

31.32 60 633 2.000 27

30.25 60 673 2.000 27

29.70 37 755 2.000 28

28.30 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28

30.80 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-27
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging Time (295 K)

120

295 K

100

80

£

c

>"' >

CO

60

<

40<

W

20

A

AGING

A

A

-g-8

A

-A—

A

A

A

A

4 6

AGING TIME, h

6

oAGING

REF. CW. X TEMP.. K REF. CW. X TEMP.. K • 21 N.S. 753. A 27 37. 0. o 23 N.S. N.S. A 27 60. 0. 6 23 21. 727. A 27 60. 673.

o 23 21. 838. 27 60. 693.

24 N.S. N.S. A 27 60. 723.

25 N.S. 672. A 27 60. 633. —

b 25 N.S. 755. A 27 60. 593. - 25 N.S. 811. A 27 80. 593.

I? 25 N.S. 727. 27 80. 573. A 26 37. 755. 28 37. 755,

10

Figure 15.11. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on cold-worked CI 7510 beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time. Values from References 15.23, and 15.24, for which aging times were not specified, are plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from

the figure. A few measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table 15.1 1. Products were in strip and plate form, or not specified (References

15.21, 15.24, and 15.25).

15-28
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked; Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity

of C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of cold work were obtained from References

15.27 and 15.30. Cold work, CW, ranged from 0

to 60% (reduction in thickness). Most of these

measurements were made in the not-aged condition; however, Reference 15.30 also reported a

series of measurements on material that was

aged after varying amounts of CW. Also, one measurement from Reference 15.27 was made on

material that was pre-aged at 673 K for 3 h and

then cold-worked 60%. Products were in strip

(Reference 15.30) and plate form (Reference

15.27).

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table

15.12, which presents the electrical resistivity (p).

CW (reduction in thickness), aging temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and measure- ments is presented in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure

15.12 presents p as a function of CW.

DISCUSSION

The resistivity is not changed significantly

by CIV. See also Figures 15.2 and 15.8, where

similar results are shown.

Table 15.12. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17510 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).

Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. nOm K h

33 37 0 0 27

36 60 0 0 27 53 0 0 0 30 50 11 0 0 30 50 21 0 0 30 50 37 0 0 30 33 0 755 3 30 34 11 755 N.S. 30 33 21 755 N.S. 30

31 37 755 2 30

N.S. = not specified.

Aging Temperature, 0 K = not aged.

15-29
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked; Cold-worked

and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Cold Work (295 K)

I

120

100

80

E

c

>

(/> 60

<U

40

I—U

295 K

REF. CONDITION — •27

o 30

6 30

cw

cw

cw AND AGED

20

Ql 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 15.12. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on both aged and not aged C17510 beryllium

copper are shown as a function of cold work. All data are presented in Table 15.12. Products were in strip (Reference 15.30) and plate form (Reference 15.27).

15-30
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. and Aged Temperature (4, 76, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the electrical resistivity at 4, 76, and 295 K of cold -worked and aged

CI 7510 beryllium copper were obtained from

Reference 15.26. Product was in plate form.

RESULTS

All measurements are reported in Table

15.13, which presents the electrical resistivity (p), test temperature (T), amount of cold work, aging

temperature and time, and the reference number.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end

of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure

15.13 presents p as a function of T.

DISCUSSION

Room temperature results for similar cold

work and aging conditions differ from results of Reference 15.30, presented in Table 15.12. The

difference may be due to different chemical compositions within the CI 7510 specifications.

Table 15.13. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper on

Test Temperature (4-295 K).

Electrical Test Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Resistivity, Temperature, % Temperature, Time, No. nOm K K h

15.0 4 37 755 2 26

18.0 76 37 755 2 26

39.8 295 37 755 2 26

15-31
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature (4, 76, 295 K)

120

100

E

CS

8 0

>->

I—

to , ^ «

'°

<

y 40

I—U

20

RE F. CO

6 Cw

NDITION

• 2 AND ACaED

»

•

•

100 200

TEMPERATURE, K

300

Figure 15.13. Electrical resistivity measurements from 4 to 295 K on cold-worked and aged CI 7510

beryllium copper are shown. All data are given in Table 15.13. Product was in plate form.

15-32
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. and Aged Electrical Resistivity (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the yield strength at 295 K

of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper as a function of electrical resistivity were obtained from seven sources (References 15.23-

15.28, and 15.31). The amount of cold work, CIV,

ranged from 21 to 80% (reduction in thickness).

In some cases, the amount or mode of CW was

not specified. Products were in strip and plate

form (not specified in References 15.23 and

15.24).

Data presented here from Reference 15.28

include resistivity, p, measurements on three

heats. Reference 15.26 reports p data on one of these heats at 76 and 4 K in addition to 295 K. See Figures 15.11 and 15.13.

RESULTS

(reduction in thickness), aging temperature and

time, and the reference number. The available

characterization of materials and measurements is presented in Table 15.17 at the end of the electro- magnetic properties section. Figure 15.14 pre- sents as a function of p.

DISCUSSION

Reference 15.22 presents typical values of and p for cold-worked and aged C17500 and

CI 7510 which show that about 30% higher can be attained with the latter alloy with approximately

the same p.

All measurements are reported in Table

15.14, which presents yield strength (a^), p, CW

Table 15.14. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper on

Electrical Resistivity (295 K).

Yield Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Resistivity, % Temperature, Time, No. MPa nOm K h

758.0 34.5 N.S. N.S. N.S. 31 924.0 32.3 N.S. N.S. N.S. 31 896.0 30.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 31 745.0 29.5 21 727 8 23

703.0 28.2 21 755 8 23

641.0 27.7 21 783 8 23

573.0 27.4 21 811 8 23

517.0 26.9 21 838 8 23

814.0 27.2 40 3 24

1092.0 30.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

1000.0 30.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

813.0 27.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 24

700.0 36.0 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

725.0 35.2 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

700.0 34.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

708.0 34.7 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

720.0 34.7 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

725.0 34.6 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

735.0 34.5 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

695.0 33.6 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25 682.0 32.9 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25 650.0 32.2 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

15-33
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. and Aged Electrical Resistivity (295 K)

Table 15.14, continued

Yield Electrical Cold Work, Aging Aging Reference

Strength, Resistivity, % Tennperature, Time, No. MPa nom K h

556.32.0 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25 650.0 31.7 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

600.0 30.5 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

520.0 27.4 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

500.0 27.0 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

940.0 33.0 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

920.0 31.2 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

885.0 29.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

785.0 27.6 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

705.0 26.1 N.S. N.S. N.S. 25

716.0 39.8 37 755 2 26

857.0 34.5 37 N.S. N.S. 27

862.0 34.0 37 N.S. N.S. 27

849.0 33.4 37 N.S. N.S. 27

856.0 33.0 37 N.S. N.S. 27 830 0 31 8 37 N.S. N.S. 27

825.0 29.9 37 N.S. N.S. 27

806.0 28.6 37 N.S. N.S. 27

782.0 27.4 37 N.S. N.S. 27

942.5 34.6 60 593 70 27

1005.0 33.8 80 573 6 27

960.0 33.8 60 673 1 27

960.0 33.3 60 633 4 27

1022.0 33.1 80 593 5 27

1005.0 33.1 80 573 7 27

970.0 31.9 80 593 24 27

955.0 31.6 60 593 16 27

931.0 31.3 60 593 16 27

950.0 31.3 80 633 2 27

918.0 31.3 60 633 2 27

927.0 30.3 60 673 2 27

765.0 29.7 37 755 2 28A

717.0 28.3 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28B

703.0 30.8 N.S. N.S. N.S. 28C

N.S. = not specified.

15-34
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17510: Cold-worked

and Aged

Tensile Yield Strength vs. Electrical Resistivity (295 K)

2000

295 K

1600

O

O 1200

z

I—

(/) O

^ 800

>-

toZLU

I— 400

REF. CONDITION

o 23 CW AND AGED

24 CW AND AGED

25 CW AND AGED

26 CW AND AGED

27 CW AND AGED

28A CW AND AGED

28B CW AND AGED

28C CW AND AGED

® 31 CW AND AGED

I ^ A

AAA ^ £ AA

• •

A

A A AAA

O

6 o

o

o

CCD

10 20 30 40

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, nflm

50

Figure 15.14. Tensile yield strength measurements at 295 K on cold-worked and aged C17510

beryllium copper are shown as a function of electrical resistivity. For clarity, overlapping data

points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 15.14. Products were in strip

and plate form (not specified in References 15.23 and 15.24).

15-35
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility at 295 K of annealed and aged C17200 beryllium

copper with varying Fe content, [Fe], were obtained from Reference 15.32. The susceptibility,

K, was measured after the annealed and solutiontreated material had been initially aged at 588 K

for 3 h and then held at various exposure temperatures from 588 to 866 K for 1 h. Some arbitrary

values (off-scale) reported In Reference 15.32 are

not included in this analysis, but curves based on

these values are included in the figure. Product was in a cast-cylinder form.

RESULTS

All measured k are reported in Table 15.15,

which presents k, [Fe], exposure temperature

and time, and the reference number. The avail- able characterization of materials and methods is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure 15.15 presents k

Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Exposure

Temperature, [Fe] (588-866 K)

obtained under the conditions described above.

The data show that the alloy is magnetically sta- ble after 1-h exposures at temperatures up to about 755 K. Temperatures of about 81 1 K were

required to precipitate the ferromagnetic iron phase.

DISCUSSION

The specifications for CI 7200 given by the

Copper Development Association Inc., Greenwich, CT, allow Ni + Fe + Co < 0.6 wt%. The

effects noted here are so small that for many

applications, the magnetic permeability is equal to

1 to a good approximation. The susceptibility, in SI units, is defined as k = M/H (dimensionless),

where H = applied field and M = magnetization

(both in A/m). The relative permeability (ji^), also

dimensionless, is related to « by = ^/ Mo = 1 + «. Reference 15.33 states that values of

for C17000-C17500 beryllium coppers are nor- mally below 1 .020 and are reducible to < 1 .001 if desired.

Table 15.15. Magnetic Susceptibility Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on

Exposure Temperature and Fe Content (295 K).

Magnetic

Susceptibility, 10"®

[Fe], wt%Exposure

Temperature, K

Exposure

Time,

h

Reference

No.

251 0.30 588 0 32 7504 0.40 588 0 32 327 0.30 644 32 4775 0.40 644 32 113 0.15 700 32 126 0.20 700 32 452 0.30 700 32 4775 0.40 700 32 119 0.10 755 32

151 0.15 755 32 239 0.20 755 32 628 0.30 755 32 5529 0.40 755 32 239 0.10 811 32 377 0.15 811 32 892 0.20 811 32 4524 0.30 811 32 3267 0.10 866 32 5906 0.15 866 32

15-36
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Exposure

Temperature. [Fe] (588 866 K)

500 600 700 800 900

EXPOSURE TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 15.15. Magnetic susceptibility measurements at 295 K from Reference 15.32 on annealed and

aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of exposure temperature and Fe content. The time at the exposure temperature was 1 h. All data are presented in Table 15.15. Product was

in a cast-cylinder form.

15-37
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe],

and Aged Solution Temperature (866-1 1 16 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility

at 295 K of annealed C17200 beryllium copper

with varying Fe content were obtained from Refer- ence 15.32. The susceptibility, «, was measured

after aging at 588 K for 3 h preceded by solution

treatments of 1 h at varying temperatures. Some

arbitrary values (off-scale) reported in Reference

15.32 are not included in this analysis, but curves based on these values are included in the figure.

Product was in a cast-cylinder form.

RESULTS

All measured values of k are reported in Table 15.16, which presents k, solution treatment temperature, Fe content, and the reference number. The available characterization of materials

and methods is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure

15.16 presents k obtained under the conditions

described above. The data show that the k of the

alloy can be reduced to about 2 x

10"'* by raising

the solution temperature to 1 1 16 K.

DISCUSSION

Iron loses its ferromagnetic characteristics

when it is dissolved in copper solid solution. The

usual solution-treating temperature is about 1060

K, and the data show that a temperature about

56 K higher is necessary to effect the solution of Fe in the copper matrix.

The effects noted here are so small that for many applications, the magnetic permeability is equal to 1 to a good approximation. The susceptibility, in SI units, is defined as k = M/H (di- mensionless), where H = applied field and M =

magnetization (both in A/m). The relative per- meability (jjl), also dimensionless, is related to k

by = n/ = ^ + K. Reference 15.33 states

that values for /i^ for C17000-C17500 beryllium

copper normally are below 1.020 and are reducible to < 1.001 if desired.

Table 15.16. Magnetic Susceptibility Dependence of Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper on

Solution-Treating Temperature, Fe Content (295 K).

Magnetic

Susceptibility, 10"^

Solution Temperature,[Fe], wt%Reference

No.

224. 866. 0.050 32

3343. 866. 0.120 32

9425. 866. 0.215 32 12280 866. 0,305 32

2111. 1061. 0.215 32

3544. 1061. 0.305 32

1257. 1088. 0.305 32

3971. 1088. 0.395 32

126. 1116. 0.215 32

214. 1116. 0.305 32

201. 1116. 0.395 32

201. 1116. 0.490 32

15-38
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17200: Annealed

and Aged

Magnetic Susceptibility vs. [Fe],

Solution Temperature (866 1116 K)

O

>-

14000

12000

10000

295 K

EXP.

REF. TEMP., K • 32 866.

32 1061.

•- 32 1088.

t 32 1116.

7

I—

a.— 8000

u

<

6000

4000

2000

/

/

/

/

/

r

^8 66 K

4/

/

/

/l061K /

1088 K

1116 K

1000

- 800

EE

600 ^u

to

to

U

400 »-

LU

z

o

<

200

0.1 0.2" 0.3 0.4 0.5

IRON CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 15.16. Magnetic susceptibility measurements at 295 K on annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium

copper are shown as a function of iron content and solution temperature. All data are presented in Table 15.16. Product was in a cast-cylinder form.

15-39
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 2A 9R

Specification C17000 CI 7000 C17000 CI 7000

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

MiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

> 98.49

1.50

> 98.49

1.50

98.37

1.62

Oft V7

1.62 —

— — — —

< 0.01 < 0.01 0.06 0.06

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — — — —

Material Condition Annealed, 1053 K, 0.33 h

Aged, 623 K, 0.0008-17 h

Mill annealed Cold-drawn, 75%

RRR

Grain Size — —

Hardness Rg 103

rrouucT rorm Rar oar, 2.5-cm-dia.

Rar Dar, 2.5-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thicl<ness Length

Wire Wire

0.328 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

15-40
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

3A SB 4A 4B 4C

OlZOCXJ 017000 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

98.35 98.35 97.65 97.65 97.65

-1 CO 1 .5o 1 CO 4 Of l.OO 1.86 1.86 U.U 1 U.Ul U.U1 — — 0.19 0.19 0.19 —

0.08 —0.08 —

0.02 —0.02 —0.02 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.16 0.16 — — 0.07 0.07 0.07

Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03 Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03 Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03

Annealed Cold-drawn, Solution treated, Cold-rolled, Aged, 588 K, 37%, 60%, 84% 1058 K 17%, 34% 3 h (b)

— — 30 /tm 30 fim 30 /tm

Bar, Bar, Strip Strip Strip 0.52-cm-clia. 0.52-cm-dia.

Round Round Flat Rat Rat

0.53 cm (a) 0.056 cm 0.037, 0.046 cm 0.056 cm

2 2 per condition

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Diameter: 37%, 0.041 cm; 60%, 0.33 cm; 84%, 0.21 cm.

(b) Others: Aged, 633 K, 0.088-5.6 h.

15-41
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 4D 4E 4F 5A

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

A!Fe

bl Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.65

1.86

0.01 0.19

0 02

0.16

0.07

Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03

97.34

1.91 0.02

0.29

0.24

0.14

97.39

1.87 0.02

0.39

U.wO

0.22

0.08

97.72

1.83

0.01 0.22

0.11 0.07

Sn: 0.01

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 17%,

34%, then aged

588 K, 3 h (a)

Aged, 298-753 K,

1 h

Cold-rolled, 21%,

then aged,

293-753 K, 1 h

Cold-drawn, 44%

RRR

Grain Size 30 iim 30 iim 30 iim 25 iim

Hardness

Product Form Strip Strip Strip Bar

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

nat

0.037, 0.046 cm

Rat

0.051 cm

Rat

0.055 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Others: Cold-rolled 34%, then aged, 633 K, 0.088-5.9 h.

15-42
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

5B 5C 5D 5E 5F O 1 1 exKS L.1720U C17200 C17200 C17200

97.72 97.64 97.64 97.68 97.68

1.83 1.82 1.82 1.86 1.86

O.Ol 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01

U. 1 o U.io 0.22

0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02

0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.07 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.07

Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.02; Sn: 0.02; Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 Pb: 0.002 Pb: 0.002

Cold-drawn, 44%, Cold-drawn, 35% Cold-drawn, 35%, Cold-drawn, 33% Cold-drawn, 33%,

then aged, 588 K, then aged, 588 K, then aged, 588 K, 2h 2 h 2 h

25 iim 25 u.m 25 iim 35 iim 35 iim _ Rg 95 Rc42 Rg 99 Rc42

Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

15-43
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 6 7A 7B 7C

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

AlFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

—

—

97.65

2.15

(a) —

97.65

2.15

(a) —

97.65

2.15

(a) —

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 50%,

then aged, 588-

644 K, 0.5-15 h

Annealed, 1072 K,

1 h Aged, 569 K, 0.08-1 h

Cold-worked, 50%

RRR

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness — — — —

Product Fornn

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Wire Round

0.48 cm

Round

0.48 cm

Round

0.48 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Al + Fe + Si: 0.2 wt%.

15-44
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

7D 8A 8B 8C 8D

C17200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200 C17200

97.65 98.18 98.18 98.18 98.18

2.15 —

(a) —

1.82 — ' —

—

1.82 —

—

—

1.82 —

—

—

1.82 —

—

—

Cold-worked, 50%,

then aged, 569 K, 0.08-1 h

Annealed Aged, 573 K, 1-100 h

Cold-drawn,

16-75%

Cold-drawn, 16- 75%, then aged, 573 K, 1-100 h

— — — — —

Round

0.48 cm

Wire

0.05 cm

Wire

0.05 cm

Wire

0.05 cm

Wire

0.05 cm

295 K 293 K 293 K 293K 293 K

(a) A! + Fe + Si: 0.2 wt%.

15-45
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 9 12 13A 13B

Specificstion C17200 C17200 C17200

Composition (wt%)

Cu 97.8 — —

Cu + Ag —

Be 2.2 1.81-1.86 1.81-1 .86

Ni 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.03 Co " 0.23-C.27 0.23-0.27

Ni + Co — — — —

jslj + Pe + Co

Al — — 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.07 re 0.08—0.10 O.Oo-O. lO

Si — — 0.06-0.09 0.06-0.09 Others Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 (Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Aged, 448, 496, or Cold-rolled, 11%, Annealed Cold-drawn,

573 K (a) then aged, 589 K, 37-94%

2 h RRR

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Strip

Specimen Type Bar Flat Wire Wire Width or Dia. 0.32-cm dia. Thickness 0.04 cm

Length 6.3 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 293 K 293 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Aging times: 488 K, 0.0059-132 h; 496 K, 0.0059-83.3 h; 573 K, 0.008-0.5 h.

15-46
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

13C 14 15A 15B 16A

CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 C17200

98.00 - 97.00 - 97.00 97.7

1.81-1.86 2.0 1.84 1.84 2.0 0.01-0.03 < 0.1 < 0.1 —

0.23-0.27 0.22 0.22 0.3

0.01-0.07 < 0.1 < 0.1 —

0.08-0.10 — 0.12 0.12 —

n nfi—n no nil U. 1

1

nil U.l 1 Sn: 0.01 — Sn, Ag, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ag, Zn, Pb, —

Cr, Mn: < 0.1 Cr, Mn: < 0.1

Cold-drawn, 50%, Aged, 573 K, 2 h Annealed Aged (c) Annealed

then aged, 588,

622, or 644 K (a)

. 1.5 1.28 1.33 1.38

16 /im 35 iim

Rockwell 41 (b) Rg 65 Rc31

Bar Bar

Wire Round Round Flat 0.635 cm 0.635 cm 0.6 cm

0.01 cm

15.2 cm 15.2 cm 10 cm

1 per temperature 1 per temperature

295 K 4.2, 77, 295 K 4-273 K 4-273 K 4-300 K

(a) Aging times 0.089-17 h.

(b) Hardness scale not specified.

(c) Aging condition not specified.

I 15-47
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 16B 17A 178 19

Specification CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Mi 4- fV> Ni + Fe + Co

A!Fe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.7

2.0

0.3 —

—

I

1.80

0.1-1.0 —

(b)

All others < 0.01

1.83

0.01-0.1 —

(f)

All others < 0.01

97.87

2.08

0.009 —

0.008

0.018

0.013

Material Condition Aged, 598 K, 0.95 h or 2.95 h

Cold-rolled (c) Cold-rolled (c) Aged, 403 K, 0.02-167 h

RRR (a)

Grain Size — — — —

Hardness Knoop 243-332 Knoop 513-541

PmHii^t Pnrm

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Flat 0.6 cm

0.01 cm

10 cm

Rat (e) 1.58 cm

1.08 cm

25.4 cm

Rat (e)

1 .78 cm

1 .75 cm

25.4 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 4-300 K 133-250 K 128-260 K 77, 243 K

(a) Aged: 0.95 h, RRR = 1.49; 2.95 h, RRR = 1.64.

(b) Al + Fe + Si: 0.01-0.1 wt%.

(c) Percent cold work not specified.

(d) 0.005-cm-thick and 5.08-cm-wide.

(e) Composite flat specimens fabricated by stacking and compressing pieces of strip material, then fastening together with phosphor-bronze screws.

(f) A! + Co + Fe + Si: 0.01-1.0 wt%.

15-48
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

20 21A 21B 21C 21D

C17500 C17500 CI 7500 C17510 C17510

96.96 97.05 97.05 97.59 97.59

0.49 0.5 0.5 0.41 0.41 0.06 — — 1.90 1.90 2.28 2.35 2.35 — — —

0.09

—

—

——

—

—

—

—

nU. 19Ii£ All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1

Aged, 753 K, Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, hard. Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, hard, 0.01-31.6 h then aged, 753 K, then aged, 753 K, 0.125-8 h 0.125-8 h — — — — —

Vickers 75-280 Vickers 170 Vickers 220-280 Vickers 160 Vickers 212-255

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

15-49
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 23A 23B 23C 24A

Specification C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510

Composition (wt%)

Cu

r^i 1 -1- An

Be

NlCo

Nl + KjO Ni + Fe + Co

Al

— —

98.02

0.38

1.60

(b)

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2 — — — —

Fe

Si Ottiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

I

— I

—

I

— —

Material Condition Aged (a) Cold-worked,

% hard, then aged

(a)

Cold-rolled, 21%,

then aged, 727-

838 K, 8 h

Cold-worked, 40%,

then aged, 755 K, 3h

RRR

Grain Size

Hardness _

Product Form — — Strip —

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness

Length

Flat

0.04 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 293 K

(a) Aging conditions not specified.

(b) Cu + Be + Ni: 99.5 wt%.

15-50
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

24B 25A 25B 25C 25D

C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510

(a) 97.7 97.7 97.7 97.7

rt 0__rt tt U.^—U.O 0.40 0.40 0.40 —

—

—

1 on —

——

1 on —

——

1 on i.yu —

——

1 fin

1 .yu —

—z

—

Cold-worked, Cold-rolled (c) Cold-rolled, then Cold-rolled, Cold-worked,

then aged (b) aged, 672-81 1 K, then aged (b) then aged (d) 0.5-5 h (c)

— — — —

Sheet, —

0.02-cm-thick

Rat

293 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Cu + Be + Ni: 99.5 wt%.

(b) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(c) Percent cold work not specified.

(d) Aging conditions considered proprietary.

15-51
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 26 27A 27B 27C

Specification C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510

Ck)mposition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

+ Pe + Co

A!

97.6

0.38

1.8

97.95

0.38

1.67

97.95

0.38

1.67

97.95

0.38

1.67 ——

—

—

—

—

r6

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — — ,,. — —

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 37%,

then aged, 755 K, 2 h

Cold-rolled, 37%, 60%Cold-rolled, 37%,

then aged (b)

Cold-rolled, 60%,

80%. then aged,

593-723 K (c) RRR 2.65

Grain Size

ricii ui looa

Product Form Plate, 2.5-cm-thickPlate,

1 .27-cm-thick

Plate,

1 .27-cm-thick

Plate,

1 .27-cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length 14.0 cm

Rat

0.64 cm

nat

0.64 cm

Rat

0.64 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 4, 76, 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) 37%, Rc 27.5; 60%, Rc 29.5.

(b) Aging conditions not specified.

(c) Aging times: 593 K, 3-70 h; 633 K, 2-36 h; 673 K, 1-16 h; 693 K, 1-6 h; 723 K, 1-3 h. (d) 593 K, Rc 33.5-34; 633 K, R^. 31.&-33; 673 K, R^ 21.5-31.5; 693 K, R^ 24-29.5; 723 K, R^ 19.5-24.5.

15-52
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

28A 28B 28C 30A SOB

C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510 C17510

Daiancs Balance Balance

0.38 0.40 0.41 0.2-0.6 0.2-0.6

1.79 1.91 1.95 1.4-2.2 1.4-2.2 0.05 0.01 0.10 I

0.01 0.01 0.01 — —

0.03 0.01 0.04 — —

0.02 0.02 u.uo

(a) (b) (d) — —

Cold-rolled, 37%, (0) (c) Annealed Aged, 755 K, 3 h then aged, 755 K, 2h

— — —

— Rg 95-99 DPH 80 DPH 229

Plate, Plate, Bar Strip Strip 2.5-cm-thick 2.5-cm-thlck 11

1

Rat Rat

295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Zr: 0.03; Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.01; Ag: 0.01; Cr: 0.005; Pb: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.

(b) 2n: 0.02; Ag: 0.01; Zr: 0.01; Sn: < 0.01; Ti: < 0.01; Cr: 0.004; Pb: 0.003; Mn: 0.001.

(c) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

(d) Ag: 0.09; Sn: 0.02; Zn: 0.02; Cr: 0.007; Mn: 0.004; Pb: 0.003.

15-53
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

Table 15.17, continued

Reference No. 30C 30D 31 32

Specification C17510 C17510 C17510 CI 7200

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Cu + Ag

Be

NiCo

Ni + Co

Ni + Fe + Co

MlFe

Si Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2

0.2-0.6

1.4-2.2

97.8

0.4

1.8

2.0

— — — — —

—

—

— —

—

0.05-0.5 —

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11%, 21%, 37%

Cold-rolled, 11%,

21%, 37%, then aged, 755 K (b)

Cold-worked, aged

(e) Aged, 588 K, 3 h; others, 644-866 K,

1 h RRR -

Grain Size — (c)

Hardness (a) (d) — —

Product Form Strip Strip Strip

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Length

Rat Rat Rat Round

0.31 cm

5.0 cm

No. of Measurements

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295, 299, 316 K 295 K

(a) DPH: 11%, 110; 21%, 115; 37%, 120.

(b) Aging time: 37%, 2 h; others not given.

(c) Grain size: 11%, 20 tim; others not given.

(d) DPH: 37%, 265; others not given.

(e) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.

f

15-54
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

1. Yoshida, H., and Murakami, Y., "The Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Aging Cfiaracteristics of Copper--1.5 and 2.0 wt% Beryllium Alloys," Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 33, 775-781

(1969).

2. Bassett, W. H, "Beryllium-Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the Institute of Metals Division,

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers E27, 218-232 (1927).

3. Crampton, D. K., Burghoff, H. L, and Stacy, J. T., "Effect of Cold-Work upon Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers 143, 228-245 (1941).

4. Richards, J. T., and Murakawa, K., "Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on the Directional

Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials

57, 791-807 (1957).

5. Richards, J. T., "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic Moduli," in Symposium on Determination of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing

Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).

6. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper Wire: Property and Design Considerations," Wire and Wire

Products 27, 257-262, 304-307 (1952).

7. Billington, D. S., and Siegel, S., "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Metal," Metal Progress 58,

847-852 (1950).

8. Gruhl, W., and Wassermann, G., "Uber den Verlauf der Ausscheidung bei Kupfer-BerylliumLegierungen," Metall 5, 93-98 (1951).

9. Murray, G. T., and Taylor, W. E., "Effect of Neutron Irradiation on a Supersaturated Solid Solution

of Beryllium in Copper," Acta Metallurgical, 52-62 (1954).

10. Murakami, Y., Yoshida, H., and Yamamoto, S., "On the Aging Characteristics of Copper-2 wt%

Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 9, 11-18 (1968).

11. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper," Materials & Methods 31. 75-89 (1950).

12. Fox, A., "Stress Relaxation in Bending of Copper Beryllium Alloy Strip," Journal of Testing and

Evaluation 8, 119-126 (1980).

13. Richards, J. T., Levan, R. K., and Smith, E. M., 'The Influence of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the Engineering Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire," Proceedings of the American Society

for Testing Materials 51, 771-789 (1951).

14. Berman, R., Foster, E. L., and Rosenberg, H. M., "The Thermal Conductivity of Some Technical

Materials at Low Temperatures," British Journal of Applied Physics 6. 181-182 (1955).

15. Clark, A. F., Childs, G. E., and Wallace, G. H., "Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys

at Low Temperatures," Cryogenics JO, 295-305 (1970).

15-55
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C1700Q-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

16. Feid, S., Groger, and Stangler, F., 'Temperaturabhangigkelt der Hallkonstante der

Kupferberylliumlegierung CuBe2 zwischen 6 und 300 K," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 74, 246-249

(1983).

17. Watson, T. W., and Flynn, D. R., 'Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium

Copper Foil," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 242. 876-880 (1968).

18. Yoshida, H., Yamamoto, S., Murakami, Y., and Kodaka, H., The Effects of Neutron Irradiation on

Ageing and Precipitation Phenomena in Copper-Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional

Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 12, 229-237 (1971).

19. Vigier, G., Pelletier, J. M., and Merlin, J., 'Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity of Alloys with Guinier-Preston Zones," Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 13, 1677-1687 (1983).

20. Pfeiffer, I., and Honig, A., "Berylliumleltbronzen," Metall 22. 1125-1129 (1968).

21. Weinlich, W., "CuNiBe-eine Variante der aushartbaren CuCoBe-Knetlegierungen," Metall 34. 135-138 (1980).

22. Mollard, F. R., Wikle, K. G., and Chaudhry, A. R., "Copper-Beryllium for Elevated Temperature

Electronic and Electrical Applications," in High Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds.

E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical Society of AIME. New York, 147-168 (1984).

23. Spiegelberg, W. D., and Guha, A., "Properties of Beryllium Copper Alloy C17510." in Copper and

Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F. W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, CONF-830466, 143-150 (1984).

24. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of CuBeNi Alloy (C17510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corp., Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545, MIT P.O. FCA-534436, 19 pp (1985).

25. Guha, A., "Development of a High Strength High Conductivity Cu-Ni-Be Alloy." in High

Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds. E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical

Society of AIME, New York, 133-145 (1984).

26. Reed. R. P.. Walsh. R. P., and Fickett, F. R.. "Properties of CDA 104. 155. and 175 Copper

Alloys, in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures~X, Ed.

R. P. Reed. National Bureau of Standards. Boulder. CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126 (1987).

27. Rotem, A., and Rosen, A., "Improvement of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloy

by Means of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment," Metallurgical Transactions 16A. 2073-2077 (1985).

28. Bushnell, C. W., "A Compendium of Beryllium Copper (Alloy CI 7510) Data for the CIT Device,"

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Princeton. NJ. F-880909-PPL-01 (1988).

29. Pawel. R. E.. and Williams, R. K., "Survey of Physical Property Data for Several Alloys," Oak

Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge. TN. ORNL/TM-9616. 37 pp (1985).

15-56
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged

REFERENCES

30. Guha, A., and Spiegelberg, W. D., "Development of a Nickel-containing Beryllium Copper Alloy

for Connector Applications," in Annual Connector and Interconnection Technology Symposium,

133-140 (1979).

31. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and

Electronic Applications," in Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection Technology

Symposium Proceedings, Electronic Connector Study Group Inc., 131-140 (1983).

32. Bernstein, H., "Reduction of Magnetic Susceptibility in Beryllium-Copper," Transactions of the

Metallurgical Society of AIME 212, 225-226 (1958).

33. Honig, A., and Koeppen, H., "Uber die vielseitige Verwendung von Kupfer-Beryllium," Metall 28,

1059-1062 (1974).

15-57

16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 304 measurements of 0.2%-offset

tensile yield strength (a^) at temperatures

between 4 and 297 K was selected for analysis

because degree of cold work, Sn and P content,

and grain size were reported (References 16.1-

16.1 1). In a few cases, because the data appeared very useful, reasonable assumptions were made for one of these parameters. For Refer- ence 16.2, P content, [P], was taken as the arith- metic average of the C51000 specification limits. The grain size, d, was not specified in References

16.6, 16.9, and 16.10, and values based in part on

the heat treatment of the material were assigned

(80, 50, and 50 /zm, respectively). Degree of CW

(percent reduction of thickness or area), ranged

from 0 to 85%; Sn content, [Sn], ranged from 0

to 10.10 wt%; [P] ranged from 0 to 0.40 wt%; and

d, from 0.5 to 250 /xm. Four measurements from

Reference 1 6.6 at higher cold-work percentages

(91, 94.8, 95.7, and 97.3%) were dropped from

the data set because they differed by more than

two standard deviations from an equation that

fitted the rest of the data well. Products were in sheet (Reference 16.6),

wire (Reference 16.9), strip (References 16.1-

16.3), and bar form (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.7,

16.10, and 16.11). Product form was not reported in Reference 16.8. Data on wire from Refer- ence 16.9 were Included because there are very

few measurements at 4 K. Other data on wire at 295 K were not included because an adequate

amount of data on other product forms was avail- able at this temperature and tensile measure- ments on wire may not be comparable to measurements on other product forms. The type of CW was cold rolling in all cases except for the

bar and wire stock which were drawn. The cold

rolling reported in Reference 16.1 was carried out

in the laboratory and may have differed somewhat from standard commercial practice. The

available Information on the characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

16.5 at the end of the 0501 00-052400 tensile properties section.

Because an extensive data set was available,

it seemed appropriate to develop a predictive

equation for as a function of temperature (T), CW, [Sn], [P], of, and any other relevant parameters. The alloying element, Fe, although present

Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size, [P] (4 297 K)

in commercial material, was judged not to affect

significantly. Reference 16.6 reported that the

tensile properties were not affected by the varia- tion in Fe content, [Fe], from 0.02 to 0.12 wt% in two different lots of 051000. Measurements of ultimate tensile strength and strain to failure in high [Sn], low [P] bronzes were in agreement,

within the measurement error, for [Fe] of either 0.05 wt% or 0.94 wt% (Reference 16.12). Refer- ence 16.13 states that [Fe] of up to 0.28 wt%

causes only a slight increase of tensile strength

and amounts above 0.28% actually cause a de- crease because the Fe enters into a secondary

phase. Further data on the dependence of tensile properties of phosphor bronzes on [Fe] are not

available at present, and [Fe] was generally not reported in References 16.1-16.11.

The data set was not ideal for developing a

predictive equation relating to 7, [Sn], and CW,

because only a few measurements from 4 to 295

K on cold-worked material have been reported

(see Table 16.1). However, an excellent set of 132 measurements at 295 K is available from

Reference 16.1 in which [Sn], CW, d, and [P] were varied systematically. Therefore, regression

analysis of upon [Sn], CW, d, and [P] was first carried out on this data set to establish the best

functional forms. In particular, this data set was

used to develop the best expressions for the

interactive effect of CW and [Sn]. It is clear from

the results presented in Reference 16.1 that such

an interactive effect exists: in Figure 16.1, where

(7y is plotted as a function of CW, the slope of the curves increases with increasing [Sn]. The data

set from Reference 16.1 was also used to test the

effect of d upon a^. Although a cf

^''^ term fitted the data only slightly better than a cT^ term, d"^^^ was chosen because it is the traditional Hall- Petch expression.

Analysis of data from 77 to 295 K, as pre- sented in Reference 16.7, led to an examination

of interactive terms for [Sn] and temperature, 7, although the equation that was found to fit the

data best was not of the same form as that pre- sented in Reference 16.7. In particular, no evi- dence was found to justify [Sn]^^V^^^ and

jSn]^/2yi/3^i/2 addition of a [Sn]^^ term

to [Sn] and [Sn]^ terms, and the use of a negative [Sn]^^^r^^ term for the temperature dependence represented the data well. Figure 16.2,

which presents as a function of T for various

16-1
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

[Sn] values, also shows a change in slope with

increasing [Sn]. Data on cold-worked material

from References 16.10 and 16.11 are included in this graph to indicate that they follow the T^'^ temperature dependence to a first approximation.

Figure 16.3, which shows vs. [Sn]^^^ for temperatures between 4 and 300 K, illustrates both

the dependence on [Sn]^^^ and the nonlinear temperature dependence. These data.taken from

Reference 16.14, were not used in the analysis

because is not measured with the 0.2% offset method.

When the form of the equation had been

established from the data sets with extensive

parametric variation, data from References 16.10

and 16.11 were added (8 measurements between

4 and 295 K on drawn bar product) to determine

the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the introductory section gives cold-work equivalents for coldrolled and drawn tempers. Therefore, for colddrawn bar product (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10,

and 16.11) percentages for cold rolling were substituted in the CW terms in the equation in place

of the percentage of reduction of area. This did not improve the fit of the equation to the data, so

the percentage reduction of area by drawing was

used for CW in the analysis for measurements on

bar stock. This Is discussed further below.

RESULTS

The final equation expressing the dependence of ay in MPa upon the parameters re- viewed above is

ay = -5.972+28.61 [Sn] - 1.584 [Sn]^ + 84. 1 4 [Sn] + 1 2.02 CW - 0. 1 024 (CIV)2 + 277.9cy-^'^ +88.08 [P] +0.0641 6 CW[Sn]

-0.02421 CW[Sn]2 - 13.01 P'^[Snf^

(16-1)

(S.D. = 34.523 MPa),

where 4 K < 7 < 297 K. The standard deviations

of the coefficients are: constant term, 8.486;

[Snl, 5.53; [Sn]^ 0.409; [Sn]^^, 12.01; CW, 0.32; CW\ 0.0043; d'^'^, 12.28; [P], 21.01; ClV[Sn].

0.0898; CW[Snf, 0.00903; and r^^[Sn]^^^ 1.19. The set of ay measurements and parameters are presented in Table 16.1, which also gives the ay

value predicted from the analysis described.

Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Work. Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

Figure 16.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (16-1). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the straight line, which

indicates agreement between the measured and

predicted values of ay. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the predicted val- ues. Table 16.1 presents the ay values calculated

from Equation (16-1) as well as the measured ay and the parameters [Sn], CW, d, [P], and T. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 1 6.5 at the end of the

tensile properties section.

DISCUSSION

The few available measurements of ay on

cold-worked material below 295 K often fall out- side the scatter band. This is true also of several

measurements on 60% cold-worked sheet not included in the analysis (Reference 16.21). Equation (16-1) represents the best determination of the dependence of ay on [Sn], CW, d, [P], and T

that could be obtained from the available database, but probably represents cold-worked material only within ± 4 standard deviations.

In agreement with these results for phosphor

bronzes, analysis of the dependence of ay upon

CW for C10100-C10700 coppers (pages 2-13-2-

19 and 2-22-2-28) also showed that a better fit of the data was obtained when the cold-work term

in the equation represents the reduction of thick- ness for cold-rolled product and reduction of area

for drawn product. The alternative, to use the

temper equivalents presented in Table 1 .5, result- ed in a worse fit of the data. Thus, the higher,

drawn product value is used in the cold-work

term of Equation (16-1). Reference 16.15 reported that as the diameter of their phosphor-bronze

specimens from drawn bar decreased, i.e., as specimens were obtained that sampled less of the exterior of the bar, the measured ay in- creased. This apparent anomaly has not been

investigated further. The same anomaly may

have affected the measurements reported in Ref- erences 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, and 16.11, i.e., a higher

value of ay was measured than would be expected from the nominal value of CW, since these

specimens also were obtained from the interior of the bar stock. If so, the use of higher values for CW would improve the agreement of the drawn

16-2
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Wori(, Grain Size, [P] (4 297 K)

product measurements with the cold-rolled product measurements. It was not feasible, given the

limited amount of data available, to develop separate equations for the two types of product.

Reference 16.6 presents additional data (not

used in this analysis) on material subjected to

other forms of thermomechanlcal processing.

C51000 phosphor bronze was cold rolled to 97.3% and subsequently annealed for 2 h at vari- ous temperatures in an attempt to recover ductili- ty without losing strength. Results and mechanisms are discussed in the reference.

Table 16.1. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence on [Sn], CW, d, and [P] (4-297 K).

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Tennperature, No. MPa MPa % K

82.3 54.8 0.42 0.0 35.0 0.04 295,0 1 327.0 264.0 0.42 20.6 35.0 0.04 295.0 1 387.0 372.0 0.42 37.5 35.0 0.04 295.0 1 415.0 414.0 0.42 50.2 35.0 0.04 295.0 1 439.0 423.0 0.42 60.5 35.0 0.04 295.0 1 457.0 416.0 0.42 68.7 35.0 0.04 295.0 1 92.5 79.5 0.42 0.0 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 322.0 291.0 0.42 20.8 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 393.0 396.0 0.42 37.4 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 441.0 448.0 0.42 60.6 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 452.0 441.0 0.42 68.6 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 426.0 438.0 0.42 50.2 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 70.6 69.8 0.95 0.0 35.0 0.06 295.0 1 347.0 287.0 0.95 20.6 35.0 0.06 295.0 1 406.0 399.0 0.95 37.6 35.0 0.06 295.0 1 448.0 445.0 0.95 50.2 35.0 0.06 295.0 1 465.0 458.0 0.95 60.5 35.0 0.06 295.0 1 488.0 453.0 0.95 68.6 35.0 0.06 295.0 1

83.7 94.5 0.95 0.0 15.0 0.06 295.0 1 351.0 309.0 0.95 20.3 15.0 0.06 295.0 426.0 423.0 0.95 37.4 15.0 0.06 295.0 463.0 469.0 0.95 50.0 15.0 0.06 295.0 484.0 483.0 0.95 60.6 15.0 0.06 295.0

502.0 478.0 0.95 68.7 15.0 0.06 295.0

90.5 96.3 2.07 0.0 35.0 0.07 295.0 373.0 329.0 2.07 20.9 35.0 0.07 295.0 446.0 448.0 2.07 37.4 35.0 0.07 295.0 488.0 503.0 2.07 50.1 35.0 0.07 295.0 513.0 523.0 2.07 60.4 35.0 0.07 295.0 558.0 523.0 2.07 68.3 35.0 0.07 295.0

103.0 121.0 2.07 0.0 15.0 0.07 295.0

383.0 349.0 2.07 20.5 15.0 0.07 295.0 472.0 474.0 2.07 37.6 15.0 0.07 295.0

531.0 528.0 2.07 50.1 15.0 0.07 295.0

561.0 548.0 2.07 60.6 15.0 0.07 295.0

570.0 548.0 2.07 68.9 15.0 0.07 295.0

105.0 114.0 2.96 0.0 35.0 0.07 295.0

379.0 356.0 2.96 20.9 35.0 0.07 295.0

479.0 481.0 2.96 37.0 35.0 0.07 295.0

535.0 544.0 2.96 50.1 35.0 0.07 295.0

579.0 568.0 2.96 60.3 35.0 0.07 295.0

16-3
: 16, PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

1

1; C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

j

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No. Mra MPa Mra TO K

595.0 573.0 2.96 68.2 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 170.0 139.0 2.96 0.0 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 411.0 376.0 2.96 20.4 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 507.0 509.0 2.96 37.5 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 567.0 568.0 2.96 49.9 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 603.0 593.0 2.96 60.5 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 620.0 597.0 2.96 68.5 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 117.0 132.0 4.00 0.0 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 390.0 384.0 4.00 20.9 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 508.0 520.0 4.00 37.5 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 577.0 586.0 4.00 50.2 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 610.0 616.0 4.00 60.5 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 646.0 624.0 4.00 68.6 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 202.0 156.0 4.00 0.0 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 457.0 407.0 4.00 20.7 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 563.0 546.0 4.00 37.7 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 620.0 610.0 4.00 50.0 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 660.0 641.0 4.00 60.6 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 689.0 649.0 4.00 68.5 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 152.0 148.0 5.20 0.0 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 431.0 408.0 5.20 20.7 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 553.0 551.0 5.20 36.9 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 609.0 627.0 5.20 50.0 35.0 0.07 295.0 1 671.0 662.0 5.20 60.4 35.0 0.07 295.0 695.0 674.0 5.20 68.3 35.0 0.07 295.0 220.0 173.0 5.20 0.0 15.0 0.07 295.0 451.0 432.0 5.20 20.6 15.0 0.07 295.0 571.0 586.0 5.20 38.4 15.0 0.07 295.0 635.0 652.0 5.20 50.0 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 683.0 687.0 5.20 60.3 15.0 0.07 295.0 719.0 699.0 5.20 68.4 15.0 0.07 295.0 1 169.0 167.0 8.12 0.0 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 405.0 445.0 8.12 20.6 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 595.0 605.0 8.12 37.1 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 663.0 694.0 8.12 50.2 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 727.0 737.0 8.12 60.3 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 757.0 757.0 8.12 68.5 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 235.0 191.0 8.12 0.0 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 514.0 474.0 8.12 20.9 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 645.0 634.0 8.12 37.5 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 696.0 718.0 8.12 50.2 15.0 0.05 295.0 738.0 763.0 8.12 60.5 15.0 0.05 295.0 786.0 782.0 8.12 68.6 15.0 0.05 295.0

177.0 165.0 10.10 0.0 35.0 0.04 295.0 447.0 455.0 10.10 20.9 35.0 0.04 295.0 627.0 620.0 10.10 37.2 35.0 0.04 295.0 681.0 711.0 10.10 50.1 35.0 0.04 295.0

741.0 760.0 10.10 60.6 35.0 0.04 295.0 779.0 783.0 10.10 68.6 35.0 0.04 295.0 243.0 189.0 10.10 0.0 15.0 0.04 295.0 489.0 473.0 10.10 20.3 15.0 0.04 295.0

Tensile Yield Strengtfi vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

16-4
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, lim Wt% Temperature, No. Mra MPa % K

647.0 643.0 10.10 37.1 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 706.0 733.0 10.10 49.6 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 756.0 783.0 10.10 60.2 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 795.0 807.0 10.10 68.2 15.0 0.04 295.0 1 134.0 139.0 2.81 0.0 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 418.0 379.0 2.61 20.9 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 534.0 507.0 2.81 37.5 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 599.0 565.0 2.81 50.0 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 638.0 589.0 2.81 60.3 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 672.0 593.0 2.81 68.2 35.0 0.39 295.0 1 153.0 185.0 3.97 0.0 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 458.0 434.0 3.97 20.6 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 572.0 571.0 3.97 37.2 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 652.0 638.0 3.97 49.8 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 696.0 668.0 3.97 60.3 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 727.0 676.0 3.97 68.5 15.0 0.40 295.0 1 122.0 145.0 3.97 0.0 75.0 0.4O 295.0 1 443.0 396.0 3.97 20.8 75.0 0.40 295.0 1 525.0 536.0 3.97 37.8 75.0 0.40 295.0 1 589.0 599.0 3.97 50.0 75.0 0.40 295.0 1 632.0 629.0 3.97 60.7 75.0 0.40 295.0 1 680.0 637.0 3.97 68.7 75.0 0.40 295.0 1 166.0 175.0 5.04 0.0 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 466.0 436.0 5.04 20.9 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 598.0 580.0 5.04 37.5 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 671.0 652.0 5.04 50.2 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 711.0 686.0 5.04 60.4 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 756.0 697.0 5.04 68.5 35.0 0.40 295.0 1 63.7 45.4 0.00 0.0 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 266.0 251.0 0.00 20.8 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 318.0 352.0 0.00 37.4 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 335.0 391.0 0.00 50.4 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 352.0 398.0 0.00 60.9 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 371.0 387.0 0.00 69.3 35.0 0.05 295.0 1 70.2 70.2 0.00 0.0 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 273.0 274.0 0.00 20.6 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 331.0 377.0 0.00 37.5 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 355.0 415.0 0.00 50.1 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 374.0 423.0 0.00 60.8 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 385.0 413.0 0.00 68.8 15.0 0.05 295.0 1 214.0 197.0 5.00 0.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 372.0 345.0 5.00 11.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 455.0 459.0 5.00 21.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 565.0 598.0 5.00 37.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 641.0 672.0 5.00 50.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 669.0 708.0 5.00 61.0 10.0 0.19 295.0 2 152.0 156.0 5.00 0.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2 310.0 305.0 5.00 11.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2 400.0 418.0 5.00 21.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2 503.0 557.0 5.00 37.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2 579.0 631.0 5.00 50.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2

16-5
j

I 16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

r C50100-C52400: Annealed;

!; Cold-worked

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength,

Measured,

Yield Strength,

Predicted,

[Sn], wt%Cold Work,

TO

Grain Size, [P]. wt%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

641.0 667.0 5.00 61.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2 131.0 148.0 5.00 0.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2 290.0 297.0 5.00 11.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2

386.0 410.0 5.00 21.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2 476.0 549.0 5.00 37.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2 545.0 624.0 5.00 50.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2 614.0 659.0 5.00 61.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2 124.0 141.0 5.00 0.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 276.0 290.0 5.00 11.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 372.0 403.0 5.00 21.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 462.0 542.0 5.00 37.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 531.0 616.0 5.00 50.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 586.0 652.0 5.00 61.0 75.0 0.19 295.0 2 510.0 545.0 4.91 37.1 35.0 0.07 295.0 3 655.0 649.0 4.91 60.5 40.0 0.07 295.0 3 517.0 596.0 4.91 37.1 8.0 0.07 295.0 3 717.0 693.0 4.91 60.5 10.0 0.07 295.0 3 427.0 415.0 4.91 22.2 40.0 0.07 295.0 3 510.0 474.0 4.91 23.8 10.0 0.07 295.0 3 572.0 542.0 4.91 35.5 25.0 0.07 295.0 3 607.0 586.0 4.91 39.6 15.0 0.07 295.0 3 565.0 559.0 4.91 35.7 15.0 0.07 295.0 3 510.0 513.0 4.91 32.9 35.0 0.07 295.0 3 552.0 564.0 4.91 40.0 35.0 0.07 295.0 3 669.0 619.0 4.91 50.3 35.0 0.07 295.0 3 717.0 692.0 4.91 56.2 8.0 0.07 295.0 3 696.0 660.0 4.91 60.0 25.0 0.07 295.0 3 689.0 646.0 4.91 57.9 35.0 0.07 295.0 3 689.0 648.0 4.91 61.0 45.0 0.07 295.0 3 641.0 649.0 4.91 60.5 40.0 0.07 295.0 3 662.0 637.0 4.91 45.5 10.0 0.07 295.0 3 724.0 669.0 4.91 65.4 25.0 0.07 295.0 3 696.0 658.0 4.91 65.6 40.0 0.07 295.0 3 139.0 172.0 4.32 0.0 25.0 0.38 295.0 4

343.0 344.0 4.32 15.2 70.0 0.38 295.0 4

425.0 485.0 4.32 30.1 90.0 0.38 295.0 4

579.0 613.0 4.32 50.1 65.0 0.38 295.0 4

541.0 521.0 3.72 36.0 18.0 0.08 295.0 4

177.0 173.0 3.67 0.0 9.0 0.08 295.0 4

765.0 635.0 9.31 36.0 20.0 0.20 295.0 4

169.0 184.0 8.10 0.0 20.0 0.08 295.0 4

138.0 156.0 8.10 0.0 70.0 0.08 295.0 4

339.0 364.0 8.10 15.2 100.0 0.08 295.0 4

445.0 529.0 8.10 30.1 95.0 0.08 295.0 4

642.0 675.0 8.10 50.1 110.0 0.08 295.0 4

196.0 195.0 9.76 0.0 16.0 0.12 295.0 4

146.0 159.0 9.76 0.0 68.0 0.12 295.0 4

347.0 377.0 9.76 15.2 75.0 0.12 295.0 4

485.0 543.0 9.76 30.1 90.0 0.12 295.0 4

752.0 698.0 9.76 50.1 95.0 0.12 295.0 4

434.0 476.0 4.28 27.0 25.0 0.29 295.0 5

Tensile Yield Strengtfi vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

16-6
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4 297 K)

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No. MPa MPa % K

8.09 30.0 110.0 0.11 295.0 5 603 0 y.yt) 36.0 120.0 0.12 295.0 5 606 0 oou.u D. ly 60.5 80.0 0.22 295.0 6 663.0 672 0 5 19 7(\ Ci

/ u.u 80.0 0.22 295.0 6 755 0 Do 1 .u D. ly 79.0 60.0 0.22 295.0 6 26 3 fil u f.DR u.uu u.u 50.0 0.00 79.6 7

Aft n U.UU u.u 50.0 0.00 153.0 7 24.4 38 7 u.uu n n U.U Rn A DU.U 0.00 223.0 7 00 A u.uu 0.0 50.0 0.00 297.0 7

52.8 41 8 0 30 0 0 ou.u '^A A u.uu Bn Q 7

*H .O 0.30 0.0 50.0 0.00 155.0 7

41 5 41 8 nu.ouTn u.u AA A DU.U nu.uuAn 17*^ n 1 f o.u 7

41 .8 0.30 0.0 50.0 0.00 192.0 7 37 8 44 7 nU. TnJU u.u

e^A A DU.U U.UU ooT n 7

'TP JD.Of^ AA 1 U. JU U.U 50.0 0.00 234.0 f TT R AO T U. JU u.u RA A DU.U n nn U.UU oci n 7

T1 7 'HJ.O 0.30 0.0 50.0 0.00 295.0 7 86 5 77 6 0 74 0 0 50 0 u.uu 81 3 71f 1 T.o AK n n 7/ U. J ^ u.u

t^A A DU.U U.UU 1 t^t; n 103.

U

7

66.4 63.4 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 176.0 7 60 6 61 3 0 74 0 0 50 0 0 00 194 0

59.7 58.2 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 224.0 7

58.1 57.1 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7

53.3 54.4 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 263.0 7

50.5 51.5 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 297.0 7

127.0 111.0 1.63 0.0 50.0 0.00 81.3 7 105.0 94.2 1.63 0.0 50.0 0.00 155.0 7 99 4 90.6 1.63 0.0 50.0 0.00 174.0 7 95 1 87 1 1 63 0 0 50 0 0 00 195.0 7 R7 7 1 63 0 0 50 0 0 00 224 0 7

Aft Q 1 AT u.u DU.U nu.uunn ^ JO.U 7

79.1 76 8 1.63 0.0 50.0 0.00 264.0 7 7A Q 70 A 1 63 0 0 50 0 0 00 296.0 7 143 0 134 0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 82.2 7

l£ I.U 11A n 0 TS 0 0 50 0 0 00 145 0 7

118.0 114.0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 156.0 7 114.0 110.0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 171.0 7 113.0 109.0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 177.0 7 109 0 107 0 2 35 0 0 50.0 0.00 185.0 7

107.0 106.0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 194.0 7

99.6 99.6 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 226.0 7 97.9 97.7 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 236.0 7

89.7 93.1 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 264.0 7

85.5 90.5 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 280.0 7

83.2 88.0 2.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 297.0 7

211.0 195.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 81.0 7

169.0 165.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 155.0 7

160.0 159.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 176.0 7

153.0 153.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 195.0 7 138.0 143.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7 129.0 136.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 263.0 7

16-7
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No. MPa MPa % K

121.0 129.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 296.0 7

238.0 211.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 81.9 7

167.0 178.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 156.0 7

178.0 172.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 175.0 7

169.0 166.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 194.0 7

157.0 157.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 225.0 7

153.0 154.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7

141.0 147.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 264.0 7

132.0 139.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 b.oo 297.0 7

282.0 246.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 80.3 7

224.0 204.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 156.0 7

211.0 196.0 8.76 0.0 50.0 0.00 175.0 7

200.0 189.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 194.0 7

186.0 178.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 223.0 7 180.0 175.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7 167.0 165.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 264.0 7

155.0 155.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 295.0 7

161.0 159.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 77.8 7 130.0 137.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 154.0 7

127.0 133.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 172.0 7

123.0 131.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 182.0 7

120.0 129.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 193.0 7

112.0 123.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 220.0 7

105.0 116.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 262.0 7

96.1 111.0 2.35 0.0 20.0 0.00 295.0 7

119.0 114.0 2.35 0.0 250.0 0.00 77.5 7

89.9 68.3 2.35 0.0 250.0 0.00 172.0 7

87.0 84.3 2.35 0.0 250.0 0.00 192.0 7

70.7 71.6 2.35 0.0 250.0 0.00 263.0 7

65.8 66.5 2.35 0.0 250.0 0.00 296.0 7

300.0 249.0 7.80 0.0 24.0 0.00 90.9 8

214.0 203.0 7.80 0.0 24.0 0.00 193.0 8 158.0 171.0 7.80 0.0 24.0 0.00 295.0 8

333.0 285.0 7.80 0.0 8.9 0.00 91.9 6

239.0 238.0 7.60 0.0 8.9 0.00 196.0 8

195.0 207.0 7.80 0.0 8.9 0.00 295.0 8

449.0 405.0 7.80 0.0 1.7 0.00 93.1 6

352.0 358.0 7.80 0.0 1.7 0.00 196.0 8

303.0 326.0 7.60 0.0 1.7 0.00 292.0 8 539.0 502.0 7.80 0.0 0.8 0.00 92.6 8 436.0 456.0 7.80 0.0 0.8 0.00 196.0 8 363.0 425.0 7.80 0.0 0.8 0.00 294.0 8

608.0 584.0 7.80 0.0 0.5 0.00 93.1 6

505.0 538.0 7.80 0.0 0.5 0.00 197.0 8

441.0 507.0 7.80 0.0 0.5 0.00 295.0 8

74.1 96.5 0.00 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9

110.0 142.0 1.35 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9

128.0 174.0 2.00 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9

150.0 203.0 2.70 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9

207.0 152.0 6.40 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9 241.0 344.0 8.30 0.0 50.0 0.00 4.2 9

16-8
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4 297 K)

Table 16.1, continued

Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [PJ. Test Reference Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% TenDperature, No. MPa MPa % K

496.0 632.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 295.0 10 543.0 657.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 195.0 10 615.0 701.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 76.0 10 723.0 745.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 20.0 10 692.0 777.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 4.0 10 772.0 758.0 8.20 75.0 50.0 0.06 295.0 11 958.0 848.0 8.20 75.0 50.0 0.06 76.0 11 1060.0 905.0 8.20 75.0 50.0 0.06 20.0 11

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 16.1. Tensile yield strength measurements from Reference 16.1 are plotted as a function of cold

work for increasing values of Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%).

16-9
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

1200

„ 1000

o

z

UJ

ocH

C/) Q

_J

UJ>-m

UJ

I800

600

400

200

o><

. o

A

[Snl

[Sn]

[Snl

[Snl

[Snl

[Sn]

[Snl

[Snl

[Snl

[Snl

8.2X.

4.9X.

8.8X,

5.7X. 4.8X.

2.4X.

1.6X,

0.7X.

0.3X. O.OX.

REF. 11 REF. 10

REF. 7 REF. 7 REF. 7 _ REF. 7

REF. 7

REF. 7 REF. 7 REF. 7

200 400 600 800

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 16.2. Tensile yield strength measurements as a function of temperature for increasing values of Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). The material from Reference 16.7 was annealed, whereas the materials

from References 16.10 and 16.11 were cold worked.

16-10
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Tensile Yield Strengtli vs. [SnJ, Cold

Work, Grain Size, [P] (4 297 K)

500

40 Q.

b

X

I-

(3

LU

cr

h-

</> Q

_i

UJ

>-

400

300

200

z

LU 100

K

• 77 K

• 180

j» 300

K

K

0 1 2 3 4 5

(TIN CONTENT)''^ weight percent

Figure 16.3. Tensile yield strengtli measurements from Reference 16.14 are plotted as a function of Sn

content for decreasing values of the test temperature.

16-11
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Tensile Yield Strength vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)

TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH. PREDICTED, cr,. MPa

Figure 16.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of tensile yield strength upon [Sn],

CW, d, [P], and T [Equation (16-1)]. For clarity, data points were rennoved where overlapping

occurred to such an extent that symbols could not be discerned. All data are presented in Table

16.1. Products were in sheet, wire, strip, and bar form.

16-12
76. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 208 ultimate tensile strength measurements at temperatures between 4 and 297 K was selected for analysis because degree of cold

work, Sn and P content, and grain size were

reported (References 16.1, 16.3-16.6, 16.10,

16.11, 16.16, and 16.17). In a few cases, because

the data appeared very useful, reasonable

assumptions were made for one of these

parameters. The grain size, d, was not specified

in References 16.6, 16.10, and 16.17 and values

based in part on the heat treatment of the

material were assigned (80, 50, and 40 ^m,

respectively). Degree of cold work, CW (percent

reduction of thickness or area) ranged from 0 to 85%; Sn content, [Sn], ranged from 0 to 10.10

wt%; P content, [P], ranged from 0 to 0.40 wt%;

and d, from 0.5 to 250 /zm.

Products were in sheet (Reference 16.6),

strip (References 16.1 and 16.3), and bar form

(References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, 16.11, and 16.17).

Product form was not reported in Reference

16.16. Data on wire at 295 K were not included

because a great deal of data was available at this temperature and tensile measurements on wire

may not be comparable to measurements on

other product forms. The type of cold work was

cold rolling in all cases except for the bar stock

which was drawn. The cold rolling reported in Reference 16.1 was carried out in the laboratory

and may have differed somewhat from standard

commercial practice. The available information on the characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 1 6.5 at the end of the C50100-C52400 tensile properties section.

Because an extensive data set was available,

it seemed appropriate to develop a predictive

equation for ultimate tensile strength, a^, as a

function of potentially relevant parameters, such

as temperature (7), CW, [Sn], d, [P]. The alloying

element, Fe, although present in commercial

material, was judged not to affect significantly.

Reference 16.6 reported that the tensile properties were not affected by the variation in Fe content,

[Fe], from 0.02 to 0.12 wt% in two different lots of C51000. Measurements of a^J and strain to failure

in high-[Sn], low-[P] bronzes were in agreement,

within the measurement error, for [Fe] of either

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. [Sn], Cold Work (4-297 K)

0.05 wt% or 0.94 wt% (Reference 16.12).

Reference 16.13 states that [Fe] of up to 0.28%

causes only a slight increase in o^^ and amounts

above 0.28 wt% actually cause a decrease

because the Fe enters into a secondary phase.

Further data on the dependence of tensile properties of phosphor bronzes on [Fe] are not

available at present, and [Fe] was generally not reported in the references used in this analysis.

The data set was not ideal for developing a

predictive equation relating to T, [Sn], and CW,

because only a few measurements from 4 to 295

K on cold-worked material have been reported

(see Table 16.2). However, an excellent set of 132 measurements at 295 K is available from

Reference 16.1 in which [Sn], CW, d, and [P] were varied systematically. Therefore, regression

analysis of upon [Sn], CIV. d, and [P] was

initially carried out on this data set to establish

the best functional forms. In particular, this data

set was used to develop the best expressions for the interactive effect of CW and [Sn]. It is clear from the results presented in Reference 16.1 that such an interactive effect exists. The data set from Reference 16.1 was also used to test the

effect of d and [P] upon a^. These parameters were found not to affect significantly, in contrast to their effect on [Equation (16-1)]. A

trial and error procedure was used to find the

best terms to express the temperature

dependence, after additional data from Reference

16.16 were added to the data set. When the form of the equation had been

established from the data sets with extensive

parameter variation, data from References 16.10,

16.11, and 16.17 were added (8 measurements

between 4 and 295 K on drawn bar product and

3 measurements on annealed material) to determine the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the

introductory section gives CW equivalents for cold-rolled and drawn tempers. Therefore, for cold-worked bar product (References 1 6.4, 1 6.5,

16.10, and 16.11), equivalent temper percentages

for cold rolling were substituted in the cold-work

terms in the equation in place of the percentage

of reduction of area. In contrast to Equation (16-

1) for ay, a better fit of the equation to the

measurements was obtained with this procedure.

This is discussed further below.

16-13
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs. Cold-worked [Sn], Cold Worl< (4-297 K)

RESULTS

The final equation expressing tlie dependence of in MPa upon the parameters

discussed above is

= + 81 3.9 + 1 49.2 [Sn] ^. 3 CIV

+ 0.3748 CW[Sn] - 0.01 653 CWfSn]^

-2.1207 -451.8 T-°^[Sn]^^2

(16-2)

(S.D. = 69.8 MPa),

where 4 K < 7 < 297 K. The standard deviations

of the coefficients are: constant term, 46.1

[Sn]^'^ 13.4; CW, 0.456; ClV[Sn], 0.1511;

ClV[Sn]^ 0.01253; T, 0.145; and ^""^[Sn]^^^ 86.4. The set of measurements and parameters are presented in Table 16.2, which also gives the

value predicted from the analysis described.

Figure 16.5 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (16-2). The scatter band represents two

standard deviations about the straight line, which

corresponds to agreement between the measured

and predicted values of o^. The variance of the

data was assumed to be normally distributed and

constant throughout the range of the predicted

values. Table 16.2 presents the values

calculated from Equation (16-2) as well as the

measured a^, and the parameters [Sn], CIV, and

T. The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 1 6.5 at the end of the tensile properties section.

DISCUSSION

It would be advantageous to have more

measurements of on phosphor bronzes of varying CW and [Sn] for temperatures below

295 K. Equation (1 6-2) represents the best

determination of the dependence of on [Sn],

ClfV, and T that could be obtained from the

available database. Several measurements on 60% cold-worked sheet (Reference 16.21) not included in this analysis fell within the scatter band.

In contrast with these results for phosphor

bronzes, analysis of the dependence of upon

CW for C10100-C10700 coppers (pages 2-35-

2-41 and 2-44-2-50) showed that a good fit of the

data was obtained when the cold-work term in the equation represents the reduction of thickness

for cold-rolled product and reduction of area for drawn product. As explained above, the fit of the

data to the equation was improved if the

equivalent CW for cold rolled tempers (Table

1.17) was used in the equations in place of the

percent reduction of area for drawn product,

whereas the opposite was true for a^. The

difference may be due to the larger effect of a

given percent increase in CW for [Equation

(16-2)] as compared with [Equation (16-1)].

Not enough data are available on drawn product

to determine why the use of temper equivalents

of CIV gives a better fit of the data to predictive

equations for than for a^. Reference 16.15

indicates that smaller specimen sizes increase the

measured and for this commercial product

form, and that tensile data for design purposes

should be obtained on full-sized specimens.

Reference 16.6 presents tensile data (not

used in this analysis) on material subjected to other forms of thermomechanlcal processing.

C51000 phosphor bronze was cold rolled to 97.3% and subsequently annealed for 2 h at various temperatures in an attempt to recover

ductility without losing strength. Results and

mechanisms are discussed in the reference.

Reference 16.18 reports tensile and other

mechanical property data on C52100 spring wire

that was cold drawn and straightened.

Table 16.2. Ultimate Tensile Strength Dependence on [Sn] and CIV (4-297 K).

Tensile Strength, Tensile Strength, [Sn], Cold Work, Test Fteference Measured, Predicted, wt% % Temperature, No. MPa MPa K

267.0 250.0 0.42 0.0 295.0 1

333.0 318.0 0.42 20.7 295.0 1 391.0 372.0 0.42 37.5 295.0 1

16-14
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Cold-worked [Sn], Cold Work (4 -297 K)

Table 16.2, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength,

Predicted,

MPa

[Sn], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

420.0 413.0 0.42 50.2 295.0 ^ =

443.0 447.0 0.42 60.5 295.0 460.0 474.0 0.42 68.9 295.0 271.0 250.0 0.42 0.0 295.0 335.0 318.0 0.42 20.8 295.0

^

402.0 372.0 0.42 37.6 295.0 428.0 413.0 0.42 50.3 295.0 442.0 447.0 0.42 60.6 295.0

^

456.0 473.0 0.42 68.6 295.0

^

277.0 284.0 0.95 0.0 295.0 355.0 355.0 0.95 20.7 295.0 414.0 413.0 0.95 37.6 295.0 456.0 456.0 0.95 50.2 295.0 472.0 492.0 0.95 60.6 295.0 495.0 520.0 0.95 68.6 295.0 281.0 284.0 0.95 0.0 295.0 361.0 354.0 0.95 20.3 295.0 428.0 412.0 0.95 37.3 295.0 465.0 455.0 0.95 49,9 295.0 468.0 492.0 0.95 60.6 295.0 511.0 520.0 0.95 68.8 295.0 286.0 333.0 2.07 0.0 295.0

387.0 412.0 2.07 21.1 295.0 454.0 474.0 2.07 37.4 295.0 493.0 522.0 2.07 50.1 295.0 521.0 561.0 2.07 60.3 295.0 565.0 591.0 2.07 68.4 295.0

309.0 333.0 2.07 0.0 295.0

399.0 410.0 2.07 20.4 295.0 475.0 475.0 2.07 37.5 295.0 535.0 522.0 2.07 50.1 295.0 1 570.0 562.0 2.07 60.7 295.0 577.0 593.0 2.07 68.8 295.0 321.0 362.0 2.96 0.0 295.0 404.0 448.0 2.96 21.2 295.0 491.0 512.0 2.96 37.2 295.0 546.0 564.0 2.95 50.1 295.0 589.0 606.0 2.96 60.3 295.0 607.0 638.0 2.96 68.3 295.0

349.0 362.0 2.96 0.0 295.0 425.0 445.0 2.96 20.7 295.0 517.0 515.0 2.96 37.8 295.0

568.0 564.0 2.96 50.1 295.0 608.0 606.0 2.96 60.4 295.0 627.0 639.0 2.96 68.6 295.0 324.0 391.0 4.00 0.0 295.0 414.0 481.0 4.00 20.9 295.0 518.0 552.0 4.00 37.4 295.0

588.0 607.0 4.00 50.1 295.0 625.0 651.0 4.00 60.4 295.0 662.0 685.0 4.00 68.4 295.0 373.0 391.0 4.00 0.0 295.0

16-15
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Cold-worked [Sn], Cold Work (4-297 K)

Table 16.2, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength,

Predicted,

MPa

[Sn], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

464.0 480.0 4.00 20.7 295.0 564.0 553.0 4.00 37.7 295.0 ., 627.0 608.0 4.00 49.9 295.0 669.0 651.0 4.00 60.5 295.0

696.0 686.0 4.00 68.5 295.0 1 340.0 420.0 5.20 0.0 295.0 1 452.0 514.0 5.20 20.6 295.0 -, 570.0 588.0 5.20 36.8 295.0 625.0 648.0 5.20 49.9 295.0 694.0 696.0 5.20 60.4 295.0 719.0 733.0 5.20 68.4 295.0 1 389.0 420.0 5.20 0.0 295.0 467.0 515.0 5.20 20.7 295.0

583.0 595.0 5.20 38.3 295.0 650.0 649.0 5.20 50.0 295.0 699.0 696.0 5.20 60.4 295.0 733.0 732.0 5.20 68.4 295.0

388.0 480.0 8.12 0.0 295.0 490.0 583.0 8.12 20.6 295.0 1 630.0 665.0 8.12 37.1 295.0 1 700.0 731.0 8.12 50.2 295.0 1 761.0 782.0 8.12 60.5 295.0 1 791.0 823.0 8.12 68.5 295.0 1 423.0 480.0 8.12 0.0 295.0 1 558.0 585.0 8.12 21.0 295.0 1 668.0 667.0 8.12 37.4 295.0 1 724.0 731.0 8.12 50.2 295.0 1 768.0 783.0 8.12 60.6 295.0 1 818.0 823.0 8.12 68.5 295.0 1 432.0 514.0 10.10 0.0 295.0 563.0 622.0 10.10 20.9 295.0 1 686.0 705.0 10.10 37.0 295.0 1 737.0 771.0 10.10 49.8 295.0 1 795.0 825.0 10.10 60.4 295.0 1 833.0 867.0 10.10 68.6 295.0 1 467.0 514.0 10.10 0.0 295.0 1 579.0 618.0 10.10 20.2 295.0 695.0 705.0 10.10 37.1 295.0 1 755.0 770.0 10.10 49.6 295.0 805.0 824.0 10.10 60.1 295.0 1 847.0 866.0 10.10 68.3 295.0 1 340.0 357.0 2.81 0.0 295.0 1 442.0 441.0 2.81 20.9 295.0 547.0 507.0 2.81 37.4 295.0 608.0 557.0 2.61 50.0 295.0 648.0 598.0 2.81 60.2 295.0 687.0 630.0 2.81 68.1 295.0

356.0 390.0 3.97 0.0 295.0 479.0 478.0 3.97 20.5 295.0 586.0 550.0 3.97 37.3 295.0 664.0 604.0 3.97 49.8 295.0 712.0 650.0 3.97 60.4 295.0

16-16
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs. Cold-worked [Sn], Cold Work (4-297 K)

Table 16.2, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength,

Predicted,

MPa

rsni wt%Hold Work

%

Test TemneraturA K

No.

743.0 684.0 3.97 68.4 295.0 327.0 390.0 3.97 0.0 295.0 454.0 479.0 3.97 20.7 295.0 547.0 553.0 3.97 37.8 295.0 617.0 605.0 3.97 50.0 295.0 "I 657.0 651.0 3.97 60.8 295.0 703.0 685.0 3.97 68.5 295.0

374.0 417.0 5.04 0.0 295.0 500.0 511.0 5.04 20.9 295.0 616.0 587.0 5.04 37.6 295.0 687.0 643.0 5.04 49.9 295.0

734.0 691.0 5.04 60.4 295.0 776.0 727.0 5.04 68.4 295.0 212.0 183.0 0.00 0.0 295.0 271.0 247.0 0.00 20.7 295.0

319.0 298.0 0.00 37.1 295.0

342.0 338.0 0.00 50.3 295.0 357.0 371.0 0.00 60.9 295.0 378.0 397.0 0.00 69.1 295.0 231.0 183.0 0.00 0.0 295.0 286.0 247.0 0.00 20.6 295.0 337.0 301.0 0.00 38.4 295.0 360.0 338.0 0.00 50.2 295.0 378.0 371.0 0.00 60.8 295.0

392.0 396.0 0.00 69.0 295.0 536.0 581.0 4.91 37.1 295.0 3 679.0 686.0 4.91 60.5 295.0 3 538.0 581.0 4.91 37.1 295.0 3 731.0 666.0 4.91 60.5 295.0 3 448.0 514.0 4.91 22.2 295.0 3 524.0 521.0 4.91 23.8 295.0 3 586.0 574.0 4.91 35.5 295.0 3 621.0 592.0 4.91 39.6 295.0 3 586.0 574.0 4.91 35.7 295.0 3 524.0 562.0 4.91 32.9 295.0 3 565.0 594.0 4.91 40.0 295.0 3 689.0 640.0 4.91 50.3 295.0 3 724.0 667.0 4.91 56.2 295.0 3 703.0 684.0 4.91 60.0 295.0 3 696.0 674.0 4.91 57.9 295.0 3 703.0 688.0 4.91 61.0 295.0 3 662.0 686.0 4.91 60.5 295.0 3 676.0 619.0 4.91 45.5 295.0 3 772.0 708.0 4.91 65.4 295.0 3 745.0 709.0 4.91 65.6 295.0 3 349.0 399.0 4.32 0.0 295.0 4

391.0 437.0 4.32 8.5 295.0 4

461.0 472.0 4.32 16.5 295.0 4

666.0 531.0 4.32 30.0 295.0 4

553.0 469.0 3.72 20.1 295.0 4

376.0 382.0 3.67 0.0 295.0 4

796.0 603.0 9.31 20.1 295.0 4

16-17
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. Cold-worked [Sn], Cold Work (4-297 K)

Table 16.2, continued

Tensile Strength,

Measured,

MPa

Tensile Strength,

Predicted,

MPa

[Sn], wt%

Cold Work,

%

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

408.0 479.0 8.10 0.0 295.0 4

383.0 479.0 8.10 0.0 295.0 4

455.0 522.0 8.10 8.5 295.0 4

558.0 562.0 8.10 16.5 295.0 4

761.0 630.0 8.10 30.0 295.0 4

469.0 508.0 9.76 0.0 295.0 4

429.0 508.0 9.76 0.0 295.0 4

528.0 552.0 9.76 8.5 295.0 4

635.0 593.0 9.76 16.5 295.0 4

879.0 662.0 9.76 30.0 295.0 4

495.0 462.0 4.28 14.6 295.0 5 341.0 398.0 4.26 0.0 295.0 5 571.0 562.0 8.09 16.5 295.0 5 392.0 479.0 8.09 0.0 295.0 5

687.0 615.0 9.96 20.0 295.0 5

440.0 512.0 9.96 0.0 295.0 5

576.0 696.0 5.19 60.5 295.0 6 742.0 739.0 5.19 70.0 295.0 6 793.0 781.0 5.19 79.0 295.0 6 865.0 832.0 5.19 90.3 295.0 6

889.0 852.0 5.19 94.7 295.0 6 913.0 857.0 5.19 95.8 295.0 6 972.0 864.0 5.19 97.3 295.0 6 1170.0 1050.0 8.20 50.1 20.0 10

1040.0 1070.0 8.20 50.1 76.0 10

818.0 732.0 8.20 50.1 295.0 10

534.0 684.0 4.85 60.5 295.0 11 590.0 861.0 4.85 60.5 195.0 11 725.0 1040.0 4.85 60.5 76.0 11 903.0 1050.0 4.85 60.5 20.0 11 803.0 850.0 4.85 60.5 4.0 11 1100.0 828.0 8.78 0.0 78.7 16

894.0 728.0 8.78 0.0 155.0 16 787.0 617.0 8.78 0.0 223.0 16

695.0 488.0 8.78 0.0 297.0 16

987.0 781.0 5.67 0.0 80.0 16

781.0 674.0 5.67 0.0 154.0 16

610.0 557.0 5.67 0.0 224.0 16 540.0 427.0 5.67 0.0 297.0 16 943.0 769.0 4.78 0.0 77.9 16 676.0 657.0 4.78 0.0 154.0 16 574.0 537.0 4.78 0.0 224.0 16 492.0 407.0 4.78 0.0 297.0 16

722.0 719.0 2.35 0.0 77.4 16 542.0 602.0 2.35 0.0 151.0 16 538.0 559.0 2.35 0.0 175.0 16 471.0 475.0 2.35 0.0 222.0 16 426.0 344.0 2.35 0.0 294.0 16 435.0 383.0 2.35 0.0 273.0 16 510.0 743.0 3.90 0.0 85.0 17

386.0 567.0 3.90 0.0 195.0 17

331.0 379.0 3.90 0.0 300.0 17

16-18
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Ultimate Tensile Strength vs. [Sn], Cold Work (4-297 K)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, PREDICTED, a,. MPa

Figure 16.5. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon

[Sn], CIV, and T [Equation (16-2)]. All data are presented in Table 16.2. Products were in sheet,

wire, strip, and bar form.

16-19
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

A set of 212 values of tensile strain to failure (as determined by elongation measurements) were selected from measurements at temperatures between 4 and 297 K. These data were chosen for analysis because degree of cold work,

Sn and P content, and grain size were reported

(References 16.1, 16.3-16.6, 16.10, 16.11, 16.16,

and 16.19). In a few cases, because the data appeared very useful, reasonable assumptions were made for one of these parameters. The grain size was not specified in References 16.6 and 16.10

and values based in part on the heat treatment of the material were assigned (80 and 50 /zm, re- spectively). Degree of cold work, CW (percent

reduction of thickness or area), ranged from 0 to 85%; Sn content, [Sn], ranged from 0 to 10.10

wt%; P content, [P], ranged from 0 to 0.40 wt%;

and grain size, d, from 0.5 to 250 /xm.

Products were in sheet (Reference 16.6),

strip (References 16.1 and 16.3), and bar form

(References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, 16.1 1, and 16.19).

Product form was not reported in Reference

16.16. Data on wire at 295 K were not included

because a great deal of data was available at this temperature and tensile measurements on wire

may not be comparable to measurements on

other product forms. The type of cold work was

cold rolling in all cases except for the bar stock

which was drawn. The cold rolling reported in Reference 16.1 was carried out in the laboratory

and may have differed somewhat from standard

commercial practice. The available information on the available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 16.5 at the end of the C50100-C52400 tensile properties section.

Because an extensive data set was available,

it seemed appropriate to develop a predictive

equation for strain to failure, e^, as a function of potentially relevant parameters, such as temperature (7), CW, [Sn], d, and [P]. The alloying ele- ment, Fe, although present in commercial material, was judged not to affect significantly.

Reference 16.6 reported that the tensile properties were not affected by the variation in Fe content,

[Fe], from 0.02 to 0.12 wt% in two different lots of C51000. Measurements of ultimate tensile strength and in high [Sn], low [P] bronzes were in agreement, within the measurement error, for [Fe] of either 0.05 wt% or 0.94 wt% (ReferStrain to Failure vs. [SnJ, Cold

Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)

ence 16.12). Reference 16.13 states that [Fe] of up to 0.28 wt% causes only a slight increase of tensile strength and amounts above 0.28% actually cause a decrease because the Fe enters into a secondary phase. Further data on the dependence of tensile properties of phosphor bronzes on [Fe] are not available at present, and [Fe] was

generally not reported in the references used in this analysis.

The data set was not ideal for developing a

predictive equation relating to T, [Sn], CW, and

possibly other parameters, because only a few

measurements from 4 to 295 K on cold-worked

material have been reported (see Table 16.3).

However, an excellent data set of 1 32 measure- ments at 295 K is available from Reference 16.1 in which [Sn], CW, d, and [P] were varied systematically. Therefore, regression analysis of e, upon

[Sn], CW, d, and [P] was initially carried out on

this data set to establish the best functional

forms. In particular, this data set was used to develop the best expressions for the interactive

effect of CW and [Sn]. It is clear from the results presented in Reference 16.1 that such an interactive effect exists. The data set from Reference

16.1 was also used to test the effect of d and [P]

upon €f. The [P] was found not to affect e, significantly, in contrast to its effect on [Equation

(16-1)]. An interactive effect between d and CIV was found. A trial and error procedure was used

to find the best terms to express the temperature

dependence, after additional data from Reference

16.16 were added to the data set. When the form of the equation had been

established from the data sets with extensive

parameter variation, data from References 16.10

and 16.11 were added (8 measurements between

4 and 295 K on drawn bar product) to determine

the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the introductory section gives CW equivalents for cold-rolled and drawn tempers. Therefore, for cold-worked

bar product (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, and

16.1 1), equivalent temper percentages for cold

rolling were substituted in the CW terms in the

equation in place of the percentage of reduction

of area. This did not improve the fit of the equation to the data, so the percent reduction of area by drawing was used for CW in the analysis for measurements on bar stock. This is discussed

further below.

16-20
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size (4 -297 K)

RESULTS

The final equation expressing tlie dependence of 6, upon tfie parameters discussed

above is

= +0.477+ 0.0677 [Sn] - 0.00303 [Sn]^ - 0.01 23 CW + 0.0001 52 (CW)^ - 0A74d-^'^

-0.001 36 ClV[Sn] +0.0000796CW[Sn]2

+ 0.00637 (ClV)c/'^^^ - 0.00001 32 CIV(7)

(16-3)

(S.D. = 0.066),

where 4 K < 7 < 297 K. The standard deviations

of the coefficients are: constant term, 0.033;

[Sn], 0.0096; rSn]^ 0.00089; CIV, 0.0011; {CW)^,

0.000008; cT^^ 0.110; CW[Sn], 0.00021; CW[Sn]^

0.0000202; {CWjd'^'^, 0.00282; and CW{T),

0.0000016. The set of measurements and pa- rameters are presented in Table 16.3, which also

gives the value predicted from the analysis described. Figure 16.6 indicates the fit of the data

to Equation (16-3). The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about the straight line, which corresponds to agreement between the

measured and predicted values of e^. The vari- ance of the data was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of the predicted values. Table 16.3 presents the

values calculated from Equation (16-3) as well as

the measured and the parameters [Sn], CW, d,

and T. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 16.5 at the

end of the tensile properties section.

DISCUSSION

It would be advantageous to have more

measurements of e, on phosphor bronzes of varying CW and [Sn] for temperatures below 295

K. Equation (16-3) represents the best determination of the dependence of on [Sn], CW, d, and

T that could be obtained from the available database. The effect of decreasing d in Equation (1 6-

3) is to lower the ductility. As expected, the d''^'^ term has a negative sign in Equation (16-3) for e, and a positive sign in Equation (16-1) for yield

strength, because an increase in strength generally results in a decrease in ductility. An attempt to correlate e, directly with was not successful.

In agreement with the results for yield

strength, a better fit of the data was obtained

when the cold-work term in the equation repre- sents the reduction of thickness for cold-rolled product and reduction of area for drawn product.

The alternative, to use the temper equivalents

presented in Table 1 .5, resulted in a worse fit of the data. It was not feasible, given the limited amount of data available, to develop separate

equations for the two types of product.

Reference 16.6 presents tensile data (not

used in this analysis) on material subjected to other forms of thermomechanical processing.

C51000 phosphor bronze was cold rolled to 97.3% and subsequently annealed for 2 h at vari- ous temperatures in an attempt to recover ductili- ty without losing strength. Results and mechanisms are discussed in the reference. Reference

16.18 reports tensile and other mechanical property data on C52100 spring wire that was cold

drawn and straightened.

Table 16.3. Strain to Failure Dependence on [Sn], CW, and d (4-297 K).

Strain to Strain to [Sn], Cold Worl<, Grain Size, Test Reference

Failure, Failure, wt% % Temperature, No. Measured Predicted K

0.4980 0.4250 0.42 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.1040 0.1650 0.42 20.7 35.0 295.0 0.0379 0.0502 0.42 37.4 35.0 295.0 0.0344 0.0198 0.42 50.0 35.0 295.0 0.0256 0.0306 0.42 60.3 35.0 295.0 0.0218 0.0620 0.42 68.5 35.0 295.0 0.4560 0.3830 0.42 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.1670 0.1350 0.42 20.7 15.0 295.0

16-21
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 16.3, continued

Strain to

Failure, Measured

Strain to

Failure, Predicted

[Sn], wt%Ctold Work,

%

Grain Size, Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

0.0604 0.0308 0.42 37.0 15.0 295.0 0.0401 0.0059 0.42 49.6 15.0 295.0 0.0367 0.0218 0.42 60.1 15.0 295.0 0.0353 0.0554 0.42 67.9 15.0 295.0 ., 0.4670 0.4590 0.95 0.0 35.0 295.0 "'"

1 0.1240 0.1860 0.95 20.6 35.0 295.0 .,

0.0494 0.0604 0.95 37.2 35.0 295.0 0.0354 0.0208 0.95 49.7 35.0 295.0 0.0311 0.0242 0.95 60.2 35.0 295.0 0.0283 0.0482 0.95 68.0 35.0 295.0 0.4730 0.4160 0.95 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.1280 0.1570 0.95 20.5 15.0 295.0 0.0510 0.0401 0.95 37.0 15.0 295.0 -1

0.0324 0.0068 0.95 49.7 15.0 295.0 0.0277 0.0160 0.95 60.1 15.0 295.0 0.0284 0.0452 0.95 68.1 15.0 295.0 0.4890 0.5240 2.07 0.0 35.0 295.0 .,

0.1410 0.2230 2.07 20.8 35.0 295.0 0.0412 0.0796 2.07 37.2 35.0 295.0 0.0232 0.0243 2.07 49.7 35.0 295.0 0.0150 0.0143 2.07 59.9 35.0 295.0 -,

0.0125 0.0289 2.07 68.0 35.0 295.0 1 0.4910 0.4820 2.07 0.0 15.0 295.0 1 0.1490 0.1950 2.07 20.6 15.0 295.0 1 0.0480 0.0564 2.07 37.5 15.0 295.0 0.0277 0.0096 2.07 50.0 15.0 295.0 0.0189 0.0071 2.07 60.7 15.0 295.0 1 0.0176 0.0289 2.07 69.0 15.0 295.0 1 0.4850 0.5710 2.96 0.0 35.0 295.0 1 0.1830 0.2500 2.96 21.1 35.0 295.0 0.0599 0.0959 2.96 37.0 35.0 295.0 1 0.0402 0.0279 2.96 49.9 35.0 295.0 0.0325 0.0100 2.96 60.2 35.0 295.0 1 0.0273 0.0184 2.96 68.3 35.0 295.0 I 0.4630 0.5290 2.96 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.1690 0.2230 2.96 20.8 15.0 295.0 -,

0.0587 0.0708 2.96 37.6 15.0 295.0 -,

0.0441 0.0132 2.96 50.2 15.0 295.0 0.0385 0.0021 2.96 60.5 15.0 295.0 0.0353 0.0156 2.96 68.5 15.0 295.0 0.5030 0.6200 4.00 0.0 35.0 295.0 1 0.2040 0.2830 4.00 20.9 35.0 295.0 0.0773 0.1140 4.00 37.0 35.0 295.0 0.0351 0.0348 4.00 49.9 35.0 295.0 0.0306 0.0082 4.00 60.3 35.0 295.0 0.0245 0.0099 4.00 68.3 35.0 295.0 0.4800 0.5770 4.00 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.1710 0.2560 4.00 20.6 15.0 295.0 0.0766 0.0883 4.00 37.6 15.0 295.0 0.0482 0.0210 4.00 49.9 15.0 295.0 0.0302 0.0002 4.00 60.2 15.0 295.0

Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Work. Grain Size (4-297 K)

16-22
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400:

Cold-worked

Annealed; Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)

Table 16.3, continued

Strain to

Failure, Measured

Strain Mil 1 tow

Failure, Predicted

fSnl wt%Co\d Work

%

VJIICIIII Oi^tS, Tfimofiraturfi K

No.

0.0277 0.0065 4.00 68.3 15.0 295.0 0.5680 0.6670 5.20 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.2500 0.3190 5.20 20.6 35.0 295.0 0.0795 0.1360 5.20 36.8 35.0 295.0 0.0476 0.0448 5.20 50.0 35.0 295.0 0.0292 0.0103 5.20 60.6 35.0 295.0 0.0271 0.0066 5.20 68.2 35.0 295.0 0.4850 0.6250 5.20 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.2090 0.2840 5.20 21.0 15.0 295.0 0.0868 0.1010 5.20 38.4 15.0 295.0 0.0487 0.0302 5.20 50.2 15.0 295.0 0.0293 0.0025 5.20 60.6 15.0 295.0 0.0227 0.0032 5.20 68.3 15.0 295.0 0.7280 0.7470 8.12 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.4120 0.3790 8.12 20.8 35.0 295.0 0.1680 0.1790 8.12 37.3 35.0 295.0 0.0824 0.0798 8.12 50.3 35.0 295.0 0.0525 0.0374 8.12 60.8 35.0 295.0 0.0505 0.0274 8.12 68.8 35.0 295.0 0.6340 0.7050 8.12 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.2670 0.3460 8.12 20.9 15.0 295.0 0.1140 0.1570 8.12 37.3 15.0 295.0 0.0709 0.0672 8.12 50.1 15.0 295.0 0.0545 0.0300 8.12 60.6 15.0 295.0 0.0442 0.0241 8.12 68.6 15.0 295.0 0.6820 0.7720 10.10 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.3480 0.4090 10.10 20.6 35.0 295.0

1 0.1590 0.2120 10.10 37.2 35.0 295.0 0.1000 0.1160 10.10 50.1 35.0 295.0 0.0708 0.0745 10.10 60.5 35.0 295.0

^ 0.0563 0.0652 10.10 68.5 35.0 295.0 0.6200 0.7300 10.10 0.0 15.0 295.0 0.3160 0.3800 10.10 20.6 15.0 295.0 0.1490 0.1880 10.10 37.4 15.0 295.0 0.1070 0.1020 10.10 50.1 15.0 295.0 0.0656 0.0658 10.10 60.9 15.0 295.0 0.0558 0.0621 10.10 68.7 15.0 295.0 0.4980 0.5640 2.81 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.1760 0.2460 2.81 21.0 35.0 295.0 0.0773 Jf .H 35 0 0.0429 0.0263 2.81 50.2 35.0 295.0 0.0305 0.0106 2.81 60.5 35.0 295.0 0.0240 0.0203 2.81 68.4 35.0 295.0 0.5570 0.6180 3.97 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.2120 0.2820 3.97 20.9 35.0 295.0 0.0955 0.1090 3.97 37.5 35.0 295.0 0.0478 0.0339 3.97 50.1 35.0 295.0 0.0374 0.0078 3.97 60.6 35.0 295.0 0.0296 0.0106 3.97 68.6 35.0 295.0 0.6240 0.6440 3.97 0.0 75.0 295.0 0.2700 0.3020 3.97 20.8 75.0 295.0

1 16-23
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Cold-worked Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)

Table 16.3, continued

Strain to

Failure, Measured

Strain to

Failure, Predicted

rsni, wt%Cold Work,

%

Grain Size,

/inn

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No.

0.0949 0.1210 3.97 37.5 75.0 295.0 0.0571 0.0433 3.97 49.8 75.0 295.0 0.0450 0.0130 3.97 60.3 75.0 295.0 0.0419 0.0120 3.97 68.1 75.0 295.0 0.6490 0.6620 5.04 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.2660 0.3110 5.04 20.9 35.0 295.0

1—^

0.1140 0.1290 5.04 37.3 35.0 295.0 0.0605 0.0441 5.04 49.8 35.0 295.0 0.0546 0.0102 5.04 60.3 35.0 295.0 0.0358 0.0065 5.04 68.1 35.0 295.0 0.3770 0.3970 0.00 0.0 35.0 295.0 0.1240 0.1480 0.00 20.8 35.0 295.0 0.0531 0.0418 0.00 37.8 35.0 295.0' 0.0334 0.0197 0.00 50.5 35.0 295.0 0.0392 0.0393 0.00 61.2 35.0 295.0

2 0.0359 0.0769 0.00 69.3 35.0 295.0 0.4480 0.3550 0.00 0.0 15.0 295.0 ——

0.1890 0.1180 0.00 20.8 15.0 295.0 —

1 0.0676 0.0224 0.00 37.4 15.0 295.0

2 0.0527 0.0059 0.00 50.2 15.0 295.0

2 0.0477 0.0293 0.00 OU.D 15.0 295.0 0.0397 0.0681 0.00 68.4 15.0 295.0 U.UoUU 0.1280 4.91 37.1 35.0 295.0 o 0.0250 0.0103 4.91 60.5 40.0 295.0 3

U.jUU 4.91 D.U o 0.0150 -0.0036 4.91 60.5 10.0 295.0 3 U.104U *HJ.U 0.1120 4.91 23.8 inn o U.UJUU U. lOuU 4.91 J 0.0360 0,0876 4.91 39.6 15.0 295.0 o 0.0700 0.1180 4.91 35.7 15.0 295.0 O.OddO 0.1670 4.91 32.9 35.0 295.0 3 0.0550 0.1040 4.91 40.0 35.0 295.0 oo 0.0250 0.0407 4.91 50.3 35.0 295.0 3 0.0070 -0.0027 4.91 56.2 8.0 295.0 3 0.0050 0.0073 4.91 60.0 25.0 295.0 3 0.0090 0.0144 4.91 57.9 35.0 295.0 3 0.0100 0.0104 4.91 61.0 45.0 295.0 3 0.0230 0.0103 4.91 60.5 40.0 295.0 3 0.0110 0.0392 4.91 45.5 10.0 295.0 3 0 ooso 4.91 65.4 25.0 295.0 3 0.0050 0.0062 4.91 65.6 40.0 295.0 3 0.7380 0.6190 4.32 0.0 25.0 295.0 4 0.5490 0.3900 4.32 15.2 70.0 295.0 4

0.3250 0.2010 4.32 30.1 90.0 295.0 4

0.1710 0.0435 4.32 50.1 65.0 295.0 4

0.1650 0.1010 3.72 36.0 18.0 295.0 4

0.5200 0.5270 3.67 0.0 9.0 295.0 4

0.0960 0.1970 9.31 36.0 20.0 295.0 4

0.8360 0.7210 8.10 0.0 20.0 295.0 4

0.6640 0.7710 8.10 0.0 70.0 295.0 4

16-24
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400:

Cold-worked

Annealed; Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)

Table 16.3, continued

oil Ctrfiin all 1 tnl\J

Measured

OllCilll IXJ Pai 111 re Predicted

[onj, wt%

OUIQ VVOIK, %

orain oizo, 1 6Sl

1 oil ipoialUiO, K

Reference

0.5650 0.4900 8.10 15.2 100.0 295.0 4 0.3520 0.2740 8.10 30.1 95.0 295.0 4

0.1470 0.0920 8.10 50.1 110.0 295.0 4 0.7570 0.7310 9.76 0.0 16.0 295.0 4 0.8240 0.7920 9.76 0.0 68.0 295.0 4

0.5360 0.5090 9.76 15.2 75.0 295.0 4

0.3040 0.2990 9.76 30.1 90.0 295.0 4

0.1280 0.1190 9.76 50.1 95.0 295.0 4

0.2760 0.2070 4.28 27.0 25.0 295.0 5 0.7300 0.6370 4.28 0.0 40.0 295.0 5 0.3260 0.2770 8.09 30.0 110.0 295.0 5 0.8300 0.7700 8.09 0.0 70.0 295.0 5 0.2660 0.2400 9.96 36.0 120.0 295.0 5 0.7550 0.8010 9.96 0.0 90.0 295.0 5 0.0750 0.0155 5.19 60.5 80.0 295.0 6 0.0500 0.0098 5.19 70.0 80.0 295.0 6

0.0350 0.0297 5.19 79.0 80.0 295.0 6

0.0200 0.0927 5.19 90.8 80.0 295.0 6

0.0090 0.1230 5.19 94.7 80.0 295.0 6

0.0100 0.1330 5.19 95.6 80.0 295.0 6

0.0060 0.1460 5.19 97.3 80.0 295.0 6

0.2520 0.3060 8.20 75.0 50.0 20.0 10 0.3020 0.2510 8.20 75.0 50.0 76.0 10 0.1880 0.0341 8.20 75.0 50.0 295.0 10

0.1800 0.0592 4.85 85.0 101.0 295.0 11 0.2000 0.1710 4.85 85.0 101.0 195.0 11 0.3400 0.3050 4.85 85.0 101.0 76.0 11 0.3900 0.3680 4.85 85.0 101.0 20.0 11 0.3400 0.3860 4.85 85.0 101.0 4.0 11 0.8190 0.7710 8.78 0.0 50.0 72.2 16 0.7940 0.7710 8.78 0.0 50.0 149.0 16 0.8300 0.7710 8.78 0.0 50.0 219.0 16

0.7610 0.7710 8.78 0.0 50.0 292.0 16

0.8700 0.6970 5.67 0.0 50.0 73.0 16

0.8150 0.6970 5.67 0.0 50.0 145.0 16

0.6450 0.6970 5.67 0.0 50.0 220.0 16

0.5960 0.6970 5.67 0.0 50.0 294.0 16

0.9060 0.6650 4.78 0.0 50.0 72.2 16

0.6640 0.6650 4.78 0.0 50.0 152.0 16

0.6060 0.6650 4.78 0.0 50.0 220.0 16

0.4910 0.6650 4.78 0.0 50.0 296.0 16 0.7160 0.5530 2.35 0.0 50.0 72.9 16 0.5120 0.5530 2.35 0.0 50.0 152.0 16

0.4920 0.5530 2.35 0.0 50.0 222.0 16

0.4530 0.5530 2.35 0.0 50.0 294.0 16

0.7250 0.7210 5.82 0.0 100.0 273.0 19 0.7350 0.7210 5.82 0.0 100.0 206.0 19 0.9000 0.7210 5.82 0.0 100.0 86.0 19

0.5890 0.5750 5.62 0.0 6.0 273.0 19

0.6990 0.5750 5.82 0.0 6.0 206.0 19 0.6320 0.5750 5.82 0.0 6.0 86.0 19

16-25
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)

STRAIN TO FAILURE, PREDICTED. €,

Figure 16.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of strain to failure upon [Sn], CW, d,

and T [Equation (16-3)]. For clarity, data points were removed where overlapping occurred to such an extent that symbols could not be discerned. All data are presented in Table 16.3. Products were in sheet, wire, strip, and bar form.

16-26
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Cold Work (4 300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Relatively few cryogenic reduction of area measurements for phosphor bronzes are avail- able, compared with measurements of other tensile properties. However, results of one systematic investigation of the effects of Sn content, [Sn],

and temperature (4-300 K) on annealed material

have been reported (Reference 16.14). For analysis, these data were combined with data from

Reference 16.4 and 16.5 in which [Sn], P content,

[P], cold work {CW), and grain size (d) were varied. Only five measurements on cold-worked

material between 4 and 295 K were available for

this analysis (Reference 16.11). The temperature

dependence of this set of measurements is shown in Figure 16.7. A total of 67 measure- ments were used to develop a predictive equation

for reduction of area (R.A.). In this set of data,

degree of CW (percent reduction of thickness or

area) ranged from 0 to 85%; [Sn] from 1 .5 to 12.20 wt%; [P] from 0 to 0.38 wt%; and d from 15

to 150 /im. (An anomalous measurement with a

grain size of 9 /im from Reference 1 6.4 was

dropped from the data set.) Product was in bar

form (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.11. and 16.14).

All cold work was done by drawing (bar stock).

The available characterization of materials and

measurements are given in Table 16.5 at the end

of the tensile properties section.

The analysis of the data set showed that d

and [P] did not affect R.A. This data set was not

ideal for developing a predictive equation relating R.A. to temperature (T), [Sn], and CW, because

only a few measurements from 4 to 295 K on

cold-worked material are available.

RESULTS

The equation expressing the dependence of R.A. upon the parameters discussed above is

R.A. = +91.0 -4.84[Sn] +0.139[Sn]2

- 1.80CW + 1 .21 [Sn]"n"^ - 21 .5 [P] + 0.558CyV[Sn] - 0.0439 CW[Sn]2

(16-4)

(S.D. = 3.8%),

where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations

of the coefficients are: constant term, 2.1; [Sn], 0.76; [Sn]^ 0.051; CW, 0.40; [SnV'^V^ 0.11; [P], 5.8; CyV[Sn], 0.126; and ClV[Sn] , 0.0090. This

set of measurements and parameters are presented in Table 16.4, which also gives the R.A. values

predicted from the analysis described. Figure

16.8 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (16-

4). The scatter band represents two standard

deviations about the straight line, which corre- sponds to agreement between the measured and

predicted values of R.A. The variance of the data was assumed to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of the predicted val- ues. Table 16.4 presents the R.A. values calculat- ed from Equation (16-4) as well as the measured

R.A. and the parameters [Sn], CW, d, and T. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 16.5 at the end of the

tensile properties section.

DISCUSSION

It would be advantageous to have more

measurements of R.A. on phosphor bronzes of varying CW and [Sn] for temperatures below

295 K. Equation (16-4) represents the best determination of the dependence of R.A. on [Sn], CW,

and T that could be obtained from the available

database.

16-27
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Table 16.4. Reduction of Area Dependence on [Sn], CW, and [P] (4-295 K).

Reduction Reduction [Sn], Cold Work, [P]. Test Reference

of Area, of Area, wt% % wt% Temperature, No. MeaSUroU, n rreuicieu, n w

68.4 81.9 3.72 21.0 0.08 295.0 4

76.0 76.6 3.67 36.0 0.08 295.0 4

62.9 81.3 4.32 0.0 0.38 295.0 4

62.6 78.2 4.32 15.2 0.38 295.0 4

78.7 75.1 4.32 30.1 0.38 295.0 4

71.3 71.0 4.32 50.1 0.38 295.0 4

81.2 82.2 8.10 0.0 0.08 295.0 4

84.0 62.2 8.10 0.0 0.08 295.0 4

81.1 79.8 8.10 15.2 0.08 295.0 4

77.3 77.4 8.10 30.1 0.08 295.0 4

69.2 74.3 8.10 50.1 0.08 295.0 4

74.5 79.7 9.76 0.0 0.12 295.0 4

78.4 79.7 9.76 0.0 0.12 295.0 4

72.0 71.6 9.76 15.2 0.12 295.0 4

53.6 63.6 9.76 30.1 0.12 295.0 4

56.4 52.9 9.76 50.1 0.12 295.0 4

72.7 77.5 4.28 27.0 0.29 295.0 5

82.1 83.3 4.28 0.0 0.29 295.0 5

72.8 76.9 8.09 30.0 0.11 295.0 5

81.5 81.6 8.09 0.0 0.11 295.0 5

57.9 58.1 9.96 36.0 0.12 295.0 5

73.2 79.5 9.96 0.0 0.12 295.0 5

78.0 74.1 4.85 85.0 0.18 295.0 11 78.0 71.9 4.85 85.0 0.18 195.0 11 67.0 67.7 4.85 85.0 0.18 76.0 11 62.0 63.6 4.85 85.0 0.18 20.0 11 58.0 60.6 4.85 85.0 0.18 4.0 11 86.0 86.5 1.50 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

89.5 90.4 1.50 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

93.3 92.0 1.50 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

93.9 93.1 1.50 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

95.0 94.0 1.50 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

82.3 81.8 2.80 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

86.7 87.2 2.80 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

91.1 89.3 2.80 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

91.5 90.9 2.80 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

92.8 92.1 2.80 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

79.5 81.8 2.80 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

84.0 87.2 2.80 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

89.1 90.9 2.80 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

89.7 92.1 2.80 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

83.9 74.0 5.20 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

85.8 81.4 5.20 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

88.6 84.3 5.20 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

89.7 86.4 5.20 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

89.9 88.1 5.20 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

72.9 74.0 5.20 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

82.6 81.4 5.20 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

86.1 86.4 5.20 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

87.1 88.1 5.20 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

66.8 66.5 8.10 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

Reduction of Area vs. [Sn],

Cold Work (4-300 K)

16-28
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Cold Work (4 300 K)

Table 16.4, continued

Reduction Reduction [Sn], Cold Work, [P]. Test Reference

of Area, of Area, wt% % wt% Temperature, No.

miAaeiirA^ IVIoaSUroUi A>

74.6 75.6 8.10 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

ai.1 79.3 8.10 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

85.4 81.9 8.10 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

88.5 84.0 8.10 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

57.8 66.5 8.10 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

69.9 75.6 8.10 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

86.8 84.0 8.10 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

66.3 59.5 12.20 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

73.8 70.7 12.20 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

76.7 75.2 12.20 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

78.2 78.5 12.20 0.0 0.00 225.0 14

79.3 81.0 12.20 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

54.5 59.5 12.20 0.0 0.00 4.0 14

71.2 70.7 12.20 0.0 0.00 77.0 14

76.5 75.2 12.20 0.0 0.00 150.0 14

81.5 81.0 12.20 0.0 0.00 300.0 14

16-29
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reduction of Area vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Cold Work (4-300 K)

100

o

9

O.

cc<

O

O

IO

ZD

a

cc

80

60

40

20

A

A RlEF. 11

50 100 150 200 250 300

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 16.7. These data from Reference 16.11 indicate a decrease in reduction of area as tfie temperature is reduced below 295 K. Product, in bar form, was cold-worked to 85%.

16-30
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Reduction of Area vs. [Sn],

Cold Work (4-300 K)

0 20 40 60 80 100

REDUCTION OF AREA. PREDICTED, percent

Figure 16.8. The data shown were used to compute the regression of reduction of area upon [Sn], CW,

d, and T [Equation (16-4)]. All data are presented in Table 16.4. The product was in bar form.

16-31
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCE AND ANALYSIS

Engineering stress-strain curves at 4, 20, 76,

195, and 295 K for spring-hard bar (84% reduction of area) containing 4.85 wt% Sn are presented in Figure 16.9. Reference 16.11 is tfie source

of these data. In Figure 16.10, stress-strain data

from Reference 16.9 are presented. These data

are for annealed wire tested at 4.2 K. The Sn

content, [Sn], is indicated on the figure. True

stress-strain data at 4 and 77 K from Reference

16.14 on annealed bar are given in Figures 16.11 and 16.12. The [Sn] varies from 0 to 12.2 wt%,

and is indicated on the figure. The available characterization of materials and measurements are

Stress vs. Strain

(4-300 K)

given in Table 16.5 at the end of the tensile properties section.

DISCUSSION

No 295-K true stress-strain data were pre- sented in Reference 16.14. True stress-strain

measurements for a similar range of [Sn] at 295 K

are presented in Reference 1 6.20. For comparable [Sn], these 295-K cun/es lie below the 77-K

curves in Figure 16.12, as would be expected.

However, the 295-K data from Reference 16.20 are not presented here, because of the difficulty

in comparing stress-strain curves that have been

obtained on different material.

Figure 16.9. Stress-strain curves at five temperatures for spring-drawn bar containing 4.85 wt% Sn. Reference 16.1 1 is the source of these data.

16-32
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Stress vs. Strain

(4-300 K)

500

0

' ' ' ' —' ' 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

STRAIN

Figure 16.10. Stress-strain curves at 4.2 K for annealed wire at two Sn contents (in wt%). Reference

16.9 is the source of tliese data.

16-33
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

Stress vs. Strain

(4-300 K)

Figure 16.11. True stress-strain curves at 4 K from Reference 16.14 are plotted for increasing values of Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). Tlie product was in tfie form of annealed bar.

16-34
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Stress vs. Strain

(4 - 300 K)

1500

0.8

TRUE STRAIN

Figure 16.12. True stress-strain curves at 77 K from Reference 16.14 are plotted for increasing values of Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). Tfie product was in the form of annealed bar.

16-35
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold Worked

Table 16.5. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

n©Tor©nc« iNO. 1 o 4

Specification C51000 C51000

Ckjmposition (wt%)

L>U SnPPb

FeZn

Others

0.5-10

0.05 or 0.4

5 -0.19

94.96

4.91 0.07

0.01

88.5-95.3

3.72-9.31 0.08-0.38 0-0.003

0.025-1.36 0-0.12 Mn: 0.21-0.78

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 0-68% Cold-rolled, 0-61%

Cold-rolled, 22.2-65.6%Cold-drawn 0-50.1%

Grain Size 1 5 or 35 fim 10-75 /im 8-45 /tm 25-90 /im

Hardness Rb 0.0-106.5 — — Rg 34-101

Product Form Strip, 0.635-cm-thickStrip, 0.1 01 6-0.1 626-cmthickStrip, 0.076-cm-thickBar, 1.27-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Flat

5.08 crn

_ Rectangular

5.08 cm

Round

0.795 cm

5.08 cm

Strain (Load) Rate —

No. of Specimens 5

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

16-36
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold Worked

5 6 7 8 9 10 — C51000 — — — C5210G

89.7&-95.35 94.03-95.88 90.3 4.28-9.96 4.75-5.64 0-8.78 7.8 1.4-6.2 8.2 0.11-0.29 0.19-0.26 0 0 0 0.06 0.003-0.01 trace-0.01 0.01-0.02 0.02-0.12 — — — —

0-0.10 —

0.02-0.08 — — — — —

Cold-drawn, Cold-rolled, — — Annealed Cold-drawn,

27-36% 60.5-97.3% 75%

25-120 /im 20-250 Mm 0.5-24 Jim 50 /tm 50 ^m =

— — — Rg 100

Bar, Sheet, Bar Wire, Bar, 1.91-cm-dia. 0.025-cm-thick 0.025-cm-dia. 1.91-cm-dia.

Round Round Round

1.28 cm 0.35 cm 0.635 cm

5.08 cm 5.08 cm 6.0 cm 5.08 cm 2.54 cm

0.0G96/min 4.98 X 10"^/min

295 K 295 K 77-297 K 77-297 K 4.2 K 20-300 K

16-37
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold Worked

Table 16.5, continued

rwieronwo no. 1

1 A 1 AID 1 / 19

Specification C51000 C51100

Composition (wt%)

SnP

Pb

FeZn

Others

remainder

4.85

0.18

0.02

0.02 0.05

0.0-12.2 —

2.35-8.78 —

—

remainder

3.9

0.3

<0.01

5.82

0.0

Material Condition Coid-drawn,

84%

Annealed Annealed Annealed

Grain Size 101 /im 10-200 iim 50 iim 100 and 6 /im

[Hardness Rb 94

Product Form Bar, 1.91-cm-dla.Bar, 0.953-cm-dia. — . Bar, 1.91-cm-dia.

Bar, 0.794-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Diam.

Thickness Gage Length

Round

0.635 cm

3.81 cm

Round

0.318 cm

1.75-1.81 cm

Round

0.453 cm

2.45 cm

Strain (Load) IRate 0.09/min 0.0096/min 0.0096/min

No. of Specimens -

Test Temperature 4-295 K 4-300 K 77-300 K 85-300 K 86-273 K

REFERENCES

1. Gohn, G. P., Guerard, J. P., and Freynik, H. S., 'The Mechanical Properties of Wrought Phosphor

Bronze Alloys," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical

Publication No. 183, 114 pp. (1956).

2. Buell, M. A., "For Cold-worl<ed Copper Alloys Grain Size Is Important," Product Engineering 33. 46-49 (1962).

3. Hart, R. R., "Mechanical Properties of Phosphor Bronze Strip and Their Variations within Temper as

Defined by ASTM Practice," Journal of Materials 5, 536-549 (1970).

4. Anderson, A. R., Swan, E. F., and Palmer, E. W., "Fatigue Tests on Some Additional Copper Alloys,"

Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 46, 678-692 (1946).

5. Smith, C. S., and Van Wagner, R. W., 'The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings

of the American Society for Testing Materials 41, 825-848 (1941).

16-38
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Properties (All) Cold Worked

REFERENCES

6. Hart, R. R., Wonsiewicz, B. C, and Chin, G. Y.. "High Strength Copper Alloys by Thermomechanical

Treatments," Metallurgical Transactions!, 3163-3172 (1970).

7. Vohringer, 0., and Macherauch, E., "The Yield Point of a-Copper-Tin Alloys," Physica Status Solidi J9, 793-803 (1967).

8. Kdster, W. and Speidel, M., "EinfluB der KorngroBe auf die Streckgrenze von Kupferlegierungen,"

Physica Status Solidi 3, K401-K405 (1963).

9. Cogan, S. F., and Rose, R. M., "Properties of CuSn Bronze at 4.2 K," Cryogenics 20, 313-315

(1980).

10. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240. 47-50 (1959).

11. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected

Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).

12. Hanson, D., and Pell-Walpoie, W. T., 'The Effect of Minor Constituents and of Solid Impurites on the

Properties of Chill-Cast Bronzes," Chapter XI in Chill-Cast Tin Bronzes. Edward Arnold and

Company, London, England, 268-294 (1951).

13. Winterton, K., "Tin Bronzes: Effects of Impurities in the Chill-Cast Condition," Metal Industry 71. 479-482 and 507-509 (1947).

14. Trolano, A. R., and Kochera, J. W., 'Temperature-Sensitive Ductility in Face-centered Cubic Copper

Alloys," Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB. OH, AFML-TR-67-82, 90 pp. (1967).

15. Gohn, G. R., and Bader, W. G., 'The Tensile Properties of Hard-drawn, Alloy A, Phosphor-Bronze

Rod," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 60, 843-848 (1960).

16. Vohringer, C, "Verformungsverhalten von vielkristallinen a-Kupferlegierungen," Metall 30, 1150-1160

(1976).

17. McAdam, D. J., Jr., Geil, G. W., and Mebs, R. W., 'The Effect of Combined Stresses on the

Mechanical Properties of Steels between Room Temperature and -188 °C," Proceedings of the

American Society for Testing and Materials 45, 448-481 (1945).

18. NIshihata, M., and Kumakaura, Y., "Mechanical Properties of Phosphor-Bronze Wire Spring," Review

of the Electrical Communication Laboratory jl5, 201-212 (1967).

19. Russell, B., and Jaffrey, D., 'The Strain Hardening Characteristics of a Copper-3.2-at.%-Tin Solid

Solution," Acta Metallurgica 13, 1-10 (1965).

20. French, R. S., and Hibbard, W. R., Jr., "Effect of Solute Elements on the Tensile Deformation of Copper," Journal of Metals i88, 53-58 (1950).

16-39
I

i

i
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C51000: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

DATA SOURCES

Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- ments from 20 to 300 K were obtained on coldworl<ed and anneaied C51000 pliosphor bronze

from References 17.1 and 17.2. Tiie product was

in bar form (Reference 17.1) or not specified (Ref- erence 17.2). The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

1 7.3 at the end of the impact properties section.

RESULTS

Figure 17.1 presents the impact data as a

function of temperature. All reported measure- ments are given In Table 17.1.

DISCUSSION

The impact energy measurements at 295 K

on spring-hardened C51000 from References 17.1 and 1 7.2 differ by a factor of two. Although the

tensile yield strength for the material reported in Reference 17.1 is about 80% of that reported in Reference 17.2, other inaccuracies inherent in the

test may explain the discrepancy. Hardness was

not reported in Reference 17.2. The temperature dependence of the impact

strength of the annealed material, though avail- able only from 200-300 K. appears to show the same trend, an increase at low temperatures, as shown by annealed copper (Section 3).

Table 17.1. Impact Energy Dependence on Temperature (20-300 K).

Impact Energy, JTest Temperature, KReference

No.

144 295 1 111 195 1 73 76 1 69 20 1 226 300 2 262 200 2 62 300 2 60 200 2

17-1
C51000: Annealed;

Cold-worked

17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES

Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

vs. Temperature (20-300 K)

300

200

>-o

cc

111 o

<

Q-

? 100

REF.

O 12

0 2

CONDITION

CW

ANNEALED

CW

— 150

200

"D

>

o

m

m

J} 100 Q

<

50

100 200 —' 0

300

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure. 17.1. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates a decrease in Impact energy

with increasing temperature for annealed material (Reference 17.2). The temperature dependence

for cold-worked material (References 17.1 and 17.2) is unclear. All data are presented in Table

17.1. Product was in t>ar form for Reference 17.1, and not reported for Reference 17.2.

17-2
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C52400: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

DATA SOURCE

Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- ments from 24 to 296 K on 37% cold-worked

C52400 phosphor bronze were obtained from

Reference 17.3. The product was in plate form.

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 1 7.3 at the end of the impact properties section. Data at 24 K are Included because the material is relatively brittle so that a large temperature rise in the specimen

from absorbed energy is not expected.

RESULTS

Figure 1 7.2 presents the impact data as a

function of temperature. The measurements are

tabulated in Table 17.2.

DISCUSSION

The fracture appearance was reported to be

granular at all temperatures, but the area of the

shear region decreased as the temperature decreased. The specimens were completely broken

through at all temperatures.

Table 17.2. Impact Energy Dependence on Temperature (24-296 K).

Impact Energy, JTest Temperature, KReference

No.

26.9 24 3

26.4 24 3 25.7 24 3 26.5 80 3 25.3 80 3

23.1 80 3 21.7 80 3 39.8 196 3 38.8 196 3 37.0 196 3 70.4 296 3 69.0 296 3 56.5 296 3

17-3
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C52400: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)

Cold-worked vs. Temperature (24-296 K)

100

75

>-o

ill z

lU

Io

<

o.

50

25

ricr. v o 3 CW

8

o

o

i a_

8

o

8

50

>

o

m

z

m

3D

o

<

25 Z

O"

—» 0

100 200 300

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 17.2. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates an increase in impact energy

witfi increasing temperature (Reference 17.3). All data are presented in Table 17.2. Product was in plate form.

17-4
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES

C51000 and C52400: Annealed; Impact Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 1 7.3. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3

Specification C51000 C51000 C51000 C52400

Composition (wt%)

Cu

SnP

Pb

FeZn

Others

tCtn\\/ > n rmi u/t%.\

4.85

0.18

0.02

0.02

0.05

5—

— 1

1

1

II

»< 1

10

—

iviciiciicii \../onijiiiun ^.yO 1 u-u1 awn

,

85%

Mnneaieu Cold-worked,

60.5% 37%

Grain Size 101 um

Hardness Rg 97-98

Product Form Bar, 1.91-mm-dia.Plate

Specimen Type Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch

No. of Specimens 3-4 per temperature

Test Temperature 20-295 K 200-300 K 20Q-300 K 24-296 K

REFERENCES

1. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected

Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).

2. Gela, T., Lepkowski, W. J., and Gade, H. M., "How 7 Nonferrous Metals Perform at Low Temperatures," Materials and Methods 44, 116-120 (1956).

3. Mikesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Results of the Impact Testing of Copper Alloys," U.S. Atomic

Energy Commission, Memorandum of Understanding AT(29-1)-1500, 16 pp. (1958).

Mikesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Impact Testing of Various Alloys at Low Temperatures," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 3, Ed., K. D. Timmerhaus, Plenum Press, NY, 316-324

(1960).

17-5

18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

No cryogenic fatigue life measurements on

pliosphor bronzes were found in the literature. At room temperature, an extensive set of reversed

bending measurements on 1-mm strip are avail- able (Reference 18.1). Grain size, Sn content

([Sn]), phosphorus content ([P]), and cold work

were varied in these measurements, which are summarized in Figures 18.1, 18.2, and 18.3. The

figures present the maximum bending stress at 10° cycles. To compare the more limited data of other authors with these measurements, results from Reference 18.1 for [Sn] = 5 and 8 wt% are

plotted in Figure 18.4 together with data from

References 18.2 to 18.4 for similar [Sn]. (The

authors of Reference 18.2 extrapolate bending

stress at 10° cycles from tests up to 5 x 10^ cycles.) Only approximate agreement among the

results from different investigators should be ex- pected, since parameters that affect fatigue life, such as grain size, specimen thickness, and [P]

varied somewhat. The effects of grain size and

specimen thickness are depicted in Figures 18.5

and 18.6, based on data from Reference 18.4. (Figure 18.3 also presents limited data on the

effect of grain size.) The available characterization information on specimens and measurements

is presented in Table 18.1 at the end of the fa- tigue properties section.

RESULTS

Figures 18.1 and 18.2 show that fatigue life improves as [Sn] increases, but that this improvement Is most marked for [Sn] up to about 3 wt%;

there is little improvement as [Sn] is increased

further. The improvement in fatigue life with in- creased cold work also appears to saturate; there

is little improvement for cold work above 30 to 40%.

Reversed Bending Fatigue

Life (295 K)

Figure 18.4 shows considerable scatter in the results from References 18.2-18.4 compared

to those from Reference 18.1. Thus, fatigue

strength endurance data should be used with

caution.

Figure 1 8.5 on the effect of grain size on

fatigue life data for C51000 material shows that fine-grained specimens (8, 10 nm) have better fatigue properties than coarse-grained specimens

(35, 40 /xm). Grain size variability can result in additional scatter in fatigue-life data, as shown in Figure 18.5. The results from a study of reversed bending

fatigue life for C51000 material as a function of specimen thickness are shown in Figure 18.6a

and b. Very thin specimens, 0.13-mm thick, have

a higher fatigue endurance than specimens that are 0.76-mm thick.

DISCUSSION

Reference 18.1 presents a number of fatigue

life curves; the results are summarized here in Figures 18.1-18.3. Most of this fatigue-life data

indicate that an asymptotic value of stress has

been reached by 10° cycles. This is known as

the endurance limit. However, the curves pre- sented in Reference 18.4 do not always display

this behavior, as the examples given in Figures

18.5 and 18.6 show. See also the fatigue life data

presented in the following section on torsional

fatigue.

Fatigue testing in bending machines is described in References 18.2 and 18.4. Usually

these machines are of the constant displacement

or constant-strain type. The load-deflection characteristics used to calculate the bending stress in the specimens are obtained with a separate test

fixture. Thus, although the data are presented in the same format as stress-controlled measurements, the data are not strictly stress-controlled.

18-1
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue

Cold-worked Life (295 K)

250

Q-

</)

LU

CC

H

(/) O

LU

m

<

200

150

100

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 18.1. The maximum bending stress at 10 cycles versus cold work for varying amounts of tin contents in weight percent. Data are from Reference 18.1 on strip containing -0.05 wt% phosphorus and a nominal grain size of 35 /zm.

18-2
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Reversed Bending Fatigue

Life (295 K)

300

40 O-

</)

</) LU

a.

(/> o

lU

m

X

<

250

200

150

100

[Sn] 10X

^ [Sn] 8X

A [Sn] 5X

• [Sn] 4% -

o [Sn] 3%

[Sn] 2%

[Sn] 1X

V [Sn] 0.5X

[Sn] OX

70

COLD WORK, percent

Figure 18.2. The maximum bending stress at 10° cycles versus cold work for varying amounts of tin contents in weight percent. Data are from Reference 18.1 on strip containing -0.05 wt% phosphorus and a nominal grain size of 1 5 /xm.

18-3
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Reversed Bending Fatigue

Life (295 K)

Figure 18.3. The maximum bending stress at 10° cycles versus cold work for three tin contents. The

nominal grain size, d, was 35 fxm for the three tin contents, and 75 /im for one (4 wt%) tin content. The data from Reference 18.1 are on strip containing -0.40 wt% phosphorus.

18-4
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue

Cold-worked Life (295 K)

Figure 18.4. The maximum bending stress at 10 cycles versus cold work is shown for two approximate

tin contents (~5 and ~8 wt%). The product was in strip form for References 18.1 and 18.4, and an

unspecified form of cold-rolled product for References 18.2 and 18.3.

18-5
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue

Cold-worked Life (295 K)

Figure 18.5. The dependence of fatigue life on tiie maximum bending stress is shown for two amounts

of cold work and two grain sizes. The shaded area indicates the variation for the 35-/im material. Data are from Reference 18.4 on C51000 product of strip form.

18-6
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Reversed Bending Fatigue

Life (295 K)

Figure 18.6. The median curves sliowing tlie dependence of the fatigue life on the maximum bending

stress are plotted for two thicknesses of strip material. The data from Reference 18.4 were

obtained on C51000 material that had been cold-worked 37.1% and had a nominal grain size of 35

/im.

18-7
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100. C52100. C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Fatigue-life curves from rotating-beam measurements of C5100, C52100, and C52400 phosphor bronzes were obtained from Reference 18.5. The bar specimens were either annealed or colddrawn 37, 60, or 75%. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 18.1 at the end of the fatigue properties

section.

RESULTS

Figure 18.7 presents results on annealed

specimens. The results show that fatigue life improves with decreasing grain size and increasStress-controlled Fatigue

Life (295 K)

ing Sn content, [Sn]. Figure 18.8 a, b, and c

presents the results for cold-worked specimens.

At stresses above at>out 250 MPa. Figure 18.8

shows an improvement in fatigue life with increasing [Sn] ; however, the improvement is less marked below this stress level and some crossing-over of the curves Is obsen/ed. With increasing cold work, fatigue life is longer for stresses in the range of about 300-400 MPa. At lower stress

levels, the amount of cold work does not appear

to have much effect on fatigue life. For the an- nealed material, an asymptotic endurance life appears to be reached at about 10° to 10^ cycles;

but it is less clear whether such a limit exists for cold-worked material.

350

[Sn]. wt% d. wm

o 4.32 25

8.10 20

8.10 70

9.76 16

9.76 68

to GL

(/i m

10* 10' 10»

f

FATIGUE LIFE, cycles

Figure 18.7. Stress-controlled fatigue-life curves showing the effect of tin content, [Sn], and grain size, d. Data are from Reference 18.5 on product in the form of annealed bar.

18-8
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100, C52100, C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Stress-controlled Fatigue

Life (295 K)

Figure 18.8. Stress-controlled fatigue-life curves showing the effect of cold work (CW), tin content ([Sn]),

and grain size {d). Data are from Reference 18.5 on product in bar form.

18-9
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 18.1. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2 3A 3B

Specification _ C51000 C52100

Composition (wt%)

Cu 91.98-95.16 Sn 0-10.11 4.66-7.45 P 0-0.07 0.032-0.106 —

Pb 0-0.009 Fe 0-0.009 — —

Zn 0-0.53 Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled 0-68% Cold-rolled 50 15% r^ld-rolled ^7 1 and (Vtld-rollad "V? 1 and

60.5%

i<; or '^S i/m

Hardness Rg 2.0-106.5 Rg 91-95 ~

Product Form Strip Strip 0.635-cm-thick

Specimen Type Rat Rat

Width or Dia. 0.102 cm 0.4&-1.19cm

Thickness Gage Length 13.4 cm

"R" Ratio Test Frequency 48 kHz

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

18-10
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

4 5

C51000

89.86-95.27 5 4.32-9.76 0.08-0.38 0.00-0.003 — 0.025-0.06

0.0-0.20

Cold-rolled, 37.1 and Annealed, 823, 898, 60.5% or 923 K; or cold- drawn, 15.2-50.1%

35 and 40 fim 16-110 /tm

54.8 and 58.5 Rg 34-103

Strip Bar

0.076-cm-thick 1 .27-cm-dia.

Rat Round

0.076 cm 0.76 cm

0.476 cm

4.56 cm

210 kHz

295 K 295 K

18-11
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

1. Gohn, G. P., Guerard, J. P., and Freynik, H. S.. "The Mechanical Properties of Wrought Phosphor

Bronze Alloys," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical

Publication No. 183, 114 pp. (1956).

2. Price, W. B., and Bailey, R. W., "Fatigue Properties of Five Cold-rolled Copper Alloys," AIME

Transactions i24, 271-286 (1937).

3. Mendenhall, J. H., Ed., "Other Engineering Properties, Fatigue, Creep, and Relaxation," Chapter 7 in Understanding Copper Alloys. Clin Corporation, East Alton, IL, 98-109 (1977).

4. Fox, A., "Reversed Bending Fatigue Characteristics of Copper Alloy 510 Strip," Journal of Materials

5. 273-293 (1970).

5. Anderson, A. R., Swan, E. F., and Palmer, E. W., "Fatigue Tests on Some Additional Copper Alloys,"

Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 46, 678-692 (1946).

18-12
19. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: CREEP PROPERTIES

C51000. C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES

A search of the literature for creep data of phosphor bronzes at 295 K and lower temperatures was unproductive. To provide some guid- ance, references are given for data within 200 K

of room temperature; however, since mechanisms

for cryogenic creep are lil<ely to be different from

mechanisms at higher temperatures, these data

must be Interpreted with caution.

Reference 19.1 provides data on hard

C51000 phosphor bronze at 398 K. These data

are based on applied stresses at 50% of the 0.2%

offset yield strength. At 2000 h, total creep was

0.103% and creep rate was 2.12 X 10"^%/h. On

the basis of the Information provided, the percent

of total creep of 051000 (hard) in 2000 h Is about

Creep Strain and Rate vs. Elapsed Time (398. 422 K)

three times higher than that of 01 7500 (hard), but

the creep rate of the 051000 at 2000 h is about

twice that of 017500.

References 19.2 and 19.3 present data on

creep rate at 1000 h as a function of applied

stress for 051000 In both hard-drawn and an- nealed conditions. The lowest temperature for which data are furnished is 422 K. Reference 19.4 present data at 295 K for creep of 052100 phosphor-bronze springs used

in a switch. The data are not in standard format,

and the test period was less than 200 days. In- formation on the residual deflection of a cantilever

strip after the load is removed is supplied, but the

load is not specified.

REFERENOES

1. Mendenhall, J. H., Ed., "Other Engineering Properties-Fatigue, Oreep and Relaxation," In Understanding Oopper Alloys. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 94-106 (1980).

2. Burghoff, H. L, Blank, A. I., and Maddigan, S. E., 'The Oreep Oharacteristics of Some Oopper

Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 42. 668-691 (1942).

3. Burghoff, H. L., and Blank, A. I., 'The Oreep Characteristics of Oopper and Some Oopper Alloys at 300, 400, and 500 °F," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 47, 725-754

(1947).

4. Shimizu, Y., NIshlhata, M., Muta, T., and Matumoto, E., "Mechanical Properties and Weldablltles of Small Sized Crossbar Switch Springs," Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratories 20,

71-92 (1972).

19-1

20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Young's Modulus

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Young's modulus (E) measurements at 295 K on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained

from References 20.1-20.4. All measurements

were made with dynamic, rather than static methods. These methods determine the adiattatic,

rather than the isothermal, modulus, but the dif- ference of a few percent between the two types

of moduli is usually smaller than the errors associated with static methods of measurement (Ref- erence 20.5). The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table

20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.

A polynomial regression analysis of the data was

carried out to determine the dependence of the

modulus upon Sn content, [Sn].

RESULTS

The data were fitted with the equation

where [Sn] is less than 1 0 wt%. The standard

deviations of the coefficients are 2.1 and

0.375. Table 20.1 gives the measured Young's

modulus values and the values calculated from

Equation (20-1). Figure 20.1 shows the fit of the

data to Equation (20-1).

DISCUSSION

Figure 20.1 and Equation (20-1) Indicate a decrease of about 6% in the Young's modulus as

[Sn] is varied from 5 wt% to 9 wt%, but the specifications for phosphor bronze C51000 and

C52400 indicate no change (Reference 20.6).

The Young's modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 295 K

[Equation (20-1)] is in agreement with the calculated Young's modulus of 126 GPa for high-purity,

annealed copper [Equation (6-2)].

f(GPa) = 128.2 -2.005[Sn] (20-1)

(S.D. = 5.7 GPa).

Table 20.1. The Dependence of Young's Modulus on [Sn] (295 K)

[Sn], Young's Modulus, Young's Modulus, Reference wt% Measured, GPa Predicted, GPa No.

0.65 129.2 126.94

3.22 125.6 121.78

4.21 117.19 119.80

e.26 108.76 111.68

10.48 100.23 107.22 0 124.84 128.24 2

3.31 127.84 121.60 2 4.75 121.83 118.71 2

5.99 119.80 116.22 2 9.98 118.68 108.23 2 0 123.2 128.24 3 5 102.6 118.21 3 10 105.4 108.19 3 0.28 128.5 127.68 4 0.54 128.3 127.16 4

1.10 127.5 126.03 4

2.18 125.6 123.87 4

4.26 121.7 119.70 4

8.26 115.3 111.66 4

20-1
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Young's Modulus

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

Figure 20.1. Young's modulus versus tin content at 295 K on annealed material (References 20.1-20.4).

The product was in cylinder form (References 20.2 and 20.4) or not specified (References 20.1 and

20.3).

20-2
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50500, C52100: Cold-worked Young's Modulus vs. Temperature (4 - 295 K)

DATA SOURCES

Young's modulus measurements below

295 K on two cold-worked phosphor bronzes were obtained from References 20.7 and 20.8. The measurements were made with static methods; dynamic measurements have not been con- ducted for phosphor-bronze alloys at cryogenic

temperatures. The available characterization of materials and measurements Is given in Table

20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.

RESULTS

Table 20.2 and Figure 20.2 present the measurements. (One data point at 76 K from Reference 20.7 that does not agree with the trend of the other measurements was eliminated from the

figure.) According to Equation (20-1), the

Young's modulus of the C50500 material should

be higher (at least at 295 K) than the Young's

modulus of the C52100 material. Perhaps the

higher degree of cold-working of the C50500

material lowered the modulus below that of the

C52100 material. The influence of cold-working on elastic constants is complex (Reference 20.5).

Table 20.2. The Dependence of Young's Modulus on Temperature (4-295 K).

Alloy Test Young's Modulus, [Sn], Reference

Designation Temperature, GPa wt% No. K

C5210O 20 126.9 8.2 7 20 119.3 8.2 7 76 124.8 8.2 7 76 122.0 8.2 7 76 118.9 8.2 7 76 111.0 8.2 7 295 110.3 8.2 7 295 109.6 8.2 7 C50500 4 113.1 4.85 6 20 113.8 4.85 8 76 115.1 4.85 8 195 113.8 4.85 8 295 107.6 4.85 8

20-3
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50500, C52100: Cold-worked Young's Modulus vs.

r- yyy : .•'^.}y.'..v{... ^ Temperature (4-295 K)

Figure 20.2. Young's modulus versus temperature for cold-worked material. The amount of cold-work was 37% and tin content was 8.2 wt% for measurements taken from Reference 20.7, and cold-work was 85% and tin content was 4.85 wt% for measurements taken from Reference 20.8. Product was

in bar form.

20-4
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. [Sn] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Shear modulus (G) measurements at 295 K

on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from

References 20.3 and 20.4. All measurements

were made with dynamic, rather than static methods. These methods determine the adiabatic,

rather than the Isothermal, modulus, but the

difference of a few percent between the two types

of moduli is usually smaller than the errors associated with static methods of measurement

(Reference 20.5). The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.

A polynomial regression analysis of the data was

carried out to determine the dependence of the

modulus upon Sn content, [Sn].

RESULTS

The data were fitted with the equation

where [Sn] is less than 10 wt%. The standard

deviations of the coefficients are 1 .32 and 0.2692.

Table 20.3 gives the measured shear modulus

values and the values calculated from Equation

(20-2). Figure 20.3 shows the fit of the data to Equation (20-2).

DISCUSSION

Although Figure 20.3 and Equation (20-2)

indicate a decrease of about 10% in the shear

modulus as [Sn] is varied from 5 wt% to 9 wt%,

the specifications for phosphor bronze C51000

and C52400 indicate no change (Reference 20.6).

The shear modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 295 K

[Equation (20-2)] is in agreement with the

calculated shear modulus of 47.2 GPa for highpurity, annealed copper [Equation (6-4)].

G(GPa) = 47.34 - 0.8950 [Sn], (20-2)

(S.D. = 2.78 GPa),

Table 20.3. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on [Sn] (295 K).

[Sn], Shear Modulus, Shear Modulus, Reference wt% Measured, GPa Predicted, GPa No.

0 44.9 47.3 3

5 37.2 42.9 3 10 37.7 38.4 3 0.28 47.9 47.1 4

0.54 47.8 46.9 4

1.10 47.5 46.4 4

2.18 46.6 45.4 4

4.26 45.3 43.5 4

8.26 42.7 40.0 4

20-5
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE:. ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs. [Sn] (295 K)

30

10 12

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 20.3. Shear modulus versus tin content at 295 K for annealed material,

in cylinder form (Reference 20.4) or not specified (Reference 20.3).

The product was

20-6
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed Shear Modulus

vs. [Sn] (77 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Shear modulus (G) measurements at 77 K

on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from

Reference 20.9. The measurements were made

with dynamic, rather than static methods. These

methods determine the adiabatic, rather than the

isothermal, modulus, but the difference of a few

percent between the two types of moduli is usually smaller than the errors usually associated with

static methods of measurement (Reference 20.5).

The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 20.7 at the end of the elastic property section. A polynomial regres- sion analysis of the data was carried out to determine the dependence of the modulus upon Sn

content, [Sn].

RESULTS

The data were fitted with the equation

where [Sn] is less than 8 wt%. The standard

deviations of the coefficients are 0.80 and 0.164. Table 20.4 gives the measured shear modulus

values and the values calculated from Equation

(20-3). Figure 20.4 shows the fit of the data to Equation (20-3).

DISCUSSION

The shear modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 77 K

[Equation (20-3)] differs from the calculated shear

modulus of 51 GPa for high-purity, annealed copper [Equation (6-4)]. Data for the latter equation were obtained from several references. The rea- son for the discrepancy with the measurements

from Reference 20.9 is not l<nown.

G(GPa) - 55.32 - 1.025 [Sn] (20-3)

(S.D. = 0.86 GPa).

Table 20.4. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on [Sn] (77 K).

[Sn], Shear Modulus, Shear Modulus, Reference wt% Measured, GPa Predicted, GPa No.

0 55.0 55.3 9

4.0 51.9 51.2

7.4 47.4 47.7 —f20-7
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed Shear Modulus

vs. [SnJ (77 K)

o

46 ' 1 ' ' ' 0 2 4 6 8 10

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 20.4. Shear modulus versus tin content at 77 K on annealed material (Reference 20.9). The

product was in wire form.

20-8
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C51100: Cold-worked Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (200 289 K)

DATA SOURCE

Measurements of the shear modulus on a C51100 phosphor bronze at 200 and 300 K were

obtained from Reference 20.10. The material was

cold-worked to an unreported extent. The product was in wire form. A static, torsional test method was used. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

The slight decrease in shear modulus as the

temperature decreases is not in agreement with

the temperature dependence reported in two

references for Young's modulus of phosphor

bronzes (Figure 20.2). The apparent decrease in modulus with lower temperature might represent

data scatter rather than a true temperature effect.

Table 20.5 and Figure 20.5 present the

measurements.

Table 20.5. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on Temperature (200-289 K).

Test Temperature, KShear Modulus,

GPa

Reference

No.

200 45.4 10 289 45.9 10

20-9
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C51100: Cold-worked Shear Modulus vs. Temperature (200-289 K)

50

48

40 CL

O

<n 46

ZD

tr 44

<

lU

in

A2

40

REF. 10

——

100 150 200 250 300

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 20.5. Shear modulus versus temperature for cold-worked material (Reference 20.10). The

amount of cold drawing was not specified, tin content was 3.57 wt%, and product was In wire form.

20-10
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100~C52400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Poisson's ratio {i/) measurements at 295 K

on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from

References 20.3 and 20.4. All measurements

were made with dynamic, rather tfian static methods. These methods determine the adiabatic,

rather than the Isothermal, modulus, but this dif- ference of a few p)ercent at most is smaller than

the errors usually associated with static methods

of measurement (Reference 20.5). The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section. A polynomial regression analysis

of the data was carried out to determine the dependence of 1/ upon Sn content, [Sn].

RESULTS

The data were fitted with the equation

u = 0.3447 + 0.003459 [Sn] (20-4)

(S.D. = 0.0184).

where [Sn] is less than 10 wt%. The standard

deviations of the coefficients are 0.0088 and

0.001786. Table 20.6 gives the measured Pois- son's ratio values and the values calculated from

Equation (20-4). Figure 20.6 shows the fit of the

data to Equation (20-4).

DISCUSSION

A second-order polynomial gave a better fit than Equation (20-4), but this was an artifact of the small data set available; a linear fit is an adequate description of the dependence on [Sn]

when data from each reference are considered

separately.

Table 20.6. The Dependence of Poisson's Ration on Tin Content (295 K).

[Sn], Poisson's Ratio, Poisson's Ratio, Reference wt% Measured Predicted No.

0 0.37 0.345 3 5 0.38 0.362 3 10 0.40 0.379 3 0.28 0.340 0.346 4 0.54 0.343 0.347 4

1.10 0.343 0.349 4

2.18 0.343 0.352 4

4.26 0.344 0.359 4

8.26 0.349 0.373 4

20-11
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

0.40

0.38

o

<

CC

(/) z

O

O

0.36

0.34

0.32

0.30

A

— —

,

k

1

n

-o

A RE

RE

IF. 3

:F. 4

8 10 12

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 20.6. Poisson's ratio versus tin content at 295 K on annealed material. The product was In cylinder fornn (Reference 20.4) or was not specified (Reference 20.3).

20-12
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 20.7. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2 3 4

Specification — — — —

Composition (wt%)

Cu

SnP0.65-10.48 0-9.98 0-10 _

0.28-8.26

Pb

FeZn

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

— — —

Material Condition Annealed Annealed, 100 h Annealed, 923 K, 1.5 h

Grain Size

Hardness

Product Form Rod,

3-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Cylinder 0.8-1.2 cm

14.0 cm

Cylinder

1.2 cm

10-12 cm

No. of Specimens 5 5 3 6

Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

20-13
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 20.7, continued

Reference No. 7 8 9 10

Specification C52100 C51000 — C51100

^^Vl 1 lUW^I kiwi 1 !•* • 'v f Cu 90.3 — — 95.98 5n 8.2 4.85 0-7.4 3.67 P 0.06 0.18 Pb 0.02 — —

Fe 0.02 Zn — 0.05 — —

Others — — — —

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

Material Condition Cold-rolled, 37% Cold-rolled, 85% Annealed Cold-drawn

Grain Size 101 iim

Hardness FIb 100 Rb94 — —

Product Form Bar, Bar, Wire, Wire, 19.1-cm-dia. 19.1-cm-dia. 0.0761 0-cm-dia. 0.23-cm-dia.

Specimen Type Round Round Wire Wire Width or Dia. 0.635 cm 0.635 cm 0.0761 cm 0.23 cm

Thickness Gage length 2.54 cm 3.81 cm 2.54 cm -25.4 cm

No. of Specimens 8 5 3 2

^

Test Temperature 1 20-295 K 4-295 K 77 K 200-289 K

REFERENCES

1. Koster, W., and Rauscher, W., "Beziehungen zwischen dem Elastizitatsmodul von

Zweistofflegierungen und ihrem Aufbau," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 39, 111-120 (1948).

2. Cabarat, R., Guillet, L, and LeRoux, R., 'The Elastic Properties of Metallic Alloys," Journal of the

Institute of Metals 75, 391 -402 (1 948-1 949).

3. Subrahmanyam, B., and Krishnamurty, B., "Elastic Studies in Polycrystalline Brasses and Bronzes,"

Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 2, 369-370 (1964).

4. Hopkin, L. M., Pursey, H. and Markham, M. F., "Precise Measurements of the Elastic Constants of

Copper and Silver Base Alloys," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 61, 535-540 (1970).

5. Ledbetter, H. M., and Naimon, E. R., "Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper," Journal

of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 3, 897-935 (1974).

6. Standards Handbook. Part 2, Copper Development Association, Greenwich, CT (1985).

20-14
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

7. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240, 47-50 (1959).

8. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected

Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).

9. Fleischer, R. L, "Substitutional Solution Hardening," Acta Metallurgica H, 203-209 (1963).

10. Zimmerii, F. P., Wood, W. P., and Wilson, G. D., "The Effect of Temperature upon the Torsional

Modulus of Spring Materials," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 30. 350-361 (1930).

20-15

21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

There are only a few measurements of the

specific heat of Cu-Sn alloys or C50100-

C52400 phosphor bronzes below 300 K. Refer- ence 21.1 presents data on Cu-8Sn (extruded)

and Cu-IISn (cast) between 4 and 18 K (Table

21.1). References 21.2 and 21.3 both present

values of the electronic specific heat coefficient,

7, and the Debye temperature, 6^, for a range of Sn contents, [Sn], up to 11%. The quantities 7

and 9q were derived from measurements over the

temperature interval from 1 .5 to 4 K. Since the

theory of specific heat of alloys such as the CuSn series is well-established, the measurements

of References 21.2 and 21.3 (below 4 K) allow

predictions of the specific heat, Op, of Cu-Sn

alloys between 2 and 300 K. These predictions can be compared with the measurements on two

Cu-Sn alloys between 4 and 18 K from Reference

21.1. The measurements, obtained by adiabatic

calorimetry, have an expected accuracy of 1 %.

The available characterization of these measure- ments and specimens is given in Table 21.8 at the end of the thermal properties section.

The procedure by which predicted specific

heats can t>e obtained from the limited data of

References 21.2 and 21.3 follows. First, the specific heat contributions from the electrons, Cg,

and the lattice vibrations, C^, are considered to be

additive:

Cp = . C, (21-1)

Second, is represented over the entire temperature interval by

C, = J^r. (21-2)

where M is the molar mass number and T is the

temperature. In practice, this term will be a significant part of the total Cp only at low temperatures, for instance, for 7 < 4 K. Third, at low

temperatures the lattice specific heat is well-represented in the Debye approximation by

C, (J/kg.K) =

1-94 X 10'

(7/g^)3 (21-3)

This expression can be used when T ^ ^d/10

(Reference 21.4).

Therefore, in the temperature range from 1 .5 to 4 K, the expression

Cp (J/kg.K) = 2r . i^i^ {T/ef.

(21-4)

is valid, and measurements of Cp will yield values

for 7 and for 6^. To predict C, at higher temperatures, the

value found for 0^ can be substituted into the more general Debye integral expression for C, (Reference 21.5). This expression is

^ / i/i 1^ 7.48 X 10"* r eV . C, (J/kg.K) = — dx,

X, = 0o/T or.

C, (J/kg.K) =l D{e^m. (21-5)

M

Values of the integral in this expression are tabulated (Reference 21.6). For T < ^q/IO, Equation

(21-5) reduces to Equation (21-3). (C, in these

equations actually refers to the specific heat at constant volume, C^, which is nearly equivalent to

Cp, especially at low temperatures.)

RESULTS

Figures 21.1 and 21.2 show 7 and 6^ as a

function of [Sn] from the measurements of Refer- ences 21.2 and 21.3 between 1.5 and 4 K. The

equations derived from simple polynomials fitted to the curve of Figure 21.1 and the straight line of Figure 21.2 are

7 ([Sn]) = +0.698 + 0.0091 1[Sn] -0.001 28[Sn]2

+ 6.54 X 10-5 [Sn]^ (21-6)

and

([Sn]) = 344-3.11[Sn], (21-7)

where [Sn] is expressed in wt%. The standard

deviation of the fit of the data to Equation (21-6)

is 0.00398 and the standard deviation of the fit of the data to Equation (21-7) is 0.876. The units of 7 are J/(kmol4(^); the units of are K.

21-1
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

When 7 and 0^ have been obtained for a

particular value of [Sn] from Equations (21-6) and

(21-7), the following expression, obtained from

Equations (21-1), (21-2), and (21-5), can be used

to predict values of for 2 K < T < 300 K:

C, (J/kg.K) = 1 h{[Sn])T*D{d^/T)]. (21-8)

Values for D{ejT) can be obtained from Figure

21.3 or Table 21.2. adapted from Reference 21.6. The molar mass number, M, is given by

M(g/mol) =1.187[Sn] +0.6354(100 - [Sn]).

(21-9)

See the discussion section below for information on converting to Cp.

DISCUSSION

The only measurements above 4 K that the

predictive equation can be compared with are those from Reference 21.1 from 4 to 17 K. At 17 K, Equation (21-8) predicts Cp values of 4.903

J/(kg4<) and 5.034 J/(kg^ for [Sn] = 8 and 1

wt%, respectively. Allowing for the uncertainty in 7 and given by plus or minus one standard

deviation from the fit of Equations (21-6) and (21-

7) to the experimental data, the expected uncertainty in the Cp value for 8 wt% [Sn] is ± 0.038 J/(kg4<). For 11 wt% [Sn], the corre- sponding uncertainty is ± 0.046 J/(kg«K). This

calculation assumes that the contributions to the

total uncertainty from the standard deviations of Equations (21-6) and (21-7) are additive. The

predicted values differ by more than the expected

uncertainty from the measurements of Cp at ~ 1 7 K from Reference 21.1: these are 6.073

J/(kg^<) for [Sn] = 8 wt% and 6.389 J/(kg4C) for [Sn] = 1 1 wt%. However, the Cu-Sn alloys used

in the work reported in References 21.2 and 21.3 were evidently of a higher degree of purity than

the commercial alloys used for the measurements

of Reference 21.1. It is also possible that the

discrepancy results from a systematic error in the

measurements in Reference 21.1; the authors did not compare their results with the earlier work of References 21.2 and 21.3. The authors of Reference 21.1 also used

their measurements to estimate values for 7 and

Bq, for [Sn] = 8 and 11 wt%. Perhaps because

these measurements were obtained between 4

Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Temperature (2-300 K)

and 18 K on commercial alloys, the values of 7

and 6q were not consistent with those obtained in References 21.2 and 21.3; consequently, they were not used to establish Equations (21-6) and

(21-7). Measurements in a lower temperature

range, about 2 to 4 K, as reported in References

21.2 and 21.3, should establish 7 and 6^ as a

function of [Sn] more accurately.

The specific heat values for Cu-Sn alloys

that can be obtained from Equations (21-6), (21-

7), and (21-8) must be regarded as approximations of the true values. Using plus or minus one

standard deviation as obtained from the fits of

Equations (21-6) and (21-7) to the data to esti- mate the uncertainty in the predicted C^ for [Sn] = 5 wt% gives the following values at 4, 77, and

295 K: 0.09614 (+0.00067, -0.00066) J/(kg^;

175.3 (± 0.6) J/(kg^; and 356.71 ( + 0.14-0.12)

J/(kg«K), respectively. In addition to this uncertainty, the use of the Debye approximation adds a much larger possible error. Even for a pure ele- ment, such as copper, the Debye approximation

for C| is of limited validity. The analysis generally

used to compare the agreement with theory is based on a plot of vs. T, in which B^ls computed separately from each experimental Cp value

(Cp « C^ at low temperatures; see below). For

copper, varies by about ± 15 K between 2 and

80 K, with a corresponding inaccuracy in the

predicted Cp value (Reference 21.7). It must be

assumed that at least the same degree of uncertainty pertains to values obtained for Cu-Sn

alloys from Equation (21-7) when these values are used to predict Cp at higher temperatures.

At temperatures near 295 K, there is a differ- ence of a few percent between Cp and C^. Equation (21-8) predicts C^, whereas the experimental

quantity is Cp. The difference may be calculated

from thermodynamic expressions that involve the

isothermal compressibility and the isobaric coeffi- cient of volumetric expansion, or an estimate may

be obtained from the Gruneisen constant. The

relevant formulas are discussed in Reference

21.8. However, since the thermodynamic quantities to use in these formulas may not be well- known for Cu-Sn alloys, and the procedure pre- sented here for estimating C^ is very approximate,

this correction is of only academic interest in the

present context.

21-2
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)

Table 21.1. Specific Heat Dependence on Tenfiperature (4.0-17.5 K).

Test Temperature, K

Specific Heat, Rfiffirancfi No.

4.0 0.109 1A

4.1 0.120 1A

4.2 0.121 1A

4.5 0.134 1A

4.6 0.140 1A

4.7 0.148 1A

4.9 0.162 1A

5.0 0.168 1A

5.1 0.181 1A

5.3 0.193 1A

5.4 0.202 1A

5.5 0.235 1A

5.8 0.244 1A

6.0 0.262 1A

6.2 0.289 1A

6.4 0.338 1A

6.6 0.338 1A

6.9 0.384 1A

7.1 0.414 1A

7.4 0.466 1A

7.7 0.511 1A

7.9 0.550 1A

8.2 0.610 1A

8.6 0.686 1A

9.0 0.774 1A

9.3 0.859 1A

9.5 0.921 1A

9.8 1.008 1A

10.1 1.103 1A

10.5 1.225 1A

10.9 1.363 1A

11.3 1.528 1A

11.9 1.761 1A

12.3 1.983 1A

12.7 2.161 1A

13.1 2.353 1A

13.5 2.651 1A

14.0 2.933 1A

14.8 3.529 1A

15.4 3.546 1A

16.0 4.484 1A

16.7 5.156 1A

17 S 6.073 1A

Test

1 emperaiUfO, K

Specific Heat, Reference

no.

4.4 0.133 1P

4.6 0.155 IB

4.8 0.168 IB

5.1 0.191 1B

5.2 0.203 IB

5.4 0.222 IB

5.6 0.233 IB

5.7 0.251 1B

5.9 0.279 IB

6.2 0.312 1B

6.4 0.336 IB

6.5 0.348 IB

6.7 0.378 IB

6.8 0.401 1 Q1 D

6.9 0.424 1B

7.0 0.433 1B

7.1 0.453 IB

7.3 0.494 ID n <;nn 1

D

n ID

7.8 n (^AA Id

0. I n ASA in1 D

Q O u.bf y 1D

A A. 1R1

D

O.t) n 7S7 ID A A n A1A 11 nD

A Q n ASR 11 nD

9 2 0 947 1B

Q A. 0 976 IB

1 n7A 1R1 D

Q A i 1 1 . \£.0 1 n

in n 11 pD

in o lU.Z 1) nD

10.5 1.395 IB

10.9 1.553 IB

11.3 1.761 18

11.8 2.044 IB

12.5 2.407 18

13.2 2.799 18

14.0 3.289 IB

14.7 3.888 18

15.6 4.634 18

16.4 5.419 18

17.3 6.389 IS

21-3
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Temperature (2-300 K)

Table 21.2. Numerical Values for the Debye Function (Reference 21.6).

K

Debye Function,

J/(kmol.K) K

Debye Function,

(Od/T).

J/(kmol4<) K Debye Function,

D(«d/T). J/(kmol4<)

0.0 9dQ1S t*T3 1 ^. 790 f £U OD 1 y .U*IU 10.4 1by0.33o

0.1 24894.800 5.3 8326.160 10.5 1648.496

0.2 24852.960 5.4 8075.120 10.6 1602.472

0.3 24811.120 5.5 7824.080 10.7 1560.632

0.4 24727.440 5.6 7573.040 10.8 1518.792

0.5 24601.920 5.7 7322.000 10.9 1476.952

0.6 24476.400 5.8 7070.960 11.0 1443.480

0.7 24309.040 5.9 6819.920 11.1 1401.640

0.8 24141.680 6.0 6619.088 11.2 1355.616

0.9 23932.480 6.1 6401.520 11.3 1334.696

1.0 23723.280 6.2 6192.320 11.4 1297.040

1.1 23472.240 6.3 5983.120 11.5 1263.568

1.2 23221.200 6.4 5815.760 11.6 1234.280

1.3 22928.320 6.5 5606.560 11.7 1200.808

1.4 22635.440 6.6 5439.200 11.8 1171.520

1.5 22342.560 6.7 5271.640 11.9 1142.232

1.6 22007.840 6.8 5062.640 12.0 1117.128

1.7 21673.120 6.9 4937.120 12.1 1087.840

1.8 21296.560 7.0 4757.208 12.2 1062.736

1.9 20961.840 7.1 4602.400 12.3 1037.632

2.0 20585.280 7.2 4455.960 12.4 1012.528

2.1 20208.720 7.3 4313.704 12.5 991.608

2.2 19832.160 7.4 4175.632 12.6 966.504

2.3 19413.760 7.5 4041 .744 12.7 945.584

2.4 18995.360 7.6 3912.040 12.8 924.664

2.5 18618.800 7.7 . 3790.704 12.9 903.744

2.6 18200.400 7.8 3673.552 13.0 882.824

2.7 17762.000 7.9 3556.400 13.1 861.904

2.8 17363.600 8.0 3443.432 13.2 845.168

2.9 16945.200 8.1 3338.832 13.3 824.248

3.0 16526.800 8.2 3238.415 13.4 807.512

3.1 16108.400 8.3 3138.000 13.5 786.592

3.2 15690.000 8.4 3041.768 13.6 769.856

3.3 15167.920 8.5 2945.536 13.7 753.120

3.4 14895.040 8.6 2857.672 13.8 736.384

3.5 14434.800 8.7 2769.808 13.9 719.648

3.6 14058.240 8.8 2686.128 14.0 707.096

3.7 13681.680 8.9 2606.632 14.1 690.360

3.8 13305.120 9.0 2527.136 14.2 677.808

3.9 12928.560 9.1 2460.192 14.3 665.256

4.0 12535.260 9.2 2384.880 14.4 648.520

4.1 12175.440 9.3 2309.568 14.5 635.968

4.2 11798.880 9.4 2246.806 14.6 623.416

4.3 11464.160 9.5 , 2179.864 14.7 610.864

4.4 11087.600 9.6 2121.288 14.8 598.312

4.5 10752.880 9.7 2058.528 14.9 585.760

4.6 10460.000 9.8 1999.952 15.0 573.208

4.7 10125.260 9.9 1945.560 15.1 564.840

4.8 9790.560 10.0 1891.168 15.2 552.288

4.9 9497.680 10.1 1836.776 15.3 543.920

5.0 9192.248 10.2 1786.568 15.4 531.368

5.1 8911.920 10.3 1736.360 15.5 523.000

21-4
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Temperature (2 -300 K)

Table 21.2, continued

K

Debye Function,

D«'d/T), J/(kmol4<)

«d/T. K

Debye Function,

J/(l<nnol4<)

15.6 510.448 19.0 283.257

15.7 502.080 20.0 243.090

15.8 493.712 21.0 210.037

15.9 485.344 22.0 182.422

16.0 472.792 23.0 159.829

17.0 395.388 24.0 140.582

18.0 333.046

Debye Function, K

J/(knnol4<)

25.0 124.663

26.0 110.456

27.0 98.742

28.0 88.366

29.0 79.496

30.0 71.965

0.76

0.74

0.72

0.70

0.68

A

A ^^.^^

A

^-^-""'^ a/^

A/

r1 REF. 2

A REF. 3

10 15

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 21.1. The electron specific heat coefficient (7) is shown as a function of tin content. The data

from References 21.2 and 21.3 are fitted to a third-order polynomial [Equation (21-6)].

21-5
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)

Figure 21.2. The Debye temperature (^p) is sliown as a function of tin content. The data from

References 21.2 and 21.3 follow a linear trend [Equation (21-7)].

21-6
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Specific Heat vs. [Snj,

Temperature (2 300 K)

Figure 21.3. This curve, adapted from Reference 21.6, provides values for tlie Debye function for a known quantity of e^/T.

21-7
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50715-C52400: Annealed Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Thermal conductivity (A) measurements at 295 K on annealed C5071 5-C52000 phosphor

bronzes were obtained from References 21 .9-

21.12. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the

end of the thermal properties section.

RESULTS

Regression analysis indicated that the best

fit to the data was obtained with the equation

A(W/m.K) = + 549.2 + 109.9[Sn] - 2.447lSn]2

- 425.6 [Sn] _ 99.72 [P]

(21-10)

(S.D. = 6.9 W/m-K),

where [Sn] is Sn content, and [P] is the phosphorus content, both in wt%. The standard deviations of the coefficients are 44.3, 22.1, 0.773,

60.6, and 13.34. The measurements and thermal

conductivity values predicted from Equation (21-

10) are given in Table 21.3. The straight line in Figure 21.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (21-10); the scatter band represents two

standard deviations above and below the line. The variance of the data was assumed to be

normally distributed and constant throughout the

range of predicted values.

Table 21.3. Dependence of Thermal Conductivity on [Sn] and [P] (295 K).

Thermal Thermal [Sn], [P], Reference

Conductivity, Conductivity, wt% Wt% No. Measured, W/(rTTK) Predicted, W/(m4<)

167 157 2 0 9 100 98.3 4 0 9

75.3 77.8 6 0 9 62.8 67.6 8 0 9 117 115 3.11 0.02 10

66.9 78.3 3.09 0.39 10

66.9 68.9 7.31 0.02 10

46.0 32.5 7.41 0.38 10

83.7 91.4 3.71 0.12 10

75.3 74.2 5.27 0.09 10

62.8 62.1 6.65 0.12 10 165 160 1.92 0.01 11 50.6 51.7 10.4 0.03 11 227 232 0.99 0.002 12

81.6 80.5 4.92 0.06 12

64.4 66.1 7.48 0.04 12

62.8 62.6 4.18 0.33 12

21-8
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50715-C52400: Annealed Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)

0 50 100 150 200 250

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. PREDICTED. W/m-K

Figure 21.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of thermal conductivity at 295 K

upon Sn and P contents [Equation (21-10)].

21-9
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52 100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1^73 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Thermal conductivity (A) measurements

between 1 and 473 K were obtained from Refer- ences 21.10, and 21.13-21.15. The Sn content,

[Sn], varied from 0.94 to 7.3 wt%, corresponding

to C50100-C52100. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the end of the thermal properties

section. These data are presented in Table 21.4

and Figure 21.5. The data from Reference 21.13 were obtained by adding a Lorentz term for the

electronic thermal conductivity to the data the

authors presented on the lattice thermal conductivity, since residual resistivity data were provided.

Reference 21 .4 explains this procedure. However, the procedure is only valid up to about

30 K, so data from 1 0-30 K only were used from

Reference 21.13. As Figure 21.5 shows, the slope

of these values does not agree well with that of the other measurements. Consequently, the data

from Reference 21.13 were not used in the subsequent analysis.

Because the functional form of the data is a

simple polynomial on a log-log plot, logarithmic

terms for A and T (temperature) were used in the

multivariate regression analysis of A on [Sn] and

T. A total of 69 measurements were used in the

analysis. Values from Reference 21.10 with P

content above 0.09 wt% were eliminated, since

phosphorus was not present in the other alloys.

Also, thermal conductivity values from the annealed, rather than the cold-worked specimens of Reference 21.14 were chosen to not overweight

the analysis with data points from one reference.

As Figure 21 .5 shows, there is not much differ- ence between the thermal conductivity of an- nealed and 75% cold-worked alloys with the same

[Sn], although the effect of cold work may be

larger as [Sn] decreases below ~ 1 wt%.

RESULTS

The best fit to the data was obtained with

the equation

log A = + 0.4145 + 1.563 logf

- 0.2285 (logT)^ - 0.3234 [Sn]

+ 0.02500 [Sn] 2 (21-11)

(S.D. = 0.0796),

where A is in W/(m»K), [Sn] is in wt%, and 4 K < T < 300 K. The standard deviations of the coeffi- cients of this equation are 0.0566, 0.054,

0.0195, 0.0292, and 0.00396. Figure 21.6 indi- cates the fit of selected data to the curves pro- duced from Equation (21-11) for three values of

[Sn].

Table 21.4. Dependence of Thermal Conductivity on [Sn] (1.4-473.2 K).

Test Thermal [Sn], Reference Temperature, Conductivity, wt% No. K W/(m^

293 117 3.11 10 473 146 3.11 10 293 62.8 3.71 10 473 83.7 3.71 10 293 83.7 5.27 10 473 108 5.27 10 293 75.3 6.65 10 473 100 6.65 10 293 66.9 7.31 10 473 92.0 7.31 10

8.64 19.9 1.21 13

19.6 66.0 1.21 13

23.5 77.9 1.21 13

11.2 15.0 2.25 13

14.3 21.1 2.25 13

17.3 29.7 2.25 13

21-10
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21.4, continued

Test Thermal [Sn], Reference Temperature, Conductivity, wt% No. K W/(m4<)

20,6 41.1 2 25 1

3

24.7 52.2 2.25 13

OP. Q 1

J

28.9 59.1 2.25 13

lU.O J.JO 1

J

13 1 13 5 3 38 1

3

13.0 17 Q J.JO 1

J

17 3 20 8 3 38 1

3

J.JO 1

J

23.6 33.7 3.38 13 26 0 39 9 3 38 13

5.58 21.5 0.937 14A

9.35 32.8 0.937 14A

10.0 34.3 0.937 14A

12.5 43.4 0.937 14A

14.9 52.4 0.937 14A

19.2 66.3 0.937 14A

21.3 74.4 0.937 14A

24.6 84.4 0.937 14A

26.2 88.4 0.937 14A

29.6 96.5 0.937 14A

30.4 99.1 0.937 14A

33.4 106.3 0.937 14A

37.7 112.5 0.937 14A

41.3 122.5 0.937 14A

51.0 134.6 0.937 14A

5.74 15.3 0.937 14B

5.95 16.0 0.937 14B

9.50 25.4 0.937 14B

10.8 29.4 0.937 148

16.8 43.6 0.937 148

19.3 54.2 0.937 148

21.4 60.7 0.937 148

23.1 64.8 0.937 148

24.8 69.1 0.937 148

25.6 71.3 0 937 148

27.6 76.1 0.937 148

(\U.9Q^7J r 148

33.6 88.5 0.937 148

36.5 94.6 0.937 148

40.0 101.2 0.937 148

43.7 107.7 0.937 148

46.7 112.5 0.937 148

51.8 118.4 0.937 148

1.66 1.46 1.85 14C

1.83 1.62 1.85 14C

2.07 1.89 1.85 14C

2.16 1.98 1.85 14C

2.38 2.23 1.85 14C

2.64 2.52 1.85 14C

2.84 2.77 1.65 14C

Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Temperature (1^73 K)

21-11
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21.4, continued

Test Thermal [Sn], Reference Temperature, Conductivity, wt% No.

Is. Vv/(m«K)

3.00 2.96 1.85 14C

3.46 3.49 1.85 14C

3.66 3.72 1.85 14C

3.75 4.00 1.85 14C

1.95 1.95 1.85 14D

2.24 2.31 1.85 14D

2.59 2.71 1.85 14D

2.74 2.89 1.85 14D

2.91 3.07 1.85 14D

3.03 3.19 1.85 14D

3.19 3.37 1.85 14D

3.36 3.55 1.85 14D

3.69 3.88 1.85 14D

3.86 4.11 1.85 14D

9.16 10.8 1.85 14D

10.0 11.9 1.85 14D

12.6 15.5 1.65 14D

14.1 17.3 1.85 14D

19.7 24.0 1.85 14D

21.3 26.1 1.85 14D

25.5 30.9 1.85 14D

30.3 36.0 1.85 14D

32.8 38.3 1.85 14D

34.5 40.5 1.85 14D

40.7 51.4 1.85 14D

42.6 48.9 1.85 14D

1.46 0.589 5.46 14E

1.61 0.665 5.46 14E

1.84 0.775 5.46 14E

2.14 0.940 5.46 14E

2.27 1.00 5.46 14E

2.45 1.10 5.46 14E

2.61 1.19 5.46 14E

2.72 1.26 5.46 14E

2.88 1.35 5.46 14E

3.11 1.49 5.46 14E

3.53 1.74 5.46 14E

3.80 1.91 5.46 14E

5.91 3.23 5.46 14E

6.90 3.86 5.46 14E

9.24 5.52 5.46 14E

10.8 6.38 5.46 14E

12.4 7.66 5.46 14E

15.2 8.46 5.46 14E

20.9 11.2 5.46 14E

22.7 13.6 5.46 14E

25.4 14.7 5.46 14E

31.3 16.8 5.46 14E

33.9 17.8 5.46 14E

43.1 20.7 5.46 14E

46.6 21.8 5.46 14E

Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Temperature (1-473 K)

21-12
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21 .4, continued

Test Temperature, K

Thermal

Conductivity,

W/(m4<)

[Sn], wt%Reference

No.

52.9 23.2 5.46 14E

56.9 24.3 5.46 14E

1.60 0.592 5.46 14F

1.79 0.862 5.46 14F

1.96 0.726 5.46 14F

2.22 0.830 5.46 14F

2.42 0.922 5.46 14F

2.58 0.984 5.46 14F

2.71 1.04 5.46 14F

3.13 1.21 5.46 14F

3.43 1.32 5.46 14F

3.80 1.51 5.46 14F

5.99 3.09 5.46 14F

8.32 4.21 5.46 14F

9.56 4.87 5.46 14F

10.9 5.60 5.46 14F

11.9 6.11 5.46 14F

12.6 6.50 5.46 14F

15.6 8.08 5.46 14F

18.8 9.62 5.46 14F

21.7 10.1 5.46 14F

25.1 12.5 5.46 14F

27.4 13.5 5.46 14F

31.6 14.9 5.46 14F

38.1 17.4 5.46 14F

42.6 19.2 5.46 14F

46.3 20.3 5.46 14F

51.6 21.7 5.46 14F

56.6 23.4 5.46 14F

3.24 1.14 6.46 15 4.50 1.67 6.46 15

6.52 2.47 6.46 15

8.80 4.04 6.46 15

12.1 6.03 6.46 15

15.7 6.36 6.46 15

23.3 11.0 6.46 15

29.0 11.6 6.46 15

49.0 16.3 6.46 15

88.0 25.1 6.46 15

Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Temperature (1 473 K)

21-13
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked; As Cast

Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Temperature (1-473 K)

1000

E

>->

IO

a

z

o

o

fit UJX

I100

10

0.1

ISn] CONDITION

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

ANNEALED

CW. 75X

ANNEALED

CW. 75X

ANNEALED

CW. 75X

"AS CAST'

10 100 1000

TEMPERATURE. K

Figure 21.5. Data on the thermal conductivity of phosphor bronzes from four references are shown as a

function of temperature. Tin contents are in weight percent.

21-14
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52100: Annealed;

Cold-worked; As Cast

Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],

Temperature (1-^73 K)

Figure 21.6. Predictive curves are shown for tliermal conductivity vs. temperature for three Sn contents,

1, 3, and 6 wt%, based on Equation (21-11). Data from References 21.10, 21.14 (annealed data

only) and 21.15 were used to derive the equation. Values for Sn contents approximately equal to 1, 3, and 6 wt% from References 21.14, 21.13, and 21.15, respectively, show the fit of the data to the

equation.

21-15
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50715-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Data on the thermal expansion coefficient, a, at 295 K were obtained from References

21.16-21.18 on a total of nine alloys. Composition, including phosphorus content, [P], as well as tin content, [Sn], was reported in these refer- ences. The data are presented in Table 21.5. The available characterization of materials and

measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the end of the thermal properties section. A linear regres- sion analysis was carried out to obtain the dependence of a upon [Sn] and [P]. The data from

Reference 21.19 on a binary Cu-Sn alloy were not included in the analysis owing to lack of agreement with the equation that fitted the rest of the

data well.

RESULTS

The regression analysis gave the following

equation: a (10-^) = 16.24 + 0.1072 [Sn] + 0.5726 [P]

(21-12)

The standard deviations of the three coefficients

in Equation (21-12) are 0.09, 0.0134, and

0.1384. Figure 21.7 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (21-12). The scatter band represents

two standard deviations about the straight line that indiciates agreement between the measured

and predicted values of a. The variance of the

data was assumed to be normally distributed and

constant throughout the range of the predicted

values. Equation (21-12) indicates that the

small amounts of phosphorus usually found in C50100-C52400 can influence a significantly.

DISCUSSION

The reason for the poor fit of the measure- ments on a binary alloy from Reference 21.19 to Equation (21-12) is unknown. The equation

should be used with caution for Cu-Sn alloys with

[P] = 0. A measurement from Reference 21.16

with [P] = 0 does agree well with other data. The data from Reference 21.19 pertain to an- nealed material; other measurements are on coldworked and cast alloys.

(S.D. = 0.12).

Table 21 .5. Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient on [Sn] and [P] (295 K).

Thermal Expansion Thermal Expansion [Sn], [P]. Reference

Coefficient, Coefficient, wt% Wt% No. Measured, 10"^/K Predicted, lO'^/K

16.95 16.90 4.25 0.37 16A

16.78 16.83 4.88 0.12 16A

16.99 17.12 7.67 0.11 16A

17.28 17.32 10.14 0.00 16A

16.69 16.59 2.20 0.20 16B

16.61 16.59 2.20 0.20 16B

17.03 17.14 4.70 0.70 16B

17.01 17.14 4.70 0.70 168

16.99 16.86 4.85 0.18 17

17.95 17.78 10.47 0.74 18A

17.03 17.04 6.46 0.20 188

21-16
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50715-C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)

19

Q

UJ

fC

(0

<

LU2

UJO

U18

iZ 17

UJO

O

(0

z

<

a.£ 16

CC

UJX

I15

/

<>o

REF. 16

REF. 17

REF. 18

15 16 17 18 19

THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICENT, PREDICTED, 10~VK

Figure 21.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient

at room temperature upon [Sn] and [P] [Equation (21-12)].

21-17
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C51000: Cold-worked Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (10-300 K)

DATA SOURCE

Data on the thermal expansion coefficient

(a) below 300 K were obtained on three alloys,

cold-worked C51000, C51900, and C52400. Ref- erence 21.17 reports q for cold-worked C51000

from 293 to 20 K, and provides an extrapolated

value at 10 K. Reference 21.18 reports a for alloys C51900 and C52400 from approximately

300 to 77 K. These data are presented in Table

21.6 and Figure 21.8. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in

Table 21.8 at the end of the thermal properties

section.

DISCUSSION

Data on two Sn contents, [Sn], from Refer- ence 21.18 are included in Figure 21.7. It is not understood why the data for [Sn] = 10.47% do

not plot as a smooth curve. However, the data

from Reference 21.18 show that as the [Sn] In- creases, a also increases.

Table 21.6. Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient on Temperature (10-300 K).

Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, 10"^/K

Test Temperature, Kfteference No.

0.06 10 -)7

0.46 20 17

30 17

2.67 40 17

4.22 50 17

5.81 60 17

7.29 70 17

8.59 80 17

9.71 90 17

10.66 100 17

12.15 120 17

13.25 140 17

14.09 160 17

14.76 180 17

15.31 200 17

15.78 220 17

16.17 240 17

16.51 260 17

16.71 273 17

16.81 280 17

16.99 293 17

12.40 77 18A

12.70 83 18A

13.20 93 18A

13.70 103 18A

14.10 113 18A

14.50 123 18A

14.70 133 18A

14.80 143 18A

15.00 153 18A

15.20 163 18A

15.50 173 18A

16.00 183 18A

Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, 10'^/K

Test Temperature, KReference

No.

1D./U too 18A

17.20 203 18A

17.50 213 18A

17.60 223 18A

17.65 233 ISA

17.70 243 18A

17.75 253 18A

17.60 263 18A

17.85 273 18A

17.90 283 ISA

17.95 293 ISA

10.03 90 18B

10.91 100 18B

11.69 110 186

12.37 120 18B

12.96 130 18B

13.46 140 18B

13.88 150 188

14.23 160 188

14.53 170 188

14.80 180 188

15.05 190 18B

15.28 200 188

15.50 210 188

15.71 220 18B

15.91 230 18B

16.10 240 188

16.28 250 188

16.45 260 18B

16.61 270 188

16.76 280 188

16.90 290 188

17.03 300 18B

21-18
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C51000: Cold-worked Thermal Expansion Coefficient

vs. Temperature (10-300 K)

Figure 21.8. Data on the thermal expansion coefficient of phosphor bronzes Uom two references are shown as a function of temperature. Tin contents are given in weight percent.

21-19
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C51000 and C52400: Annealed;

Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES

Mean thermal expansion data below 300 K

were obtained on cold-worked C51000 from Ref- erence 21.17 and on cast C52400 from Reference

21.1. The available characterization of materials

and measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the

end of the thermal properties section. The mean

thermal expansion, AL/(L»a7), is defined as

[L(293 K) - L(7)]/[L(293 K)(293 K - T)] except at 293 K, where it equals (1/L)(dL/dT). These data

are presented in Table 21.7 and Figure 21.9. A

few data points above 260 K are eliminated from

the figure; data on aL/(L»aT) become less ac- curate near room temperature as AL becomes

smaller. Reference 21.17 gives a value for (1/L)(dL/d7) at 293 K; this is presented in the

figure. Reference 21.1 does not provide such a

value, and the scatter of the mean thermal expanMean Thermal Expansion vs. Temperature (5-300 K)

sion data reported in this paper makes it difficult to estimate i^/L){dL/d^) at 293 K.

DISCUSSION

Because the scatter of the data near 295 K

is large for both alloys, and since no other cryo- genic data on alloys of different [Sn] and [P] are

available, it was considered impractical to develop a predictive equation for mean thermal expansion as a function of [Sn], [P], and temperature.

The influence of cold work also is unknown.

The reason that the data for t>oth alloys appear to coincide near room temperature (above - 240 K) is unclear. As explained above, errors in the data are likely to be larger in this temperature

region. However, Equation (21-12) predicts that the thermal expansion for the two alloys would be

different at room temperature.

Table 21.7. Dependence of Mean Thermal Expansion on Temperature (5-300 K).

Mean Thermal

Expansion,

10"^/K

Test Temperature, K

Reference

No. Mean Thermal

Expansion,

lO'^/K

Test Temperature, K

Fteference No.

11.26 0 17 16.50 273 17

11.66 10 17 16.15 280 17

12.09 20 17 16.99 293 17

12.51 30 17 12.80 4

12.92 40 17 13.52 20

13.33 50 17 14.19 40

13.69 60 17 14.81 60

13.99 70 17 15.31 80

14.27 60 17 15.65 100

14.53 90 17 15,90 120

14.77 100 17 16.21 140

15.14 120 17 16.32 160

15.49 140 17 16.37 180

15.71 160 17 16.34 200

15.93 180 17 16.58 220

16.13 200 17 16.42 240

16.30 220 17 15.36 260

16.42 240 17 19.50 273

16.36 260 17 16.92 280

21-20
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C51000 and C52400: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs. Cold-worked Temperature (5-300 K)

20

IO

z

o

(/> z

<

X

lU

cc

111

<

LU

18

16

14

12

10

(] °

o o

REF. UNS CONDITION

1 C52400 AS CAST

O 17 C51000 CW

100 200 300

TEMPERATURE, K

Figure 21.9. Data on the mean thermal expansion of phosphor bronzes from two references are shown

as a function of temperature.

21-21
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (AH)

Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21.8. Characterization of Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1A IB 9 10

Specification — — — —

Cu

SnP

Pb

FeZn

Otiiers (Only > 0.001 wt%)

—

8 —

11 —

2-8

92.2-96.84

3.11-7.41 0.02-0.39

— — — —

Material Condition As extruded As cast — Annealed, 898 K, 2.5 h RRR

Grain Size

Hardness — — — Rb66-82

Product Form Extrusion Casting Strip, 1.91 -cm-thick

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Cylinder

1.6 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 4.0-17.5 K 4.4-17.3 K 293 K 293. 473 K

21-22
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; As Cast

11A 11B 12 13 14A

C50715 C52400

98.09 89.52 92.55-99.00

1.92 10.40 0.99-7.48 1.21-3.38 0.937

0.01 0.03 0.002-0.33

0.01, 0.00-0.04 — —

0.01 —

0.05 — — ——

—

—

Annealed, 923 K, 0.5 Annealed, 1123 K, h 48 h

Bar, Bar, 2.22-cm-dia. 0.318-cm-dia.

Cylinder 0.318 cm

4.86 cm

293 K 293 K 293 K 5-30 K 5.678-50.979 K

21-23
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21 .8, continued

Reference No. 14B 14C 14D 14E

Specification — — —

wUI iipUolllUil yN\m)

Cu

SnP

Pb

—

0.937 —

1.85 —

1.85 —

—

5.46 —

FeZn

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%) — — — —

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 1073 K, 24 h

Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed. 1123 K, 48h

RRR

Grain Size

Hardness — — — —

Product Form Bar, 0.318-cm-dia.Bar, 0.318-cm-dia.Bar, 0.318-cm-dia.Bar, 0.318-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Cylinder 0.318 cm

4.99 cm

Cylinder 0.318 cm

4.99 cm

Cylinder 0.318 cm

5.01 cm

Cylinder 0.318 cm

4.71 cm

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 5.739-51 .750 K 1.65&-3.751 K 1.954-42.616 K 1.438-56.897 K

21-24
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; As Cast

14F 15 16A 16B 17 — C51900 — — C51000

93.3 89.69-95.40 94.6-97.6 95.93

5.46 6.46 4.25-10.14 2.2-4.7 4.85 —

—

0.20 —

^

—

0.0-0.37 —0.2-0.7 —

0.18 —

—

Cold-drawn, 75% As received Cold-drawn, 60% Cold-drawn, 85%

100 am _ Rb91

Bar, Bar, 0.318-cm-dia. 0.635-cm-dia.

Cylinder Cylinder Bar

0.318 cm 0.3 cm 0.64 cm

0.64 cm

4.77 cm 30 cm 20.32 cm

1.596-56.578 K 3-88 K 293 K 293 K 20-293 K

21-25
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; As Cast

Table 21 .8, continued

Reference No.

1 18A 188

Specification C52400 C51900

Composition (wt%)

Cu 88.44 93.3 Sn 10.47 6.46 p 0.74 0.20 Pb

Fe — —

Zn

(Only > 0.001 wt%) —

Material Condition As cast —

RRR

Grain Size

Hardness Rb67

Product Form Bar, Wire, 1.5-cm-dia. 0.3-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

No. of Specimens

Test Temperature 77-293 K 90-300 K

REFERENCES

1. Jelinek, F. J., and Collings, E. W., "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat

Properties of Structural Materials," in Semi-Annual Technical Reports on Materials Research in Support of Superconducting Machinery--! I, Eds. A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, and E. C. van Reuth,

National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, ADA 004586 (1974).

2. Clune, L. C, and Green, B. A., Jr., "Low-Temperature Specific Heats of a-CuSn and a-CuZn Alloys,"

Physical Review m, 525-528 (1966).

3. Bevk, J., and Massalski, T. B., "Low-Temperature Specific Heats in a-Phase CuSn Alloys," Physical

Review B 5, 4678-4683 (1972). ^

4. Rosenberg, H. M., "Low Temperature Solid State Physics-Some Selected Topics," Oxford University

Press, London, England (1963).

5. Ziman, J. M., "Electrons and Phonons-The Theory of Transport Phenomena in Solids," Oxford

University Press, London, England (1960).

21-26
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All) Cold-worked; As Cast

REFERENCES

6. Roberts, J. K., "Heat and Thermodynamics, 4th Edition," Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,

NY (1954).

7. de Launay, J., The Theory of Specific Heats and Lattice Vibrations," in Solid State Physics. Vol. 2, Eds. F. Seitz and D. Turnbull, Academic Press. Inc., New York, NY (1956).

8. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., 'Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, Specific Heat,

Metallic Elements and Alloys," IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970).

9. Zschdtge, S., "Vorwarmtemperaturen beim SchmeizschweiBen von Nichteisenmetallen," SchweiBen

und Schneiden 20, 634-643 (1968).

10. Cook, M., and Tallis, W. G., 'The Physical Properties and Annealing Characteristics of Standard

Phosphor-Bronze Alloys," The Journal of the Institute of Metals 67, 49-65 (1941).

11. Donaldson, J. W., 'Thermal and Electrical Conductivities: Details for Non-ferrous Metals and

Alloys." The Metal Industry 58, 342-376 (1941).

12. Smith. C. S.. Thermal Conductivity of Copper Alloys: II. Copper-Tin Alloys and III. CopperPhosphorus Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering

93. 176-184 (1931).

13. Garber. M., Scott, B. W., and Blatt. F. J., 'Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Copper Alloys," Physical

Review 130. 2188-2192 (1963).

14. Nanjundiah, S., "Phonon Scattering by Point Defect Impurities in Copper Alloys at Very Low

Temperatures," Ph.D. Dissertation from the University of Connecticut (1980).

15. Zavaritskli, N. V., and Zel'dovich, A. G., 'Thermal Conductivity of Technical Materials at Low

Temperatures," Soviet Physics-Technical Physics 1, 1970-1974 (1956).

16. HIdnert. P.. 'Thermal Expansion of Copper and Some of Its Important Industrial Alloys," Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards VZ, 91-159 (1922).

17. Clark. A. F.. "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion of Some Metallic Alloys," Cryogenics 8, 282-289

(1968).

18. Gudkov, S. I., Tin, Aluminum, and Silicon Bronzes, Part 3," in Mechanical Properties of Industrial Nonferrous Metals at Low Temperatures, Publishing House, Moscow, USSR (1971), translation from

Joint Publications Research Sery/ice, Washington, DC, JPRS-55861, 307-333 (1972).

19. De, M., Thermal Expansion of Some Cu- and Ag-t)ase Alloys at High Temperatures," Indian Journal

of Physics 43, 367-376 (1969).

21-27

22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], IP], [Fe] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the resistivity, p, of annealed C51000-C52400 phosphor bronzes

and Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from References

22.1-22.7. The form of the product was wire

(References 22.2-22.6) or bar (References 22.1 and 22.7). The available characterization information on specimens and measurements is presented in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Regression analysis was

carried out on the data to determine the dependence of p on Sn content, [Sn], P content, [P],

and Fe content, [Fe].

RESULTS

A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained

with the expression

p(nOHn) = + 16.52 + 16.24 [Sn] -0.2906 [Sn]^ + 176.4 [P] - 101.8 [Fe] (22-1)

(S.D. = 3.09 nnnn),

where the standard deviations of the coefficients are 0.81, 0.60, 0.0706, 10.3, and 55.9, and [Sn] <

10.4 wt%. The element contents are in wt%.

Table 22.1 presents the measured values of p and

the values calculated from Equation (22-1). The

straight line in Figure 22.1 indicates the fit of the

data to Equation (22-1); the scatter band repre- sents two standard deviations above and below

the line. The variance of the data was assumed

to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The coefficient of the [Fe] term is not well- determined, as indicated by the standard deviation of 55.9, which equals about 50% of the coefficient. Iron content was reported for only 6 out

of the total of 32 measurements used in the analysis.

As Table 22.10 shows, an additional ele- ment, Oj, was present in small amounts in the

material reported on in Reference 22.5. From

Figure 8.1, the expected change in resistivity of about 0.05 nn«m is well below the standard deviation of 3 nn»m. Figure 8.1 also shows that the

expected change in p, for [P] and [Sn] < 0.01 wt%, is in agreement with Equation (22-1).

Table 22.1 Electrical Resistivity of Annealed Material (295 K).

Bectrical Electrical [Sn], [P]. [Fe], Reference

Resistivity, Resistivity, wt% wt% wt% No. Measured, nO<n Predicted, nQ<n

31.88 31.65 0.99 0.002 0.01 1

47.27 47.38 1.92 0.01 0.01 1 93.69 94.88 4.92 0.06 0.05 1 126.67 126.76 7.46 0.04 0.02 1 155.37 154.19 10.4 0.03 0.05 1 136.63 136.51 4.18 0.33 0.01 1 17.16 16.52 0.0 0.0 0.0 2A

33.28 32.31 0.99 0.0 0.0 2A

95.72 89.39 4.92 0.0 0.0 2A

127.93 121.86 7.49 0.0 0.0 2A

17.69 16.52 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 20.46 19.60 0.19 0.0 0.0 3 31.73 31.37 0.93 0.0 0.0 3 51.03 47.84 2.00 0.0 0.0 3 59.49 59.28 2.77 0.0 0.0 3 101.20 96.53 5.46 0.0 0.0 3 16.87 16.52 0.0 0.0 0.0 4A

16.89 16.53 0.0007 0.0 0.0 4A

16.88 16.54 0.0015 0.0 0.0 4A

22-1
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], [P], [Fe] (295 K)

Table 22.1, continued

Electrical Electrical [Sn], [P]. [Fe], Reference

Resistivity, Resistivity, wt% Wt% wt% No. Measured, nSKn Predicted, nQ<n

16.94 16.60 0.005 0.0 0.0 4A

17.00 16.68 0.010 0.0 0.0 4A

17.65 17.33 0.050 0.0 0.0 4A

17.07 16.73 0.016 0.0 0.0 5 17.10 17.43 0.056 0.0 0.0 5

17.21 17.82 0.080 0.0 0.0 5 17.45 18.67 0.133 0.0 0.0 5 31.3 32.47 1.00 0,0 0.0 6

44.0 48.29 2.03 0.0 0.0 6

56.5 62.05 2.96 0.0 0.0 6

70.0 75.16 3.88 0.0 0.0 6 53.7 54.42 2.44 0.0 0.0 7A

127.7 135.59 8.68 0.0 0.0 7A

22-2
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], IP], [Fe] (295 K)

0 50 100 150 200

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY. PREDICTED, p. nQm

Figure 22.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity at 295 K for annealed material upon Sn, P, and Fe content [Equation (22-1)].

22-3
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements at 295 K of the electrical

resistivity (p) with both cold work (CW) and Sn

content ([Sn]) were obtained from References

22.2, 22.4, 22.7. and 22.8. The form of the product was wire (References 22.2, 22.4, and 22.8) or bar (Reference 22.7). The available characterization of specimens and measurements is presented in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Since the effect of CW is larger for higher [Sn], the multivariate analysis

included cross terms.

RESULTS

A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained

with the equation

p(nnHn) = + 16.72 -i- 16.91 [Sn] -0.3719 [Sn]^ + 0.01272 [Sn](ClV) (22-2)

(S.D. = 3.03 nfi«m).

Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold Work (295 K)

where the standard deviations of the coefficients are 1.12, 0.48, 0.0424, and 0.00233, [Sn] < 10.4

wt%, and CW < 90%. Table 22.2 presents the

measured values of p and the values calculated

from Equation (22-2). The straight line in Figure

22.2 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(22-2); the scatter band represents two standard

deviations above and below the line. The vari- ance of the data was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of predicted values. For CW = 0, coefficients of Equation (22-2) are in satisfactory agreement with

Equation (22-1). Figure 22.3 shows curves for three levels of CW, where

5 < [Sn] < 1 1 wt%, predicted from Equation

(22-2). Also shown are data for corresponding

amounts of CW.

Table 22.2. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn] and Cold Work (295 K).

Electrical Electrical [Sn], Cold Reference

Resistivity, Resistivity, wt% Work, % No. Measured, nQ<n Predicted, nQ«m

32.27 34.04 0.99 75. 2B

48.55 49.82 1.93 75. 2B

98.55 95.62 4.92 75. 2B

135.95 129.67 7.49 75. 2B

17.22 16.72 0.0 75. 48

17.22 16.73 0.0007 75. 48

17.24 16.75 0.0015 75. 48

17.29 16.81 0.005 75. 48

17.40 16.90 0.010 75. 48

17.32 17.61 0.050 75. 48

54.14 56.77 2.44 32. 78

54.25 57.60 2.44 59. 7B

54.92 58.38 2.44 84. 78

132.68 139.03 8.68 32. 78

136.94 142.01 8.68 59. 78

138.05 143.66 6.68 74. 78

96.14 92.59 5.0 10. 8

96.36 93.31 5.0 20. 8

98.08 95.19 5.0 50. 8

99.96 95.83 5.0 60. 8

101.99 97.11 5.0 80. 8

102.21 97.72 5.0 90. 8

104.91 105.52 6.0 10. 8

22-4
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold Work (295 K)

Table 22.2, continued

Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nQ<m

Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nQ<n

[Sn], wt%CkJid Work, %Reference

No.

106.08 106.38 6 0 20. Q 108.26 108 61 6 0 50 Q

108.20 109.37 6.0 60. g

108.66 110.93 6 0 80 Q

109.21 111.64 6.0 90. Q

1 24.05 123.50 7.5 10. Q

125.49 124.62 7.5 20. Q 127.92 127.51 7.5 50. Q 128.74 128.37 7.5 60. Q 130.34 130.31 7.5 80. Q 131.35 131.22 7.5 90. 3 137.09 139.90 9.0 10. g 139.33 141.14 9.0 20. 8 141.80 144.58 9.0 50. 8 143.23 145.67 9.0 60. 8 144.51 148.05 9.0 80. 8

145.88 149.08 9.0 90. 8

155.91 154.51 10.5 10. 8

159.88 156.01 10.5 20. 8

163.12 160.06 10.5 50. 8

162.96 161.23 10.5 60. 8

167.61 164.01 10.5 80. 8

167.97 165.22 10.5 90. 8

22-5
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold Work (295 K)

200

Figure 22.2. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity at 295 K upon

cold work and Sn content [Equation (22-2)].

22-6
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold Work (295 K)

Figure 22.3. The dependence of electrical resistivity upon tin content is illustrated by three curves

predicted from Equation (22-2), and data from Reference 22.8 for three levels of cold work.

22-7
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the resistivity {p) of an- nealed Cu-Sn alloys between 4 and 295 K were

obtained from References 22.2, 22.3, 22.9, and

22.10. The form of the product was wire. The

available characterization of specimens and

measurements is presented in Table 22.10 at the

end of the electromagnetic properties section.

Multi-variate regression analysis was used to obtain an expression for the dependence of the

resistivity upon Sn content, [Sn], and temperature, T. The dependence of resistivity upon phosphorus content can be estimated from Equation

(22-1); no cryogenic data on annealed phosphorus-containing alloys were available.

RESULTS

A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained

with the expression

p(nQ4n) = - 4.513 + 17.96 [Sn] - 0.4930 [Sn]^ + 0.07202 T (22-3)

(S.D. = 2.564 nn^),

where the standard deviations of the coefficients are 0.638, 0.34, 0.0334, and 0.00287, [Sn] < 10.4

wt%, and 4 K < 7 < 295 K. Table 22.3 presents

the measured values of p and the values calculat- ed from Equation (22-3). The straight line in Fig- ure 22.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation

(22-3); the scatter band represents two standard

deviations above and below the line. The vari- ance of the data was assumed to be normally

distributed and constant throughout the range of predicted values. Figure 22.5 presents families of curves for several [Sn] values calculated from

Equation (22-3).

DISCUSSION

The data from Reference 22.10 (at 4 K only) are not in agreement with measurements from

Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]

Temperature (4-295 K)

other references (Figures 22.4 and 22.5). The

wire used in these measurements was processed

differently; annealed Cu wire was plated with Sn,

which was allowed to dissolve in the wire in an Ar

environment below 300 °C. The wire was then

homogenized at 800 °C for 1 40 h. Perhaps the

final product was less homogeneous that those

used in the other reported measurements (Refer- ences 22.2, 22.3, and 22.9), which were produced

by more conventional methods. However, the

diffusion method of alloying may be closer to production methods of Cu-Sn stabilizing material

in superconducting cable.

Very dilute Cu-Sn alloys exhibit a minimum

in the electrical resistivity at temperatures of about 1 5 K or less. The effect is most pro- nounced for [Sn] w 0.01 wt% and declines sharply at higher [Sn]. This resistivity minimum is observed only in very pure dilute Cu-Sn alloys, since

contamination of as little as 0.002 wt% of Fe can

obscure the effect. Experiments have indicated

that the phenomenon is due to some type of

preferential distribution of the Sn atoms in the

interstices of misfit along the grain boundaries

(Reference 22.11). Additional discussion of this phenomenon is presented in Reference 22.12.

Because this phenomenon is observable only in dilute, high-purity alloys, it is not demonstrable

with the present set of measurements and thus is not reflected in Equation (22-3). At 295 K, Equations (22-3) and (22-1) are very similar, and coefficients generally agree within one or two standard deviations. Exact agreement of the coefficients to like terms, such as

[Sn]^, should not be expected because the 295-K

data sets used in the two equations were not

identical. Obviously, the negative values for p

predicted at low temperatures for [Sn] = 0 are

not correct.

22-8
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]

Temperature (4-295 K)

Table 22.3. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn] and Temperature (4-295 K).

Electrical

nosisiiviiy, KJIaociirAH IVIoaoUlOU, nO^m (lu^ll

Electrical

rwsisiiviiy,

[Sn], WITbTest

1 BmpoiaTuro,

Reference

INO.

0.45 -3.52 0.0 14.3 2A

0.26 -3.08 0.0 20.4 2A

1.40 -0.08 0.0 63.5 2A

2.30 1.00 0.0 77.3 2A

3.10 1.90 0.0 90.2 2A

17.16 16.52 0.0 295.0 2A

14.90 13.89 0.99 14.3 2A

14.97 14.25 0.99 20.4 2A

16.41 17.28 0.99 63.5 2A

17.56 18.30 0.99 77.3 2A

18.50 19.16 0.99 90.2 2A

20.08 20.70 0.99 111.6 2A

24.09 24.84 0.99 169.5 2A

31.25 32.38 0.99 273.2 2A

33.28 34.04 0.99 295.0 2A

29.94 29.76 1.93 20.4 2A

31.74 32.82 1.93 63.5 2A

32.54 33.81 1.93 77.3 2A

33.38 34.76 1.93 90.2 2A

39.48 40.51 1.93 169.5 2A

46.78 47.92 1.93 273.2 2A

75.06 73.46 4.92 21.4 2A

77.03 76.49 4.92 63.5 2A

78.03 77.52 4.92 77.3 2A

78.90 78.46 4.92 90.2 2A

80.96 80.01 4.92 111.6 2A

85.35 84.11 4.92 169.5 2A

93.71 91.67 4.92 273.2 2A

95.73 93.38 4.92 295.0 2A

105.26 103.83 7.49 20.4 2A

107.59 106.91 7.49 63.5 2A

108.72 107.94 7.49 77.3 2A

109.64 108.83 7.49 90.2 2A

111.75 110.42 7.49 111.6 2A

116.76 114.56 7.49 169.5 2A

125.73 122.07 7.49 273.2 2A

127.93 123.82 7.49 295.0 2A

129.75 130.44 10.4 20.4 2A

132.63 133.47 10.4 63.5 2A

133.91 134.56 10.4 77.3 2A

134.88 135.43 10.4 90.2 2A

142.48 141.18 10.4 169.5 2A

152.36 148.57 10.4 273.2 2A

17.7 16.73 0.0 295. 3 20.5 20.13 0.19 295. 3 31.7 33.01 0.93 295. 3 51.0 50.68 2.00 295. 3 59.5 62.69 2.77 295. 3 101.2 100.08 5.46 295. 3 0.133 -4.23 0.0 . 4.0 3

2.95 -0.83 0.19 4.0 3

22-9
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]

Temperature (4-295 K)

Table 22.3, continued

Electrical

Resistivity, Measured, nQ<nn

Electrical

Resistivity, Predicted, nQ«m

fSnl wt%Test Temperature, KReference

No.

13.9 12.05 0.93 4.0 3 30.4 29.72 2.00 4.0 3 40.5 41 .73 2.77 4.0 3 79.1 79.12 5.46 4.0 3

A Q 7tk

1 .00 ^90.00 9

A 1 **1 .UD A'X A^ \ .tDD 273.15 9

JO. 7 1 i.^y 1 .00 £4Oil T i R J, 10 Q

37.24 39.47 1.65 217.95 9 35.48 37.51 1.65 192.15 9 33.94 36.05 1.65 170.45 9 32.58 34.74 1.65 152.25 9 31.10 33.18 1.65 130.65 9 29.72 31.81 1.65 111.55 9 28.07 30.32 1.65 90.85 9

0.13 -4.21 0.0 4.2 10

0.32 0.25 0.25 4.2 10

1.60 3.77 0.45 4.2 10

14. 16.62 1.20 4.2 10

37. 32.90 2.20 4.2 10

32. 39.91 2.65 4.2 10

120. 130.74 10.60 4.2 10

22-10
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]

Temperature (4-295 K)

180

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, PREDICTED, p. nQm

Figure 22.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity of annealed

material upon Sn content and temperature [Equation (22-3)].

22-11
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]

Temperature (4-295 K)

22-12
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Temperature (4 -295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the resistivity (p) of 75%

cold-drawn Cu-Sn alloys between 14 and 295 K

were obtained from Reference 22.2. The resistivi- ty of an 85% cold-drawn C51000 phosphor

bronze was obtained from Reference 22.13. The

form of the product was wire (Reference 22.2) or bar or plate (Reference 22.13). The available

characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section. Multivariate regression

analysis was used to obtain an expression for the

dependence of the resistivity upon Sn content,

[Sn], cold work, CW, and temperature, T. Since

the effect of cold work is larger as [Sn] increases,

cross-terms were used in this analysis.

RESULTS

A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained

with

p(nnHTi) = -92.50 + 17.72 [Sn] -0.3198 [Sn]^ + 0.07430 T + 1.146 CW

+ 0.001793 [Sn] . 7, (22-4)

(S.D. = 2.20 nOnn),

where the standard deviations of the coefficients are 8.52, 0.38, 0.0337, 0.00564, 0.114, and

0.001063, [Sn] < 10.4 wt%, and 4 K < 7 < 295 K. Table 22.4 presents the measured values of p and

the values calculated from Equation (22-4). The

straight line in Figure 22.6 indicates the fit of the

data to Equation (22-4); the scatter band repre- sents two standard deviations atx)ve and below

the line. The variance of the data was assumed

to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of predicted values.

DISCUSSION

For 7 = 295 K and CW = 75%, the first five terms of Equation (22-4) are in agreement with

the first three terms of Equation (22-2). However,

the analysis of the dependence of p upon CW,

[Sn], and 7 is based mostly upon results from one reference for a limited range of CW (75-85%);

thus. Equation (22-4) should be used with caution.

Table 22.4. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn], Cold Work, and Temperature (4-295 K).

Electrical Electrical [Sn], Test Cold Reference

Resistivity, Resistivity, wt% Temperature, Work, % No. Measured, nQ<m Predicted, nfl<n K

0.16 -5.01 0.0 20.4 75. 2B

1.25 -1.85 0.0 63.5 75. 2B

2.01 -0.76 0.0 ' 77.3 75. 2B

3.01 0.10 0.0 90.2 75. 28

8.38 6.03 0.0 169.5 75. 28

15.99 13.68 0.0 273.2 75. 28

10.03 12.25 0.99 20.4 75. 28

13.72 15.50 0.99 63.5 75. 28

14.85 16.56 0.99 77.3 75. 28

16.47 17.55 0.99 90.2 75. 28

23.15 23.60 0.99 169.5 75. 28

30.53 31.47 0.99 273.2 75. 28

32.27 33.31 0.99 295.0 75. 28

22.60 28.05 1.93 20.4 75. 28

27.83 31.42 1.93 63.5 75. 28

29.72 32.50 1.93 77.3 75. 28

31.21 33.48 1.93 90.2 75. 28

33.34 35.16 1.93 111.6 75. 28

22-13
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Temperature (4-295 K)

Table 22.4, continued

Electrical Electrical [Sn], Test Cold Reference

Resistivity, Resistivity, wt% Temperature, Work, % No. Measured, nQ<n Predicted, nQ<n K

38.57 39.68 1.93 169.5 75. 2B

46.40 47.61 1.93 273.2 75. 2B

48.55 49.58 1.93 295.0 75. 2B

74.06 74.52 4.92 20.4 75. 28

77.37 78.20 4.92 63.5 75. 28

78.81 79.35 4.92 77.3 75. 28

80.42 80.29 4.92 90.2 75. 28

82.51 82.20 4.92 111.6 75. 28

87.99 86.91 4.92 169.5 75. 28

96.20 95.50 4.92 273.2 75. 28

98.55 97.61 4.92 295.0 75. 2B

113.5 109.9 7.49 20.4 75. 2B

115.7 113.6 7.49 63.5 75. 26

116.7 115.0 7.49 77.3 75. 2B

117.9 116.1 7.49 90.2 75. 28

120.3 118.0 7.49 111.6 75. 28

125.1 123.1 7.49 169.5 75. 28

133.8 132.1 7.49 273.2 75. 28

136.0 134.3 7.49 295.0 75. 28

144.9 145.1 10.4 20.4 75. 28

147.2 149.0 10.4 63.5 75. 2B

148.7 150.4 10.4 77.3 75. 28

149.9 151.5 10.4 90.2 75. 28

157.5 158.9 10.4 169.5 75. 2B

167.0 168.5 10.4 273.2 75. 2B

104.8 106.0 4.85 273.0 85. 13 , 98.3 99.31 4.85 192.4 85. 13

88.8 89.63 4.85 75.75 85. 13

85.8 84.98 4.85 19.65 85. 13

85.9 83.68 4.85 4.0 85. 13

22-14
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold

Work, Temperature (4 -295 K)

Figure 22.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity upon Sn

content, cold work, and temperature [Equation (22-4)].

22-15
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C51000: Annealed Magnetoresistance

(4, 295 K)

DATA SOURCES

Measurements at both 295 and 4 K of the

magnetoresistance of Cu-Sn alloys at 9 T were

obtained from Reference 22.3; similar measure- ments at 4 K on a C51000 phosphor bronze at 14 T were obtained from Reference 22.14. The

form of the product was wire. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties section.

RESULTS

The application of a 9-T field resulted in a

resistance change of < 1 % at both 295 and 4 K, except for the 0.19 wt% Sn alloy tested, which

gave an increase of 4.6% at 4 K (Reference 22.3).

However, the authors suspected that there were

small regions of precipitated elemental tin in this

alloy, because magnetic susceptibility results on

the alloy were also anomalous, compared to other alloys in the series. The application of a

14-T field to several specimens of a C51000 phosphor bronze at 4 K resulted in a resistance

change of less than 0.01%, as shown in Table

22.5 below.

DISCUSSION

The higher residual resistivity, p^, of speci- mens reported on in Reference 22.14, probably

reflects the presence of impurities, or differences

in annealing procedures or the amount of cold

work.

Table 22.5. Magnetoresistance (Resistivity Change) between 0 and 9 or 14 T (4 K).

specimen

No.

[Sn], wt%Magnetic Rux

Density, T

Residual

Resistivity, nam

Test

Tennperature, K

Reference

No.

1 0.19 9 2.95 0.046 4 3

2 0.93 9 13.9 <0.01 4, 295 3

3 2.00 9 30.4 <0.01 4, 295 3

4 2.77 9 40.5 <0.01 4, 295 3

5 5.46 9 79.1 <0.01 4, 295 3

1 0.95 14 126 (5 ± 1) X 4 14

2, Run 1 0.95 14 126 (6 ± 2) X 10 4 14

2, Run 2 0.95 14 136 (7 ± 2) X 10 4 14 3 0.95 14 135 (4 ± 2) X 10 4 14

22-16
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility

at 295 K on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained

from References 22.3, 22.15, and 22.16. The

susceptibility, in SI units, is defined as k = M/H

(dimensionless) where H is the applied field and

M is the magnetization (both in A/m). The mass

susceptibility (k^) has SI units of m^/kg. The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section. A polynomial

regression analysis of as a function of Sn content, [Sn], was carried out on the data.

RESULTS

A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained

with the equation

« = - 10.59 - 0.5368 [Sn] + 0.01386 [Sn]^

(22-5)

(S.D. = 0.15 mVkg),

where the standard deviations of the coefficients are 0.08. 0.0440, and 0.00452, and [Sn] < 9.2 wt%. Table 22.6 gives the measured and the

values calculated from Equation (22-5). The

straight line in Figure 22.7 indicates the fit of the

data to Equation (22-5); the scatter band repre- sents two standard deviations at)ove and below

the line. The variance of the data was assumed

to be normally distributed and constant throughout the range of predicted values.

DISCUSSION

The data from the three references are in reasonable agreement with each other. Methods

of correcting data for ferromagnetic iron impurities are discussed in Reference 22.16 and cita- tions therein.

Table 22.6. Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility on [Sn] (295 K)

Magnetic

Susceptibility, Measured, 10'^° mi^/kg

Magnetic

Susceptibility, Predicted, 10"''° m^kg

[Sn], wt%

Reference

No.

-10.25 -10.59 0.0 3 -10.90 -10.69 0.19 3 -11.18 -11.07 0.93 3 -11.75 -11.61 2.00 3 -12.07 -11.97 2.77 3 -13.11 -13.11 5.46 3 -10.56 -10.59 0.0 15 -12.69 -12.78 4.65 15 -14.45 -14.46 9.60 15 -11.55 -11.53 1.85 16 -12.25 -12.32 3.56 16 -12.73 -12.82 4.75 16

-14.41 -14.36 9.21 16

22-17
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility

vs. [Sn] (295 K)

E

o

T

o

>-

m

QLU

O

(/) 13

(/> o

liJ

(J

<

-10

-11

-12

-13

-14

-15

0 Rl

Rl O Rl

EF. 3

EF. 15

EF. 16

\^\

\<

2 4 6 8 10

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 22.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of magnetic susceptibility upon Sn

content. The curve is fit to Equation (22-5) for the range of Sn contents shown.

22-18
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility

Cold-worked vs. [Fe] (295 K)

DATA SOURCE

Measurements of the mass magnetic susceptibility (/c^) at 295 K as a function of Fe content, [Fe], were obtained from Reference 22.17.

The measurements were made on cast C51000

phosphor bronze that had been either cold-roiled or cold-rolled and subsequently annealed . The

available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the

electromagnetic properties section.

RESULTS

Table 22.7 and Figure 22.8 present the incre- ase in absolute magnitude of susceptibility as

[Fe] is increased from about 0 to 0.3 wl%.

DISCUSSION

For most phosphor bronze alloys, specifications require [Fe] < 0.010 wt%, and in practice,

[Fe] is often much lower. However, these measurements show that could vary considerably

within phosphor bronze specifications. The re- sults agree approximately with those of Section 8

for the change of k with addition of Fe to highpurity copper.

Table 22.7. Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility on [Fe] and Material Condition (295 K).

Material Condition

[Fe], wt%

Magnetic

Susceptibility,

lO"""" m^/kg

Annealed 0.01 0.0

Annealed 0.10 -16

Annealed 0.15 -26

Annealed 0.20 -31

Annealed 0.25

Annealed 0.30 -43

Cold-rolled 50% 0.01 0.0

Cold-rolled 50% 0.10 -11

Cold-rolled 50% 0.15 -21

Cold-rolled 50% 0.20 -31

Cold-rolled 50% 0.25 -39

Cold-rolled 50% 0.30 -45

22-19
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility

Cold-worked vs. [Fe] (295 K)

Figure 22.8. Data from Reference 22.17 show the change in magnetic susceptibility with Fe content. The cast product was rolled and then annealed.

22-20
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility

Cold-worked vs. Cold Work (295 K)

DATA SOURCE

Mass magnetic susceptibility (/c^) measure- ments at 295 K on a C51000 phosphor bronze in both the annealed and cold-worked conditions were obtained from Reference 22.18. The coldworked material was drawn to 16%. The Sn content obtained from chemical analysis was slightly

above the C51000 specification, although the

specimens were described as commercial, 5 wt%

Sn. No attempt was made by the authors of Reference 22.18 to vary the Fe content, since the

intention was to test typical alloys as they were

being processed in the mill. However, Fe content was low, 0.003 wt%. The form of the product was not specified. The available characterization

of materials and measurements is given in Table

22.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties

section.

RESULTS

Table 22.8 shows that the absolute value of the susceptibility of cold-worked C51000 decreas- es after it is annealed.

DISCUSSION

The magnetic susceptibility depends on both

the amount of Fe present and its chemical form

and distribution. Since the thermal and mechanical history of the specimen and the presence of other impurities affect Fe chemistry and distribution, these factors can alter significantly.

Therefore, these values may not apply to all C51000 phosphor bronzes.

Table 22.8. Magnetic Susceptibility of Annealed and Cold-worked C51000 (295 K).

Magnetic

Susceptibility,

10"''° mVkg

Material ConditionReference

No.

-15. Annealed 18

-20. Cold-drawn 16% 18

22-21
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C51000-C51800: Annealed

DATA SOURCE

Measurements of the mass magnetic susceptibility (k^) at 4 K as a function of Sn content,

[Sn], were obtained from Reference 22.3 on an- nealed Cu-Sn alloys. The available characterization of materials and measurements is given in Table 22.10 at the erxl of the electromagnetic

properties section. ,

: .

Magnetic Susceptibility

vs. [Sn] (4 K)

RESULTS

Table 22.9 and Figure 22.9 present the In- crease in absolute magnitude of susceptibility

with [Sn].

Table 22.9. Dependence of the Magnetic Susceptibility on [Sn] (4 K).

ISn], wt%

Magnetic

Susceptibili- ReferenceNo.

0.0 -B.55 3

0.93 -10.15 3

2.00 -10.30 3

2.77 11.50 3

1 S.46 -!1.02

22-22
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C51000-C51800: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility

vs. [Sn] (4 K)

-8

E

o

7

o

>-IO

H

LU

<

-9

m -10

IQUJ

O

(O

Z)

(/)

:- -11

-12

REF. 3

2 4

TIN CONTENT, weight percent

Figure 22.9. Data from Reference 22.3 show the change in magnetic susceptibility with Sn content. Data are on annealed material.

22-23
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Tables 22.10. Charaterization and Materials and Measurements.

Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3

Specification

Composition (wt%)

Cu

Sn , PPb

FeZn

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

89.52-99.00

0.99-10.40

0.002-0.33

0.00-0.04

0.01-0.05

0.00-10.4

<0.06

<0.05

<0.01

O.Oa-10.4

<0.06 <0.05

50.01

0.00-5.46 —

— — — — —

Material Condition Annealed, 923 K, 0.5 h, ACAnnealed, 973 K,

1 h, WQ

Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 873 K, FC

RRR 1.28-133

Grain Size — — —

Hardness — — —

Product Form Bar, 2.22-cm-dia.

Wire, G.IO-cm-dia.Wire, 0.10-cm-dia.Wire, 0.11-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

1

1

1

1

11

1

Wire

0.10 cm

7.62 cm

Wire

0.10 cm

7.62 cm

Wire

0.11 cm

20 cm

No. of Measurements 6 6 6 6

Test Temperature 293 K 4.2-295 K 4.2-295 K 4, 295 K

22-24
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

4A 4B 5 6 7A — — — —

99 85 99 95 97.40 and 91.15 0.000-0.050 0.000-0.050 U.U 16—0.1<Jo I.OO-\3.{X5 ana o.oo —

0.018-0.021 — — —

0: 0.028-0.040 —

Annealed, 873 K, Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 648 K Annealed, 973 K Annealed, 798 K,

1 h, quenched 1 h, AC — — — — —

— — —

— — — —

Wire, Wire, Wire, Wire, Bar, 0.206-cm-dia. 0.206-cm-dia. 0.102-cm-dia. 0.25-cm-dia. 0.518-cm-dia.

Wire Wire Wire Wire Cylinder 0.206 cm 0.206 cm 0.102 cm 0.25 cm 0.518 cm

100 cm

6 6 4 4 2

295 K 295 K 293 K 289 K 295 K

22-25
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; ;, Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 22.10, continued

Reference No. 7B 8 9 10

Specification — — — —

ConDposition (wt%)

Cu

SnP

Pb

FeZn

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

97.40 and 91.15

2.44 and 8.68 ——

—

5-10.5 —

—

—

1.65 —

—

—

0.0-10.6 —

—

Material Condition Cold-drawn, 32-84% Cold-worked. 9-90% Annealed. 1023 K Homogenized,

1073 K, 140 h (a) RRR

Grain Size

•

Hardness — — —

Product Form Wire. 0.21-0.43-cm-dia.

Wire

0.025-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Ola. Thickness Gage Length

Wire Wire

0.025 cm

4.5 cm

No. of Measurements

.^ 30 10 10

Test Temperature 295 K

. 295 K 91-295 K 4.2 K

(a) Copper wire plated with tin, then homogenized to allow the tin to completely diffuse in the copper.

22-26
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

13 14 15 16 17

C51000 C51000 C51000

-94

4.85 0.18

<0.1

<0.1 <n 1

95

5—

90.40-100.00

0.00-9.60 —1.85-9.21 —

94.6

4.6 0.36 —

—

—

—

—

—

0.01-0.30 —

Cold-drawn, 85% Annealed Annealed, 1173 or 1073 K, 10 h

Annealed, 823 K, 504 h, WQ (a)Annealed, 773 K, 24 h; or cold-rolled, 50%

100 itm — — — —

Rb91 — — — —

Bar Wire,

1 .27- and 2.03-cm-dia.

Bar, 0.6-cm-dia.Strip, 0.508-cm-thick

Cylinder 0.635 cm

10.0 cm

Wire

1 .27 and 2.03 cm

Cylinder

0.6 cm

10 cm

Disk

1.27 cm

0.508 cm

5 4 3 4 12

4.0-273 K 4.2 K 295 K 295 K 295 K

(a) Quenched in ice water.

22-27
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

Table 22.10, continued

Reference No. 18

Specification C51000

Composition (wt%)

Cu

SnP

Pb

FeZn

Others

(Only > 0.001 wt%)

93.83

5.94 0.23

0.003 <0.01

Material Condition Annealed, 867 K, 2 h; or cold-rolled, 16%

RRR

Grain Size —

Hardness Rg 31 or 73

Product Form Bar,

1 .43-cm-dia.

Specimen Type

Width or Dia. Thickness Gage Length

Cylinder

No. of Measurements 2

Test Temperature 295 K 1

REFERENCES

1. Smith, C. S., 'Thermal Conductivity of Copper Alloys. II. Copper-Tin Alloys. III. Copper-Phosphorus

Alloys," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 93, 176-184 (1931).

2. Fairbank, H. A., 'The Electrical Resistivity of Copper-Zinc and Copper-Tin Alloys at Low Temperatures," Physical Review 66, 274-281 (1944).

3. Fickett, F. R., "Electric and Magnetic Properties of CuSn and CuNi Alloys at 4 K, "Cryogenics 22,

135-137 (1982).

4. Smart, J. S., Jr., and Smith, A. A., Jr., "Effect of Certain Fifth-period Elements on Some Properties

of High-purity Copper," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 152. 103-121 (1943).

5. Pilling, N. B., Bayonne, N. J., and Halliwell, G. P., 'The Effect of Lead and Tin with Oxygen on the

Conductivity and Ductility of Copper," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 73, 679-699 (1926).

22-28
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES

C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All) Cold-worked

REFERENCES

6. Norbury, A. L, "Note on the Effects of Certain Elements on the Electrical Resistivity of Copper,"

Journal of the Institute of Metals 33, 91-94 (1925).

7. Crampton, D. K., Burghoff, H. L, and Stacy, J. T., "Effect of Cold-work upon Electrical Conductivity

of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 143, 228-245 (1941).

8. Haase, C, and Pawiek, F., "Zur Kenntnis der Kupfer-Zinnlegierungen," Zeitschrift fur Metalikunde 28,

73-80 (1936).

9. LInde, J. O., Elektrische Eigenschaften verdunnter Mischkristallegierungen. III. Widerstand von

Kupfer- und Goldlegierungen GesetzmaBigkeiten der Widerstandserhohungen," Annalen der Physik

15, 219-251 (1932).

10. Cogan, S. F., and Rose, R. M., "Properties of CuSn Bronze at 4.2 K," Cryogenics 20, 313-315

(1980).

11. Pearson, W. B., Rimek, D. M., and Templeton, I. M., "The Resistance Minimum in Dilute Alloys of Tin

in Copper," Philosophical Magazine 4, 612-621 (1959).

12. Knook, B., and Van den Berg, G. J., 'The Influence of Unpaired Spins in Transition Elements on the

Resistivity of Cu, Ag, and Au," in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Low

Temperature Physics, Ed., R. O. Davies, ButtenA/orths, Washington, 239-240 (1963).

13. Clark, A. F., Childs, G. E., and Wallace, G. H., "Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys at Low Temperatures," Cryogenics 10. 295-305 (1970).

14. Feldman, R., Talley, L, RojeskI, M., Void, T., and Woollam, J. A., "Upper Limit for Magnetoresistance in Silicon Bronze and Phosphor Bronze Wire," Cryogenics 17. 31-32 (1977).

15. Endo, H., "On the Relation between the Equilibrium Diagram and the Magnetic Susceptibility in Binary Alloys," Science Reports of the Research Institute of Tohoku University-Physics, Chemistry,

and Metallurgy U, 479-513 (1925).

16. Henry, W. G., and Rogers, J. L, 'The Magnetic Susceptibilities of Some Diamagnetic Alloys,"

Canadian Journal of Physics 38, 908-925 (1960).

17. Butts, A., and Reiber, P. L, "Investigation of the Effect of Impurities on the Ferro-Magnetism of Nonferrous Alloys," Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, PA, Report No. R-652, 102 pp. (1945).

18. Parker, F. G., Winter, R. M., and LaPorta, J. A., "Magnetic Properties of Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 59, 230-261 (1959).

22-29
1

4. Tm£ AND SUBTITLE

BL-114A

(5-90) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

1 . PUBUCATION OR REPORT NUMBER

NIST/MN-177

2. PERFORMINQ OROANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

3. PUBUCATION DATE February 1992

Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures

S. AUTHOR(S>

N.J. Simon, E.S. Drexler, R.P. Reed

8. PERFORMINQ OROANIZATION (ff JOINT OR OTHER THAN NIST. SEE INSTRUCTIONS)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERK

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOOV

BOULDER, COLORADO 80303-3328

7. CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER

Pro.iect No. 434 a TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

Final

9. SPONSORING OROANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (STREET, CITY, STATE, ZIP) International Copper Association, Ltd.

708 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10017

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

1 1 . ABSTRACT (A 200-WORD OR LESS FACTUAL SUMMARY OF MOST SIGNIHCANT INFORMATION. IF DOCUMENT INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT BIBUOGRAPHY OR

LITERATURE SURVEY, MENTION IT HERE.)

The mechanical and physical properties at cryogenic temperatures for selected

coppers and copper alloys have been compiled, reviewed, and analyzed. Tables, figures, and regression equations are included. The materials are: the oxygen-free coppers

(C10100-C10700) , beryllium coppers (C17000-C17510) , and the phosphor bronzes (C50500-

C52400). The temperature range for the property data is from 4 to 295 K. Mechanical

properties include tensile, toughness, fatigue, and creep; physical properties include

elastic constants, specific heat, thermal conductivity and expansion, and electrical

resistivity. In many cases, these properties are a strong function of metallurgical

variables, such as cold work and grain size. Regression analyses have been performed in cases where there are sufficient data to ensure reasonsUsle statistical portrayal of the

effect of these variables on specific properties.

The original program of data review was sponsored by the Office of Fusion Energy of

the U.S. Department of Energy. Its purpose was to assemble and to evaluate property data

useful to magnet designers for fusion plasma confinement. Both normal-metal, high-field

magnets (using cold-worked C10700 and C17510 alloys) and NbTi and NbsSn superconducting

magnets (using C10400 and copper-tin or phosphor bronze alloys) are currently in design or development stages. The review has been re-edited and expanded for those more generally

interested in the low-temperature properties of copper and selected copper alloys, under

the sponsorship of the International Copper Association, Ltd.

12. KEY WORDS (8 TO 12 ENTRIES; ALPHABETICAL ORDER; CAPITALIZE ONLY PROPER NAMES; AND SEPARATE KEY WORDS BY SEMICOLONS)

beryllium copper alloys; copper; copper alloys; copper-tin alloys; cryogenic;

electromagnetic properties; fatigue; mechanical properties; phosphor bronze alloys;

tensile properties; thermal properties

13. AVAILABILITY UNUMITEO

FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE TO NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS). X

X

1

ORDER FROM SUPBtlNTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC 20402. ORDER FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS). SPRINGRELD,VA 22181.

14. NUMBER OF PRINTED PAGES

850

IS. PRICE

ELECTRONIC FORM
NISTTechnical Publications

Periodical

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology- Reports NIST

research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and

computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also included

from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Institute's technical and

scientific programs. Issued six times a year.

Nonperiodicals

Monographs -Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the

institute's scientific and technical activities. Handbooks - Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice (including safety

codes) developed In cooperation with interested industries, professional organizations, and

regulatory bodies.

Special Publications -Include proceedings of conferences sponsored by NIST, NIST annual

reports, and other special publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts, pocket

cards, and bibliographies.

Applied Mathematics Series — Mathematical tables, manuals, and studies of special interest to physicists, engineers, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, computer programmers, and others

engaged in scientific and technical work.

National Standard Reference Data Series -Provides quantitative data on the physical and

chemical properties of materials, compiled from the world's literature and critically evaluated.

Developed under a worldwide program coordinated by NIST under the authority of the National

Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396). NOTE: The Journal of Physical and Chemical

Reference Data (JPCRD) is published bi-monthly for NIST by the American Chemical Society

(ACS) and the American Institute of Physics (AlP). Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements are

available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St., NW., Washington, DC 20056.

Building Science Series — Disseminates technical information developed at the Institute on

building materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research

results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental

functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems.

Technical Notes -Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or

definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work

performed at NIST under the sponsorship of other government agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards — Developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The standards establish

nationally recognized requirements for products, and provide all concerned interests with a

basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NIST administers this program as a supplement to the activities of the private sector standardizing organizations.

Consumer Information Series— Practical information, based on NIST research and experience,

covering areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shopping in today's technological marketplace.

Order the above NIST publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Order the following NIST publications -FIPS and NISTIRs-from the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB) -Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. The

Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding

standards issued by NIST pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended. Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order

11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal

Regulations).

NIST Interagency Reports (NISTIR)-A special series of interim or final reports on work

performed by NIST for outside sponsors (both government and non-government). In general,

initial distribution is handled by the sponsor; public distribution is by the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, in paper copy or microfiche form.
o-g

• CO CO '! 3 2 0