Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 1 of 14

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

John William Davis, Jr.

Davis & Roose

Goshen, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

Jamie C. Woods

Daniel G. Herbster

Thorne & Grodnik, LLP

Mishawaka, Indiana

I N THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Mary Ellen Stump,

Appellant-Petitioner,

v.

St. Joseph County Treasurer, St. 

Joseph County Auditor, 

Cavallino Financial, LLC, 

Donald Wertheimer, James H. 

Shallenbarger, Jr., and Phillip 

Miller,

Appellees-Respondents.

May 12, 2015

Court of Appeals Cause No.

71A04-1407-MI-327

Appeal from the St. Joseph Circuit 

Court.

The Honorable Michael G. Gotsch, 

Judge.

Cause No. 71C01-0709-MI-206

Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 2 of 14

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1] Appellant-Petitioner, Mary Ellen Stump (Stump), appeals the trial court’s order 

denying her petition for release of tax sale surplus, in favor of St. Joseph 

County Treasurer, St. Joseph County Auditor (Auditor), Cavallino Financial, 

LLC (Cavallino), Donald Wertheimer, James R. Shallenbarger, Jr. 

(Shallenbarger), and Phillip Miller (Miller).

[2] We reverse and remand with instructions.

ISSUES

[3] Stump raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as follows:

(1) Whether Stump’s claim for the tax sale surplus was timely made 

pursuant to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-7;

(2) Whether Stump’s lien on the tax sale surplus takes priority over the other 

claims; and 

(3) Whether Stump is entitled to Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale 

surplus based on the joint tenancy in the real estate.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 3 of 14

FACTS1 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[4] By special warranty deed dated February 13, 2004, title to the property located 

at 708 W. Battell Street in Mishawaka, Indiana (the Property) was conveyed to 

James H. Shallenbarger, Jr. a/k/a Jim Shallenbarger (Shallenbarger) and 

Phillip Miller (Miller) as joint tenants with rights of survivorship. On October 

24, 2007, the Property was sold at the St. Joseph County Delinquent Tax sale 

for $25,000.00. The Property was not redeemed and title was issued to the tax 

sale purchaser on January 15, 2009, generating a tax sale surplus of $20,391.95. 

[5] Previously, on November 5, 2008, Cavallino Financial, LLC (Cavallino), a 

company specialized “in locating unclaimed assets and reuniting them with 

heirs and/or beneficiaries,” requested the Auditor by letter to reimburse the full 

amount of the tax sale surplus to Shallenbarger, enclosing a limited power of 

attorney signed by Shallenbarger. (Appellant’s App. p. 10). Rejecting the 

request, the Auditor informed Cavallino that both owners of the Property 

would have to sign the release for the full amount of the surplus. On March 19, 

2009, Attorney Donald Wertheimer (Attorney Wertheimer), representing 

Regatta Capital, Ltd. (Regatta), the mortgage lender on the Property which 

Shallenbarger and Miller defaulted on, contacted the Auditor and forwarded 

unsigned authorizations by Shallenbarger and Miller, purportedly consenting to 

 

1

In her Argument section, Stump informs this court that the facts have been stipulated. However, while we 

agree that the parties appear to be in agreement about the essential facts, no formal, factual stipulation was 

accepted by the trial court or entered in the chronological case history.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 4 of 14

Attorney Wertheimer’s acceptance of the tax sale surplus on their behalf. The 

Auditor refused to release the surplus. In September of 2009, Shallenbarger 

contacted the Auditor’s office requesting half of the tax sale surplus, or 

$10,195.98. A check was issued for that amount but a stop payment order was 

subsequently placed on the check. On September 14, 2009, the Auditor notified 

all interested parties that, due to the many requests and allegations of 

entitlement to the tax sale surplus, the Auditor would not distribute the funds 

until a court determined the ownership of the funds and advised the parties to 

resolve their claims before the tax sale surplus reverted to the County’s general 

fund. 

[6] On March 12, 2010, Cavallino filed its petition for release of surplus, averring 

to act as the agent of Shallenbarger and Miller in accordance with a signed 

limited power of attorney. On April 13, 2010, Attorney Wertheimer, as counsel 

for Regatta, filed a motion to intervene and objection to Cavallino’s petition for 

release. On April 14, 2010, the trial court conducted a hearing, at the close of 

which the trial court continued the case “to be reset” for an evidentiary hearing. 

(Appellant’s App. p. 148). 

[7] On November 20, 2013, Stump filed a motion to intervene in the proceedings, 

claiming a “first and prior judgment lien” on the share of Shallenbarger’s tax 

sale surplus. (Appellant’s App. p. 37). She had obtained a prior judgment in 

the amount of $53,171.18 against Shallenbarger on December 22, 2006. The 

execution of this judgment was subsequently served on the Auditor sometime in 

November 2013. The Auditor refused to honor the execution, resulting in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 5 of 14

Stump intervening in the current cause. On January 21, 2014, Stump’s motion 

to intervene was granted without objection and on the same day, she filed a 

corrected petition for release of the tax sale surplus. On February 12, 2014, the 

Auditor filed a statement of facts and objection to Stump’s corrected petition. 

On June 16, 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing on Stump’s corrected 

petition. After entertaining arguments of counsel but entering no findings of 

fact or conclusions thereon, the trial court summarily denied Stump’s petition 

the following day.

[8] Stump now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary. 

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Standard of Review

[9] Actions seeking payment of a tax sale surplus are essentially ones for a 

declaratory judgment. Beneficial Ind. Inc. v. Joy Props. LLC, 942 N.E.2d 889, 891-

92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied, trans. denied. Declaratory orders have the 

force and effect of a final judgment, and we review them in the same manner as 

other judgments. Id. In its declaratory judgment, the trial court made no 

findings of fact or conclusions of law thereon, therefore, when the court 

formulates a general judgment, we presume the court correctly followed the 

law. In re H.M.C., 876 N.E.2d 805, 808 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We do not 

reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses and we view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 6 of 14

[10] Stump’s appeal presents a question of statutory interpretation. The 

interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which our court reviews de novo. 

Taylor v. State, 7 N.E.3d 362, 365 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). If “the statutory 

language is clear and unambiguous[,]” we do not apply any rules of statutory 

construction. Id. Rather, words and phrases will “be given their plain, 

ordinary, and usual meanings.” Id. However, where the “statute is susceptible 

to multiple interpretations, it is deemed ambiguous and open to judicial 

construction.” Id.

[11] When construing a statute, we endeavor to give effect to the intent of the 

General Assembly. Id. We presume that the legislature intended the statutory 

language to “be applied logically and not to bring about an unjust or absurd 

result.” Alvey v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1031, 1033 (Ind. Ct. App.), aff’d on reh’g, 15 

N.E.3d 72 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). In order to determine and implement the 

General Assembly’s intent, we must consider the statute as a whole, “read[ing] 

sections of an act together so that no part is rendered meaningless if it can be 

harmonized with the remainder of the statute.” Id. In addition to the language 

itself, we may look “to the nature and subject matter of the act and the object to 

be accomplished thereby.” Id. As we consider this question of law in the 

matter before us, we are mindful of our supreme court’s admonition to “give a 

statute practical application by construing it in a way favoring public 

convenience and avoiding absurdity, hardship, and injustice.” Beneficial Ind. 

Inc., 942 N.E.2d at 892 (citing Merritt v. State, 829 N.E.2d 472, 475 (Ind. 2005)).

II. Timely Claim
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 7 of 14

[12] Stump contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her 

corrected petition for the release of the tax sale surplus. Disputing the Auditor’s

claim that no valid filing was timely made, Stump asserts that a claim was 

properly filed within the statutory term of three years either by Shallenbarger 

through the informal procedure of Ind. Code § 6-1.1-24-7(c)(1) or by Cavallino 

by filing a claim in the trial court pursuant to I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(d)(2).

[13] The tax sale process is a purely statutory creation and requires material 

compliance with each step of the applicable statutes. See I.C. §§ 6-1.1-24-1 

through -15; 6-1.1-25-1 through -19; Prince v. Marion Cnty. Auditor, 992 N.E.2d 

214, 219-20 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Indiana Code Chapter 6-1.1-24 

governs the sale of real property when taxes or special assessments become 

delinquent. If a real estate owner fails to pay property taxes, the property may 

be sold to satisfy the outstanding tax obligation. See In re 2005 Tax Sale Parcel 

No. 24006-001-0022-01, 898 N.E.2d 349, 353 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). After a tax 

sale, the county treasurer “shall apply” the amount paid to taxes, assessments, 

penalties, costs, and other delinquent property taxes; thereafter, any balance is 

to be placed in a tax sale surplus fund. I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(a). In the event of a tax 

sale surplus, the statute authorizes that a verified claim for a refund can be 

made by 

(c) The:

(1) owner of record of the real property at the time the tax deed 

is issued who is divested of ownership by the issuance of a tax 

deed; or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 8 of 14

(2) tax sale purchaser or purchaser’s assignee, upon redemption 

of the tract or item of real property[.]

[]. If the claim is approved by the county auditor and the 

county treasurer, the county auditor shall issue a warrant to the 

claimant for the money due.

(d) If the person who claims money deposited in the tax sale surplus 

fund under subsection (c) is:

(1) a person described in subsection (c)(1) who acquired the 

property from a delinquent taxpayer after the property was sold 

at a tax sale under this chapter; or

(2) a person not described in subsection (c)(1), including a 

person who acts under a power of attorney executed by the 

person described in subsection (c)(1);

the county auditor may issue a warrant to the person only as directed 

by the court having jurisdiction over the tax sale of the parcel for 

which the surplus claim is made. 

I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(c). Accordingly, “only the owner, at the time of a tax sale, of 

real estate sold at a tax sale and the tax sale purchaser may use the 

administrative procedure provided by the statute to claim a tax sale surplus.” 

CANA Investments, LLC v. Fansler, 832 N.E.2d 1103, 1105 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). 

Nevertheless, this procedure is not the only method to determine whether an 

individual holds a substantial interest in the property as “a claimant other than 

the one identified in the statute may pursue disbursement of the tax sale surplus 

in the trial court.” Beneficial Ind. Inc., 942 N.E.2d at 894. 

[14] An individual purporting to claim a tax sale surplus is not vested with an 

unlimited time in which to file for his or her refund. If the balance of the tax 

sale surplus is not claimed within “the three year period after the date of its 

receipt,” the amount deposited in the tax sale surplus fund “may not be 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 9 of 14

disbursed,” but instead “shall be transferred by the county auditor to the county 

general fund.” I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f). 

[15] Cavallino’s initial request, submitted to the Auditor on November 5, 2008, to 

release the surplus generated from the tax sale on October 24, 2007, was 

rejected because of the defective limited power of attorney attached to its letter. 

The Auditor rejected Regatta’s March 19, 2009 petition on similar grounds. 

Despite issuing a check at Shallenbarger’s request for one-half of the tax sale 

surplus, the Auditor issued a stop payment order and informed all parties that 

ownership should be determined by the trial court before any disbursement of 

the surplus could be made. As the competing claims “require[d] resolution of 

factual issues or complex questions of law,” a trial court “is [] better suited to 

resolve this than a county auditor.” Lake Cnty. Auditor v. Burke, 802 N.E.2d 896, 

900 (Ind. 2004) (also noting that the statutorily proposed administrative remedy 

should be interpreted as being “elective but not exclusive”).

[16] Accordingly, pursuant to I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(d)(2), Cavallino filed its petition for 

release of surplus on March 12, 2010, prior to the tax sale’s three-year 

anniversary on October 24, 2010. Immediately thereafter, on April 13, 2010, 

Regatta intervened in the cause and also asserted a claim to the surplus. After 

the trial court continued the case “to be reset” for an evidentiary hearing, no 

further proceedings occurred in the pending cause until November 20, 2013, 

when Stump intervened, averring a first and prior judgment lien on 

Shallenbarger’s interest in 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 10 of 14

[17] the tax sale surplus. (Appellant’s App. p. 148). Stump’s intervention in the 

existing action was approved by the trial court, without objection from the 

Auditor, on January 21, 2014. Once joined, Stump was treated as an original 

party and elevated to an equal standing with the other parties in the action. See 

In re Guardianship of A.L.C., 902 N.E.2d 343, 351 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).

[18] Nevertheless, the Auditor now contends that Stump’s intervention was

untimely. Because no valid claim was asserted within the three-year period 

proponed in I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f), the tax surplus reverted to the general fund and 

therefore, the Auditor maintains that no refund can be disbursed. Focusing on 

the ordinary phrasing of the statute, the Auditor argues that “I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f) 

should not be interpreted in such a way as to render its three year deadline to 

make valid claims for a tax sale surplus meaningless or useless.” (Appellees’ 

Br. p. 14). According to the Auditor’s argument, the plain language clearly 

indicates that “the [s]urplus may not be distributed if not validly claimed within 

the three year deadline.” (Appellees’ Br. p. 11). As such, even if I.C. § 6-1.1-

24-7(f) “is not an escheat per se, it still has an effect that is at least analogous to 

an escheat.” (Appellees’ Br. p. 14). We disagree. 

[19] Although the Auditor’s Appellate Brief is littered with assertions that a valid

claim must be made within the statutory term of three years, the statute merely 

stipulates that a claim for a tax sale surplus must be filed within a three-year 

period after the date of the balance’s receipt. See I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f). As the 

statute “does not purport to provide an exhaustive list of persons who may 

claim a tax sale surplus,” but rather allows any person claiming an entitlement 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 11 of 14

to the money to file a claim, the validity is a legal determination which must be 

made by a court of law. See Burks, 802 N.E.2d at 899. Because a claim was 

pending at the time of the three-year anniversary of the tax sale surplus, the 

balance should not have been transferred to the county general fund. 

Moreover, even if after three years the surplus “must” be transferred to the 

county general fund, the statute is discretionary as to the possibility to disburse 

the surplus if a legal conclusion on the validity of the claim is reached after the 

three-year period. See Brewer v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 743 N.E.2d 322, 326 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2001) (the language ‘may’ is permissive and not mandatory), trans. 

denied. Accordingly, by inserting the permissive verb-tense, the statute’s drafters 

did not intend for it to effectively work as an escheat by depriving those who 

have an interest in the Property. See also Burks, 802 N.E.2d at 899-900

(discussing I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(b), we stated that “[t]he statute does not in effect 

cause an escheat to the County by denying those with an interest in property the 

right to claim the surplus”). 

[20] Cavallino filed its petition for a disposition of the tax sale surplus within the 

three-year time period after receipt of the money, as envisioned by the statute. 

Despite the longevity of the claim and the parties’ inactivity in the proceedings, 

a legal determination on its validity is still pending and the cause was never 

disposed of or dismissed by the trial court. Because the proceedings are still 

ongoing, Stump could intervene and request a release of the tax sale surplus. 

Even though the Auditor had the opportunity to object to her intervention, he 

failed to do so and the trial court approved her motion. See Valparaiso Technical 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 12 of 14

Inst., Inc. v. Porter Cnty.Treasurer, 682 N.E.2d 819, 821 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (The 

court may consider an objection to intervention from the original parties, as 

these parties are masters of their action and should be given input into who they 

want to sue.), reh’g denied. Therefore, we conclude that Cavallino’s claim was 

timely asserted, and Stump properly intervened in these pending proceedings.2

III. Priority of Stump’s Lien

[21] Because of the competing claims asserting ownership over Shallenbarger’s 

interest in the tax sale surplus, it is imperative to determine the priority of these 

claims. First, Cavallino claimed the share as agent for Shallenbarger, then 

Regatta sought to intervene as the lender of the Property’s mortgage 

Shallenbarger defaulted on, and lastly, Stump executed a lien on the surplus 

and intervened in the current proceeding. 

[22] Without analyzing the validity of Cavallino’s claim as agent for Shallenbarger, 

we find that Stump’s lien has priority over Cavallino’s claim. Because 

Cavallino’s claim is contingent on Shallenbarger retaining an interest in the 

surplus, and Stump holds a judgment lien against Shallenbarger’s interest, 

 

2

In their appellate Briefs, the parties also argue the applicability of I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(e), which provides that 

“[a] court may direct the issuance of a warrant only: (1) on petition by the claimant; and (2) within three 

years after the date of sale of the parcel in the tax sale.” This subsection (e) was added to the statute by the 

Second Regular Session of the 116th General Assembly, originally as subsection (d) but has since been 

recodified as subsection (e), and became effective July 1, 2010, after Cavallino filed its petition for the tax sale 

surplus. As we apply the statute in effect at the time the petition was filed, absent clear legislative indication 

for a retroactive application, we will refrain from evaluating the merits of the parties’ respective arguments 

with respect to subsection (e) and express no opinion thereon. See Martin v. State, 774 N.E.2d 43, 44 (Ind. 

2002) (“[U]nless there are strong and compelling reasons, statutes will normally be applied prospectively.)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 13 of 14

Stump’s lien takes priority. See Bowyer Excavating , Inc. v. Comm’r, Ind. Dep’t of 

Environmental Mgmt., 671 N.E.2d 180, 187 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (claims that 

have not been reduced to judgments do not create liens), trans. denied.

[23] On April 13, 2010, Regatta moved to intervene in the proceedings commenced 

by Cavallino. During the hearing held the following day, Regatta admitted to 

not having notified the other parties and the trial court agreed to “reset” the 

cause after Regatta “g[o]t service.” (Appellant’s App. p. 148). Thereafter, 

Regatta has not participated nor sought to participate in any proceedings before 

the court, and neither did the trial court rule on its motion to intervene. 

Although Regatta, as mortgage lender, can arguably assert an interest in the tax 

sale surplus, it abandoned the proceeding by failing to seek service and to 

properly intervene in the cause. Thus, as Regatta did not secure its interest, 

Stump’s lien on the tax sale surplus takes priority. 

IV. Shallenbarger’s Joint Tenancy in the Property

[24] After concluding that Stump’s claim was timely filed, and that she holds a 

priority lien on Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus, we need to 

determine what interest Shallenbarger retained in the tax sale surplus based on 

his joint tenancy in the Property. Stump maintains that the joint tenancy in the 

Property was extinguished by the tax sale and instead followed the proceeds of 

the tax sale as a tenancy in common. Accordingly, by virtue of the judgment 

lien, Stump asserts her entitlement to Shallenbarger’s one-half share of the tax 

sale surplus. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015 Page 14 of 14

[25] Shallenbarger and Miller created a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship on 

the Property by special warranty deed on February 13, 2004. It is well 

established that “the creation of a joint tenancy relationship [in real estate] 

entitles each party to an equal share of the proceeds of the sale” of the real 

estate. Cunningham v. Hastings, 556 N.E.2d 12, 14 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990); see also 

Hughes v. Hughes, 356 N.E.2d 225, 234 (Ind. Ct. App. 1976) (holding that 

“persons who own real property as joint tenants with right of survivorship also 

hold the right to the proceeds from a contract to sell said realty as joint tenants 

with right of survivorship unless they express a contrary intent.”)

[26] Here, Shallenbarger and Miller created a joint tenancy relationship in the 

Property and there is no evidence in the record that they expressed an intent 

that the tax sale surplus be held in any other way than as joint tenants. 

Accordingly, we remand to the trial court to determine the extent, if any, of 

Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus.

CONCLUSION

[27] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Stump’s claim for the tax sale surplus 

was timely made pursuant to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-7; and that Stump’s 

judgment lien takes priority. However, we remand to the trial court to 

determine the extent, if any, of Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus 

[28] Reversed and remanded with instructions. 

[29] Vaidik, C. J. and Baker, J. concur