[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 11 (Tuesday, January 19, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 5496-5541]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-00150]



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Vol. 86

Tuesday,

No. 11

January 19, 2021

Part IV





Department of the Treasury





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Internal Revenue Service





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26 CFR Part 1





Additional Guidance Regarding Limitation on Deduction for Business 
Interest Expense; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 86 , No. 11 / Tuesday, January 19, 2021 / 
Rules and Regulations

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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 1

[TD 9943]
RIN 1545-BP73


Additional Guidance Regarding Limitation on Deduction for 
Business Interest Expense

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final regulations.

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SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations that provide 
additional guidance regarding the limitation on the deduction for 
business interest expense under section 163(j) of the Internal Revenue 
Code (Code) to reflect amendments made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and 
the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. Specifically, 
the regulations address the application of the limitation in contexts 
involving passthrough entities, regulated investment companies (RICs), 
and controlled foreign corporations. The regulations also provide 
guidance regarding the definitions of real property development, real 
property redevelopment, and syndicate. The regulations affect taxpayers 
that have business interest expense, particularly passthrough entities, 
their partners and shareholders, as well as foreign corporations and 
their United States shareholders. The regulations also affect RICs that 
have business interest income, RIC shareholders that have business 
interest expense, and corporations that are members of a consolidated 
group.

DATES: 
    Effective date: The regulations are effective on January 13, 2021.
    Applicability dates: For dates of applicability, see Sec. Sec.  
1.163-15(b), 1.163(j)-1(c)(4), 1.163(j)-2(k), 1.163(j)-6, 1.163(j)-
7(m), 1.163(j)-10(f), 1.469-11(a)(1) and (4), and 1.1256(e)-2(d).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning Sec.  1.163-15, or 
1.163(j)-2(d)(3), Nathaniel Kupferman, (202) 317-4855, or James 
Williford, (202) 317-3225; concerning Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv), Sec.  
1.163(j)-2(b)(3)(iii) or (iv) or Sec.  1.163(j)-10, John B. Lovelace, 
(202) 317-5357; concerning Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(22) or (b)(35), Steven 
Harrison, (202) 317-6842, or Michael Chin, (202) 317-6842; concerning 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6, Sec.  1.469-4 or Sec.  1.469-9, Vishal Amin, Brian 
Choi, or Jacob Moore, (202) 317-5279; concerning Sec.  1.163(j)-7, 
Azeka J. Abramoff, (202) 317-3800, or Raphael J. Cohen, (202) 317-6938; 
concerning Sec.  1.1256(e)-2, Pamela Lew, (202) 317-7053 (not toll-free 
numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

I. Statutory Background

    This document contains amendments to the Income Tax Regulations (26 
CFR part 1) under sections 163 (in particular, section 163(j)), 469, 
and 1256(e) of the Code. Section 163(j) was amended by Public Law 115-
97, 131 Stat. 2054 (December 22, 2017), commonly referred to as the Tax 
Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic 
Security Act, Public Law 116-136, 134 Stat. 281 (March 27, 2020) (CARES 
Act). Section 13301(a) of the TCJA amended section 163(j) by removing 
prior section 163(j)(1) through (9) and adding section 163(j)(1) 
through (10). The provisions of section 163(j) as amended by section 
13301 of the TCJA are effective for taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2017. The CARES Act further amended section 163(j) by 
redesignating section 163(j)(10), as amended by the TCJA, as new 
section 163(j)(11), and adding a new section 163(j)(10) providing 
special rules for applying section 163(j) to taxable years beginning in 
2019 or 2020.
    Section 163(j) generally limits the amount of business interest 
expense (BIE) that can be deducted in the current taxable year 
(sometimes referred to in this preamble as the current year). Under 
section 163(j)(1), the amount allowed as a deduction for BIE is limited 
to the sum of (1) the taxpayer's business interest income (BII) for the 
taxable year; (2) 30 percent of the taxpayer's adjusted taxable income 
(ATI) for the taxable year (30 percent ATI limitation); and (3) the 
taxpayer's floor plan financing interest expense for the taxable year 
(in sum, the section 163(j) limitation). As further described later in 
this Background section, section 163(j)(10), as amended by the CARES 
Act, provides special rules relating to the 30 percent ATI limitation 
for taxable years beginning in 2019 or 2020. Under section 163(j)(2), 
the amount of any BIE that is not allowed as a deduction in a taxable 
year due to the section 163(j) limitation is treated as business 
interest paid in the succeeding taxable year.
    The section 163(j) limitation applies to all taxpayers, except for 
certain small businesses that meet the gross receipts test in section 
448(c) of the Code and certain trades or businesses listed in section 
163(j)(7) (excepted trades or businesses). More specifically, section 
163(j)(3) provides that the section 163(j) limitation does not apply to 
any taxpayer that meets the gross receipts test under section 448(c), 
other than a tax shelter prohibited from using the cash receipts and 
disbursements method of accounting under section 448(a)(3). Under 
section 163(j)(7), the excepted trades or businesses are the trade or 
business of providing services as an employee, electing real property 
businesses, electing farming businesses, and certain regulated utility 
businesses.
    Section 163(j)(4) provides special rules for applying section 
163(j) in the case of passthrough entities. Section 163(j)(4)(A) 
requires that the section 163(j) limitation be applied at the 
partnership level, and that a partner's ATI be increased by the 
partner's share of excess taxable income, as defined in section 
163(j)(4)(C), but not by the partner's distributive share of income, 
gain, deduction, or loss. Section 163(j)(4)(B) provides that the amount 
of partnership BIE exceeding the section 163(j)(1) limitation is 
carried forward at the partner level as excess business interest 
expense (EBIE). Section 163(j)(4)(B)(ii) provides that EBIE allocated 
to a partner and carried forward is available to be deducted in a 
subsequent year only to the extent that the partnership allocates 
excess taxable income to the partner. As further described later in 
this Background section, section 163(j)(10), as amended by the CARES 
Act, provides a special rule for EBIE allocated to a partner in a 
taxable year beginning in 2019. Section 163(j)(4)(B)(iii) provides 
rules for the adjusted basis in a partnership of a partner that is 
allocated EBIE. Section 163(j)(4)(D) provides that rules similar to the 
rules of section 163(j)(4)(A) and (C) apply to S corporations and S 
corporation shareholders.
    Section 163(j)(5) and (6) define ``business interest'' and 
``business interest income,'' respectively, for purposes of section 
163(j). Generally, these terms include interest expense and interest 
includible in gross income that is properly allocable to a trade or 
business (as defined in section 163(j)(7)) and do not include 
investment income or investment expense within the meaning of section 
163(d). The legislative history states that ``a corporation has neither 
investment interest nor investment income within the meaning of section 
163(d). Thus, interest income and interest expense of a corporation is 
properly allocable to a trade or business, unless such trade or 
business is otherwise explicitly excluded from the application of the 
provision.'' H. Rept. 115-466, at 386, fn. 688 (2017).
    Section 163(j)(8) defines ATI as the taxable income of the taxpayer 
(1) computed without regard to items not

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properly allocable to a trade or business; BIE and BII; net operating 
loss (NOL) deductions; deductions for qualified business income under 
section 199A; and deductions for depreciation, amortization, and 
depletion with respect to taxable years beginning before January 1, 
2022, and (2) computed with such other adjustments as provided by the 
Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate (Secretary).
    As noted previously, section 163(j)(1) includes floor plan 
financing interest in computing the amount of deductible business 
interest. Section 163(j)(9) defines ``floor plan financing interest'' 
and ``floor plan financing indebtedness.'' These provisions allow 
taxpayers incurring interest expense for the purpose of securing an 
inventory of motor vehicles held for sale or lease to deduct the full 
expense without regard to the section 163(j) limitation.
    Under section 163(j)(10)(A)(i), the amount of BIE that is 
deductible under section 163(j)(1) for taxable years beginning in 2019 
or 2020 is computed using 50 percent, rather than 30 percent, of the 
taxpayer's ATI for the taxable year (50 percent ATI limitation). A 
taxpayer may elect not to apply the 50 percent ATI limitation to any 
taxable year beginning in 2019 or 2020, and instead apply the 30 
percent ATI limitation. This election must be made separately for each 
taxable year. Once the taxpayer makes the election, the election may 
not be revoked without the consent of the Secretary. See section 
163(j)(10)(A)(iii).
    Sections 163(j)(10)(A)(ii)(I) and 163(j)(10)(A)(iii) provide that, 
in the case of a partnership, the 50 percent ATI limitation does not 
apply to partnerships for taxable years beginning in 2019, and the 
election to not apply the 50 percent ATI limitation may be made only 
for taxable years beginning in 2020, and may be made only by the 
partnership. Under section 163(j)(10)(A)(ii)(II), however, a partner 
treats 50 percent of its allocable share of a partnership's EBIE for 
2019 as BIE in the partner's first taxable year beginning in 2020 that 
is not subject to the section 163(j) limitation (50 percent EBIE rule). 
The remaining 50 percent of the partner's allocable share of the 
partnership's EBIE remains subject to the section 163(j) limitation 
applicable to EBIE carried forward at the partner level. A partner may 
elect out of the 50 percent EBIE rule.
    Section 163(j)(10)(B)(i) allows a taxpayer to elect to substitute 
its ATI for the last taxable year beginning in 2019 (2019 ATI) for the 
taxpayer's ATI for a taxable year beginning in 2020 (2020 ATI) in 
determining the taxpayer's section 163(j) limitation for the taxable 
year beginning in 2020.
    Section 163(j)(11) provides cross-references to provisions 
requiring that electing farming businesses and electing real property 
businesses excepted from the section 163(j) limitation use the 
alternative depreciation system (ADS), rather than the general 
depreciation system, for certain types of property. The required use of 
ADS results in the inability of these electing trades or businesses to 
use the additional first-year depreciation deduction under section 
168(k) for those types of property.

II. Published Guidance

    On April 16, 2018, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury 
Department) and the IRS published Notice 2018-28, 2018-16 I.R.B. 492, 
which described regulations intended to be issued under section 163(j). 
On December 28, 2018, the Treasury Department and the IRS (1) published 
proposed regulations under section 163(j), as amended by the TCJA, in a 
notice of proposed rulemaking (REG-106089-18) (2018 Proposed 
Regulations) in the Federal Register (83 FR 67490), and (2) withdrew 
the notice of proposed rulemaking (1991-2 C.B. 1040) published in the 
Federal Register on June 18, 1991 (56 FR 27907 as corrected by 56 FR 
40285 (August 14, 1991)) to implement rules under section 163(j) before 
its amendment by the TCJA. On September 14, 2020, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS published final regulations under section 163(j) 
and other sections in the Federal Register (85 FR 56686) (T.D. 9905) to 
finalize most sections of the 2018 Proposed Regulations.
    Concurrently with the publication of T.D. 9905, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS published additional proposed regulations under 
section 163(j) in a notice of proposed rulemaking (REG-107911-18) in 
the Federal Register (85 FR 56846) (2020 Proposed Regulations) to 
provide additional guidance regarding the section 163(j) limitation in 
response to certain comments received in response to the 2018 Proposed 
Regulations and to reflect the amendments made by the CARES Act. The 
2020 Proposed Regulations provided proposed rules: For allocating 
interest expense associated with debt proceeds of a partnership or S 
corporation to supplement the rules in Sec.  1.163-8T regarding the 
allocation of interest expense for purposes of section 163(d) and (h) 
and section 469 (proposed Sec. Sec.  1.163-14 and 1.163-15); amending 
the definition of ATI and permitting certain RICs to pay section 163(j) 
interest dividends (proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1); amending the rules for 
applying section 163(j)(4) to partnerships and S corporations (proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6); re-proposing the proposed rules for applying the 
section 163(j) limitation to foreign corporations and United States 
shareholders (proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7) and to foreign persons with 
effectively connected income (proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-8); amending the 
definition of real property trade or business (proposed Sec.  1.469-9); 
amending the rules for determining tax shelter status and providing 
guidance on the election to use 2019 ATI to determine 2020 section 
163(j) limitation (proposed Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-2 and 1.1256(e)-2); and 
amending the corporate look-through rules as applicable to tiered 
structures (proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-10).
    All written comments received in response to the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations are available at www.regulations.gov or upon request. After 
consideration of the comments received, this Treasury decision adopts 
most of the 2020 Proposed Regulations as revised in response to the 
comments, which are described in the Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
plan to finalize other portions of the 2020 Proposed Regulations 
separately, to allow additional time to consider the comments received.
    On April 27, 2020, the Treasury Department and the IRS published 
Revenue Procedure 2020-22, 2020-18 I.R.B. 745, to provide the time and 
manner of making a late election, or withdrawing an election, under 
section 163(j)(7)(B) to be an electing real property trade or business 
or under section 163(j)(7)(C) to be an electing farming business for 
taxable years beginning in 2018, 2019, or 2020. Revenue Procedure 2020-
22 also provides the time and manner of making or revoking elections 
provided by the CARES Act under section 163(j)(10) for taxable years 
beginning in 2019 or 2020. These elections are: (1) To not apply the 50 
percent ATI limitation under section 163(j)(10)(A)(iii); (2) to use the 
taxpayer's 2019 ATI to calculate the taxpayer's section 163(j) 
limitation for any taxable year beginning in 2020 under section 
163(j)(10)(B); and (3) for a partner to elect out of the 50 percent 
EBIE rule under section 163(j)(10)(A)(ii)(II).

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions

I. Overview

    The Treasury Department and the IRS received approximately 20 
written comments in response to the 2020

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Proposed Regulations. Most of the comments addressing the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations are summarized in this Summary of Comments and Explanation 
of Revisions section. However, comments merely summarizing or 
interpreting the 2020 Proposed Regulations generally are not discussed 
in this preamble. Additionally, comments outside the scope of this 
rulemaking are generally not addressed in this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study comments on 
certain issues related to section 163(j), including issues that are 
beyond the scope of the final regulations, and may discuss those 
comments if future guidance on those issues is published.
    The final regulations retain the same basic structure as the 2020 
Proposed Regulations, with the revisions described in this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section.

II. Notice 89-35 and Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.163-
15: Debt Proceeds Distributed From Any Taxpayer Account or From Cash

    Section 1.163-15 of the 2020 Proposed Regulations supplemented the 
rules in Sec.  1.163-8T, temporary regulations issued prior to TCJA, 
regarding debt proceeds distributed from any taxpayer account or from 
cash proceeds. Consistent with section VI of Notice 89-35, 1989-1 C.B. 
675, proposed Sec.  1.163-15 provided that taxpayers may treat any 
expenditure made from an account of the taxpayer, or from cash, within 
30 days before or after debt proceeds are deposited in any account of 
the taxpayer, or received in cash, as made from such proceeds. Section 
1.163-14 of the 2020 Proposed Regulations related to sections I-V of 
Notice 89-35. The Treasury Department and the IRS received no comments 
with respect to proposed Sec.  1.163-15. Accordingly, the final 
regulations adopt this section unchanged. Additional consideration is 
being given to Sec.  1.163-14, which is not being finalized in these 
final regulations; thus Notice 89-35 remains in effect.

III. Comments on and Changes to Sec.  1.163-1: Definitions

A. Adjustments to Tentative Taxable Income

    Part III.A.1.a of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section provides an overview of the negative adjustments to 
tentative taxable income in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) 
and the alternative computations for those negative adjustments in 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). Part III.A.1.b of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section provides an 
overview of the special rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A), (C), 
and (D) for the application of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through 
(E). Part III.A.2 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section summarizes the comments received on Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and the alternative computations in proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). Part III.A.3 of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section summarizes the comments 
received on the special rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A), (C), 
and (D).
    In response to comments received, the final regulations provide a 
number of clarifications to the ATI computation and provide new 
examples demonstrating their application.
1. Overview
a. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) Through (E) and Proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E)
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(43) provides that tentative taxable income is 
the amount to which adjustments are made in computing ATI. Section 
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i) provides for certain additions to tentative taxable 
income in computing ATI. For example, Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) 
provides that, subject to the rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iii), any 
depreciation under section 167, section 168, or former section 168 for 
taxable years beginning before January 1, 2022, is added back to 
tentative taxable income to compute ATI. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(E) 
and (F) provide similar rules for amortization and depletion, 
respectively.
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii) provides for certain subtractions from 
(or negative adjustments to) tentative taxable income in computing ATI. 
For example, Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) provides that, if property 
is sold or otherwise disposed of, the greater of the allowed or 
allowable depreciation, amortization, or depletion of the property for 
the taxpayer (or, if the taxpayer is a member of a consolidated group, 
the consolidated group) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 
2017, and before January 1, 2022 (such years, the EBITDA period), with 
respect to such property is subtracted from tentative taxable income. 
Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(D) provides that, with respect to the sale 
or other disposition of stock of a member of a consolidated group by 
another member, the investment adjustments under Sec.  1.1502-32 with 
respect to such stock that are attributable to deductions described in 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) are subtracted from tentative taxable 
income. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(E) provides that, with respect to 
the sale or other disposition of an interest in a partnership, the 
taxpayer's distributive share of deductions described in Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) with respect to property held by the 
partnership at the time of such sale or other disposition is subtracted 
from tentative taxable income to the extent such deductions were 
allowable under section 704(d). See the preamble to T.D. 9905 for a 
discussion of the rationale for these adjustments.
    The preamble to T.D. 9905 noted that, in the 2018 Proposed 
Regulations, Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) incorporated a ``lesser of'' 
standard. In other words, the lesser of (i) the amount of gain on the 
sale or other disposition of property, or (ii) the amount of 
depreciation deductions with respect to such property for the EBITDA 
period, was required to be subtracted from tentative taxable income to 
determine ATI. As explained in the preamble to T.D. 9905, commenters 
raised several questions and concerns regarding this ``lesser of'' 
standard. T.D. 9905 removed the ``lesser of'' approach due in part to 
concerns that this approach would be more difficult to administer than 
the approach reflected in T.D. 9905.
    However, the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that, in 
certain cases, the ``lesser of'' approach might not create 
administrative difficulties for taxpayers. Thus, the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations permitted taxpayers to choose whether to compute the amount 
of their adjustment upon the disposition of property, member stock, or 
partnership interests using a ``lesser of'' standard. See proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). The Treasury Department and the 
IRS requested comments on the ``lesser of'' approach, including how 
such an approach should apply to dispositions of member stock and 
partnership interests. The comments received on the ``lesser of'' 
approach are summarized in part III.A.2 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section.
b. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A) Through (D)
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv) provides special rules for the 
application of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E). Section 
1.163(b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) provides that, for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E), the term ``sale

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or other disposition'' does not include a transfer of an asset to an 
acquiring corporation in a transaction to which section 381(a) of the 
Code applies, except as otherwise provided in Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(A). Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) provides that, for 
purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D), the term ``sale or 
other disposition'' excludes all intercompany transactions, within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.1502-13(b)(1)(i). This provision reflects the 
general treatment of a consolidated group as a single entity for 
purposes of section 163(j). Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) provides 
that, notwithstanding any other rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A) 
(including the rule regarding section 381(a) transactions), any 
transaction in which a member leaves a consolidated group is treated as 
a ``sale or other disposition'' for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D), unless the transaction is an acquisition 
described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i)(A).
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) provides that, for purposes of 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E), the amount of a consolidated 
group's adjustment under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) is computed by 
reference to the depreciation, amortization, or depletion deductions of 
the group. The 2020 Proposed Regulations added Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(B)(2) to clarify the computation under proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(iv)(E)(1) for consolidated groups.
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C) provides successor asset rules for 
certain intercompany transactions. More specifically, if deductions 
described in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) are allowed or allowable to 
a consolidated group member (S), the depreciable property or S's stock 
is transferred to another member (S1), and the transferor's basis in 
the S1 stock received in the intercompany transaction is determined, in 
whole or in part, by reference to its basis in the transferred property 
or S stock, then the S1 stock is treated as a successor asset for 
purposes of the negative adjustments to tentative taxable income upon 
the disposition of member stock.
    Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D) contains anti-duplication rules. 
For example, Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) provides that 
depreciation, amortization, or depletion deductions allowed or 
allowable for a corporation for a consolidated return year of a group 
are disregarded in applying Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D) to a separate 
return year of that corporation. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) 
also provides an example in which S deconsolidates from a consolidated 
group (Group 1) (thereby triggering an adjustment under Sec. Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(D) and 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3)) and then sells 
the depreciable property. The example states that no further adjustment 
is required under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) upon the asset 
disposition with regard to the amounts included in Group 1.
2. Comments on Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and Proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E)
a. Adoption of a ``Lesser of'' Standard
    Several commenters contended that the final regulations should 
continue to allow taxpayers to choose whether to compute the amount of 
their adjustment upon the disposition of property, member stock, or 
partnership interests using a ``lesser of'' standard, as in proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). Commenters asserted that such an 
approach would ameliorate the adverse impact of the subtractions from 
tentative taxable income in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E). 
One commenter further asserted that a ``lesser of'' option is 
preferable to the approach in T.D. 9905 because the latter could create 
an incentive for taxpayers to retain assets solely because the adverse 
tax consequences of disposing of the assets outweigh the cost of 
keeping the assets.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with these comments, and 
the final regulations retain a ``lesser of'' option for purposes of the 
negative adjustments to tentative taxable income in Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E). The final regulations also update the 
special rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A), (C), and (D) to add 
cross-references to the ``lesser of'' computations in Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E).
b. Modification of the ``Lesser of'' Standard
    Several commenters also recommended modifications to the ``lesser 
of'' rules in proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). For 
example, one commenter stated that the proposed ``lesser of'' approach 
is likely to be less accurate for dispositions of member stock or 
partnership interests than for asset dispositions because the gain 
prong of the ``lesser of'' computation in either case is based on the 
gain in the member stock or partnership interests, respectively, rather 
than on the gain that would be recognized on the sale of the underlying 
assets.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received recommendations 
regarding several alternative approaches. Under one alternative, the 
negative adjustment under the gain prong of the ``lesser of'' 
computation for dispositions of member stock or partnership interests 
would equal the amount of the negative adjustment if the assets of the 
subsidiary or partnership were sold. However, the commenter 
acknowledged that this ``deemed asset sale'' approach could create 
unnecessary administrative difficulties and lead to valuation disputes 
by requiring asset valuations upon dispositions of member stock or 
partnership interests.
    Among other alternative approaches, a commenter recommended that 
the gain prong of the ``lesser of'' computation for dispositions of 
member stock should be based on the excess of tax depreciation over 
economic depreciation with respect to the underlying assets. The 
commenter based this approach on the theory that only stock gain that 
reflects non-economic depreciation should give rise to a negative basis 
adjustment. The commenter who recommended this approach suggested 
several different computational methods for this alternative approach, 
but acknowledged that this approach likely would not be appropriate for 
certain types of assets (for example, real estate or purchased 
goodwill) because metrics that might be used under this approach, such 
as earnings and profits basis or book value, would not be a good proxy 
for fair market value for such assets. Another commenter recommended 
revising the proposed ``lesser of'' computation for dispositions of 
partnership interests such that certain negative adjustments would be 
made at the partnership level and others would be made at the partner 
level.
    After considering these comments, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that the proposed ``lesser of'' computations strike 
a proper balance between accuracy and administrability. In particular, 
as one commenter noted, there would be unnecessary administrative 
complexity under the first suggested alternative approach. This 
complexity includes the need for separate asset valuations that would 
be costly and may be subject to dispute, resulting in additional 
controversy between taxpayers and the IRS. The second proposed approach 
would require an accurate determination of economic depreciation. 
However, as the commenter acknowledged, there is no single, simple 
method for accurately determining economic depreciation. Additionally, 
with regard to economic depreciation, different types of assets 
depreciate at different rates, and some assets, such as land or certain 
improvements to land, may not

[[Page 5500]]

depreciate at all. As a result, basing the gain prong of the ``lesser 
of'' computation on non-economic depreciation would create less 
certainty, and would not clearly be a more accurate approach, than the 
proposed ``lesser of'' standard. Requiring certain adjustments at the 
partner level and other adjustments at the partnership level also would 
add further complexity to the ``lesser of'' computations.
    Thus, the final regulations adopt the approach in proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). However, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS acknowledge that gain on upper-tier member stock generally 
becomes further removed from asset gain at each additional tier within 
a consolidated group. Therefore, for purposes of the ``lesser of'' 
computation in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2), the final regulations 
provide that the only stock gain that is relevant is the gain that is 
deemed recognized on the stock of the member holding the item of 
property (or the stock of a successor).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the comments 
received on the proposed ``lesser of'' rules and will continue to 
consider these comments for purposes of potential future guidance.
c. Limitation of Negative Adjustments to Tax Benefit From Adding Back 
Depreciation, Amortization, and Depletion Deductions to Tentative 
Taxable Income
    The additions to tentative taxable income for depreciation, 
amortization, and depletion deductions during the EBITDA period (see 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F), respectively) do not 
necessarily increase a taxpayer's ability to deduct BIE. For example, 
the taxpayer's section 163(j) limitation already may be sufficiently 
high to permit a deduction of all of the taxpayer's BIE even without 
such additions to tentative taxable income.
    Commenters have stated that, in such a situation, the adjustments 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) could inappropriately decrease the 
amount of the taxpayer's BIE deduction in the year the property, member 
stock, or partnership interest is sold because the taxpayer derived no 
benefit from the adjustment under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through 
(F) in a prior taxable year. The commenters asserted that this 
detrimental outcome is inconsistent with both congressional intent and 
the statement in the preamble to T.D. 9905 that Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) 
and (E) are intended to ensure that the positive adjustment to 
tentative taxable income for depreciation deductions results in a 
timing benefit. See part II.A.5 of the Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions in the preamble to T.D. 9905. Moreover, if a 
taxpayer that did not benefit from a positive adjustment under Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) were required to reduce its 
tentative taxable income in the year of disposition, the negative 
adjustment could put the taxpayer in a worse position than if the 
depreciation, amortization, or depletion deductions were not added back 
to tentative taxable income in the first place. The commenters thus 
recommended providing that a negative adjustment under Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) 
and (E) is required only to the extent the prior-year addback under 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) resulted in an increase in 
deductible BIE.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this recommendation. 
Thus, the final regulations provide that a negative adjustment to 
tentative taxable income under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through 
(E) or Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) or (E) is reduced to the extent 
the taxpayer establishes that the additions to tentative taxable income 
under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) in a prior taxable year 
did not result in an increase in the amount allowed as a deduction for 
BIE for such year. The final regulations also provide examples 
illustrating the application of this rule.
d. Capitalized Depreciation
    T.D. 9905 provides that, for the additions to tentative taxable 
income in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i), amounts of depreciation, 
amortization, or depletion that are capitalized under section 263A of 
the Code (collectively, capitalized depreciation) during the taxable 
year are deemed to be included in the computation of the taxpayer's 
tentative taxable income for such year, regardless of when the 
capitalized amount is recovered. See Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iii). Thus, 
a taxpayer makes a positive adjustment to tentative taxable income 
under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) when the taxpayer 
capitalizes the depreciation, amortization, or depletion, rather than 
later when the capitalized amount is recovered (for example, through 
cost of goods sold).
    Commenters requested clarification regarding the application of 
Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv) 
to capitalized depreciation. For example, commenters asked whether the 
adjustments in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(iv)(B) and (E) occur upon the disposition of the 
depreciated property or upon the disposition of the property into which 
the depreciation was capitalized. A commenter asked the same question 
regarding the application of the successor asset rules in Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C). A commenter also requested clarification as to 
how the negative adjustments in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(D) and 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) apply to capitalized 
depreciation because there are no basis adjustments under Sec.  1.1502-
32 when depreciation is capitalized.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that a negative 
adjustment under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) or proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) or (E) would be required upon the sale or other 
disposition of property with respect to which depreciation, 
amortization, or depletion was allowed or allowable during the EBITDA 
period, because it is the allowed or allowable depreciation, 
amortization, or depletion of that property that is added back to 
tentative taxable income. The final regulations have been modified 
accordingly. For the same reason, the final regulations also clarify 
that the successor asset rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C) would 
apply if such property subsequently were transferred to another member 
(S1) in an intercompany transaction in which the transferor receives S1 
stock. The Treasury Department and the IRS are continuing to consider 
how the negative adjustments in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(D) and 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) apply to capitalized 
depreciation.
    A commenter also expressed concern that, if a taxpayer does not 
elect to apply T.D. 9905 retroactively, then capitalized depreciation 
arising in taxable years beginning before November 13, 2020, would not 
be added back to tentative taxable income, but negative adjustments 
under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) still would be required 
for any ``allowable'' depreciation, including capitalized depreciation, 
if the relevant property, member stock, or partnership interest were 
disposed of in a year to which T.D. 9905 applies. The commenter thus 
recommended that negative adjustments under Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) 
and (E) not apply to capitalized depreciation amounts that were 
incurred in a taxable year that began before November 13, 2020, unless 
the taxpayer included a positive adjustment reflecting such amounts in 
calculating its tentative taxable income.
    As discussed in part III.A.2.c of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the final

[[Page 5501]]

regulations adopt the recommendation that a negative adjustment to 
tentative taxable income under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through 
(E) and proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) be reduced to 
the extent the taxpayer establishes that the additions to tentative 
taxable income under Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) in a 
prior taxable year resulted in no increase in deductible BIE in that 
year. If a taxpayer does not elect to apply T.D. 9905 retroactively, 
the taxpayer will have no additions to tentative taxable income under 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) in a prior taxable year (and, 
thus, no increase in deductible BIE in that year) with respect to 
capitalized depreciation. Because the final regulations already address 
the commenter's concern, the Treasury Department and the IRS have not 
incorporated the commenter's specific recommendation.
e. Dispositions by Consolidated Groups
    The final regulations also revise Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(2), 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B)(2), and 1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(E) to clarify that the amount of gain taken into account by 
a consolidated group upon a ``sale or other disposition'' includes the 
net gain the group would take into account, including as a result of 
intercompany transactions. One commenter contended that this 
clarification is needed to ensure that the amount of gain taken into 
account by a consolidated group for purposes of the negative 
adjustments in proposed Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B)(2) and 
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E) is the same regardless of whether the property, 
member stock, or partnership interest is sold in an intercompany 
transaction before leaving the group (that is, to achieve single-entity 
treatment of the group). For example, assume that S would recognize 
$100 of gain upon the sale of property to a nonmember. However, rather 
than sell the property directly to a nonmember, S first might sell the 
property to member B and recognize $60 of gain, and B then could sell 
the property to the nonmember and recognize an additional $40 of gain. 
In either case, the group would recognize a net gain of $100 in 
relation to the property, and that same $100 should be relevant in 
determining the amount of any negative adjustment to ATI.
3. Comments on Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A), (C), and (D)
a. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)
    Commenters questioned why, under the rules for deconsolidating 
transactions in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3), the exception to 
``sale or other disposition'' treatment is limited to whole-group 
acquisitions described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i)(A) and does not also 
include whole-group acquisitions that take the form of reverse 
acquisitions, as described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i)(B). The Treasury 
Department and the IRS did not intend this exception to exclude 
transactions described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i)(B), and the final 
regulations revise Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) to correct this 
typographical error.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received another comment 
regarding the exceptions to ``sale or other disposition'' treatment for 
whole-group acquisitions in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) and for 
section 381 transactions in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) (see the 
summary in part III.A.1.b of this Summary of Comments and Explanation 
of Revisions section). The commenter noted that the tax law generally 
treats the successor in a section 381 transaction (and the acquiring 
group in a whole-group acquisition) as stepping into the shoes of the 
acquired entity (or group). However, the commenter also noted that 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A) does not expressly provide that the 
acquiring entity (or group) steps into the shoes of the acquired entity 
(or group) for purposes of the negative adjustments in Sec. Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and 
(E). The commenter recommended clarifying this point.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the commenter. Thus, 
the final regulations clarify this point by expressly stating that the 
acquiring corporation in a section 381 transaction and the surviving 
group in a transaction described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i) is treated 
as a successor to the distributor or transferor corporation or the 
terminating group, respectively, for purposes of Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) of this 
section.
    A commenter also noted that the ``lesser of'' computation for 
dispositions of member stock in proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) could be misconstrued as overriding the rules for 
negative adjustments to a group's tentative taxable income in the case 
of deconsolidating transactions subject to Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3). Under this erroneous interpretation, if a sale or 
other disposition resulted in a deconsolidation, the ``lesser of'' 
computation would apply solely with respect to the member stock that 
was sold, even though the deconsolidation rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) would treat the transaction as a disposition of all 
of the departing member's stock. Thus, the ``lesser of'' computation 
would not reflect the full amount of gain recognized upon the complete 
disposition of the departing member's stock.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS did not intend the ``lesser 
of'' rule in proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) to override the 
rules for deconsolidating transactions. The regulations under section 
163(j) generally treat a consolidated group as a single entity; thus, 
the rules for deconsolidations in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) 
treat the date of a member's deconsolidation as the appropriate time to 
make adjustments to tentative taxable income with regard to all of that 
member's stock. Thus, the final regulations clarify Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) to provide that any transaction in which a member 
leaves a consolidated group is treated as a taxable disposition of all 
stock of the departing member held by any member of the consolidated 
group for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B), (E)(1), and (E)(2), unless the transaction is 
described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i).
    A commenter also suggested that nonrecognition transactions in 
which a member leaves a consolidated group should not be treated as a 
``sale or other disposition'' for purposes of the negative adjustments 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E). The final regulations do not accept this 
comment because, under the single-entity theory of consolidated groups 
in the section 163(j) regulations, such negative adjustments should be 
made when a member deconsolidates, regardless of the form of the 
deconsolidation transaction, other than in a whole-group acquisition 
described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i). In other words, because the 
section 163(j) regulations generally treat a consolidated group as a 
unified taxpayer, any adjustments to ATI related to property should 
occur when the item of property leaves the group. This result should be 
consistent whether the property is disposed of directly by a group 
member or whether the property leaves the group upon the 
deconsolidation of a member.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also received a comment that 
the gain prong of the proposed ``lesser of'' computation could yield 
unintended results for certain nonrecognition transactions. Under T.D. 
9905, dispositions are treated as ``sales or other dispositions'' for 
purposes of the negative adjustments under Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) unless an express exception applies. As

[[Page 5502]]

previously discussed in this part III.A.3.a of this Summary of Comments 
and Explanation of Revisions section, T.D. 9905 provides exceptions for 
section 381 transactions and whole-group acquisitions. However, T.D. 
9905 does not provide an exception to ``sale or other disposition'' 
treatment for other nonrecognition transactions, such as transactions 
to which section 351 or section 721 applies.
    The commenter noted that the ``lesser of'' computations in proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) could be construed to suggest 
that a taxpayer would have no negative adjustment under these 
provisions if the taxpayer transferred an asset in a transaction to 
which section 351 or section 721 applies. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS did not intend the proposed ``lesser of'' computations to 
create additional exceptions to ``sale or other disposition'' treatment 
for purposes of the negative adjustments required under Sec.  1.163(j)-
1(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E). Thus, the final regulations clarify that 
the disposition of property, member stock, or partnership interests in 
a transaction other than a deconsolidation (the treatment of which is 
addressed in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3)) that is a nonrecognition 
transaction other than a section 381 transaction is treated as a 
taxable disposition for purposes of the gain prong of the ``lesser of'' 
computation.
b. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C)
    As noted in part III.A.1.b of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the successor asset rules in Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C) apply to certain intercompany transactions. For 
example, assume that S (a member of the P group) acquires a depreciable 
asset and fully depreciates the asset under section 168(k). P then 
contributes its S stock to S1 (another member of the P group) in 
exchange for S1 stock in a transaction to which section 351 applies. In 
this case, the S1 stock is a successor asset to the S stock. Moreover, 
if P sells its S1 stock to a third party in a transaction that causes 
both S1 and S to deconsolidate, the transaction is treated as a taxable 
disposition of both the S1 stock and the S stock for purposes of 
Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B) 
and (E). See Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3). In that case, both the 
actual sale of the S1 stock and the disposition of the S stock on its 
deconsolidation pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) could 
produce negative adjustments to ATI. Application of the anti-
duplication rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D) effectively would 
mean that the total subtraction from ATI would equal the greater of the 
two stock gains (if any).
    One commenter agreed with this reading of the regulations but 
suggested that an example would be helpful to clarify the interaction 
of these multiple rules. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with 
this suggestion, and the final regulations include an example 
illustrating the operation of these rules.
c. Section 1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)
    Commenters have stated that the anti-duplication rule in Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) is unclear, does not properly support the 
example in that paragraph, and does not take into account the exception 
to the deconsolidation rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3). For 
example, a commenter stated that it is unclear whether the operative 
rule, which does not reference Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C), actually 
supports the conclusion in the example, which references Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C). Another commenter requested clarification that 
the anti-duplication rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) does not 
apply to a whole-group acquisition, which is not treated as a ``sale or 
other disposition'' for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(C) 
through (E). See Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with these comments and 
have revised Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) to clarify the 
application of this provision. The Treasury Department and the IRS also 
have clarified the application of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D)(1), 
including by clarifying that the paragraph contains two separate rules, 
rather than one rule and one example.
    A commenter also requested examples illustrating the application of 
the anti-duplication rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(D) when the 
taxpayer's negative adjustment under the ``lesser of'' computation is 
based on gain recognized rather than on depreciation deductions taken 
during the EBITDA period. The final regulations add an example to Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(viii) to illustrate the application of this rule.

B. Dividends From Regulated Investment Company (RIC) Shares

    If a RIC has certain items of income or gain, part 1 of subchapter 
M and other Code provisions provide rules under which a RIC may pay 
dividends that a shareholder in the RIC may treat in the same manner 
(or a similar manner) as the shareholder would treat the underlying 
item of income or gain if the shareholder realized it directly. Like 
the preamble to the 2020 Proposed Regulations, this preamble refers to 
this treatment as ``conduit treatment.'' The 2020 Proposed Regulations 
provide rules under which a RIC that earns BII may pay section 163(j) 
interest dividends. The total amount of a RIC's section 163(j) interest 
dividends for a taxable year is limited to the excess of the RIC's BII 
for the taxable year over the sum of the RIC's BIE for the taxable year 
and the RIC's other deductions for the taxable year that are properly 
allocable to the RIC's BII. The 2020 Proposed Regulations provide that 
a RIC shareholder that receives a section 163(j) interest dividend may 
treat the dividend as interest income for purposes of section 163(j), 
subject to holding period requirements and other limitations. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS received one comment requesting that 
the proposed rules providing this treatment be finalized. These final 
regulations adopt those proposed rules.
    A few commenters requested that conduit treatment be extended to 
funds other than RICs, such as foreign regulated investment funds and 
foreign money market funds, so that investors in those funds may treat 
earnings from those funds as interest income to the extent the earnings 
can be traced to interest income of the funds. These final regulations 
do not adopt these recommendations. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
received similar recommendations in response to the 2018 Proposed 
Regulations, and they were not adopted in T.D. 9905. As explained in 
the preamble to T.D. 9905, there are significant differences between 
the rules governing income inclusions in respect of passive foreign 
investment companies (PFICs), such as foreign money market funds, and 
RICs. These significant differences would require a different 
mechanical approach if conduit treatment were extended to PFICs and 
present additional policy considerations. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS continue to study this comment and these issues.
    Another commenter requested that conduit treatment be extended to 
allow shareholders in real estate investment trusts (REITs) to treat 
REIT dividends as interest income, to the extent that the income earned 
by the REIT is interest income. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to consider this comment.

[[Page 5503]]

IV. Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6: Application 
of the Business Interest Expense Deduction Limitations to Partnerships 
and Subchapter S Corporations

A. Overview

    Section 1.163(j)-6 provides rules for applying section 163(j) to 
partnerships, S corporations and their owners. As described in this 
part IV of the Summary of Explanation of Revisions section, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study aspects of proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6. Accordingly, the final regulations reserve on 
Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(e)(6) (partnership deductions capitalized by a 
partner), (h)(4) (partner basis adjustments upon liquidating 
distributions), (h)(5) (partnership basis adjustments upon partner 
dispositions), (j) (tiered partnerships), and (l)(4)(iv) (S corporation 
deductions capitalized by an S corporation shareholder). These 
paragraphs of the 2020 Proposed Regulations are retained in proposed 
form and may be relied on to the extent provided in the Applicability 
Dates section of this preamble.

B. Trading Partnerships

    The 2020 Proposed Regulations addressed the application of section 
163(j) to partnerships engaged in a trade or business activity of 
trading personal property (including marketable securities) for the 
account of owners of interests in the activity, as described in Sec.  
1.469-1T(e)(6) (trading partnership). Specifically, the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations included a rule requiring a partnership engaged in a 
trading activity (i.e., trade or business activities described in 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii) and illustrated in Revenue Ruling 2008-12, 
2008-1 C.B. 520 (March 10, 2008)) to bifurcate its interest expense 
from the trading activity between partners that are passive investors 
(taxpayers that do not materially participate in the activity within 
the meaning of section 469) in the trading activity and all other 
partners, and subject only the portion of the interest expense that is 
allocable to the non-passive investors to limitation under section 
163(j) at the partnership level. The portion of interest expense from 
the trading activity allocable to passive investors is subject to 
limitation under section 163(d) at the partner level, as provided in 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii). Accordingly, proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-1(c)(1) 
and (2) include rules applicable to trading partnerships that modify 
the definitions of BII and BIE to effectuate this bifurcation.
    In addition, proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(4) requires that a 
trading partnership bifurcate all of its other items of income, gain, 
loss and deduction from its trading activity between partners that are 
passive investors and all other partners. The portion of the 
partnership's other items of income, gain, loss or deduction from its 
trading activity properly allocable to the passive investors in the 
partnership will not be taken into account at the partnership level as 
items from a trade or business for purposes of applying section 163(j) 
at the partnership level. Instead, all such partnership items properly 
allocable to passive investors will be treated as items from an 
investment activity of the partnership, for purposes of sections 163(j) 
and 163(d).
    As stated in the preamble to 2020 Proposed Regulations, this 
approach, in order to be effective, presumes that a trading partnership 
generally will possess knowledge regarding whether its individual 
partners are passive investors in its trading activity. Because no 
rules currently exist requiring a partner to inform the partnership 
whether the partner has grouped activities of the trading partnership 
with other activities of the partner outside of the partnership, the 
2020 Proposed Regulations include a revision to the section 469 
activity grouping rules to provide that any activity described in 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii) may not be grouped with any other activity of 
the partner, including any other activity described in section 
163(d)(5)(A)(ii).
    In response to the decision to bifurcate interest expenses from a 
trading activity, one commenter stated that the bifurcation approach 
was inconsistent with section 163(j)(5). According to the comment, the 
statute does not support the partnership having BIE for some partners 
and investment interest expense for others. Rather, once a partnership 
determines that it is investment interest expense that same interest 
expense cannot also be BIE of the partnership. The commenter read 
section 163(j) to mean that if a partnership is engaged in a trade or 
business that is not a passive activity and with respect to which 
certain owners do not materially participate, then the interest expense 
allocable to the partnership's trade or business is investment interest 
and section 163(j) does not apply to any of the interest expense.
    Alternatively, the commenter recommended that, to the extent the 
Treasury Department and the IRS determine that materially participating 
partners should be subject to limitation under either section 163(d) or 
section 163(j), a rule similar to that for corporate partners should be 
adopted. Under such a rule, a trading partnership would treat all of 
its interest expense as investment interest expense at the partnership 
level with respect to all of its partners, and the interest expense 
allocable to a non-passive investor would be recharacterized as BIE by 
such non-passive investor. This approach, according to the commenter, 
would achieve a similar result as the proposed bifurcation approach 
while eliminating the administrative complexities associated with a 
partnership having to determine whether each of its partners is 
materially participating.
    As stated in the preamble to the 2020 Proposed Regulations, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS considered treating all interest 
expense of a trading partnership as investment interest expense but 
concluded that it was inconsistent with the intent of section 163(j) to 
limit BIE of a partnership. The commenter's alternative approach also 
is inconsistent with the statute because it ignores the fact that the 
trading partnership is engaged in trade or business and, therefore, any 
BIE should be subject to section 163(j). Such an approach would further 
diverge from the application of section 163(j), particularly with 
respect to business interest carryforwards. Partnership BIE that is 
limited under section 163(j)(4) is carried forward by the partner as 
EBIE and is not treated as paid or accrued in succeeding taxable years 
until the partner receives ETI from the same partnership. Under the 
commenter's approach, the partner, if subject to section 163(j), would 
treat the interest expense as paid or accrued in the succeeding tax 
year under section 163(j)(2) without requiring an allocation of ETI or 
excess BII (EBII) from the partnership. The bifurcation approach in the 
2020 Proposed Regulations, and in these final regulations, preserves 
the partnership-level application of section 163(j) for those partners 
who are non-passive investors in the trade or business of the 
partnership as well as the carryover rules applicable at the partner-
level.
    Another commenter suggested an alternative under which section 
163(j) would be applied at the partnership level and any EBIE would be 
allocated to the partners. Any direct or indirect partner that is a 
non-passive investor in the partnership's trading activity would 
continue to apply the rules of section 163(j) to the EBIE received from 
the partnership. For partners who did not materially participate in the 
partnership's trading activity, any allocated EBIE from the partnership 
would be fully deductible subject to any partner-level section 163(d) 
limitation.

[[Page 5504]]

Under this approach, any EBIE received by a passive investor would be 
treated as paid or accrued in the current year and not subject to the 
carryover rules under section 163(j)(4)(B). The Treasury Department and 
the IRS do not adopt this comment as the approach is inconsistent with 
the statutory language and intent of section 163(j)(5) because the 
second sentence of section 163(j)(5) specifically states that BIE shall 
not include investment interest expense.
    Several commenters opposed the revision of the grouping rule under 
section 469 to prohibit the grouping of trading activities. Proposed 
Sec.  1.469-4(d)(6) provides that a trading activity described in 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii) may not be grouped with any other activity of 
the taxpayer, including another trading activity. One commenter 
observed that such a rule would discourage trading funds from using 
multiple partnerships because it may result in partners never being 
able to demonstrate material participation in the trading activity 
under the 500 hour test or any other material participation test (i.e., 
Sec.  1.469-5T(a)) for any one partnership, even though the partner 
would materially participate in a properly grouped activity. Another 
acknowledged the administrative burden associated with partnerships 
evaluating the activities of their passive partners but highlighted 
that partnerships were already required to collect details about 
partner's tax status in similar situations. A third suggested that the 
grouping rule could be modified to permit a partner to group activities 
provided the partner provides sufficient information to the partnership 
to enable it to identify the taxpayer as a materially participating 
partner.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt these 
recommendations because the rules under section 469 adequately address 
these concerns. Activity under section 469 is broadly defined to be a 
trade or business under section 162 and the rules further provide for 
grouping by a partnership or S corporation. As addressed previously, 
for the bifurcation method to be effective, modification of the section 
469 grouping rules is necessary to avoid potential abuse and to allow 
the trading partnership to presume that an individual partner is a 
passive investor in the trading activity based solely on the 
partnership's understanding as to the lack of work performed in the 
trading activity. Additionally, if grouping were allowed, then passive 
partners could group their other trade or business activities, in which 
they materially participate, with their trading activity in order to 
become a material participant as to the trading activity, thus, 
avoiding the section 163(d) limit at the partner level. The final 
regulations clarify that this grouping rule applies only to 
individuals, estates, trusts, closely held C corporations, and personal 
service corporations that may directly or indirectly own interests in 
trading activities described in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to 
section 163(d)(5)(ii).
    One commenter observed that the proposed regulations do not discuss 
a tiered partnership structure with respect to the material 
participation rules. The Treasury Department and the IRS determined 
that such a rule is not needed. The bifurcation approach in proposed 
Sec.  1.163(j)-1(c)(1) and (2) applies where interest income or expense 
is allocable to one or more partners that do not materially participate 
(within the meaning of section 469), as described in section 
163(d)(5)(A)(ii). Thus, in a tiered structure where interest is not 
allocable to one or more partners that do not materially participate, 
the rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(c)(1) and (2) do not apply and the 
interest expense is subject to the rules under section 163(j)(4).
    The same commenter recommended the final regulations provide that 
if a partner that has EBIE ceases to materially participate in a later 
taxable year, the EBIE would be allowed in a later year subject to any 
section 163(d) limitation; and conversely, if a passive investor 
partner has a section 163(d) investment carryover and then materially 
participates in a later taxable year, the 163(d) carryover would be 
allowed subject to any partner-level section 163(j) limitation. In 
light of concerns with partners shifting between participating and not 
participating in the trading activity in order to unsuspend EBIE, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS determined that such a rule is not 
warranted.
    One commenter requested transition relief for trading partnerships 
that may have relied on the statement contained in the preamble to the 
2018 Proposed Regulations that the BIE of the partnership allocable to 
trading activity will be subject to section 163(j) at the entity level, 
even if the interest expense is later subject to limitation under 
section 163(d) at the individual partner level. Partnerships that 
relied on the 2018 Proposed Regulations may have allocated EBIE to 
partners who do not materially participate in the trading activity of 
the partnership. Under the final regulations, partnerships carrying on 
trading activities do not allocate ETI or EBII from trading activities 
to their partners who do not materially participate in those 
activities. Rather, any interest expense and all other items from such 
activities allocable to these partners will be treated as items derived 
from an investment activity of the partnership. As a result, passive 
investors that were previously allocated EBIE from the trading 
partnership generally will not be allocated any ETI or EBII from that 
partnership in future years against which they can offset the EBIE.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that relief should be 
accorded to partners of trading partnerships that do not materially 
participate in the trading activity and that relied on the statement in 
the preamble to the 2018 Proposed Regulations. Accordingly, a 
transition rule is provided in the final regulations to permit passive 
investors in a partnership engaged in a trading activity to deduct EBIE 
allocated to them from the partnership in any taxable year ending prior 
to the effective date of the final regulations without regard to the 
amount of ETI or EBII that may be allocated by the partnership to the 
partner in the first taxable year ending on or after the effective date 
of these final regulations.
    For purposes of this transition rule, any EBIE that is no longer 
subject to disallowance under section 163(j) solely as a result of this 
transition rule will not be subject to limitation or disallowance under 
section 163(d). In such case, the partnership treated the interest 
expense as business interest expense for purposes of calculating its 
limitation under section 163(j). The treatment of interest expense by 
the partnership as BIE in prior years is not affected by this 
transition rule. Accordingly, the rule in section 163(j)(5) that 
interest expense cannot be treated as both BIE and investment interest 
expense would still apply, and the BIE of the partnership cannot be 
treated as investment interest expense of the partner in future years.
    The commenter also observed that a corporate partner is never 
subject to section 163(d) regardless of material participation and 
requested clarification whether section 163(j) applies to a trading 
partnership's corporate partner at the partner or partnership level. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the 
regulations as proposed adequately addressed this situation. Generally, 
a corporate partner is not a passive investor subject to section 
163(d)(5)(A)(ii); therefore, the rules under proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-
6(c) would not apply.
    In the 2020 Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS requested comments regarding whether similar rules should be 
adopted with

[[Page 5505]]

respect to S corporations that also may be involved in trading 
activities, and whether such rules would be compatible with subchapter 
S. One commenter recommended that the final regulations provide that an 
S corporation engaged in a trading activity be required to bifurcate 
its interest expense between shareholders who materially participate in 
the trading activity and shareholders who do not materially participate 
and apply section 163(j) to the former and section 163(d) to the latter 
at the S corporation level.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate this recommendation 
but, as acknowledged by the commenter, the implementation of such a 
rule would require different allocations of S corporation income and 
other items among shareholders of the S corporation. Unlike 
partnerships, S corporations must allocate items pro rata to the 
shareholders, in accordance with their respective percentages of stock 
ownership in the corporation. See generally section 1377(a)(1). 
Therefore, with regard to S corporations, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that (i) section 163(d) should continue to be 
applied at the shareholder level, and (ii) as provided by section 
163(j)(4)(A) and (D), section 163(j) should continue to be applied at 
the S corporation level. Consequently, the final regulations do not 
incorporate the commenter's recommendation.

C. Treatment of Business Interest Income and Business Interest Expense 
With Respect to Lending Transactions Between a Partnership and a 
Partner (Self-Charged Lending Transactions)

    The 2020 Proposed Regulations provide that, in the case of a self-
charged lending transaction between a lending partner and a borrowing 
partnership in which the lending partner owns a direct interest, any 
BIE of the borrowing partnership attributable to a self-charged lending 
transaction is BIE of the borrowing partnership for purposes of 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(n). However, to the extent the lending 
partner receives interest income attributable to the self-charged 
lending transaction and also is allocated EBIE from the borrowing 
partnership in the same taxable year, the lending partner may treat 
such interest income as an allocation of EBII from the borrowing 
partnership in that taxable year, but only to the extent of the lending 
partner's allocation of EBIE from the borrowing partnership in the same 
taxable year. To prevent the potential double counting of BII, the 
lending partner includes interest income re-characterized as EBII only 
once when calculating the lending partner's own section 163(j) 
limitation. In cases where the lending partner is not a C corporation, 
to the extent that any interest income exceeds the lending partner's 
allocation of EBIE from the borrowing partnership for the taxable year, 
and such interest income otherwise would be properly treated as 
investment income of the lending partner for purposes of section 163(d) 
for that year, such excess amount of interest income will continue to 
be treated as investment income of the lending partner for that year 
for purposes of section 163(d).
    One commenter generally supported the approach for self-charged 
lending transactions provided in the 2020 Proposed Regulations and 
expected that many taxpayers may benefit from this rule. However, the 
commenter noted that the rule applies only to self-charged lending 
transactions where the lending partners directly own interests in the 
borrowing partnerships and stated that this rule is too narrow. The 
commenter recommended that the rule be broadened to include loans to a 
partnership by other members in the same consolidated group as a 
corporate partner. In addition, the commenter recommended that the rule 
for self-charged lending transactions should be expanded to include 
lending partners in upper-tier partnerships who make loans to lower-
tier partnerships. The commenter stated that in both cases, the 
interest expense would ultimately flow up to the same taxpayer that 
recognizes the interest income.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the rule 
for self-charged lending transactions should be adopted in the final 
regulations without change. With respect to the recommendation that the 
self-charged lending rule should apply to indirect lenders in tiered-
partnership situations, the Treasury Department and the IRS concluded 
that adopting a rule to allow interest income of a partner in an upper-
tier partnership that lent money to a lower-tier partnership to offset 
EBIE that may be suspended in a lower-tier partnership would add undue 
complexity to these rules, and such rules would likely become more 
difficult to administer, particularly with respect to large and complex 
multi-tiered entity structures. With respect to the recommendation to 
extend the rule to apply to corporate partners where the lender is a 
member of the same consolidated group of corporations, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS continue to consider whether this would be 
appropriate for inclusion in future guidance. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS are also considering additional guidance that would limit 
the application of the self-charged interest rule to a lender that is 
subject to tax under section 511, due to the special rules that apply 
to the calculation of unrelated business taxable income under section 
512. See Sec.  1.512(a)-6.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS solicited comments in the 2020 
Proposed Regulations regarding whether the rule for self-charged 
lending transactions between partnerships and lending partners (or a 
similar rule) should apply to, lending transactions between S 
corporations and lending shareholders. No comments were received in 
response to this solicitation. The pro rata allocation requirements 
applicable to S corporations make adopting rules similar to those 
provided for partnership self-charged lending transactions difficult to 
apply and could potentially impact the eligibility requirements under 
subchapter S. Accordingly, the final regulations do not provide such a 
rule.

D. CARES Act Partnership Rules

    The 2020 Proposed Regulations provide special rules for partners 
and partnerships for taxable years beginning in 2019 or 2020 under 
section 163(j)(10) as enacted by the CARES Act. Proposed Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(g)(4) provides that 50 percent of any EBIE allocated to a 
partner for any taxable year beginning in 2019 is treated as BIE paid 
or accrued by the partner in the partner's first taxable year beginning 
in 2020 (referred to in the 2020 Proposed Regulations as Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense). The amount that is treated 
as BIE paid or accrued by the partner in the partner's 2020 taxable 
year is not subject to a section 163(j) limitation at the partner 
level. The 2020 Proposed Regulations further provide that if a partner 
disposes of its interest in the partnership in the partnership's 2019 
or 2020 taxable year, the amount treated as BIE paid or accrued by the 
partner under proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) is deductible by the 
partner and thus does not result in a basis increase under Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(h)(3). The 2020 Proposed Regulations state that a taxpayer 
may elect to not have Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) apply, and provide two 
examples illustrating these rules in Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(o)(35) and 
(o)(36). The Treasury Department and the IRS specifically requested 
comments on these proposed rules and on whether further guidance was 
necessary.
    One commenter agreed with the approach taken in the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations, but requested that the final regulations clarify that an 
election out of

[[Page 5506]]

the 50 percent EBIE rule is made by a partner with respect to each 
partnership in which the partner holds an interest. The commenter 
stated that partners may have different reasons to elect out of the 50 
percent EBIE rule and that by allowing partners to make the election 
out with respect to each partnership, partners will have greater 
flexibility in managing their tax consequences.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this comment. Thus, 
the final regulations clarify that partners may elect out of the 50 
percent EBIE rule on a partnership by partnership basis.
    Another commenter requested confirmation with respect to an aspect 
of the example in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(o)(36). In the example, the partner 
is allocated EBIE in 2018 and 2019 and sells its partnership interest 
in 2019. The commenter requested confirmation that the partner would 
not deduct 50 percent of the EBIE since the sale of the partnership 
interest occurred in 2019, resulting in a gain/loss recognition event 
during the 2019 taxable year, and there would be no basis in the 
partnership for the partner to deduct 50 percent of the 2019 EBIE.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the example, as 
drafted in the proposed regulations, represents a correct 
interpretation of the regulations and are therefore finalizing the 
example without change. However, these final regulations clarify that 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense can be deducted by the 
disposing partner except to the extent that the business interest 
expense is negative section 163(j) expense as defined in Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(h)(1) immediately before the disposition. Under the example 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(o)(36), the partner treats 50 percent of 2019 EBIE 
($10 x 50%) as Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense. 
Section 1.163(j)-6(g)(4) provides that if a partner disposes of a 
partnership interest in the partnership's 2019 or 2020 taxable year, 
the partner can deduct the Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest 
expense and there is no basis increase under Sec.  1.163(j)-6(h)(3) for 
this amount. Thus, unless the partner elects out of the 50 percent EBIE 
rule, the partner would have a $25 loss (instead of a $30 loss) from 
the sale of its partnership interest in 2019 and $5 of deductible BIE 
that is not subject to a section 163(j) limitation at the partner 
level.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received one comment on 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5). This commenter stated that the 
proposed regulations disregard the ``11-step approach'' in Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(f)(2), and instead point to different mechanics of a tiered 
partnership allocation rule under proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(j)(9). The 
commenter recommended additional guidance and examples on the 
application of the proposed regulations to non-tiered partnerships and 
partnerships that historically allocate all items pro rata.
    In light of this comment, and in light of the fact that the tiered 
partnership rules in the proposed regulations are not being finalized 
at this time, the Treasury Department and the IRS believe that a 
simpler method for a partnership to take into account 2019 ATI in 2020 
is warranted. Therefore, these final regulations prescribe a simplified 
method that applies when a partnership uses its 2019 section 704 
income, gain, loss, and deduction amounts in determining its 2020 
allocable ATI and include an illustrative example.

V. Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7: Application of 
the Section 163(j) Limitation to Foreign Corporations and United States 
Shareholders

A. Overview

    Section 1.163(j)-7 provides rules for applying section 163(j) to 
relevant foreign corporations and their United States shareholders 
(U.S. shareholders).
    As described in this part V of the Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to study aspects of proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7. Accordingly, 
the final regulations reserve on Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(iii) (treating 
a CFC group as single C corporation for purposes of allocations to an 
excepted trade or business) and (iv) (treating a CFC group as single 
taxpayer for purposes of treating amounts as interest), (f)(2) 
(ordering rule when a CFC group member has ECI), and (j) (computation 
of ATI of certain United States shareholders of applicable CFCs), and 
related definitions in Sec.  1.163(j)-7(k). These paragraphs of the 
2020 Proposed Regulations are retained in proposed form and may be 
relied on to the extent provided in the Applicability Dates section.

B. Negative Adjusted Taxable Income of CFC Group Members

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c) provided rules for applying section 
163(j) to CFC group members. Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(i) 
provided that a single section 163(j) limitation is computed for a 
specified period of a CFC group based on the sum of the current-year 
business interest expense, disallowed BIE carryforwards, BII, floor 
plan financing interest expense, and ATI of each CFC group member. For 
this purpose, the ATI and other items of a CFC group member were 
generally computed on a separate-entity basis. Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-
7(c)(2)(i).
    Under the general rule of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(vii), ATI of a 
taxpayer cannot be less than zero (no-negative ATI rule). Two comments 
were received regarding the application of the no-negative ATI rule 
with respect to CFC groups and CFC group members. One of the comments 
stated that it is unclear how the rule applies to CFC group members. 
Both comments asserted that the no-negative ATI rule should apply with 
respect to the CFC group, rather than each separate CFC group member. 
As a result, the ATI of a CFC group would generally be reduced by the 
negative ATI of CFC group members, if any. One comment noted that 
consolidated groups have a single ATI amount, which takes into account 
losses of consolidated group members. Another comment noted that, if 
negative ATI of CFC group members is not taken into account, CFC group 
members could be required to deduct BIE in a taxable year in which the 
sum of the CFC group members' tested losses exceed the sum of their 
tested income; the comment questioned whether this result is 
appropriate, noting that it would often be more beneficial to carry 
forward the disallowed BIE to the subsequent taxable year in light of 
the fact that tested losses cannot be carried forward to subsequent 
taxable years.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the ATI of CFC group 
members should take into account amounts less than zero for purposes of 
determining the ATI of a CFC group. Accordingly, the final regulations 
provide that the no-negative ATI rule applies with respect to the ATI 
of a CFC group, rather than a CFC group member.

C. Transactions Between CFC Group Members

    In general, intragroup transactions are taken into account for 
purposes of computing a CFC group's section 163(j) limitation. However, 
proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(ii) provided an anti-abuse rule that 
disregarded an intragroup transaction between CFC group members if a 
principal purpose of entering into the transaction was to affect the 
CFC group's or a CFC group member's section 163(j) limitation by 
increasing or decreasing the CFC group or a CFC group member's ATI. 
Some comments requested a broader rule that would permit taxpayers to 
elect annually to disregard BII and BIE between CFC group members for 
purposes of applying section 163(j). The

[[Page 5507]]

comments asserted that this election would reduce the compliance burden 
on taxpayers.
    The final regulations do not provide an election to disregard 
intragroup BII and BIE. The effect of the requested election would be 
to allow a deduction for all intragroup BIE and to cause the section 
163(j) limitation applicable to other BIE (that is, BIE with respect to 
debt that is not between members of a CFC group) to be determined 
without regard to intragroup BII. Although the requested election would 
not affect the total amount of deductible BIE within the CFC group, it 
would change the location of the deduction within the CFC group (that 
is, the CFC group member for which a deduction is allowed). Moving a 
BIE deduction from one CFC group member to another may have significant 
Federal income tax consequences. For example, the location of a CFC 
group's interest deduction can affect the amount of a CFC group 
member's subpart F income and tested income (or tested loss) and, 
therefore, the amount of a U.S. shareholder's income inclusion under 
section 951(a) or 951A(a), respectively. Thus, the requested election 
could be used to inappropriately manipulate the impact of BIE 
deductions within a CFC group.
    However, the final regulations expand the anti-abuse rule so that 
it may apply not only to certain intragroup transactions that affect 
ATI but also to intragroup transactions entered into with a principal 
purpose of affecting a CFC group or a CFC group member's section 163(j) 
limitation by increasing the CFC group or a CFC group member's BII. 
This rule is intended to prevent taxpayers from artificially increasing 
the total amount of BII and BIE within a CFC group for a specified 
period in order to shift disallowed BIE from one CFC group member to 
another or change the timing of deductions of BIE. For example, a 
payment of BIE by a payor CFC group member to a payee CFC group member 
will generally result in an equal increase in the CFC group's section 
163(j) limitation (and therefore the amount of deductible BIE) as a 
result of the increase in the CFC group's BII. However, the increase in 
the CFC group's section 163(j) limitation is not necessarily allocated 
to the payor. Instead, under the ordering rules of Sec.  1.163(j)-
7(c)(3), the additional section 163(j) limitation would be allocated 
first to the payee to the extent it has BIE, and then may be allocated 
to other CFC group members. This type of transaction would be subject 
to the anti-abuse rule if it was entered into with a principal purpose 
of increasing the amount of BIE deductible by other CFC group members.

D. High-Tax Exceptions

1. Application of Section 163(j) to Controlled Foreign Corporations 
With High-Taxed Income
    One comment suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
consider a special rule for the application of section 163(j) to CFC 
group members that are subject to the subpart F high-tax exception 
under Sec.  1.954-1(d) or the GILTI high-tax exclusion under Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(7) (together, high-tax exceptions). For example, the 
comment suggested a multi-step approach under which section 163(j) 
would first be applied to CFC group members on a separate-entity basis 
for the purpose of applying the high-tax exceptions, and then ATI and 
BIE of CFC group members subject to the high-tax exceptions could be 
excluded in computing the CFC group's section 163(j) limitation.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that applying 
section 163(j) first to each CFC group member on a separate-entity 
basis, then applying the high-tax exceptions, and then reapplying 
section 163(j) to a CFC group by excluding income eligible for the 
high-tax exceptions, would significantly increase the administrative 
and compliance burdens of section 163(j) and therefore reduce the 
benefits of making a CFC group election. Furthermore, such an approach 
would be inconsistent with the general concept and purpose of a 
consolidated approach to the CFC group election; for example, it would 
increase the relevance of the location of intragroup debt and ATI 
within a CFC group and could inappropriately enhance the effective 
foreign tax rate of such income. Accordingly, the final regulations do 
not adopt this recommendation.
2. Disallowed Business Interest Expense Carryforwards and the High-Tax 
Exceptions
    Section 163(j) and the section 163(j) regulations generally apply 
to determine the deductibility of BIE of a relevant foreign corporation 
(which includes an applicable CFC) in the same manner as those 
provisions apply to determine the deductibility of BIE of a domestic C 
corporation. Section 1.163(j)-7(b). One comment requested that the 
Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that a CFC to which the high-
tax exceptions apply can still have a disallowed BIE carryforward.
    The high-tax exception does not modify the rules for determining 
the section 163(j) limitation or the amount of an applicable CFC's 
disallowed BIE carryforward. See part V.D.1 of this Summary of Comments 
and Explanation of Revisions section. Accordingly, an applicable CFC 
may have disallowed BIE carryforwards if the applicable CFC is subject 
to a high-tax exception in the taxable year(s) in which the disallowed 
BIE carryforwards arose.

E. Allocation of CFC Group Items to an Excepted Trade or Business

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(iii) provided that, for purposes of 
allocating items to an excepted trade or business under Sec.  1.163(j)-
10, all CFC group members are treated as a single C corporation. 
Similarly, proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(iv) provided that, for 
purposes of determining whether certain amounts are treated as interest 
within the meaning of Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(22), all CFC group members 
are treated as a single taxpayer. Several comments addressed the method 
of allocating items of a CFC group member to an excepted trade or 
business under Sec.  1.163(j)-10. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to study the proper method for allocating CFC group members' 
items to an excepted trade or business and when it is appropriate to 
treat a CFC group as a single entity. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS may address these issues in future guidance and will consider the 
comments at that time. Accordingly, the final regulations reserve on 
Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(iii) and (iv).

F. Limitation on Pre-Group Disallowed Business Interest Expense 
Carryforwards

1. Pre-Group Disallowed Business Interest Expense Carryforwards 
Attributable to Specified Group Members
    The 2020 Proposed Regulations provided special rules relating to 
disallowed BIE carryforwards of a CFC group member that arose in a 
taxable year before it joined the CFC group (pre-group disallowed BIE 
carryforwards). Under proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(3)(iv)(A)(1), a CFC 
group member cannot deduct pre-group disallowed BIE carryforwards in 
excess of the cumulative section 163(j) pre-group carryforward 
limitation. This limitation is determined in a manner similar to the 
limitation on the use of carryovers of a member of a consolidated group 
arising in a separate return limitation year (SRLY). See Sec.  1.1502-
21(c).
    One comment requested that the limitation on pre-group disallowed 
BIE carryforwards be removed, because it increases the compliance 
burden on taxpayers and any potential for loss

[[Page 5508]]

trafficking could adequately be addressed by an anti-abuse rule. 
Alternatively, if this request is not adopted, the comment requested 
that the limitation on pre-group disallowed BIE carryforwards not apply 
to disallowed BIE carryforwards that arose in a taxable year in which a 
CFC group election was available but prior to the first taxable year 
for which the CFC group election was in effect. The comment asserted 
that applying the limitation to such carryforwards is inappropriate 
because there is no loss trafficking concern unless a CFC is acquired 
from outside the group.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that it would 
be inappropriate for the limitation on deduction of pre-group 
disallowed BIE carryforwards to be replaced with an anti-abuse rule 
focused on loss trafficking. Loss trafficking concerns may arise 
anytime the ATI or BII of one CFC group member is used to allow a 
deduction for BIE of another CFC group member attributable to a taxable 
year before the other CFC group member joined the CFC group. As a 
result, the final regulations retain the limitation on the deduction of 
pre-group disallowed BIE carryforwards.
2. Application of Section 382 to CFCs Joining or Leaving a CFC Group
    As a general matter, the SRLY limitations described in Sec. Sec.  
1.1502-21(c) and 1.163(j)-5(d) do not apply to a member of a 
consolidated group if their application would result in an overlap with 
the application of section 382 (SRLY overlap rule). See Sec. Sec.  
1.1502-21(g)(1) and 1.163(j)-5(f). One comment requested clarification 
as to whether section 382 applies to a CFC that does not have ECI. The 
comment generally supported the limitation on pre-group disallowed BIE 
carryforwards but suggested that, if section 382 applies to CFCs, a 
rule similar to the SRLY overlap rule should be adopted to prevent the 
limitation on pre-group disallowed BIE carryforwards from applying to a 
CFC group member if its application would result in an overlap with the 
application of section 382.
    Section 382, by its terms, applies to the disallowed BIE 
carryforwards of foreign corporations regardless of whether they have 
ECI. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study 
certain aspects of the application of sections 163(j) and 382 to 
foreign corporations, including the possible application of a SRLY 
overlap rule to applicable CFCs joining or leaving a CFC group, as well 
as the computation of any relevant section 382(a) limitation. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS may address these issues in future 
guidance and will consider the comments at that time.

G. Specified Groups and Specified Group Members

1. The 80-Percent Ownership Threshold
    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(d) provided rules for determining a 
specified group and specified group members. A specified group includes 
one or more chains of applicable CFCs connected through stock ownership 
with a specified group parent, but only if the specified group parent 
owns stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2)(B) (which 
requires 80 percent ownership by value) in at least one applicable CFC, 
and stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2)(B) in each of 
the applicable CFCs (except the specified group parent) is owned by one 
or more of the other applicable CFCs or the specified group parent. 
Indirect ownership through a partnership or through a foreign estate or 
trust is taken into account for this purpose.
    Some comments requested that the ownership threshold for applying 
this rule be reduced to 50 percent, or ``more than 50 percent,'' in 
order to make the rule consistent with the ownership rules in sections 
957 and 954(d)(3). The comments asserted that a lower threshold would 
reduce the compliance burden of applying section 163(j) to CFCs on a 
separate-entity basis, would allow joint ventures to be included in the 
CFC group, and could prevent taxpayers from manipulating their 
ownership interests in order to break affiliation and exclude entities 
from the CFC group. One comment noted that local regulatory 
restrictions may prevent a U.S. shareholder from owning 80 percent of 
the stock in a CFC.
    Another comment requested that the ownership threshold be reduced 
to 50 percent with respect to a CFC that has only one U.S. shareholder. 
The comment asserted that, if a CFC has only one U.S. shareholder, 
there is no concern of potentially inconsistent treatment by different 
shareholders and there would be no need for additional procedural 
requirements (for example, a requirement to provide notice to other 
shareholders). Alternatively, the comment suggested that a specified 
group parent that is a qualified U.S. person be permitted to elect to 
treat a CFC as a CFC group member if it meets the 50 percent (but not 
the 80 percent) ownership threshold, even if the specified group parent 
is not the sole U.S. shareholder.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that it would 
be inappropriate to reduce the specified group ownership threshold 
below 80 percent. The application of section 163(j) to a CFC group is 
modeled on the rules for applying section 163(j) to a U.S. consolidated 
group under Sec.  1.163(j)-5. Accordingly, the definition of a 
specified group is generally consistent with the definition of an 
affiliated group under section 1504. In certain respects, the rules of 
Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c) have the effect of treating a CFC group as a single 
entity for purposes of section 163(j). Such treatment is not 
appropriate for CFCs that do not share at least 80 percent common 
ownership, that is, CFCs that are not highly related. Moreover, because 
one CFC group member's ATI and BII can be used by other CFC group 
members to deduct BIE, reducing the specified ownership threshold would 
increase the potential for one CFC group member to disproportionately 
benefit, or suffer a detriment, from the attributes of another CFC 
group member even though those CFCs are not highly related.
    As an alternative, one comment requested that a U.S. shareholder be 
permitted to take into account its pro rata share of CFC attributes in 
computing the CFC group section 163(j) limitation without regard to the 
percentage of the U.S. shareholder's ownership interest. This approach 
is not adopted in the final regulations because it would require 
different U.S. shareholders to calculate the section 163(j) limitation 
differently and separately track disallowed BIE carryforwards with 
respect to the same CFC.
2. Clarifications to Rules for Determining a Specified Group and 
Specified Group Members
    The final regulations make several clarifying changes to the rules 
for determining a specified group and specified group members. First, 
the definition of specified group in Sec.  1.163(j)-7(d)(2)(i) is 
modified to clarify that a specified group may exist when a qualified 
U.S. person directly owns all of its applicable CFCs rather than owning 
one or more chains of applicable CFCs.
    Second, the definition of specified group member in Sec.  1.163(j)-
7(d)(3) is modified to clarify that there must be at least two 
applicable CFCs in a specified group in order for any applicable CFC to 
be a specified group member and for a CFC group election to be 
available.
    Finally, the rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-7(d)(2)(vii) (concerning when a 
specified group ceases to exist) is modified to clarify that references 
to the common parent in Sec.  1.1502-75(d)(1),

[[Page 5509]]

(d)(2)(i) through (d)(2)(ii), and (d)(3)(i) through (d)(3)(iv) are 
treated as references to the specified group parent. This is the case 
even if the specified group parent is a qualified U.S. person and 
therefore not included in the specified group.

H. CFC Group Election

1. Timing and Revocation of the CFC Group Election
    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(e) provided rules and procedures for 
treating specified group members as CFC group members and for 
determining a CFC group. Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(e)(5) provided rules 
for making and revoking a CFC group election. Under the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations, a CFC group election could not be revoked with respect to 
any specified period of the specified group that begins during the 60-
month period following the last day of the first specified period for 
which the election was made. Similarly, once revoked, a CFC group 
election could not be made again with respect to any specified period 
of the specified group that begins during the 60-month period following 
the last day of the first specified period for which the election was 
revoked. The preamble to the proposed regulations requested comments as 
to whether a specified group that does not make a CFC group election 
when it first comes into existence (or for the first specified period 
following 60 days after the date of publication of the Treasury 
decision adopting the 2020 Proposed Regulations as final in the Federal 
Register) should be precluded from making the CFC group election for 
the following 60-month period.
    Some comments requested that taxpayers be permitted to make or 
revoke the CFC group election on an annual basis, due to the difficulty 
of predicting the effect of the election five years in advance 
(including the potential for changes in fact or law that could interact 
adversely with the CFC group election). The comments noted that, 
although the election is favorable in most cases, it could have 
unfavorable consequences in some circumstances.
    Some comments recommended against imposing a 60-month waiting 
period on specified groups for which a CFC group election is not made 
for the first specified period in which a specified group exists (or 
the specified period beginning 60 days after the regulations are 
finalized), because taxpayers may lack the resources or information to 
determine whether to make the election for the first taxable year in 
which it is available. Furthermore, some comments asked for 
clarification concerning when the 60-month period begins if a CFC group 
election is made or revoked with respect to a prior specified period. 
Finally, one comment recommended that the Treasury Department and the 
IRS consider providing an exception to the 60-month rule that would 
allow a CFC group election to be revoked when there is a ``change in 
control.'' The comment did not suggest a definition of change in 
control.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that taxpayers 
should not be permitted to revoke the CFC group election for a 
specified period beginning within 60 months after the specified period 
for which it is made or to make the CFC group election for a specified 
period beginning within 60 months after the specified period for which 
it is revoked. The CFC group rules are based in part on the 
consolidated return rules, which do not allow affiliated groups that 
have elected to file a consolidated return to discontinue the filing of 
a consolidated return without the consent of the Commissioner (which 
generally requires a showing of good cause). See Sec.  1.1502-75(c). In 
addition, if a corporation ceases to be a member of a consolidated 
group, that corporation generally is not permitted to rejoin the 
consolidated group before the 61st month beginning after its first 
taxable year in which it ceased to be a member of the group. Section 
1504(a)(3)(A).
    Moreover, an annual election would enable taxpayers to use section 
163(j) to inappropriately control the timing of BIE deductions. In 
general, the CFC group election is intended, in large part, to reduce 
taxpayer burden, including compliance costs and costs that might 
otherwise be incurred to restructure the location of debt within a CFC 
group solely for purposes of section 163(j), and to permit allocation 
of a CFC group's section 163(j) limitation to CFC group members with 
BIE. The CFC group election is not intended to allow taxpayers to 
select the most favorable result in every taxable year.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that it is not necessary 
to impose the 60-month waiting period on specified groups that have 
neither made nor revoked a CFC group election. Accordingly, the final 
regulations do not impose a 60-month waiting period on a specified 
group for which a CFC group election is not made for the first 
specified period in which a specified group exists (or the specified 
period beginning 60 days after the regulations are finalized). The 
final regulations provide, consistent with the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations, that the 60-month period begins after the last day of the 
specified period for which the election was made or revoked. See Sec.  
1.163(j)-7(e)(5). Therefore, if an election is made or revoked with 
respect to a specified period, the 60-month period begins to run on the 
day after the end of that specified period. Finally, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS continue to study whether an exemption to the 
60-month rule for revoking a CFC group election is appropriate when the 
ownership of the CFC group changes but the specified group continues 
and, therefore, the CFC group would also otherwise continue absent an 
exemption.
2. Disclosure Required for Taxable Years in Which a CFC Group Election 
is in Effect
    Under the 2020 Proposed Regulations, a designated U.S. person makes 
a CFC group election by attaching a statement to its relevant Federal 
income tax or information return. Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(e)(5)(iv). 
However, the 2020 Proposed Regulations did not require a statement to 
be filed for taxable years following the taxable year for which an 
election is made. In order to facilitate ongoing disclosure of the 
computation of the CFC group 163(j) limitation in subsequent taxable 
years, the final regulations provide that (in accordance with 
publications, forms, instructions, or other guidance) each designated 
U.S. person must attach a statement to its relevant Federal income tax 
or information return for each of its taxable years that includes the 
last day of a specified period of a specified group for which a CFC 
group election is in effect. See Sec.  1.163(j)-7(e)(6). The CFC group 
election remains in effect even if the required statement is not filed.

I. CFC Group Members With Effectively Connected Income

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(f) provided that if a CFC group member 
has income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. 
trade or business (ECI), then ECI items and related attributes of the 
CFC group member are not included in the calculation of the section 
163(j) limitation of the CFC group or in the allocation of the 
limitation among CFC group members, but are treated as items of a 
separate CFC (ECI deemed corporation) that is not treated as a CFC 
group member. A comment requested clarification concerning the proper 
method for allocating assets between the CFC group member and the ECI 
deemed corporation, which is relevant to the

[[Page 5510]]

allocation of BII and BIE to an excepted trade or business under Sec.  
1.163(j)-10.
    As discussed in part VI of this Summary of Comments and Explanation 
of Revisions section, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to 
study the application of section 163(j) to foreign corporations with 
ECI. The Treasury Department and the IRS may address these issues in 
future guidance and will consider the comment at that time. Before the 
issuance of such guidance, taxpayers should use a reasonable method for 
allocating assets between the CFC group member and the ECI deemed 
corporation. The method must be consistently applied to all CFC group 
members and each specified period of the CFC group after the first 
specified period in which it is applied.
    In addition, because the Treasury Department and the IRS continue 
to study the application of section 163(j) to foreign corporations with 
ECI, the final regulations reserve on Sec.  1.163(j)-7(f)(2) (ordering 
rule with Sec.  1.163(j)-8 when a CFC group member has ECI).

J. ATI Computation of an Applicable CFC

1. Foreign Income Taxes
    The 2020 Proposed Regulations provided that, for purposes of 
computing the ATI of a relevant foreign corporation for a taxable year, 
tentative taxable income takes into account a deduction for foreign 
income taxes. Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(g)(3). The preamble to the 2020 
Proposed Regulations requested comments on whether, and the extent to 
which, the ATI of a relevant foreign corporation should be determined 
without regard to a deduction for foreign income taxes. Some comments 
asserted that all foreign income taxes, or foreign income taxes imposed 
by the country in which a CFC is organized or a tax resident, should 
not be taken into account as a deduction for purposes of computing a 
CFC's ATI. The comments asserted that not taking into account a 
deduction for such foreign income taxes would provide parity between 
CFCs and domestic corporations, which do not deduct Federal income 
taxes (but may deduct state and foreign taxes) in determining their 
ATI.
    Other comments noted that, if a domestic corporation elects to 
claim a foreign tax credit, the deduction for foreign income taxes is 
disallowed under section 275(a)(4) and is not taken into account in 
determining the domestic corporation's ATI. Therefore, disregarding a 
CFC's deduction for foreign income taxes would conform the ATI of a CFC 
with that of a domestic corporation doing business through a foreign 
branch that elects to credit foreign income taxes. Another comment 
asserted that foreign income taxes should not be deducted to the extent 
a CFC's U.S. shareholders elect to credit foreign income taxes. 
Finally, several comments suggested that the proposed rule penalizes 
CFCs operating in high-tax jurisdictions.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that it is appropriate to 
determine the ATI of a relevant foreign corporation without regard to a 
deduction for foreign income taxes that are eligible to be claimed as a 
foreign tax credit. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that no 
deduction for foreign income taxes (within the meaning of Sec.  1.960-
1(b)) is taken into account for purposes of determining the ATI of a 
relevant foreign corporation. Thus, regardless of whether an election 
is made to claim a credit for these foreign income taxes, the foreign 
income taxes do not reduce ATI.
2. Anti-Abuse Rule
    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(g)(4) provided that, if certain 
conditions are met, when one specified group member or applicable 
partnership (specified borrower) pays interest to another specified 
group member or applicable partnership (specified lender), and the 
payment is BIE to the specified borrower and income to the specified 
lender, then the ATI of the specified borrower is increased by the 
amount necessary for the BIE of the specified borrower not to be 
limited under section 163(j). A partnership is an applicable 
partnership if at least 80 percent of the interests in capital or 
profits is owned, in the aggregate, directly or indirectly through one 
or more other partnerships, by specified group members of the same 
specified group.
    The final regulations provide that, for purposes of determining 
whether a partnership is an applicable partnership, a partner's 
interests in the profits and capital of the partnership are determined 
in accordance with the rules and principles of Sec.  1.706-1(b)(4)(ii) 
through (iii).

K. Safe Harbor

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(h) provided a safe-harbor election for 
stand-alone applicable CFCs and CFC groups. If the safe-harbor election 
is in effect for a taxable year of a stand-alone applicable CFC or 
specified taxable year of a CFC group member, no portion of the BIE of 
the stand-alone applicable CFC or of each CFC group member, as 
applicable, is disallowed under section 163(j). The safe-harbor 
election is intended to reduce the compliance burden with respect to 
applicable CFCs that would not have disallowed BIE if they applied 
section 163(j) by allowing taxpayers in general to use subpart F income 
and GILTI items in lieu of ATI. In general, the safe-harbor election 
measures whether BIE is less than or equal to the sum of 30 percent of 
the applicable CFC's subpart F income and GILTI (not to exceed the 
applicable CFC's taxable income), taking into account only amounts 
attributable to a non-excepted trade or business.
    The preamble to the 2020 Proposed Regulations requested comments on 
appropriate modifications, if any, to the safe-harbor election that 
would further the goal of reducing the compliance burden on stand-alone 
applicable CFCs and CFC groups that would not have disallowed BIE if 
they applied the section 163(j) limitation. In this regard, comments 
requested that the safe harbor be expanded to cover applicable CFCs and 
CFC groups that have BII that is greater than or equal to BIE. The 
comments noted that an application of section 163(j) would not disallow 
any BIE of an applicable CFC or CFC group that has net BII.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that it is appropriate 
for the safe-harbor to be expanded as requested because an application 
of section 163(j) in this case would not disallow any BIE. Accordingly, 
the final regulations provide that a safe-harbor election may be made 
with respect to a stand-alone applicable CFC or CFC group if its BIE 
does not exceed either (i) its BII, or (ii) 30 percent of the lesser of 
its eligible amount (in general, the sum of the applicable CFC's 
subpart F income and GILTI, taking into account only items properly 
allocable to a non-excepted trade or business) or its qualified 
tentative taxable income (that is, the applicable CFC's tentative 
taxable income determined by taking into account only items properly 
allocable to a non-excepted trade or business). Thus, under the final 
regulations, if either a stand-alone applicable CFC or a CFC group has 
BII that is greater than or equal to its BIE, it is not necessary to 
determine its qualified tentative taxable income or eligible amount in 
order to make the safe-harbor election. However, consistent with the 
2020 Proposed Regulations, the election may not be made for a CFC group 
that has pre-group disallowed BIE carryforwards.
    In addition, consistent with the changes described in part V.B of 
the Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section (providing 
that negative ATI of a CFC group member is taken into account for 
purposes of

[[Page 5511]]

computing the CFC group's section 163(j) limitation), the determination 
of the eligible amount of a stand-alone applicable CFC or a CFC group 
has been modified to account for tested losses, if any, of an 
applicable CFC. See Sec.  1.163(j)-7(h)(3). Rather than providing a 
formula for calculating each component of the eligible amount, the 
final regulations rely on existing rules under sections 951, 951A, 245A 
(to the extent provided in section 964(e)(4)), and 250 to determine the 
taxable income a domestic corporation would have had if it wholly owned 
the stand-alone applicable CFC or CFC group members and had no other 
assets or income. See Sec.  1.163(j)-7(h)(3).

L. Increase in Adjusted Taxable Income of United States Shareholders

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(j) provided rules that increase a U.S. 
shareholder's ATI by a portion of its specified deemed inclusions (as 
defined in Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(ii)(G)). Several comments were 
received on these rules. The Treasury Department and the IRS continue 
to study the method for determining the portion of the specified deemed 
inclusions of a U.S. shareholder that should increase its ATI. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS may address this issue in future 
guidance and will consider the comments at that time. Accordingly, the 
final regulations reserve on Sec.  1.163(j)-7(j).

VI. Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-8: Application 
of the Business Interest Deduction Limitation to Foreign Persons With 
Effectively Connected Income

    Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-8 provides rules for applying section 
163(j) to a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation with 
ECI. The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study methods of 
determining the amount of deductible BIE and disallowed business 
interest expense carryforwards that are allocable to ECI, such as the 
ATI ratio defined in proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-8(c)(1)(ii) and the 
interaction of proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-8 with the tiered partnership 
rules in proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-6(j). The Treasury Department and the 
IRS anticipate addressing these issues in future guidance and will 
consider the comments at that time. Accordingly, the final regulations 
continue to reserve on Sec.  1.163(j)-8.

VII. Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.469-9: Definition of 
Real Property Trade or Business

    Section 469(c)(7)(C) defines real property trade or business by 
reference to eleven types of trades or businesses that are not defined 
in the statute. The 2020 Proposed Regulations, in response to questions 
about the application of section 469(c)(7)(C) to timberlands, provided 
definitions for two terms--real property development and real property 
redevelopment--to further clarify what constitutes a real property 
trade or business.
    One commenter questioned why the preamble to the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations references the definition of ``farming'' in section 464(e), 
when the term ``farming business'' in section 163(j)(7)(C) is defined 
by reference to section 263A(e)(4) rather than to section 464(e). The 
commenter further noted that a section 263A(e)(4) ``farming business'' 
excludes not only timber but also any evergreen tree which is more than 
6 years old at the time severed from the roots. The commenter posited 
that there is no reason why such trees should be treated differently 
from timber for section 163(j) purposes.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded that no change 
is required to the definition of real property trade or business and 
that the definitions of ``real property development'' and ``real 
property redevelopment'' in proposed Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2)(ii)(C) and (D) 
should be adopted in the final regulations without change. However, it 
should be noted that Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2)(i)(B) references section 
464(e) to exclude farming activities from the definition of real 
property trade or business for purposes of section 469(c)(7)(C). In 
promulgating Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2)(i)(B), the Treasury Department and the 
IRS determined that the term ``farming'' as provided in section 464(e) 
is the most appropriate definition for purposes of section 469(c)(7). 
Section 464(e) generally excludes the cultivation and harvesting of 
trees (except those bearing fruit or nuts) from the definition of 
``farming.'' Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS note that 
the term ``timberland'' as used in Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2)(ii)(C) and (D) 
includes evergreen trees (including those described in section 
263A(e)(4)). Therefore, to the extent the evergreen trees may be 
located on parcels of land covered by forest, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS have concluded that the business activities of cultivating 
and harvesting such evergreen trees may be properly considered as a 
component of a ``real property development'' or ``real property 
redevelopment'' trade or business under the final regulations, and no 
additional clarification is needed in this regard. To the extent that 
any business activities of cultivating or harvesting evergreen trees do 
not explicitly fall within these two definitions, then such business 
activities may otherwise qualify under one or more of the other terms 
provided in section 469(c)(7)(C). Providing a definition for any of the 
remaining undefined terms in section 469(c)(7)(C) is beyond the scope 
of the final regulations.

VIII. Comments on and Changes to Proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-10

A. Proposed Limitation on Corporate Look-Through Rules

    For purposes of determining the extent to which a shareholder's 
basis in the stock of a domestic non-consolidated C corporation or CFC 
is allocable to an excepted or non-excepted trade or business under 
Sec.  1.163(j)-10, Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(B) provides several 
look-through rules whereby the shareholder ``looks through'' to the 
corporation's basis in its assets.
    The application of these look-through rules may produce distortive 
results in certain situations. For example, assume Corporation X's 
basis in its assets is split equally between X's excepted and non-
excepted trades or businesses, and that (as a result) X has a 50 
percent exempt percentage applied to its interest expense. However, 
rather than operate its excepted trade or business directly, X operates 
its excepted trade or business through a wholly owned, non-consolidated 
subsidiary (Corporation Y), and each of X and Y borrows funds from 
external lenders. Assuming for purposes of this example that neither 
the anti-avoidance rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-2(h) nor the anti-abuse rule 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(8) applies, Y's interest expense would not be 
subject to the section 163(j) limitation because Y is engaged solely in 
an excepted trade or business. Moreover, a portion of X's interest 
expense also would be allocable to an excepted trade or business by 
virtue of the application of the look-through rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-
10(c)(5)(ii)(B)(2) to X's basis in Y's stock.
    The anti-avoidance rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-2(h) and the anti-abuse 
rule in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(8) would preclude the foregoing result in 
certain circumstances. However, proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-
10(c)(5)(ii)(D)(2) would modify the look-through rule for domestic non-
consolidated C corporations and CFCs to limit the potentially 
distortive effect of this look-through rule on tiered structures in 
situations to which the anti-avoidance and anti-abuse rules do not 
apply. More specifically, proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(D)(2) 
would modify the look-through rule for non-consolidated C

[[Page 5512]]

corporations to provide that, for purposes of determining a taxpayer's 
basis in its assets used in excepted and non-excepted trades or 
businesses, any such corporation whose stock is being looked through 
may not itself apply the look-through rule (Limited Look-Through Rule).
    For example, P wholly and directly owns S1, which wholly and 
directly owns S2. Each of these entities is a non-consolidated C 
corporation to which the small business exemption does not apply. In 
determining the extent to which its interest expense is subject to the 
section 163(j) limitation, S1 may look through the stock of S2 for 
purposes of allocating S1's basis in its S2 stock between excepted and 
non-excepted trades or businesses. However, in determining the extent 
to which P's interest expense is subject to the section 163(j) 
limitation, S1 may not look through the stock of S2 for purposes of 
allocating P's basis in its S1 stock between excepted and non-excepted 
trades or businesses.
    Several commenters objected to the Limited Look-Through Rule. One 
commenter stated that the Limited Look-Through Rule should not be 
finalized because it would penalize taxpayers that incur debt at the 
holding company level but hold excepted trade or business assets 
through tiers of non-consolidated subsidiaries (such as CFCs) for non-
tax reasons. The commenter contended that this result is especially 
distortive in regulated industries, such as utilities, in which debt 
financing at the operating-entity level may be limited or prohibited by 
regulators. Another commenter noted that the Limited Look-Through Rule 
potentially conflicts with the single C corporation approach for CFCs 
under proposed Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(iii).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS remain concerned that 
application of the look-through rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-10 to non-
consolidated C corporations may produce distortive results in certain 
situations. However, as stated in the preamble to the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that 
taxpayers are organized into multi-tiered structures for legitimate, 
non-tax reasons and that it may be commercially difficult or impossible 
for taxpayers to limit or reduce the number of tiers in many cases. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS have therefore determined that such 
multi-tiered structures should be able to apply the look through rules 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-10. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
also determined that the application of the look through rules in Sec.  
1.163(j)-10 is inappropriate in cases where a principal purpose of a 
multi-tiered structure is to benefit from distortion under those rules.
    Thus, the final regulations replace the Limited Look-Through Rule 
with an anti-abuse rule providing that, for purposes of applying the 
look-through rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(B) and (C) to a non-
consolidated C corporation (upper-tier entity), that upper-tier entity 
may not apply those look-through rules to a lower-tier non-consolidated 
C corporation if a principal purpose for borrowing funds at the upper-
tier entity level or adding an upper-tier or lower-tier entity to the 
ownership structure is increasing the amount of the taxpayer's basis 
allocable to excepted trades or businesses.
    For example, P wholly and directly owns S1 (the upper-tier entity), 
which wholly and directly owns S2. Each of S1 and S2 is a non-
consolidated C corporation to which the small business exemption does 
not apply, and S2 is engaged in an excepted trade or business. With a 
principal purpose of increasing the amount of its basis allocable to 
excepted trades or businesses, P has S1 (rather than S2) borrow funds 
from a third party. S1 may not look through the stock of S2 (and may 
not apply the asset basis look-through rule described in Sec.  
1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(B)(2)(iv)) for purposes of P's allocation of its 
basis in its S1 stock between excepted and non-excepted trades or 
businesses; instead, S1 must treat its stock in S2 as an asset used in 
a non-excepted trade or business for that purpose. However, S1 may look 
through the stock of S2 for purposes of S1's allocation of its basis in 
its S2 stock between excepted and non-excepted trades or businesses.

B. 80-Percent Ownership Threshold in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(7)(i)

    A commenter recommended eliminating the 80-percent ownership 
threshold in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(7)(i) for applying the look-through 
rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii) to non-consolidated C 
corporations. More specifically, the commenter recommended providing 
that interest expense allocable to an equity interest in an entity 
engaged in an electing real property trade or business (RPTOB) be 
treated as allocated to an electing RPTOB to the extent the assets of 
that entity are attributable to an electing RPTOB, regardless of the 
level of the equity interest. The commenter stated that, because a 
less-than-80-percent interest in a subsidiary corporation is treated as 
allocable to a ``trade or business'' for purposes of the section 163(j) 
limitation, it is appropriate to treat the stock of that corporation as 
allocable to an electing RPTOB if the subsidiary corporation is an 
electing RPTOB, without regard to an ownership threshold.
    As stated in the preamble to the 2018 Proposed Regulations, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that non-consolidated 
entities generally should not be aggregated for purposes of applying 
the section 163(j) limitation. Moreover, as stated in the preamble to 
T.D. 9905, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that an 
80-percent ownership threshold is appropriate for domestic non-
consolidated C corporations because, unlike a partnership, a 
corporation generally is respected as an entity separate from its 
owner(s) for tax purposes and, unlike a partnership or an S 
corporation, a C corporation is not taxed as a flow-through entity. 
Thus, the final regulations do not accept the commenter's 
recommendation.

C. Application of Look-Through Rules to Small Businesses

    Section 1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(D) provides that a taxpayer may not 
apply the look-through rules in Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii) to a 
partnership, S corporation, or non-consolidated C corporation that is 
eligible for the small business exemption under section 163(j)(3) and 
Sec.  1.163(j)-2(d)(1), unless that entity elects under Sec.  1.163(j)-
9 for a trade or business to be an electing RPTOB or an electing 
farming business. Under Sec.  1.163(j)-9(b)(2)(i), an exempt small 
business entity that conducts a RPTOB may make a ``protective 
election'' for its RPTOB to be an excepted trade or business.
    A commenter noted that, if a taxpayer indirectly holds an interest 
in an electing RPTOB through an exempt upper-tier partnership that does 
not conduct an excepted trade or business, the taxpayer would be 
ineligible to allocate the taxpayer's interest expense to the electing 
RPTOB under T.D. 9905. To ensure that the owners of an exempt small 
business entity are treated consistently regardless of the entity's 
overall capital structure, the commenter recommended either (i) 
allowing the owners of an exempt small business entity to apply the 
look-through rules without the need for a ``protective election'' to be 
an excepted trade or business, or (ii) allowing the small business 
entity to elect to opt into the look-through rules.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the comments 
received on the application of the look-through rules

[[Page 5513]]

to small businesses. These comments concern provisions in T.D. 9905 
that were not revised in the 2020 Proposed Regulations, and the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that addressing these 
comments would exceed the scope of the final regulations. However, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS will continue to consider these 
comments for purposes of potential future guidance.

D. Alternative to Asset Basis Allocation

    A commenter recommended amending Sec.  1.163(j)-10 to permit 
taxpayers to use a fair market value allocation method when determining 
allocations of BIE for purposes of section 163(j). To discourage 
taxpayers from shifting allocation methods, the commenter recommended 
that a fair market value allocation election be irrevocable absent 
consent from the IRS.
    As explained in the preamble to T.D. 9905, disputes between 
taxpayers and the IRS over the fair market value of an asset are a 
common and costly occurrence. Moreover, in the TCJA, Congress repealed 
the use of fair market value in the apportionment of interest expense 
under section 864 of the Code (see section 14502(a) of the TCJA). As 
noted in the preamble to T.D. 9905, Congress stated that the ability to 
elect to allocate interest expense under section 864 on the basis of 
fair market value of assets has led to inappropriate results and 
needless complexity. For these and other reasons, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS continue to believe that allocating interest 
expense based on relative amounts of asset basis is more appropriate 
than a regime based on the relative fair market value of assets. Thus, 
the final regulations do not accept this comment.

Applicability Dates

    These final regulations apply to taxable years beginning on or 
after March 22, 2021. See additional discussion in part VI of the 
Special Analyses addressing the Congressional Review Act.
    Some provisions regarding the choice to apply the final regulations 
to taxable years beginning before the applicability date have changed 
from the 2020 Proposed Regulations. Commenters noted that these 
provisions in the 2020 Proposed Regulations were complicated. More 
specifically, in the 2020 Proposed Regulations, retroactive application 
of certain provisions requires application of all of the section 163(j) 
regulations contained in T.D. 9905, some or all of the provisions in 
these final regulations, and other specified provisions. Additionally, 
most provisions had to be applied to subsequent taxable years once 
applied for a taxable year (subsequent year application). As provided 
in this section, to simplify the applicability date provisions and 
provide certainty to taxpayers, these final regulations, except as 
otherwise described later in this Applicability Dates section, require 
taxpayers choosing to apply the final regulations to a taxable year 
beginning before the applicability date to apply the section 163(j) 
regulations contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by these final 
regulations, along with other specified provisions, and require 
subsequent year application.
    Except for Sec. Sec.  1.163-15 and 1.1256(e)-2, pursuant to section 
7805(b)(7), taxpayers and their related parties, within the meaning of 
sections 267(b) (determined without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 
707(b)(1), may choose to apply the rules of these final regulations to 
a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017,\1\ and before March 
22, 2021, provided that they consistently apply the section 163(j) 
regulations contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by these final 
regulations and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 
1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.382-7, 1.383-0, 
1.383-1,1.469-9, 1,469-11, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 
1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-36, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-90, 
1.1502-91 through 1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 
contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by these final regulations to that 
taxable year and each subsequent taxable year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Under the 2020 Proposed Regulations, for purposes of 
determining applicability dates, the term ``related party'' has the 
meaning provided in sections 267(b) and 707(b)(1). Section 267(c)(3) 
broadens the scope of related parties under section 267(b) by 
potentially treating individual partners in a partnership as related 
to a corporation owned by the partnership, even if the individual 
partners own only a small interest in the partnership. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that this broad scope is 
unnecessary in this context and may impede the ability of certain 
taxpayers to choose to apply the regulations to pre-applicability 
taxable years. Accordingly, under these final regulations, for 
purposes of determining applicability dates, the term ``related 
party'' is determined without regard to section 267(c)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Pursuant to section 7805(b)(7), taxpayers and their related 
parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) (determined without 
regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may apply the provisions of 
Sec.  1.163-15 or 1.1256(e)-2 of the final regulations for a taxable 
year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, 
provided that they consistently apply the rules in Sec.  1.163-15 or 
1.1256(e)-2, as applicable, to that taxable year and each subsequent 
taxable year.
    Alternatively, taxpayers and their related parties, within the 
meaning of sections 267(b) (determined without regard to section 
267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may rely on the rules in the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations to the extent provided in the 2020 Proposed Regulations.
    To the extent that a rule in the 2020 Proposed Regulations is not 
finalized in these final regulations, taxpayers and their related 
parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) (determined without 
regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may rely on that rule for a 
taxable year beginning on or after March 22, 2021, provided that they 
consistently follow all of the rules in the 2020 Proposed Regulations 
that are not being finalized to that taxable year and each subsequent 
taxable year beginning on or before the date the Treasury decision 
adopting that rule as final is applicable or other guidance regarding 
continued reliance is issued.

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    The IRS Notices, Revenue Rulings, and Revenue Procedures cited in 
this document are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or 
Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of 
Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or 
by visiting the IRS website at http://www.irs.gov.

Special Analyses

I. Regulatory Planning and Review--Economic Analysis

    Executive Orders 13771, 13563, and 12866 direct agencies to assess 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits, including potential economic, environmental, public 
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity. Executive 
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and 
benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility. 
For purposes of E.O. 13771 this rule is regulatory.
    These final regulations have been designated by the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) as subject to review under 
Executive Order 12866 pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA, 
April 11, 2018) between the Treasury Department and the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) regarding review of tax regulations. OIRA 
has designated these

[[Page 5514]]

regulations as economically significant under section 1(c) of the MOA. 
Accordingly, the OMB has reviewed these regulations.

A. Need for the Final Regulations

    The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) substantially modified the 
statutory rules of section 163(j) to limit the amount of net business 
interest expense that can be deducted in the current taxable year. 
Because this limitation on deduction for business interest expense is 
relatively new, taxpayers would benefit from regulations that explain 
key terms and calculations. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
published proposed regulations in December 2018 (2018 Proposed 
Regulations) and published final regulations in September 2020 (T.D. 
9905) to finalize most sections of the 2018 Proposed Regulations. 
Concurrently with the publication of T.D. 9905, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS published proposed regulations (2020 Proposed Regulations) 
to provide additional section 163(j) limitation guidance to T.D. 9905 
in response to certain comments to the 2018 Proposed Regulations. The 
final regulations are needed to bring clarity to instances where the 
meaning of the statute was unclear and to respond to comments received 
on the 2020 Proposed Regulations.

B. Background and Overview

    Section 163(j), substantially revised by the TCJA, provides a set 
of statutory rules that impose a limitation on the amount of business 
interest expense that a taxpayer may deduct for Federal tax purposes. 
This limitation does not apply to businesses with gross receipts of $25 
million or less (inflation adjusted). This provision has the general 
effect of putting debt-financed investment by businesses on a more 
equal footing with equity-financed investment, a treatment that 
Congress believed would lead to a more efficient capital structure for 
firms. See Senate Budget Explanation of the Bill as Passed by SFC 
(2017-11-20) at pp. 163-4. Subsequently, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, 
and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) amended section 163(j) to provide 
special rules relating to the ATI limitation for taxable years 
beginning in 2019 or 2020.

C. Economic Analysis

1. Baseline
    In this analysis, the Treasury Department and the IRS assess the 
economic effects of the final regulations relative to a no-action 
baseline reflecting anticipated Federal income tax-related behavior in 
the absence of the final regulations.
2. Summary of Economic Effects
    The final regulations provide certainty and clarity to taxpayers 
regarding terms and calculations that are contained in section 163(j), 
which was substantially modified by TCJA. In the absence of this 
clarity, the likelihood that different taxpayers would interpret the 
rules regarding the deductibility of business interest expense (BIE) 
differently would be exacerbated. In general, overall economic 
performance is enhanced when businesses face more uniform signals about 
tax treatment. Certainty and clarity over tax treatment also reduce 
compliance costs for taxpayers.
    For those situations where taxpayers would generally adopt similar 
interpretations of the statute even in the absence of guidance, the 
final regulations provide value by helping to ensure that those 
interpretations are consistent with the purpose of the statute. For 
example, the final regulations may specify a tax treatment that few or 
no taxpayers would adopt in the absence of specific guidance.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS project that the final 
regulations will have an annual economic effect greater than $100 
million ($2020) relative to the no-action baseline. This determination 
is based on the substantial volume of business interest payments in the 
economy \2\ and the general responsiveness of business investment to 
effective tax rates,\3\ one component of which is the deductibility of 
interest expense. Based on these two factors, even modest changes in 
the deductibility of interest payments (and in the certainty of that 
deductibility) provided by the final regulations, relative to the no-
action baseline, can be expected to have annual effects greater than 
$100 million. This claim is particularly likely to hold for the first 
set of general section 163(j) guidance that is promulgated following 
major legislation, such as TCJA, and for other major guidance, which 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined includes the final 
regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Interest deductions in tax year 2013 for corporations, 
partnerships, and sole proprietorships were approximately $800 
billion.
    \3\ See E. Zwick and J. Mahon, ``Tax Policy and Heterogeneous 
Investment Behavior,'' at American Economic Review 2017, 107(1): 
217-48 and articles cited therein.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the nature of the economic effects, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS project that the final regulations will increase 
investment in the United States and increase the proportion that is 
debt-financed, relative to the no-action baseline. They have further 
determined that these effects are consistent with the intent and 
purpose of the statute. Because the final regulations are projected to 
lead to a decrease in Federal tax revenue relative to the no-action 
baseline, there may be an increase in the Federal deficit relative to 
the no-action baseline. This may lead to a decrease in investment by 
taxpayers not directly affected by these final regulations, relative to 
the no-action baseline. This effect should be weighed against the 
enhanced efficiency arising from the clarity and enhanced consistency 
with the intent and purpose of the statute provided by these 
regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that 
the final regulations provide a net benefit to the U.S. economy 
relative to the no-action baseline.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have not undertaken more 
precise quantitative estimates of these effects because many of the 
definitions and calculations under section 163(j) are new and many of 
the economic decisions that are implicated by these final regulations 
involve highly specific taxpayer circumstances. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS do not have readily available data or models to estimate 
with reasonable precision the types and volume of different financing 
arrangements that taxpayers might undertake under the final regulations 
versus the no-action baseline.
    In the absence of such quantitative estimates, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have undertaken a qualitative analysis of the 
economic effects of the final regulations relative to the no-action 
baseline and relative to alternative regulatory approaches. This 
analysis is presented in Part I.C.3 of this Special Analyses.
    No comments on the economic analysis of the 2020 Proposed 
Regulations were received.
3. Economic Effects of Specific Provisions
a. Definition of Interest
    T.D. 9905 set forth several categories of amounts and transactions 
that generate interest for purposes of section 163(j). The final 
regulations provide further guidance on the definition of interest 
relevant to the calculation of interest expense and interest income. In 
particular, the final regulations provide rules under which the 
dividends paid by a regulated investment company (RIC) that earns net 
business interest income (BII) (referred to as section

[[Page 5515]]

163(j) interest dividends) are to be treated as interest income by the 
RIC's shareholders. That is, under the final regulations, certain 
interest income earned by the RIC and paid to a shareholder as a 
dividend is treated as if the shareholder earned the interest income 
directly for purposes of section 163(j).
    These final regulations clarify that reported dividends paid by 
RICs can include designations of BII for the purposes of the section 
163(j) limitation. This clarification makes clear that investment 
through RICs is treated, for purposes of the section 163(j) limitation, 
similarly to investment through other possible debt instruments. To the 
extent that taxpayers believed, in the absence of the final 
regulations, that dividends paid by RICs are not treated as BII for the 
purposes of the section 163(j) limitation, then taxpayers may respond 
to the final regulations by increasing investment in RICs. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that this treatment is 
consistent with the intent and purpose of the statute.
    Affected Taxpayers. The Treasury Department and the IRS have 
determined that the rules regarding section 163(j) interest dividends 
will potentially affect approximately 10,000 RICs. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS do not have readily available data on the number 
of RIC shareholders that would receive section 163(j) interest 
dividends that the shareholder could treat as BII for purposes of the 
shareholder's section 163(j) limitation. They further do not have data 
on the volume of dividends that would be eligible for this treatment.
b. Provisions Related to Partnerships
i. Trading Partnerships
    Section 163(j) limits the deductibility of interest expense at the 
partnership level. The final regulations address commenter concerns 
about the interaction between this section 163(j) limitation and the 
section 163(d) partner level limitation on interest expense that 
existed prior to TJCA. Under logic described in the preamble to the 
2018 Proposed Regulations, section 163(j) limitations would apply at 
the partnership level while section 163(d) limitations would apply at 
the partner level and these tests would be applied independently. 
Commenters suggested and the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
agreed that the correct interpretation of the statute is to exempt 
interest expense that is limited at the partner level by section 163(d) 
from the partnership-level section 163(j) limitation in accordance with 
the language of section 163(j)(5).
    The final regulations provide that interest expense at the 
partnership level that is allocated to non-materially participating 
partners subject to section 163(d) is not included in the section 
163(j) limitation calculation of the partnership. Generally, the 
section 163(d) limitation is more generous than the section 163(j) 
limitation. Relative to the 2018 Proposed Regulations, this change may 
encourage these partners to incur additional interest expense because 
they will be less likely to be limited in their ability to use it to 
offset other income. Commenters argued that exempting from section 
163(j) any interest expense allocated to non-materially participating 
partners subject to section 163(d) will treat this interest expense in 
the same way as the interest expense generated through separately 
managed accounts, which are not subject to section 163(j) limitations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS project that the final 
regulations will result in additional investment in trading 
partnerships and generally higher levels of debt in any given trading 
partnership relative to the 2018 Proposed Regulations. Because 
investments in trading partnerships may be viewed as economically 
similar to investments in separately managed accounts arrangements, 
they further project that the final regulations, by making the tax 
treatments of these two arrangements generally similar, will improve 
U.S. economic performance relative to the no-action baseline.
    Number of Affected Taxpayers. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that the rules regarding trading partnerships will 
potentially affect approximately 275,000 partnerships, not including 
their partners. This number was reached by determining, using data for 
the 2017 taxable year, the number of Form 1065 and Form 1065-B filers 
that (1) completed Schedule B to Form 1065 and marked box b, c, or d in 
question 1 to denote limited partnership, limited liability company, or 
limited liability partnership status; and (2) have a North American 
Industry Classification System (NAICS) code starting with 5231 
(securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage), 5232 
(securities and commodity exchanges), 5239 (other financial investment 
activities), or 5259 (other investment pools and funds). Additionally, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the rules 
regarding publicly traded partnerships will potentially affect 
approximately 80 partnerships, not including their partners. This 
number was reached by determining, using data for the 2017 taxable 
year, the number of Form 1065 and 1065-B filers with gross receipts 
exceeding $25 million that answered ``yes'' to question 5 on Schedule B 
to Form 1065 denoting that the entity is a publicly traded partnership. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS do not have readily available data 
on the number of filers that are tax shelters that are potentially 
affected by these provisions.
ii. Self-Charged Lending
    The 2018 Proposed Regulations requested comments on the treatment 
of lending transactions between a partnership and a partner (self-
charged lending transactions). Suppose that a partnership receives a 
loan from a partner and allocates the resulting interest expense to 
that partner. Prior to TCJA, the interest income and interest expense 
from this loan would net precisely to zero on the lending partner's tax 
return. Under section 163(j) as revised by TCJA, however, the 
partnership's interest expense deduction may now be limited. Therefore, 
in absence of specific regulatory guidance, the lending partner may 
receive interest income from the partnership accompanied by less-than-
fully-offsetting interest expense. Instead, the lending partner would 
receive excess business interest expense (EBIE), which would not be 
available to offset his personal interest income. This outcome has the 
effect of increasing the cost of lending transactions between partners 
and their partnerships relative to otherwise similar financing 
arrangements.
    To avoid this outcome, the final regulations treat the lending 
partner's interest income from the loan as excess business interest 
income (EBII) from the partnership, but only to the extent of the 
partner's share of any EBIE from the partnership for the taxable year. 
This allows the interest income from the loan to be offset by the EBIE. 
The business interest expense (that is, BIE) of the partnership 
attributable to the lending transaction will thus be treated as BIE of 
the partnership for purposes of applying section 163(j) to the 
partnership.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that the final 
regulations will lead a higher proportion of self-charged lending 
transactions in partnership financing, relative to the no-action 
baseline. In a self-charged lending transaction, the lending partner is 
on both sides of the transaction. It is the lender and, through the 
partnership, the borrower. Because of this, debt from

[[Page 5516]]

self-charged lending transactions is generally viewed as less risky 
than traditional debt, as both the lender and the borrower are 
incentivized to repay the loan without default. Therefore, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe that the better policy choice is to not 
subject self-charged lending transactions to section 163(j). The 
Treasury Department and the IRS further project that the final 
regulations will increase the proportion of partnership financing that 
is debt-financed relative to the no-action baseline. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that these effects are 
consistent with the intent and purpose of the statute.
    Number of Affected Taxpayers. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
do not have readily available data to determine the number of taxpayers 
affected by rules regarding self-charged interest because no reporting 
modules currently connect these payments by and from partnerships.
c. Provisions Related to Controlled Foreign Corporations (CFCs)
i. How To Apply Section 163(j) When CFCs Have Shared Ownership
    T.D. 9905 clarified that section 163(j) and the section 163(j) 
regulations generally apply to determine the deductibility of a CFC's 
BIE for tax purposes in the same manner as these provisions apply to a 
domestic corporation. The final regulations provide additional rules 
and guidance as to how section 163(j) applies to CFCs, including when 
CFCs have shared ownership and are eligible to be members of CFC 
groups.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered three options with 
respect to the application of section 163(j) to CFC groups. The first 
option was to apply the 163(j) limitation to CFCs on a stand-alone 
basis, regardless of whether CFCs have shared ownership. However, if 
section 163(j) were applied on a stand-alone basis, business interest 
deductions of individual CFCs might be limited by section 163(j) even 
when, if calculated on a group basis, business interest deductions 
would not be limited.
    Taxpayers could restructure or ``self-help'' to mitigate the 
effects of the section 163(j) limitation. Such an option would lead to 
restructuring costs for the taxpayer (relative to the third option, 
described later) with no corresponding economically productive 
activity.
    The second option, which was proposed in the 2018 Proposed 
Regulations, was to allow an election to treat related CFCs in a 
similar manner as partnerships with respect to their U.S. shareholders. 
Under this option, while the section 163(j) rules would still be 
computed at the individual CFC level, the business interest expense of 
each CFC group member that was subject to section 163(j) was limited to 
its share of the net business interest expense of the CFC group, and 
the ``excess taxable income'' of a CFC could be passed up from lower-
tier CFCs to upper-tier CFCs and U.S. shareholders in the same group. 
Excess taxable income is the amount of income by which a CFC's ATI 
exceeds the threshold amount of ATI below which there would be 
disallowed BIE.
    Comments to the 2018 Proposed Regulations suggested that computing 
a section 163(j) limitation for each CFC and rolling up CFC excess 
taxable income would be burdensome for taxpayers, especially since some 
multinational organizations have hundreds of CFCs. In addition, 
comments noted that the ability to pass up excess taxable income would 
encourage multinational organizations to restructure such that CFCs 
with low interest payments and high ATI are lower down the ownership 
chain and CFCs with high interest payments and low ATI are higher up in 
the chain of ownership. Similar to the first option, this restructuring 
would impose costs on taxpayers without any corresponding productive 
economic activity.
    The third option, which is adopted by the Treasury Department and 
the IRS in the final regulations, was to allow taxpayers to elect to 
apply the section 163(j) rules to CFC groups on an aggregate basis, 
similar to the rules applicable to U.S. consolidated groups. This 
option was suggested by many comments and is the approach taken in the 
final regulations. Under this option, a single section 163(j) 
limitation is computed for a CFC group by summing the items necessary 
for this computation (for example, current-year BIE and ATI) across all 
CFC group members. The CFC group's limitation is then allocated to each 
CFC member using allocation rules similar to those that apply to U.S. 
consolidated groups.
    The choice to use the consolidated approach versus the stand-alone 
entity approach may affect the amount of interest that can be deducted. 
The amount of interest that can be deducted may affect the amount of 
subpart F income and tested income for purposes of determining the 
amount of inclusions under sections 951 and 951A. However, the 
consolidated approach applies only for purposes of computing the 
section 163(j) limitation and not for purposes of applying any other 
Code provision, such as section 951 or 951A.
    This option reduces the compliance burden on taxpayers in 
comparison to applying the section 163(j) rules on an individual CFC 
basis and calculating the excess taxable income to be passed up from 
lower-tier CFCs to higher-tier CFCs. In comparison to the first and 
second options, this option also removes the incentive for taxpayers to 
undertake costly restructuring, since the location of interest payments 
and ATI among CFC group members will not affect the interest 
disallowance for the group. The Treasury Department and the IRS have 
not estimated this difference in compliance costs because they do not 
have readily available data or models to do so.
    The final regulations also set out a number of rules to govern 
membership in a CFC group. These rules specify which CFCs can be 
members of the same CFC group, how CFCs with U.S. effectively connected 
income (ECI) should be treated, and the timing for making or revoking a 
CFC group election. These rules provide clarity and certainty to 
taxpayers regarding the CFC group election for section 163(j). In the 
absence of these regulations, taxpayers may make financing decisions or 
undertake restructuring based on differential interpretations of the 
appropriate tax treatment, an outcome that is generally inefficient 
relative to decisions based on the more uniform interpretation provided 
by the final regulations.
    Number of Affected Taxpayers. The set of taxpayers affected by this 
rule includes any taxpayer with ownership in a CFC that is a member of 
a CFC group that has average gross receipts over a three-year period in 
excess of $25 million. The Treasury Department and the IRS estimate 
that there are approximately 7,500 taxpayers with two or more CFCs 
based on counts of e-filed tax returns for tax years 2015-2017. This 
estimate includes C corporations, S corporations, partnerships, and 
individuals with CFC ownership.
ii. Foreign Income Taxes and ATI of a CFC
    The 2020 Proposed Regulations provided that the ATI of a CFC is 
determined by taking into account a deduction for foreign income taxes. 
The preamble to the 2020 Proposed Regulations requested comments on 
whether, and the extent to which, the ATI of a CFC should be determined 
without regard to a deduction for foreign income taxes. The final 
regulations provide that the ATI of a CFC is determined without regard 
to a deduction for foreign income taxes that are eligible to be claimed 
as a foreign tax

[[Page 5517]]

credit. Thus, regardless of whether an election is made to claim a 
credit for these foreign income taxes, the foreign income taxes do not 
reduce ATI.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered three options, based 
on comments received, in determining the extent to which foreign income 
taxes paid by a CFC should be taken into account in determining its 
ATI. The first option would not take into account a deduction for 
foreign income taxes imposed by the national government of the country 
in which a CFC is organized or a tax resident, but would take into 
account a deduction for taxes imposed by sub-national levels of 
government. This would result in treating a CFC in an analogous manner 
to a domestic corporation, which does not deduct Federal income taxes 
(but may deduct state and foreign taxes) in determining its ATI. 
However, this option would result in the ATI of a CFC being determined 
in a different manner than the ATI of a domestic corporation doing 
business through a foreign branch that elects to credit foreign income 
taxes (as discussed in the next option). Furthermore, this option would 
increase (relative to the next option) the administrative and 
compliance burdens of taxpayers required to determine which foreign 
income taxes paid by a CFC are imposed by a national government and 
which are imposed by sub-national levels of government.
    The second option considered would not take into account foreign 
income taxes for which an election is made to claim a foreign tax 
credit. This option would conform the ATI of a CFC with that of a 
domestic corporation doing business through a foreign branch. If a 
domestic corporation doing business through a foreign branch elects to 
claim a foreign tax credit, the deduction for foreign income taxes is 
disallowed under section 275(a)(4) and is not taken into account in 
determining the domestic corporation's ATI. However, unlike a foreign 
branch that has a single owner, a CFC may have multiple shareholders. 
Because the election to credit foreign income taxes is made at the 
shareholder-level, this option would require a CFC to determine which 
of its shareholders elects to credit foreign income taxes, thereby 
increasing the administrative and compliance burdens. Furthermore, some 
shareholders of a CFC may elect to credit foreign income taxes, while 
other shareholders of the CFC may not elect or may not be eligible to 
elect a credit (for example, because the shareholder is a foreign 
corporation). Since the section 163(j) limitation is determined at the 
CFC-level, rather than on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, this 
option could result in one shareholder being affected by the election 
of an unrelated shareholder of the same CFC, an outcome that would 
generally lead to economically inefficient decision-making.
    The third option, which is adopted by the Treasury Department and 
the IRS in the final regulations, does not take into account a 
deduction for foreign income taxes that are eligible to be claimed as a 
foreign tax credit for purposes of calculating a CFC's ATI, regardless 
of whether the CFC's U.S. shareholders have made an election to claim a 
foreign tax credit. Relative to the first and second options, this 
option minimizes the administrative and compliance burden of 
determining ATI of a CFC, and also results in the greatest amount of 
ATI and section 163(j) limitation. In addition, this option does not 
treat CFCs located in high-tax countries differently than CFCs located 
in low-tax countries. Otherwise similar CFCs will have similar ATIs 
regardless of their foreign income taxes. In this way, the rule does 
not penalize U.S. shareholders of CFCs with high foreign taxes.
    Number of Affected Taxpayers. The population of affected taxpayers 
includes any taxpayer that is a U.S. shareholder of a CFC. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS estimate that there are approximately 10,000 to 
11,000 affected taxpayers based on a count of e-filed tax returns for 
tax years 2015-2017. These counts include C corporations, S 
corporations, partnerships, and individuals with CFC ownership that 
meet a $25 million three-year average gross receipts threshold. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not have readily available data on 
the number of filers that are tax shelters that are potentially 
affected by these provisions.
d. Election To Use 2019 ATI To Determine 2020 Section 163(j) Limitation 
for Consolidated Groups
    The final regulations provide that if a taxpayer filing as a 
consolidated group elects to substitute its 2019 ATI for its 2020 ATI, 
that group can use the consolidated group ATI for the 2019 taxable 
year, even if membership of the consolidated group changed in the 2020 
taxable year. For example, suppose consolidated group C has three 
members in the 2019 taxable year, P, the common parent of the 
consolidated group, and S1 and S2, which are both wholly owned by P. In 
the 2019 taxable year, each member of consolidated group C had $100 of 
ATI on a stand-alone basis, and that consolidated group C had $300 of 
ATI. In the 2020 taxable year, consolidated group C sells all of the 
stock of S2 and acquires all of the stock of a new member, S3. In the 
2019 taxable year, S3 had $50 in ATI on a stand-alone basis. Under the 
final regulations, consolidated group C may elect to use $300 in ATI 
from 2019 as a substitute for its ATI in the 2020 taxable year.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered as an alternative 
basing the 2019 ATI on the membership of the consolidated group in the 
2020 taxable year. In the example in the previous paragraph, this 
approach would subtract out the $100 in ATI from S2 and add the $50 in 
ATI from S3, for a total of $250 in 2019 ATI that could potentially be 
substituted for 2020 ATI for consolidated group C. This approach would 
add burden to taxpayers relative to the final regulations by requiring 
additional calculations and tracking of ATI on a member-by-member basis 
to determine the amount of 2019 ATI that can be used in the 2020 
taxable year without providing any general economic benefit.
    In addition, the 2019 tax year will have closed for most taxpayers 
by the time the final regulations will be published. This implies that 
a final rule based on the consolidated group composition in the 2019 
taxable year to calculate the amount of 2019 ATI that can be used in 
the 2020 taxable year will, relative to the alternative approach of 
using the composition in the 2020 taxable year, reduce the incentive 
for taxpayers to engage in costly mergers, acquisitions, or divestures 
to achieve a favorable tax result for those taxpayers for whom the 2020 
taxable year has not closed by the time the final regulations are 
published.
    Number of Affected Taxpayers. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
estimate that approximately 34,000 corporate taxpayers filed a 
consolidated group tax return for tax year 2017. This represents an 
upper-bound of the number of taxpayers affected by the final rule as 
not all consolidated groups would need to calculate the amount of 
section 163(j) interest limitation in tax years 2019 and 2020.

II. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The collection of information in the final regulations has been 
submitted to the OMB for review in accordance with the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)) (PRA). An agency may not 
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a 
collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control 
number.
    Books or records relating to a collection of information must be

[[Page 5518]]

retained as long as their contents may become material in the 
administration of any internal revenue law. Generally, tax returns and 
return information are confidential, as required by section 6103 of the 
Code.
iv. Collections of Information
    The collections of information subject to the PRA in the final 
regulations are in Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5), 1.163(j)-6(g)(4), 
1.163(j)-7(e)(5)(iv), 1.163(j)-7(e)(6), and 1.163(j)-7(h)(5).
    The collections of information in Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 
1.163(j)-6(g)(4) are required to make two elections relating to changes 
made to section 163(j) by the CARES Act. The election under Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(d)(5) is for a passthrough taxpayer to use the taxpayer's 
ATI for the last taxable year beginning in 2019 as its ATI for any 
taxable year beginning in 2020, in accordance with section 
163(j)(10)(B). The election under Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) relates to 
EBIE of a partnership for any taxable year beginning in 2019 that is 
allocated to a partner. Section 163(j)(10)(A)(ii)(II) provides that, 
unless the partner elects out, in 2020, the partner treats 50 percent 
of the EBIE as not subject to the section 163(j) limitation. If the 
partner elects out, the partner treats all EBIE as subject to the same 
limitations as other EBIE allocated to the partner.
    Revenue Procedure 2020-22 describes the time and manner for making 
these elections. For both elections, taxpayers make the election by 
timely filing a Federal income tax return or Form 1065, including 
extensions, an amended Federal income tax return, amended Form 1065, or 
administrative adjustment request, as applicable. More specifically, 
taxpayers complete the Form 8990, ``Limitation on Business Interest 
Expense under Section 163(j),'' using the taxpayer's 2019 ATI and/or 
not applying the rule in section 163(j)(10)(ii)(II), as applicable. No 
formal statements are required to make these elections. Accordingly, 
the reporting burden associated with the collections of information in 
Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 1.163(j)-6(g)(4) will be reflected in 
the IRS Form 8990 PRA Submissions (OMB control number 1545-0123).
    The collections of information in Sec.  1.163(j)-7 are required for 
taxpayers (1) to make or revoke an election under Sec.  1.163(j)-
7(e)(5)(iv) to apply section 163(j) to a CFC group (CFC group election) 
and to file an annual information statement to demonstrate how the CFC 
group calculated its section 163(j) limitation under Sec.  1.163(j)-
7(e)(6) (annual information statement), or (2) to make an annual 
election to exempt a CFC or CFC group from the section 163(j) 
limitation under Sec.  1.163(j)-7(h)(5) (safe-harbor election). The CFC 
group election or revocation of the CFC group election are made by 
attaching a statement to the US shareholder's annual return. Similarly, 
the annual information statement must be attached to the US 
shareholder's annual return. The CFC group election remains in place 
until revoked and may not be revoked for any period beginning before 60 
months following the period for which it is initially made. The safe-
harbor election is made on an annual basis.
    Under Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(i), to make an election on behalf of a 
foreign corporation, the controlling domestic shareholder provides a 
statement with its return and notice of the election to the minority 
shareholders under Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(ii) and (iii). See also Sec.  
1.952-2(b)-(c). These collections are necessary to ensure that the 
election is properly effectuated, and that taxpayers properly report 
the amount of interest that is potentially subject to the limitation.
B. Future Modifications to Forms To Collect Information
    At this time, the Treasury Department and the IRS are considering 
modifications to the Form 8990, ``Limitation on Business Interest 
Expense IRC 163(j),'' with regard to the elections under section 
163(j)(10) regarding the election under Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 
1.163(j)-6(g)(4), the CFC group election, annual information statement, 
and safe-harbor election. Any modifications to Form 8990 would not be 
effective until the form cycle for the 2021 taxable year. For the PRA, 
the reporting burden of Form 8990 is associated with OMB control number 
1545-0123. In the 2018 Proposed Regulations, Form 8990 was estimated to 
be required by fewer than 92,500 taxpayers.
    If an additional information collection requirement is imposed 
through these regulations in the future, for purposes of the PRA, any 
reporting burden associated with these regulations will be reflected in 
the aggregated burden estimates and the OMB control numbers for general 
income tax forms or the Form 8990, ``Limitation on Business Interest 
Expense Under Section 163(j)''.
    The forms are available on the IRS website at:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Form                          OMB No.              IRS website link              Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 1040............................  1545-0074..............  https://www.irs.gov/pub/ Published in the
                                                                 irs-pdf/f1040.pdf        Federal Register on 10/
                                                                 (Instructions: https://  30/2020. Public
                                                                 www.irs.gov/pub/irs-     comment period ends 12/
                                                                 pdf/i1040gi.pdf).        29/2020.
                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Link: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/30/2020-24139/proposed-extension-of-information-collection-request-submitted-for-public-comment-comment-request.
                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 1120............................  1545-0123..............  https://www.irs.gov/pub/ Published in the
                                                                 irs-pdf/f1120.pdf        Federal Register on 11/
                                                                 (Instructions: https://  3/2020. Public comment
                                                                 www.irs.gov/pub/irs-     period ends January 4,
                                                                 pdf/i1120.pdf.).         2021.
Form 1120S...........................  .......................  https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1120s.pdf
                                                                 (Instructions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1120s.pdf.).
Form 1065............................  .......................  https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1065.pdf
                                                                 (Instructions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1065.pdf.).
Form 1120-REIT.......................  .......................  https://www.irs.gov/pub/
                                                                 irs-pdf/f1120rei_
                                                                 2018.pdf
                                                                 (Instructions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1120rei.pdf.).
Form 8990............................  .......................  https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8990_accessible.pdf
                                                                 (Instructions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i8990.pdf.).
                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 5519]]

 
                                       Link: https://www.federalregister.org/documents/2020/11/03/2020-24251/proposed-collection-comment-request-for-forms-1065-1066-1120-1120-c-1120-f-1120-h-1120-nd-1120-s.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, when available, drafts of IRS forms are posted for 
comment at https://apps.irs.gov/app/picklist/list/draftTaxForms.htm. 
IRS forms are available at https://www.irs.gov/forms-instructions. 
Forms will not be finalized until after they have been approved by OMB 
under the PRA.

C. Burden Estimates

    The following estimates for the collections of information in the 
final regulations are based on the most recently available Statistics 
of Income (SOI) tax data.
    For the collection of income in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5), where a 
passthrough taxpayer elects to use the taxpayer's ATI for the last 
taxable beginning in 2019 as the taxpayer's ATI for any taxable year 
beginning in 2020, the most recently available 2017 SOI tax data 
indicates that, on the high end, the estimated number of respondents is 
49,202. This number was determined by examining, for the 2017 tax year, 
Form 1065 and Form 1120-S filers with greater than $26 million in gross 
receipts that have reported interest expense, and do not have an NAICS 
code that is associated with a trade or business that normally would be 
excepted from the section 163(j) limitation.
    For the collection of information under Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4), in 
which a partner elects out of treating 50 percent of any EBIE allocated 
to the partner in 2019 as not subject to a limitation in 2020, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS estimate that only taxpayers that 
actively want to reduce their deductions will make this election. The 
application of the base erosion minimum tax under section 59A depends, 
in part, on the amount of a taxpayer's deductions. Accordingly, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS estimate that taxpayers that are 
subject to both the base erosion minimum tax under section 59A and 
section 163(j) are the potential filers of this election. Using the 
2017 SOI tax data, the Treasury Department estimates that 1,182 firms 
will make the election. This estimate was determined by examining three 
criteria: First, the number of taxpayers subject to section 59A, 
namely, C corporations with at least $500,000,000 in gross receipts, 
second, the portion of those taxpayers that do not have an NAICS code 
associated with a trade or business that is generally not subject to 
the section 163(j) limitation (2211 (electric power generation, 
transmission and distribution), 2212 (natural gas distribution), 2213 
(water, sewage and other systems), 111 or 112 (farming), 531 (real 
property)), and, third, the portion of taxpayers satisfying the first 
two criteria that received a Form K-1, ``Partner's Share of Income, 
Deductions, Credits, etc.''
    The reporting burdens associated with the information collections 
in Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 1.163(j)-6(g)(4) are included in the 
aggregated burden estimates for OMB control numbers 1545-0074 in the 
case of individual filers and 1545-0123 in the case of business filers. 
The overall burden estimates associated with those OMB control numbers 
are aggregate amounts that relate to the entire package of forms 
associated with the applicable OMB control number and will in the 
future include, but not isolate, the estimated burden of the tax forms 
that will be created or revised as a result of the information 
collections in these regulations. No burden estimates specific to 
Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 1.163(j)-6(g)(4) of the final 
regulations are currently available.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects 
of the forms that reflect the information collection burdens related to 
the final regulations, including estimates for how much time it would 
take to comply with the paperwork burdens related to the forms 
described and ways for the IRS to minimize the paperwork burden.
    For the collections of information in Sec.  1.163(j)-7, namely the 
CFC group election and annual statement, and the safe-harbor election, 
and the corresponding notice under Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(iii), the most 
recently available 2017 SOI tax data indicates that, on the high end, 
the estimated number of respondents is 4,980 firms. This number was 
determined by examining, for the 2017 tax year, Form 1040, Form 1120, 
Form 1120-S, and Form 1065 filers with greater than $26 million in 
gross receipts that filed a Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. 
Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, where an interest 
expense amount was reported on Schedule C of the Form 5471.
    The estimated number of respondents that could be subject to the 
collection of information for the CFC group or safe-harbor election is 
4,980. The estimated annual burden per respondent/recordkeeper varies 
from 0 to 30 minutes, depending on individual circumstances, with an 
estimated average of 15 minutes. The estimated total annual reporting 
and/or recordkeeping burden is 1,245 hours (4,980 respondents * 15 
minutes). The estimated annual cost burden to respondents is $95 per 
hour. Accordingly, we expect the total annual cost burden for the CFC 
group election and safe-harbor election statements to be $118,275 
(4,980 * .25 * $95).

III. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    It is hereby certified that the final regulations will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    This certification can be made because the Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that the number of small entities that are 
affected as a result of the regulations is not significant. These rules 
do not disincentivize taxpayers from their operations, and any burden 
imposed is not significant because the cost of implementing the rules, 
if any, is low.
    As discussed in the 2018 Proposed Regulations, section 163(j) 
provides exceptions for which many small entities will qualify. First, 
under section 163(j)(3), the limitation does not apply to any taxpayer, 
other than a tax shelter under section 448(a)(3), which meets the gross 
receipts test under section 448(c) for any taxable year. A taxpayer 
meets the gross receipts test under section 448(c) if the taxpayer has 
average annual gross receipts for the 3-taxable year period ending with 
the taxable year that precedes the current taxable year that do not 
exceed $26,000,000. The gross receipts threshold is indexed annually 
for inflation. Because of this threshold, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS project that entities with 3-year average gross receipts below 
$26 million will not be affected by these regulations except in rare 
cases.
    Section 163(j) provides that certain trades or businesses are not 
subject to the limitation, including the trade or business of 
performing services as an employee, electing real property trades or 
businesses, electing farming businesses, and certain utilities as 
defined in section 163(j)(7)(A)(iv). Under the 2018 Proposed 
Regulations, taxpayers that otherwise qualified as

[[Page 5520]]

real property trades or businesses or farming businesses that satisfied 
the small business exemption in section 448(c) were not eligible to 
make an election to be an electing real property trade or business or 
electing farming business. Under T.D. 9905, however, those taxpayers 
are eligible to make an election to be an electing real property trade 
or business or electing farming business. Additionally, T.D. 9905 
provides that certain utilities not otherwise excepted from the 
limitation can elect for a portion of their non-excepted utility trade 
or business to be excepted from the limitation. Any economic impact on 
any small entities as a result of the requirements in the final 
regulations, not just the requirements that impose a PRA burden, is not 
expected to be significant because the cost of implementing the rules, 
if any, is low.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not have readily available 
data on the number of filers that are tax shelters, as defined in 
section 448(a)(3), that are potentially affected by these provisions. 
As described in more detail earlier in this preamble, the final 
regulations cover several topics, including, but not limited to, self-
charged interest, the treatment of section 163(j) in relation to trader 
funds, the impact of section 163(j) on publicly traded partnerships, 
and the application of section 163(j) to United States shareholders of 
controlled foreign corporations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not have readily available 
data to determine the number of taxpayers affected by rules regarding 
self-charged interest because no reporting modules currently connect 
these payments by and from partnerships. Additionally, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS do not have readily available data to determine 
the number of taxpayers affected by rules regarding debt proceeds 
distributed from a taxpayer account or from cash. However, the rules do 
not impose a significant paperwork or implementation cost burden on 
taxpayers. Under Notice 89-35, taxpayers have been required to maintain 
books and records to properly report the tax treatment of interest. The 
rules in Sec.  1.163-15 are a finalization of the rules in section VI 
of Notice 89-35, which extends the period in Sec.  1.163-
8T(c)(4)(iii)(B) from 15 to 30 days to determine whether debt proceeds 
have been distributed from a particular account.
    As shown in the following table, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS estimate that approximately 276 trading partnerships will be 
affected by these rules. The table was calculated using data for the 
2018 taxable year, the number of Form 1065 and Form 1065-B filers, with 
more than $26 million in gross receipts but less than the amount 
considered to be a small entity for purposes of this Regulatory 
Flexibility Act analysis, that (1) completed Schedule B to Form 1065 
and marked box b, c, or d in question 1 to denote limited partnership, 
limited liability company or limited liability partnership status; and 
(2) have a North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code 
starting with 5231 (securities and commodity contracts intermediation 
and brokerage), 5232 (securities and commodity exchanges), 5239 (other 
financial investment activities) or 5259 (other investment pools and 
funds).

   Form 1065 and 1065-B Filers + NAICS Codes + Gross Receipts Range +
              Schedule B, Question 1 Box b, c, or d Marked
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Schedule B,
     NAICS code  (description)      Gross receipts range  question 1 box
                                                             b, c or d
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5231 (securities and commodity      >$26M but not more                22
 contracts intermediation and        than $41.5M.
 brokerage).
5232 (securities and commodity      >$26M but not more                 0
 exchanges).                         than $41.5M.
6239 (other financial investment    >$26M but not more               242
 activities).                        than $41.5M.
5259 (other investment pools and    >$26M but not more                12
 funds).                             than $35M.
                                                         ---------------
    Total.........................  ....................             276
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that the rules regarding publicly traded partnerships might affect 
approximately 71 taxpayers. This number was reached by determining, 
using data for the 2018 taxable year, the number of Form 1065 and 1065-
B filers with gross receipts exceeding $25 million that answered 
``yes'' to question 5 on Schedule B to Form 1065 denoting that the 
entity is a publicly traded partnership.
    As noted earlier, the final regulations do not impose any new 
collection of information on these entities. These final regulations 
actually assist small entities in meeting their filing obligations by 
providing definitive advice on which they can rely.
    For the section 163(j)(10) elections for passthrough taxpayers 
under final Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) and 1.163(j)-6(g)(4), most 
small taxpayers do not need to make the elections because, as discussed 
above, they are not subject to the section 163(j) limitation. For small 
taxpayers that are subject to the limitation, the cost to implement the 
election is low. Pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2020-22, these 
passthrough taxpayers simply complete the Form 8990 as if the election 
has been made. Accordingly, the burden of complying with the elections, 
if needed, is no different than for taxpayers who do not make the 
elections.
    The persons potentially subject to final Sec.  1.163(j)-7 are U.S. 
shareholders of one or more CFCs for which BIE is reported, and that 
(1) have average annual gross receipts for the 3-taxable year period 
ending with the taxable year that precedes the current taxable year 
exceeding $26,000,000, and (2) want to make the CFC group election or 
safe-harbor election. Section 1.163(j)-7 of the final regulations 
requires such taxpayers to attach a statement to their return providing 
basic information regarding the CFC group or standalone CFC.
    As discussed in the PRA section of this preamble, the reporting 
burden for both statements is estimated at 0 to 30 minutes, depending 
on individual circumstances, with an estimated average of 15 minutes 
for all affected entities, regardless of size. The estimated monetized 
burden for compliance is $95 per hour.
    Accordingly, the Secretary certifies that the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    Pursuant to section 7805(f), the notice of proposed rulemaking 
preceding this final rule was submitted to the Chief Counsel for the 
Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on 
its impact on small business. No comments on the notice

[[Page 5521]]

were received from the Chief Counsel for the Office of Advocacy of the 
Small Business Administration.

IV. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires 
that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take certain 
other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any Federal 
mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a state, 
local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for 
inflation. These final regulations do not include any Federal mandate 
that may result in expenditures by state, local, or tribal governments, 
or by the private sector in excess of that threshold.

V. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (entitled ``Federalism'') prohibits an agency 
from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule 
either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on state and local 
governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts state law, 
unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of 
section 6 of the Executive Order. These final regulations do not have 
federalism implications and do not impose substantial direct compliance 
costs on state and local governments or preempt state law within the 
meaning of the Executive Order.

VI. Congressional Review Act

    The Administrator of OIRA has determined that this is a major rule 
for purposes of the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) 
(CRA). Under section 801(3) of the CRA, a major rule takes effect 60 
days after the rule is published in the Federal Register.
    Notwithstanding this requirement, section 808(2) of the CRA allows 
agencies to dispense with the requirements of section 801 when the 
agency for good cause finds that such procedure would be impracticable, 
unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest and the rule shall take 
effect at such time as the agency promulgating the rule determines. 
Pursuant to section 808(2) of the CRA, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS find, for good cause, that a 60-day delay in the effective date is 
unnecessary and contrary to the public interest.
    These final regulations resolve ambiguity with respect to the 
statute and certain aspects of the 2020 Proposed Regulations, prevent 
abuse through the application of several anti-abuse rules, and grant 
taxpayer relief that would not be available based solely on the 
statute. Following the amendments to section 163(j) by the TCJA, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS published the proposed regulations to 
provide certainty to taxpayers. In particular, as demonstrated by the 
wide variety of public comments in response to the proposed regulations 
received after the publication of the final regulations, taxpayers 
continue to express uncertainty regarding the proper application of the 
statutory rules and the final regulations under section 163(j). This 
uncertainty extends to the application of a number of important 
temporary provisions in section 163(j) enacted as part of the CARES Act 
that were intended to provide relief for taxpayers impacted by COVID-
19. The final regulations provide rules that are relevant to the 
application of these taxpayer-favorable provisions. Certainty with 
respect to these temporary provisions is essential so that taxpayers 
can accurately model the impact of these provisions on their liquidity 
in order to make timely informed business decisions during the limited 
periods in which these provisions are in place. Furthermore, in order 
to make informed business decisions, taxpayers will need to consider 
the potentially complex interaction of these temporary provisions, and 
section 163(j) more generally, with other Code provisions (for example, 
sections 59A, 172, and 250), which further heightens the need for 
prompt guidance. Consistent with Executive Order 13924 (May 19, 2020), 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have therefore determined that an 
expedited effective date of the final regulations would ``give 
businesses . . . the confidence they need to re-open by providing 
guidance on what the law requires.'' 85 FR 31353-4. Accordingly, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the rules in this 
Treasury decision will take effect on the date it is filed with the 
Office of the Federal Register for public inspection.

Drafting Information

    The principal authors of these regulations are Susie Bird, Charlie 
Gorham, Nathaniel Kupferman, Jaime Park, Sophia Wang, and James 
Williford (Income Tax & Accounting), Vishal Amin, Brian Choi, Jacob 
Moore, Adrienne M. Mikolashek, and William Kostak (Passthroughs and 
Special Industries), Azeka J. Abramoff and Raphael J. Cohen 
(International), Russell G. Jones and John B. Lovelace (Corporate), and 
William Blanchard, Michael Chin, Steven Harrison, and Pamela Lew 
(Financial Institutions & Products). Other personnel from the Treasury 
Department and the IRS participated in their development.

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings notices, and other guidance 
cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin 
(or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of 
Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or 
by visiting the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is amended as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in 
part as follows:

    Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *


0
Par. 2. Section 1.163-15 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  1.163 -15  Debt Proceeds Distributed from Any Taxpayer Account or 
from Cash.

    (a) In general. Regardless of paragraphs (c)(4) and (5) of Sec.  
1.163-8T, in the case of debt proceeds deposited in an account, a 
taxpayer that is applying Sec.  1.163-8T or Sec.  1.163-14 may treat 
any expenditure made from any account of the taxpayer, or from cash, 
within 30 days before or 30 days after debt proceeds are deposited in 
any account of the taxpayer as made from such proceeds to the extent 
thereof. Similarly, in the case of debt proceeds received in cash, a 
taxpayer that is applying Sec.  1.163-8T or Sec.  1.163-14 may treat 
any expenditure made from any account of the taxpayer, or from cash, 
within 30 days before or 30 days after debt proceeds are received in 
cash as made from such proceeds to the extent thereof. For purposes of 
this section, terms used have the same meaning as in Sec.  1.163-
8T(c)(4) and (5).
    (b) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
beginning on or after March 22, 2021. However, taxpayers and their 
related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) (determined 
without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may choose to apply 
the rules in this section to a taxable year beginning after December 
31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided that those taxpayers and 
their related parties consistently apply all of

[[Page 5522]]

the rules in this section to that taxable year and each subsequent 
taxable year.

0
Par. 3. Section 1.163(j)-0 is amended by:
0
1. Adding entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(A)(4) and 
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(B)(1) and (2).
0
2. Revising the entry for Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(C).
0
3. Adding entries for Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(iv)(E) through (G).
0
4. Revising the entries for Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(22)(iii)(F) and 
(b)(35).
0
5. Adding entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-1(c)(4), 1.163(j)-2(b)(3)(i) 
through (iv), and 1.163(j)-2(d)(3).
0
6. Revising the entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-2(k) and 1.163(j)-
6(c)(1) through (3).
0
7. Adding entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(c)(4), 1.163(j)-6(d)(3) 
through (5), 1.163(j)-6(e)(5) and (6), 1.163(j)-6(f)(1)(iii), 1.163(j)-
6(g)(4), and 1.163(j)-6(l)(4)(iv).
0
8. Revising the entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-6(n) and (p), 1.163(j)-
7(c) through (f) and (h) through (m).
0
9. Adding entries for Sec.  1.163(j)-7(g)(3) and (4).
0
10. Revising the entries for Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-10(c)(5)(ii)(D) and 
1.163(j)-10(f).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.163 (j)-0  Table of Contents.

* * * * *
Sec.  1.163(j)-1 Definitions.
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iv) * * *
    (A) * * *
    (4) Nonrecognition transactions.
    (B) * * *
    (1) In general.
    (2) Application of the alternative computation method.
    (C) Successor rules.
    (1) Successor assets.
    (2) Successor entities.
* * * * *
    (E) Alternative computation method.
    (1) Alternative computation method for property dispositions.
    (2) Alternative computation method for dispositions of member 
stock.
    (3) Alternative computation method for dispositions of 
partnership interests.
    (F) Cap on negative adjustments.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Example.
    (G) Treatment of depreciation, amortization, or depletion 
capitalized under section 263A.
* * * * *
    (22) * * *
    (iii) * * *
    (F) Section 163(j) interest dividends.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Limitation on amount treated as interest income.
    (3) Conduit amounts.
    (4) Holding period.
    (5) Exception to holding period requirement for money market 
funds and certain regularly declared dividends.
* * * * *
    (35) Section 163(j) interest dividend.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Reduction in the case of excess reported amounts.
    (iii) Allocation of excess reported amount.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Special rule for noncalendar year RICs.
    (iv) Definitions.
    (A) Reported section 163(j) interest dividend amount.
    (B) Excess reported amount.
    (C) Aggregate reported amount.
    (D) Post-December reported amount.
    (E) Excess section 163(j) interest income.
    (v) Example.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
* * * * *
    (4) Paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) through (4), (B) through (G), 
(b)(22)(iii)(F), and (b)(35).

Sec.  1.163(j)-2 Deduction for business interest expense limited.
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Short taxable years.
    (iii) Transactions to which section 381 applies.
    (iv) Consolidated groups.
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (3) Determining a syndicate's loss amount.
* * * * *
    (k) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Paragraphs (b)(3)(iii), (b)(3)(iv), and (d)(3).
* * * * *
Sec.  1.163(j)-6 Application of the business interest deduction 
limitation to partnerships and subchapter S Corporations.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Modification of business interest income for partnerships.
    (2) Modification of business interest expense for partnerships.
    (3) Transition rule.
    (4) Character of business interest expense.
    (d) * * *
    (3) Section 743(b) adjustments and publicly traded partnerships.
    (4) Modification of adjusted taxable income for partnerships.
    (5) Election to use 2019 adjusted taxable income for taxable 
years beginning in 2020.
    (e) * * *
    (5) Partner basis items, remedial items, and publicly traded 
partnerships.
    (6) [Reserved].
    (f) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iii) Exception applicable to publicly traded partnerships.
* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (4) Special rule for taxable years beginning in 2019 and 2020.
* * * * *
    (l) * * *
    (4) * * *
    (iv) [Reserved].
* * * * *
    (n) Treatment of self-charged lending transactions between 
partnerships and partners.
    (o) * * *
    (p) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Paragraphs (c)(1) and (2), (d)(3) through (5), (e)(5), 
(f)(1)(iii), (g)(4), (n), and (o)(24) through (29), and (34) through 
(36).

Sec.  1.163(j)-7 Application of the section 163(j) limitation to 
foreign corporations and United States shareholders.
* * * * *
    (c) Application of section 163(j) to CFC group members of a CFC 
group.
    (1) Scope.
    (2) Calculation of section 163(j) limitation for a CFC group for 
a specified period.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Certain transactions between CFC group members disregarded.
    (iii) [Reserved]
    (iv) [Reserved]
    (3) Deduction of business interest expense.
    (i) CFC group business interest expense.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Modifications to relevant terms.
    (ii) Carryforwards treated as attributable to the same taxable 
year.
    (iii) Multiple specified taxable years of a CFC group member 
with respect to a specified period.
    (iv) Limitation on pre-group disallowed business interest 
expense carryforward.
    (A) General rule.
    (1) CFC group member pre-group disallowed business interest 
expense carryforward.
    (2) Subgrouping.
    (3) Transition rule.
    (B) Deduction of pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforwards.
    (4) Currency translation.
    (5) Special rule for specified periods beginning in 2019 or 
2020.
    (i) 50 percent ATI limitation applies to a specified period of a 
CFC group.
    (ii) Election to use 2019 ATI applies to a specified period of a 
CFC group.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Specified taxable years that do not begin in 2020.
    (d) Determination of a specified group and specified group 
members.
    (1) Scope.
    (2) Rules for determining a specified group.
    (i) Definition of a specified group.
    (ii) Indirect ownership.
    (iii) Specified group parent.
    (iv) Qualified U.S. person.
    (v) Stock.
    (vi) Options treated as exercised.
    (vii) When a specified group ceases to exist.
    (3) Rules for determining a specified group member.
    (e) Rules and procedures for treating a specified group as a CFC 
group.

[[Page 5523]]

    (1) Scope.
    (2) CFC group and CFC group member.
    (i) CFC group.
    (ii) CFC group member.
    (3) Duration of a CFC group.
    (4) Joining or leaving a CFC group.
    (5) Manner of making or revoking a CFC group election.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Revocation by election.
    (iii) Timing.
    (iv) Election statement.
    (v) Effect of prior CFC group election.
    (6) Annual information reporting.
    (f) Treatment of a CFC group member that has ECI.
    (1) In general.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (g) * * *
    (3) Treatment of certain foreign income taxes.
    (4) Anti-abuse rule.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) ATI adjustment amount.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Special rule for taxable years or specified periods 
beginning in 2019 or 2020.
    (iii) Applicable partnership.
    (h) Election to apply safe-harbor.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Eligibility for safe-harbor election.
    (i) Stand-alone applicable CFC.
    (ii) CFC group.
    (iii) Currency translation.
    (3) Eligible amount.
    (i) Stand-alone applicable CFC.
    (ii) CFC group.
    (iii) Additional rules for determining an eligible amount.
    (4) Qualified tentative taxable income.
    (5) Manner of making a safe-harbor election.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Election statement.
    (6) Special rule for taxable years or specified periods 
beginning in 2019 or 2020.
    (i)-(j) [Reserved]
    (k) Definitions.
    (1) Applicable partnership.
    (2) Applicable specified taxable year.
    (3) ATI adjustment amount.
    (4) [Reserved]
    (5) [Reserved]
    (6) CFC group.
    (7) CFC group election.
    (8) CFC group member.
    (9) [Reserved]
    (10) Cumulative section 163(j) pre-group carryforward 
limitation.
    (11) Current group.
    (12) Designated U.S. person.
    (13) ECI deemed corporation.
    (14) Effectively connected income.
    (15) Eligible amount.
    (16) Former group.
    (17) Loss member.
    (18) Payment amount.
    (19) Pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforward.
    (20) Qualified tentative taxable income.
    (21) Qualified U.S. person.
    (22) Relevant period.
    (23) Safe-harbor election.
    (24) Specified borrower.
    (25) Specified group.
    (26) Specified group member.
    (27) Specified group parent.
    (28) Specified lender.
    (29) Specified period.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Short specified period.
    (30) Specified taxable year.
    (31) Stand-alone applicable CFC.
    (32) Stock.
    (l) Examples.
    (m) Applicability dates.
    (1) General applicability date.
    (2) Exception.
    (3) Early application.
    (i) Rules for paragraphs (b) and (g)(1) and (2) of this section.
    (ii) Rules for certain other paragraphs in this section.
    (4) Additional rules that must be applied consistently.
    (5) Election for prior taxable years.
* * * * *
Sec.  1.163(j)-10 Allocation of interest expense, interest income, 
and other items of expense and gross income to an excepted trade or 
business.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (5) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (D) Limitations on application of look-through rules.
    (1) Inapplicability of look-through rule to partnerships or non-
consolidated C corporations to which the small business exemption 
applies.
    (2) Limitation on application of look-through rule to C 
corporations.
* * * * *
    (f) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D)(2).
* * * * *

0
Par. 4. Section 1.163(j)-1 is amended by:
0
1. In paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(1), adding the text ``and paragraphs 
(b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E)'' after the text ``paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C), (D), 
and (E)''.
0
2. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) and (3).
0
3. Adding paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(4).
0
4. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B), (C), and (D).
0
5. Adding paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(E), (F), and (G).
0
6. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(viii)(A) through (D).
0
7. Adding paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(E).
0
8. Adding paragraphs (b)(22)(iii)(F) and (b)(35).
0
9. In paragraph (c)(1), removing ``paragraphs (c)(2) and (3)'' from the 
first sentence and adding ``paragraphs (c)(2), (3), and (4)'' in its 
place.
0
10. Adding paragraph (c)(4).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.163(j)-1  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iv) * * *
    (A) * * *
    (2) Intercompany transactions. For purposes of paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) 
and (2) of this section, the term sale or other disposition excludes 
all intercompany transactions, within the meaning of Sec.  1.1502-
13(b)(1)(i), to the extent necessary to achieve single-entity taxation 
of the consolidated group.
    (3) Deconsolidations. Notwithstanding any other rule in this 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A), any transaction in which a member (S) leaves a 
consolidated group (selling group), including a section 381(a) 
transaction described in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) of this section, is 
treated as a taxable disposition of all S stock held by any member of 
the selling group for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and 
paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) and (2) of this section, 
unless the transaction is described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i). 
Following S's deconsolidation, any subsequent sales or dispositions of 
S stock by the selling group do not trigger further adjustments under 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) and paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) and (2) of this section. If a transaction is described 
in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i), the transaction is not treated as a sale 
or other disposition for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) 
and paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) and (2) of this 
section. See also the successor rules in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(C) of 
this section.
    (4) Nonrecognition transactions. The disposition of property, 
member stock (other than in a deconsolidation described in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section), or partnership interests in a 
nonrecognition transaction, other than a section 381(a) transaction 
described in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) of this section, is treated as 
a taxable disposition of the property, member stock, or partnership 
interest disposed of for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1)(i), 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2)(i), and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(3)(i) of this section, 
respectively. For example, if a taxpayer transfers property to a wholly 
owned, non-consolidated subsidiary, the transfer of the property is 
treated as a taxable disposition for purposes of paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1)(i) of this section notwithstanding the application of 
section 351.
    (B) Deductions by members of a consolidated group--(1) In general. 
If paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C), (D), or (E) of this section applies to 
adjust the tentative taxable income of a consolidated group, and if the 
consolidated group does not use the alternative computation method

[[Page 5524]]

in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E) of this section, the amount of the 
adjustment under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section equals the 
greater of the allowed or allowable depreciation, amortization, or 
depletion of the property, as provided under section 1016(a)(2), for 
the consolidated group for the taxable years beginning after December 
31, 2017, and before January 1, 2022, with respect to such property.
    (2) Application of the alternative computation method. If paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(C), paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D), or paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(E) of 
this section applies to adjust the tentative taxable income of a 
consolidated group, and if the consolidated group uses the alternative 
computation method in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E) of this section, the 
amount of the adjustment computed under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1)(i), 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2)(i), or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(3)(i) of this 
section must take into account the net gain that would be taken into 
account by the consolidated group, including from intercompany 
transactions, determined by treating the sale or other disposition as a 
taxable transaction (see paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) and (4) of this 
section regarding deconsolidations and certain nonrecognition 
transactions, respectively).
    (C) Successor rules--(1) Successor assets. This paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(C)(1) applies if deductions described in paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section are allowed or allowable to a 
consolidated group member (S) and either the depreciable property or 
S's stock is subsequently transferred to another member (S1) in an 
intercompany transaction in which the transferor receives S1 stock. If 
this paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(C)(1) applies, and if the transferor's basis 
in the S1 stock received in the intercompany transaction is determined, 
in whole or in part, by reference to its basis in the depreciable 
property or the S stock, the S1 stock received in the intercompany 
transaction is treated as a successor asset for purposes of paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section. Thus, except as 
otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D) of this section, the 
subsequent disposition of either the S1 stock or the S stock (or both) 
may require the application of the adjustment rules of paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (2) Successor entities. The acquiring corporation in a section 
381(a) transaction to which the exception in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) 
of this section applies is treated as a successor to the distributor or 
transferor corporation for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) through 
(E) and (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) of this section. Therefore, for example, 
in applying paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and (b)(1)(iv)(B) and 
(E) of this section, the acquiring corporation is treated as succeeding 
to the allowed or allowable items of the distributor or transferor 
corporation. Similarly, the surviving group in a transaction described 
in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i) to which the exception in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section applies is treated as a successor to 
the terminating group for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) through 
(E) and (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) of this section.
    (D) Anti-duplication rule--(1) In general. The aggregate of the 
subtractions from tentative taxable income of a consolidated group 
under paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) or paragraphs 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) through (3) of this section with respect to an item of 
property (including with regard to dispositions of successor assets 
described in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(C)(1) of this section) cannot exceed 
the aggregate amount of the consolidated group members' deductions 
described in paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section with respect to 
such item of property. In addition, once an item of property is no 
longer held by any member of a consolidated group (whether or not an 
adjustment to the tentative taxable income of the group is made under 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section with respect to the direct or 
indirect disposition of that property), no further adjustment to the 
group's tentative taxable income is made under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) 
or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section in relation to the same 
property with respect to any subsequent stock disposition.
    (2) Adjustments following deconsolidation. If a corporation (S) 
leaves a consolidated group (Group 1) in a transaction that requires an 
adjustment under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) 
of this section, no further adjustment is required under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) or (E) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E) of this section in a 
separate return year (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-1(e)) of S with 
respect to depreciation, amortization, or depletion deductions allowed 
or allowable to Group 1. See paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A) of this section 
for special rules regarding the meaning of the term ``sale or other 
disposition'' for purposes of the adjustments required under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) of this 
section. For example, assume that S deconsolidates from Group 1 in a 
transaction not described in Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(5)(i) after holding 
property for which depreciation, amortization, or depletion deductions 
were allowed or allowable in Group 1. On the deconsolidation, S and 
Group 1 would adjust tentative taxable income with regard to that 
property. See paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3), (b)(1)(ii)(D), and 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section. If, following the deconsolidation, S 
sells the property referred to in the previous sentence, no subtraction 
from tentative taxable income is made under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) or 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section during S's separate return 
year with regard to the amounts included in Group 1. See paragraphs 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3), (b)(1)(ii)(D), and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (E) Alternative computation method. If paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C), 
(D), or (E) of this section applies to adjust the tentative taxable 
income of a taxpayer, the taxpayer may compute the amount of the 
adjustments required by such paragraph using the formulas in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1), (2), and (3) of this section, respectively, provided 
that the taxpayer applies such formulas to all dispositions for which 
an adjustment is required under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C), (D), or (E) of 
this section. For special rules regarding the treatment of 
deconsolidating transactions and nonrecognition transactions, see 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) and (4) of this section, respectively. For 
special rules regarding the application of the formulas in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1), (2), and (3) of this section by consolidated groups, 
see paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(B)(2) of this section.
    (1) Alternative computation method for property dispositions. With 
respect to the sale or other disposition of property, the lesser of:
    (i) Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of such 
property by the taxpayer (or, if the taxpayer is a member of a 
consolidated group, the consolidated group); and
    (ii) The greater of the allowed or allowable depreciation, 
amortization, or depletion of the property, as provided under section 
1016(a)(2), for the taxpayer (or, if the taxpayer is a member of a 
consolidated group, the consolidated group) for the taxable years 
beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2022, with 
respect to such property.
    (2) Alternative computation method for dispositions of member 
stock. With respect to the sale or other disposition by a member of a 
consolidated group of stock of another member for whom depreciation, 
amortization, or depletion was allowed or allowable with regard to

[[Page 5525]]

an item of property (or stock of any successor to that member), the 
lesser of:
    (i) Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of such 
stock; and
    (ii) The investment adjustments under Sec.  1.1502-32 with respect 
to such stock that are attributable to deductions described in 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section. The investment adjustments 
referred to in this paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2)(ii) include investment 
adjustments replicated in stock of members that are successor entities.
    (3) Alternative computation method for dispositions of partnership 
interests. With respect to the sale or other disposition of an interest 
in a partnership, the lesser of:
    (i) Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of such 
interest; and
    (ii) The taxpayer's (or, if the taxpayer is a consolidated group, 
the consolidated group's) distributive share of deductions described in 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section with respect to property held 
by the partnership at the time of such sale or other disposition to the 
extent such deductions were allowable under section 704(d).
    (F) Cap on negative adjustments--(1) In general. A subtraction from 
(or negative adjustment to) tentative taxable income that is required 
under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C), (D), or (E) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(B) 
or (E) of this section is reduced to the extent the taxpayer 
establishes that the positive adjustments to tentative taxable income 
under paragraphs (b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) of this section in a prior 
taxable year did not result in an increase in the amount allowed as a 
deduction for business interest expense for such year. The extent to 
which the positive adjustments under paragraphs (b)(1)(i)(D) through 
(F) of this section resulted in an increase in the amount allowed as a 
deduction for business interest expense in a prior taxable year (such 
amount of positive adjustments, the negative adjustment cap) is 
determined after taking into account all other adjustments to tentative 
taxable income under paragraph (b)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section for 
that year, as established through books and records. The amount of the 
negative adjustment cap for a prior taxable year is reduced in future 
taxable years to the extent of negative adjustments under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) and paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (E) of this 
section with respect to the prior taxable year.
    (2) Example. A is a calendar-year individual taxpayer engaged in a 
trade or business that is neither an excepted trade or business nor 
eligible for the small business exemption. A has no disallowed business 
interest expense carryforwards. In 2021, A has $100x of business 
interest expense, no business interest income or floor plan financing 
interest expense, and $400x of tentative taxable income. After taking 
into account the adjustments to tentative taxable income under 
paragraph (b)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section other than positive 
adjustments under paragraphs (b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) of this section, 
A has tentative taxable income of $450x. A increases its tentative 
taxable income by $30x (from $450x to $480x) under paragraph 
(b)(1)(i)(D) of this section to reflect $30x of depreciation deductions 
with respect to Asset Y in 2021. Thus, for 2021, A would have a section 
163(j) limitation of $135x ($450x x 30 percent) without regard to 
adjustments under paragraphs (b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) of this section. 
After the application of paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section, A has 
a section 163(j) limitation of $144x ($480x x 30 percent). In 2022, A 
sells Asset Y at a gain of $50x. Under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F)(1) of 
this section, A is not required to reduce its tentative taxable income 
in 2022 under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E) of this section. As established by A, the $30x addition 
to tentative taxable income under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this 
section resulted in no increase in the amount allowed as a deduction 
for business interest expense in 2021.
    (G) Treatment of depreciation, amortization, or depletion 
capitalized under section 263A. Paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) through (E) of 
this section and this paragraph (b)(1)(iv) apply with respect to the 
sale or other disposition of property to which paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of 
this section applies. For example, if a taxpayer with depreciable 
machinery capitalizes the depreciation into inventory under section 
263A, paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E) of this 
section (and, if the taxpayer is a consolidated group, paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(B) of this section) applies upon the disposition of the 
machinery, subject to the cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of this 
section. Similarly, the successor asset rules in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(C)(1) of this section would apply if the depreciable 
machinery subsequently were transferred to another member (S1) in an 
intercompany transaction in which the transferor received S1 stock.
* * * * *
    (viii) * * *
    (A) Example 1--(1) Facts. In 2021, A purchases a depreciable asset 
(Asset X) for $30x and fully depreciates Asset X under section 168(k). 
For the 2021 taxable year, A establishes that its ATI before adding 
back depreciation deductions with respect to Asset X under paragraph 
(b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $130x, and that its ATI after adding 
back depreciation deductions with respect to Asset X under paragraph 
(b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $160x. A incurs $45x of business 
interest expense in 2021. In 2024, A sells Asset X to an unrelated 
third party for $25x.
    (2) Analysis. A's section 163(j) limitation for 2021 is $48x ($160x 
x 30 percent). Thus, all $45x of A's business interest expense incurred 
in 2021 is deductible in that year. Under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of 
this section, A must subtract $30x from its tentative taxable income in 
computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable year. Alternatively, under 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section, A must subtract $25x (the 
lesser of $30x or $25x ($25x-$0x)) from its tentative taxable income in 
computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable year. However, the negative 
adjustments under paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this 
section are both subject to the negative adjustment cap in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. Under that paragraph, A's negative 
adjustment under either paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section is capped at $20x, or $150x (the 
amount of ATI that A needed in order to deduct all $45x of business 
interest expense in 2021) minus $130x (the amount of A's tentative 
taxable income in 2021 before adding back any amounts under paragraph 
(b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) of this section). As established by A, the 
additional $10x ($30x-$20x) of depreciation deductions that were added 
back to tentative taxable income in 2021 under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) 
of this section did not increase A's business interest expense 
deduction for that year.
    (3) Transfer of assets in a nonrecognition transaction to which 
section 381 applies. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(A)(1) of this section, except that, rather than sell Asset 
X to an unrelated third party in 2024, A merges with and into an 
unrelated third party in 2024 in a transaction described in section 
368(a)(1)(A) in which no gain is recognized. As provided in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) of this section, the merger transaction is not treated 
as a ``sale or other disposition'' for purposes of paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(C) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section. Thus, no 
adjustment to tentative taxable income is required in 2024 under 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section.

[[Page 5526]]

    (4) Transfer of assets in a nonrecognition transaction to which 
section 351 applies. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(A)(1) of this section, except that, rather than sell Asset 
X to an unrelated third party in 2024, A transfers Asset X to B (A's 
wholly owned subsidiary) in 2024 in a transaction to which section 351 
applies. The section 351 transaction is treated as a ``sale or other 
disposition'' for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section, and it is treated as a taxable 
disposition for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section. 
See paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(1) and (4) of this section. However, the 
negative adjustments under paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section are both subject to the negative 
adjustment cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. Thus, A must 
subtract $20x from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI 
for its 2024 taxable year.
    (B) Example 2--(1) Facts. In 2021, S purchases a depreciable asset 
(Asset Y) for $30x and fully depreciates Asset Y under section 168(k). 
P reduces its basis in its S stock by $30x under Sec.  1.1502-32 to 
reflect S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset Y. For the 
2021 taxable year, the P group establishes that its ATI before adding 
back S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset Y under 
paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $130x, and that its ATI after 
adding back S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset Y under 
paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $160x. The P group incurs 
$45x of business interest expense in 2021. In 2024, P sells all of its 
S stock to an unrelated third party at a gain of $25x.
    (2) Analysis. The P group's section 163(j) limitation for 2021 is 
$48x ($160x x 30 percent). Thus, all $45x of the P group's business 
interest expense incurred in 2021 is deductible in that year. Under 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) of this section, the P group must subtract $30x 
from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 
taxable year. Alternatively, under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this 
section, the P group must subtract $25x (the lesser of $30x or $25x) 
from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 
taxable year. However, the negative adjustments under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section are both subject to 
the negative adjustment cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. 
Under that paragraph, the P group's negative adjustment under either 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section 
is capped at $20x, or $150x (the amount of ATI the P group needed in 
order to deduct all $45x of business interest expense in 2021) minus 
$130x (the amount of the P group's tentative taxable income in 2021 
before adding back any amounts under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) 
of this section). As established by the P group, the additional $10x 
($30x-$20x) of depreciation deductions that were added back to 
tentative taxable income in 2021 under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this 
section did not increase the P group's business interest expense 
deduction for that year.
    (3) Disposition of less than all member stock. The facts are the 
same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(B)(1) of this section, except that, 
in 2024, P sells half of its S stock to an unrelated third party. The 
results are the same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(B)(2) of this 
section. See paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section. Thus, the P 
group must subtract $20x from its tentative taxable income in computing 
its ATI for its 2024 taxable year. No further adjustment under 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (D) or paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) and (2) 
of this section is required if P subsequently sells its remaining S 
stock or if S subsequently disposes of Asset Y. See paragraphs 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) and (b)(1)(iv)(D) of this section.
    (4) Intercompany transfer; disposition of successor assets--(i) 
Adjustments in 2024. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(1) of this section, except that, rather than sell all 
of its S stock to an unrelated third party in 2024, P transfers all of 
its S stock to T in 2024 in a transaction to which section 351 applies 
and, in 2025, P sells all of its T stock to an unrelated third party at 
a gain of $40x. As provided in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) of this 
section, P's intercompany transfer of its S stock to T is not a ``sale 
or other disposition'' for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) or 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section. Thus, no adjustment to 
tentative taxable income is required in 2024 under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (ii) Adjustments in 2025. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(C)(1) of 
this section, P's stock in T is treated as a successor asset for 
purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this 
section. Moreover, P's sale of its T stock causes both T and S to 
deconsolidate. Thus, under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section, 
the transaction is treated as a taxable disposition of all of the T 
stock and all of the S stock held by all members of the P group. Under 
the anti-duplication rule in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D) of this section, 
the total amount of gain recognized for purposes of paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2)(i) of this section is $40x, the greater of the gain on 
the disposition of the T stock ($40x) or on the disposition of the S 
stock ($25x). However, the negative adjustments under paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section are subject to the negative adjustment 
cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. Thus, the P group must 
subtract $20x from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI 
for its 2025 taxable year.
    (5) Alternative computation and non-deconsolidating disposition of 
member stock. The facts are the same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(B)(1) 
of this section, except that, in 2024, P sells just ten percent of its 
S stock to an unrelated third party at a gain of $2.5x. Under paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section, the lesser of P's gain recognized on 
the sale of the S stock ($2.5x) and the investment adjustments under 
Sec.  1.1502-32 with respect to the S stock P sold ($3x) is $2.5x, an 
amount less than the $20x limitation under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of 
this section. Thus, the P group must subtract $2.5x from its tentative 
taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable year.
    (6) Non-deconsolidating disposition of member stock followed by 
asset disposition. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(5) of this section, except that, in 2025, S sells Asset 
Y to an unrelated third party for a gain of $20x. Under paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section, the amount of the adjustment in 2025 
is the lesser of two amounts. The first amount is the amount of S's 
gain recognized on the sale of Asset Y ($20x). See paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1)(i) of this section. The second amount is the amount of 
depreciation with respect to Asset Y (see paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1)(ii) of this section), reduced by the amount of 
depreciation previously taken into account in the computation under 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2)(ii) of this section ($30x-$3x, or $27x). See 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D)(1) of this section. Thus, the amount of the 
adjustment under paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this 
section is $20x. In turn, this amount is subject to the negative 
adjustment cap under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F), which, after accounting 
for the negative adjustment on the earlier sale of S stock in 2024, is 
$17.5x ($20x-$2.5x). Accordingly, the P group must subtract $17.5x from 
its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2025 taxable 
year.
    (C) Example 3--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(1) of this section, except that, in 2024, S sells Asset 
Y to an

[[Page 5527]]

unrelated third party for $25x and, in 2025, P sells all of its S stock 
to an unrelated third party at a gain of $25x.
    (2) Analysis. The results are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(2) of this section. Thus, the P group must subtract 
$20x from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 
2024 taxable year. P's sale of all of its S stock in 2025 is a ``sale 
or other disposition'' for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) and 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section. However, pursuant to paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(D)(1) of this section, no further adjustment to the P 
group's tentative taxable income is required in 2025 under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (3) Disposition of S stock prior to S's asset disposition. The 
facts are the same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(C)(1) of this section, 
except that, in 2024, P sells all of its S stock to an unrelated third 
party at a gain of $25x and, in 2025, S sells Asset Y to an unrelated 
third party for $25x. The results are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(2) of this section. Thus, the P group must subtract 
$20x from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 
2024 taxable year. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D)(2) of this 
section, no adjustment to the acquiring group's tentative taxable 
income is required in 2025 under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section.
    (4) Deconsolidation of S in nonrecognition transaction. The facts 
are the same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(C)(3) of this section, except 
that, rather than sell all of its S stock to an unrelated third party, 
P causes S to merge with and into an unrelated third party in a 
transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(A). As provided in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section, the merger transaction is treated as 
a taxable disposition of all of P's stock in S for purposes of 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section because S 
leaves the P group. Thus, the results are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(C)(3) of this section.
    (D) Example 4--(1) Facts. P wholly owns T, which wholly owns S. In 
2021, S purchases a depreciable asset (Asset Z) for $30x and fully 
depreciates Asset Z under section 168(k). T reduces its basis in its S 
stock, and P reduces its basis in its T stock, by $30x under Sec.  
1.1502-32 to reflect S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset 
Z. For the 2021 taxable year, the P group establishes that its ATI 
before adding back S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset Z 
under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $130x, and that its ATI 
after adding back S's depreciation deductions with respect to Asset Z 
under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $160x. The P group 
incurs $45x of business interest expense in 2021. In 2024, T sells all 
of its S stock to an unrelated third party at a gain of $25x. In 2025, 
P sells all of its T stock to an unrelated third party at a gain of 
$40x.
    (2) Analysis. The results are the same as in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(2) of this section. Thus, the P group must subtract 
$20x from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 
2024 taxable year. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D)(1) of this 
section, no negative adjustment to the P group's tentative taxable 
income is required in 2025 under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (3) Disposition of T stock in 2024. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(D)(1) of this section, except that, in 2024, P 
sells all of its T stock to another consolidated group at a gain of 
$40x and, in 2025, T sells all of its S stock to an unrelated party at 
a gain of $25x. Whereas the transaction described in paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(B)(4) of this section is treated as a taxable disposition 
of both the T stock and the S stock, only the actual disposition of the 
T stock in the transaction described in this paragraph 
(b)(1)(viii)(D)(3) is treated as a taxable disposition for purposes of 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(D) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section. See 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(A)(3) of this section. However, the results are 
the same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(B)(2) and (b)(1)(viii)(B)(4) of 
this section because of the negative adjustment cap in paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. Thus, the P group must subtract $20x 
from its tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 
taxable year. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(D) of this section, no 
negative adjustment to the acquiring group's tentative taxable income 
is required in 2025 under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(2) of this section.
    (E) Example 5--(1) Facts. In 2021, A purchases Assets X and Y for 
$30x and $80x, respectively, and fully depreciates each asset under 
section 168(k). For the 2021 taxable year, A establishes that its ATI 
before adding back depreciation deductions with respect to Assets X and 
Y under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $150x, and that its 
ATI after adding back depreciation deductions with respect to Assets X 
and Y under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section is $260x. A incurs 
$75x of business interest expense in 2021. In 2024, A sells Assets X 
and Y to an unrelated third party for $40x and $90x, respectively.
    (2) Analysis. A's section 163(j) limitation for 2021 is $78x ($260x 
x 30 percent). Thus, all $75x of A's business interest expense incurred 
in 2021 is deductible in that year. Under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of 
this section, A must subtract $110x ($30x + $80x) from its tentative 
taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable year. 
Alternatively, under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section, A must 
subtract $30x with respect to Asset X (the lesser of $30x or $40x 
($40x-$0x)), and $80x with respect to Asset Y (the lesser of $80x or 
$90x ($90x-$0x)), from its tentative taxable income in computing its 
ATI for its 2024 taxable year. However, the negative adjustments under 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section are both 
subject to the negative adjustment cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of 
this section. Under that paragraph, A's negative adjustment in 2024 
under either paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) ($110x) or paragraph 
(b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) (also $110x) of this section is limited to $100x. This 
amount equals $250x (the amount of ATI that A needed in order to deduct 
all $75x of business interest expense in 2021) minus $150x (the amount 
of A's tentative taxable income in 2021 before adding back any amounts 
under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) through (F) of this section). As 
established by A, the additional $10x ($110x-$100x) of depreciation 
deductions that were added back to tentative taxable income in 2021 
under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section did not increase A's 
business interest expense deduction for that year.
    (3) Sale of assets in different taxable years. The facts are the 
same as in paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(E)(1) of this section, except that A 
sells Asset Y to an unrelated third party for $90x in 2025. Under 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section, A must subtract $30x from its 
tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable 
year. Alternatively, under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section, 
A must subtract $30x (the lesser of $30x or $40x ($40x-$0x)) from its 
tentative taxable income in computing its ATI for its 2024 taxable 
year. Because A's negative adjustment cap for its 2021 taxable year is 
$100x (see paragraph (b)(1)(viii)(E)(2) of this section), A's negative 
adjustment in 2024 of $30x is not reduced under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) 
of this section. In 2025, A must subtract $80x from its tentative 
taxable income under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section in 
computing its ATI. Alternatively, under paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of 
this section, A must subtract $80x (the lesser of $80x

[[Page 5528]]

or $90x ($90x-$0x)) from its tentative taxable income in computing its 
ATI for its 2025 taxable year. However, the negative adjustments under 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(C) and (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section are both 
subject to the negative adjustment cap in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of 
this section. Moreover, A's negative adjustment cap for its 2021 
taxable year is reduced from $100x to $70x to reflect A's $30x negative 
adjustment in 2024. See paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(F) of this section. Thus, 
A's negative adjustment for 2025 under either paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) 
or paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(E)(1) of this section is reduced from $80x to 
$70x. As established by A, the additional $10x ($110x-$100x) of 
depreciation deductions that were added back to tentative taxable 
income in 2021 under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section did not 
increase A's business interest expense deduction for that year.
* * * * *
    (22) * * *
    (iii) * * *
    (F) Section 163(j) interest dividends--(1) In general. Except as 
otherwise provided in this paragraph (b)(22)(iii)(F), a section 163(j) 
interest dividend is treated as interest income.
    (2) Limitation on amount treated as interest income. A shareholder 
may not treat any part of a section 163(j) interest dividend as 
interest income to the extent the amount of the section 163(j) interest 
dividend exceeds the excess of the amount of the entire dividend that 
includes the section 163(j) interest dividend over the sum of the 
conduit amounts other than interest-related dividends under section 
871(k)(1)(C) and section 163(j) interest dividends that affect the 
shareholder's treatment of that dividend.
    (3) Conduit amounts. For purposes of paragraph (b)(22)(iii)(F)(2) 
of this section, the term conduit amounts means, with respect to any 
category of income (including tax-exempt interest) earned by a RIC for 
a taxable year, the amounts identified by the RIC (generally in a 
designation or written report) in connection with dividends of the RIC 
for that taxable year that are subject to a limit determined by 
reference to that category of income. For example, a RIC's conduit 
amount with respect to its net capital gain is the amount of the RIC's 
capital gain dividends under section 852(b)(3)(C).
    (4) Holding period. Except as provided in paragraph 
(b)(22)(iii)(F)(5) of this section, no dividend is treated as interest 
income under paragraph (b)(22)(iii)(F)(1) of this section if the 
dividend is received with respect to a share of RIC stock--
    (i) That is held by the shareholder for 180 days or less (taking 
into account the principles of section 246(c)(3) and (4)) during the 
361-day period beginning on the date which is 180 days before the date 
on which the share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend; 
or
    (ii) To the extent that the shareholder is under an obligation 
(whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related 
payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related 
property.
    (5) Exception to holding period requirement for money market funds 
and certain regularly declared dividends. Paragraph 
(b)(22)(iii)(F)(4)(i) of this section does not apply to dividends 
distributed by any RIC regulated as a money market fund under 17 CFR 
270.2a-7 (Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act) or to regular dividends paid by 
a RIC that declares section 163(j) interest dividends on a daily basis 
in an amount equal to at least 90 percent of its excess section 163(j) 
interest income, as defined in paragraph (b)(35)(iv)(E) of this 
section, and distributes such dividends on a monthly or more frequent 
basis.
* * * * *
    (35) Section 163(j) interest dividend. The term section 163(j) 
interest dividend means a dividend paid by a RIC for a taxable year for 
which section 852(b) applies to the RIC, to the extent described in 
paragraph (b)(35)(i) or (ii) of this section, as applicable.
    (i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(35)(ii) of this 
section, a section 163(j) interest dividend is any dividend, or part of 
a dividend, that is reported by the RIC as a section 163(j) interest 
dividend in written statements furnished to its shareholders.
    (ii) Reduction in the case of excess reported amounts. If the 
aggregate reported amount with respect to the RIC for the taxable year 
exceeds the excess section 163(j) interest income of the RIC for such 
taxable year, the section 163(j) interest dividend is--
    (A) The reported section 163(j) interest dividend amount; reduced 
by
    (B) The excess reported amount that is allocable to that reported 
section 163(j) interest dividend amount.
    (iii) Allocation of excess reported amount--(A) In general. Except 
as provided in paragraph (b)(35)(iii)(B) of this section, the excess 
reported amount, if any, that is allocable to the reported section 
163(j) interest dividend amount is that portion of the excess reported 
amount that bears the same ratio to the excess reported amount as the 
reported section 163(j) interest dividend amount bears to the aggregate 
reported amount.
    (B) Special rule for noncalendar year RICs. In the case of any 
taxable year that does not begin and end in the same calendar year, if 
the post-December reported amount equals or exceeds the excess reported 
amount for that taxable year, paragraph (b)(35)(iii)(A) of this section 
is applied by substituting ``post-December reported amount'' for 
``aggregate reported amount,'' and no excess reported amount is 
allocated to any dividend paid on or before December 31 of such taxable 
year.
    (iv) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of 
this paragraph (b)(35):
    (A) Reported section 163(j) interest dividend amount. The term 
reported section 163(j) interest dividend amount means the amount of a 
dividend distribution reported to the RIC's shareholders under 
paragraph (b)(35)(i) of this section as a section 163(j) interest 
dividend.
    (B) Excess reported amount. The term excess reported amount means 
the excess of the aggregate reported amount over the RIC's excess 
section 163(j) interest income for the taxable year.
    (C) Aggregate reported amount. The term aggregate reported amount 
means the aggregate amount of dividends reported by the RIC under 
paragraph (b)(35)(i) of this section as section 163(j) interest 
dividends for the taxable year (including section 163(j) interest 
dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 
855).
    (D) Post-December reported amount. The term post-December reported 
amount means the aggregate reported amount determined by taking into 
account only dividends paid after December 31 of the taxable year.
    (E) Excess section 163(j) interest income. The term excess section 
163(j) interest income means, with respect to a taxable year of a RIC, 
the excess of the RIC's business interest income for the taxable year 
over the sum of the RIC's business interest expense for the taxable 
year and the RIC's other deductions for the taxable year that are 
properly allocable to the RIC's business interest income.
    (v) Example--(A) Facts. X is a domestic C corporation that has 
elected to be a RIC. For its taxable year ending December 31, 2021, X 
has $100x of business interest income (all of which is qualified 
interest income for purposes of section 871(k)(1)(E)) and $10x of 
dividend income (all of which is qualified dividend income within the 
meaning of section 1(h)(11) and would be eligible for the dividends 
received deduction under section 243,

[[Page 5529]]

determined as described in section 854(b)(3)). X has $10x of business 
interest expense and $20x of other deductions. X has no other items for 
the taxable year. On December 31, 2021, X pays a dividend of $80x to 
its shareholders, and reports, in written statements to its 
shareholders, $71.82x as a section 163(j) interest dividend; $10x as 
dividends that may be treated as qualified dividend income or as 
dividends eligible for the dividends received deduction; and $72.73x as 
interest-related dividends under section 871(k)(1)(C). Shareholder A, a 
domestic C corporation, meets the holding period requirements in 
paragraph (b)(22)(iii)(F)(4) of this section with respect to the stock 
of X, and receives a dividend of $8x from X on December 31, 2021.
    (B) Analysis. X determines that $18.18x of other deductions are 
properly allocable to X's business interest income. X's excess section 
163(j) interest income under paragraph (b)(35)(iv)(E) of this section 
is $71.82x ($100x business interest income--($10x business interest 
expense + $18.18x other deductions allocated) = $71.82x). Thus, X may 
report up to $71.82x of its dividends paid on December 31, 2021, as 
section 163(j) interest dividends to its shareholders. X may also 
report up to $10x of its dividends paid on December 31, 2021, as 
dividends that may be treated as qualified dividend income or as 
dividends that are eligible for the dividends received deduction. X 
determines that $9.09x of interest expense and $18.18x of other 
deductions are properly allocable to X's qualified interest income. 
Therefore, X may report up to $72.73x of its dividends paid on December 
31, 2021, as interest-related dividends under section 871(k)(1)(C) 
($100x qualified interest income--$27.27x deductions allocated = 
$72.73x). A treats $1x of its $8x dividend as a dividend eligible for 
the dividends received deduction and no part of the dividend as an 
interest-related dividend under section 871(k)(1)(C). Therefore, under 
paragraph (b)(22)(iii)(F)(2) of this section, A may treat $7x of the 
section 163(j) interest dividend as interest income for purposes of 
section 163(j) ($8x dividend--$1x conduit amount = $7x limitation).
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (4) Paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) through (4), (B) through (G), 
(b)(22)(iii)(F), and (b)(35). Paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) through (4), 
(b)(1)(iv)(B) through (G), (b)(22)(iii)(F), and (b)(35) of this section 
apply to taxable years beginning on or after March 22, 2021. Taxpayers 
and their related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) 
(determined without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may 
choose to apply the rules in paragraphs (b)(1)(iv)(A)(2) through (4), 
(b)(1)(iv) (B) through (G), (b)(22)(iii)(F), and (b)(35) of this 
section to a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before 
March 22, 2021, provided that those taxpayers and their related parties 
consistently apply all of the rules in the section 163(j) regulations 
contained in T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, 
effective November 13, 2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective 
January 13, 2021), and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 
1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.382-7, 1.383-0, 
1.383-1, 1.469-9, 1.469-11, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 
1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-36, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-91 through 
1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of Sec. Sec.  1.382-
2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 contained in T.D. 9905, 
as modified by T.D. 9943, to that taxable year and all subsequent 
taxable years.

0
Par. 5. Section 1.163(j)-2 is amended by:
0
1. Adding paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (iv) and (d)(3).
0
2. Redesignating paragraph (k) as paragraph (k)(1).
0
3. Adding a new subject heading for paragraph (k).
0
4. Revising the subject heading of newly redesignated paragraph (k)(1).
0
5. Adding paragraph (k)(2).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.163  (j)-2 Deduction for business interest expense limited.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iii) Transactions to which section 381 applies. For purposes of 
the election described in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, and 
subject to the limitation in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, the 
2019 ATI of the acquiring corporation in a transaction to which section 
381 applies equals the amount of the acquiring corporation's ATI for 
its last taxable year beginning in 2019.
    (iv) Consolidated groups. For purposes of the election described in 
paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, and subject to the limitation in 
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, the 2019 ATI of a consolidated 
group equals the amount of the consolidated group's ATI for its last 
taxable year beginning in 2019.
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (3) Determining a syndicate's loss amount. For purposes of section 
163(j), losses allocated under section 1256(e)(3)(B) and Sec.  1.448-
1T(b)(3) are determined without regard to section 163(j). See also 
Sec.  1.1256(e)-2(b).
* * * * *
    (k) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general.* * *
    (2) Paragraphs (b)(3)(iii), (b)(3)(iv), and (d)(3). Paragraphs 
(b)(3)(iii) and (iv) and (d)(3) of this section apply to taxable years 
beginning on or after March 22, 2021. However, taxpayers and their 
related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) (determined 
without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may choose to apply 
the rules in paragraphs (b)(3)(iii), (b)(3)(iv), and (d)(3) of this 
section to a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before 
March 22, 2021, provided that those taxpayers and their related parties 
consistently apply all of the rules in paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (iv) 
of this section and the rules in the section 163(j) regulations 
contained in T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, 
effective November 13, 2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective 
January 13, 2021), and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 
1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.382-7, 1.383-0, 
1.383-1, 1.469-9, 1.469-11, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 
1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-36, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-91 through 
1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of Sec. Sec.  1.382-
2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 contained in T.D. 9905 
as modified by T.D. 9943, for that taxable year and for each subsequent 
taxable year.

0
Par. 6. Section 1.163(j)-6 is amended by:
0
1. Adding paragraphs (c)(1) and (2).
0
2. Redesignating paragraph (c)(3) as paragraph (c)(4).
0
3. Adding new paragraph (c)(3) and paragraphs (d)(3) through (5) and 
(e)(5).
0
4. Adding paragraphs (f)(1)(iii) and (g)(4).
0
5. Adding paragraph (n).
0
6. Adding paragraphs (o)(24) through (26), reserved paragraphs (o)(27). 
through (33), and paragraphs (o)(34) through (36).
0
7. Redesignating paragraph (p) as paragraph (p)(1), revising the 
subject heading of paragraph (p), and adding a subject heading for 
newly designated paragraph (p)(1).
0
8. Adding paragraph (p)(2).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

[[Page 5530]]

Sec.  1.163 (j)-6  Application of the section 163(j) limitation to 
partnerships and subchapter S corporations.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Modification of business interest income for partnerships. The 
business interest income of a partnership generally is determined in 
accordance with Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(4). However, to the extent that 
interest income of a partnership that is properly allocable to trades 
or businesses that are per se non-passive activities is allocated to 
partners that do not materially participate (within the meaning of 
section 469), as described in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii), such interest income shall not be considered 
business interest income for purposes of determining the section 163(j) 
limitation of a partnership pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b). A per se 
non-passive activity is an activity that is not treated as a passive 
activity for purposes of section 469 regardless of whether the owners 
of the activity materially participate in the activity.
    (2) Modification of business interest expense for partnerships. The 
business interest expense of a partnership generally is determined in 
accordance with Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(3). However, to the extent that 
interest expense of a partnership that is properly allocable to trades 
or businesses that are per se non-passive activities is allocated to 
partners that do not materially participate (within the meaning of 
section 469), as described in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to 
section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii), such interest expense shall not be considered 
business interest expense for purposes of determining the section 
163(j) limitation of a partnership pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b).
    (3) Transition rule. With respect to a partner in a partnership 
engaged in a trade or business described in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and 
subject to section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii), if such partner had been allocated 
EBIE from the partnership with respect to the trade or business 
described in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to section 
163(d)(5)(A)(ii) in any prior taxable year in which the partner did not 
materially participate, such partner may treat such excess business 
interest expense not previously treated as paid or accrued under Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(g)(2) as paid or accrued by the partner in the first taxable 
year ending on or after the effective date of the final regulations and 
not subject to further limitation under section 163(j) or 163(d).
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (3) Section 743(b) adjustments and publicly traded partnerships. 
Solely for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-6, a publicly traded partnership, 
as defined in Sec.  1.7704-1, shall treat the amount of any section 
743(b) adjustment of a purchaser of a partnership unit that relates to 
a remedial item that the purchaser inherits from the seller as an 
offset to the related section 704(c) remedial item. For this purpose, 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6(e)(2)(ii) applies. See Example 25 in paragraph (o)(25) 
of this section.
    (4) Modification of adjusted taxable income for partnerships. The 
adjusted taxable income of a partnership generally is determined in 
accordance with Sec.  1.163(j)-1(b)(1). However, to the extent that the 
items comprising the adjusted taxable income of a partnership that are 
properly allocable to trades or businesses that are per se non-passive 
activities are allocated to partners that do not materially participate 
(within the meaning of section 469), as described in section 
163(d)(5)(A)(ii), such partnership items shall not be considered 
adjusted taxable income for purposes of determining the section 163(j) 
limitation of a partnership pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b).
    (5) Election to use 2019 adjusted taxable income for taxable years 
beginning in 2020. In the case of any taxable year beginning in 2020, a 
partnership may elect to apply this section by substituting its 
adjusted taxable income for the last taxable year beginning in 2019 for 
the adjusted taxable income for such taxable year (post-election ATI or 
2019 ATI). See Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(4) for the time and manner of making 
or revoking this election. An electing partnership determines each 
partner's allocable ATI (as defined in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this 
section) by using the partnership's 2019 section 704 income, gain, 
loss, and deduction as though such amounts were recognized by the 
partnership in 2020. See Example 34 in paragraph (o)(34) of this 
section.
    (e) * * *
    (5) Partner basis items, remedial items, and publicly traded 
partnerships. Solely for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-6, a publicly 
traded partnership, as defined in Sec.  1.7704-1, shall either allocate 
gain that would otherwise be allocated under section 704(c) based on a 
partner's section 704(b) sharing ratios, or, for purposes of allocating 
cost recovery deductions under section 704(c), determine a partner's 
remedial items, as defined in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(b)(3), based on an 
allocation of the partnership's asset basis (inside basis) items among 
its partners in proportion to their share of corresponding section 
704(b) items (rather than applying the traditional method, described in 
Sec.  1.704-3(b)). See Example 24 in paragraph (o)(24) of this section.
    (f) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iii) Exception applicable to publicly traded partnerships. 
Publicly traded partnerships, as defined in Sec.  1.7704-1, do not 
apply the rules in paragraph (f)(2) of this section to determine a 
partner's share of section 163(j) excess items. Rather, publicly traded 
partnerships determine a partner's share of section 163(j) excess items 
by applying the same percentage used to determine the partner's share 
of the corresponding section 704(b) items that comprise ATI.
* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (4) Special rule for taxable years beginning in 2019 and 2020. In 
the case of any excess business interest expense of a partnership for 
any taxable year beginning in 2019 that is allocated to a partner under 
paragraph (f)(2) of this section, 50 percent of such excess business 
interest expense (Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense) is 
treated as business interest expense that, notwithstanding paragraph 
(g)(2) of this section, is paid or accrued by the partner in the 
partner's first taxable year beginning in 2020. Additionally, Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense is not subject to the 
section 163(j) limitation at the level of the partner. For purposes of 
paragraph (h)(1) of this section, any Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business 
interest expense is, similar to deductible business interest expense, 
taken into account before any excess business interest expense. This 
paragraph applies after paragraph (n) of this section. If a partner 
disposes of a partnership interest in the partnership's 2019 or 2020 
taxable year, Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business interest expense is 
deductible by the partner (except to the extent that the business 
interest expense is negative section 163(j) expense as defined in Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(h)(1) immediately prior to the disposition) and thus does 
not result in a basis increase under paragraph (h)(3) of this section. 
See Example 35 and Example 36 in paragraphs (o)(35) and (o)(36), 
respectively, of this section. A partner may elect to not have this 
provision apply with respect to each partnership interest held by the 
partner on an interest by interest basis. The rules and procedures 
regarding the time and manner of making, or revoking, such an election 
are provided in Revenue Procedure 2020-22, 2020-18 I.R.B. 745, and may 
be further modified through

[[Page 5531]]

other guidance (see Sec. Sec.  601.601(d) and 601.602 of this chapter).
* * * * *
    (n) Treatment of self-charged lending transactions between 
partnerships and partners. In the case of a lending transaction between 
a partner (lending partner) and partnership (borrowing partnership) in 
which the lending partner owns a direct interest (self-charged lending 
transaction), any business interest expense of the borrowing 
partnership attributable to the self-charged lending transaction is 
business interest expense of the borrowing partnership for purposes of 
this section. If in a given taxable year the lending partner is 
allocated excess business interest expense from the borrowing 
partnership and has interest income attributable to the self-charged 
lending transaction (interest income), the lending partner is deemed to 
receive an allocation of excess business interest income from the 
borrowing partnership in such taxable year. The amount of the lending 
partner's deemed allocation of excess business interest income is the 
lesser of such lending partner's allocation of excess business interest 
expense from the borrowing partnership in such taxable year or the 
interest income attributable to the self-charged lending transaction in 
such taxable year. To prevent the double counting of business interest 
income, the lending partner includes interest income that was treated 
as excess business interest income pursuant to this paragraph (n) only 
once when calculating its own section 163(j) limitation. To the extent 
an amount of interest income received by a lending partner is 
attributable to a self-charged lending transaction, and is deemed to be 
an allocation of excess business interest income from the borrowing 
partnership pursuant to this paragraph (n), such an amount of interest 
income will not be treated as investment income for purposes of section 
163(d). In cases where the lending partner is not a C corporation, to 
the extent that any interest income exceeds the lending partner's 
allocation of excess business interest expense from the borrowing 
partnership for the taxable year, and such interest income otherwise 
would be properly treated as investment income of the lending partner 
for purposes of section 163(d) for that year, such excess amount of 
interest income will continue to be treated as investment income of the 
lending partner for that year for purposes of section 163(d). See 
Example 26 in paragraph (o)(26) of this section.
    (o) * * *
    (24) Example 24--(i) Facts. On January 1, 2020, L and M form LM, a 
publicly traded partnership (as defined in Sec.  1.7704-1), and agree 
that each will be allocated a 50 percent share of all LM items. The 
partnership agreement provides that LM will make allocations under 
section 704(c) using the remedial allocation method under Sec.  1.704-
3(d). L contributes depreciable property with an adjusted tax basis of 
$4,000 and a fair market value of $10,000. The property is depreciated 
using the straight-line method with a 10-year recovery period and has 4 
years remaining on its recovery period. M contributes $10,000 in cash, 
which LM uses to purchase land. Except for the depreciation deductions, 
LM's expenses equal its income in each year of the 10 years commencing 
with the year LM is formed. LM has a valid section 754 election in 
effect.
    (ii) Section 163(j) remedial items and partner basis items. LM 
sells the asset contributed by L in a fully taxable transaction at a 
time when the adjusted basis of the property is $4,000. Under Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(e)(2)(ii), solely for purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-6, the tax 
gain of $6,000 is allocated equally between L and M ($3,000 each). To 
avoid shifting built-in gain to the non-contributing partner (M) in a 
manner consistent with the rule in section 704(c), a remedial deduction 
of $3,000 is allocated to M (leaving M with no net tax gain), and 
remedial income of $3,000 is allocated to L (leaving L with total tax 
gain of $6,000).
    (25) Example 25--(i) Facts. The facts are the same as Example 24 in 
paragraph (o)(24) of this section except the property contributed by L 
had an adjusted tax basis of zero. For each of the 10 years following 
the contribution, there would be $500 of section 704(c) remedial income 
allocated to L and $500 of remedial deductions allocated to M with 
respect to the contributed asset. A buyer of M's units would step into 
M's shoes with respect to the $500 of annual remedial deductions. A 
buyer of L's units would step into L's shoes with respect to the $500 
of annual remedial income and would have an annual section 743(b) 
deduction of $1,000 (net $500 of deductions).
    (ii) Analysis. Pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(2)(ii), solely for 
purposes of Sec.  1.163(j)-6, a buyer of L's units immediately after 
formation of LM would offset its $500 annual section 704(c) remedial 
income allocation with $500 of annual section 743(b) adjustment 
(leaving the buyer with net $500 of section 743(b) deduction). As a 
result, such buyer would be in the same position as a buyer of M's 
units. Each buyer would have net deductions of $500 per year, which 
would not affect ATI before 2022.
    (26) Example 26--(i) Facts. X and Y are partners in partnership 
PRS. In Year 1, PRS had $200 of excess business interest expense. 
Pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(f)(2), PRS allocated $100 of such excess 
business interest expense to each of its partners. In Year 2, X lends 
$10,000 to PRS and receives $1,000 of interest income for the taxable 
year (self-charged lending transaction). X is not in the trade or 
business of lending money. The $1,000 of interest expense resulting 
from this loan is allocable to PRS's trade or business assets. As a 
result, such $1,000 of interest expense is business interest expense of 
PRS. X and Y are each allocated $500 of such business interest expense 
as their distributive share of PRS's business interest expense for the 
taxable year. Additionally, in Year 2, PRS has $3,000 of ATI. PRS 
allocates the items comprising its $3,000 of ATI $0 to X and $3,000 to 
Y.
    (ii) Partnership-level. In Year 2, PRS's section 163(j) limit is 30 
percent of its ATI plus its business interest income, or $900 ($3,000 x 
30 percent). Thus, PRS has $900 of deductible business interest 
expense, $100 of excess business interest expense, $0 of excess taxable 
income, and $0 of excess business interest income. Pursuant to Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(f)(2), $400 of X's allocation of business interest expense 
is treated as deductible business interest expense, $100 of X's 
allocation of business interest expense is treated as excess business 
interest expense, and $500 of Y's allocation of business interest 
expense is treated as deductible business interest expense.
    (iii) Lending partner. Pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(n), X treats 
$100 of its $1,000 of interest income as excess business interest 
income allocated from PRS in Year 2. Because X is deemed to have been 
allocated $100 of excess business interest income from PRS, and excess 
business interest expense from a partnership is treated as paid or 
accrued by a partner to the extent excess business interest income is 
allocated from such partnership to a partner, X treats its $100 
allocation of excess business interest expense from PRS in Year 2 as 
business interest expense paid or accrued in Year 2. X, in computing 
its limit under section 163(j), has $100 of business interest income 
($100 deemed allocation of excess business interest income from PRS in 
Year 2) and $100 of business interest expense ($100 allocation of 
excess business interest expense treated as paid or accrued in Year 2). 
Thus, X's $100 of business interest expense is deductible business 
interest expense. At the end of Year 2,

[[Page 5532]]

X has $100 of excess business interest expense from PRS ($100 from Year 
1). X treats $900 of its $1,000 of interest income as investment income 
for purposes of section 163(d).
    (27)-(33) [Reserved]
    (34) Example 34--(i) Facts. X and Y are equal partners in 
partnership PRS. Further, X and Y share the profits of PRS equally. In 
2019, PRS had ATI of $100. Additionally, in 2019, PRS had $100 of 
section 704(b) income which was allocated $50 to X and $50 to Y (PRS 
did not have any section 704(c) income in 2019). In 2020, PRS's only 
items of income, gain, loss or deduction was $1 of trade or business 
income, which it allocated to X pursuant to section 704(c).
    (ii) Partnership-level. In 2020, PRS makes the election described 
in Sec.  1.163(j)-6(d)(5) to use its 2019 ATI in 2020. As a result, PRS 
has $100 of ATI in 2020. PRS does not have any business interest 
expense. Therefore, PRS has $100 of excess taxable income in 2020.
    (iii) Partner-level allocations. PRS allocates its $100 of excess 
taxable income to X and Y pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(f)(2). To 
determine each partner's share of the $100 of excess taxable income, 
PRS must determine each partner's allocable ATI (as defined in Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(f)(2)(ii)). Because PRS made the election described in Sec.  
1.163(j)-6(d)(5), PRS must determine the allocable ATI of each of its 
partners pursuant to paragraph (d)(5). Specifically, PRS determines 
each partner's share of allocable ATI based on PRS's 2019 section 704 
income, gain, loss, and deduction. PRS had $100 of section 704(b) 
income in 2019 which was allocated $50 to X and $50 to Y. Therefore, in 
2020, X and Y are both allocated $50 of excess taxable income (50% x 
$100).
    (35) Example 35--(i) Facts. X, a partner in partnership PRS, was 
allocated $20 of excess business interest expense from PRS in 2018 and 
$10 of excess business interest expense from PRS in 2019. In 2020, PRS 
allocated $16 of excess taxable income to X.
    (ii) Analysis. X treats 50 percent of its $10 of excess business 
interest expense allocated from PRS in 2019 as Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) 
business interest expense. Thus, $5 of Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business 
interest expense is treated as paid or accrued by X in 2020 and is not 
subject to the section 163(j) limitation at X's level. Because X was 
allocated $16 of excess taxable income from PRS in 2020, X treats $16 
of its $25 of excess business interest expense as business interest 
expense paid or accrued pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(2). X, in 
computing its limit under section 163(j) in 2020, has $16 of ATI (as a 
result of its allocation of $16 of excess taxable income from PRS), $0 
of business interest income, and $16 of business interest expense ($16 
of excess business interest expense treated as paid or accrued in 
2020). Pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(2)(i), X's section 163(j) limit 
in 2020 is $8 ($16 x 50 percent). Thus, X has $8 of business interest 
expense that is deductible under section 163(j). The $8 of X's business 
interest expense not allowed as a deduction ($16 business interest 
expense subject to section 163(j), less $8 section 163(j) limit) is 
treated as business interest expense paid or accrued by X in 2021. At 
the end of 2020, X has $9 of excess business interest expense from PRS 
($20 from 2018, plus $10 from 2019, less $5 treated as paid or accrued 
pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4), less $16 treated as paid or accrued 
pursuant to Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(2)).
    (36) Example 36--(i) Facts. X is a partner in partnership PRS. At 
the beginning of 2018, X's outside basis in PRS was $100. X was 
allocated $20 of excess business interest expense from PRS in 2018 and 
$10 of excess business interest expense from PRS in 2019. X sold its 
PRS interest in 2019 for $70.
    (ii) Analysis. X treats 50 percent of its $10 of excess business 
interest expense allocated from PRS in 2019 as Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) 
business interest expense. Thus, $5 of Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(4) business 
interest expense is treated as paid or accrued by X in 2020 and is not 
subject to the section 163(j) limitation at X's level. Pursuant to 
paragraph (h)(3) of this section, immediately before the disposition, X 
increases the basis of its PRS interest from $70 to $95 (add back of 
$20 of EBIE from 2018 and $5 of remaining EBIE from 2019). Thus, X has 
a $25 section 741 loss recognized on the sale ($70-$95).
    (p) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general.* * *
    (2) Paragraphs (c)(1) and (2), (d)(3) through (5), (e)(5), 
(f)(1)(iii), (g)(4), (n), and (o)(24) through (29), and (34) through 
(36). Paragraphs (c)(1) and (2), (d)(3) through (5), (e)(5), 
(f)(1)(iii), (g)(4), (n), and (o)(24) through (29), and (34) through 
(36) of this section apply to taxable years beginning on or after March 
22, 2021. However, taxpayers and their related parties, within the 
meaning of sections 267(b) (determined without regard to section 
267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may choose to apply the rules in paragraphs 
(c)(1) and (2), (d)(3) through (5), (e)(5), (f)(1)(iii), (g)(4), (n), 
and (o)(24) through (29), and (34) through (36) to a taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided 
that those taxpayers and their related parties consistently apply all 
of the rules in T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, 
effective November 13, 2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective 
January 13, 2021), and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 
1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.382-7, 1.383-0, 
1.383-1, 1.469-9, 1.469-11, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 
1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-36, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-91 through 
1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of Sec. Sec.  1.382-
2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 contained in T.D. 9905 
as modified by T.D. 9943, for that taxable year and for each subsequent 
taxable year.

0
Par. 7. Section 1.163(j)-7 is amended by revising paragraph (a), adding 
paragraphs (c) through (f), (g)(3) and (4), (h), (k), and (l), and 
revising paragraph (m) to read as follows:


Sec.  1.163 (j)-7  Application of the section 163(j) limitation to 
foreign corporations and United States shareholders.

    (a) Overview. This section provides rules for the application of 
section 163(j) to relevant foreign corporations and United States 
shareholders of relevant foreign corporations. Paragraph (b) of this 
section provides the general rule regarding the application of section 
163(j) to a relevant foreign corporation. Paragraph (c) of this section 
provides rules for applying section 163(j) to CFC group members of a 
CFC group. Paragraph (d) of this section provides rules for determining 
a specified group and specified group members. Paragraph (e) of this 
section provides rules and procedures for treating a specified group 
member as a CFC group member and for determining a CFC group. Paragraph 
(f) of this section provides rules regarding the treatment of a CFC 
group member that has ECI. Paragraph (g) of this section provides rules 
concerning the computation of ATI of an applicable CFC. Paragraph (h) 
of this section provides a safe harbor that exempts certain stand-alone 
applicable CFCs and CFC groups from the application of section 163(j) 
for a taxable year. Paragraphs (i) and (j) of this section are 
reserved. Paragraph (k) of this section provides definitions that apply 
for purposes of this section (see also Sec.  1.163(j)-1 for additional 
definitions). Paragraph (l) of this section provides examples 
illustrating the application of this section.
* * * * *
    (c) Application of section 163(j) to CFC group members of a CFC 
group--(1) Scope. This paragraph (c) provides rules for applying 
section 163(j) to a

[[Page 5533]]

CFC group and a CFC group member. Paragraph (c)(2) of this section 
provides rules for computing a single section 163(j) limitation for a 
specified period of a CFC group. Paragraph (c)(3) of this section 
provides rules for allocating a CFC group's section 163(j) limitation 
to CFC group members for specified taxable years. Paragraph (c)(4) of 
this section provides currency translation rules. Paragraph (c)(5) of 
this section provides special rules for specified periods beginning in 
2019 or 2020.
    (2) Calculation of section 163(j) limitation for a CFC group for a 
specified period--(i) In general. A single section 163(j) limitation is 
computed for a specified period of a CFC group. For purposes of 
applying section 163(j) and the section 163(j) regulations, the 
current-year business interest expense, disallowed business interest 
expense carryforwards, business interest income, floor plan financing 
interest expense, and ATI of a CFC group for a specified period equal 
the sums of each CFC group member's respective amounts for its 
specified taxable year with respect to the specified period. A CFC 
group member's current-year business interest expense, business 
interest income, floor plan financing interest expense, and ATI for a 
specified taxable year are generally determined on a separate-company 
basis. For purposes of determining the ATI of a CFC group, Sec.  
1.163(j)-1(b)(1)(vii) (providing that ATI cannot be less than zero) 
applies with respect to the ATI of the CFC group but not the ATI of any 
CFC group member.
    (ii) Certain transactions between CFC group members disregarded. 
Any transaction between CFC group members of a CFC group that is 
entered into with a principal purpose of affecting a CFC group or a CFC 
group member's section 163(j) limitation by increasing or decreasing a 
CFC group or a CFC group member's ATI or business interest income for a 
specified taxable year is disregarded for purposes of applying section 
163(j) and the section 163(j) regulations.
    (3) Deduction of business interest expense--(i) CFC group business 
interest expense--(A) In general. The extent to which a CFC group 
member's current-year business interest expense and disallowed business 
interest expense carryforwards for a specified taxable year that ends 
with or within a specified period may be deducted under section 163(j) 
is determined under the rules and principles of Sec.  1.163(j)-5(a)(2) 
and (b)(3)(ii), subject to the modifications described in paragraph 
(c)(3)(i)(B) of this section.
    (B) Modifications to relevant terms. For purposes of paragraph 
(c)(3)(i)(A) of this section, the rules and principles of Sec.  
1.163(j)-5(b)(3)(ii) are applied by--
    (1) Replacing ``Sec.  1.163(j)-4(d)(2)'' in Sec.  1.163(j)-
5(a)(2)(ii) with ``Sec.  1.163(j)-7(c)(2)(i)'';
    (2) Replacing the term ``allocable share of the consolidated 
group's remaining section 163(j) limitation'' with ``allocable share of 
the CFC group's remaining section 163(j) limitation'';
    (3) Replacing the terms ``consolidated group'' and ``group'' with 
``CFC group'';
    (4) Replacing the term ``consolidated group's remaining section 
163(j) limitation'' with ``CFC group's remaining section 163(j) 
limitation'';
    (5) Replacing the term ``consolidated return year'' with 
``specified period'';
    (6) Replacing the term ``current year'' or ``current-year'' with 
``current specified period'' or ``specified taxable year with respect 
to the current specified period,'' as the context requires;
    (7) Replacing the term ``member'' with ``CFC group member''; and
    (8) Replacing the term ``taxable year'' with ``specified taxable 
year with respect to a specified period.''
    (ii) Carryforwards treated as attributable to the same taxable 
year. For purposes of applying the principles of Sec.  1.163(j)-
5(b)(3)(ii), as required under paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, CFC 
group members' disallowed business interest expense carryforwards that 
arose in specified taxable years with respect to the same specified 
period are treated as disallowed business interest expense 
carryforwards from taxable years ending on the same date and are 
deducted on a pro rata basis, under the principles of Sec.  1.163(j)-
5(b)(3)(ii)(C)(3), pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section.
    (iii) Multiple specified taxable years of a CFC group member with 
respect to a specified period. If a CFC group member has more than one 
specified taxable year (each year, an applicable specified taxable 
year) with respect to a single specified period of a CFC group, then 
all the applicable specified taxable years are taken into account for 
purposes of applying the principles of Sec.  1.163(j)-5(b)(3)(ii), as 
required under paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, with respect to the 
specified period. The portion of the section 163(j) limitation 
allocable to disallowed business interest expense carryforwards of the 
CFC group member that arose in taxable years before the first 
applicable specified taxable year is prorated among the applicable 
specified taxable years in proportion to the number of days in each 
applicable specified taxable year.
    (iv) Limitation on pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforward--(A) General rule--(1) CFC group member pre-group 
disallowed business interest expense carryforward. This paragraph 
(c)(3)(iv) applies to pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforwards of a CFC group member. The amount of the pre-group 
disallowed business interest expense carryforwards described in the 
preceding sentence that may be included in any CFC group member's 
business interest expense deduction for any specified taxable year 
under this paragraph (c)(3) may not exceed the aggregate section 163(j) 
limitation for all specified periods of the CFC group, determined by 
reference only to the CFC group member's items of income, gain, 
deduction, and loss, and reduced (including below zero) by the CFC 
group member's business interest expense (including disallowed business 
interest expense carryforwards) taken into account as a deduction by 
the CFC group member in all specified taxable years in which the CFC 
group member has continuously been a CFC group member of the CFC group 
(cumulative section 163(j) pre-group carryforward limitation).
    (2) Subgrouping. In the case of a pre-group disallowed business 
interest expense carryforward, a pre-group subgroup is composed of the 
CFC group member with the pre-group disallowed business interest 
expense carryforward (the loss member) and each other CFC group member 
of the loss member's CFC group (the current group) that was a member of 
the CFC group in which the pre-group disallowed business interest 
expense carryforward arose and joined the specified group of the 
current group at the same time as the loss member. A CFC group member 
that is a member of a pre-group subgroup remains a member of the pre-
group subgroup until its first taxable year during which it ceases to 
be a member of the same specified group as the loss member. For 
purposes of this paragraph (c), the rules and principles of Sec.  
1.163(j)-5(d)(1)(B) apply to a pre-group subgroup as if the pre-group 
subgroup were a SRLY subgroup.
    (3) Transition rule. Solely for purposes of paragraph 
(c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section, a CFC group includes a group of 
applicable CFCs for which a CFC group election was made under guidance 
under section 163(j) published on December 28, 2018. Therefore, if the 
requirements of paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section are 
satisfied, a group of applicable CFCs described in the preceding 
sentence may be treated as a pre-group subgroup.

[[Page 5534]]

    (B) Deduction of pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforwards. Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(1) of this 
section, pre-group disallowed business interest expense carryforwards 
are available for deduction by a CFC group member in its specified 
taxable year only to the extent the CFC group has remaining section 
163(j) limitation for the specified period after the deduction of 
current-year business interest expense and disallowed business interest 
expense carryforwards from earlier taxable years that are permitted to 
be deducted in specified taxable years of CFC group members with 
respect to the specified period. See paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this 
section and Sec.  1.163(j)-5(b)(3)(ii)(A). Pre-group disallowed 
business interest expense carryforwards are deducted on a pro rata 
basis (under the principles of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section and 
Sec.  1.163(j)-5(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)) with other disallowed business 
interest expense carryforwards from taxable years ending on the same 
date.
    (4) Currency translation. For purposes of applying this paragraph 
(c), items of a CFC group member are translated into a single currency 
for the CFC group and back to the functional currency of the CFC group 
member using the average exchange rate for the CFC group member's 
specified taxable year. The single currency for the CFC group may be 
the U.S. dollar or the functional currency of a plurality of the CFC 
group members.
    (5) Special rule for specified periods beginning in 2019 or 2020--
(i) 50 percent ATI limitation applies to a specified period of a CFC 
group. In the case of a CFC group, Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(2) (including 
the election under Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(2)(ii)) applies to a specified 
period of the CFC group beginning in 2019 or 2020, rather than to a 
specified taxable year of a CFC group member. An election under Sec.  
1.163(j)-2(b)(2)(ii) for a specified period of a CFC group is not 
effective unless made by each designated U.S. person. Except as 
otherwise provided in this paragraph (c)(5)(i), the election is made in 
accordance with Revenue Procedure 2020-22, 2020-18 I.R.B. 745. For 
purposes of applying Sec.  1.964-1(c), the election is treated as if 
made for each CFC group member.
    (ii) Election to use 2019 ATI applies to a specified period of a 
CFC group--(A) In general. In the case of a CFC group, for purposes of 
applying paragraph (c)(2) of this section, an election under Sec.  
1.163(j)-2(b)(3)(i) is made for a specified period of a CFC group 
beginning in 2020 and applies to the specified taxable years of each 
CFC group member with respect to such specified period, taking into 
account the application of paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(B) of this section. The 
election under Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(3)(i) does not apply to any 
specified taxable year of a CFC group member other than those described 
in the preceding sentence. An election under Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(3)(i) 
for a specified period of a CFC group is not effective unless made by 
each designated U.S. person. Except as otherwise provided in this 
paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A), the election is made in accordance with 
Revenue Procedure 2020-22, 2020-18 I.R.B. 745. For purposes of applying 
Sec.  1.964-1(c), the election is treated as if made for each CFC group 
member.
    (B) Specified taxable years that do not begin in 2020. If a 
specified taxable year of a CFC group member with respect to the 
specified period described in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A) of this section 
begins in 2019, then, for purposes of applying paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(3) is applied to such specified taxable 
year by substituting ``2018'' for ``2019'' and ``2019'' for ``2020.'' 
If a specified taxable year of a CFC group member with respect to the 
specified period described in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A) of this section 
begins in 2021, then, for purposes of applying paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(3) is applied to such specified taxable 
year by substituting ``2020'' for ``2019'' and ``2021'' for ``2020.''
    (d) Determination of a specified group and specified group 
members--(1) Scope. This paragraph (d) provides rules for determining a 
specified group and specified group members. Paragraph (d)(2) of this 
section provides rules for determining a specified group. Paragraph 
(d)(3) of this section provides rules for determining specified group 
members.
    (2) Rules for determining a specified group--(i) Definition of a 
specified group. Subject to paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, the 
term specified group means one or more applicable CFCs or chains of 
applicable CFCs connected through stock ownership with a specified 
group parent (which is included in the specified group only if it is an 
applicable CFC), but only if--
    (A) The specified group parent owns directly or indirectly stock 
meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2)(B) in at least one 
applicable CFC; and
    (B) Stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2)(B) in each 
of the applicable CFCs (except the specified group parent) is owned 
directly or indirectly by one or more of the other applicable CFCs or 
the specified group parent.
    (ii) Indirect ownership. For purposes of applying paragraph 
(d)(2)(i) of this section, stock is owned indirectly only if it is 
owned under section 318(a)(2)(A) through a partnership or under section 
318(a)(2)(A) or (B) through an estate or trust not described in section 
7701(a)(30).
    (iii) Specified group parent. The term specified group parent means 
a qualified U.S. person or an applicable CFC.
    (iv) Qualified U.S. person. The term qualified U.S. person means a 
United States person described in section 7701(a)(30)(A) or (C). For 
purposes of this paragraph (d), members of a consolidated group that 
file (or that are required to file) a consolidated U.S. Federal income 
tax return are treated as a single qualified U.S person and individuals 
described in section 7701(a)(30)(A) whose filing status is married 
filing jointly are treated as a single qualified U.S. person.
    (v) Stock. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(2), the term stock 
has the same meaning as ``stock'' in section 1504 (without regard to 
Sec.  1.1504-4, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(vi) of this 
section) and all shares of stock within a single class are considered 
to have the same value. Thus, control premiums and minority and 
blockage discounts within a single class are not taken into account.
    (vi) Options treated as exercised. For purposes of this paragraph 
(d)(2), options that are reasonably certain to be exercised, as 
determined under Sec.  1.1504-4(g), are treated as exercised. For 
purposes of this paragraph (d)(2)(vi), options include call options, 
warrants, convertible obligations, put options, and any other 
instrument treated as an option under Sec.  1.1504-4(d), determined by 
replacing the term ``a principal purpose of avoiding the application of 
section 1504 and this section'' with ``a principal purpose of avoiding 
the application of section 163(j).''
    (vii) When a specified group ceases to exist. The principles of 
Sec.  1.1502-75(d)(1), (d)(2)(i) and (ii), and (d)(3)(i) through (iv) 
apply for purposes of determining when a specified group ceases to 
exist. Solely for purposes of applying these principles, references to 
the common parent are treated as references to the specified group 
parent and each applicable CFC that is treated as a specified group 
member for a taxable year with respect to a specified period is treated 
as affiliated with the specified group parent from the beginning to the 
end of the specified

[[Page 5535]]

period, without regard to the beginning or end of its taxable year.
    (3) Rules for determining a specified group member. If two or more 
applicable CFCs are included in a specified group on the last day of a 
taxable year of each applicable CFC that ends with or within a 
specified period, then each applicable CFC is a specified group member 
with respect to the specified period for its entire taxable year ending 
with or within the specified period. If only one applicable CFC is 
included in a specified group on the last day of its taxable year that 
ends with or within the specified period, it is not a specified group 
member. If an applicable CFC has multiple taxable years that end with 
or within a specified period, this paragraph (d)(3) is applied 
separately to each taxable year to determine if the applicable CFC is a 
specified group member for such taxable year.
    (e) Rules and procedures for treating a specified group as a CFC 
group--(1) Scope. This paragraph (e) provides rules and procedures for 
treating a specified group member as a CFC group member and for 
determining a CFC group for purposes of applying section 163(j) and the 
section 163(j) regulations.
    (2) CFC group and CFC group member--(i) CFC group. The term CFC 
group means, with respect to a specified period, all CFC group members 
for their specified taxable years.
    (ii) CFC group member. The term CFC group member means, with 
respect to a specified taxable year and a specified period, a specified 
group member of a specified group for which a CFC group election is in 
effect. However, notwithstanding the prior sentence, a specified group 
member is not treated as a CFC group member for a taxable year of the 
specified group member beginning before January 1, 2018.
    (3) Duration of a CFC group. A CFC group continues until the CFC 
group election is revoked, or there is no longer a specified period 
with respect to the specified group. A failure to provide the 
information described in paragraph (e)(6) of this section does not 
terminate a CFC group election.
    (4) Joining or leaving a CFC group. If an applicable CFC becomes a 
specified group member for a specified taxable year with respect to a 
specified period of a specified group for which a CFC group election is 
in effect, the CFC group election applies to the applicable CFC and the 
applicable CFC becomes a CFC group member. If an applicable CFC ceases 
to be a specified group member for a specified taxable year with 
respect to a specified period of a specified group for which a CFC 
group election is in effect, the CFC group election terminates solely 
with respect to the applicable CFC.
    (5) Manner of making or revoking a CFC group election--(i) In 
general. An election is made or revoked under this paragraph (e)(5) 
(CFC group election) with respect to a specified period of a specified 
group. A CFC group election remains in effect for each specified period 
of the specified group until revoked. A CFC group election that is in 
effect with respect to a specified period of a specified group applies 
to each specified group member for its specified taxable year that ends 
with or within the specified period. The making or revoking of a CFC 
group election is not effective unless made or revoked by each 
designated U.S. person.
    (ii) Revocation by election. A CFC group election cannot be revoked 
with respect to any specified period beginning before 60 months 
following the last day of the specified period for which the election 
was made. Once a CFC group election has been revoked, a new CFC group 
election cannot be made with respect to any specified period beginning 
before 60 months following the last day of the specified period for 
which the election was revoked.
    (iii) Timing. A CFC group election must be made or revoked with 
respect to a specified period of a specified group no later than the 
due date (taking into account extensions, if any) of the original 
Federal income tax return for the taxable year of each designated U.S. 
person in which or with which the specified period ends.
    (iv) Election statement. To make or revoke a CFC group election for 
a specified period of a specified group, each designated U.S. person 
must attach a statement to its relevant Federal income tax or 
information return in accordance with publications, forms, 
instructions, or other guidance. The statement must include the name 
and taxpayer identification number of all designated U.S. persons, a 
statement that the CFC group election is being made or revoked, as 
applicable, the specified period for which the CFC group election is 
being made or revoked, and the name of each CFC group member and its 
specified taxable year with respect to the specified period. The 
statement must be filed in the manner prescribed in publications, 
forms, instructions, or other guidance.
    (v) Effect of prior CFC group election. A CFC group election is 
made solely pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph (e)(5), 
without regard to whether a CFC group election described in guidance 
under section 163(j) published on December 28, 2018, was in effect.
    (6) Annual information reporting. Each designated U.S. person must 
attach a statement to its relevant Federal income tax or information 
return for each taxable year in which a CFC group election is in effect 
that contains information concerning the computation of the CFC group's 
section 163(j) limitation and the application of paragraph (c)(3) of 
this section to the CFC group in accordance with publications, forms, 
instructions, or other guidance.
    (f) Treatment of a CFC group member that has ECI--(1) In general. 
If a CFC group member has ECI in its specified taxable year, then for 
purposes of section 163(j) and the section 163(j) regulations--
    (i) The items, disallowed business interest expense carryforwards, 
and other attributes of the CFC group member that are ECI are treated 
as items, disallowed business interest expense carryforwards, and 
attributes of a separate applicable CFC (such deemed corporation, an 
ECI deemed corporation) that has the same taxable year and shareholders 
as the applicable CFC; and
    (ii) The ECI deemed corporation is not treated as a specified group 
member for the specified taxable year.
    (2) [Reserved].
    (g) * * *
    (3) Treatment of certain foreign income taxes. For purposes of 
computing the ATI of a relevant foreign corporation for a taxable year, 
no deduction is taken into account for any foreign income tax (as 
defined in Sec.  1.960-1(b), but substituting the phrase ``relevant 
foreign corporation'' for the phrase ``controlled foreign 
corporation'').
    (4) Anti-abuse rule--(i) In general. If a specified group member of 
a specified group or an applicable partnership (specified lender) 
includes an amount (payment amount) in income and such amount is 
attributable to business interest expense incurred by another specified 
group member or an applicable partnership of the specified group 
(specified borrower) during its taxable year, then the ATI of the 
specified borrower for the taxable year is increased by the ATI 
adjustment amount if--
    (A) The business interest expense is incurred with a principal 
purpose of reducing the Federal income tax liability of any United 
States shareholder of a specified group member (including over other 
taxable years);

[[Page 5536]]

    (B) Absent the application of this paragraph (g)(4), the effect of 
the specified borrower treating all or part of the payment amount as 
disallowed business interest expense would be to reduce the Federal 
income tax liability of any United States shareholder of a specified 
group member; and
    (C) Either no CFC group election is in effect with respect to the 
specified group or the specified borrower is an applicable partnership.
    (ii) ATI adjustment amount--(A) In general. For purposes of this 
paragraph (g)(4), the term ATI adjustment amount means, with respect to 
a specified borrower and a taxable year, the product of 3\1/3\ and the 
lesser of the payment amount or the disallowed business interest 
expense, computed without regard to this paragraph (g)(4).
    (B) Special rule for taxable years or specified periods beginning 
in 2019 or 2020. For any taxable year of an applicable CFC or specified 
taxable year of a CFC group member with respect to a specified period 
for which the section 163(j) limitation is determined based, in part, 
on 50 percent of ATI, in accordance with Sec.  1.163(j)-2(b)(2), 
paragraph (g)(4)(ii)(A) of this section is applied by substituting 
``2'' for ``3\1/3\.''
    (iii) Applicable partnership. For purposes of this paragraph 
(g)(4), the term applicable partnership means, with respect to a 
specified group, a partnership in which at least 80 percent of the 
interests in profits or capital is owned, directly or indirectly 
through one or more other partnerships, by specified group members of 
the specified group. For purposes of this paragraph (g)(4)(iii), a 
partner's interest in the profits of a partnership is determined in 
accordance with the rules and principles of Sec.  1.706-1(b)(4)(ii) and 
a partner's interest in the capital of a partnership is determined in 
accordance with the rules and principles of Sec.  1.706-1(b)(4)(iii).
    (h) Election to apply safe-harbor--(1) In general. If an election 
to apply this paragraph (h)(1) (safe-harbor election) is in effect with 
respect to a taxable year of a stand-alone applicable CFC or a 
specified taxable year of a CFC group member, as applicable, then, for 
such year, no portion of the applicable CFC's business interest expense 
is disallowed under the section 163(j) limitation. This paragraph (h) 
does not apply to excess business interest expense, as described in 
Sec.  1.163(j)-6(f)(2), until the taxable year in which it is treated 
as paid or accrued by an applicable CFC under Sec.  1.163(j)-
6(g)(2)(i). Furthermore, excess business interest expense is not taken 
into account for purposes of determining whether the safe-harbor 
election is available for a stand-alone applicable CFC or a CFC group 
until the taxable year in which it is treated as paid or accrued by an 
applicable CFC under Sec.  1.163(j)-6(g)(2)(i).
    (2) Eligibility for safe-harbor election--(i) Stand-alone 
applicable CFC. The safe-harbor election may be made for the taxable 
year of a stand-alone applicable CFC only if, for the taxable year, the 
business interest expense of the applicable CFC is less than or equal 
to either--
    (A) The business interest income of the applicable CFC; or
    (B) 30 percent of the lesser of the eligible amount or the 
qualified tentative taxable income of the applicable CFC.
    (ii) CFC group. The safe-harbor election may be made for the 
specified period of a CFC group only if, for the specified period, no 
CFC group member has any pre-group disallowed business interest expense 
carryforward and the business interest expense of the CFC group for the 
specified period is less than or equal to either--
    (A) The business interest income of the CFC group; or
    (B) 30 percent of the lesser of the eligible amount or the 
qualified tentative taxable income of the CFC group.
    (iii) Currency translation. For purposes of applying this paragraph 
(h), BII, BIE, and qualified tentative taxable income of a stand-alone 
applicable CFC or a CFC group must be determined using the U.S. dollar. 
If BII, BIE, or any items of income, gain, deduction, or loss that are 
taken into account in computing qualified tentative taxable income are 
maintained in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, then those items 
must be translated into the U.S. dollar using the average exchange rate 
for the taxable year or the specified taxable year, as applicable.
    (3) Eligible amount--(i) Stand-alone applicable CFC. The eligible 
amount of a stand-alone applicable CFC for a taxable year is the sum of 
the amounts a domestic corporation would include in gross income under 
sections 951(a)(1)(A) and 951A(a), reduced by any deductions that would 
be allowed under section 245A (by reason of section 964(e)(4)) or 
section 250(a)(1)(B)(i), determined as if the domestic corporation has 
a taxable year that ends on the last date of the taxable year of the 
stand-alone applicable CFC, it wholly owns the stand-alone applicable 
CFC throughout the CFC's taxable year, it does not own any assets other 
than stock in the stand-alone applicable CFC, and it has no other items 
of income, gain, deduction, or loss.
    (ii) CFC group. The eligible amount of a CFC group for a specified 
period is the sum of the amounts a domestic corporation would include 
in gross income under sections 951(a)(1)(A) and 951A(a), reduced by any 
deductions that would be allowed under section 245A (by reason of 
section 964(e)(4)) or section 250(a)(1)(B)(i), determined as if the 
domestic corporation has a taxable year that is the specified period, 
it wholly owns each CFC group member throughout the CFC group member's 
specified taxable year, it does not own any assets other than stock in 
the CFC group members, and it has no other items of income, gain, 
deduction, or loss.
    (iii) Additional rules for determining an eligible amount. For 
purposes of paragraphs (h)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section, the amounts 
that would be included in gross income of a United States shareholder 
under sections 951(a)(1)(A) and 951A(a), and any corresponding 
deductions that would be allowed under section 245A (by reason of 
section 964(e)(4)) or section 250(a)(1)(B)(i), are determined by taking 
into account any elections that are made with respect to the applicable 
CFC(s), including under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(5) (relating to the subpart F 
high-tax exception) and Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(7)(viii) (relating to the 
GILTI high-tax exclusion). These amounts are also determined without 
regard to any section 163(j) limitation on business interest expense 
and without regard to any disallowed business interest expense 
carryovers. In addition, those amounts are determined by only taking in 
account items of the applicable CFC(s) that are properly allocable to a 
non-excepted trade or business under Sec.  1.163(j)-10.
    (4) Qualified tentative taxable income. The term qualified 
tentative taxable income means, with respect to a taxable year of a 
stand-alone applicable CFC, the applicable CFC's tentative taxable 
income, and with respect to a specified period of a CFC group, the sum 
of each CFC group member's tentative taxable income for the specified 
taxable year; provided that for purposes of this paragraph (h)(4), 
tentative taxable income is determined by taking into account only 
items properly allocable to a non-excepted trade or business under 
Sec.  1.163(j)-10.
    (5) Manner of making a safe-harbor election--(i) In general. A 
safe-harbor election is an annual election made under this paragraph 
(h)(5) with respect to a taxable year of a stand-alone applicable CFC 
or with respect to a specified period of a CFC group. A safe-

[[Page 5537]]

harbor election that is made with respect to a specified period of a 
CFC group is effective with respect to each CFC group member for its 
specified taxable year. A safe-harbor election is only effective if 
made by each designated U.S. person with respect to a stand-alone 
applicable CFC or a CFC group. A safe-harbor election is made with 
respect to a taxable year of a stand-alone applicable CFC, or a 
specified period of a CFC group, no later than the due date (taking 
into account extensions, if any) of the original Federal income tax 
return for the taxable year of each designated U.S. person, 
respectively, in which or with which the taxable year of the stand-
alone applicable CFC ends or the specified period of the CFC group 
ends.
    (ii) Election statement. To make a safe-harbor election, each 
designated U.S. person must attach to its relevant Federal income tax 
return or information return a statement that includes the name and 
taxpayer identification number of all designated U.S. persons, a 
statement that a safe-harbor election is being made pursuant to Sec.  
1.163(j)-7(h) and a calculation that substantiates that the 
requirements for making the election are satisfied, and the taxable 
year of the stand-alone applicable CFC or the specified period of the 
CFC group, as applicable, for which the safe-harbor election is being 
made in accordance with publications, forms, instructions, or other 
guidance. In the case of a CFC group, the statement must also include 
the name of each CFC group member and its specified taxable year that 
ends with or within the specified period for which the safe-harbor 
election is being made. The statement must be filed in the manner 
prescribed in publications, forms, instructions, or other guidance.
    (6) Special rule for taxable years or specified periods beginning 
in 2019 or 2020. In the case of a stand-alone applicable CFC, for any 
taxable year beginning in 2019 or 2020, paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this 
section is applied by substituting ``50 percent'' for ``30 percent.'' 
In the case of a CFC group, for any specified period beginning in 2019 
or 2020, paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(A) of this section is applied by 
substituting ``50 percent'' for ``30 percent.''
* * * * *
    (k) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of 
this section.
    (1) Applicable partnership. The term applicable partnership has the 
meaning provided in paragraph (g)(4)(iii) of this section.
    (2) Applicable specified taxable year. The term applicable 
specified taxable year has the meaning provided in paragraph 
(c)(3)(iii) of this section.
    (3) ATI adjustment amount. The term ATI adjustment amount has the 
meaning provided in paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this section.
    (4)-(5) [Reserved].
    (6) CFC group. The term CFC group has the meaning provided in 
paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section.
    (7) CFC group election. The term CFC group election means the 
election described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
    (8) CFC group member. The term CFC group member has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section.
    (9) [Reserved].
    (10) Cumulative section 163(j) pre-group carryforward limitation. 
The term cumulative section 163(j) pre-group carryforward limitation 
has the meaning provided in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(1) of this section.
    (11) Current group. The term current group has the meaning provided 
in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section.
    (12) Designated U.S. person. The term designated U.S. person 
means--
    (i) With respect to a stand-alone applicable CFC, each controlling 
domestic shareholder, as defined in Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)(i) of the 
applicable CFC; or
    (ii) With respect to a specified group, the specified group parent, 
if the specified group parent is a qualified U.S. person, or each 
controlling domestic shareholder, as defined in Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)(i), 
of the specified group parent, if the specified group parent is an 
applicable CFC.
    (13) ECI deemed corporation. The term ECI deemed corporation has 
the meaning provided in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section.
    (14) Effectively connected income. The term effectively connected 
income (or ECI) means income or gain that is ECI, as defined in Sec.  
1.884-1(d)(1)(iii), and deduction or loss that is allocable to, ECI, as 
defined in Sec.  1.884-1(d)(1)(iii).
    (15) Eligible amount. The term eligible amount has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (h)(3)(i) of this section.
    (16) Former group. The term former group has the meaning provided 
in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section.
    (17) Loss member. The term loss member has the meaning provided in 
paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section.
    (18) Payment amount. The term payment amount has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section.
    (19) Pre-group disallowed business interest expense carryforward. 
The term pre-group disallowed business interest expense carryforward 
means, with respect to a CFC group member and a specified taxable year, 
any disallowed business interest expense carryforward of the CFC group 
member that arose in a taxable year during which the CFC group member 
(or its predecessor) was not a CFC group member of the CFC group.
    (20) Qualified tentative taxable income. The term qualified 
tentative taxable income has the meaning provided in paragraph (h)(4) 
of this section.
    (21) Qualified U.S. person. The term qualified U.S. person has the 
meaning provided in paragraph (d)(2)(iv) of this section.
    (22) Relevant period. The term relevant period has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(A)(2) of this section.
    (23) Safe-harbor election. The term safe-harbor election has the 
meaning provided in paragraph (h)(1) of this section.
    (24) Specified borrower. The term specified borrower has the 
meaning provided in paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section.
    (25) Specified group. The term specified group has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section.
    (26) Specified group member. The term specified group member has 
the meaning provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
    (27) Specified group parent. The term specified group parent has 
the meaning provided in paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section.
    (28) Specified lender. The term specified lender has the meaning 
provided in paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section.
    (29) Specified period--(i) In general. Except as otherwise provided 
in paragraph (k)(29)(ii) of this section, the term specified period 
means, with respect to a specified group--
    (A) If the specified group parent is a qualified U.S. person, the 
period ending on the last day of the taxable year of the specified 
group parent and beginning on the first day after the last day of the 
specified group's immediately preceding specified period; or
    (B) If the specified group parent is an applicable CFC, the period 
ending on the last day of the specified group parent's required year 
described in section 898(c)(1), without regard to section 898(c)(2), 
and beginning on the first day after the last day of the specified 
group's immediately preceding specified period.
    (ii) Short specified period. A specified period begins no earlier 
than the first

[[Page 5538]]

date on which a specified group exists. A specified period ends on the 
date a specified group ceases to exist under paragraph (d)(2)(vii) of 
this section. If the last day of a specified period, as determined 
under paragraph (k)(29)(i) of this section, changes, and, but for this 
paragraph (k)(29)(ii), the change in the last day of the specified 
period would result in the specified period being longer than 12 
months, the specified period ends on the date on which the specified 
period would have ended had the change not occurred.
    (30) Specified taxable year. The term specified taxable year means, 
with respect to an applicable CFC that is a specified group member of a 
specified group and a specified period, a taxable year of the 
applicable CFC that ends with or within the specified period.
    (31) Stand-alone applicable CFC. The term stand-alone applicable 
CFC means any applicable CFC that is not a specified group member.
    (32) Stock. The term stock has the meaning provided in paragraph 
(d)(2)(v) of this section.
    (l) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this section. For each example, unless otherwise stated, no exemptions 
from the application of section 163(j) are available, no foreign 
corporation has ECI, and all relevant taxable years and specified 
periods begin after December 31, 2020.
    (1) Example 1. Specified taxable years included in specified period 
of a specified group--(i) Facts. As of June 30, Year 1, USP, a domestic 
corporation, owns 60 percent of the common stock of FP, which owns all 
of the stock of FC1, FC2, and FC3. The remaining 40 percent of the 
common stock of FP is owned by an unrelated foreign corporation. FP has 
a single class of stock. FP acquired the stock of FC3 from an unrelated 
person on March 22, Year 1. The acquisition did not result in a change 
in FC3's taxable year or a close of its taxable year. USP's interest in 
FP and FP's interest in FC1 and FC2 has been the same for several 
years. USP has a taxable year ending June 30, Year 1, which is not a 
short taxable year. Each of FP, FC1, FC2, and FC3 are applicable CFCs. 
Pursuant to section 898(c)(2), FP and FC1 have taxable years ending May 
31, Year 1. Pursuant to section 898(c)(1), FC2 and FC3 have taxable 
years ending June 30, Year 1.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) Determining a specified group and specified 
period of the specified group. Pursuant to paragraph (d) of this 
section, FP, FC1, FC2, and FC3 are members of a specified group, and FP 
is the specified group parent. Because the specified group parent, FP, 
is an applicable CFC, the specified period of the specified group is 
the period ending on June 30, Year 1, which is the last day of FP's 
required year described in section 898(c)(1), without regard to section 
898(c)(2), and beginning on July 1, Year 0, which is the first day 
following the last day of the specified group's immediately preceding 
specified period (June 30, Year 0). See paragraph (k)(29)(i)(B) of this 
section.
    (B) Determining the specified taxable years with respect to the 
specified period. Pursuant to paragraph (d)(3) of this section, because 
each of FP and FC1 are included in the specified group on the last day 
of their taxable years ending May 31, Year 1, and such taxable years 
end with or within the specified period ending June 30, Year 1, FP and 
FC1 are specified group members with respect to the specified period 
ending June 30, Year 1, for their entire taxable years ending May 31, 
Year 1, and those taxable years are specified taxable years. Similarly, 
because each of FC2 and FC3 are included in the specified group on the 
last day of their taxable years ending June 30, Year 1, and such 
taxable years end with or within the specified period ending June 30, 
Year 1, FC2 and FC3 are specified group members with respect to the 
specified period ending June 30, Year 1, for their entire taxable years 
ending June 30, Year 1, and those taxable years are specified taxable 
years. The fact that FC3 was acquired on March 22, Year 1, does not 
prevent FC3 from being a specified group member with respect to the 
specified period for the portion of its specified taxable year before 
March 22, Year 1.
    (2) Example 2. CFC groups--(i) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
Example 1 in paragraph (l)(1)(i) of this section except that, in 
addition, a CFC group election is in place with respect to the 
specified period ending June 30, Year 1.
    (ii) Analysis. Because a CFC group election is in place for the 
specified period ending June 30, Year 1, pursuant to paragraph 
(e)(2)(ii) of this section, each specified group member is a CFC group 
member with respect to its specified taxable year ending with or within 
the specified period. Accordingly, FP, FC1, FC2, and FC3 are CFC group 
members with respect to the specified period ending June 30, Year 1, 
for their specified taxable years ending May 31, Year 1, and June 30, 
Year 1, respectively. Pursuant to paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, 
the CFC group for the specified period ending June 30, Year 1, consists 
of FP, FC1, FC2, and FC3 for their specified taxable years ending May 
31, Year 1, and June 30, Year 1, respectively. Pursuant to paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section, a single section 163(j) limitation is computed 
for the specified period ending June 30, Year 1. That section 163(j) 
calculation will include FP and FC1's specified taxable years ending 
May 31, Year 1, and FC2 and FC3's specified taxable years ending June 
30, Year 1.
    (3) Example 3. Application of anti-abuse rule--(i) Facts. USP, a 
domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of CFC1 and CFC2. Thus, USP 
is the specified group parent of a specified group, the specified group 
members of which are CFC1 and CFC2. USP has a calendar year taxable 
year. All specified group members also have a calendar year taxable 
year and a functional currency of the U.S. dollar. CFC1 is organized 
in, and a tax resident of, a jurisdiction that imposes no tax on 
certain types of income, including interest income. With respect to 
Year 1, USP expects to pay no residual U.S. tax on its income inclusion 
under section 951A(a) (GILTI inclusion amount) and expects to have 
unused foreign tax credits in the category described in section 
904(d)(1)(A). A CFC group election is not in effect for Year 1. With a 
principal purpose of reducing USP's Federal income tax liability in 
subsequent taxable years, on January 1, Year 1, CFC1 loans $100x to 
CFC2. On December 31, Year 1, CFC2 pays interest of $10x to CFC1 and 
repays the principal of $100x. Absent the application of paragraph 
(g)(4)(i) of this section, all $10x of CFC2's interest expense would be 
disallowed business interest expense and, therefore, CFC2 would have 
$10x of disallowed business interest expense carryforward to Year 2. In 
Year 2, CFC2 disposes of one of its businesses at a substantial gain 
that gives rise to tested income (within the meaning of section 
951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1)). As a result of the gain being 
included in the ATI of CFC2, absent the application of paragraph 
(g)(4)(i) of this section, CFC2 would be allowed to deduct the entire 
$10x of disallowed business interest expense carryforward and therefore 
reduce the amount of its tested income. Also, USP would pay residual 
U.S. tax on its GILTI inclusion amount in Year 2, without regard to the 
application of paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Analysis. The $10x of business interest expense paid in Year 1 
is a payment amount described in paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section 
because it is between specified group members, CFC1 and CFC2. 
Furthermore, the requirements of paragraphs (g)(4)(i)(A), (B), and (C) 
of this section are satisfied because the $10x of business interest 
expense is incurred with a principal

[[Page 5539]]

purpose of reducing USP's Federal income tax liability; absent the 
application of paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section, the effect of CFC2 
treating the $10x of business interest expense as disallowed business 
interest expense in Year 1 would be to reduce USP's Federal income tax 
liability in Year 2; and no CFC group election is in effect with 
respect to the specified group in Year 1. Because the requirements of 
paragraphs (g)(4)(i)(A), (B), and (C) of this section are satisfied, 
CFC2's ATI for Year 1 is increased by the ATI adjustment amount, or 
$33.33x, which is the amount equal to 3 \1/3\ multiplied by $10x (the 
lesser of the payment amount of $10x and the disallowed business 
interest expense of $10x). As a result, the $10x of business interest 
expense is not disallowed business interest expense of CFC2 in Year 1, 
and therefore does not give rise to a disallowed business interest 
expense carryforward to Year 2.
    (m) Applicability dates--(1) General applicability date. Except as 
provided in paragraph (m)(2) of this section, this section applies for 
a taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning on or after November 
13, 2020.
    (2) Exception. Paragraphs (a), (c)(1), (c)(2)(i) and (ii), and 
(c)(3) through (5), (d), (e), (f)(1), (g)(3) and (4), (h), and (k)(1) 
through (3), (6) through (8), and (10) through (32) of this section 
apply for a taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning on or after 
March 22, 2021.
    (3) Early application--(i) Rules for paragraphs (b) and (g)(1) and 
(2) of this section. Taxpayers and their related parties, within the 
meaning of sections 267(b) (determined without regard to section 
267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may choose to apply the rules in paragraphs 
(b) and (g)(1) and (2) of this section for a taxable year beginning 
after December 31, 2017, and before November 13, 2020, provided that 
those taxpayers and their related parties consistently apply all of 
those rules and the rules described in paragraph (m)(4) of this section 
for that taxable year. If a taxpayer and its related parties apply the 
rules described in paragraph (m)(4) of this section, as contained in 
T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, effective 
November 13, 2020), they will be considered as applying the rules 
described in paragraph (m)(4) of this section for purposes of this 
paragraph (m)(3)(i).
    (ii) Rules for certain other paragraphs in this section. Taxpayers 
and their related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) 
(determined without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may 
choose to apply the rules in paragraphs (a), (c)(1), (c)(2)(i) and 
(ii), and (c)(3) through (5), (d), (e), (f)(1), (g)(3) and (4), (h), 
and (k)(1) through (3), (6) through (8), and (10) through (32) of this 
section for a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and 
before March 22, 2021, provided that those taxpayers and their related 
parties consistently apply all of those rules and the rules described 
in paragraph (m)(4) of this section for that taxable year and for each 
subsequent taxable year. If a taxpayer and its related parties apply 
the rules described in paragraph (m)(4) of this section, as contained 
in T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, effective 
November 13, 2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective January 13, 
2021),they will be considered as applying the rules described in 
paragraph (m)(4) of this section for purposes of this paragraph 
(m)(3)(ii).
    (4) Additional rules that must be applied consistently. The rules 
described in this paragraph (m)(4) are the section 163(j) regulations 
and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 1.381(c)(20)-1, 
1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.382-7, 1.383-0, 1.383-1, 1.469-9, 
1.469-11, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 
1.1502-21, 1.1502-36, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-99 (to the 
extent they effectuate the rules of Sec. Sec.  1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-
6, and 1.383-1) and 1.1504-4.
    (5) Election for prior taxable years and specified periods. 
Notwithstanding paragraph (e)(5)(iii) or (h)(5)(i) of this section, in 
the case of a specified period of a specified group or a taxable year 
of a stand-alone applicable CFC that ends with or within a taxable year 
of a designated U.S. person ending before November 13, 2020, a CFC 
group election or a safe-harbor election may be made on an amended 
Federal income tax return filed on or before the due date (taking into 
account extensions, if any) of the original Federal income tax return 
for the first taxable year of each designated U.S. person ending on or 
after November 13, 2020.

0
Par. 8. Section 1.163(j)-10 is amended by:
0
1. Redesignating paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D) as paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D)(1).
0
2. Adding a subject heading for paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D).
0
3. Adding paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D)(2).
0
4. Redesignating paragraph (f) as paragraph (f)(1).
0
5. Adding a subject heading for paragraph (f).
0
6. Revising the subject heading for redesignated paragraph (f)(1).
0
7. Adding paragraph (f)(2).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.163  (j)-10 Allocation of interest expense, interest income, 
and other items of expense and gross income to an excepted trade or 
business.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (5) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (D) Limitations on application of look-through rules. * * *
    (2) Limitation on application of look-through rule to C 
corporations. Except as provided in Sec.  1.163(j)-9(h)(4)(iii) and 
(iv) (for a REIT or a partnership making the election under Sec.  
1.163(j)-9(h)(1) or (7), respectively), for purposes of applying the 
look-through rules in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(B) and (C) of this section 
to a non-consolidated C corporation (upper-tier entity), that upper-
tier entity may not apply these look-through rules to a lower-tier non-
consolidated C corporation if a principal purpose for borrowing funds 
at the upper-tier entity level or adding an upper-tier or lower-tier 
entity to the ownership structure is increasing the amount of the 
taxpayer's basis allocable to excepted trades or businesses. For 
example, P wholly and directly owns S1 (the upper-tier entity), which 
wholly and directly owns S2. Each of S1 and S2 is a non-consolidated C 
corporation to which the small business exemption does not apply, and 
S2 is engaged in an excepted trade or business. With a principal 
purpose of increasing the amount of basis allocable to its excepted 
trades or businesses, P has S1 (rather than S2) borrow funds from a 
third party. S1 may not look through the stock of S2 (and may not apply 
the asset basis look-through rule described in paragraph 
(c)(5)(ii)(B)(2)(iv) of this section) for purposes of P's allocation of 
its basis in its S1 stock between excepted and non-excepted trades or 
businesses; instead, S1 must treat its stock in S2 as an asset used in 
a non-excepted trade or business for that purpose. However, S1 may look 
through the stock of S2 for purposes of S1's allocation of its basis in 
its S2 stock between excepted and non-excepted trades or businesses.
* * * * *
    (f) Applicability dates.
    (1) In general. * * *
    (2) Paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D)(2). The rules contained in paragraph 
(c)(5)(ii)(D)(2) of this section apply for taxable years beginning on 
or after March 22, 2021. However, taxpayers may choose to apply the 
rules in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(D)(2) of this section to a taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided 
that those taxpayers and their related parties consistently

[[Page 5540]]

apply all of the rules in the section 163(j) regulations as contained 
in T.D. 9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, effective 
November 13, 2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective January 13, 
2021), and, if applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 
1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.383-0, 1.383-1, 
1.469-9, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 
1.1502-21, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-99 (to the extent they 
effectuate the rules of Sec. Sec.  1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 
1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by T.D. 9943, 
to that taxable year and each subsequent taxable year.

0
Par. 9. Section 1.469-4 is amended by adding paragraph (d)(6) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  1.469-4  Definition of activity.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (6) Activities described in section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii). With respect 
to any taxpayer that is an individual, trust, estate, closely held C 
corporation or personal service corporation, an activity described in 
Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii) that 
involves the conduct of a trade or business which is not a passive 
activity of the taxpayer and with respect to which the taxpayer does 
not materially participate may not be grouped with any other activity 
or activities of the taxpayer, including any other activity described 
in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(6) and subject to section 163(d)(5)(A)(ii).
* * * * *

0
Par. 10. Section 1.469-9 is amended by adding paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) 
and (B) to read as follows:


Sec.  1.469-9   Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (A) Real property development. The term real property development 
means the maintenance and improvement of raw land to make the land 
suitable for subdivision, further development, or construction of 
residential or commercial buildings, or to establish, cultivate, 
maintain or improve timberlands (that is, land covered by timber-
producing forest). Improvement of land may include any clearing (such 
as through the mechanical separation and removal of boulders, rocks, 
brush, brushwood, and underbrush from the land); excavation and 
gradation work; diversion or redirection of creeks, streams, rivers, or 
other sources or bodies of water; and the installation of roads 
(including highways, streets, roads, public sidewalks, and bridges), 
utility lines, sewer and drainage systems, and any other infrastructure 
that may be necessary for subdivision, further development, or 
construction of residential or commercial buildings, or for the 
establishment, cultivation, maintenance or improvement of timberlands.
    (B) Real property redevelopment. The term real property 
redevelopment means the demolition, deconstruction, separation, and 
removal of existing buildings, landscaping, and infrastructure on a 
parcel of land to return the land to a raw condition or otherwise 
prepare the land for new development or construction, or for the 
establishment and cultivation of new timberlands.
* * * * *

0
Par. 11. Section 1.469-11 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and 
(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  1.469-11  Applicability date and transition rules.

    (a) * * *
    (1) The rules contained in Sec. Sec.  1.469-1, 1.469-1T, 1.469-2, 
1.469-2T, 1.469-3, 1.469-3T, 1.469-4, but not Sec.  1.469-4(d)(6), 
1.469-5 and 1.469-5T, apply for taxable years ending after May 10, 
1992. The rules contained in Sec.  1.469-4(d)(6) apply for taxable 
years beginning on or after March 22, 2021. However, taxpayers and 
their related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) 
(determined without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may 
choose to apply the rules in Sec.  1.469-4(d)(6) to a taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided 
that those taxpayers and their related parties consistently apply all 
of the rules in the section 163(j) regulations as contained in T.D. 
9905 (Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, effective November 13, 
2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective January 13, 2021), and, if 
applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 
1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.383-0, 1.383-1, 1.469-9, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 
1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-
91 through 1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4 
contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by T.D. 9943, to that taxable year 
and each subsequent taxable year.
* * * * *
    (4) The rules contained in Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2), other than 
paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and (B), apply to taxable years beginning on 
or after November 13, 2020. Section 1.469-9(b)(2)(ii)(A) and (B) 
applies to taxable years beginning on or after March 22, 2021. However, 
taxpayers and their related parties, within the meaning of sections 
267(b) (determined without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), 
may choose to apply the rules in Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2), other than 
paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and (B), to a taxable year beginning after 
December 31, 2017, and on or before November 13, 2020 and may choose to 
apply the rules in Sec.  1.469-9(b)(2)(ii)(A) and (B) to taxable years 
beginning after December 31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided 
that those taxpayers and their related parties consistently apply all 
of the rules in the section 163(j) regulations contained in T.D. 9905 
(Sec. Sec.  1.163(j)-0 through 1.163(j)-11, effective November 13, 
2020) as modified by T.D. 9943 (effective January 13, 2021), and, if 
applicable, Sec. Sec.  1.263A-9, 1.263A-15, 1.381(c)(20)-1, 1.382-1, 
1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, 1.383-0, 1.383-1, 1.469-9, 1.704-1, 1.882-5, 
1.1362-3, 1.1368-1, 1.1377-1, 1.1502-13, 1.1502-21, 1.1502-79, 1.1502-
91 through 1.1502-99 (to the extent they effectuate the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.382-2, 1.382-5, 1.382-6, and 1.383-1), and 1.1504-4, 
contained in T.D. 9905 as modified by T.D. 9943, to that taxable year 
and each subsequent taxable year.
* * * * *

0
Par. 12. Section 1.1256(e)-2 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  1.1256 (e)-2  Special rules for syndicates.

    (a) Allocation of losses. For purposes of section 1256(e)(3), 
syndicate means any partnership or other entity (other than a 
corporation that is not an S corporation) if more than 35 percent of 
the losses of such entity during the taxable year are allocated to 
limited partners or limited entrepreneurs (within the meaning of 
section 461(k)(4)).
    (b) Determination of loss amount. For purposes of section 
1256(e)(3), the amount of losses to be allocated under paragraph (a) of 
this section is calculated without regard to section 163(j).
    (c) Example. The following example illustrates the rules in this 
section:
    (1) Facts. Entity is an S corporation that is equally owned by 
individuals A and B. A provides all of the goods and services provided 
by Entity. B provided all of the capital for Entity but does not 
participate in Entity's business. For the current taxable year, Entity 
has gross receipts of $5,000,000, non-interest expenses of $4,500,000, 
and interest expense of $600,000.

[[Page 5541]]

    (2) Analysis. Under paragraph (b) of this section, Entity has a net 
loss of $100,000 ($5,000,000 minus $5,100,000) for the current taxable 
year. One half (50 percent) of this loss is allocated to B, a limited 
owner. Therefore, for the current taxable year, Entity is a syndicate 
within the meaning of section 1256(e)(3)(B).
    (d) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
beginning on or after March 22, 2021. However, taxpayers and their 
related parties, within the meaning of sections 267(b) (determined 
without regard to section 267(c)(3)) and 707(b)(1), may choose to apply 
the rules in this section for a taxable year beginning after December 
31, 2017, and before March 22, 2021, provided that those taxpayers and 
their related parties consistently apply all of the rules of this 
section to that taxable year and each subsequent taxable year.

Sunita Lough,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: December 30, 2020.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2021-00150 Filed 1-13-21; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P