has -been prepared

f'o r and record

• -Wos^'^ is m?Ho be referenced

Tn" wy-publrtui^

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

8189

Quarterly Report

on

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

Jo V. Ryan and E. C. Tuma

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measure - ments consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention

and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications, including assistance to industry, business and con- sumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice

recommendations. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instru- mentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates

to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau’s unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listingof divisionsand sections on the inside

of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s research are published either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes

three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; theTechnical

News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Central Radio

Propagation Laboratory Ionospheric Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies

to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also seven series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, Technical Notes, Commercial Standards, and Simplified Practice Recommendations.

A complete listing of the Bureau’s publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards

Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1002-12-10472 February 12, 1964 8189

Quarterly Report

on

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES

of

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

J. V. Ryan and E. C. Tuma

Fire Research Section

Building Research Division

Sponsored by:

U. S-. Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: Task Y-F015-15-102

NBS File No. 10.02/10472

IMPORTANT NOTICE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND

for use within the Government. Befo and review. For this reason, the pub

whole or in part, is not authorized Bureau of Standards, Washington 25

the Report has been specifically prep;

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 201 5.

counting documents intended

icted to additional evaluation

lg of this Report, either in ce of the Director, National Government agency for which

for its own use.

1). S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Quarterly Report

on

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

Jo Vo Ryan and E . C . Tuma

1.

Introduction

The purpose of this project is the development of criteria

for the fabrication of jet exhaust resistant concretes. Concretes under development are evaluated by exposure to hot gases

from a combustion chamber. The combustion chamber delivers

these gases at velocities and temperatures approaching field

conditions

.

2.

Present Plan of the Investigation

In an attempt to gain more understanding of the mechanism

of spalling and of the factors that determine whether or not

a given concrete spalls under jet impingement, specimen sizes

were chosen to provide different degrees of restraint to

thermal stresses and to the escape of steam from within the

concrete. The instrumentation was designed to provide data on

pressures and temperatures, including temperature gradients

in the 1/2 in. nearest the exposed surface. In addition,

electrical resistance elements were embedded in some specimens

to provide an indication of their drying. It was decided to

keep some specimens in the fog room throughout their conditioning, to condition others in air at 73 °R and 5

0

percent relative

humidity, and to attempt to dry others thoroughly.

3

.

Activities

The specimens of blast furnace slag aggregate concrete

and those of Volcanite aggregate concrete were tested during

the quarter.

The study of the feasibility of accelerated drying by

conditioning in atmospheres at reduced pressures was continued.

2

3.1 Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate

The blast furnace slag aggregate concrete specimens

(BF-2) conditioned, in air at 73°F and 50 percent relative

humidity were judged to have reached equilibrium early in

the quarter. They, and other groups from the same batch,

but subjected to different aging conditions, were tested.

The specimens of the second group were kept in the fog room

until just before test. Those of the third group were

removed from the fog room about two weeks before test and

dried in an oven at 105°C. The specimen's ages at test were

in the range 23 O to 237 days.

The data from the jet impingement tests are summarized

in Table 1, and those from supplementary tests in Table 3 ° The pressures for the oven-dried specimens and those for the

specimens conditioned at 73 °F and 50 percent relative humidity

were of the same order of magnitude - fairly low. The spall

volumes for the same groups were slight or zero. The close

agreement between these two groups indicates that the 73°F/50 rh

group was probably conditioned too long. The specimens

tested directly out of the fog ^oom all spalled appreciably

and several exhibited moderately high pressures. The maximum

spall depth was 27/32 in.

Two of the 12 in. diameter by 6 in. -thick specimens

conditioned at 73 °B and 50 percent relative humidity did not

spall. In order to get an indication of the effect of subsequent wetting on once-dried concrete (such as from protracted

rain or melting snow cover) they were submerged in a tank of

water for 10 days and again exposed to the jet Impingement

test. A few shallow (est 1/02 - 1/16 in.) isolated spalls or

pop-outs developed. The pressures were of the same order of

magnitude as those observed originally.

3.2 Volcanite Aggregate Concrete

The specimens of Volcanite aggregate concrete, V-l conditioned in air at 73 °F and 50 percent relative humidity were

judged to have reached a suitable condition for testing late

in the quarter. The number, sizes, instrumentation, and

conditioning programs for the three groups were the same as

described in 3.1 for the blast furnace slag aggregate specimens.

The durations were somewhat shorter, the specimen ages at test

ranging ffdm 117 to 125 days.

- 3

-

The data are summarized in Tables 2 and 3« None of the

oven-dried specimens or of those conditioned 'at 73°F/50rh

spalled significantly, but a few small chips popped off

several 1 of them. These chips were 1/32 in. or less in

thickness and about 1/4 in. in diameter. The pressures for

the two groups were very low, of the same order of magnitude

as those for the equivalent groups of BF-2 specimens. Each

of the specimens kept in the fog room spalled very heavily,

and throughout the 5 minute test period. The spall depths

were between 1-1/2 and 2 in. s Although the spall depths

and volumes were much greater tnan those for the corresponding blast furnace aggregate specimens, the observed

pressures were much lower. They were only slightly higher

than those for the oven dried and 73°F/50rh conditioned

specimens

.

The three 12 in. diameter by 6 in. -thick specimens conditioned at 73 °F and 50 percent relative humidity did not

spall. In order to get an indication of the effect of subsequent wetting on once-dried concrete, they were submerged

in a tank of water for 7 days and again exposed to the jet

impingement test. The surfaces of the specimens scaled to

a minor degree.

In addition to the specimens prepared at the National

Bureau of Standards, several blocks and slabs had been

delivered from a concrete fabricator who used the aggregate

regularly. The markings on them suggested the specimens

were several months old when shipped. Three blocks suitable

for jet test were stored at 73°F and 50 rh for several weeks

and then tested. None of them spalled. No instrumentation

for temperature or pressure measurements had been provided.

An unusual phenomenon was observed on several of the

Volcanite aggregate specimens, both prefabricated and prepared

here. Small protrusions, of about 1/8 in. diameter, developed

on the exposed areas during the jet tests. These were broken

easily and the interior color was similar to that of the

aggregate.

3 . 3 Vacuum Drying

The blast furnace slag aggregate concrete specimens and

the Volcanite aggregate concrete specimens placed in the low

pressure chamber were kept at pressures below the vapor

pressure of water throughout the quarter. The electrical

conductivity continued to fall, indicating continued drying.

o

ft

03

ft CO

-pa

a>s

cd

fctO a

°H

ftsH

Q)

ft>

OJI ft

ft

CD I 1 ft

03 EH

CO11

CDs

=3 « i 1 o 1 o o 1 ! vO VO vO vO

O- co O- CO 1 1 co i—1

CO

O Eft ft « i 1 c 1 © © l 1 lc\ O lev O co co CO CO

ft i 1 o co o' co ON i 1 CO 1 ft co i 1 ft 1—1 ft ft

lr\ [0- lev (0- vO i i vO 1 vO vQ l ! 1 ( I 1 ft 1 1 o co o (ft • o o ® © ® o © O o vO 00 vO o 1—1

vO

O vO (—1

ft

ft) CO ITN 1—l

co ft co \—l j ft 1 1

CO cvl i—l

lev CO CO lr\ 1 1 co co o © © ° © © e e o O or Irv co O CO or O co CO lO- i—i

ft o i—i O i—1

ft 1—1 i—l

-p ft ft ft ft

ft ft ft ft ft

fcu3 O o ixO o ha h0 o o fcuO •H •H •H •H •H i—1 1 1 I—1 i—1 i—1

CO CO CO CO CO

ft ft ft ft ft

ft ft ft ft ft ha O o ha o tuO fctfl o o ba •H •H •H •H H i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1

’d

CO CO CO CO

CO

co

!>» a3 oo o co ft O i 1 © 1 o c 1 1 (ft OJ (ft (ft O CTn (ft ft ft i 1 PO

CO vO co vO ft © l 1 © 1 e • I 1 1—1

ft 1 1 IO- Eh CO CO CO cO CD ft

cd> O i 1 O 1 O O 1 1 in

ft

CD

to

Eh o 1 1 o 1 O O 1 1 CD M

COto vO vO vO (ft (ft CD vO (ft vO (ft a ft X X X X X ft X! X! X! X! CO vO o CD OJ vO CO OJ co •H (ft (ft co co ft ft i—1 1—1 ft i 1 i 1 CD 1—1 EH ft

Table

2.

Volcanite-l

Jet

Impingement

Summary

0

• X

vO

1 © CM vO CM

1 0 PT N MO PT IN MO s IN i—

l

1

1 N l 1 I 1

1 1 1 1

u: OO

• 1 IN1 o oo OO IN co > i—

l

O oo i—

l

O OO

<ti PT :—

l

-t PT l 1 PT

© X o « i o O O O o 0 Oo i—

l

Oo l 1 s Mo itn MO

00

Mo

Mo

no

oo O O

lT\

no

oo oo mo o

lr\ Mo

O

-Cl CtC b£ rjl^l M

>

o

oo

N

OO

O

o

C\] PT

CO vO O

CM on

IN N

CM O O

o o o o o

PT CM O VO oo o

OO CM oo

in in

o o • IN O CM O

OO rH

O O O O

CMoo

vOOO

O

O O O O O o o o o o

. I I PT Mo

vO PT MO

vO

CM

I I N oo

i—I Oo

in

I—I I—

I

CM

oo

Oo

clO

•H0

Sh0

<3

O I I o o

O I I o o

o o o

O O I o

Sh0

-P>

Sh0

-P

ch0

Sh0 vO vO vO CM CM

w

0

0 vO CM vO CM

1 MO

-P0 ><! X X X X

0

X X X X

-P0 X

a

0 CM vO OO CM OO o

•H CM CM oo oo 0

-P CM •HQ

l 1

1 1 Eh

1 1

1 1 0

Ph

l 1

Table

3-

Supplementary

Data

• o o 0X0

X vQ t—1 pi- VO ITV

in V P O • • 0.0

P -P IS l£~N i—I vO C\J ft a i

l CO CD -P O vO POO 1-0 O a fxO lr\GN rOPOCXJ S o > O • « • • o o <3 Icn vO C\J ft

*H • CD to X o o o O lOO

> ft P o icoon loop

•H s IfNft vO 0-0 C\J CO h OVOOV VO ft- VO

CO ft ft

CD -P P

ft a a CD ° o P fcuO o o o Ofto

o -P > XHO O V0CO

CO ft O POO ft" Irv ON

OnO O'. vQ vO IfN

1—t

-cl ft o fxO X

P P 1 1 1 1 I 1 CD s

p

-p •H IQ w

ft P o

CCS fcuO CD > 1 1 1 1 1 l -aco

# H

<p to X iTVlTNlTN o o o

O ft p |\. POlPN Cvj- irv s o o o irvvo vO

to • 1—I

1—1 1—1 P CD r—

1

P

P P « ft -P CxO O O ITS ItnItnO o ft > OOO. POft ON

s P ft O Os ON ItnvO irv ft I—

1

ft

0 i—1 ft

CO ft ft 1 ft P

CD 0 P 0 0

-P •h ft a -P a

0 p o •H POO

P ft a o P ft IfN O

O p ft P \ ft P OJ p p O p ft o 1 0 O M I 1 0 O ixo o ft > p O o > POO

m|o > ft > O ft ft

Volcanite

Outside

samples

485

57

0

-

-

4900

5390

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C.,and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field ind icated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Volume.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele- mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory. Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical

Services. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun- Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics.

Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Cal ibration Services. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwav" Circuit Standards. Low Frequency

Calibration Services. NBS LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS GROUP

(Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at Univ. of Colo.)

USCOMM-NBS-DC
)