NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP^ POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuiiia, Bruce Foster

7131

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Till*: INAI’IONAL IIUIIKAIJ (H* S'I'AM)AI{|»S

h'linci ions uml Aclivili«*s

Tli«* Imirlioiis of llir Nalioiiiil Miiivati of Slatiilanls an* s<*l lortli in lli<* Arl of ( ion^n'ss, Marcli

3, I*)Ol. as aiii)'inl<‘<l l»\ Coiij'ioss in l*nl»lir Law (>M). I'^aO. 'I'ln-sc inrlinl** lln* il*‘v*‘lo|)in<*iil ami

inainlonanr*' of lln* national slainlanls of nn*asnn*nn*nl ainl lln* |n'o\ision ol nn*ans ainl nn*llnnls lor making nn*asnr(*nn*nls (*onsist<*nl willi lln*s<* stainlards: lln* il<*t(*rniinalion of jilivsioal (*on.slanls ami

|m>|)(*rli(*s <d nial(*rials; llie <l«*\ <*lo|nin*nl ol nn*llnnls ainl insirnnn nis lor Irsting nial«*rials, <l<*vi<*(*s, ami strin*(nres: advisor) st*rvi«*t*s (o goM*riiim*nl a^<‘m*ii*s on srirntilii* and l<*rlini(*al |irold(*ins; invi-iilion ami d(*M*lo|tnn*nl <d ilovi(*i*s In st*rv<* spoi-ial m*rds of lln* ( :ovrrnnn*nl; and lln* d«*\(*lo|nm*iil

ol slamlard |M'a(*li«*(*s. t*odi*s, and s|H*ri lira lions. Tin* work im lndrs liasir and applird resrurrli,

d«‘\ «‘lo|mn*nl, <*n|^im*<*ring, inslrninrnlalion, trsling, «*valnalion, caliliralioii srrvirrs, and various

ronsiillalion and iiirormalioii srrvirrs. I{es4*an*li projrrts an* also iirrlornird lor oilier govi*rnim*nt

ag**ii4*i«*s wh«*n lln* work n*lal«*s lo and sn|i|drim*nls lln* liasir |irograin ol lln* linrran or wlicii lln* liiin*aii’s iinii|in* (•oiii|M*l«*m*»* is n*<|iiin*il. Tin* siopi* ol artivilies is siigg»*sl4*d li> tin* listing of

divisions and serlions on lln* inside of lln* i»a<*k «*ov<*r.

l*iihli«‘ati«>ns

'Fin* resnils of lln* l{iirean’s work lake the I'orni ofeillier a<*lnal e<|iii|iinenl and deviees or |nililisln*d |>ap(*rs. Fliese papers ap|iear either in lln* linreaiFs ow n seri(*s of pnidiealions or in the journals

of professional and S4*i«‘iilifie soeieti(*s. Fin; Itnrean ils<*lf pnidishes three periodic als availalile from

the GoverninenI Frinlitig Olliee: Fhe journal <d Keseareh, piihlisln*d in four s(*paratc se<*tions,

presents eoinpl(*le s<*ientili<* and l4*<hnieal papers; lln* j'<*ehni«*al INews ILilletin presents sinninar)

and preliininar) rep<»rts on work in progress; and Ifasic* Kadio I'ropagalion Fn*d i<*li«nis provides

<lala for del<*rmining tin* hesi fr(*<pien«*ies lo use* for radio eonimnnh*alions ihroiighonl lln* world.

'Fhere an* also live seri(*s <d' nonperiodic al |nddic*alions: Monograjdis, Applied \ialhc*inati(*s Series,

llancihooks, M isc*c*llanc*ons i*iddic*ations, ami j'ec*hnieal l\olc*s.

Information on lln* itnreaiFs pnhiic alictns c*an he found in l\ IIS Circ*ular 460, Piddic*alions of the

INaticmal Itiirc an of Slandards (.'ifl.2r)) and its Siipplc*mc*nl (.'ifl.r)0), available from the Superintendent

c»f l)oennn*nls, Governmc*nl Frinling ( )llic*e, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT

1007-20-10472 April 24^ 1961

NBS REPORT

7131

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, Bruce Foster

Inorganic Building Materials Section

Building Research Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: Task Y-F015 -15 -102

NBS File No. 10.7/10472

Approved

:

Bruce E. Foster, Assistant Chief

Inorganic Building Materials Section

NATIONAL BUREAU OF ST

Intended for use within the

to additional evaluation and r listing of this Report, either the Office of the Director, Na

however, by the Government

to reproduce additional copii

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 201 5.

rogress accounting documents

mally published it Is subjected

reproduction, or open-ilteratore

iion is obtained In writing from Such permission Is not needed,

prepared If that agency wishes

'd. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP^ POWER CHECK^

MAINTENTANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this project is the development of criteria for the

fabrication of jet exhaust resistant concretes., Concretes under develcpment are evaluated by exposure to hot gases from a combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber delivers these gases at velocities and temperatures

approaching field conditions.

2, ACTIVITIES

The results of determinations completed have shown that the type of

aggregate used, dense or porous, does not materially effect the permeability

of the resultant concrete. It was suggested in the last NBS Report 7069

that the size of the pores and the. relatively large pore volume of the blastfurnace slag was a reservoir into which the steam, resulting from the heating

of the water present in the concrete during jet impingement, might be accommodated, This mechanism might be a factor in the Increased resistance of

blast-furnace slag concrete to jet impinge.ment.

From absorption determinations, volume measurements, and published

data* on the absolute, specific gravity, of the blast furnace slag used,

the value for total porosity, on the volume basis, was calculated and found

to be. 44,507o, the sealed pores 33,39% and the open pores 11,11%, The water

absorption was 6, 717. and the bulk density 1,65 gms/cm^.

Since there are no data available on the permeability of blast-furnace

slag, and it is used extensively as an aggregate, some work was done on the

determination of this property. The National Bureau of Standards was fortunate in receiving from the Birmingham Alabama Steel District a large

sample of pit-cooled blast furnace slag. From this piece two, 9 x 4 1/2 x

2 1/2 inch, specimens were sawed. For the. purpose of getting representative

specimens, one was sawed with the four and one-half inch dimension perpendicular to the top surface of the sample submitted and the. other with this

face parallel to the top surface. Both specimens were taken, as nearly as possible, from the center of the sample. The permeabilities of both specimens, dried at 110°C, were, determined and Figure 1 shows results for specimen 1, The results indicated that the permeability of this type aggregate

averaged 0,077 cm.*^ of dry air at room temperature which is in the order

(g) (sec)

of 60,000 times greater than the permeability of hardened concrete made with

this type aggregate. Inasmuch as shaping specimens opened some of the normally

closed pores of the slag, leaks between the. specimen itself and the seal was possible. To avoid such an error in flow readings, these cut pores were wax

sealed and the permeability redetermined. Figure 1, This resulted in a reduction in the value, for permeability of three percent.

* Temin et al; Rock Products, p, 38, August 1931,
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PERMEABILITY
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The pores present in the blast-furnace slag ranged in size from

microscopic to one-half inch in diameter^ There was an uncertainty as to

the sizes of the channels connecting the open pores . An estimate of the

sizes was obtained by determining the permeability of the slag after water

soaking for 16 hours„ The resulting permeability of specimen 1 as shown

in Figure 1 indicated that the capillary water had closed many of the smaller

connecting channels.

That many of the connecting channels were sealed by capillary water

is again shown in Figure 2 in tests^ on a soaked specimen^ during which

the pressure applied was varied and the time of flow^ during the test^ was kept at a minimum. Pressures from 12 to 18 grams/cm were required

to overcome enough of the capillarity of the water to maintain an increased

rate of flow. Rates of flow approaching those of a dried specimen were

obtained by continued flow of the permeating air which evaporated much of

the saturating water. These data seem to indicate that the connecting

channels are small relative to the pores. In a fresh batch of concrete,

those channels of the slag aggregate are partially closed by the mixing

water and are easily plugged by cement particles. Thus the resulting

concrete becomes quite impermeable.

A Study of Concreting Materials and Concretes for Naval Facilities

In the study of concreting materials and concretes used in jet aircraft power-check facilities at various U. S. Naval Air Stations^ ten sets

of test panels have been received. In accordance with the instructions

contained in a Bureau of Yards and Docks letter^ to all Naval Air Stations

included in the survey^ the panels were to be fabricated using concrete

from the mix that was used in placing the power check facilities at the

various installations. In most instances such information as requested in

the aforementioned letter^ such as type of aggregate and cement admixtures^

ratio of coarse to fine aggregate^ cement content^ W/C ratio^ slump, air

content^ and 7 and 28 day flexural strengths was submitted to the National

Bureau of Standards. Upon the receipt of the panels^ they were stored in

the fog room to complete the 28 day moist curing^ (when necessary), rem_cved

after curing period^ sealed on all hut the original top face and stored

at 73°F and 507o relative humidity for increasing periods of tim.e^ before

being subjected to the jet impingement test.

Table I gives the type of aggregate and cement used; the brand and

amount of admixture^ the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate, the cement

content^ water-cement ratio^ slump^ air content, and flexural strength of

the concrete after 28 days moist curing.

Trap rock was used as the aggregate, in seven of the ten concretes

received. Blast-furnace slag was used in two and expanded shale in one. Microscopic examination of the dense aggregate showed that six of the. seven

trap rock aggregates met the requirement of paragraph 2. 2. 2. 1 of NAVDOCKS

Specification S-P16, The seventh^ a trap rock of the. diabase, variety^ from

the 8th Naval District^ Kingsville^ Texas contained 20% flint pebbles (-1

to +3/4 inch) that are excluded by the specification. Macroscopic, examination

of the concrete from the 13th Naval District^ Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor,

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PERMEABILITY

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Table I. Properties of Fresh Concrete—^

Ratio of

Coarse • Flexural

Identification

Type of

Aggregate

Type of

Cement

Admixture

A. E. A. to FineAggregate

Cement

Content

Ratio

w/

Slump

Air

Conten t Strength28 days

oz /sack of ct. sack/yd^ inches 7o psi

5th Naval Dist. N.A.S. Norfolk, Va. Trap

Rock I Darex

1.0 66:34 7 .435 1 to 2 6 . 2 750

8 th Naval Dist. N.A.A.S. Kingsville,

Texas Basalt

Variety I Darex

1.0 63:37 5.5 .58 2 5.0 650

8 th Naval Dist. N.A.A.S. Chasefield

Beeville, Texas BasaltVariety I None 63:37 5.5 .61 1.5 2.0 655

11th Naval Dist. M.C.A. S. El Toro,

California

Expanded

Shale

2 / High-'

Alumina

Hydrauli c None 67:33 6,5 .45 3.25 3/ 600

13th Naval Dist. N.A.S. Whldbey, Is. Oak Harber, Wash.

Quarry

or Trap Rock III Darex

0.75^/ 63:28 6,5 .42 2,0 5.2 3/

6 th Naval Dist. N.A.S. Jacksonville,

Florida

Trap

Rock I Darex

1.40 53:47 7.0 .43 3/ 5.8 610-'^

6 th Naval Dist. N.A.S. Sanford,

Florida

Blast- Furnace

Slag I Darex1.0 58:42 7.5 .39 2.0 3/ 755

11th Naval Dist.

U.S.M.C.A.A.S.

Yuma, Arizona

Blast- Furnace

Slag II

Pozzolith

8AA

4.

62:38 8.0 .363 3.0 7.7 3/

6 th Naval Dist.

U.S.M.C.A.A.S.

Beaufort, S.C. TrapRock 1 Aermix1.75 57:43 7.0 .43 3. 25 5.5 7 20

6 th Naval Dist.

N. A. S. Glynco, Georgia

Trap

Rock I Darex

1.3 66:34 7,5 ,40 3/ 3/ 3/

Taken from reports of testing laboratories

Tj Fondu

Data not received

4/ 0. 25 oz. of Pozzolith per sack, also

Average of 9 beams sawed from the panels submitted 5 as requested by Mr, P. P, Brown, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Washington, D. C,

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Washington indicated a deficiency in the +3/4 size aggregate. The concrete

from the 11th Naval District^ El Toro, California designed with lightweight

aggregate, contained no 3/4 to 1/2 inch aggregate and the coarse to fine

ratio was 67/33 instead of the required 45/.55„ In the concretes that con- tained dense aggregate, except the one used at the 6th Naval District^ Jacksonville^ Florida^ the. ratio of coarse to fine aggregate was kept at approximately 65/35. The cement content varied from 5.0 to 8.0 sacks/yd^^ the W/C

ratio from 0.36 to 0.61^ the slump from 1.5 to 3.25 inches^ and the air content

when furnished fell within the specified range of 5.0 to 8. 07o except in the

mix used at the 8th Naval District^ Beeville, Texas^ where no air -entraining

agent was used.

Of the six 28-day flexural strengths reported, five met the requirements

of 650 psi. The lightweight aggregate concrete from the 11th Naval District,

M. C.A, S., El Toro, California developed 600 psi in 28 days moist curing.

Table II shows the effect of moist curing and drying, the spalling loss

during jet impingement tests after increasing drying periods, and the flexural strength of beams cut from panels after the. jet impingement test. Some

of the data appearing in this table was given in Table III of NBS Report 7069

Four additional sets of concrete panels were received during the period

covered by this report. The set submitted by the 6th Naval District, Sanford,

Florida, was the only one of these four sets received within 28 days after

casting. The. other three sets, two from the 6th Naval District, Beaufort,

South Carolina and Glynco, Georgia and one from the 11th Naval District, Yuma,

Arizona were received 120, 50, and 37 days respectively after casting. None

of the four shipments were vapor sealed.

Seventeen panels, representing six installations, have, been subjected

to the jet impingement test. Ten were tested during the period covered by

this report. The two sets of panels, one. from the. 11th Naval District, El

Toro, California, and the. other from the 13th Naval District, Whidbey Island,

Oak Harbor, Washington, evidenced no loss after a six week drying period.

The results of tests on the remaining three, sets varied from no loss to

complete failure depending on the length of the drying period before testing.

The flexural strengths of beams, approximately 18 x 6 x 6 inches,

sawed from the outer portions of the test panels, after jet impingement

test, was determined. The flexural strengths were considerably lower than

that reported by the testing laboratories on the 28 day strength. This

decrease in strength, due to the heat treatment, of 400°F maximum during

the five minute jet impingement test, was 75% for the lightweight aggregate

concrete, and from 50 to 60%, for the concretes containing dense aggregates.

This loss in strength due. to the heating of concretes at comparatively low

temperatures was reported in the early part of the investigation.

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U. Si DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Dirfftor THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of aclivilies of (lie National Pnrean of Sianclards at its major lahoralories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder,

Colorado, is suggested in the follo^ving listing of the divisions and sections engaged in /technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, develoj>inent, and engineering in the field Indicated hy its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity, Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refiactomelry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Ilcnt. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry, Analytical

Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics, Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles, Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer

Structure. Plastics. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics'

Mineral Pro<lucts. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth.

Physical Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Rnild ing Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems, Organic Building Materials,

Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics,

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems, Analog Systems*

Applications Engineering.

Atomic Physics, Spectroscopy. Radiomelry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics,

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermocheinislry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry.

® Office of Weights and Measures. ' BOUI/DER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction.

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere

Research. Prediction Services. Suii-Eurtb Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tioposphcric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Proj>agalion-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Almospheie Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards, Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave

Research. Miciowave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Reseaich. Antenna Research. Navigation .Systems. Space Telecoiimuinicaiions. Upper Almospht;rc and Space Physics. Ujipcr Almospheie and Plasma Physics, Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter, Airglow and Aurora, ionospheric Radio Astronomy,
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