ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS

INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP, FOURTH EDITION

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation

Washington, DC 20460

September 2005

EPA-542-B-05-001
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NOTICE

Preparation of this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under

Contract 68-W-02-034. The document was subjected to the Agency’s administrative and expert review and

was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not

constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation acknowledges and thanks the

individuals who reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included

representatives of business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices,

local government and city planning offices, and public interest groups.

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

CONTENTS

NOTICE ........................................................................................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. ii

BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................4

How to Use The Road Map .................................................................................................................................7

BEFORE YOU BEGIN ............................................................................................................................................. 10

ROAD MAP OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................................. 18

SITE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 20

SITE INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................................................ 39

ASSESSMENT OF CLEANUP OPTIONS ............................................................................................................... 58

CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................... 82

SPOTLIGHTS

S1 OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites .............................................................. 30

S2 SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................... 32

S3 ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections .................................................. 34

S4 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES ................................................ 36

S5 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS – ELECTRONIC

(SMARTe) ........................................................................................................................................... 38

S6 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION AND ACCEPTANCE ........................................................ 51

S7 THE TRIAD APPROACH:

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions .................................................................... 52

S8 DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation ............................................................................................ 53

S9 SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION EFFORTS ..................................................................... 54

S10 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES ................. 56

S11 STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS:

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup .................................................................................................. 77

S12 REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:

Emerging Remediation Technologies ............................................................................................... 78

S13 PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

A Growing Field ................................................................................................................................. 79

S14 CLEANUP OF DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS:

A Widespread Challenge ................................................................................................................... 81

S15 VAPOR INTRUSION

An Emerging Concern at Brownfields Sites ....................................................................................... 90

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

S16 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Major Concepts and Issues ................................................................................................................ 91

APPENDICES

A GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................... A-1

B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS ............................................................. B-1

C LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS ......................................... C-1

D HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS..................................................................................................... D-1

INDEX OF RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................ I-1

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 1

BACKGROUND Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

defines brownfields sites as “real property, the

expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be

complicated by the presence or potential presence of a

hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.”

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

established its Brownfields Economic Revitalization

Initiative to empower states, communities, and other

stakeholders in economic revitalization to work

together to accomplish the redevelopment of

brownfields sites. With the enactment of

the Small Business Liability Relief and

Brownfields Revitalization Act in 2002,

EPA assistance was expanded to provide

greater support for brownfields cleanup

and reuse (see the inset box on page 2).

Many states and local jurisdictions also

help businesses and communities adapt

environmental cleanup programs to the

special needs of brownfields sites.

Preparing brownfields sites for productive

reuse requires integration of many

elements—financial issues, community

involvement, liability considerations,

environmental assessment and cleanup,

regulatory requirements, and more—as well

as coordination among many groups of

stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup

of a site must be carried out in a way that

integrates all these factors into the overall

redevelopment process. In addition, the

cleanup strategy will vary from site to site.

At some sites, cleanup will be completed

before the properties are transferred to new

owners. At other sites, cleanup may take

place simultaneously with construction

and redevelopment activities.

Regardless of when and how cleanups are

accomplished, the challenge to any brownfields

program is to clean up sites in accordance with

redevelopment goals. Such goals may include costeffectiveness, timeliness, avoidance of adverse effects

to site structures and neighboring communities, and

redevelopment of land in a way that benefits

communities and local economies.

Regulators and site managers are increasingly

recognizing the value of implementing a more

dynamic approach to streamline assessment and

cleanup activities at brownfields sites. This

approach, referred to as the Triad, is flexible and

recognizes site-specific decisions and data needs.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

2

Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act

Since its inception in 1995, EPA’s Brownfields Program

has grown into a proven, result-oriented initiative that has

changed the way contaminated property is perceived,

addressed, and managed. Through passage of the Small

Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization

Act (Public Law 107-118; H.R. 2869) in January 2002,

effective policies that EPA had developed over the years

were passed into law. The Brownfields Law expanded

EPA’s assistance by providing new tools that the public

and private sectors could use to promote sustainable

brownfields cleanup and reuse.

The law modified EPA’s existing brownfields grants and

technical assistance program by:

• Increasing the funding authority up to $200 million per

year

• Providing grants for assessments, revolving loan

funds, direct cleanups, and job training

• Expanding the entities, properties, and activities

eligible for brownfields grants

• Expanding the Brownfields Program’s applicability to

sites with petroleum contamination such as

abandoned gasoline stations

• Providing authority for brownfields training, research,

and technical assistance

• Allowing up to 10 percent of the grant funds to be used

to monitor the health of exposed populations and

enforce any instutional controls

Brownfields grants continue to serve as the foundation of

EPA’s Brownfields Program by funding environmental

assessment, cleanup, and job training activities.

Brownfields Assessment Grants provide funding for

brownfields inventories, planning, environmental

assessments, and community outreach. Brownfields

Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide funding to capitalize

The Triad approach focuses on management of decision

uncertainty by incorporating (1) systematic project

planning; (2) dynamic work planning strategies; and (3)

use of real-time measurement technologies, including

innovative technologies, to accelerate and improve the

cleanup process. The Triad approach can reduce costs,

improve decision certainty, expedite site closeout, and

positively affect regulatory and community acceptance.

This approach is well aligned with brownfields site

priorities, which are affected by the economics of

redevelopment, community involvement, and liability

considerations.

Numerous technology options are available to assist

those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA’s Office of

Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation

(OSRTI) encourages use of smarter solutions for

characterizing and cleaning up contaminated sites by

advocating more effective, less costly technological

approaches. Use of innovative technologies to

characterize and clean up brownfields sites provides

opportunities for stakeholders to reduce cleanup costs

and accelerate cleanup schedules. Often, innovative

approaches are also more acceptable to communities.

loans that are used to clean up brownfields sites.

Brownfields Job Training Grants provide environmental

training for residents of brownfields communities.

Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding for

cleanup activities at certain properties with planned

green space, recreational, or other nonprofit uses.

The law changed and clarified Superfund liability:

• Clarified Superfund liability for prospective

purchasers, innocent landowners, and contiguous

property owners

• Provided liability protection for certain small-volume

waste contributors and contributors of municipal solid

waste

The law created a strong, balanced relationship between

the federal government and state and tribal programs:

• Authorized up to $50 million per year for building and

enhancing state and tribal response programs and

expanded the activities eligible for funding

• Provided protection from Superfund liability at sites

cleaned up under a state program

• Preserved the federal safety net by detailing the

circumstances in which EPA can revisit a cleanup

• Clarified the state role in adding sites to the Superfund

National Priorities List (NPL)

EPA’s investment in the Brownfields Program has

resulted in many accomplishments, and the momentum

generated by the program is leaving an enduring legacy.

EPA’s Brownfields Program continues to look to the

future by expanding the types of properties it addresses,

forming new partnerships, and undertaking new

initiatives to help revitalize communities across the

nation. Additional information on the Brownfields Law is

available at www.epa.gov/brownfields/sblrbra.htm.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 3

EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has

been used in the field but that does not yet have a

long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about

the cost and performance of innovative technologies

may not be sufficient to encourage decision-makers to

select those technologies over established

technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is

documenting and disseminating information about

the cost and performance of innovative technologies.

EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation

Technologies Roundtable (FRTR), has seen significant

progress in this area. Innovative technologies are

being used in many cleanup programs to assess

contamination and to clean up sites.

Comprehensive information about the range of

innovative technologies and their use as well as

technical expertise pertinent to them, is available from

EPA’s Brownfields and Land Revitalization

Technology Support Center (BTSC). The BTSC is

coordinated through OSRTI and is supported by

EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD).

The center works closely with EPA’s Office of

Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in

partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

(USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL).

Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC

assists brownfields decision-makers by presenting

strategies for streamlining site assessment and

cleanup, identifying information about technology

options, evaluating plans and documents, describing

complex technologies for communities, and providing

demonstration support (see page 14 for more

information about the BTSC).

An emerging technology is an innovative technology that

is currently undergoing bench-scale testing in which a

small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.

An innovative technology is a technology that has been

field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at

a site but that lacks a long history of full-scale use.

Information about its cost and how well it works may be

insufficient to support prediction of its performance

under a wide variety of operating conditions.

An established technology is a technology for which

cost and performance information is readily available.

Only after a technology has been used at many different

sites and the results have been fully documented is that

technology considered to be established.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

4

INTRODUCTION The “Road Map to Understanding Innovative

Technology Options for Brownfields Investigation and

Cleanup,” Fourth Edition, includes new and updated

resources to assist in identification and selection of

innovative site characterization and cleanup

technologies for brownfields redevelopment. The

Road Map provides a general outline of the steps in

the investigation and cleanup of a site slated for

redevelopment and introduces brownfields

stakeholders to the range of innovative technology

options and resources available to them. The Road

Map provides valuable information for a wide range

of stakeholders involved in or affected by

redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether through

public projects, private developments, or

public-private partnerships. The Fourth

Edition has been expanded significantly to

include new and updated resources and

supplemental information.

The First Edition of the Road Map, which was

published in 1997, provided a broad overview

of EPA’s Brownfields Program and an outline

of the steps involved in the cleanup of a

brownfields site. Designed primarily for

stakeholders who were unfamiliar with the

elements of cleaning up a brownfields site, the

Road Map built awareness of the advantages

offered by innovative technologies. As the

Brownfields Program matured, the Second and

Third Editions were published in 1999 and

2001, respectively, to update information and

resources associated with the program and

innovative technologies. Those editions were

accompanied by a CD-ROM to provide easier

access to the wide range of information and

resources included in the Road Map.

The new Fourth Edition has been developed to

continue to serve audiences who are new to the

Brownfields Program as well as provide new and

updated technical information to audiences with

more experience and technical qualifications.

Updated with 71 new resources and one-page

descriptions of technologies, processes, and

initiatives that affect the consideration and use of

innovative technologies, the newest edition of the

Road Map will help:

• New and less experienced stakeholders learn about

EPA’s Brownfields Program and site cleanup in

general.

• Decision-makers who are familiar with the

Brownfields Program but are also interested in

obtaining more detailed information about

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 5

technologies. The Road Map provides these users

with up-to-date information about the

applicability of innovative technologies and ready

access to the latest resources that can assist them

in making their technology decisions.

• Stakeholders who hire or oversee site cleanup

professionals (such as environmental consultants,

cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or

analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides

these stakeholders with a detailed understanding

of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields

site and presents information about the role that

cleanup professionals play in the process and

about how to encourage consideration of use of

innovative technologies.

• Regulators by increasing their understanding of

the advantages that innovative technologies and

approaches may provide throughout the cleanup

process. The Road Map also serves as a resource

that regulators can use to provide site owners,

service providers, and other stakeholders with

useful information about the Brownfields

Program.

• Community members by providing information

about the general site cleanup process as well as

guidelines and mechanisms that ensure that they

are involved in the decision-making process.

• Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions

and insurance agencies, by providing information

for their use in assessing and minimizing the risk

associated with brownfields redevelopment.

It is important to understand that the site

characterization and cleanup process may not occur in

the sequence outlined in the following sections. At

many sites, several activities may be undertaken

concurrently, and some steps may recur throughout

the process. For example, many technologies that are

used for characterizing sites during the preliminary

phases of a brownfields project may be appropriate for

use in later stages of a site cleanup. Understanding the

logical progression of the process is crucial to ensuring

that the proper groundwork is laid for future phases

and in determining whether activities can be combined

or implemented concurrently.

The Road Map is not an official guidance document.

Rather, it draws upon EPA’s experiences with

brownfields and Superfund sites, corrective action

sites under the Resource Conservation and Recovery

Act (RCRA), and underground storage tank (UST)

sites. Specific conditions—such as the kinds and

amounts of contamination, the proposed reuses of the

property, the financial resources available, and the

level of support from neighboring communities—vary

from site to site.

New in the Fourth Edition

• Addition of 71 new resources identified with a “new

resource” icon

• Updates of 18 resources identified with an “updated

resource” icon

• Removal of approximately 40 resources that have been

discontinued or are no longer available

• Updates and additions to the one-page spotlights on specific

topics that identify and describe key technologies,

processes, and initiatives that affect the use and

consideration of innovative technologies at brownfields sites

• Updates to programmatic information and organizational

changes resulting from the passage of the Small Business

Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act

• Revision of Appendix A to provide additional information

about typical contaminants found at brownfields sites

and the technologies used to investigate and remediate

these sites

• Expansion of Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary

of Key Terms

• Updates to brownfields and technical support contacts

identified in Appendix C

• Updates to document ordering information included in

Appendix D

• Elimination of the Road Map CD-Rom. With improved

Internet access and the opportunity to provide more

frequent updates, all publications and links are available

online at www.brownfieldstsc.org

How to Submit Comments

EPA invites comments from the members of the

brownfields community to help ensure that any future

versions of the Road Map meet their needs. Please

submit comments to:

Dan Powell

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Superfund Remediation and

Technology Innovation

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov

Telephone: (703) 603-7196
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

6

How to Obtain Additional Copies

Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions

of the Road Map are available for viewing or

downloading at the Brownfields and Land

Revitalization Technology Support Center Web site at

www.brownfieldstsc.org. A printed or hard copy

version can also be ordered directly from that site.

If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or

hard copy version of this document can be obtained

from the following source:

National Service Center for

Environmental Publications

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419

Telephone: (800) 490-9198 or (513) 489-8190

Fax: (513) 489-8695

When ordering the Road Map, refer to document

number EPA 542-B-05-001.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 7

How to Use the Road Map

• Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation

The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the

characterization and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: Site Assessment, Site

Investigation, Assessment of Cleanup Options, and Cleanup Design and Implementation.

Each section:

• Describes the objectives to be accomplished

• Outlines the key questions to be answered

• Summarizes the activities to be undertaken

• Lists information resources available to

assist in selecting technologies. Within

each section, the resources are listed in

alphabetical order in three categories:

A. Technology resources relevant to the phase provide general information about

technologies and their application in the four phases delineated in the Road Map.

B. Site-specific resources provide information about the application of innovative

technologies to specific contaminants and site types.

C. Technology-specific resources present detailed information about specific

technologies and their application to specific contaminants and media.

• Indicates specific actions to be taken at

the completion of the phase

The graphic on page 18 provides an overview of the general phases of the site

characterization and cleanup process, identifies some of the factors and questions

potentially affecting the course of the process, and directs users to relevant sections of the

Road Map.

The Road Map and the resources described in it have been organized into sections corresponding to the

general phases of site characterization and cleanup, from early planning through implementation of the

remedy.

The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization and

cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are

introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site

characterization and cleanup technologies.


ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

8

The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to selection of technologies rather than

questions related to other brownfields issues. Please note that the key questions and discussions of activities

to be conducted are intended to guide the reader in identifying issues that should be addressed. To serve as

guideposts in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in the

process. The questions ask what stakeholders as a group working together—the”we” of each question—must

do as assessment and cleanup progress.

Spotlights

Like the previous edition, this edition of the Road Map

includes brief descriptions that “spotlight” key technologies,

processes, and initiatives that affect the use and consideration

of innovative technologies for the characterization and

cleanup of brownfields sites. The spotlights are included in

the sections of the Road Map that are most relevant. Each

spotlight also includes information about additional

resources, as appropriate. The following spotlights have been updated for the Fourth Edition:

• “Other Redevelopment Initiatives”

• “Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance”

• “The Triad Approach”

• “Data Quality and Representativeness”

• “State Dry Cleaner Remediation Programs”

• “Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites”

• “Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites”

• “Phytoremediation Technology”

• “Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids”

• “Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls

at Brownfields Sites”

Six new spotlights have been added to the Fourth Edition of the Road Map:

• “Superfund Redevelopment Initiative”

• “All Appropriate Inquiry”

• “Sustainable Management Approaches and

Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe)”

• “Vapor Intrusion”

• “Innovative Approaches to Assessment and

Cleanup of Mining Sites”

• “Supporting Tribal Revitalization Efforts”

Resources: Components of Each Entry

** Please note that in the Fourth Edition, the information about where to download the resource is no longer

included with the entry. All resources may be accessed through www.brownfieldstsc.org

Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to

Support Modernization of Site Cleanup

Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014)

This report, which was developed by EPA, addresses

the need to clarify DQO terminology use in order to

support modernization of environmental restoration

activities. The document presents a basic conceptual

understanding of DQO-related terms in a way that

facilitates systematic project planning in the context

of site cleanups. A list of descriptions of DQOrelated terms and concepts appears first in the report,

followed by a more detailed discussion of the

interrelationships among the concepts.

Title of resource

This icon denotes resources newly

included in the Fourth Edition.

Publication number

ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental

Site Assessments: Phase II

Environmental Site Assessment Process

(E1903-97(2002))

Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses a

framework for employing good commercial and

customary practices in the United States during

Phase II environmental site assessments of

commercial property with respect to the potential

presence of a range of contaminants within the

scope of CERCLA as well as petroleum products.

The guide, which is available at a cost, can be

ordered online at www.astm.org.

This icon denotes resources

updated in the Fourth Edition.

Title of resource

Description of the resource

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 9

Appendices

Four appendices are included in the Road Map to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms

related to site cleanup.

Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies the types of contaminants found at

brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for investigating and remediating

those contaminants at brownfields sites.

Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines acronyms and specialized terms used in

discussing and describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Because of the technical nature of the resources

contained in this publication, acronyms are used throughout the Road Map. Consult Appendix B as necessary

to identify acronyms and obtain definitions of unfamiliar terms.

Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides information about state and EPA

regional and technical points of contact.

Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides information about ordering the documents identified in the

Road Map.

Index of Resources

The Index of Resources located at the back of the document provides a complete list of the resources in the

Road Map sorted alphabetically by title. The Index is a useful tool for screening the list of resource titles and

identifying new and updated resources.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

10

BEFORE YOU BEGIN What is the Planned End Use? A Word About

Redevelopment

It is important to consider potential redevelopment

plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The

redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most

brownfields projects, from the identification of site

investigation and cleanup standards and the ability

to obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or

profitability of the project.

Defining and understanding the long-term goals of

the brownfields project and the decisions to be

made throughout the project is a crucial

element in identifying appropriate

technologies for site investigation and

cleanup. Technology tools, when carefully

selected, will assist those responsible for the

brownfields project in collecting the data

necessary to support such decisions and

accomplish the established goals. During

the many phases of a brownfields project, it

is important to keep in mind that

technology options are an effective means of

achieving the desired result at a site, rather than an

end in themselves.

Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of

reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to a

prospective purchaser for development. A municipality

may want to clean up a parcel or area that has become

an eyesore, create space for business development, or

create a park in a disadvantaged area. A local

comprehensive plan may call for infill development of a

certain type in a brownfields area. The brownfields

process will be tailored to the specific end use, if that use

is known. For example, if the redevelopment plan calls

for the construction of a light industrial facility, it may

be appropriate, depending on state and local

regulatory requirements, to apply industrial

investigation and cleanup standards that are less

stringent than those applicable to property that is to be

redeveloped for residential use. The standards required

will affect every aspect of the project, from its overall cost

(which is generally greater as the standards become

more conservative) to the applicability of innovative

characterization and cleanup technologies. Keep in

mind, however, that new information about

contamination or cleanup may require that reuse plans

be altered; develop flexible plans so that revised cleanup

needs can be incorporated into them.

If the end use is not known at the beginning of the

project, the individuals involved should make every
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 11

attempt at least to identify the general type of desired

development, whether industrial, commercial, or

residential or a mixed-use development of some sort.

Absent that information, the most conservative

assumptions will be made at every stage of the

brownfields project, a circumstance that could

increase significantly the time and expense of the

project and may even make it infeasible.

Understanding Regulations and Regulatory

Guidelines and Standard Industry Practices

The redevelopment of brownfields sites may be subject

to a variety of federal, state, and local laws, regulations,

policies, and guidelines with respect to the

characterization and cleanup of the site. Such sites also

may be governed by the standard practices of other

government, nongovernment, and private institutions.

The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and

guidelines will vary by site, depending on the

regulatory authority that manages the cleanup.

Therefore, it is important to research this information at

the outset and to work closely with the regulatory

authority throughout the cleanup process. For

example, state or local regulatory authorities may

manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These

agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any,

site-specific requirements or permits are applicable.

Many of the standard practices are designed to help

the brownfields redevelopment project obtain

financing from public programs and private banks

and institutions. Guidance and standards are issued

by government and nongovernment organizations,

such as the American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation (FDIC), and state and local economic

development authorities, and even private lenders.

EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields

stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy

support to facilitate selection of technologies (see

Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical

Support Contacts, for information about EPA regional

and technical points of contact).

Although compliance with regulations and official

policy directives issued under other federal

regulatory and cleanup programs such as Superfund

may not be required, some of the information gathered

under such programs may be useful in the

investigation and cleanup of brownfields sites. For

some sites, existing information provides a basis of

understanding of site activities and conditions.

Additionally, lessons learned about site

characterization strategies help to refine the process. For

example, in the past, a number of sampling events and

field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA

and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to

characterize the sites adequately. Additional sampling

was necessary to assess all potential contaminants, to

adequately analyze all pathways of exposure, to obtain

representative samples of wastes and environmental

media, and to obtain analytical results of the

appropriate accuracy to enable regulatory authorities to

make cleanup decisions with confidence. Streamlining

the process may decrease costs and reduce the decisionmaking period for selecting options for site cleanups.

EPA has shown its support for the adoption of

streamlined approaches to sampling, analysis, data

review, and data evaluation during site assessment,

characterization, and cleanup in a number of technical

and guidance documents. Brownfields sites are well

suited for use of the Triad approach (see Spotlight 7 on

page 52), as limited funding and plans for reuse

strongly influence decisions about cleanup. Inherent in

the Triad approach is the need for cooperation and

collaboration among the many stakeholders in the

process. The Triad approach and the Brownfields

Initiative reinforce each other in their emphasis on a

common-sense approach in which barriers are removed

and dollars are leveraged to provide the most costeffective and streamlined strategy for monitoring and

measurement activities. Use of real-time measurement

technologies as well as a rigorous planning process to

understand and control sources of uncertainty is

inherent to the Triad approach and helps stakeholders

improve the reliability of risk-related decisions.

Recognizing that rigorous planning is important, the

approach should remain flexible and dynamic and

should allow for adjustments in the field in light of

actual site conditions observed and sample analytical

results. Such a dynamic approach usually requires a

well-rounded technical team that has a broad range of

technical expertise and use of field analytical

technologies, including an on-site mobile laboratory,

to provide quick-turnaround analyses.

Seeking and Procuring External Professional

Support

Most decision-makers for brownfields sites will

require technical and legal assistance to fully

understand the complexities of investigating and

cleaning up contaminated sites. Depending upon the

complexity of a particular site, decision-makers may
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

12

request the assistance of environmental consultants,

cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or

analytical laboratories in performing the many

activities required to investigate and clean up the site.

The inclusion of these professionals and other experts

as members of the brownfields team is recommended.

Some states may require the participation of certified

or licensed professionals to help guide the site

investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the

services of such professionals (individuals or a firm),

a request for proposal (RFP) is often used as the

procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses the

approach, qualifications, and cost estimate for the

services requested and includes specifications that

encourage prospective bidders to think “outside the

box” and consider nontraditional approaches.

Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include

the demonstrated experience of the individuals or

firm in developing valid options for using

streamlined strategies and innovative technologies at

brownfields sites and in successfully implementing

the selected options.

To ensure that those individuals or firms responding

to an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the

site, the RFP also should include, or make readily

available, all studies and reports that provide sitespecific information that can be used as the basis for

making technology decisions. Individuals preparing

RFPs may wish to be proactive and provide

suggestions for the use of specific strategies and

technologies that appear to be valid for the particular

site. When reviewing proposals and interviewing

firms, the evaluation team must be prepared to ask

pointed, detailed questions about the selection and

use of technologies to be assured that the individual

or firm chosen to perform the work is qualified to

complete the project successfully. Described in this

Road Map are many excellent resources that will

assist brownfields decision-makers in preparing

specifications to be included in RFPs, selecting the

criteria for evaluating proposals, and developing

questions for interviews of those responding to the

RFP. For example, see EPA’s Brownfields Technology

Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That

Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation

and Cleanup on page 42 for more information.

Community Involvement

It is important that brownfields decision-makers

encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and

cleanup alternatives by involving members of the

community early in the decision-making process

through community meetings, newsletters, or other

outreach activities. For an individual site, the

community should be informed about how the use of

a proposed technology might affect redevelopment

plans or the adjacent neighborhood. For example, the

planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may

create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other

hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about

issues related to site security or long-term

maintenance that could affect access to the site.

EPA can assist members of the brownfields

community by directing its members to appropriate

resources and providing opportunities to network

and participate in the sharing of information. A

number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and

reports provide opportunities for brownfields

stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to

identify information about cleanup and technology

options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA’s

Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology

Support Center is a valuable resource for brownfields

decision-makers (see page 14 for more information).

Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other

Characterization and Cleanup Options

In addition to innovative site characterization and

cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment

and containment technologies also should be

considered. Examples of established treatment

technologies include solidification/stabilization, soil

vapor extraction, thermal desorption, incineration, and

pump-and-treat. (For a complete list and description of

the technologies, see the Treatment Technologies for

Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition).

The document is available online at http://clu-in.org/

asr/.) Examples of containment include containing

contaminated soil on site using a cap and limiting

migration of contaminants using a vertical engineering

barrier such as a slurry wall. In either case,

containment does not involve actively treating the

waste to recover or degrade contaminants. When

deciding between innovative and established

technologies or between treatment and containment

technologies, or other options, brownfields decisionmakers should consider the specific needs of the

individual site and stakeholders. It also is important

that brownfields decision-makers consider both the

current effects of the selected technology approach and

its future effects on potential development of the site.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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Selecting and Accepting Technologies

The successful cleanup of a

brownfields site depends

on the selection and

acceptance of a specific

technology or technology

approach. Identified in the

box below are the key

elements to ensure that a

proposed technology will

be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners,

potential buyers, financial service providers,

investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlight 6,

Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance, on

page 51, describes in detail these key elements.

A Quick Look

• Focus on the decisions

that support site goals

• Build consensus

• Understand the technology

• Allow flexibility

Information Centers, Training, and Other

Resources

Described on the next four pages are some of the

resources available to brownfields projects from

government and nongovernment institutions,

including the various EPA hotlines for statutory and

regulatory programs that may affect brownfields

projects. The resources provide more general

information than the technology resources identified

in the chapters that follow. Training courses and

programs provided by EPA, as well as other

organizations, also are identified. Information about

state and local resources can be obtained from the

contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of

Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts.

Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 2001 Update

The report, which was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical

overview of state Superfund programs and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization, sites,

cleanup activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and expenditures, and

enforcement tools. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and Brownfields Programs established by the

states and presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons among the states. A copy of

the report can be downloaded from ELI’s Web site at www.eli.org; the report can be found under the topic “Contaminated

Sites” under “Research Reports” in the ELI Store section of the site.

Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, Second Edition

The book, which was published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and environmental

attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and local government leaders. The

book provides an overview of and background information about brownfields issues as well as explanations of the federal and state

laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with redeveloping contaminated property also

are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts used to clean up contaminated property, describing risk assessment and

remediation strategies. Comprehensive information about state voluntary cleanup programs also is provided. Originally published in

1997, the Second Edition of this book was released in 2002. The book can be purchased through ABA’s Web site at www.abanet.org

or at bookstores across the country. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for the book is 1-57073-961-7.

Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center

EPA established BTSC to ensure that brownfields decision-makers are aware of the full range of technologies available for

conducting site assessments and cleanup actions and can make informed decisions for their sites. The center helps government

decision-makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and cleanup process, identify and review information about

complex technology options, evaluate contractor capabilities and recommendations, explain complex technologies to

communities, and plan technology demonstrations. BTSC is coordinated through EPA’s OSRTI and works through EPA’s ORD

laboratories. The center works closely with EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in partnership with the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Localities can submit requests for assistance:

– Through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator

– Online at www.brownfieldstsc.org

– By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free)

For more information about BTSC, contact Dan Powell of EPA’s OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or powell.dan@epa.gov.

INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

Brownfields Handbook: How to Manage Federal Environmental Liability Risks (EPA 330-B-01-001)

In November 1998, EPA issued “The Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and

Other Sites.” The handbook provided a compilation of tools and a discussion of how to use them for evaluating the benefits

of reusing a brownfields property. The updated edition of the handbook published in November 2002 summarizes the tools

available to clarify and address barriers to site cleanup and reuse posed by RCRA. In addition, the handbook summarizes

the tools and initiatives that have been implemented since 1995. These include the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative

(SRI), the UST-related initiatives, RCRA reforms, and improvements in the prospective purchaser agreement process. The

handbook also provides updated lists of brownfields policies and guidance documents and EPA contacts. An electronic copy

of the handbook is available atwww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/cleanup/brownfields/handbook. In

addition, this site contains policies and guidance documents issued since the publication of the 2002

CLU-IN Studio

CLU-IN Studio, which is coordinated by EPA’s OSRTI, ITRC, and other partners, provides free and unlimited access to Internet

technical seminars, live conference Webcasts, and videotapes. The three types of media provide information about and resources

relevant to innovative site characterization and cleanup technologies. The 2-hour Internet seminars are live, Web-based slide

presentations, each of which has a companion audio portion available by telephone line or RealAudio simulcast. The conference

Webcasts are live events that combine Web-based presentation materials with a companion live audio stream. The videotapes,

whose viewing time ranges from 6 to 28 minutes, may be viewed or ordered online. Descriptions and registration information for

upcoming events as well as links to archived seminars and Webcasts are provided at www.clu-in.org/studio.

EPA Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment Internet Site

This Internet site coordinated by EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment provides extensive information

about EPA’s Brownfields Program, including the Brownfields Law, EPA brownfields grants, and technical tools and resources

as well as information about brownfields projects across the country. Descriptions of EPA’s brownfields pilot projects and

points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices are provided, as are descriptions of publications, regulations, and other

documents. Brownfields stakeholders involved in selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have

particular interest in learning more about EPA’s brownfields grant programs, which offer assessment grants, revolving loan

fund grants, cleanup grants, and job training grants. Information is also provided on EPA’s Targeted Brownfields

Assessments (TBA) Program as well as state and tribal response programs. The site also contains routinely updated

announcements related to grants and information on pilot projects and success stories. The site provides links to the Web

sites of different cleanup programs managed by offices within the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

(OSWER). For additional information, visit the Web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields.

EPA Dockets

Dockets, electronic dockets, and information centers serve as the repositories for information related to particular EPA

actions. When a rulemaking or nonrulemaking action is announced, a docket is established in EPA Dockets (EDOCKET)

with an assigned tracking number to accumulate materials throughout the process. Dockets may contain Federal

Register documents, a variety of supporting documentation, and public comments. Publicly available docket materials

are available either electronically in EDOCKET or on hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA West Building, Room B102,

1301 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC. This facility is open from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday,

excluding federal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone

number for the OSWER Docket is (202) 566-0276. All documents in the docket are listed in the EDOCKET index at

www.epa.gov/edocket.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures (EPA 240-B-01-004)

The document provides guidance on the preparation and use of a standard operating procedure (SOP) within a quality

system. An SOP is a set of written instructions that document a routine or repetitive activity that an organization carries out.

The development and use of SOPs are an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide individuals with

the information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or end

result. SOPs describe both technical and administrative operational elements of an organization that would be managed

under a work plan, a quality assurance project plan, or a quality management plan. A copy of the guidance document can be

viewed at the online version of the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.

Hazardous Substance Research Centers

The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) provide a national program of basic and applied research, technology transfer,

and outreach. Five multi-university centers focus on different aspects of hazardous substance management and serve different

regions of the country. The HSRCs receive financial support from EPA and additional funding from academia, industry, and other

federal and state agencies. Research projects involve laboratory and field experiments as well as mathematical and physical

modeling. Technology transfer and training activities facilitate information exchange with government agencies, industry, and other

academic participants. The HSRCs operate three outreach programs that provide free, nonadvocacy technical assistance to

communities. Technical Outreach Services for Communities (TOSC) uses university educational and technical resources to help

community groups understand the technical issues associated with the hazardous waste sites in their midst. TOSC aims to empower

communities to participate substantively in the decision-making process regarding their hazardous substance problems. An affiliate of

TOSC is Technical Outreach Services for Native American Communities (TOSNAC), which provides technical assistance to Native

Americans dealing with hazardous substance issues. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) helps communities to

clean up and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued because of environmental contamination. The main

audiences for TAB assistance are community groups, municipal officials, developers, and community leaders, with lending institutions

constituting a secondary audience. More information on the HSRCs and their brownfields initiatives is available at www.hsrc.org.

Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise

Coordinated through USACE, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise (HTRW-CX) provides technical

assistance and information regarding use of innovative technologies for cleanup of contaminated properties. Detailed

information about a variety of innovative technology resources, points of contact at the HTRW-CX, and upcoming training

courses and workshops is provided on the center’s Web site. More than 50 case studies of successful applications of

innovative technologies also are described on the site. Visit the HTRW-CX Web site at www.environmental.usace.army.mil/

info/technical/it/it.html for more information on the center’s innovative technology programs.

Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council

ITRC is a state-led coalition working with industry and other stakeholders to achieve regulatory acceptance of environmental

technologies. ITRC consists of 43 states, the District of Columbia, multiple federal partners, industry participants, and other

stakeholders, cooperating to break down barriers and reduce compliance costs, making it easier to use new technologies, and helping

states to maximize resources. ITRC brings together a diverse group of environmental experts and stakeholders from both the public

and private sectors to broaden and deepen technical knowledge and to streamline the regulation of new environmental technologies.

ITRC has established a team of experts specifically focused on redevelopment issues. ITRC accomplishes its mission in two ways:

it develops guidance documents and training courses to meet the needs of both regulators and environmental consultants, and it works

with state representatives to ensure that ITRC products and services have maximum impact among state environmental agencies and

technology users. ITRC was originated in 1995 based on a previous initiative conducted by the Western Governors’ Association

(WGA). In January 1999, ITRC became affiliated with the Environmental Research Institute of the States (ERIS). ERIS is a 501(c)3

nonprofit educational subsidiary of the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS). ITRC receives regional support from WGA and the

Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) and receives financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of

Defense (DoD), and EPA. Brownfields decision-makers will find success stories, guidance documents, training materials, and other

information related to the use of innovative technologies developed by ITRC on its Web site at www.ITRCweb.org.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

RCRA Online

RCRA Online is an online database that provides users access to thousands of letters, memoranda, and questions and

answers issued by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The documents indexed in the database represent past EPA

Headquarters interpretations of the RCRA regulations governing management of solid, hazardous, and medical wastes.

Users can retrieve documents through topical, full text, and advanced search functions and can view the actual text of

documents identified in a search. Detailed instructions on how to use the database are provided, as are tips for conducting

searches. RCRA Online is available online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline. An updated pdf version of the RCRA Online

brochure (EPA 530-F-03-011) is provided on the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.

Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Call Center

The Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Call Center is a publicly accessible

service that provides up-to-date information on several EPA programs. The Call Center responds to factual questions about

federal regulations related to the following program areas:

– EPCRA

– Risk Management Program regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA)

– CERCLA or Superfund

– Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans and oil pollution prevention regulations under the Clean Water

Act (CWA)

The Call Center operates Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST). The center can be

reached by telephone at (800) 424-9346 from all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC, metropolitan local

calling area or at (703) 412-9810 from all locations in the Washington, DC, metropolitan local calling area.

Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Section 198)

Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1)(B)(VI)) describes the expensing of costs related to

environmental remediation of qualified contaminated sites. As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted to treat any

qualified environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to a capital account; such an expenditure

can be treated as a deduction for the taxable year in which it is paid or incurred. In general, a qualified remediation

expenditure is an expenditure paid or incurred in connection with abatement or control of hazardous substances at a qualified

contaminated site. The specific terms and qualifications are described in Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code.

TechDirect

TechDirect, which is hosted by EPA’s OSRTI, is a free e-mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest

for site assessment and remediation professionals. At the beginning of every month, the service e-mails a message

describing the availability of publications and announcing events. For publications, the message explains how to obtain a

hard copy or how to download an electronic version. Interested persons may subscribe online at www.clu-in.org/techdrct.

Toxic Substances Control Act Assistance Information Service

The information service provides technical assistance and information regarding programs implemented under the Toxic

Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency

Response Act (AHERA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act (ASHARA), the Residential Lead-Based

Paint Hazard Reduction Act (Title X of TSCA), and EPA’s 33/50 program. The information service operates Monday through

Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm EST. The information service can be reached by telephone at (202)554-1404, by fax at (202) 554-

5603, or by e-mail at tsca-hotline@epa.gov.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

Training Information

Training courses and programs that can be useful for brownfields stakeholders, particularly those involved in technology

selection, are identified below.

• EPA’s Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of

federal, state, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management

and remediation. The site provides information about more than 65 classroom and Internet-based classes as well as

schedules for their delivery. Visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org for additional information.

• EPA’s “Streamlined Investigation and Cleanups Using the Triad Approach” training course is a moderate to advancedlevel training program that provides participants an introduction to a wide array of innovative technologies and

approaches that can be used to characterize hazardous waste sites. The class stresses the importance of the planning

process and the use of field-based measurement technologies and on-site data assessment techniques. Participants

will be introduced to the Triad approach and methods for better understanding, planning, and implementing monitoring

strategies to improve cleanup at lower costs. In addition, participants will be provided an overview of several of the field

analytical and rapid sampling technologies that can support streamlined measurement approaches. For information

about the program and the schedule for its delivery, visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org; select “CERCLA

Education Center (CEC).”

• Information about upcoming courses provided by a variety of federal and nonfederal organizations is provided on

OSRTI’s CLU-IN Web site at www.clu-in.org; select “Courses and Conferences” under “What’s Hot? What’s New?”

• The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) also offers many technical and professional training

opportunities, such as training on environmental site assessment processes, that may be of interest to brownfields

decision-makers. For more information, visit ASTM’s Web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN.

Triad Resource Center

The Triad is an innovative approach to decision-making for hazardous waste site characterization and

remediation. The Triad approach employs new characterization and treatment tools, using work strategies

developed by innovative and successful site professionals. The Triad Resource Center provides the

information that hazardous waste site managers and cleanup practitioners need to implement the Triad

approach effectively. The Triad Web site provides an overview of Triad; information on its management, regulatory, and

technical components; user experiences; and references and resources for additional information. For additional

information on Triad, visit the Web site at www.triadcentral.org.
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The purpose of this step is to evaluate the potential

for contamination at a particular site by collecting

and reviewing existing information. The site

assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I

environmental site assessment, is an initial

investigation usually limited to a search of historical

records. The data collected also includes

information about past and current environmental

conditions and historical uses of the site. The site

assessment is the most crucial step in the

brownfields process, because any further

environmental investigation and cleanup will hinge

on whether potential environmental concerns are

identified during that phase.

During the site assessment phase, it is important to

consider the activities and requirements described in

the subsequent chapters and determine how they

will be affected by the initial site assessment.

Because the information obtained in this phase will

determine whether any future work must be done at

the site, the site assessment must be thorough and

tailored to meet specific data objectives. As

discussed in the section Before You Begin, decisions

made about the end use of a site and the long-term

goals of the brownfields project will determine the

types and quantity of data that must be collected, as

well as the level of quality the data must attain. The

data quality objectives (DQO), in turn, will serve as

the basis upon which the best decisions will be

made about the most appropriate technologies and

techniques to be used in collecting and analyzing

the data at a particular site (see Appendix B, List of

Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a

definition of DQO).

The Triad approach is applicable to many elements

of monitoring and measurement activities that occur

on site - from early investigations aimed at risk

estimation, through designing, implementing, and

monitoring the implementation of a remedy. The key

to the Triad approach, and the benefit to brownfields

sites, is that decisions are made with the full

consideration of existing information developed

during past site use and cleanup activities, and with

a thorough understanding of how the site might be

reused. Using this approach, activities are

performed that target the principal sources of

uncertainty that can affect the confidence of site

decisions. Use of the Triad approach for site

SITE ASSESSMENT Collect and Assess Information

About the Brownfields Site
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 21

assessments at brownfields sites allows decisionmakers to economically collect the volume and

quality of data necessary to reassure regulators and

communities that a property is safe for reuse.

The data collected during this initial step of the

cleanup process is extremely important for use in

identifying and evaluating the applicability of site

assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in

determining whether the property can be cleaned up

to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is

carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such

as limited sampling, may also be accomplished

during this phase. The site assessment also can

provide a preliminary indication of what types of

cleanup technologies might be available. It also is

essential to assess and address the needs and

concerns of the community (for example, the

development of social and economic profiles and the

identification of acceptable environmental risk).

Technologies that detect possible contamination in

the air may be applicable at this stage as well as

some analytical sampling technologies useful for

assessing contamination in soil or groundwater.

Examples of sampling and analysis technologies

that may be applicable during this phase are

presented in Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies

for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites.

However, the use of technologies may be somewhat

limited, since much of the work at this stage

involves a search of paper and electronic records.

The following section is intended as a general planning

guide and is not a comprehensive listing of assessment

activities required under state and federal regulations.

For a better understanding of these requirements, users

should consult the references identified and work with

their appropriate regulatory authority.

Factors that should be considered during this phase

include:

1. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a

proposed end use identified? Is the site located in

an area targeted for redevelopment? Is the site

located in an industrial area? Will it remain

industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Is a

residential development planned? Will

community members who use the property be

exposed directly to the soil or sediment?

2. What data are needed to support the long-term

goals of the project, address concerns related to it,

and ensure its acceptability? What decisions

need to be made, and what data should be

collected to support those decisions? What level

of quality is necessary and what level of

uncertainty is acceptable to meet those goals?

3. What is known about the site? What records

exist that indicate potential contamination and

past use of the property? Have other

environmental actions occurred (such as notices

of violation)? Has an environmental audit been

conducted? What information is needed to

identify the types and extent or the absence of

contamination?

4. If the site is located in an area targeted for

redevelopment, is the site being considered for

cleanup under a federal or state Superfund

cleanup initiative?

5. Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup

Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal, state,

local, or tribal) would be responsible for managing

oversight of cleanup? Are there other federal,

state, local, or tribal regulatory requirements for

site assessment? (See the definition of a VCP in

Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of

Key Terms)

6. What are the special needs and concerns of the

community? How can community involvement be

encouraged and meaningful? How will

community views be solicited?

7. What environmental conditions will the

community find acceptable? What environmental

standards should be considered to ensure that

community stakeholders are satisfied with the

outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified

and proposed reuse?

8. If the site shows evidence of contamination, who

and what will be affected? Who will pay for the

cleanup? Who will be responsible for long-term

monitoring and oversight, particularly if residual

contamination is left in place?

The following figure depicts the linkages among the

decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the

selection of technologies to expedite the collection of

data.

What Do We Need to Know?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of

a site include:

• Establish the technical team and take advantage of

the team’s expertise to determine the adequacy of

existing site information and identify potential

data gaps

• Ensure that the brownfields decision-makers (such

as regulators; citizens; property owners; and

technical staff, such as chemists and toxicologists)

are involved in the decision-making process

• Develop the conceptual site model (CSM). The

CSM is the planning tool that organizes existing

site information, provides a framework to identify

project goals and data gaps, and directs site

activities and team communications.

• Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment

and goals of the site

• Identify data that must be collected to support the

goals of the site

• Determine whether contamination is likely

through the conduct of an ASTM Phase I

environmental site assessment or its equivalent. A

records search is performed and the site is visited,

but no sampling of soil or groundwater occurs.

The effort includes the following activities:

– Identify past owners and the uses they made of the

property by conducting a title search and reviewing

tax documents, sewer maps, aerial photographs, and

fire, policy, and health department documentation

related to the property

– Review and analyze city government and other

historical records to identify past use or disposal of

hazardous or other waste materials at the site

– Review federal and state lists that identify sites that may

have environmental contamination; such lists include,

but are not limited to: (1) EPA’s Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability

Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially

contaminated sites, (2) the National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System (NPDES) of permits issued for

discharges into surface water, and (3) state records of

“emergency removal” actions (for example, the removal

of leaking drums or the excavation of explosive waste)

– Interview property owners, occupants, and others

associated with the site, such as previous employees,

residents, and local planners

Linking the Decision, Data, and Technologies

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

Determine:

What you are trying to accomplish at the site –

redevelopment, cleanup, etc.

NO

WHAT INFORMATION DO I NEED TO MAKE

THE DECISION?

Identify:

Data or information necessary to make the decision(s)

or answer the question(s)

Consider:

Level of data quality required (detection limits and

accuracy)

HOW SHOULD I COLLECT THE DATA?

Evaluate & Select:

Various sampling and analysis designs to achieve

required data and data quality

Consider:

Technologies available to provide more data quickly and

cost-effectively at a level of quality required by decisions

WHAT DOES THE DATA TELL ME?

Evaluate/Interpret Data:

Can decision(s) be made?

Can question(s) be answered?

TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION

Based on the decision made or question answered.

YES

WHAT DECISIONS ARE NEEDED TO SUPPORT

SITE GOALS?

Determine:

Are contaminant levels above or below acceptable

limits to a specified degree of certainty?

How Do We Find the Answers?

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 23

– Perform a physical or visual examination of the site,

including examination of existing structures for

structural integrity and asbestos-containing material

– Test for the presence of various contaminants; for

example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in

structures

The practice of conducting site assessments, or all

appropriate inquiries, is intended to satisfy one

requirement for obtaining protection from CERCLA

liability. To obtain protection from CERCLA liability

as a bona fide prospective purchaser, an innocent

landowner, or a contiguous property owner;

prospective property owners must conduct all

appropriate inquiries, or a phase I site assessment,

prior to acquiring a property. The Brownfields Law

requires EPA to promulgate federal standards and

practices governing the conduct of all appropriate

inquiries. The Law also established interim

standards for conducting “all appropriate inquiry”

to determine the environmental condition of a

property prior to its acquisition. The interim

standard for properties purchased after May 31,

1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates

a final rule establishing federal standards for all

appropriate inquiries, is the ASTM E1527-97 or

ASTM E1527-00, entitled “Standard Practice for

Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I

Environmental Site Assessment Process.” Spotlight

3 on page 34 provides additional information on the

requirements for all appropriate inquiries.

• Review the applicability of government oversight

programs:

– Determine whether there is a state VCP and consult

with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal

regulatory agencies to include them in the decisionmaking process as early as possible

– Determine the approach (such as redevelopment

programs, the Superfund program, property transfer

laws, or a state Brownfields Program) that is required

or available to facilitate the cleanup of sites (see the

section, Before You Begin, for an overview of

applicable regulations and regulatory guidelines)

– Identify whether economic incentives, such as benefits

from state Brownfields Programs, or federal

brownfields tax credits, can be obtained

– Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to

identify and determine the availability of EPA support

programs and federal financial incentives (see Appendix

C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts)

• Determine how to incorporate and encourage

community participation:

– Identify regulatory requirements for public

involvement (see page 15 in the section, Before You

Begin, for a description of community services

provided by HSRCs)

– Assess community interest in the project

– Identify community-based organizations

– Review any community plans for redevelopment

• Identify factors that may impede redevelopment

and reuse

• Begin identifying potential sources for funding site

investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if

necessary

• Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in

terms of initial costs for site improvement and longterm costs for operation and maintenance —include

potential cleanup options and constraints that may

affect redevelopment, such as project schedules,

cost, and potential for achieving the desired reuse

• Conduct work at the site and collect data as

necessary to define site conditions or to resolve

uncertainties related to the site

Examples of technology resources that are available to

assist in assessing a site are listed below. The

resources are listed alphabetically under the

following categories

A. Resources for Site Assessment

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Assessment

Although many of the resources are more applicable in

later stages, it may be useful to begin thinking now

about options and tools for investigation and cleanup.

Access the Road Map online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the

following resources electronically or to obtain a link

that provides complete ordering information.

A. Resources for Site Assessment

The documents listed below are resources that

provide general information about the availability of

technology resources in the form of bibliographies,

status reports, and user guidelines.

Where Do We Find Answers to Our

Technology Questions?
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Archived Internet Seminars

Through the CLU-IN Web site, EPA has

presented numerous Internet Seminars

covering a wide variety of technical topics

related to hazardous waste characterization,

monitoring, and remediation. For each seminar topic,

EPA has selected the highest-quality offerings and

placed them in archives that are accessible on the site.

The seminars are Web-based slide presentations with

an accompanying audio portion. Examples of archived

seminars include the following:

– Application of Transport Optimization Codes to

Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems;

– Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring - Parts 1

and 2;

– Dynamic Data Collection Strategy Using Systematic

Planning and Innovative Field-Based Measurement

Technologies;

– In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with

Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid (NAPL) Contamination:

Fundamentals and Case Studies (In Situ Chemical

Oxidation);

– In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with

NAPL Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies

(NAPL Characterization and Related Cleanup Issues).

Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined

Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-00-001)

Developed by EPA’s BTSC, the resource will assist

decision-makers on brownfields projects in evaluating

the capabilities of contractors who are being

considered to perform work in support of site

investigations. The resource also identifies potential

activities that contractors can perform to enhance the

site investigation process through innovative

approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that

decision-makers can use in interviewing contractors

and evaluating those contractors’ qualifications is

presented, followed by information about the relevance

of the questions and potential answers to them.

 ASTM Standard Guide for Process of

Sustainable Brownfields Development

(E1984-03(2003))

The guide, which was developed by ASTM,

discusses redevelopment of a brownfields

property and is intended for all stakeholders. It

identifies impediments to such redevelopment and

suggests solutions that can facilitate completion of a

successful project. It describes a flexible process of

sustainable brownfields redevelopment that actively

engages property owners, developers, government

agencies, and the community in conducting corrective

action, economic evaluation, and other efforts that

promote the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields

property. The guide, which is available at a cost, can be

ordered online at www.astm.org.

ASTM Standard Practice for

Environmental Site Assessments: Phase

I Environmental Site Assessment Process

(E1527-00(2003))

The purpose of the practice, which was

developed by ASTM, is to define commercial and

customary practices in the United States for conducting

Phase I environmental site assessments of commercial

real estate with respect to the range of contaminants

within the scope of CERCLA, as well as petroleum

products. Research and reporting requirements also

are identified. The practice, which is available at a

cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org.

Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad

Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site

Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002)

This document, which was prepared by EPA’s BTSC,

provides an educational tool for site owners, project

managers, and regulators to help streamline

assessment and cleanup activities at brownfields

sites. The primer also discusses strategies to reduce

costs, decrease time frames, positively affect

regulatory and community acceptance, and improve

the economics of redevelopment at brownfields sites.

The primer is organized in three sections: an

introduction; a description of the three elements of the

Triad approach, with examples describing the use of

each element; and a discussion of the role of the

technical team in managing a project, procurement

considerations when a project is being planned, and

decision-support software and other tools that are

available to help brownfields site managers.

Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to

Support Modernization of Site Cleanup

Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014)

This report, which was developed by

EPA, addresses the need to clarify DQO

terminology use in order to support modernization of

environmental restoration activities. The document

presents a basic conceptual understanding of DQOrelated terms in a way that facilitates systematic

project planning in the context of site cleanups. A list

of descriptions of DQO-related terms and concepts

appears first in the report, followed by a more

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detailed discussion of the interrelationships among

the concepts.

Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World

Wide Web (CLU-IN)

The Internet site, which was developed by EPA, provides

information about innovative treatment technologies and

site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste

remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,

organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA and

other federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,

technology developers and vendors, remediation

contractors, researchers, community groups, and

individual citizens. Information about issues related to

remediation and site characterization also is provided:

technology verification and evaluation; technology

selection tools; contaminant-specific information,

guidance and application support; case studies;

regulatory development; and publications.

Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous

Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007)

The document focuses on the DQO process as the

appropriate systematic planning process to support

decision-making. The DQO process is an important

tool for project managers and planners to use in

defining the types, quality, and quantity of data

needed to make defensible decisions. The document

is based on the principles and steps developed in

Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but

is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.

The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality

Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final

Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:

User’s Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document

focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is

applicable to programs at the state and local levels.

Data Quality Objectives Web Site

The DQO Web site, which is sponsored by DOE, is a

helpful resource for those responsible for preparing a

data collection design. The Web site defines the DQO

process and explains its role in ensuring that a data

collection activity produces results of sufficient quality

to support decisions based on those results. The Web

site provides step-by-step procedures for the DQO

process. It also provides a decision process flow chart,

describes purposes and goals related to the use of the

DQO process, and reviews relevant DOE and contractor

directives. It also provides information on data quality

assessment (QA); describes a number of available

training courses; lists contacts; and provides glossaries

of relevant terms, as well as links to related sites.

Directory of Technical Assistance for Land

Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)

EPA’s BTSC has prepared the directory to

provide information about technical

assistance that is available from federal

agencies to assist regional, state, and local government

personnel in assessment and cleanup decision-making

for brownfields reuse and revitalization. This directory

includes information about 37 organizations within 10

federal agencies that provide different types of support

to help with site assessment and cleanup, including

technical support and funding sources. Profiles are

included for the agencies and organizations and

contain the following types of information: background

and location information, relevancy to revitalization,

description of the areas of expertise available,

discussion of the types of services available, types of

funding available and eligibility, contact information

and the process for requesting assistance, and examples

of specific instances where the organization has

previously provided support for site revitalization.

Information in the profiles is believed to be current as of

March 2003. To help maintain current information, the

directory is available as an online searchable database

at www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory.

Engineering and Design: Requirements for the

Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM

200-1-3)

Developed by USACE, the manual provides guidance

for the preparation of project-specific sampling and

analysis plans (SAP) for the collection of

environmental data. In addition, the manual presents

default sampling and analytical protocols that may be

used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs

for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to

promote consistency in the generation and execution

of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help

investigators generate chemical data of known quality

for the purpose to which those data are to be used.

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable

Database

The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization

Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online

searchable databases sponsored by EPA’s OSRTI is a

service provided free of charge to both users and

technology vendors. EPA REACH IT is accessible

only through the Internet. This database provides

users comprehensive, up-to-date information about

more than 256 characterization technologies and 481

remediation technologies and their applications. It
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combines information submitted by technology

service providers about remediation and

characterization technologies with information from

EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about

sites at which innovative technologies are being

deployed. During the preliminary phase of a

brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist

brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become

familiar with the range of available technology

options that can be employed during the investigation

and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data

about various types of sites. Information about

analytical screening technologies that may be useful

for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA

updates all of the information available in the system

about every six months. Technology vendors may

also add or update information in EPA REACH IT at

any time through the Data Entry System, or by

submitting information by mail. You can search the

EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various

search options are available for a user on the home

page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most

Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search;

and Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For

questions about whether a technology is eligible for

listing in EPA REACH IT, the user may contact the

EPA REACH IT help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703)

390-0713 or send an e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com.

Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method

(Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies

Development Program)

This Web site, which was developed by DOE, provides

information about demonstrations of the ESC method

conducted by the Ames Laboratory Environmental

Technology Development Program. The ESC

demonstrations employ several technologies such as

hydrological technologies to better understand the

properties and physical characteristics of groundwater

movement; geophysical and geotechnical technologies

to improve understanding of the subsurface geology

and predict “fate and transport” of the target

contaminants; analytical technologies designed to

detect and quantify the target contaminants; and data

fusion technologies to integrate site information into a

conceptual site model. The ESC demonstrations

include characterization work performed by

commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites.

Public sessions provide a forum for citizens, media,

state and local government officials, EPA and state

regulators, technology providers, environmental

scientists, engineers and educators to offer input on

this new approach and its role within the

environmental cleanup process.

Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for

Adopting Next-Generation Site Characterization

Practices

This paper, which was published in Remediation in

spring 2003 as a joint effort of EPA OSRTI and the

Northeast Waste Management Officials’ Association

(NEWMOA), addresses developments in site

characterization and the barriers that hinder

improved decision-making. The paper discusses the

need for the site cleanup industry to continue its

technical advancement by using next-generation

models based on current scientific understanding. It

addresses data quality assessments and the impacts

of matrix heterogeneity on analytical results. The

paper also discusses the use of the Triad approach –

systematic project planning, dynamic work planning

strategies, and real-time data generation – as a means

of moving beyond existing data paradigms.

Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data

Management for Site Investigation and

Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a)

The document, which was published by

EPA, describes the three-pronged Triad

approach that forms the basis of EPA’s national

strategy for site characterization and assessment.

This streamlined approach to site assessment focuses

on systematic planning to ensure the effective use of

resources; preparation of a dynamic work plan to

support decision-making in the field; and use of onsite analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and

on-site data interpretation. Following the discussion

of the Triad approach to site investigation, the

document briefly reviews a number of recent

developments that promise marked benefits for

cleanup efforts and sets forth the EPA’s vision of

defensible decisions at an affordable cost that is the

goal of the national strategy. The document can be

downloaded from CLU-IN under “Publications.” See

Spotlight 7, “The Triad Approach,” for a more

detailed description of the approach.

In Search of Representativeness:

Evolving the Environmental Data Quality

Model

This paper, which was published by EPA

OSRTI, discusses the need to update the

environmental data quality model to recognize and

manage the uncertainties involved in generating

representative data from heterogeneous environmental

matrices. It discusses issues associated with data

quality despite improvements in environmental

analytical capabilities. The paper also discusses the

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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gradually increasing acceptance of new technologies

and dynamic work plan strategies by regulators and

cleanup practitioners. The complete reference for the

paper is as follows: Quality Assurance, Volume 9

(2001/2002), Pages 179 through 190.

OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment

Developed by EPA’s ORD and EPA Region 9, the Web

site offers a set of online tools for site assessment,

including calculators for formulas, models, unit

conversion factors, and scientific demonstrations for use

in assessing the effects of contaminants in groundwater.

Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting

Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)

The document informs brownfields site managers about

concepts and issues related to QA and provides stepby-step instructions for identifying the type and quality

of environmental data needed to present a clear picture

of the environmental conditions at a given site.

Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)

SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information

about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of

the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working

in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous

waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can

assist users who are looking for a sensor technology to

meet a specific need. The discussion forum also

matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can

provide sensor-related information online. The site

was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization,

under a cooperative agreement with EPA.

Superfund Representative Sampling

Guidance

In this December 1995 EPA Superfund

guidance, readers learn about the variables

that relate to site-specific conditions,

sampling design approaches, and techniques for

collection and preparation of representative samples.

The guidance also discusses the importance of the

conceptual site model (CSM). Accuracy of sampling

data is critical for project managers and field personnel

to accurately characterize actual site conditions when

identifying threats, delineating the sources and extent

of contamination, and confirming the achievement of

cleanup standards. The guidance is available in five

volumes covering soil (EPA 540-R-95-141), water

(publication number not available), waste (EPA 540-R95-141), air (EPA 540-R-95-140), and biological

materials (EPA 540-R-97-028).

Sustainable Management Approaches

and Revitalization Tools - electronic

(SMARTe)

The SMARTe web-based decision support

tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC,

and the German Federal Ministry for Education and

Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in

identifying, applying, and integrating tools and

technologies to facilitate the revitalization of

potentially contaminated sites in the United States.

Currently, SMARTe contains information and

databases that allow project stakeholders to assess

both market and non-market costs and benefits of

redevelopment options, clarify private and public

financing options, evaluate and communicate

environmental risks and opportunities, and access

relevant state-specific information. By October 2007,

SMARTe will use expert system technology to

integrate environmental, social and economic issues

in a multi-criteria decision analysis so that

stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios.

Technical and Regulatory Guidance for

the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for

Environmental Project Management

This document, which was prepared by

ITRC’s Sampling, Characterization and

Monitoring (SCM) Team, introduces the Triad

approach as an integrated package of concepts

leading to modernized practices for conducting

contaminated site work. It explains the relationship

of the Triad to existing approaches such as the DQO

process, lists the advantages and disadvantages of

the Triad, and notes regulatory and organizational

barriers that may present obstacles to its use.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment

Listed below are survey reports and online tools

pertaining to the application of innovative

technologies to specific contaminants and site types.

EPA Office of Enforcement and

Compliance Assurance Industry Sector

Notebooks

Developed by EPA’s Office of Enforcement

and Compliance Assurance (OECA), the

sector notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected

major industries. Each profile includes information

about an industrial process, information about

pollution prevention techniques, pollutant release

data, pertinent federal statutes and regulations,

compliance and enforcement data, information on

government and industry partnerships, descriptions
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

28

of innovative programs, and bibliographic references.

Profiles are available online and on hard copy for the

following industry sectors:

– Aerospace (EPA 310-R-98-001)

– NEW! Agricultural chemical, pesticide and fertilizer

(EPA 310-R-00-003)

– NEW! Agricultural crop production

(EPA 310-R-00-001)

– NEW! Agricultural livestock production

(EPA 310-R-01-002)

– Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001)

– Dry cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-001)

– Electronics and computer (EPA 310-R-95-002)

– Fossil fuel electronic power generation

(EPA 310-R-97-007)

– Ground transportation (EPA 310-R-97-002)

– Inorganic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-004)

– Iron and steel (EPA 310-R-95-005)

– Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006)

– Metal casting (EPA 310-R-97-004)

– Metal fabrication (EPA 310-R-95-007)

– Metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-008)

– Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009)

– Nonferrous metals (EPA 310-R-95-010)

– Nonfuel, nonmetal mining (EPA 310-R-95-011)

– Oil and gas extractions (EPA 310-R-99-006)

– UPDATED! Organic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-012)

– Petroleum refining (EPA 310-R-95-013)

– Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005)

– Plastic resins and manmade fibers (EPA 310-R-97-006)

– UPDATED! Printing (EPA 310-R-95-014)

– Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015)

– Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016)

– Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 310-R-97-008)

– Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017)

– Textiles (EPA 310-R-97-009)

– Transportation equipment cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-018)

– Water transportation (EPA 310-R-97-003)

– Wood furniture and fixtures (EPA 310-R-95-003)

EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets

Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are

designed to assist in the initial planning and

evaluation of sites that are under consideration for

remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets

provide general descriptions of site conditions and

contaminants commonly found at selected industrial

sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the

processes conducted in the industry, raw materials

characteristic of the industry, environmental media

that could be affected, sampling strategies, and

suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the

following subjects are available online:

– Abandoned chemical facilities

– Abandoned laboratories

– Abandoned oil facilities

– Asbestos piles

– Automobile body facilities

– Battery reclamation facilities

– Bethlehem asbestos and tailing mine

– Drum recycling facilities

– Dye facilities

– Electroplating

– Glass manufacturing facilities

– Gasoline stations

– Infectious wastes

– Manufactured gas plants and coal tar sites

– Municipal landfill

– Ordnance

– Paint industry

– Pesticide facilities

– Petroleum recycling facilities

– Plastics

– Print shops

– Quarry sites

– Radiation

– Railroad yard facilities

– Salvage yards

– Scrap metal

– Steel manufacturing - electric arc/coke

– Tanning facilities

– Tire fires

– Wood treating facilities

Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning

(EPA 744-K-98-002)

The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of issues related

to dry cleaning, including EPA’s interest in dry cleaning,

the process of dry cleaning, the human health and

environmental risks associated with chemical solvents

used in the dry cleaning process, what dry cleaners and

the government are doing to reduce those risks, and other

methods of cleaning clothes. The document lists

additional sources of information about dry cleaning

and EPA’s Design for the Environment Program.

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Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of

Expertise (MCX) and Design Center

The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX

and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S.

Army Engineering and Support Center in

Huntsville, Alabama, is to safely eliminate or

reduce risks posed by ordnance, explosives, and

recovered chemical warfare materials at current or

formerly used defense sites. The Internet site

provides links to information about technical

requirements for contracting; fact sheets on

ordnance and explosives programs; frequently

asked questions related to ordnance response

actions; innovative technologies, presentations,

and technical papers; and technical guidance and

procedures related to ordnance and explosives.

Points of contact also are identified.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site

Assessment

The documents listed below provide detailed

information about specific innovative technologies

and the application of those processes to specific

contaminants and media in the form of engineering

analyses, application reports, technology

verification and evaluation reports, and technology

reviews.

Dry Cleaner Site Assessment &

Remediation - A Technology Snapshot

In this report, the State Coalition for

Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD)

evaluates trends in the use of technologies

to address dry cleaner sites across the country over

the last 3 years. The analysis is based on the

responses of 28 states to a 2002 SCRD survey and

comparison of these responses to those from a

similar survey conducted in 1999. SCRD gathered

information on technologies that states have used or

evaluated for assessment and remediation of

solvent-contaminated dry cleaning sites as well as

program- and project-specific information

concerning contaminant types, general costs,

technologies, cleanup standards, guidance

documents, and lessons learned.

Study of Assessment and Remediation

Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites

Prepared by SCRD with the support of EPA’s OSRTI,

the report presents the results of the coalition’s

evaluation of assessment and remediation

technologies commonly used in cleaning up dry

cleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the results

of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved

in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those

results in detail. An appendix in the report provides

descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment

technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites.

Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites

(EPA 510-F-00-004)

The fact sheet focuses on EPA’s “USTfields” Initiative

for addressing brownfields properties at which

redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived

environmental contamination originating from

federally regulated USTs. The fact sheet describes the

50 pilot projects implemented or to be implemented

under the two phases of the initiative.



Result of Site Assessment Course of Action

➡

➡

➡

➡

➡ Discuss results with

appropriate regulatory officials

before proceeding with

redevelopment activities.

Contact the appropriate federal,

state, local, or tribal

government agencies

responsible for hazardous

waste. Based on feedback of

government agency, determine

what cleanup levels are

required for redevelopment,

and proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase if

additional investigation is

needed; otherwise, proceed to

the CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

No evidence of

contamination is found

and there is no reason to

suspect other media are

contaminated. Concerns

of stakeholders have

been addressed

adequately.

Contamination is found

that poses a significant

risk to human health or

the environment.

Contamination possibly

exists.

Contamination definitely

exists, BUT no site

investigation has been

conducted.

Contamination

definitely exists,

AND a site

investigation has been

performed.

Where Do We Go from Here?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

30

In partnership with states, tribes, territories, and a broad

range of stakeholders, EPA is undertaking the Land

Revitalization Initiative to restore land to productive

economic and green space uses. In April 2003, EPA

announced an action agenda to serve as a blueprint for

incorporating land reuse into its Superfund, RCRA,

brownfields, and UST hazardous waste cleanup

programs. Land Reuse Coordinators and Land Reuse

Teams have been established in each of EPA’s 10

regional offices to ensure

coordination among the cleanup

programs in implementing the

Land Revitalization Agenda.

Additional information is

available at www.epa.gov/

oswer/landrevitalization. EPA

has published the Directory of

Technical Assistance for Land

Revitalization (EPA542-B-03-

001) to provide information about

technical assistance that is

available from EPA and other

federal agency programs. The

document is available at

www.brownfieldstsc.org.

At the same time that EPA began

its Land Revitalization Initiative,

the Agency also announced the

One Cleanup Program, a longterm initiative designed to support

the ongoing planning and quality

improvement efforts of EPA’s

cleanup programs. The goal of

the program is to improve the

coordination, speed, and

effectiveness of cleanups at RCRA and Superfund,

brownfields, leaking UST, federal facility, and other

contaminated sites. By encouraging improved

coordination among EPA programs and with government

at all levels, the One Cleanup Program supports the

transfer of ideas, experiences, and innovations across all

programs as well as effective coordination and

communication with the public. More information about

EPA’s Once Cleanup Program is available at

www.epa.gov/swerrims/onecleanupprogram.

The Superfund

Redevelopment

Initiative (SRI) reflects

EPA’s commitment to

consider reasonably

anticipated future land uses

when making remedy decisions for

Superfund sites so that these sites can be cleaned up to be

protective for future users of the land. Because Superfund

and brownfields sites are often colocated, there are many

opportunities to share information,

experiences, and lessons learned

at the site level in addition to

opportunities for transfer of ideas

between programs at other levels.

Spotlight 2 provides more detailed

information about Superfund

Redevelopment.

Under EPA’s RCRA Brownfields

Prevention Initiative, pilot projects

are designed to test approaches that

better integrate reuse considerations

into the corrective action cleanup

process. The initiative also

addresses concerns that application

of RCRA to cleanup activities at

brownfields sites may be slowing

the progress of cleanup efforts.

Although no grant money is

associated with the pilot projects,

EPA has engaged contractors to

help find ways to expedite cleanup

at the pilot sites. Additional

information about the RCRA

Brownfields Prevention Initiative is provided online at

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/rcrabf.htm.

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts

(TSE) Initiative is intended to focus short-term attention and

support on sites at which cleanup has been delayed or

slowed and to serve as a catalyst to initiate cleanup at such

sites in order to prevent them from becoming brownfields

sites. Implemented at the regional level, the TSE program

will apply to sites that have significant potential for

OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites

A Quick Look

• EPA’s Land Revitalization Initiative was

established to incorporate land reuse into

the Agency’s cleanup programs.

• The One Cleanup Program establishes

activities to improve the pace, efficiency,

and effectiveness of EPA’s cleanup

programs through improved

communication and coordination.

• EPA is addressing redevelopment of

Superfund sites through SRI.

• The purpose of the RCRA Brownfields

Prevention Initiative is to prevent creation

of future brownfields and ensure

successful cleanup and long-term,

sustainable reuse of RCRA facilities.

• Under the RCRA Brownfields Prevention

TSE Initiative, selected sites will receive

concentrated, short-term support to prevent

them from becoming brownfields sites.

• EPA’s OUST supports the cleanup and

redevelopment of petroleum-contaminated

sites.

• Sharing of lessons learned can benefit the

BRAC and Brownfields Programs.

Continued on next page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 31

Continued ... OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites

redevelopment and reuse and that require a limited amount

of EPA support to achieve the next level of cleanup,

consensus, or site closure. EPA will offer a small amount

of funding to support TSE efforts in each region. For more

information about the program, visit www.epa.gov/

swerosps/rcrabf/tse.htm.

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST),

focuses on how to improve the cleanup of sites affected

by petroleum contamination, thereby fostering the

redevelopment of those sites (see Spotlight 4,

Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites, for

more information about the USTFields Initiative).

Additional details about the initiative also are available

online at www.epa.gov/oust/rags/ustfield.htm.

Many aspects of DoD’s Base Realignment and Closure

(BRAC) Program and EPA’s Brownfields Program are

similar. Significant issues common to both programs

include eliminating disincentives and providing

assurances to developers and financiers, considering

future land use in cleanup decisions, and implementing

institutional controls. Because federal facility and

brownfields cleanups can have similar effects on

communities, EPA and DoD are exploring methods of

coordinating BRAC and brownfields activities. Visit the

BRAC Internet site at www.dtic.mil/envirodod/brac/ for

online access to relevant policies and initiatives,

publications, and points of contact.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

32

EPA’s Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI)

reflects its commitment to consider reasonably

anticipated future land uses when making remedy

decisions at Superfund hazardous waste sites so that

these sites can be cleaned up to be protective of human

health and the environment under future uses. Through

case studies, fact sheets, an online database of sites, and

an Internet site, SRI is providing information about reuse

options and the lessons learned through these projects.

It is forming partnerships with

states, local government agencies,

citizen groups, and other federal

agencies to restore previously

contaminated properties as

valuable assets for communities.

Some of SRI’s most valuable

partnerships are with private

groups with national

memberships. For example, the

U.S. Soccer Foundation provides

free design and engineering

services and sports equipment to

communities that want to build

soccer fields on Superfund land

that has been cleaned up, and

where EPA has determined that

recreational use is appropriate.

The Academy of Model

Aeronautics also has an

agreement with SRI to provide

services, such as mowing and

fence maintenance, on cleaned-up land in return for

SRI’s help in identifying suitable Superfund land that can

used by their membership for flying model airplanes.

SRI is exploring similar arrangements with partners that

want to make agreements with local communities for

appropriate use of cleaned-up properties. These partners

contribute their services and expertise to communities in

exchange for use of the land. SRI contributes

information about suitable sites and contacts with

Regional staff and local stakeholders. EPA also is

committed to the ongoing evaluation of its policies and

practices to determine whether changes are needed to

further the effort to reuse sites.

Passage of the Brownfields Law in January 2002 clarified

CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and potential

property owners including the requirement to conduct all

appropriate inquiries into

the previous ownership,

uses, and environmental

conditions of a property.

Spotlight 3 provides

additional information on

All Appropriate Inquiry.

On November 10, 2004, EPA

announced a new

phase of SRI, the “Return to

Use” initiative. The Initiative

focuses on National Priorities List

sites that were cleaned up before

EPA’s current emphasis on

considering reuse during

response activities. Many of these

sites have remained vacant.

Returning these sites to beneficial

use will provide local

communities with valuable green

space, recreational amenities, or

commercial property. Removing

the stigma associated with fenced

and vacant Superfund sites may

also increase local property values

and the tax base. As part of the

Initiative, EPA is committed to

reviewing remedies in place to

determine whether there are

relatively modest ways to remove

barriers to reuse that are not

necessary for the protection of human health and the

environment or the remedy. Such actions might include

modifying fences that are no longer necessary, issuing

Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determinations that identify how a

site can be used while maintaining protection of people

and the environment, eliminating misleading signs and

unnecessary obstacles when conditions at the site no

longer merit them, and ensuring that institutional controls

are appropriate and effective.

As a starting point for the Initiative, EPA is establishing

demonstration projects through partnerships with

communities to overcome obstacles to reuse. For its part, EPA

will:

• Perform appropriate risk and remedy analyses to

support decisions that consider reuse of sites.

• Issue RfR Determinations.

SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT

Continued on next page

A Quick Look

• For several years EPA has supported

community efforts to return Superfund

sites to use through the SRI.

• The “Return to Use” initiative focuses on

National Priorities List sites that were

cleaned up before EPA’s current

emphasis on considering reuse during

response activities.

• EPA will review remedies in place to

identify alterations to the remedy to

encourage reuse.

• EPA’s new Ready for Reuse

Determination is a tool that is used to

indicate to the marketplace a property’s

suitability for reuse.

• EPA will establish demonstration projects

through partnerships with communities to

overcome obstacles to reuse.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 33

Continued ... SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT

Ready for Reuse Determinations

On February 18, 2004, EPA issued its new Guidance for

Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse Determinations at

Superfund sites). A RfR determination is a new type of

document developed by the Agency to provide potential

users of Superfund sites with an environmental status

report that documents a technical determination by EPA, in

consultation with states, tribes, and local governments, that

all or a portion of a real estate property at a site can support

specified types of uses and remain protective of human

health and the environment. With this new guidance, EPA

provides its staff with the information needed to make and

document these determinations, and thus takes a major

step forward in its effort to facilitate the reuse of Superfund

sites. With the creation of the RfR determination, potential

users and the real estate marketplace will have an

affirmative statement written in plain English and

accompanied by supporting decision documentation, that a

site identified as ready for reuse will remain protective as

long as all required response conditions and use limitations

identified in the site’s response decision documents and

land title documents continue to be met.

A copy of this guidance is available at www.epa.gov/

superfund/programs/recycle/rfrguidance.pdf.

Key Resources

Visit EPA’s SRI Web site at www.epa.gov/superfund/

programs/recycle for additional information on

Superfund Redevelopment and the Return to Use

Initiative. Related publications available on the site

include:

• Land Use in the CERCLA Remedy Selection Process:

OSWER 9355.7-04. May 25, 1995.

• Reusing Superfund Sites: OSWER 9230.0-85.

March, 2001

• Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational

Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste Containment

Areas: OSWER 9230.0-93: April 12, 2001.

• Reuse Assessments: A Tool To Implement the

Superfund Land Use Directive: OSWER 9355.7-06P.

June 4, 2001.

• Reusing Superfund Sites: Commercial Use Where

Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-100, February

26, 2002.

• Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Golf Facilities

Where Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-109.

November 20, 2003.

• Guidance for Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse

Determinations: OSWER 9365.0-33. February 12,

2004. (Joint OSRTI/OSRE guidance).

• Guidance for Documenting and Reporting the

Superfund Revitalization Performance Measures:

OSWER 9202.1-26. November 5, 2004.

• Superfund Redevelopment: Realizing Possibilities:

Video

• Frequently Asked Questions: Superfund

Redevelopment Program

• Frequently Asked Questions: Return to Use

Program

• Direct communities to tools and resources, such as

comfort letters and involuntary acquisition fact

sheets, which relate to liability issues.

• Connect communities with EPA’s national reuse

partners, such as the U.S. Soccer Foundation.

• Work with communities that are creating site reuse

plans to ensure that the remedies will support the

planned activities.

The expectation for local communities is a commitment

to the reuse of the Superfund site. Additional

contributions will depend on the site’s needs and the

community’s resources.

The Superfund Redevelopment Help Desk at

(434) 817-0470 provides Regional Superfund

Redevelopment coordinators, RPMs, site attorneys,

OSCs, CICs and other staff with information and

assistance in carrying out Superfund reuse-related

activities. It operates from 8 am to 5 pm, Monday

through Friday, with voice mail service after hours.

For more information see the resources numbered

75, 77, 93, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130,

131, 141, 147, 152, 153, 154, and 173 in the

Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

34

On January 11, 2002, President Bush signed the Small

Business Liability Relief and Revitalization Act (“the

Brownfields Law”). The Brownfields Law clarifies

CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and

potential property owners. It provides liability

protections for certain property

owners, if the property owners

comply with specific provisions,

including conducting all

appropriate inquiry into present

and past uses of the property and

the potential presence of

environmental contamination on

the property. The all appropriate

inquiry standards and practices

are relevant to:

• The innocent landowner

defense to CERCLA liability

(§101 (35))

• The contiguous property

exemption to CERCLA liability (§107 (q))

• The bona fide prospective purchaser exemption to

CERCLA liability (§107 (r)(1) and (§101 (40))

• The brownfields site characterization and assessment

grant programs (§104 (k)(2))

The Brownfields Law amends Section 101(35)(B) of

CERCLA to include an interim standard for conducting

all appropriate inquiry and requires EPA to promulgate

regulations that establish federal standards and

practices for conducting all appropriate inquiries.

Congress directed EPA to include, within the

standards for all appropriate inquiry, the ten criteria

shown below:

• The results of an inquiry by an environmental

professional

• Interviews with past and present owners, operators,

and occupants of the facility for the purpose of

gathering information regarding the potential for

contamination at the facility

• Reviews of historical sources, such as chain of title

documents, aerial photographs, building

department records,

and land-use

records, to

determine previous

uses and occupancies

of the real

property since the property was

first developed

• Searches for recorded

environmental cleanup liens

against the facility that are filed

under federal, state, or local law

• Reviews of federal, state, and local

government records; waste

disposal records; underground

storage tank records; and

hazardous waste handling,

generation, treatment, disposal,

and spill records concerning

contamination at or near the facility

• Visual inspections of the facility and adjoining

properties

• Specialized knowledge or experience on the part of the

defendant

• The relationship of the purchase price to the value of

the property if the property was not contaminated

• Commonly known or reasonably ascertainable

information about the property

• The degree of obviousness of the presence or likely

presence of contamination at the property and the

ability to detect the contamination by appropriate

investigation

EPA’s Proposed Rule: Standards and Practices for All

Appropriate Inquiries was signed by the EPA Administrator

and published in the Federal Register on August 26, 2004

(69 FR 52542). The proposed rule would establish

specific regulatory requirements for conducting all

appropriate inquiries into the previous ownership, uses,

and environmental conditions of a property for the

purposes of qualifying for certain landowner liability

protections under CERCLA. EPA developed the proposed

A Quick Look

• All appropriate inquiry refers to the

requirements for assessing the

environmental conditions of a property

prior to its acquisition.

• All appropriate inquiry provides CERCLA

liability protections for certain landowners

and potential property owners.

• The Brownfields Law amends Section

101(35)(B) of CERCLA to include an

interim standard for conducting all

appropriate inquiry.

• EPA proposed regulations for standards

and practices for all appropriate

inquiries on August 26, 2004.

ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability

Protections

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org

Continued on next page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 35

Continued ... ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections

Key Resources

Visit the EPA Web site at http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/regneg.htm for copies of the proposed rule, a fact sheet,

and supplemental information on all appropriate inquiry.

For detailed information on specific aspects of the proposed rule, contact Patricia Overmeyer of EPA’s Office of

Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment at (202) 566-2774 or at overmeyer.patricia@epa.gov.

rule using a Negotiated Rulemaking process. The

proposed rule retains the regulatory language developed

by the Negotiated Rulemaking Committee. The public

comment period for the proposed rule closed on

November 30, 2004. Currently, EPA is reviewing the

comments received in response to the proposed rule

and considering the issues raised by commenters. After

considering all issues raised within the public

comments, EPA will respond to the comments and

develop a final rulemaking.

The interim standard for properties purchased after May 31,

1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates a final

rule establishing federal standards for all appropriate

inquiries, is the ASTM E1527-97 or ASTM E1527-00,

entitled “Standard Practice for Environmental Site

Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

Process.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

36

Of the estimated 450,000 brownfields sites in the United

States, approximately 100,000 to 200,000 contain

abandoned USTs or are affected by leaks of petroleum

from such tanks. EPA and many state and local leaders

are committed to achieving sustainable development and

preserving green space by cleaning up and reusing these

petroleum brownfields, which are often located on corner

lots and in other prime locations. Reusing abandoned

gasoline stations helps to preserve green space, reduce

urban sprawl, and reduce the

distance that people have to

travel, thus decreasing air

pollution. Such sites as the West

Ogden Pocket Park, a former

service station, had been used for

illegal dumping and were

eyesores to the Chicago

community. Cooperation

between the Chicago Department

of Buildings, Department of the

Environment, and Department of

Transportation led to tank

removal, site remediation, and

site restoration. In summer 2001,

the West Ogden Pocket Park

opened, adding much needed

green space to its neighborhood.

With so many UST sites requiring

remediation, EPA is promoting

faster, more effective, and less

costly alternatives to established cleanup methods. EPA

and states are continuing their legacy of developing and

disseminating innovative tools to address petroleum

brownfields. A Ready-for-Reuse Determination is one

such tool. It is being used in Sayre, Oklahoma and other

places to acknowledge that the site has been cleaned up

and is ready and available for a particular type of reuse.

Site inventories are helping bring property owners

together with end users who may want to use the

properties.

Although established technologies such as P&T systems

or excavation and disposal in a landfill, have proven

effective and are frequently used, innovative technologies

may be applicable for cleanup of USTs. EPA’s OUST has

worked with EPA’s ORD to foster development of

USTs AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Technology Options for Tank Remediation

A Quick Look

• USTs are present at many brownfields

sites because the owners have closed

their businesses and do not have the

funds necessary to remove the tanks or

properly clean up the tanks.

• Contaminants likely to be found at UST

sites include petroleum hydrocarbons,

gasoline, diesel fuel, MtBE, BTEX, JP-4 jet

fuels, and solvents.

• The USTFields Initiative focuses attention

on abandoned or underused industrial and

commercial properties at which

redevelopment is complicated by

environmental contamination originating

from USTs.

• The Brownfields Law allocates funding

each year to assess and clean up

petroleum-contaminated brownfields sites.

Continued on next page

innovative site

assessment and

cleanup technologies,

such as field

measurement techniques,

soil vapor surveying,

vacuum-enhanced free product

recovery, active and passive bioremediation, and MNA.

OUST continues to encourage scientifically sound, rapid,

and cost-effective corrective action

at UST sites. It also encourages the

use of expedited site assessments

as a means of streamlining the

corrective action process,

improving data collection, and

reducing the overall cost of

remediation. The May 2004

publication Technologies for

Treating MtBE and Other Fuel

Oxygenates, (available at

www.epa.gov/tio/download/

remed/542r04009/

542r04009.pdf) is an example of

new informational materials that are

relevant to UST remediation.

Prior to the enactment of the Small

Business Liability Relief and

Brownfields Revitalization Act or

Brownfields Law, petroleumcontaminated sites were not eligible

for traditional brownfields funding. Therefore, in 2000, to

encourage the reuse of abandoned properties contaminated

with petroleum from USTs, OUST created the USTFields

Initiative. A total of 50 projects were awarded up to

$100,000 each to assess, clean up, and restore high-priority

petroleum-impacted sites. Although no additional USTFields

pilot projects will be awarded funds, opportunities to

address relatively low-risk petroleum sites are now available

through the brownfields assessment, cleanup, and revolving

loan fund grants. In addition, high-priority and high-risk

sites can be addressed by states through the Leaking

Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund.

The Brownfields Law expanded the original EPA

Brownfields Program by making relatively low-risk

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 37

Continued ... USTs AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Technology Options for Tank Remediation

Continued on next page

petroleum sites eligible for brownfields assessment and

cleanup grant funding and by allotting 25 percent of the

funding strictly for petroleum brownfields assessment

and cleanup. Previously, petroleum sites were ineligible

for brownfields grants funding. In 2004, EPA awarded

close to $23 million in brownfields grants to assess and

clean up petroleum-contaminated sites. Recipients

included abandoned sites such as gasoline stations,

industrial properties, and retail properties that contain or

are perceived to contain petroleum contamination.

For more information, see the resources numbered

14, 17, 27, 56, 80, 102, 103, 162, 171, and 173 in

the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

Key Resource

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site

View online at www.epa.gov/oust.

Hosted by EPA’s OUST, the Internet site provides resources

and tools to help owners and operators of UST sites and

brownfields stakeholders better assess their options for

operation, maintenance, and cleanup of USTs. Information

and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up

releases from UST systems are provided, as are details

about current federal UST regulations and UST program

priorities, including specific details about the USTFields

Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional

offices also are identified. An extensive number of UST

publications can be viewed online or downloaded at no

charge. In addition, information about state-sponsored UST

programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided

on OUST’s site at www.epa.gov/oust/states/index.htm.

Some of the more recent publications available at

www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/index.htm include:

• How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for

Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective

Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002), May 2004

• Underground Storage Tanks: Building on the Past to

Protect the Future (EPA 510-R-04-001), March 2004

• Reuse of Abandoned Gas Station Sites (EPA-510-F04-001), February 2004
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

38

Revitalization of contaminated sites is a global concern

that requires an integrated approach to mitigate the risks

to human health and the environment. Many countries

have committed extensive resources to addressing

environmental, social, and economic issues related to the

cleanup and revitalization of brownfields sites. The

challenge is to determine how to capitalize on the

available resources, expertise, and knowledge and

effectively share and transfer that information to the

organizations and individuals responsible for making

decisions and implementing revitalization efforts.

EPA and the German Federal Ministry for Education and

Research Bundesministerium Für Bildung und

Forschung (BMBF) have initiated a cooperative effort to

share such information and evaluate new solutions for

the revitalization of potentially contaminated sites.

Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization

Tools - electronic (SMARTe) is a Web-based information

source and decision support tool. The purpose of

SMARTe is to aid stakeholders in identifying, applying,

and integrating tools and technologies to facilitate the

revitalization of potentially contaminated sites in the

United States. SMARTe is intended to be a living Webbased system that can be updated as new tools,

technologies, and approaches become available for

revitalization.

SMARTe will provide a decision support tool for

developing and evaluating plans for land revitalization.

Its decision analysis capabilities are intended to be used

by brownfields project stakeholders for:

• Assessing both market and non-market costs and

benefits of revitalization options

• Comparing alternative reuse scenarios

• Clarifying both private and public financing options

• Evaluating and communicating environmental risks

• Easing access to pertinent state specific information

related to specific projects

SMARTe is the umbrella

providing entry points for

tools and information at

the level of detail desired by

the user. SMARTe contains

four components:

• An electronic document that provides information on

the revitalization process

• A screening tool that leads the user through the

revitalization process

• A tool box to analyze and solve revitalization issues

• A search engine for information tools, and best

practices

SMARTe will provide the analytical tools needed to

implement and integrate each component of the decision

process. In the future, SMARTe will use expert system

technology to integrate environmental, social and

economic issues in a multi-criteria decision analysis so

that stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios.

The goal of SMARTe is to not only provide the tools and

information needed by a user to solve a revitalization

issue, but also to integrate these tools and information

into an assessment that facilitates sustainable

revitalization.

SMARTe is accessible at www.smarte.org.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS - ELECTRONIC

(SMARTe)

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 39

SITE INVESTIGATION

The site investigation phase focuses on confirming

whether any contamination exists at a site, locating

any contamination, and characterizing the nature

and extent of that contamination. It is essential that

an appropriately detailed study of the site be

performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of

contamination and the possible threats to the

environment or to any people living or working

nearby. For brownfields sites, the results of such a

study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,

quantifying risks, determining acceptable and

unacceptable risk, and developing effective cleanup

plans that minimize delays or costs in the

redevelopment and reuse of property. To ensure that

sufficient information is obtained to support future

decisions, the proposed cleanup measures and the

proposed end use of the site should be considered

when identifying data needs during the site

investigation.

A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM

Phase II environmental site assessment, is based on

the results of the site assessment, which is discussed

in the preceding section of the Road Map. The site

investigation phase may include the analysis of

samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface

water, and sediment. The migration pathways of

contaminants also are examined during this phase,

and a baseline risk assessment may be needed to

calculate risk to human health and the environment.

Examples of sampling and analysis technologies that

may be useful during this phase are presented in

Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Analyzing

Contaminants at Brownfields Sites.

During site investigation, use of the Triad

approach allows decision-makers to implement a

strategy that is flexible and meets the needs of the

site. Use of systematic planning can result in lower

overall project costs. Use of dynamic working

strategies can reduce or eliminate the need for

multiple mobilizations on a site to reach closeout.

For brownfields sites, where decision-making is

closely tied to economic constraints and public

acceptance, increased information value obtained

using real-time measurement technologies

collaboratively with definitive fixed laboratory

methods for data collection will provide

stakeholders with the confidence they need at a

reduced cost. Reducing project costs and schedules

Identify the Source, Nature, and

Extent of Contamination
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

40

to obtain closure means that more dormant or

abandoned sites may become economically viable

for redevelopment.

Factors that should be considered during the site

investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual

contamination include:

1. Will the site be entered into a state voluntary

cleanup program (VCP)? If so, will the

investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If

not, are there federal, state, local, and tribal

regulatory requirements applicable to the site

investigation? What agency will be responsible for

managing oversight of this phase? What is to be

done if the appropriate agency has not developed

standards or guidelines that are suitable for the

proposed redevelopment?

2. What technologies are available to facilitate site

investigation and to support data collection

relevant to the goals of the project? Has the

technical team explored the full range of

technologies that can produce data of the quality

necessary? Can the technologies selected limit the

number of mobilizations at the site?

3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and

accurately from the information gathered during the

site assessment or from a previous site investigation?

4. What issues has the community raised that may

affect the site investigation?

5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who

or what could be affected by the contamination or

the efforts to clean up the contamination?

6. What happens if significant contamination is

found? What happens if contamination poses a

“significant threat” to local residents?

7. What happens if the contamination is originating

from an adjacent or other off-site source? What

happens if background sampling indicates that

contamination is originating from a naturally

occurring source?

8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,

sewers, and other facilities) contaminated? Could

they be affected by efforts to clean up

contamination?

What Do We Need to Know?

The following table describes field analytical

technologies and mobile laboratories.

Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies and Mobile Laboratories

Field Analytical Technologies: Field analytical technologies, often

referred to as “field analytics,” can be used on site without the

absolute need for a mobile laboratory. Some field analytical

technologies are very sophisticated and can yield quantitative results

that are comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site

laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be made

quickly, allowing a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions,

data can be collected in a short period of time. Field analytical

technologies are implemented through the use of hand-held

instruments, such as the portable gas chromatography and mass

spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use

of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests.

Mobile Laboratories: A variety of technologies can be used in a

mobile laboratory. Such technologies differ from field analytical

technologies because they may require more controlled

conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and source of

electricity) or complex sample preparation that uses solvents or

reagents that require special handling or protective equipment that

require the handling and storage of chemical standards.

Technologies adaptable to mobile laboratories include those used

to analyze soil and water samples for inorganic analytes (such as

anodic stripping voltammetry) and organic compounds (such as

gas chromatography with a variety of detectors). When operated

properly and with adequate quality assurance (QA) and quality

control (QC), the technologies can achieve quantitative results

equal to those achieved by off-site analytical laboratories.

Typical activities that may be conducted during the

site investigation phase include:

• Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as

field measurement technologies that characterize

the physical and chemical aspects of the site and

fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can

facilitate site investigations and meet the required

level of data quality:

– Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate detection

limits for analytes

• Determine the environmental conditions at the site

(for example, by performing an ASTM Phase II

environmental site assessment or equivalent

investigation that includes tests to confirm the

locations and identities of environmental hazards):

– Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the

nature, extent, source, and significance of the

contamination that may be present at the site

How Do We Find the Answers?

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 41

– Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the

physical, geophysical, and ecological conditions and

characteristics of the site

– Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize site

conditions

– Determine whether and how (if applicable) the

infrastructure systems (including existing structures)

are affected by contamination

• Assess the risk the site may pose to human health

and the environment. Consider the exposure

pathways of direct contact, ingestion, or

inhalation of soil and dust, water, and air.

• Depending on state regulatory requirements,

consider the use of a site-specific risk assessment

to identify cleanup levels when that approach

may result in more reasonable cleanup standards

or when cleanup standards have not been

developed

• Examine unacceptable environmental conditions

in terms of initial costs for site improvement and

long-term costs for annual operation and

maintenance — include potential cleanup options

and constraints that may affect redevelopment

requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and

potential for achieving the desired reuse

• Revise assumptions about the site based on data

collected at the site

• Begin consideration of sources of funding for site

investigation and cleanup activities such as state

Brownfields Programs and federal tax credits:

– Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to

identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs and federal financial incentives

• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are being properly addressed:

– Identify and consult with the appropriate federal,

state, local, and tribal agencies to include them as

early as possible in the decision-making process

• Educate members of the community about the site

investigation process and actively involve them in

decision-making; consider risk communication

techniques to facilitate those activities

Listed below are examples of resources that assist in

identifying the environmental condition of a site. The

resources are listed alphabetically under the

following categories:

A. Resources for Site Investigation

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Investigation

Access the Road Map online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the

following resources electronically or to obtain a link

that provides complete ordering information.

A. Resources for Site Investigation

ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site

Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected

Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004))

Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated

site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly

and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected

releases of petroleum. The guide provides a

framework that responsible parties, contractors,

consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and

accelerate site characterization. The guide is

available at a cost and can be ordered online at

www.astm.org.

ASTM Standard Guide for

Environmental Site Assessments: Phase

II Environmental Site Assessment

Process (E1903-97(2002))

Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses

a framework for employing good commercial and

customary practices in the United States during Phase

II environmental site assessments of commercial

property with respect to the potential presence of a

range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA

as well as petroleum products. The guide, which is

available at a cost, can ordered online at

www.astm.org.

Where Do We Find Answers to Our

Technology Questions?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

42

Brownfields and Land Revitalization

Technology Support Center

EPA established BTSC to ensure that

brownfields decision-makers are aware of

the full range of technologies available for

conducting site assessments and cleanup and can

make informed decisions for their sites. The center

helps government decision-makers evaluate strategies

to streamline the site assessment and cleanup

process, identify and review information about

complex technology options, evaluate contractor

capabilities and recommendations, explain complex

technologies to communities, and plan technology

demonstrations. The center is coordinated through

EPA’s OSRTI and works through EPA’s ORD

laboratories. BTSC works closely with EPA’s Office of

Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in

partnership with USACE and ANL. Localities can

submit requests for assistance through their EPA

Regional Brownfields Coordinator, online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org, or by calling (877) 838-7220

(toll free). For more information about BTSC, contact

Dan Powell of EPA’s OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or

powell.dan@epa.gov.

Brownfields Technology Primer:

Requesting and Evaluating Proposals

that Encourage Innovative Technologies

for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-

R-01-005)

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site

owners, project managers, and others preparing RFPs

to solicit support in conducting activities to

investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is

specifically intended to assist those individuals in

writing specifications that encourage contractors and

technology vendors to propose options for using

innovative characterization and remediation

technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also

provides information, from a technology perspective,

to guide review teams in their evaluations of

proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad

Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site

Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002)

BTSC prepared this document to provide an

educational tool for site owners, project managers,

and regulators in order to help streamline assessment

and cleanup activities at brownfields sites. Strategies

that reduce costs, decrease time frames, and positively

affect regulatory and community acceptance also can

improve the economics of redevelopment at

brownfields sites. Increased attention to brownfields

sites and the manner in which they are redeveloped

places greater importance on the approach to site

cleanup. This primer is one in a series that will

address specific cleanup issues.

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing

the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)

The guide is one in a series of publications designed to

assist communities, states, municipalities, and the

private sector to address brownfields sites more

effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used

with the three guides for specific types of sites –

Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning

Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields

Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to

Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites

Under the Brownfields Initiative – provides

information about cost estimating tools and resources

for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites.

Many decision-makers at brownfields sites may choose

to assign the preparation of cost estimates to

consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of

hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those

decision-makers to be able to provide guidance to their

consultants and to understand the process sufficiently

well to provide an informed review of the estimates

prepared. The guide provides general information

about the cost estimation process and includes

summaries of various types of estimates. The guide

also outlines the process of developing “order of

magnitude” cost estimates. Information about

resources, databases, and models also is provided.

Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous

Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007)

The document focuses on the DQO process as the

appropriate systematic planning process to support

decision-making. The DQO process is an important

tool for project managers and planners to use in

defining the types, quality, and quantity of data

needed to make defensible decisions. The document

is based on the principles and steps developed in

Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process but

is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.

The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality

Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final

Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:

User’s Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document

focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is

applicable to programs at the state and local levels.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 43

Directory of Technical Assistance for Land

Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)

BTSC prepared this directory to provide

information about technical assistance that

is available from federal agencies to assist

regional, state, and local government personnel in

making assessment and cleanup decisions for

brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This

directory includes information about 37

organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide

different types of support to help with site assessment

and cleanup, including technical support and

funding sources. Profiles are included for these

agencies and organizations and contain the following

types of information: background and location

information, relevancy to revitalization, description of

the areas of expertise available, discussion of the

types of services available, types of funding available

and eligibility, contact information and the process

for requesting assistance, and examples of specific

instances in which the organization has previously

provided support relevant to site revitalization.

Information in the profiles is believed to be current as

of March 2003. To help maintain current information,

the directory is available as an online database at

www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory/directory.cfm.

Engineering and Design: Requirements for the

Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM

200-1-3)

Developed by USACE, this manual provides guidance

for the preparation of project-specific SAPs for the

collection of environmental data. In addition, the

manual presents default sampling and analytical

protocols that may be used verbatim or modified

based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The

goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the

generation and execution of sampling and analysis

plans and therefore to help investigators generate

chemical data of known quality for the purpose to

which those data are to be used.

EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online:

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes,

Physical/Chemical Methods

Developed by EPA’s OSW, the Web site

provides test procedures and guidance that

EPA recommends for use in conducting the

evaluations and measurements needed to comply

with requirements established under RCRA. The

online manual presents state-of-the-art methods of

routine analytical testing that have been adapted for

use under the RCRA Program. All the documents

found in the Third Edition of SW-846, as updated by

updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III, and IIIA, are located at the

Web site. It presents procedures for field and

laboratory QC, sampling, identification of hazardous

constituents in wastes, determination of the

hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity,

ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and

determination of the physical properties of wastes. It

also provides guidance on selecting appropriate

methods. The methods can be downloaded from the

SW-846 Web site at no cost.

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable

Database

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases

sponsored by EPA’s OSRTI is a service provided free

of charge to both users and technology vendors.

This database provides users comprehensive, up-todate information about more than 256

characterization technologies and 481 remediation

technologies and their applications. It combines

information submitted by technology service

providers about remediation and characterization

technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE,

and state project managers about sites at which

innovative technologies are being deployed. During

the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA

REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to

learn about and become familiar with the range of

available technology options that can be employed

during the investigation and the cleanup phases

that follow, as well as data about various types of

sites. Information about analytical screening

technologies that may be useful for initial sampling

of a site also is provided. EPA REACH IT is

accessible only through the Internet.

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision

Support Software (DSS)

Developed by DOE’s Office of Environmental

Management, the report evaluates DSS, computerbased systems that facilitate the use of data,

models, and structured decision processes in

making decisions related to environmental

management. The report evaluates 19 such systems

through the application of a rating system that

favors software that simulates a wide range of

environmental problems. It includes a glossary of

terms and a statement of the rationale for the

selection of various aspects of the performance of

the DSS for evaluation.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

44

Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)

The online encyclopedia provides information about

technologies that investigators can use in the field to

characterize contaminated soil and groundwater;

monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in

some cases, perform confirmation sampling and

analysis to support closeout of a site. The

encyclopedia emphasizes the systematic planning

component of the Triad as a necessary step to

identify factors and issues that contribute to

decision uncertainty. The site also provides a

searchable function to enable the user to find an

appropriate technology based on the contaminants

at a site and the media to be treated, and provides

site summaries, links to relevant resources, and

training modules. The encyclopedia serves a wide

range of users, from engineering students to field

technicians and site managers.

Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix,

Version 1.0

The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields

stakeholders to obtain information about and screen

technologies applicable for site investigation. Each

site characterization technology is rated in a number

of performance categories, such as detection limits,

applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time.

Other useful information provided includes

technology descriptions; data on commercial status,

cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The

matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not

familiar with specific characterization technologies,

but who know baseline information about a site, such

as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix

can identify and screen technologies for potential use

at a site.

Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field

Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site

Characterization and Cleanup

Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with

EPA, the document provides users with information

about the many factors that are to be considered in

incorporating field analytical instruments and

methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis

program for expediting the site investigation

process. The guidance is intended to assist federal

and state regulators, site owners, consulting

engineers, and remediation companies understand

how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic

workplan.

Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous

Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring

The report introduces a new standard promoted by

EPA’s OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more

effective and less costly strategies for characterizing

and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new

approach uses an integrated triad of systematic

planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis

for data collection and technical decision-making at

hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the

concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been

demonstrated that the integrated approach completes

projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory

and client satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach. The report includes a list of additional

resources regarding innovative technologies and site

characterization.

Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series

The case studies provide cost and performance

information about the innovative technologies that

support less costly and more representative site

characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to

analyze and document the effectiveness of new

technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present

information about the capability of the technologies

in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as

information about costs associated with the use of the

technologies. The following case studies are

available:

– Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum

Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)

– Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-003)

– Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1

(EPA 542-R-98-006)

– Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot

Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000)

(EPA 542-R-00-009)

– NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC

Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS

(EPA 542-R-01-011)

 Innovative Remediation and Site

Characterization Technologies Resources

(EPA 542-C-04-002)

Produced by EPA’s OSRTI, this CD-ROM

contains resources that provide information

to help federal, state, and private sector site managers

evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The

ability to gain access to resources that provide

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 45

information about innovative site characterization and

remediation technologies will increase the

understanding of those technologies and of the cost and

performance factors related to them. Such

understanding is essential to the consideration of those

technologies for use in addressing contamination at

hazardous waste sites. The information on the CDROM is broken down into seven categories: bulletins,

fact sheets, journals, and newsletters; community

involvement support; electronic resources;

organizations, programs and partnerships; publication

clearinghouses; publications; and regulatory resources.

Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are

available at the Road Map online. Copies of the CDROM can be ordered through the NSCEP at P.O. Box

42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800)

490-9198 (toll free).

Managing Uncertainty in Environmental

Decisions

This paper was published in Environmental

Science and Technology, a publication of the

American Chemical Society, in October

2001. The preparation of this paper was coordinated

through EPA OSRTI and included input from USACE.

The paper discusses the relationship between data

quality concepts and improved decision-making for

environmental site investigation and cleanup projects.

It addresses the context and use of site investigationrelated terminology, conventional data quality

approaches, and the use of the Triad approach.

Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS,

and Innovative Analytical Technologies

(EPA 542-R-01-015)

This paper, which was developed by EPA

OSRTI in collaboration with EPA OSW,

explains and documents EPA’s position regarding

testing methods (such as SW-846) used in waste

programs and the relationship between regulatory

flexibility regarding analytical methods and the use

of on-site measurements to improve the costeffectiveness of contaminated site cleanups. The

paper also explains the advantages of a performancebased approach to analytical methods and the use of

performance-based measurement systems (PBMS)

within EPA programs. The Triad approach to site

investigation and characterization, which is based on

PBMS principles, also is briefly discussed. This

paper will assist brownfields stakeholders by

providing information and references that address

flexibility and more affordable approaches to

performing analyses at contaminated sites.

Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and

Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B)

The document is a concise guide to resources, both

existing and planned, that support new, streamlined

approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It

describes training courses available, including some

that are downloadable; lists sources of information

about available technologies and guidance

documents available through EPA programs; and

provides sources of information about technology

verification and demonstration efforts. The guide

also lists a number of Web sites from which related

publications and software can be downloaded. The

document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under

“Publications.”

Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)

SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information

about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of

the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working

in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous

waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can

help match users looking for a sensor technology to

meet a specific need. The discussion forum also

matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can

provide sensor-related information online. The site

was developed by (WPI), a nonprofit organization,

under a cooperative agreement with EPA.

Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0

(EPA 600/C/05/001)

The Site Characterization Library (Library),

which was created by EPA’s ORD,

National Exposure Research Laboratory

(NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) in Las

Vegas, Nevada, provides a centralized, field-portable

source for site characterization information. EPA has

compiled this compendium in electronic form on both

CD-ROM and DVD. The resources contained in the

Library were recommended by experts in the field of

site characterization and are classified into the

following four types: Web sites, audiovisual resources,

documents, and software. Version 3.0 of the Library

contains over 36,000 pages of guidance in the form of

pdf files, software programs, video files, and Web links.

It includes 400 documents, 80 Web links, 54 software

programs, and 11 audiovisual files. The audio and

video files are new to Version 3.0 and contain Internet

training seminars relating to site characterization and

monitoring technologies and approaches. An

alphabetical index of all the resources in this Library is

included to enable users to locate resources by title. A

section on the Triad approach provides easy access to
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

46

information on this innovative site characterization

methodology. A limited number of copies of Version

3.0 of the Library are available free of charge by mail

from either of the following locations: EPA NSCEP,

P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419,

telephone: (513) 489-8190 or (800) 490-9198, fax: (513)

489-8695; or EPA NERL, ERD/ORD, P.O. Box 93478,

Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, telephone: (702) 798-

2365 or (702)798-2207, e-mail: support.cmb@epa.gov.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

Program Demonstration Reports

An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of

measurement and monitoring technologies in the

SITE Program is available to assist decision-makers in

reviewing technology options and assessing a

technology’s applicability to a particular site. The

reports evaluate all information about a technology;

provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site

characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and

present testing procedures, performance and cost

data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration

Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of

technologies and announcements of demonstrations.

The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports

provide full reports of the demonstration results,

including technical data useful to decision-makers.

The Emerging Technology Program Reports describe

emerging innovative technologies and are developed

under the terms of a cooperative agreement between

the technology developer and EPA.

Sustainable Management Approaches

and Revitalization Tools - electronic

(SMARTe)

The SMARTe Web-based decision support

tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, and

the German Federal Ministry for Education and

Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in

identifying, applying, and integrating tools and

technologies to facilitate revitalization of potentially

contaminated sites in the United States. Currently,

SMARTe contains information and databases that

allow project stakeholders to assess both market and

nonmarket costs and benefits of redevelopment

options, clarify private and public financing options,

evaluate and communicate environmental risks and

opportunities, and access relevant state-specific

information. By October 2007, SMARTe will use expert

system technology to integrate environmental, social

and economic issues in a multi-criteria decision

analysis so that stakeholders can evaluate alternative

reuse scenarios.

Triad Resource Center

The Triad Resource Center, a multiagency

collaboration of EPA, USACE, ITRC, DOE,

the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, and the

State of New Jersey, is maintained by

ANL. The center provides information about

effective implementation of the Triad approach in

decision-making during hazardous waste site

characterization and remediation. It also provides

an overview of the Triad principles and describes

changes in regulatory functions that are required

when the Triad approach is used at hazardous

waste sites. Also available are descriptions of

projects in which Triad principles have been

successfully implemented. A reference and resource

section includes general reference material, training

resources, and information about upcoming

conferences and workshops.

Using Dynamic Field Activities for OnSite Decision-Making: A Guide for

Project Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002)

This document, which was developed by

EPA, provides environmental cleanup

professionals with guidance on how to use an on-site

decision-making process to streamline field work at

contaminated sites. This guidance focuses on how

project managers can use dynamic work planning

and field-based analytical methods to meet project

goals and streamline site activities. Also included are

examples of sites where this process has been

successfully implemented.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation

Listed below are survey reports on the application of

innovative technologies to specific contaminants and

site types.

Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in

the Waterfront Voluntary Setting

This report investigates the reasons voluntary action

to redevelop potentially contaminated property is

subject to market constraints and other pressures that

differ vastly from those that affect corrective action

programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of

application of field-based characterization tools at

115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being

addressed under VCP programs.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 47

Characterization of Mine Leachates and the

Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring

Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007)

The objective of the research project was to develop a

better understanding of the composition of mine

waste leachates and to identify cost-effective

groundwater monitoring parameters that could be

incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably

detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock

mining operations.

Resource for MGP Site Characterization and

Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and

Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas

Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)

The document provides current information about

useful approaches and tools being applied at former

manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators

and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and

remediating these sites. The document outlines site

management strategies and field tools for expediting

site characterization at MGP sites; presents a

summary of existing technologies for remediating

MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information

about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each

technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and

evaluation; and provides, through case studies,

examples of the ways in which those tools and

strategies can be implemented at MGP sites.

Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated

Sediments

The report, prepared by the National Research

Council’s Committee on the Remediation of PCBContaminated Sediments under an EPA grant,

reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the

management of sediments contaminated with PCBs;

provides an overview of current knowledge about the

inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a riskbased framework for use in assessing remediation

technologies and risk-management strategies; and

elaborates on the framework as it is applicable

specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site

Investigation

The documents listed below provide detailed

information about specific innovative technologies

and the application of those processes to specific

contaminants and media in the form of engineering

analyses, application reports, technology verification

and evaluation reports, and technology reviews.

A User’s Guide to Environmental Immunochemical

Analysis

Developed by EPA’s ORD, the document facilitates

transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis

of environmental contaminants to the environmental

analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who

may have a need to employ a measurement

technology at a monitoring site also may find this

manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in

the use and application of immunochemical methods

of analysis for environmental contaminants. It

includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with

specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is

written in a manner that allows the user to apply the

information presented to immunoassays that are not

discussed in the manual.

Adaptive Sampling and Analysis

Program (ASAP), ANL

Developed by the Environmental

Assessment Division (EAD) of ANL, an

adaptive sampling and analysis program

(ASAP) is an expedited approach to collecting data

in support of hazardous waste site characterization

and remediation. ASAPs rely on “real-time” data

collection techniques and in-field decision-making

to keep data collection as inexpensive, focused, and

efficient as possible. The Web site provides links to

related fact sheets and identifies sites where the

ASAP approach has been successfully used.

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids

(DNAPLs): Review of Emerging

Characterization and Remediation

Technologies

This document, which was developed by

ITRC, is an educational tool for regulators

and project managers who work with DNAPLcontaminated sites. The emerging characterization

technologies discussed in the document include

geophysical and direct-push technologies, and in situ

tracers. Emerging remediation technologies described

in the document include in situ flushing, dynamic

underground stripping, six-phase heating, and in situ

chemical oxidation. The document also presents

stakeholder concerns about application of these

emerging technologies.
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48

Environmental Security Technology

Certification Program (ESTCP)

DoD’s ESTCP Program promotes

innovative, cost-effective environmental

characterization and remediation

technologies through their demonstration and

validation at DoD sites. Successful demonstration

leads to acceptance of innovative technologies by

DoD end-users and the regulatory community. The

Web site provides access to detailed reports about

completed demonstration projects that have verified

cost and performance of a technology, and fact sheets

about ongoing projects where innovative technologies

are being tested. Some of the areas under which these

demonstrations are being conducted include

chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, perchlorate,

petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds and

contaminated sediments. Reports about site

characterization, monitoring and process

optimization are also available. The user can also use

the online library to search for reports and fact sheets

based on keywords.

Environmental Technology Verification

Reports

Produced by EPA’s ORD, the

Environmental Technology Verification

(ETV) Program reports provide extensive

information about the performance of commercialready, private sector technologies. The reports are

intended for buyers of technologies, developers of

technologies, consulting engineers, and state and

federal agencies. The documents verify the

environmental performance characteristics of these

technologies based on pilot project results. The

reports as well as other information about the ETV

Program are available on the ETV Web site.

Approximately 100 ETV reports and verification

statements about the performance of various

technologies are available. Examples of these

technologies include ambient ammonia sensors,

mercury continuous emission monitors, arsenic test

kits, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

technologies, laser-induced fluorescence sensors,

cone penetrometer-deployed sensors, environmental

DSS, explosives detection, field-portable gas

chromatograph/mass spectrometer, field-portable Xray fluorescence analyzer, groundwater sampling,

PCB field analysis technologies, portable gas

chromatograph/mass spectrometer, soil and soil gas

sampling, wellhead monitoring for volatile organic

compounds (VOC), and soil sampling technologies.

EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site

Hosted by EPA’s OSRTI, the Internet site provides

resources to assist decision-makers to streamline

activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using

real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions

of the specific elements of dynamic field activities

are provided, as well as related guidance documents

and publications, including links to relevant Internet

sites. Information about on-site analytical tools

suitable for use during dynamic field activities also

is provided.

EPA Technical Support Project

EPA’s OSWER, regional waste

management offices, and ORD established

the Technical Support Project (TSP) in

1987 to provide technical assistance to

regional remedial project managers (RPM), corrective

action staff, and on-scene coordinators (OSC). The

TSP consists of a network of Regional Forums and

specialized Technical Support Centers in ORD, Office

of Radiation Programs (ORP) laboratories, and

OSWER’s Environmental Response Team. The three

technical forums within the TSP include the

Engineering Forum, the Ground Water Forum, and

the Federal Facilities Forum. Members of these forums

work to improve communication and assist in

technical transfer between the regions and the

centers. The Forums also act as technical resources

and disseminate TSP information to their regional

colleagues. TSP issue papers and fact sheets, which

are available online, provide information on

remediation technologies or technical issues of

concern. Technical assistance requests may be

directed to any of the Technical Support Center

contacts or to the regional forum representative.

Contact information can be found on the TSP Web site

at www.epa.gov/tio/tsp.

Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field

Sampling and Selecting On-Site

Analytical Methods for Explosives in

Water (EPA 600-S-99-002)

This paper was prepared by members of

the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists

and engineers representing EPA regional offices who

are committed to identification and resolution of

issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA

sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance

to RPMs about field sampling and on-site analytical

methods for detecting and quantifying secondary

explosive contaminants in water. The paper is

divided into the following sections: (1) purpose and

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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scope, (2) background information, (3) overview of

sampling and analysis of explosives, (4) DQOs, (5)

sampling and analysis for explosives in water, (6) a

summary of on-site analytical methods and (7)

summary of EPA reference analytical methods for

explosives in water.

National Environmental Technology Test

Sites

The National Environmental Technology

Test Sites (NETTS) Program was

established by the Strategic

Environmental Research and Development Program

(SERDP) in 1993 to facilitate the transition of

environmental remediation technologies to full-scale

use by overcoming the barriers that presently inhibit

commercialization of such technologies. SERDP

projects focus on five key areas: cleanup, compliance,

conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO. The

program provides sites for applied research and

comparative demonstration and evaluation of

innovative and potentially cost-effective cleanup,

characterization, and monitoring technologies. These

test sites are located at Naval Construction Battalion

Center, Port Hueneme, California; Dover Air Force

Base, Delaware; and McClellan Air Force Base,

Sacramento, California. The NETTS locations offer

unique environmental settings, media, and

contaminants for field demonstrations at wellcharacterized test sites as well as the infrastructure

and site support required for technology

demonstrations. The program provides infrastructure

(site preparation, access roads, test pads, offices,

laboratories, analytical equipment, drill rigs, field

vehicles, utilities, lighting, fencing, and security) and

site support (site characterization, demonstration

oversight, permitting assistance, and technology

transfer assistance). Information about funding

opportunities is available at www.serdp.org/funding/

funding.html.

New England Waste Management

Officials (NEWMOA)

NEWMOA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan

interstate association that has a

membership composed of the hazardous

waste, solid waste, waste site cleanup, and pollution

prevention program directors for the environmental

agencies in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island,

and Vermont. The Web site includes information on

pollution prevention, solid and hazardous waste

management, waste site cleanup, and brownfields.

NEWMOA’s waste site cleanup program focuses on

issues of interest to state programs that have

responsibility for investigation and remediation of

contaminated sites. The waste site cleanup program

is working on issues surrounding the redevelopment

and reuse of contaminated property and the use of

innovative site characterization and remediation

technologies. The waste site cleanup program area of

the Web site contains NEWMOA waste site cleanup

technology advisory opinions, conference

presentations and surveys, research briefs,

workgroup information, and links to other sites. This

resource assists states in developing effective

strategies for improving the effectiveness of voluntary

site cleanups and the redevelopment of brownfields

sites and increases understanding of methods to meet

the state program requirements of the new

brownfields legislation.

Remedial Technology Development

Forum (RTDF)

RTDF, which was established in 1992, is a

public-private partnership that undertakes

research, development, demonstration,

and evaluation efforts focused on finding innovative

technologies to remediate and to characterize

contaminated sites. RTDF includes partners from

industry, several federal and state government

agencies, and academia who voluntarily share their

knowledge, experience, equipment, facilities, and

even proprietary technology to achieve common

cleanup goals. The RTDF includes eight action teams:

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium,

In-Place Inactivation and Natural Ecological

Restoration Technologies (IINERT) Soil Metals Action

Team, NAPL Cleanup Alliance, Phytoremediation of

Organics Action Team, Permeable Reactive Barriers

(PRB) Action Team, Sediments Remediation Action

Team, LasagnaTM Partnership (inactive), and In Situ

Flushing Action Team (inactive). RTDF provides

updated information on the technologies addressed

by these teams and other innovative approaches to

site characterization and treatment.

Site Characterization Technologies for

DNAPL Investigations (EPA 542-R-04-017)

Compiled by EPA’s OSRTI, this resource

provides a summary of information about

the current state of technologies available

for locating and characterizing DNAPL contaminated

sites. This report may be used by remediation site

managers to identify suitable characterization

technologies for potential or confirmed DNAPL
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

50



Course of Action

Consult with

appropriate regulatory

officials before

proceeding with

redevelopment

activities.

Consult with

appropriate regulatory

officials before

proceeding with

redevelopment

activities.

Proceed to the

CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

Determine whether

redevelopment

continues to be

practicable as planned,

or whether the

redevelopment plan

can be altered to fit the

circumstances; if so,

proceed to the

CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

Contact the

appropriate federal,

state, local, or tribal

government agencies

responsible for

hazardous waste. If

contamination exists at

considerable levels,

compliance with other

programs, such as

RCRA and Superfund,

may be required.

Results of the Site

Investigation

No contamination is

found.

Contamination is

found BUT does not

pose a significant

risk to stakeholders’

human health or the

environment.

Cleanup of the

contamination

found probably will

require a small

expenditure of funds

and time.

Cleanup of the

contamination

found probably will

require a significant

expenditure of funds

and time. However,

contamination

does not pose a

significant threat

to local residents.

Contamination is

found that poses a

significant threat

to local residents.

➡

➡

➡

➡

➡

contamination, screen the technologies for potential

application, learn about technology applications at

similar sites, and locate additional information on

these technologies. The report describes both

geophysical and non-geophysical characterization

technologies as well as characterization technologies

under evaluation.

Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis

Penetrometer System-SCAPS: Innovative

Environmental Technology from Concept to

Commercialization

The report, which was published by the U.S. Army

Environmental Center, summarizes the development,

field demonstration, and regulatory acceptance

activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that

are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface

contamination in soil and groundwater.

U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic

Environmental Research and

Development Program (SERDP)

SERDP is an environmental research and

development program planned and

executed and in full partnership with DOE and EPA

with the participation of numerous other federal and

nonfederal organizations. Within its broad areas of

interest, the program focuses on cleanup, compliance,

conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO

technologies. SERDP provides demonstration

opportunities through the NETTS Program and

encourages technology transfer through an annual

technical symposium and workshop. SERDP funds

environmental research and development by both

government and private sector parties. Additional

information about SERDP funding may be obtained at

www.serdp.org/funding/funding.html. Users can

access detailed performance and cost information for

completed demonstrations at the SERDP Web site.

Users may also subscribe to a mailing list for

quarterly SERDP updates.

After you have completed your investigation of the

environmental conditions at the site, you may take

one of the following courses of action:

Where Do We Go from Here?

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION

AND ACCEPTANCE

Managing uncertainty is the unifying

theme of the Triad approach, and it is

a crucial aspect of the effective use of field analytical methods (see

Spotlight 7, The Triad Approach, on the next page). Although not

all field analytical technologies employ screening methodologies (for

example, field-portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry [GC/

MS] is a definitive analytical methodology), many such technologies

(for example, immunoassays) do. In general, data produced by

screening analytical methods will present more analytical uncertainty

than data produced by definitive methods. However, that fact in

itself does not make definitive methods necessarily “better” than

screening methods. Definitive methods are not fool-proof –

interferences or other problems can cause a marked increase in their

analytical uncertainty. On the other hand, a number of strategies can

be used to minimize the analytical uncertainty inherent in screening

methods. Such strategies include the selection of appropriate QA/

QC procedures to ensure that the data are of known and

documented quality. Most important, field analytical technologies

offer the unique ability to cost-effectively manage the largest single

source of decision error—sampling representativeness—an ability

that is not available when requirements to use fixed laboratory

methods discourage proactive management of sampling uncertainty.

Managing Uncertainty

As described throughout the Road Map, innovative

technologies and technology approaches offer many

advantages in the cleanup of brownfields sites. Stakeholders

in such sites, however, first must accept the technology.

Brownfields decision-makers should consider the following

elements to increase the likelihood that the technology will be

accepted, thereby facilitating the cleanup of the site.

1 Focus on the Decisions that Support Site Goals

As discussed in Spotlight 7, The Triad approach (see next page),

systematic planning is an important element of all cleanup

activities. Clear and specific planning to meet explicit decision

objectives is essential in managing the process of cleaning up

contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site

monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning,

brownfields decision-makers can establish the cleanup goals for

the site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those goals,

and develop and implement a strategy for addressing the

decision needs. Technology decisions are made in the context of

the requirements for such decisions. All cleanup activities are

driven by the project goals. An explicit statement of the decisions

to be made and the way in which the planned approach supports

the decisions should be included in the work plan.

2 Build Consensus

Investing time, before the site work begins, in developing

decisions that are acceptable to all decision-makers will foster

more efficient site activities and make successful cleanup more

likely. Conversely, allowing work to begin at a site before a

common understanding and

acceptance of the decisions

have been established

increases the likelihood that

the cleanup process will be

inefficient, resulting in delays

and inefficient use of time and

money. Further, decision-makers must

understand that there is uncertainty in all scientific and technical

decisions (see below for more information about uncertainty).

Clearly defining and accepting uncertainty thresholds before

making decisions about the site remedy will build consensus.

Decisions also should be made in the context of applicable

regulatory requirements, political considerations, budget

available for the project, and time constraints.

3 Understand the Technology

A thorough knowledge of a technology’s capabilities and

limitations is necessary to secure its acceptance. All

technologies are subject to limitations in performance. Planning

for the strengths and weaknesses of a technology maximizes

understanding of its benefits and its acceptance. “Technology

approvers,” typically regulators, community groups, and financial

service providers are likely to be more receptive of a new

approach if the proposer provides a clear explanation of the

rationale for its use and demonstrates confidence in its

applicability to specific site conditions and needs. This latter point

underscores the importance of carefully selecting an experienced,

multidimensional team of professionals who have the expertise

necessary to plan, present, and implement the chosen approach.

4 Allow Flexibility

Streamlining site activities, whether site assessment, site

investigation, removal, treatment, or monitoring, requires a

flexible approach. Site-specific conditions, including various

physical conditions, contamination issues, stakeholder needs,

uses of the site, and supporting decisions, require that all

decision-makers understand the need for flexibility. Although

presumptive remedies, standard methods, applications at other

sites, and program guidance can serve as the basis for

designing a site-specific cleanup plan and can help decisionmakers avoid “starting from scratch” at each site, decisionmakers should be wary of depending too heavily on “boilerplate

language” and prescriptive methodologies, as well as standard

operating procedures and “accepted” methods. While such

tools provide excellent starting points, they lack the flexibility to

meet site-specific goals. To ensure an efficient and effective

cleanup, the actual technology approach, whether established

or innovative, must focus on decisions specific to the site.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

52

The modernization of the collection, analysis, interpretation,

and management of data to support decisions about hazardous

waste sites rests on a three-pronged or “triad” approach. The

introduction of new technologies in a dynamic framework

allows project managers to meet clearly defined objectives.

Such an approach incorporates the elements described below.

Systematic planning is a common-sense approach to assuring

that the level of detail in project planning matches the intended

use of the data being collected. Once cleanup goals have been

defined, systematic planning is undertaken to chart a course for

the project that is resource effective, as well as technically

sound and defensible to reach these project-critical goals. A

team of multidisciplinary, experienced technical staff works to

translate the project’s goals into

realistic technical objectives. The

CSM is the planning tool that

organizes the information that already

is known about the site; the CSM

helps the team identify the additional

information that must be obtained.

The systematic planning process ties

project goals to individual activities

necessary to reach these goals by

identifying data gaps in the CSM. The

team then uses the CSM to direct the

gathering of needed information,

allowing the CSM to evolve and

mature as work progresses at the site.

A dynamic working strategy

approach relies on real-time data to

reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is

identified and responsibilities, authority, and lines of

communication are established. Dynamic work strategy

implementation relies on and is driven by critical project

decisions needed to reach closure. It uses a decision-tree and

real-time uncertainty management practices to reach critical

decision points in as few mobilizations as possible. Success of

a dynamic approach depends on the presence of experienced

staff in the field empowered to make decisions based on the

decision logic and their capability to deal with new data and any

unexpected issues, as they arise. Field staff maintain close

communication with regulators or others overseeing the project

during implementation of dynamic work plans.

The use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and

on-site interpretation and management of data makes dynamic

work strategies possible. Such real-time measurement tools are

among the key streamlined site investigation tools because they

provide the data that are used for on-site decision-making. The

tools are a broad category

of analytical methods and

equipment that can be

applied at the sample

collection site. They include

methods that can be used

outdoors with hand-held, portable

equipment, as well as more rigorous

methods that require the controlled environments of a mobile

laboratory (transportable). During the planning process, the team

identifies the type, rigor, and quantity of data needed to answer the

questions raised by the CSM. Those decisions then guide the

design sampling modifications and the selection of analytical tools.

The Triad approach enables project

managers to minimize uncertainty while

expediting site cleanup and reducing

project costs. For example, EPA

collaborated with the Town of

Greenwich, Connecticut to implement

the Triad approach to characterize a

former power plant site scheduled for

redevelopment as a waterfront park.

The Triad approach yielded an

estimated cost savings of 50 to 60

percent when compared with a

traditional approach involving two

mobilizations and comprehensive

analytical methods at a fixed laboratory.

The City of Trenton, New Jersey began

implementing the Triad approach in

2001 as part of its program to redevelop a large number of

abandoned industrial sites. Overall, the Triad approach

eliminated costs associated with follow-on investigation activities

while accelerating the redevelopment schedule and reducing

decision uncertainty. Additional details about these and other

examples are available in the July 2004 edition of EPA’s

Technology News and Trends newsletter at

www.epa.gov/tio/download/newsltrs/tnandt0704.pdf.

EPA published Using the Triad Approach to Streamline Brownfields

Site Assessment and Cleanup in June 2003. This document can

be obtained from EPA’s Brownfields and Land Revitalization

Technology Support Center at www.brownfieldstsc.org.

The Triad Resource Center Web site at www.triadcentral.org

provides information on the Triad approach.

For more information, see the resources numbered 9,

24, 48, 63, 79, 140, 159, 167, and 174 in the Index of

Resources beginning on page I-1.

THE TRIAD APPROACH:

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions

A Quick Look

• Integrates systematic planning, dynamic work

strategies, and real-time measurement

technologies to meet project and program goals.

• Takes advantage of real-time results and data

assessment to guide additional sampling and to

minimize mobilization to reach decision points.

• Focuses site activities on project goals, rather

than on analytical methods, thereby saving time

and money and fostering better decisions.

• Demonstrated to complete projects faster,

cheaper, and with greater regulatory

satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach to data collection.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 53

The information value of data depends heavily upon the

interaction among sampling and analytical designs in

relation to the intended use of the data, the site-specific

context surrounding that intended use, and the associated

quality control. When this concept is understood, on-site

analytical tools can play a major role in making

environmental decision-making more efficient, defensible,

and cost-effective. In today’s industrial and regulatory

climate, practitioners are often required to make immediate

decisions that are based on

dependable, representative data.

The term “representative data”

means that there is some stability in

the samples and assurance of data

density. On-site analytical

techniques offer that type of

decision-making assurance to the

user of the data.

Brownfields investigations require

innovative approaches that are

faster, cheaper, and better than

common practices. The faster

approach reduces sample

turnaround times, facilitates in-field

decision-making, and minimizes deployment time of crew

and equipment. The more cost-effective approach is used

to reduce analytical costs, field-labor costs, and completion

times. The better approach results in data quality that is as

accurate as that attained by fixed off-site laboratories and

refined data analysis based on the results of on-site

screening. Brownfields sites are essentially industrial sites

at which people will want to take measurements, determine

the extent of contamination, and institute a plan. The

sampling designs for such sites will be dynamic in nature;

therefore, the real-time analytical capability offered by fieldportable instruments will be essential in successful

sampling. Data representativeness will become

increasingly important in site characterization and

remediation projects in the near future because it supports

the dynamic approach by providing real-time feedback.

With liability an important consideration at brownfields

sites, managing uncertainties and having representative

data that reflect the true site conditions is critical to property

transactions. Data representativeness can be used

successfully to generate scientifically sound data that are

able to support defensible project decisions at substantial

DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation

A Quick Look

• Data quality is the function of the data’s

information content and its ability to

represent the true state of a site.

• Data representativeness is the measure

of the degree to which samples can be

used to estimate the characteristics of

the true state of a hazardous waste site.

• Brownfields are considered an “up-andcoming” application in which data

quality and representativness will play

an important role.

cost savings over the

cost of current practices.

Increased sampling

efficiencies, fostered by

the use of innovative

technologies, allow more

targeted sample collection efforts

that minimize the handling of samples that provide little value

in meeting site-specific data quality objectives. Increased

field analytical productivity is

obtained when the type of analysis

performed is targeted so that more

samples can be analyzed each day,

thereby bringing about more rapid

site characterizations and verification

of cleanup. When data needs are

articulated clearly, and when a

number of modern sampling and

analytical options are available, it is

possible to optimize data collection

so that the information produced is

accurate for its intended purpose

while still being less costly than

previously possible. When applied

carefully, on-site analytical methods offer representative and

decision-quality data with the added benefits of increased

sampling density and real-time availability of results.

Although traditional approaches have tended to focus

heavily on the capabilities of definitive analytical methods,

the effect of sampling error on the representativeness of

monitoring and measurement activities also should be

considered. It is important to determine how data obtained

from quality assessment samples can be used to identify

and control in the measurement process sources of

sampling error and uncertainties.

By increasing sampling density, made possible and costeffective with the use of new sampling and analytical tools,

decision-makers can reduce uncertainty and increase

understanding of the true conditions of a site. This should

increase comfort among site owners, buyers, regulators, and

surrounding communities, as well as reduce the likelihood of

errors and omissions that could negatively affect the site later.

For more information, see the resources numbered

30, 35, 36, 79, 86, and 154 in the Index of

Resources beginning on page I-1.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

54

State and tribal response programs oversee assessment

and cleanup activities at most of the brownfields sites

across the country. EPA provides technical assistance

and other support to states and tribes in order to help

them implement more effective approaches to attaining

productive reuse of sites. Two examples of tribal

revitalization efforts in partnership with EPA that are

based on the use of the Triad approach involve the

Tohono O’odham Nation in Arizona and the Crow Creek

Sioux Nation in South Dakota.

In October 2002, the Tohono O’odham Nation requested

that EPA’s BTSC provide support for planning an

environmental investigation for the former Minerec

Mining Chemical facility. The

Minerec facility was constructed

in 1990 on native desert in the

San Xavier Business Park on

land leased from the Tohono

O’odham Nation. In 1991,

Minerec began limited

production of sulfur-containing

chemicals that are used in the

mining industry to separate ore

and a pesticide for agricultural

use. Although known locations

of chemical releases to facility

soil have been investigated,

studies have concluded that

further investigation is needed.

Investigations would be

conducted to address uncertainties regarding

undocumented, undiscovered releases that may have

impacted the facility and to further define areas of known

releases to support site cleanup planning.

Systematic planning involved developing a CSM to

incorporate existing information and to help design and

direct data collection activities supporting reuse plans.

The three main tasks identified by BTSC for the

investigation included:

• Conducting a soil gas survey using direct-push

drilling methodology for sample collection and an onsite laboratory for analysis

• Collecting and analyzing subsurface soil samples to a

depth of 20 feet using direct-push drilling

methodology and an on-site laboratory

• Further assessing

vertical migration of

contamination and

potential

groundwater impacts

(if the joint two tasks

indicated a potential threat

to groundwater).

The soil gas and soil boring investigations were to be

conducted in a single mobilization.

The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono O’odham Nation to

establish a course for the project that is resource-effective,

technically sound, and defensible.

The systematic planning process

made use of a decision tree and

real-time uncertainty management

practices to reach critical decision

points in a single mobilization.

At the Ft. Thompson landfill, the

Crow Creek Sioux Nation worked

with EPA Region 8 to apply the

Triad approach in order to develop

a model for landfill closure. Tribal

concerns about the landfill site

involved impacts on residences

and recreational areas, surface

water impacts, the ability to reuse

land for grazing and other habitat

purposes, and official site closure.

The Ft. Thompson landfill, a 12.5-acre community dump

used from the 1960s through 2000 for waste burning and

disposal, was used primarily by homeowners and small

businesses. The potential existed for disposal of

pesticides, petroleum products, batteries, and metals. A

soil cover had been placed over the dump; some pits and

burn areas remained visible.

BTSC assisted EPA Region 8 in formulating an initial CSM that:

• Focused data needs on surface soil and surface water

(runoff) pathways instead of the landfill

• Improved data density through use of field-based

methods and a dynamic work strategy

• Helped Region 8 develop a model for landfill

investigations

SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION

EFFORTS

A Quick Look

• EPA provides technical assistance and

other support to states and tribes that are

interested in implementing more effective

approaches to attaining productive reuse

of sites.

• The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono

O’odham Nation to establish a course for

its project that is resource-effective,

technically sound, and defensible.

• Careful planning and the use of creative

field-based technologies helped EPA

Region 8 and the Crow Creek Sioux Nation

to produce a higher density of data and

affordably manage uncertainty.

Continued on next page

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Based on BTSC recommendations, the project team:

• Eliminated the need to drill into and beneath the

landfill (potentially creating new pathways)

• Selected field-based methods to characterize soil and

sediment for metals (X-ray fluorescence), total

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (colorimetric test kits),

and chlordane and other chlorinated pesticides

(immunoassay test kits)

Careful planning helped to ensure that the data

collected would meet the intended use. Creative fieldContinued ... SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION

EFFORTS

based technologies were used to affordably manage

uncertainty, producing a higher density of data and

more defensible decisions. The end result is that

decisions made about the site were supported by better

information, thus providing a model for future

investigations of this type.

The two examples summarized above demonstrate the

benefits of improved decision-making through systematic

planning. For more information, visit

www.brownfieldstsc.org.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

56

Background

The enactment of the Small Business Liability Relief and

Brownfields Revitalization Act expanded the definition of

brownfields to include mine-scarred lands (MSL),

making these properties eligible for the benefits of the

Brownfields Program. MSLs are defined as lands,

associated waters, and surrounding watersheds where

extraction, beneficiation, or processing of ores and

minerals (including coal) has occurred. It is estimated

that there are more than 500,000

abandoned mining sites

composed of hard rock and coal

mines located on both public and

private land across the United

States that involve complex

economic, social, and

environmental issues. MSLs have

become a persistent problem in

many communities because of the

economic and environmental

challenges of cleaning up and

reusing the lands.

The inclusion of MSLs in the

Brownfields Program

strengthens existing mine

reclamation programs

administered by the U.S. Department of Interior’s (DOI)

Office of Surface Mining. The Surface Mining Control

and Reclamation Act governs surface coal mining

activities and established the abandoned mine land

reclamation fund. The MSL Working Group, which is

composed of six federal agencies, is co-chaired by

EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and

Redevelopment and DOI’s Office of Surface Mining.

The MSL Working Group was established to

collaboratively address the challenges of MSL cleanup

and revitalization.

Hard Rock Mining – Remediation Through Addition of

Residuals

Several EPA Superfund sites were contaminated by hard

rock mining. At some of these sites, contaminated soils

are being addressed through use of residuals. Examples

of processes that generate potentially useful residuals

include dairy, swine, and chicken farming; wastewater

treatment; drinking water treatment; phosphorus

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT

AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES

A Quick Look

• The inclusion of MSLs in the

Brownfields Program strengthens

existing mine reclamation programs.

• The addition of residuals to soils at

abandoned mine sites can help to

rebuild the soils in support of further

revitalization.

• The Triad approach has proven useful in

addressing various types of

contamination present on abandoned

mine lands.

• Other innovative approaches are being

demonstrated to support remediation of

abandoned mine lands.

production; pulp and

paper production; sugar

beet processing; and

energy production from

coal or wood. The

residuals can readily

contribute to rebuilding soil

through their ability to re-establish

structure and function by adding organic matter and

nutrients to the disturbed soils. As

a result of recreating a fertile soil

horizon, the soil microbial

community, invertebrates, and

plants will be re-established and it

will be possible to attain a selfsustaining system. More

importantly, in the proper

amendment ratios, residuals can be

used to address problems of metal

toxicity and acidity. In addition to

residual use at upland sites,

materials such as wood ash, log

yard debris, and biosolids compost

have been used to correct toxicity in

a tailings pond in order to reestablish wetland functions.

Use of Triad Approach

Various types of contamination associated with coal

mining may be addressed using the Triad approach,

including contamination related to waste and ash disposal

areas, on-site industrial facilities, chemical and solvent

storage equipment, buildings and electrical transformers,

petroleum storage and usage equipment, and acid mine

drainage. Systematic planning, dynamic work strategies,

and real-time measurement were applied to several

aspects of the investigation.

BTSC provided technical assistance for a pilot project at

the Dark Shade Brownfields Site in Somerset County,

Pennsylvania. The project focused on applying the Triad

approach to investigation activities. The planning was

based on a reuse scenario that includes reclamation of the

buildings located on site as office space or for other

industrial applications. The objectives for the Phase II

investigation are as follows:

Continued on next page

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 57

• Identify whether contaminants are present at

concentrations above Act 2 industrial reuse levels in

soil and surface water inside and outside the existing

structures

• Identify whether disposal or recycling restrictions

must be considered prior to removal of existing

equipment from the buildings

• Identify whether the configuration of the groundwater

flow regime in the area suggests that basement

flooding has resulted from groundwater infiltration or

an influx of surface water

• Identify options for removal and disposal of the water

currently present in the flooded basements of the

existing structures

• Identify whether groundwater sampling and analysis

activities need to be performed and, if so, for what

constituents

• Determine what remediation, if any, should be considered

The following areas were identified for application of the

Triad approach:

• Collecting wipe, surface water, soil, and groundwater

samples to evaluate the potential presence of PCBcontaining oil in or on the existing transformers and

other machinery

• Evaluating whether the water in flooded basements is

contaminated with PCBs, solvents, polynuclear

aromatics, or petroleum hydrocarbons (concentrations

contaminants of potential concern) at concentrations

that would require special handling of water during its

disposal or could indicate the presence of a source

• Establishing the lateral and vertical extent of

contaminants of potential concern in unsaturated soil

• Estimating the direction of groundwater flow and depth

to groundwater beneath the site

Other Innovative Approaches

EPA and other organizations continue to demonstrate and

evaluate innovative technologies for the reclamation of

mining sites. EPA is developing a primer on mining that

will include an overview of innovative approaches that are

suitable for consideration for mining sites.

Additional information is available at www.epa.gov/

superfund/programs/aml.

Continued ... INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT

AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

58

ASSESSMENT OF

CLEANUP OPTIONS

The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives relies

on the data collected during the site assessment and

investigation phases, which are discussed in the

preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of

evaluating various technologies is to identify those

technologies with the capability to meet specific

cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For

brownfields sites, it also is important to consider

budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule

so that the project remains financially viable.

Institutional controls also are an important

consideration during this phase. Examples of such

legal and administrative requirements include

easements, covenants, zoning restrictions, and the

posting of advisories to increase community awareness

of the environmental conditions and cleanup activities

at the site. See Spotlight 16, Understanding the Role of

Institutional Controls at Brownfields Sites, for more

information about institutional controls.

Factors that should be considered during the

evaluation of cleanup options include:

1. How do we determine the appropriate and feasible

level of cleanup? Are there federal, state, local, and

tribal requirements for cleanup? Should risk-based

approaches be considered as an option for

assessing exposure (see the definition of risk-based

corrective action [RBCA] in Appendix B, List of

Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)? Are there

prescribed standards for cleanup? Are there

provisions for using presumptive remedies?

2. What factors are associated with the implementation

of cleanup options? Will the cleanup facilitate or

hinder the planned redevelopment? How long will

cleanup take? What will cleanup cost? What are the

short-term and long-term effects of the cleanup

technologies under consideration?

3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional

or local planning and development goals and

requirements? Can redevelopment activities (such

as construction or renovation of buildings) be

conducted concurrently with cleanup?

Evaluate Applicable Cleanup

Alternatives for the Site

What Do We Know?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 59

4. How can the community participate in the review

and selection of cleanup options? Are the options

acceptable in light of community concerns about

protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?

What environmental standards should be

considered to ensure that community stakeholders

are satisfied with the outcome and process of

cleanup, given the intended reuse?

5. Is there a need for institutional controls after

cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls

appropriate in light of community concerns and

access to and use of the property? Will

institutional controls facilitate or hinder

development? What plans, including financial

assurances, are being made to ensure that

institutional controls remain in place as long as

contamination is present?

6. What options are available to monitor the

performance of cleanup technologies?

The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup

options and technology alternatives usually follows

these steps:

• Establish goals for cleanup that consider the end

use and use applicable standards, published state

or federal guidelines, RBCAs, or site-specific risk

assessment results

• Educate members of the community about the site

cleanup selection process and actively involve

them in decision-making

• Review general information about cleanup

technologies to become familiar with those that

may be applicable to a particular site:

– Use the resources in this publication

– See Appendix A, Table A-3, Technologies for

Treating Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites,

for examples of technologies that are appropriate for

specific types of contaminants

– Conduct searches of existing literature that further

describes the technology alternatives

– Analyze detailed technical information about the

applicability of technology alternatives

How Do We Find the Answers?

• Narrow the list of potential technologies that are

most appropriate for addressing the

contamination identified at the site and that are

compatible with the specific conditions of the site

and the proposed reuse of the property:

– Network with other brownfields stakeholders and

environmental professionals to learn about their

experiences and to tap their expertise

– Determine whether sufficient data are available to

support identification and evaluation of cleanup

alternatives

– Evaluate the options against a number of factors,

including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,

associated risks, future land use, and economic

considerations

– Analyze the applicability of a particular technology

to the contamination identified at a site

– Determine the effects of various technology

alternatives on redevelopment objectives

• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are addressed properly:

– Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and

tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the

decision-making process as early as possible

– Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to

identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs

• Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse

alternatives to identify potential constraints on

reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and

risk factors

• To provide a measure of certainty and stability to

the project, investigate environmental insurance

policies, such as protection against cost overruns,

undiscovered contamination, and third-party

litigation, and integrate their cost into the project

financial package

• Select an acceptable remedy that not only achieves

cleanup goals and addresses the risk of

contamination, but also best meets the objectives

for redevelopment and reuse of the property and is

compatible with the needs of the community

• Communicate information about the proposed

cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders,

including the affected community
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

60

Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing

and analyzing cleanup options are listed on the

following pages. Resources are listed alphabetically

under the following categories:

A. Resources for Cleanup Options

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options

Access the Road Map online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the

following resources electronically or to obtain a link

that provides complete ordering information.

A. Resources for Cleanup Options

The documents listed below are resources that

provide general information about the availability of

technology resources in the form of bibliographies,

status reports, and user guides.

ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective

Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (E1739-

95e1(2003))

The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a

process for assessing and responding to a petroleum

release in a manner that ensures the protection of

human health and the environment. The guide will

assist brownfields decision-makers who wish to

become familiar with another approach that can be

used to assess environmental risk at a site, in

conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and

tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a

RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the

tiered approach of the process is summarized.

Although the RBCA process is not limited to a

particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA

in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of

RBCA applications also are provided. The guide,

which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at

www.astm.org.

Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative

Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded

Ordnance Detection and Characterization

Technology Selection

The report, which was published in 2000 by the ITRC,

contains an analysis of case studies from states

having experience in remediating UXO-contaminated

sites. The report supports early and meaningful state

regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative

UXO characterization and remediation technologies.

The report also offers recommendations to ensure the

appropriate participation of states in the selection of

technologies for characterizing and remediating

UXO-contaminated sites.

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and

Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative

Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA

542-R-01-005)

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,

project managers, and others preparing RFPs to

solicit support in conducting activities to

investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is

specifically intended to assist those individuals in

writing specifications that encourage contractors

and technology vendors to propose options for

using innovative characterization and remediation

technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also

provides information, from a technology

perspective, to guide review teams in their

evaluations of proposals and the selection of

qualified contractors.

Citizen’s Guides to Understanding

Innovative Treatment Technologies

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide

site managers with nontechnical outreach

materials that they can share with

communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides

present information on innovative technologies that

have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites,

provide overviews of the technologies, and present

success stories about sites at which innovative

technologies have been applied. Both English and

Spanish versions of the guides are available. The

guides contain information on the following subjects:

– NEW! Activated carbon treatment (EPA 542-F-01-020)

– NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016)

– NEW! Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)

– Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022)

– NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010)

– Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)

– Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)

Where Do We Find Answers to Our

Technology Questions?

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 61

– In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)

– NEW! In situ thermal treatment methods

(EPA 542-F-01-012)

– Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018)

– Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004)

– NEW! Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)

– NEW! Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)

– Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025)

– NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-023)

– NEW! Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)

– Solidification/stabilization (EPA 542-F-01-024)

– Solvent extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009)

– NEW! Soil vapor extraction (SVE) and air sparging

(EPA 542-F-01-006)

– Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)

– Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01-017)

Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World

Wide Web (CLU-IN)

The Internet site, which was developed by EPA,

provides information about innovative treatment

technologies and site characterization technologies

to the hazardous waste remediation community.

CLU-IN describes programs, organizations,

publications, and other tools for EPA and other

federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,

technology developers and vendors, remediation

contractors, researchers, community groups, and

individual citizens. Information about issues

related to remediation and site characterization

also is provided: technology verification and

evaluation; technology selection tools;

contaminant-specific information, guidance and

application support; case studies; regulatory

development; and publications.

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing

the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)

The guide is one in a series of publications

designed to assist communities, states,

municipalities, and the private sector to address

brownfields sites more effectively. The guide,

which is designed to be used with the three guides

for specific types of sites – Technical Approaches to

Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive

Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative,

Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches

to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing

Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative – provides

information about cost estimating tools and

resources for addressing cleanup costs at

brownfields sites. Many decision-makers at

brownfields sites may choose to assign the

preparation of cost estimates to consultants who

are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste

sites; however, it benefits those decision-makers to

be able to provide guidance to their consultants

and to understand the process sufficiently well to

provide an informed review of the estimates

prepared. The guide provides general information

about the cost estimation process and includes

summaries of various types of estimates. The guide

also outlines the process of developing “order of

magnitude” cost estimates. Information about

resources, databases, and models also is provided.

Directory of Technical Assistance for

Land Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B03-001)

BTSC has prepared this directory to

provide information about technical

assistance that is available from federal agencies to

assist regional, state, and local government personnel

in making assessment and cleanup decisions for

brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This

directory includes information about 37

organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide

different types of support to help with site assessment

and cleanup, including technical support and

funding sources. Profiles are included for these

agencies and organizations and contain the following

types of information: background and location

information, relevancy to revitalization, description of

the areas of expertise available, discussion of the

types of services available, types of funding available

and eligibility, contact information and the process

for requesting assistance, and examples of specific

instances in which the organization has previously

provided support relevant to site revitalization.

Information in the profiles is believed to be current as

of March 2003. To help maintain current information,

the directory is available as an online searchable

database at www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory.
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62

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable

Database

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases

sponsored by EPA’s OSRTI, is a service provided free of

charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA

REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. This

database provides users with comprehensive, up-todate information about more than 254 characterization

technologies and 484 remediation technologies and

their applications. It combines information submitted

by technology service providers about remediation and

characterization technologies with information from

EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about sites

at which innovative technologies are being deployed.

During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project,

EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to

learn about and become familiar with the range of

available cleanup technology options that can be

employed during the investigation and the cleanup

phases that follow, as well as data about various types

of sites. EPA updates all of the information available in

the system about every six months. Technology

vendors may also add or update information in EPA

REACH IT at any time through the Data Entry System

or by submitting information by mail. You can search

the EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various

search options are available for a user on the home

page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most

Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search; and

Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For questions

about whether a technology is eligible for listing in EPA

REACH IT, the user may contact the EPA REACH IT

help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an

e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com.

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision

Support Software (DSS)

Developed by DOE’s Office of Environmental

Management, the report evaluates DSS, computerbased systems that facilitate the use of data, models,

and structured decision processes in making

decisions related to environmental management. The

report evaluates 19 such systems through the

application of a rating system that favors software

that simulates a wide range of environmental

problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a

statement of the rationale for the selection of various

aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.

Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at

Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005)

The report provides a national retrospective analysis of

the field performance of barrier systems, as well as

information that could be useful in developing guidance

on the use and evaluation of such systems. The report

contains information about the design, application, and

performance of subsurface engineered barriers.

Federal Remediation Technologies

Roundtable Case Studies

The case studies provide the user with

information about specific characterization

and remediation technology optimization

applications. Four focus areas have been established by

FRTR for providing performance and cost information on

technology applications: remediation case study reports,

characterization and monitoring case study reports,

technology assessment reports, and long-term

monitoring/optimization case study reports. FRTR case

studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. Navy, the

U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies

focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects

and include site background information, technology

descriptions, cost and performance information, and

lessons learned. The technologies include innovative

and conventional treatment technologies for

contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users

can search the case studies by groups of contaminants,

media, waste management practices that contribute to

contamination, and treatment systems.

Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and

Performance Information for Remediation Projects

(EPA 542-B-98-007)

The document recommends the types of data that

should be collected to document the performance and

cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data

elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup

technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor

extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater

remediation, pump-and-treat technologies,

composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-phase

soil bioremediation, soil washing, stabilization, and

thermal desorption. The document provides site

managers with a standard set of parameters for

documenting completed remediation projects. A

number of federal agencies have made commitments to

using the guidance to collect data for full-scale

cleanups, demonstrations, and treatability studies.

Innovative Remediation and Site

Characterization Technologies Resources

(EPA 542-C-04-002)

Produced by EPA’s OSRTI, this CD-ROM

contains resources that provide information

to help federal, state, and private sector site managers

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The

ability to gain access to resources that provide

information about innovative site characterization and

remediation technologies will increase the

understanding of those technologies and of the cost and

performance factors related to them. Such

understanding is essential to consideration of those

technologies for use in addressing contamination at

hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-ROM

is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, fact

sheets, journals, and newsletters; community

involvement support; electronic resources; organizations,

programs, and partnerships; publication clearinghouses;

publications; and regulatory resources. Several

resources included on the CD-ROM also are available at

the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-ROM can be

ordered through NSCEP at P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati,

Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 490-9198 toll free.

Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale

Demonstration Projects in North America, 2nd

Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004)

EPA’s publication, Completed North American Innovative

Technology Demonstration Projects, is available in an

online, searchable database of ongoing and completed

field demonstrations of innovative remediation

technologies sponsored by government agencies

working in partnership with private technology

developers to bring new technologies into the

hazardous waste remediation marketplace.

Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for

an Integrated In Situ Remediation Technology

(LasagnaTM) (DOE/OR/22459-1)

This report describes demonstration results for the

LasagnaTM process, a process which uses established

geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in

contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the

contaminants back and forth through these zones

until treatment is completed.

 Remediation Technologies Screening

Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0

The document, which was developed by

FRTR, is intended to help site remediation

project managers to narrow the field of

remediation alternatives and identify potentially

applicable technologies for more detailed assessment

and evaluation before remedy selection. The document

is divided into five sections: Introduction,

Contaminant Perspectives, Treatment Perspectives,

Treatment Technology Profiles, and References. The

document summarizes the strengths and weaknesses

of innovative and conventional technologies for

remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater,

surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it

focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies.

Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, and

enhanced recovery technologies are covered.

Additional information resources also are included.

Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the

Superfund Land Use Directive (OSWER Directive

9355.7-06P)

This memorandum, which was signed on June 4, 2001,

by EPA’s OERR, presents information that supports

the development of assumptions related to future land

use when making remedy selection decisions for

response actions conducted at Superfund sites. The

Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information

about the collection and evaluation of information for

developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land Use

Directive, which provides basic information about

developing and using future land use assumptions to

support Superfund remedial actions, are included as

attachments to the directive.

Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to

Federal Programs, Information Resources, and

Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup

Technologies, Second Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005)

Prepared by the member agencies of FRTR, the guide

identifies programs, resources, and publications of

the federal government related to technologies for the

cleanup of contaminated sites.

Superfund Innovative Technology

Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles,

Eleventh Edition

Developed by EPA’s SITE Program, these

documents (contained in three volumes)

provide profiles of more than 150 demonstration,

emerging, and monitoring and measurement

technologies currently being evaluated. Each

technology profile identifies the developer and

process name of the technology, describes the

technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and

provides a project status report and contact

information. The profiles also include summaries of

demonstration results, if available. The following

volumes are available: Demonstration Program,

Volume 1 (EPA 540-R-03-501); Emerging Technology

Program, Volume 2 (EPA 540-R-03-501A); and

Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3

(EPA 540-R-03-501B).
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TechKnowTM Database

Developed by the Global Network of Environment

and Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online,

interactive database that allows users to gain access

to and provide information about innovative and

sustainable technologies. For each technology

profiled, a summary, development information,

status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also

provides contact information for the technologies.

Users may access the TechKnow database at

www.techknow.org. There is no cost to use

TechKnow, but users are required to register on

GNET.

Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup:

Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition)

(EPA 542-R-03-009)

This report, which was developed by EPA,

documents the status and achievements

(as of March 2003) of treatment technology

applications for soil, other solid wastes, and

groundwater at Superfund sites. The data in this

report were gathered from Superfund records of

decision (ROD) from fiscal years (FY) 1982 through

2002, close-out reports (COR) from FYs 1983 through

2002, and project managers at Superfund remedial

action sites. The report examines in situ and ex situ

treatment technologies for soil, sludge, sediment,

other solid matrix wastes, and NAPLs; in situ and ex

situ P&T groundwater treatment technologies;

vertical engineered barriers (VEB); and the selection

of MNA remedies for groundwater. This edition of

the annual status report summarizes 1,811

technology applications identified for Superfund

remedial actions. EPA created a searchable, online

system to allow access to the data that form the basis

for this report. This searchable system is available at

http://cfpub.epa.gov/asr/.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options

Listed below are survey reports on the application of

innovative technologies to specific contaminants and

site types.

Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and

Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808)

Developed by ESTCP, this document

presents an evaluation of the Air Sparging

Design Paradigm implemented at 10 field

sites. The goal of the study was to determine the

effectiveness of the paradigm and to modify it as

necessary based on the results of the evaluation. The

document explains the technology and demonstration

design and provides an assessment of the

performance and cost of the technology in field

applications.

Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil,

Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042)

This report, which was prepared by EPA,

contains current information on treatment

technologies for wastes and

environmental media containing arsenic. The

intended audience for the report includes hazardous

waste site managers, generators and treaters of

arsenic-contaminated waste and wastewater, owners

and operators of drinking water treatment plants,

regulators, and the interested public. The report

summarizes information on 13 technologies used to

treat arsenic, identifies sites and facilities where

arsenic treatment has been used, and provides

references to more detailed arsenic treatment

information.

Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ

Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites

The document, which is based on a review of the

relevant literature, provides examples of the

phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and

discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well

as the special considerations involved in

phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document

also discusses the benefits, limitations, and costs of

phytoremediation, compared with alternative

approaches, including natural attenuation,

engineering, and bioremediation.

Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001)

The booklet provides an annotated list of UST

materials and includes ordering information. Many

of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and

software items listed are designed to provide UST

owners and operators with information to help them

comply with the federal UST requirements.

DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects

Approaching Regulatory Closure - Status

Update (EPA 542-R-04-016)

This paper, which was prepared by EPA’s

OSRTI, is a status update on the use of

DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies. The

document provides information about recent projects

in which regulatory closure has been reached and

projects that are approaching regulatory closure

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following source reduction. Information is presented

about the challenges associated with DNAPL

remediation and the types of in situ technologies

used, and data and findings are included concerning

the relative effectiveness of field applications of these

technologies. Project profiles for eight field

applications are provided that illustrate some of the

findings presented in the paper.

EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical

Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites

Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA

625-R-98-007)

The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by

EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states,

municipalities, and the private sector address

brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has

developed this “Iron and Steel” guide to provide

decision-makers such as city planners, private sector

developers, and others involved in redeveloping

brownfields with a better understanding of the

technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning

up iron and steel mill sites so they can make the most

informed decisions possible. This guide provides the

user with an understanding of common industrial

processes at iron and steel mills and the relationship

between these processes and potential releases of

contaminants to the environment. The guide also

includes a discussion of site assessment, screening

and cleanup levels, and technologies that can be used

to assess and clean up the types of contaminants

likely to be present at iron and steel mill sites. A list

of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key terms, and an

extensive bibliography are also provided.

EPA ORD Brownfields Guides -

Technical Approaches to Characterizing

and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites

Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA

625-R-98-006)

The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by

EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states,

municipalities, and the private sector address

brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has

developed this “Metal Finishing” guide to provide

those involved in redeveloping brownfields with a

better understanding of the technical issues involved

in assessing and cleaning up metal finishing sites so

they can make the most informed decisions possible.

This guide provides the user with an understanding

of common industrial processes at metal finishing

facilities and the relationship between these

processes and potential releases of contaminants to

the environment. It also provides information on the

types of contaminants likely to be present at these

sites. The guide includes a discussion of a

conceptual framework for pathways by which

contaminants may migrate off site and environmental

and human health concerns to be considered when

cleanup options for these sites are evaluated. In

addition, a list of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key

terms, and an extensive bibliography are provided.

Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating

Experience at 28 Sites (EPA 542-R-99-006)

The report summarizes information about the

groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites

throughout the United States at which completed or

ongoing groundwater cleanup programs are in place.

It includes details about design, operation, and

performance of the systems; capital, operating, and

unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially

affect the cost and performance of the systems. The

report compares and contrasts data from the case

studies to assist those involved in evaluating and

selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at

hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented

in the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial

actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a

cleanup conducted by state authorities, and two are

corrective actions taken under RCRA. The sites

represent a range of site types and hydrogeological

conditions.

How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup

Technologies for Underground Storage

Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action

Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002)

The guide was developed by EPA to assist

state regulators in efficiently and confidently

evaluating corrective action plans (CAP) that

incorporate alternative technologies. The guide,

which was written in nontechnical language, takes

the reader through the steps involved in reviewing a

CAP. Earlier versions of the guide (1994 and 1995)

covered technologies such as SVE, air sparging,

biosparging, landfarming, biopiles, bioventing, lowtemperature thermal desorption, natural attenuation,

dual-phase extraction, and in situ groundwater

bioremediation. The revised version (2004) has two

new chapters on enhanced aerobic bioremediation

and chemical oxidation and two revised chapters: the

introduction and a chapter on MNA. Each

technology chapter presents a comprehensive

description of a technology, an explanation of how it
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works, and a flow chart that illustrates the decision

points in the process; information that will help the

regulator evaluate whether a given technology will

clean up a given site successfully; a discussion and

instructions to help the regulator evaluate whether a

CAP is technically sound; a checklist to assist the

regulator in determining whether a CAP includes all

the steps necessary; and a list of references.

Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on

Long-Term Natural Attenuation of

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Developed by ESTCP, this landfill closure

evaluation document is intended to help

users develop alternative landfill closure designs and

management strategies that can enhance the longterm natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in

landfills and landfill leachate-contaminated

groundwater. The design approach proposed in this

document maximizes the use of natural remediation

and management techniques for landfill closures.

Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study

Series

The case studies, which were developed by EPA,

provide cost and performance information about the

innovative technologies that support less costly and

more representative site characterization. The

purpose of the case studies is to analyze and

document the effectiveness of new technologies

proposed for site cleanup. They present information

about the capability of the technologies in analyzing

and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about

costs associated with the use of the technologies. The

following case studies are available:

– Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum

Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)

– Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-003)

– Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1

(EPA 542-R-98-006)

– Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot

Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542-

R-00-009)

– NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC

Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS

(EPA 542-R-01-011)

InterAgency DNAPL Consortium Home Page

The Web site is sponsored by the Interagency DNAPL

Consortium (IDC). IDC is an alliance of five federal

agencies, including the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (NASA), EPA, DOE, the U.S.

Navy, and the U.S. Air Force. It reports on the IDC’s

effort to evaluate and compare the cost and

performance of three innovative remediation

technologies for the treatment of DNAPLS. The three

technologies are being applied for the treatment of

trichloroethene (TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape

Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The three

technologies being demonstrated in side-by-side plots

at the launch area are chemical oxidation with the use

of potassium permanganate, six-phase heating, and

dynamic underground stripping.

MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBEContaminated Soil and Groundwater

(EPA 510-F-98-002)

Developed by EPA’s OUST, the fact sheet describes

the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl

tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) and identifies alternative

technologies for remediating it.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization/

Committee on the Challenges of Modern

Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study

Evaluation of Demonstrated and

Emerging Technologies for the

Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater

(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010)

This document reports on the fourth meeting for the

Phase III Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Demonstrated

and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and

Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater.

The Phase III study, which concluded in 2002, focused

on technologies for treating contaminated land and

groundwater. The study addressed issues of

sustainability, environmental merit, and costeffectiveness with continued emphasis on emerging

remediation technologies. The objectives of the study

were to critically evaluate technologies, promote

appropriate use of technologies, use information

technology systems to disseminate study products, and

foster innovative thinking about contaminated land.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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Resource for MGP Site Characterization and

Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and

Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas

Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)

The document provides current information about

useful approaches and tools being applied at former

MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are

engaged in characterizing and remediating these

sites. The document outlines site management

strategies and field tools for expediting site

characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of

existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in

soils; provides sufficient information about the

benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology,

tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and

provides, through case studies, examples of the ways

in which those tools and strategies can be

implemented at MGP sites.

State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners

(SCRD) Internet Site

The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA’s

OSRTI, provides extensive information about state

remediation programs and resources related to the

remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of state

programs and points of contact in each of the member

states are provided. Publications, regulations, and

other documents are identified as well. Brownfields

stakeholders involved in the assessment and cleanup

of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida,

Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North

Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,

and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the

detailed information provided about programs in

those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific

sites throughout the United States are intended to

assist users, particularly state officials, in making

more informed decisions related to the remediation of

sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide

additional resources. Publications developed by the

SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent

to issues associated with dry cleaner sites, can be

viewed online or downloaded at no charge.

The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of

Pesticide-Contaminated Sites

The technology assessment report discusses the use of

bioremediation and phytoremediation for the cleanup

of sites contaminated with pesticides. It provides

information about the current status of the two

technologies to federal and state agencies, consulting

engineering firms, private industries, and technology

developers.

Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions

(EPA 542-F-00-020)

The fact sheet summarizes information about the use

of treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective

action sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed

cleanups of contaminated soil or groundwater at

RCRA sites for which key information, such as the

type of technology used and the point of contact, was

available. The sites illustrate the types of cleanups

conducted at RCRA corrective action sites; they are

not intended to be representative of all cleanups

conducted under RCRA.

Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund,

RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage

Tank Sites

The policy directive, which was issued on April 21,

1999, provides guidance to the staff of EPA, the

public, and the regulated community on how EPA

intends to exercise its discretion in implementing

national policy on the use of monitored natural

attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil

and groundwater at sites regulated under the

programs of EPA’s OSWER.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup

Options

The documents listed below provide detailed

information about specific innovative technologies

and the application of those processes to specific

contaminants and media in the form of engineering

analyses, application reports, technology verification

and evaluation reports, and technology reviews.

Air Sparging Design Paradigm

This design guidance resulted from

research and development efforts

sponsored by the U.S. Air Force

Armstrong Laboratory and the U.S. Naval

Facilities Engineering Research Center and from field

research and data analysis conducted by Battelle

Memorial Institute, Arizona State University, Oregon

Graduate Institute, Parsons Engineering-Science, and

Colorado State University. The guidance provides

details on air sparging principles; site

characterization; pilot testing; system design,

installation, and operation; and system monitoring.

Use of the design paradigm is illustrated in

descriptions of field studies and by using the results

of controlled physical model studies. The guidance is

organized in sections that provide an overview of air

sparging in general and the specific design paradigm
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followed by a discussion of site characterization, air

sparging application, pilot testing, and system design

and monitoring.

Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor

Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007)

The report provides an engineering analysis of and

status report on, selected enhancements for SVE

treatment technologies. The report is intended to

assist project managers who are considering an SVE

treatment system by providing them with an up-todate report on the status of enhancement technologies

in an evaluation of each technology’s applicability to

various site conditions, a presentation of cost and

performance information, a list of vendors that

specialize in the technologies, a discussion of the

relative strengths and limitations of the technologies,

recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when

considering the enhancements, and a compilation of

references. The five enhancement technologies

discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase

extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and

hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.

Application Guide for Bioslurping -

Volume I

This application guide, which was

developed by Battelle for NFESC, is

presented in two volumes. Volume I

provides principles and practices of bioslurping to

assist project managers in preliminary decisionmaking. Based on Volume I, a site manager may

determine whether this technology is feasible for a

site contaminated with light nonaqueous phase

liquid (LNAPL).

Application Guide for Bioslurping -

Volume 2

This application guide, which was

developed by Battelle for the Naval

Facilities Engineering Service Center

(NFESC), is presented in two volumes. Volume I

provides principles and practices of bioslurping to

assist project managers in preliminary decisionmaking, and Volume II contains a detailed

description of the bioslurper system; testing

procedures; system design, installation, operation,

and monitoring; and an approach for site closure.

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent

Contaminated Groundwater

The report is intended to provide a basic summary of

in situ treatment technologies for groundwater

contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes

information gathered from a range of currently

available sources, including project documents,

reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal

communication with parties involved in the use of the

technologies.

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and

Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative

Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA

542-R-01-005)

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,

project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit

support in conducting activities to investigate and

clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically

intended to assist those individuals in writing

specifications that encourage contractors and

technology vendors to propose options for using

innovative characterization and remediation

technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also

provides information, from a technology perspective,

to guide review teams in their evaluations of

proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and

Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-

R-01-006)

BTSC developed this document to provide an

educational tool for site owners, project managers,

and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of

the phytoremediation process at brownfields sites.

The primer explains the types of biological processes

involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of

the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation

has been applied; and discusses technical

considerations in selecting and designing

phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to

operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and

examples of estimated potential cost savings from

using phytoremediation versus more conventional

treatment processes. The primer also provides a

comprehensive list of other resources that are

available to assist decision-makers in evaluating

phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up

contaminated sites.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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Capstone Report on the Application,

Monitoring, and Performance of

Permeable Reactive Barriers for GroundWater Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600-

R-03-045a)

This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses

geochemical and microbiological processes within

zero-valent iron PRBs that may contribute to changes

in iron reactivity over time and decreases in reaction

zone permeability. Two full-scale PRBs are evaluated

in this report. Detailed water sampling and analysis,

core sampling, and solid-phase characterization

studies were carried out to: (1) evaluate spatial and

temporal trends in contaminant concentrations and

key geochemical parameters, (2) characterize the type

and nature of surface precipitates forming over time

in the reactive barriers, and (3) identify the type and

extent of microbiological activity within and around

the reactive barriers.

Capstone Report on the Application,

Monitoring, and Performance of

Permeable Reactive Barriers for

Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2

(EPA 600-R-03-045b)

This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses

soil and groundwater sampling methods and

procedures used to evaluate the long-term

performance of PRBs at two sites: one in Elizabeth

City, North Carolina, and the other one in Denver

Federal Center near Lakewood, Colorado. Both PRBs

were installed in 1996 and have been monitored and

studied since their installation to determine their

continued effectiveness in removing contaminants

from groundwater. The report points out that an

effective monitoring program requires appropriate

soil and groundwater sampling techniques.

CLU-IN Technology Focus

The Technology Focus, a section of EPA

OSRTI’s CLU-IN site, provides a

compilation of the most relevant

information sources for a range of

remediation technologies. Grouped by specific

technologies, the resources provide technology

descriptions, information about applications and use

of technologies, relevant engineering and regulatory

guidance, and links to training sources and

additional references. Information about the

following technologies is available: air sparging,

bioreactor landfills, bioremediation of chlorinated

solvents, bioventing and biosparging, electrokinetics,

fracturing, groundwater circulating wells, in situ

flushing, in situ oxidation, multiphase extraction,

natural attenuation, PRBs, phytoremediation, solvent

extraction, SVE, soil washing, thermal desorption,

and thermal enhancements.

Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup

Projects: Pump-and-Treat Systems and Permeable

Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013)

Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by

EPA, other members of FRTR, and the Remediation

Technologies Development Forum, the report presents

the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup

costs for P&T systems and PRBs at 48 sites. Targeted

for site managers, technology developers, and users,

as well as others involved in groundwater

remediation efforts, the report provides detailed

information about the costs of groundwater cleanup

technologies and factors that affect those costs. Of the

48 sites, 32 had P&T systems and 16 had PRBs.

Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of

Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field

Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008)

The report provides an overview of in situ

bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated

solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It

describes mechanisms for the degradation of

chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such

mechanisms by the addition of various materials and

chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider

when selecting and using the technology. The report

also presents a list of vendors of the technology and

nine case studies of field applications.

Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide

(DG 1110-1-2)

The guide, published by USACE, provides practical

guidance for the design of liquid- and vapor-phase

devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The

adsorptive media addressed include granular

activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative

adsorption media, such as powdered activated

carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. It

addresses various types of adsorption media,

applicability, use of various adsorption process

technologies, design of equipment and ancillary

components, availability, advantages, disadvantages,

regeneration methods, costs, and safety

considerations.
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Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor

Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-

4001)

This guide, which was published by

USACE to provide practical guidance for

design and operation of SVE and bioventing (BV)

systems. It discusses all aspects of the engineering of

SVE and BV systems, including site characterization,

technology selection; bench- and pilot-scale testing,

design, installation, operation, and closure.

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks

Internet Site

Hosted by EPA’s OUST, the Internet site provides

resources and tools to assist owners and operators of

USTs and brownfields stakeholders to better assess

their options for the operation, maintenance, and

cleanup of USTs. Information and guidance about

technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from

UST systems are provided, as well as details about

current federal UST regulations and UST program

priorities, including specific details about the

USTFields Initiative. Points of contact in each of the

EPA regional offices also are identified. An extensive

number of UST publications can be viewed online or

downloaded at no charge. In addition, information

about state-sponsored UST programs, including links

to state Internet sites, is provided on OUST’s site at

www.epa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm.

Evaluation of Performance and Longevity

at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites (CU9907)

Developed by ESTCP, this report presents

an evaluation of short- and long-term

performance issues associated with PRBs installed at

several DoD sites. The report assesses the longevity

of PRBs made from iron and the hydraulic

performance of various PRBs in terms of their ability

to meet groundwater capture zone and residence time

requirements. The report describes PRB technology

and provides an assessment of the performance and

cost of the technology when implemented in the field.

It also addresses implementation issues such as scaleup, regulatory constraints, and monitoring.

Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier

Performance - Revised Report

This document, which was prepared for

FRTR by DoD, DOE, and EPA, summarizes

field performance evaluations of several

PRBs installed at sites under the purview of DoD,

DOE, and EPA. The evaluations focus on the

longevity and hydraulic performance of the PRBs in

various geologic settings. The results of these studies

are being provided to RPMs at government-owned

sites to aid in decision-making. The document also

discusses compliance and monitoring issues related

to PRBs.

Evaluation of Phytoremediation for

Management of Chlorinated Solvents in

Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001)

This document, prepared by the RTDF, is

designed to briefly introduce various

phytotechnologies; identify potential applications of

phytoremediation to control, transform, or manage

chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater; show

how to conduct a preliminary assessment to

determine if a particular site is a good candidate for

phytoremediation; and describe monitoring options

and show how to assess the effectiveness of

phytoremediation at full-scale field implementation.

It is intended to aid regulators, site owners,

consultants, and other stakeholders in understanding

the proper application of phytotechnology to

remediate groundwater contaminated with

halogenated solvents.

Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover

Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015)

This fact sheet, which was prepared by

EPA, provides a summary of an

innovative landfill final cover design

called evapotranspiration (ET) covers. The

information in this fact sheet was obtained from

currently available technical literature and from

discussions with site managers. The general ET

cover concept involves use of one or more vegetated

soil layers to retain water until it is either

transpired through vegetation or evaporated from

the soil surface. The fact sheet discusses general

considerations of ET cover design, performance,

monitoring, cost, status, and limitations and

provides project-specific examples. Final cover

systems are used as part of the remediation and

final closure for landfills, contaminated areas at or

near the ground surface, and other waste disposal

sites. As of September 2003, ET covers have been

proposed, tested, or installed at 64 sites throughout

the United States, generally from Georgia to

Oregon.

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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008)

The document describes recent pilot demonstrations

and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation

processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or

increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants

to improve their removal by other remediation

technologies.

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells

(EPA 542-R-98-009)

The report is one in a series of reports that document

recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale

applications that treat soil and groundwater in situ or

increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants

to improve their removal by other remediation

technologies. It is hoped that the information

provided will facilitate more frequent consideration of

new, less costly, and more effective technologies to

address the problems associated with hazardous

waste sites and petroleum contamination.

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers

(EPA 542-R-99-002)

One of a series of reports that summarize pilot

demonstrations and full-scale applications of

technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the

document presents profiles of a number of

applications of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the

extent the information is available, the name of the

site, its location, its characteristics, the principal

contaminants present, the installation date of the

PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design and

construction, the reactive materials used, and the

results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons

learned and lists a point of contact for obtaining

further information. A bibliography of articles and

documents related to PRBs also is included.

Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles

of Federally Funded Projects (EPA 542-R-98-020)

The document provides to researchers and

practitioners a status report on federal projects that

are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to

locate DNAPLs in the subsurface.

Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems:

Summary of Selected Cost and

Performance Information at SuperfundFinanced Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and

EPA 542-R-01-021b)

This report, which was published by EPA, summarizes

Phase 1 (the data collection phase) of the Nationwide

Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. The

first phase of this project identified a total of 88 Fundlead (EPA-lead and state-lead with Fund money) P&T

systems within the Superfund Program. System

identification was accomplished through use of online

databases and discussions with project liaisons in each

region. The number of Fund-lead P&T systems in EPA

regions ranged from zero in Region 8 to 22 in Region 2.

The report identifies the 88 Fund-lead P&T systems,

summarizes the information submitted by RPMs, and

presents the screening and selection of those systems to

receive remediation system evaluations (RSE). The EPA

542-R-01-021a report does not contain data appendices.

The “b” version of the report includes all appendices.

Ground-Water Remediation Technologies

Analysis Center Technology Reports

Developed by the Ground-Water

Remediation Technologies Analysis Center

(GWRTAC), various reports about

groundwater technologies and how they work are

available to assist decision-makers in reviewing

technology options and assessing a technology’s

applicability to a particular site. The Technical

Overview Reports are intended to provide general

overviews of and introductions to selected groundwater

technologies. More detailed information and technical

analyses are provided in the Technical Evaluation

Reports. Each of these reports provides a comprehensive

description of a specific technology, performance

information, information about its applicability and cost,

a discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and

issues, and a summary of lessons learned. The

Technology Status Reports are summary documents that

provide information about the status of and current

development efforts for specific emerging groundwater

technologies or address related topics. Examples of some

of the topics covered include air sparging, chlorinated

solvents, DNAPL remediation, electrokinetics, hydraulic

and pneumatic fracturing, in situ bioremediation, in situ

chemical treatment, in situ soil flushing, permeable

reactive wells, phytoremediation, groundwater

circulation wells, in situ S/S, in situ vitrification, LNAPL

remediation, perchlorate remediation, remediation of

metals, SVE and dual -phase extraction, thermal

enhancements, and treatment trains.
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Groundwater Remedies Selected at

Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022)

EPA prepared this report to document the

selection of groundwater treatment and

MNA remedies for Superfund remedial

action sites. The report presents data on groundwater

treatment and MNA remedy decisions and analyzes

trends in these decisions over time. The focus of this

report is on groundwater treatment and MNA

remedies that result in reduction of contaminant

concentrations or mobility. Groundwater

containment and other remedies are not addressed in

this report.

Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for

Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems

The report, contained in two separate volumes,

presents a screening analysis that users can use to

determine whether they can achieve significant cost

savings by altering key aspects of an existing or

planned P&T system. The first volume, intended for a

broad audience, describes the screening analysis,

which uses spreadsheets to allow quick and

inexpensive cost comparison of alternatives under

consideration for use at a site, in terms of net present

value (NPV). The second volume, intended for a more

technical audience, provides case study examples of

the application of hydraulic optimization at three

sites. Site-specific factors, as well as the steps

involved to conduct the analysis, are described in

detail. The following volumes are available:

– Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening Method and

Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-011A)

– Volume II: Application of Hydraulic Optimization

(EPA 542-R-99-011B)

In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal

Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report

(SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022)

The report, which was published by the U.S. Army

Environmental Center for ESTCP, provides an

overview of the current developmental status of

electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated

soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ

application of the technology and issues that require

further investigation. It also presents the results of a

field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons

Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the

in situ application of the technology at its current

stage of development.

In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated

Solvents: Fundamentals and Field

Applications (EPA 542-R-04-010)

This report, which was prepared by EPA,

contains information about the use of in

situ thermal treatment technologies to treat

chlorinated solvents in source zones containing freephase contamination or high concentrations of

contaminants that are either sorbed to soil or

dissolved in groundwater in the saturated or

unsaturated zone. The information in this report may

be helpful to site managers, site owners, treatment

technology vendors, regulators, consulting firms, and

others involved in the cleanup of sites contaminated

with chlorinated solvents. The report describes three

in situ thermal technologies: steam-enhanced

extraction, electrical resistive heating, and electrical

conductive heating. The report also discusses overall

applicability issues and engineering considerations

for the use of these technologies in the field.

In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments

The document provides a technology assessment

about in situ treatment technologies applicable for

cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to

provide federal agencies, states, consulting

engineering firms, private industries, and technology

developers with information on the current status of

this technology.

Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107)

The document provides a tool for regulators, owners,

neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the

applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The

document defines terms and provides a framework for

use in developing an understanding of

phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of

information obtained through research and

remediation work that has been done to date.

ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree

The document, which was produced by the ITRC

workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to

determine whether phytoremediation can be effective

at a given site. It is designed to complement existing

phytoremediation documents. It allows the user to

use basic information about a specific site, through a

flow chart layout, to decide whether

phytoremediation is feasible at that site.

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Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools

for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019)

The report provides a basic summary of tools in

current use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It

includes information gathered from a range of

currently available sources, including project

documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches,

and personal communication with parties involved in

such efforts.

Long-Term Performance of Permeable

Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent

Iron: An Evaluation at Two Sites

(Environmental Research Brief) (EPA

600-S-02-001)

This environmental research brief, which was

developed by EPA ORD, presents findings over the

past 4 years at two sites where detailed EPA

investigations have focused on the long-term

performance of PRBs. The document also examines

the field performance of multiple PRBs across the

United States.

Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated

Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)

The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific

audience and intended to assist federal, state, and

local regulators in educating the public about

complex environmental issues, explains what the

term “monitored natural attenuation” means when it

is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating

a contaminated site. It also describes the various

physical, chemical, and biological processes of

natural attenuation that may take place at a site

contaminated with chlorinated solvents and explains

how decision-makers evaluate the role of MNA at a

contaminated site.

Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum

Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)

The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific

audience and intended to assist federal, state, and

local regulators in educating the public about

complex environmental issues, explains what the

term “monitored natural attenuation” (MNA) means

when it is used to describe a potential strategy for

remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the

various physical, chemical, and biological processes

of natural attenuation that may take place at a site

contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and

explains how decision-makers evaluate the role of

MNA at a contaminated site.

MtBE Treatment Profiles

This Web site is sponsored jointly by

EPA’s OSRTI and OUST. The searchable

Web site contains data on almost 400

completed and ongoing applications of

MtBE treatment for drinking water and contaminated

media. The treatment profiles describe sites at which

technologies (both in situ and ex situ/aboveground)

have been used to treat MtBE in groundwater, soil,

and drinking water. The technologies include air

stripping and sparging, carbon adsorption,

bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in situ chemical

oxidation, SVE and dual-phase extraction, and P&T.

The profiles include active links to 18 case studies

that present more in-depth information about the

treatment sites. EPA encourages project managers,

site owners, and technology vendors to add new

MtBE treatment profiles to the Web site. Once

information is provided, it may be updated to add

more recent data, add data for more fields, or correct

errors in existing data.

Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA

542-R-99-004)

The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction

(MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and

groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of

MPE at sites at which contamination with

halogenated VOCs is present. The report describes

MPE technology and the various configurations used

for it, indicates the types of site conditions to which

MPE is applicable, and discusses the advantages and

potential limitations of the use of MPE at such sites.

In addition, the report provides information about

vendors of MPE and case studies that summarize cost

and performance data on applications of the

technology at three sites.

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in

Groundwater: Principles and Practices

The industrial members of the Bioremediation of

Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of

the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate upto-date scientific information about natural

attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of

the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the

development of cost-effective bioremediation

processes for degrading chlorinated solvents and to

achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those

processes as safe and effective. The document

provides a framework to be used in evaluating

natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs.
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74

Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface

under Methanogenic Conditions (EPA 600-R-00-006)

The document presents a case study conducted at the

former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support

Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case

study is intended to answer several questions: Can

MtBE be biodegraded under methanogenic conditions

in groundwater that was contaminated by a fuel

spill? Will biodegradation produce lower

concentrations of MtBE than those required under

regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in

the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of

MtBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is the

relationship between the degradation of MtBE and the

degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and

xylene (BTEX) compounds? What is the rate of

natural attenuation at the source area?

Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and

Mercury

The report assesses the current state of

phytoremediation as an innovative technology and

discusses its usefulness and potential in the

remediation of lead- and mercury-contaminated soils

found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and

disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected

market, and environmental concerns associated with

this new and innovative technology are discussed.

Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead

and mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects

are also provided.

Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for

Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)

The document provides information about PRBs in

terms of treatable contaminants, designs, feasibility

studies, and construction options. Summaries of

several current installations also are provided.

Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics

The report provides a summary of information about

PRBs for inorganics and a discussion of the current

status of such barriers. It contains information

gathered from a range of currently available sources,

including project documents, reports, periodicals, the

Internet, and personal communication with parties

involved in projects that use the barriers.

Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground

Water at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005)

The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional

Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise

discussion of the processes associated with the use of

phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment

technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites,

sediment, groundwater, surface water, and

wastewater.

Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003)

The document aids decision-makers in reviewing the

applicability of phytoremediation extraction

treatment technologies. The document also provides

access information on electronic resources and

hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and

provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent

resources, such as bibliographies, guidance

documents, workshop proceedings, overview

documents, study and test results, and test designs

and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation

treatment technology resource matrix that compares

the documents by technology type, affected media,

and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed

information on how to obtain the publications listed.

Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory

Guidance (Phyto-2)

The document, which was published by ITRC,

provides technical and regulatory guidance to help

regulators understand, evaluate, and make informed

decisions about phytotechnology proposals. The

document includes a description of

phytotechnologies and discussions of regulatory and

policy issues, technical requirements for

phytotechnologies, and concerns on the part of

stakeholders. It also provides case studies and

technical references.

Proven Alternatives for Aboveground

Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater

(EPA 542-S-02-002)

This issue paper, which was developed

for EPA’s Engineering Forum, identifies

and summarizes experiences with proven

aboveground treatment alternatives for arsenic in

groundwater and provides information on their

relative effectiveness and cost. The four technologies

included in the report are precipitation/

coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and

membrane filtration. The report describes the theory

and operation of each technology, provides available

project-specific performance and cost data, and

discusses limitations. The report also discusses

special considerations for retrofitting systems to meet

the lower arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL)

of 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L).

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Remediation Technology Cost Compendium

- Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009)

This cost compendium, which was

prepared by EPA’s OSRTI, captures current

information about the costs of the following

six remediation technologies: (1) bioremediation, (2)

thermal desorption, (3) SVE, (4) on-site incineration, (5)

groundwater P&T systems, and (6) PRBs. Cost data

were obtained from federal agency sources, including

case studies and reports prepared by the FRTR; DOE’s

Los Alamos National Laboratory; the USACE

Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center for

Expertise; and the U.S. Air Force Center for

Environmental Excellence (AFCEE). The report

includes six sections, each of which describes the cost

analysis for one of the six technologies. Each of the

sections includes a brief description of the technology,

a discussion of the methodology used in the cost

analysis, and the results of the cost analysis.

Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-010)

The report provides to interested stakeholders, such

as project managers, technology service providers,

consulting engineers, site owners, and the general

public, the most recent information about S/S

applications at Superfund sites as well as information

about trends in the use of the technology, specific

types of applications, and costs.

Study of Assessment and Remediation

Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites

Prepared by SCRD, with the support of

EPA’s OSRTI, the report presents the

results of the Coalition’s evaluation of

assessment and remediation technologies commonly

used in cleaning up dry cleaner sites. The evaluation

was based on the results of responses to

questionnaires sent to entities involved in such

cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in

detail. An appendix in the report provides

descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment

technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites.

Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems:

Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)

The document provides a summary of information

about subsurface barriers – vertical and horizontal –

with an emphasis on emerging and innovative

vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a

discussion of the current status of such barriers. The

report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely

provides an overview of the current work in the field

on subsurface barrier technologies drawn from

information gathered from a range of sources,

including project documents, reports, periodicals, the

Internet, and personal communication with parties

involved in projects that use such barriers.

Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term

Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance

Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002)

The document, which was compiled by EPA’s OSRTI,

summarizes the presentations made and workshops

conducted during a conference on improving long-term

monitoring (LTM) and the performance of remedial

systems. The conference, sponsored and developed by

FRTR, took place in St. Louis, Missouri, from June 8

through 11, 1999. The conference provided up-to-date

information about LTM and system optimization

through presentations and topical workshops.

Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer

Remediation (SEAR) Implementation

Manual (TR-2219-ENV)

This implementation manual, which was

prepared by Intera Inc. and NFESC, is

designed to familiarize RPMs, engineers, and scientists

working on environmental remediation projects with

the major tasks and planning parameters involved in

implementing an in situ surfactant flood or SEAR

project to remove DNAPLs. The manual is intended to

help users understand basic design and

implementation issues, attain remedial objectives, and

follow risk management methodologies and

approaches in order to avoid misapplication of

surfactant flooding for DNAPL removal.

A Systematic Approach to In Situ

Bioremediation in Groundwater,

Including Decision Trees for In Situ

Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon

Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate

This document, which was prepared by ITRC, provides

guidance for the systematic characterization, evaluation,

design, and testing efforts associated with implementing

in situ bioremediation (ISB) for a biotreatable

contaminant. It serves as guidance for regulators,

consultants, responsible parties, and stakeholders when

an ISB technology is being considered. This document

presents decision trees for reviewing, planning,

evaluating, and approving ISB systems for the saturated

subsurface and defines site parameters and appropriate

ranges of criteria for characterization, testing, design,

and monitoring efforts. The information provided in

this document will support ISB evaluation.
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Technical and Regulatory Guidance for

Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL

Source Zones

This guidance, which was prepared by

ITRC, provides technical and regulatory

information for those involved in selecting and

implementing surfactant and cosolvent flushing as a

remedial action for DNAPLs. The guidance describes

the technology and discusses the major factors that

need to be considered in evaluating design and

implementation work plans for surfactant and

cosolvent flushing of DNAPLs.

Technical and Regulatory Requirements for

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated

Solvents in Groundwater

The report, which was published by ITRC, describes

enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) and examines

the circumstances under which its application is

appropriate. It also discusses related regulatory and

policy issues, such as the ban under RCRA on land

disposal and technical requirements for

implementation of EISB.

Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other

Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009)

This report, which was developed by EPA’s

OSRTI, provides an overview of the

treatment technologies used to remediate

groundwater, soil, and drinking water contaminated

with MtBE and other fuel oxygenates. The treatment

methods discussed include air sparging, SVE, MPE, in

situ and ex situ bioremediation, in situ chemical

oxidation, P&T, and drinking water treatment.

Information in the report can be used to help evaluate

these technologies based on their effectiveness at

specific sites. The report summarizes available

performance and cost information for these

technologies, provides examples of where each has been

used, and identifies additional sources of information.

Technology Status Review: In Situ

Oxidation

This report, which was published by

ESTCP, provides a survey of sites where in

situ oxidation (ISO) has been used. The

overall objective of the project summarized in the report

was to assess the current status of ISO and determine

what additional information is needed to understand

the site conditions for which ISO is appropriate.

Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program

The federal UIC Program works with state and local

governments to prevent contamination of drinking

water resources caused by the underground injection

of waste. Among the wastes the UIC program

regulates are more than nine billion gallons of

hazardous waste every year; more than two billion

gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every

day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other

wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers.

Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for

Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/

Propellants and Pesticides - Status

Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002)

This status report, which was published

by EPA OSRTI, provides information about 79

phytotechnology projects conducted at sites in the

United States and Canada, including Superfund sites

and federal and military sites that are being

addressed under state, local, or voluntary cleanup

programs. These projects involved treatment of soil or

groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents,

metals, explosives and propellants, and pesticides.

The document is meant to be a networking tool for

federal, state, and industrial employees to share

lessons learned from and practical experiences with

field-scale applications of phytotechnology.



Course of Action

Result of the Review of

Cleanup Options

➡

➡ Proceed to the CLEANUP

DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION phase.

Determine whether revising

the redevelopment plan

remains a practicable option;

if so, proceed to the

CLEANUP DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION phase.

If contamination exists at

considerable levels,

compliance with other

programs, such as RCRA and

Superfund, may be required.

The proposed cleanup

option appears feasible.

No cleanup option

appears feasible in light

of the proposed

redevelopment and

land reuse needs (such

as project milestones

and cost and intended

reuse).

Where Do We Go from Here?

After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may

take any of the following courses of action:

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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State-mandated programs have had a major impact in turning

former dry cleaner sites into marketable properties. Soil and

groundwater contaminated by dry cleaning solvent are

associated with many of these sites. Resource and budget

constraints pose challenges to states as they undertake

assessment and pursue remediation of these properties. With

support from EPA’s OSRTI, the State Coalition for

Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) was established in

1998 to (1) provide a forum for exchange of information and

discussion of implementation issues related to established

state dry cleaner programs, (2) share information and lessons

learned, and (3) encourage the use

of innovative technologies in the

remediation of dry cleaner sites. The

coalition is made up of

representatives of states that have

established dry cleaner remediation

programs, including Alabama,

Connecticut, Florida, Illinois,

Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North

Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.

A subgroup of the coalition has

focused its efforts on conducting

research about state programs and

use of innovative technologies to

assess and remediate sites

contaminated with dry cleaning solvents. In its 2004 report,

Drycleaner Site Assessment and Remediation – A Technology

Snapshot (2003) the coalition reports the results of a 2002

survey performed to evaluate changes in use of innovative

technologies. Surveys such as these provide information in

the search for costefficient and technically

effective assessment and

remediation technologies.

Such studies as the one

performed at the Armen

Cleaners site in Ann Arbor,

Michigan, will continue to generate new information about

innovative analytical approaches. That study was successful in

building a collaborative data set to confirm the completeness of

vapor intrusion and ambient air pathways. The study also

better defined the extent of indoor air

contamination and identified potential

residential receptors of concern.

Overall, although EPA’s investigation

built upon previous data to delineate

significant sources of PCE at the site, it

also found that vapor and ambient air

concentrations of tetrachloroethene

(PCE) were fairly localized, dropping

quickly with distance from the site.

The project was unique in its

application of a number of innovative,

real-time analytical approaches as well

as its use of the Triad approach to

stress systematic planning and

dynamic work strategies in order to

expedite and improve site characterization and cleanup.

For more information, see the resources numbered

41, 72, 148, and 149 in the Index of Resources

beginning on page I-1.

STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS:

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup

A Quick Look

• Dry cleaners use chlorinated solvents,

particularly PCE, in their operations and

have contributed to contamination of soil

and groundwater at many brownfields sites.

• SCRD provides a forum for exchange of

information and lessons learned

regarding the use of innovative

technologies in the assessment and

remediation of dry cleaner sites.

• Innovative technologies are of particular

benefit at small dry cleaner sites because

limited funding for cleanup of such sites

is often an issue.

KEY RESOURCE

State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org

The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA’s OSRTI, provides extensive information about

state remediation programs and resources related to remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of

state programs and points of contact in member states are provided. Relevant publications,

regulations, and other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the

assessment and cleanup of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin may

be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states.

Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the United States are intended to assist users,

particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions regarding remediation of sites in their

states. Publications developed by SCRD, as well as state and federal resources that are pertinent to

issues associated with dry cleaner sites can be viewed online or downloaded at no charge.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

78

From the early 1800s through the mid-1900s,

manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were operated

nationwide to produce gas from coal or oil for lighting,

heating, and cooking. The gas manufacturing and

purification processes conducted at the plants yielded

gas plant residues that included tars, sludges, lampblack,

light oils, spent oxide wastes, and other hydrocarbon

products. Although many of the by-products were

recycled, excess residues remained at MGP sites. The

residues contain polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),

petroleum hydrocarbons,

benzene, cyanide, metals, and

phenols. The base

contaminant, coal tar, is

composed of a complex mixture

of PAHs that generally exhibit

low volatility, low solubility, and

low biodegradability.

Consequently, those

components are difficult to treat.

There are an estimated 3,000 to

5,000 former MGP sites across

the country; some of those sites

still are owned by the

successors to the utilities that

founded them. MGPs typically

were built on the outskirts of

cities that since have grown.

Today, therefore, the underused sites often are located in inner city areas, many of

which are being considered for redevelopment under the

Brownfields Program. The redevelopment of MGP sites

for reuse can help the utility industry turn potential

liabilities into assets. For example, in the city of Fort

Myers, Florida, a former MGP site was redeveloped into a

private, nonprofit museum and aquarium called the

Imaginarium.

As the business environment has spurred companies to

reassess land holdings and better manage environmental

concerns, the MGP sites have become a central focus.

Many companies are investigating and remediating such

sites. The similarities in the configuration of the sites and

in the contaminants found at them provide opportunities

to apply innovative

approaches that benefit

from economies of

scale. Former MGP sites

offer an ideal opportunity

to apply tools and

technologies that expedite site

characterization and source remediation.

Thermal desorption has been used successfully to

remediate soils that contain MGP

wastes (for example, lampblack and

coal tar), achieving reductions of

more than 98 percent in

concentrations of PAHs; total

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH);

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and

xylene (BTEX) compounds; and

cyanide. Performance data have

demonstrated that less than 10 parts

per billion (ppb) of residual PAHs

and cyanides can be achieved

through the application of thermal

desorption. Other technologies that

have proven successful in

remediating MGP wastes include coburning in utility boilers, recycling in

road beds, in situ bioremediation,

landfarming, and soil washing.

Because former MGP sites are

prevalent and represent a large area of unused land with

complex remedy needs, new technologies are being

encouraged and field-tested to demonstrate their technical

feasibility. Opportunities exist to demonstrate and refine

new assessment and remediation technologies that can

assist in expediting cleanup processes that can place

these contaminated sites back into productive use.

For more information, see the resource numbered

139 in the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:

Emerging Remediation Technologies

A Quick Look

• Although MGPs have closed and most

have been demolished, such facilities

have left a legacy of environmental

contamination.

• Releases of coal tars, oils, and

condensates produced in MGP plants

contributed to a wide range of

contamination with PAHs, phenols,

benzene, and cyanide.

• As utilities discover more MGP sites,

they are faced with the need to identify

cost-effective, environmentally safe, and

innovative approaches for the

characterization and remediation of

those sites.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 79

Phytoremediation includes the use of plants and natural

processes to remediate or stabilize hazardous wastes in

soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting

as filters or traps, plants can degrade organic pollutants,

extract metal contaminants, or contain and stabilize the

movement of contaminants. Phytoremediation first was

tested actively at waste sites in the early 1990s, and use of

the approach has been increasing. Phytoremediation has

been implemented on a full or demonstration scale at

more than 200 sites nationwide. As the number of

projects grows, new information about the cost and

performance of phytoremediation

will become available.

Phytoremediation provides many

advantages because it has the

potential to work at a broad variety

of sites and on myriad

contaminants involving potentially

less costs than other options.

Types of sites at which

phytoremediation has been

applied with some degree of

success in cleaning up the sites

include pipelines, industrial and

municipal landfills, agricultural

fields, wood treatment sites,

military installations, fuel storage

tank farms, army ammunition plants, sewage treatment

plants, and mining sites.

Phytoremediation is being tested and evaluated for its

effectiveness in treating a wide array of contaminants

found at brownfields sites. Current results indicate that

plants have the potential to enhance remediation of

petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAH), PCBs, chlorinated solvents, heavy

metals, and pesticide waste. In addition to providing a

long-term solution, phytoremediation is an excellent

option for providing an interim solution for containing the

spread of contaminants and beginning the treatment

process. Phytoremediation does not require the

excavation of soil, and its application may require only

minimal material handling. Further, phytoremediation can

have a positive effect on the aesthetic character of a site,

may be an attractive alternative for use at large sites at

which other methods of remediation are not cost-effective

or practical, and can

be used in

conjunction with

other technologies

when the

redevelopment and land

use plans for the site include

the use of vegetation.

Decision-makers at brownfields sites at which there are

relatively low concentrations of contaminants (that is,

organics, nutrients, or metals) over a

large cleanup area and in shallow

soils, streams, and groundwater

should consider the use of

phytoremediation. Phytoremediation

also may be considered for use in

conjunction with other technologies

when redevelopment and land use

plans for a site include the use of

vegetation. Among the types of

plants used for phytoremediation are

hybrid poplar, willow, and

cottonwood trees; rye, Bermuda,

sorghum, and fescue grasses;

legumes (clover, alfalfa, and

cowpeas); aquatic and wetland

plants (water hyacinth and bullrush);

and hyperaccumulators for metals (such as alpine

pennycress for zinc or alyssum for nickel). If levels of

contamination are so high that the concentrations of

contaminants are toxic to plants (phytotoxic),

phytoremediation may not be an effective treatment option.

Because phytoremediation has been used more frequently

on a demonstration-scale basis, site owners may find it

necessary to show its potential applicability and efficacy

on a site-specific basis. Doing so may require an up-front

commitment of time and resources to demonstrate that the

performance of phytoremediation is comparable to the

performance of traditionally accepted technology options.

However, such an investment ultimately could save site

owners significant amounts of money when they clean up

their properties for redevelopment. In recent years, EPA

has compiled new information to assist site decisionmakers who may be reluctant to use phytotechnology

PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

A Growing Field

A Quick Look

• An aesthetically pleasing, passive

cleanup technology powered by solar

energy.

• A technology that is most useful at sites

at which shallow, low levels of

contamination are present.

• A cost-effective technology that has the

potential to clean up a wide variety of

brownfields sites.

• Can also be used for other functions

related to site cleanup, such as erosion

control and runoff control.

Continued on next page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

80

Continued ... PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

A Growing Field

because of the limited amount of information about its use

at actual field-scale projects. In a recent paper, Use of

Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents,

Metals, Explosives and Propellants, and Pesticides

STATUS UPDATE (April 2005), EPA provides information

on phytotechnology applications and identifies such

examples as the Edward Sears property that was used from

the mid-1960s to the early 1990s for the repackaging and

sale of paints, adhesives, paint thinners, and various

military surplus materials. Groundwater at the site was

contaminated with a variety of solvents, including

methylene chloride, trimethylbenzene, TCE, and xylenes.

A field demonstration of phytotechnology using hybrid

poplars to clean up shallow groundwater at the site was

performed beginning in 1996. Substantial reductions in

contaminant concentrations have been reported. For

example, data covering the period from 1995 to 2004

shows that concentrations of methylene chloride was

reduced from as high as 6,700 ìg/L to below detection;

trimethylbenze from as high as 1,890 to 730 ìg/L; and TCE

from as high as 510 to 46 ìg/L. Groundwater monitoring is

ongoing at the site.

In addition to the document discussed above, other

resources are available at www.epa.gov/tio/

pubitech.htm including:

Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using

Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006),

July 2001

Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003),

June 1999

For more information, see the resources numbered

13, 23, 29, 32, 59, 95, 96, 115, 118, 119, 120, and

164 in the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 81

It is estimated that billions of dollars will be spent by

the private and public sector to clean up sites

contaminated with DNAPL. Denser than water,

DNAPLs tend to sink through the water table and form

a product pool on top of such impermeable soil layers

as clay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate laterally

through fractures in bedrock. Numerous variables

influence fate and transport of DNAPLs in the

subsurface, and it can be difficult to predict the path

DNAPLs will take.

Because of these properties,

DNAPLs act as a continuing

source of contamination.

DNAPLs may cause serious,

long-term contamination of

groundwater and pose a

significant challenge to cleanup

of the site, especially for

established technologies such

as pump-and-treat. At sites

with significant DNAPL

contamination, pump-and-treat

systems may require several

hundreds of years to clean up

the groundwater.

Sites likely contaminated with

DNAPLs include dry cleaning

facilities, wood preservation

sites, MGP sites, and solvent sites (industrial

operations using large quantities of solvents as well as

solvent disposal and recovery sites).

To accelerate the development and implementation of

innovative technologies for remediating DNAPLs in

groundwater, the Interagency DNAPL consortium

(IDC) was formed. The consortium has developed a

national action plan that proposes collaborative

efforts among federal agencies, private sector

entities, and responsible parties in research and

development, technology demonstrations, and fullscale technology deployment to reduce the perceived

risk associated with

innovative

technologies. The

interagency

agreement supports

the testing of new and

existing technologies in sideby-side demonstrations to compare cost and

performance data that will be used to expedite

regulatory acceptance and use of innovative remedial

technologies at other sites.

EPA continues to support the

evaluation and application of

technologies for the assessment

and remediation of sites

contaminated with DNAPLs. In

DNAPL Remediation: Selected

Projects Approaching Regulatory

Closure STATUS UPDATE (EPA

542-R-04-016) (November

2004), EPA provides information

on the challenges of DNAPL

characterization and remediation,

and overview of DNAPL

remediation technologies, a

description of DNAPL

remediation projects, and a

summary of findings.

For more information, see the resources numbered

30, 40, 73, 90 (specifically the case study titled

“Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste

Sites”), 94, and 158 in the Index of Resources

beginning on page I-1.

CLEANUP OF DNAPLS:

A Widespread Challenge

A Quick Look

• Most commonly occurring DNAPLs

typically are industrial chlorinated solvents

such as TCE, PCE, and carbon tetrachloride

(CCl4). Other prevalent DNAPLs include

creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and

PAH coal tars.

• DNAPLs are present at 60 to 70 percent of

the Superfund NPL sites.

• Among the number of innovative

technologies that are demonstrating

success and providing promising results

in reducing DNAPL contamination are in

situ thermal treatment, in situ chemical

oxidation, and ISB.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

82

CLEANUP DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION

The cleanup design and implementation phase

focuses on developing and carrying out a cleanup

plan to prepare the property for redevelopment and

reuse. The design of the cleanup plan and

implementation of the technology options selected in

the previous phase involves close coordination with

all other redevelopment efforts in the immediate

vicinity of the site.

Factors that should be considered during the design

and implementation of cleanup activities include:

1. Are there federal, state, local, and tribal

requirements for the design, installation, and

monitoring of cleanup activities?

2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work can

be stopped when cleanup goals are reached?

3. How best can the community participate in the

design and implementation of the cleanup plan?

4. What can be done to protect the community and

other property during cleanup?

5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting

redevelopment project deadlines? Can

redevelopment activities (such as renovation of

existing buildings and construction of roads and

sewage systems) be performed concurrently with

cleanup activities?

6. What are the long-term effects of the selected

technology on the liability or on the future use of

the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic

change to the environment (for example, a

hurricane or changes to the subsurface)?

7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how

will it be managed?

8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder

redevelopment? Now? In the future?

Develop and Carry Out Detailed

Cleanup Plans for the Site

What Do We Need to Know?

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 83

How Do We Find the Answers?

Typical activities that may be conducted during this

phase include:

• Review all applicable federal, state, local, and

tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to

determine all specific requirements, including

guidelines for state VCPs

• Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are being properly addressed:

– Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and

tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the

decision-making process as early as possible

– Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to

identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs

• Develop conceptual plans for cleanup and

subsequent monitoring that incorporate

technology options and consider the effect of any

cleanup activities on the proposed reuse of the

property and the schedule for project design or

construction:

– Develop or review the schedule for completion of the

project

– Obtain a final amount for the funds available for

project development

– Coordinate the renovation and construction of

infrastructure with cleanup activities

– Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,

construction firms, and members of the local

community

• Establish contingency plans to address the

discovery of additional contamination during

cleanup, including tools such as environmental

insurance policies

• Develop procedures for community participation,

for example, by working with community advisory

boards or local redevelopment authorities

• Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and

performance of the technology selected

• Work with the state VCP, if applicable, and/or

county or local officials to facilitate the placement

and implementation of institutional controls

Listed below are examples of technology resources

that provide information about cleanup designs and

implementations including regulatory guidelines and

community outreach materials. In addition,

technologies identified during the site investigation

phase may be appropriate to monitor cleanup

performance and close-out. The Resources are listed

alphabetically for the following categories:

A. Resources for Cleanup Design and Implementation

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design and

Implementation

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design

and Implementation

Access the Road Map online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the

following resources electronically or to obtain a link

that provides complete ordering information.

A. Resources for Cleanup Design and

Implementation

The documents listed below are resources that

provide general information about the availability of

technology resources in the form of bibliographies

and status reports. Online searchable databases also

are included.

Characterization of Mine Leachates and the

Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring

Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007)

The objective of the research project was to develop a

better understanding of the composition of mine

waste leachates and to identify cost-effective

groundwater monitoring parameters that could be

incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably

detect the migration of contaminants from hard rock

mining operations.

Citizen’s Guides to Understanding

Innovative Treatment Technologies

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide

site managers with nontechnical outreach

materials that they can share with

communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides

present information on innovative technologies that

have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites,

Where Do We Find Answers to Our

Technology Questions?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

84

provide overviews of the technologies, and present

success stories about sites at which innovative

technologies have been applied. Both English and

Spanish versions of the guides are available. The

guides contain information on the following subjects:

– NEW! Activated carbon treatment (EPA 542-F-01-020)

– NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016)

– Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)

– NEW! Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022)

– NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010)

– Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)

– Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)

– In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)

– In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01-012)

– NEW! Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018)

– Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004)

– Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)

– Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)

– NEW! Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025)

– NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-023)

– Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)

– NEW! Solidification/Stabilization (EPA 542-F-01-024)

– NEW! Solvent extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009)

– Soil vapor extraction and air sparging

(EPA 542-F-01-006)

– Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)

– NEW! Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01-017)

Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and

Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004)

This fact sheet, compiled by EPA OSWER,

provides an overview of technical and

health issues regarding vapor intrusion

into indoor air and its effect on land redevelopment.

The fact sheet discusses how to anticipate the

potential for vapor intrusion; evaluate the extent of

the problem; and prevent or correct the problem.

Directory of Technical Assistance for Land

Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)

BTSC has prepared this directory to

provide information about technical

assistance that is available from federal

agencies to assist regional, state, and local

government personnel in making assessment and

cleanup decisions for brownfields, reuse, and

revitalization sites. This directory includes

information about 37 organizations within 10 federal

agencies that provide different types of support to

help with site assessment and cleanup, including

technical support and funding sources. Profiles are

included for these agencies and organizations and

contain the following types of information:

background and location information, relevancy to

revitalization, description of the areas of expertise

available, discussion of the types of services

available, types of funding available and eligibility,

contact information and the process for requesting

assistance, and examples of specific instances in

which the organization has previously provided

support relevant to site revitalization. Information in

the profiles is believed to be current as of March 2003.

To help maintain current information, the directory is

available as an online searchable database at

www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory.

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable

Database

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases

sponsored by EPA’s OSRTI is a service provided free

of charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA

REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.

This database provides users with comprehensive,

up-to-date information about more than 254

characterization technologies and 484 remediation

technologies and their applications. It combines

information submitted by technology service

providers about remediation and characterization

technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE,

and state project managers about sites at which

innovative technologies are being deployed. During

the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA

REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to

learn about and become familiar with the range of

available technology options that can be employed

during the investigation and the cleanup phases that

follow, as well as data about various types of sites.

Information about analytical screening technologies

that may be useful for initial sampling of a site also is

provided. EPA updates all of the information

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 85

available in the system about every six months.

Technology vendors may also add or update

information in EPA REACH IT at any time through

the Data Entry System or by submitting information

by mail. You can search the EPA REACH IT system

in several ways. Various search options are available

for a user on the home page, including Custom

Search; Spotlight; Most Common Searches; Saved

Searches; Guided Search; and Vendor, Technology,

and Site Index. For questions about whether a

technology is eligible for listing in EPA REACH IT,

the user may contact the EPA REACH IT help line at

(800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an e-mail to

epareachit@ttemi.com.

Federal Remediation Technologies

Roundtable Case Studies

The case studies provide the user with

information about specific characterization

and remediation, technology optimization

applications. Four focus areas have been established

by FRTR for providing performance and cost

information on technology applications: remediation

case study reports, characterization and monitoring

case study reports, technology assessment reports,

and LTM/optimization case study reports. FRTR

case studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S.

Navy, the U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The

case studies focus on full-scale and large field

demonstration projects and include site background

information, technology description, cost and

performance information, and lessons learned. The

technologies include innovative and conventional

treatment technologies for contaminated soil,

groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the

case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste

management practices that contribute to

contamination, and treatment systems.

Federal Remediation Technologies

Roundtable Remediation Optimization

Web Site

Remediation process optimization (RPO)

involves systematic monitoring and

evaluation to detect and respond to changes in

remedial system performance. System optimization

offers benefits that include enhanced protectiveness,

reduced cost, shortened cleanup times, and the

increased likelihood of site close-out. The Web site

includes a searchable database of optimization case

studies, meeting and conference materials from events

related to remediation system optimization, general

optimization tools and processes, descriptions of

broad-based optimization projects, definitions of

optimization acronyms, and a list of RPO points of

contact. Monitoring optimization includes

approaches for increasing efficiency, reducing cost,

identifying uncertainty, and increasing reliability of

long-term monitoring. Simulation optimization

involves the use of mathematical optimization

techniques coupled with groundwater simulation

models to determine optimal pumping locations and

rates for plume containment and/or cleanup.

Treatment technology optimization includes

information on specific in situ and ex situ remedial

technologies.

Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous

Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring

The report introduces a new standard promoted by

EPA’s OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more

effective and less costly strategies for characterizing

and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new

approach uses an integrated triad of systematic

planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis

for data collection and technical decision-making at

hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the

concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been

demonstrated that the integrated approach completes

projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory

and client satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach. The report includes a list of additional

resources regarding innovative technologies and site

characterization.

Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s Guide to

Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional

Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action

Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005)

The fact sheet provides site managers and decisionmakers at Superfund and RCRA corrective action

sites with an overview of the types of institutional

controls that commonly are used or implemented and

outlines the factors that generally should be

considered when evaluating and selecting

institutional controls as part of the remedy. The fact

sheet also provides guidance to the public and the

regulated community in the matter of how EPA

intends to evaluate and implement institutional

controls as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed

descriptions of the different types of institutional

controls are provided, as are a glossary and a

checklist for implementing institutional controls.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

86

OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating

the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air

Pathway from Groundwater and Soils

(Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance)

This draft guidance, issued by EPA

OSWER, provides current technical and policy

recommendations on determining if the vapor

intrusion pathway poses an unacceptable risk to

human health at cleanup sites. At the time of issuing

this draft guidance, OSWER has recommended its use

at RCRA Corrective Action sites, Superfund sites and

brownfields sites, but not for UST sites. The draft

document is intended to serve as an aid in evaluating

the potential for human exposure from the vapor

intrusion pathway given the state-of-the-science at

this time. EPA believes that the document provides

relevant information and guidance currently

available on the issue of vapor intrusion.

Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields

Sites

This background document, prepared by

the ITRC, is designed to help stakeholders

involved with redevelopment projects to

develop a consistent approach to vapor intrusion

evaluation, regulatory approval, and deployment of

specific technologies at specific sites. The document

provides an overview of vapor intrusion, the type of

contaminants that may have vapor intrusion potential,

the possibility of brownfields sites to have indoor air

exposure from vapor intrusion, and the steps that can

be taken to limit such exposure. The document

provides an international perspective on the problem

by including information about vapor intrusion

problems and case studies of affected sites in Germany.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design

and Implementation

Listed below are case studies and other resources that

provide information and lessons learned from the

application of innovative technologies to specific

contaminants and site types.

Naval Air Station Pensacola,

Optimization of RAO to Treat

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in

Groundwater

This summary report, which was

prepared by NFESC, describes LTM cost reductions

associated with reducing sampling frequency and the

number of constituents being analyzed for. The U.S.

Navy, in conjunction with regulators, optimized

remedial action operation (RAO) at a former sludge

drying bed and surge pond site at Naval Air Station

(NAS) Pensacola in Florida. The RAO resulted in

improvements in the monitoring program, a

modification to the remedial strategy, accelerated site

cleanup, and significant cost savings.

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In

Situ Chemical Oxidation)

During the early 1990s, a plume of

chlorinated solvents was discovered in

groundwater moving toward a residential

area located near Site 11, Old Camden County

Landfill, Naval Submarine Base (NSB), Kings Bay,

Georgia. To prevent further off-site contamination, a

P&T system was designed and installed to

hydraulically contain the plume at the perimeter of

the landfill and adjacent to the residential area. An

RAO modification reduced long-term P&T for

hydraulic containment to a period of less than 2

months after chemical oxidation treatments.

Additionally, this modification resulted in savings of

more than several million dollars over the life of the

remedy. NFESC compiled the summary report to

describe system optimization, such as implementing

in situ chemical oxidation in addition to P&T in order

to reduce contaminant concentrations in source areas.

MNA was implemented to address residual

concentrations.

Pilot Project to Optimize SuperfundFinanced Pump and Treat Systems:

Summary Report and Lessons Learned

(EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u)

This report, which was compiled by

EPA, summarizes Phase II (site optimization) of the

Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat

Optimization Project. This phase included

conducting RSEs at the 20 sites selected in Phase I

with the purpose of providing recommendations to

improve remedy effectiveness, reduce remedy costs,

improve technical operations, and gain site closeout. RSEs at 4 of the 20 P&T systems (two in

Region 4 and two in Region 5) were previously

conducted as part of a demonstration project

completed in 2000. The RSE process was

developed by USACE.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 87

Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of

Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold

Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida,

September 1998

Gold Coast Oil Corporation operated as a

spent oil and solvent recovery facility from 1970 to

1982 near Miami, Florida, and discharged chlorinated

solvents directly onto the soil. DNAPL was also

observed in groundwater at this site. The case study

report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the

P&T extraction system, including enlarging two

extraction wells, shutting down the system for 4

months, conducting air sparging in source areas, and

adding peroxide to wells for a certain period of time.

The report describes the results and cost of

implementing these modifications at the site.

Cleanup standards were met at this site within

approximately 4 years after the system modifications.

Pump and Treat and In Situ

Bioremediation of Contaminated

Groundwater at French Limited

Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas,

September 1998

The French Limited site was used as a disposal site

for industrial waste material that included

chlorinated solvents and organic contaminants such

as benzene and chloroform. Active remediation was

conducted at the site from January 1992 through

December 1995 using groundwater extraction and

above-ground treatment; enhanced aquifer flushing

through pressure injection of clean water; and

accelerated ISB through the addition of oxygen,

phosphorus, and nitrate. Source control was

achieved through installation of sheet-pile walls

around lagoon and DNAPL source areas. The case

study report prepared by EPA describes modifications

to the treatment system, including adding a second

sheet-pile wall around DNAPL. The report also

describes the results and cost of implementing these

modifications at the site.

Pump and Treat and In Situ

Bioremediation of Contaminated

Groundwater at the Libby Groundwater

Superfund Site, Libby, Montana,

September 1998

The Libby site is a former wood-treating facility where

widespread creosote and PCP contamination was

observed. The remedial strategy at this site was to

address the source area by removing the NAPL and to

stimulate bioremediation in the downgradient upperaquifer plume. The three components of the aquifer

remedial system included a source area extraction

system, an intermediate injection system, and a

boundary injection system. The case study report

prepared by EPA describes modifications to the

extraction and treatment system, including converting

to low-shear pumps, abandoning four extraction

wells and constructing a new one, and replacing a

peroxide aeration system for ISB of source water with

a bubbleless system. The report also describes the

results and cost of implementing these modifications

at the site.

Pump and Treat and Permeable

Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated

Groundwater at the Former Intersil,

Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California,

September 1998

The Former Intersil, Inc., site housed a semiconductor

manufacturer that caused groundwater in the area to

be contaminated with chlorinated solvents. A P&T

system was operated at this site from 1987 until 1995.

After the mass removal by the P&T system had

asymptotically declined, a PRB was selected as an

alternative technology. The case study report

prepared by EPA describes modifications to the P&T

system, including upgrading the system and

switching to a PRB in 1995. The report also describes

the results and cost of implementing these two

technologies at the site.

Pump and Treat of Contaminated

Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood

Products Superfund Site, Mena,

Arkansas, September 1998

The Mid-South Wood Products site was

contaminated with PCP, PAHs, and heavy metals.

DNAPL and LNAPL were observed in groundwater

at the site. The case study report developed by EPA

describes modifications to the site extraction and

treatment system, including removing five extraction

wells, continuously adjusting the pumping schedule

for the extraction wells, and adding a carbon

treatment system for 1 year. The system optimization

was performed after 8 years of systems operation, and

groundwater contamination was reduced to one

localized area of concern. The report also describes

the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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88

Pump and Treat of Contaminated

Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana

Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina,

September 1998

The SCRDI Dixiana site, a former

industrial waste storage facility contaminated with

chlorinated solvents, provided a cleanup challenge

because of its complex hydrogeology. The case study

report compiled by EPA describes modifications to the

site extraction and treatment system, including

adding a collection trench, reducing the number of

extraction wells by five, and replacing the tower airstripper with a shallow air stripper. The report also

describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at

the site.

Pump and Treat of Contaminated

Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits

Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri,

September 1998

The Solid State Circuits site is a former

manufacturing facility contaminated with chlorinated

solvents. The groundwater, which was characterized

as a leaky artesian system occurring in karst

formations with shallow and deep bedrock zones,

posed a cleanup challenge. A P&T system was

operated at the site for several years, but cleanup

goals were not achieved. Hence, the system had to be

modified in order to enhance its performance. The

case study report prepared by EPA describes

modifications to the extraction and treatment system,

including adding three extraction wells off site to

contain the plume and electronically linking the air

stripper blower to transfer pumps so that the blower

would shut off when the pumps were not operating.

The report also describes the results and cost of

implementing P&T at the site.

Pump and Treat of Contaminated

Groundwater at the United Chrome

Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon,

September 1998

The United Chrome Superfund site is a

former industrial hard chrome plating facility where

chromium contamination was widespread. The case

study report prepared by EPA describes modifications

to the site extraction and treatment system, including

turning off some extraction wells, flushing some

areas, sending untreated water to a Publicly Owned

Treatment Works (POTW), and injecting deep aquifer

water into the upper aquifer. The report also

describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at

the site.

Pump and Treat of Contaminated

Groundwater at the Western Processing

Superfund Site, Kent, Washington,

September 1998

The Western Processing site was operated

as a waste processing facility from 1961 to 1983. Over

400 businesses transported industrial wastes to the

site to be stored, reclaimed, or buried. The original

approach to groundwater treatment at this site was

an aggressive effort to fully restore the site to its

original condition within 7 years. Restoration was a

priority, and high costs were incurred to achieve this

goal, including high P&T system operating costs.

After 8 years of P&T, the goal of restoration was

changed to containment based on the technical

impracticability of achieving full restoration. This

case study report prepared by EPA describes

modifications to extraction and treatment system,

including discontinuing operation of 210 shallow

well points, installing deep wells, and adding metal

precipitation to the treatment system. The report also

describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at

the site.

Remedial Action Operation Optimization

Case Study: Eastern Groundwater

Plume, New Brunswick, Maine

This case study report, which was

prepared by NFESC, includes an

effectiveness evaluation for the Eastern Groundwater

Plume P&T system at NAS Brunswick in Maine. The

primary purpose of the evaluation is to assess the

ongoing RAO program for this system and to provide

recommendations for attainment of site remedial

action objectives and site closure.

Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural

Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in

Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128)

The report provides guidance for

environmental managers about the steps

that must be taken to understand the rate and extent

to which natural processes are reducing contaminant

concentrations at sites that are contaminated by

chlorinated solvents. Data collected with this

protocol can be used to evaluate natural attenuation

through biological processes as part of a protective

overall site remedy. The protocol is the result of a

collaborative field and laboratory research effort

involving researchers from EPA ORD, the U.S. Air

Force, and the U.S. Geological Survey.

Access resources at www.brownfieldstsc.org
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 89

Course of Action

Consult with the

appropriate regulatory

officials before proceeding

with redevelopment

activities.

Continue cleanup

activities. However, you

may have to return to the

SITE INVESTIGATION

phase to determine the

extent and nature of

the contamination.

Return to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase

to collect after-performance

samples for monitoring

cleanup.

Result of Cleanup

Contamination has

been removed,

contained,

or controlled.

Additional

contamination has

been discovered.

Long-term

monitoring of

cleanup and

performance of the

technology is

required.

➡

➡

➡



Where Do We Go from Here?

After you have completed cleanup, you may take one

of the following courses of action:
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

90

Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile chemicals from

the subsurface into overlying buildings. Vapor intrusion

is typically associated with releases of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) such as petroleum products and

chlorinated solvents to soil and groundwater from former

gas stations, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, and

industrial facilities. VOCs in

buried wastes and contaminated

groundwater can emit vapors that

may migrate through the

subsurface into air spaces of

overlying buildings through

foundation cracks, holes in

concrete floors, and small gaps

around pipes and utility lines.

Certain site characteristics such as

the presence of a high water table

or fractured bedrock can increase

the likelihood of vapor intrusion.

Vapor intrusion is an emerging

concern at brownfields sites. The

underground contaminant vapors

can act as hidden sources of contamination that may not be

detected during the due diligence process for property

transfers. Redevelopment of older buildings with damaged

foundations can increase the potential for vapor intrusion. In

extreme cases, the vapors may accumulate in dwellings or

occupied buildings to levels that may pose near-term safety

hazards, acute health effects or aesthetic problems. In most

VAPOR INTRUSION

Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance

A Quick Look

• Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile

chemicals from the subsurface into

overlying buildings.

• Vapor intrusion is an emerging concern at

brownfields sites.

• Several strategies have been developed to

reduce or eliminate indoor air contaminant

concentrations using source control of the

contaminant of concern, improving

ventilation in buildings, air treatment

methods, and land use controls.

• Savings can be realized when controls are

addressed prior to redevelopment.

cases, however, the

chemical concentrations

are low, or depending on

site-specific conditions,

vapors may not be present at

detectable concentrations.

Some states along with EPA have

developed methods to screen for

sites with potential vapor

intrusion concerns. Several

strategies have been developed to

reduce or eliminate indoor air

contaminant concentrations

including source remediation, as

well as building-specific

engineering (e.g., improved

ventilation) and land use controls.

While all exposure controls may

need ongoing operation,

maintenance and monitoring,

considerable savings can be

realized when controls such as

vapor barriers, or active and passive venting systems, are

included prior to redevelopment.

For additional information, visit: www.epa.gov/

epaoswer/hazwaste/ca/eis/vapor.htm,

www.itrcweb.org/Documents/BRNFLD-1.pdf,

and http://iavi.rti.org.

EPA Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance

On November 29, 2002 (67 FR 71169), EPA published the Draft Guidance For Evaluating The Vapor Intrusion to Indoor

Air Pathway From Groundwater And Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance). The draft guidance is intended to

provide a tool to conduct a screening evaluation as to whether or not the vapor intrusion exposure pathway is complete

and to determine whether it poses an unacceptable risk to human health. It is not intended to provide

recommendations for delineating extent of risk or eliminating risk. The draft guidance provides a three-tiered approach

to evaluating the vapor intrusion pathway: Primary Screening, Secondary Screening, and Site-Specific Pathway

Assessment. Each tier contains a set of questions that aid in the determination of whether a vapor intrusion pathway is

complete. A complete pathway means that humans are exposed to vapors originating from site contamination. For

those sites determined to have a complete pathway, the draft guidance provides ways to evaluate whether the pathway

poses a potential significant risk to human health. If a site is determined to have an incomplete vapor intrusion

pathway, further consideration of the current site situation generally should not be needed. In addition to brownfields

sites, this draft guidance is suitable for use at RCRA Corrective Action and Superfund sites.

A copy of the draft guidance, a fact sheet, and other background information is available at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/

hazwaste/ca/eis/vapor.htm.
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 91

Institutional controls (ICs) are administrative and legal

restrictions or limitations placed on the use of a site to

minimize potential exposure to chemicals of concern or to

prevent activities that might interfere with the effectiveness of

a response action. Institutional controls are vital elements of

response alternatives because they influence and

supplement the physical component of the remedy to be

implemented. On one hand, the right combination of ICs is

necessary to ensure the protectiveness of the remedy and

may be critical for obtaining the liability protections under the

Brownfields Law; on the other hand, the wrong combination

of institutional controls can be a real or perceived

impediment to reuse of a site. ICs

provide an added measure of

protectiveness at contaminated sites

and are not a substitute for

thorough investigation and cleanup.

The use of ICs must be carefully

considered when weighing

remedial options as their use may

entail a long-term financial and

administrative burden to ensure

effectiveness and may be a

disincentive to prospective

purchasers and developers.

The Small Business Liability Relief

and Brownfields Revitalization Act addresses ICs at

brownfields sites in two sections. First, in Section 104,

Subtitle A, local governments are permitted to use up to 10

percent of a grant to enforce institutional controls or monitor

population health effects. Thus, local governments can now

use EPA funds to enforce ICs. The Act also makes

compliance with ICs and land use restrictions a prerequisite

for landowner liability protection. Subtitle B of the Act

establishes three landowner liability defenses: the bona fide

prospective purchaser defense, the contiguous landowner

liability defense, and the innocent landowner defense. To

qualify for any of these defenses, the landowner must

demonstrate its compliance with land use restrictions that

were part of or connected with a response action. A

landowner must also show that it has not impeded the

effectiveness or integrity of ICs established in connection

with a response action to qualify for liability protection.

The term “institutional control” can be applied to a wide

spectrum of legal and administrative measures. In general,

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL

CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

A Quick Look

• Institutional controls are administrative and

legal mechanisms that are intended to reduce

exposure to residual contamination and

protect the integrity of a remedy at a former

industrial facility or waste disposal sites.

• The role of institutional controls is an

important consideration during the cleanup

of a brownfields site.

• Examples of institutional controls include

covenants, recorded deed notices,

restrictions, and advisories.

mechanisms for creating

ICs can be divided into

four categories:

• Proprietary controls

• Governmental controls

• Enforcement and permit mechanisms

with IC components

• Informational tools

Proprietary controls are unique because they are based on

real property law. Examples of proprietary controls include

covenants, which are written contracts that can prohibit

specific types of development or

construction on the land, and

easements, which can grant

property access or restrict the

owner to land uses that are

compatible with the intended use.

Governmental controls involve

restrictions that generally fall within

the traditional police powers of

state and local governments.

Examples of governmental controls

include zoning, by which

restrictions can be imposed

through the local zoning or land

use planning authority that limit property access and prohibit

disturbance of the response action; well drilling

prohibitions; and ordinances for building permit processes

and master planning activities.

Another common type of IC is enforcement mechanisms.

Such ICs include administrative orders, consent decrees, and

RCRA permits that require a landowner, usually a potentially

responsible party (PRP), to limit certain activities at a site. These

ICs are used most frequently for CERCLA and RCRA cleanups.

The final category of ICs is informational tools.

Informational tools provide information about residual or

capped contamination or provide notification that such

contamination may remain on site or that a remedy has

been undertaken. Typical examples of these tools include

state registries of contaminated properties, deed notices,

and advisories. Informational tools are used most

frequently as a secondary measure to help ensure the

overall reliability of other institutional controls.

Major Concepts and Issues

Continued on next page
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92

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL

CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Major Concepts and Issues

ICs are designed to ensure that the postremediation use of a

property is compatible with the level of cleanup. ICs,

however, have several limitations. For example, deed notices

are informational, not enforceable. An easement cannot be

established unless a party is willing to hold the easement.

Some state governments cannot hold easements, and other

parties may be unwilling to do so. Zoning laws may not be

fully effective unless they are monitored and enforced over the

long term, and local governments may not have the resources

for such oversight. Furthermore, zoning ordinances are not

necessarily permanent; they can be repealed, or local

governments can grant exceptions after public hearings.

Concern has been expressed about the long-term viability of

ICs as a remediation tool. For example, they may be

forgotten, enforcement agencies may not effectively review

properties or land users’ actions, or land users simply may

ignore the controls and take their chances. To ensure

successful implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of

ICs, EPA is developing and issuing policies and guidance.

In February 2003, EPA issued the draft guidance

Institutional Controls: A Guide to Implementing,

Monitoring, and Enforcing Institutional Controls at

Superfund, Brownfields, Federal Facility, UST and RCRA

Corrective Action Cleanups. The purpose of this guidance

is to (1) provide Superfund, brownfields, federal facility,

UST, and RCRA corrective action site managers and site

attorneys with an overview of their responsibilities for

implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of

institutional controls at their sites and (2) discuss some of

the common issues that site managers and site attorneys

may encounter when carrying out these responsibilities.

This guidance is the second in a series of guidance

documents on the use of ICs. The first guidance,

Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s Guide to

Identifying, Evaluating and Selecting Institutional Controls

at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups

(OSWER 9355.0-74FS-P, EPA 540-F-00-005) (September

2000), provides direction for identifying, evaluating, and

selecting ICs. This guidance is available on the Internet at

www.epa.gov/superfund/action/ic/index.htm.

In September 2004, EPA issued OSWER Directive 9355.0-

106 to set forth its Strategy to Ensure Institutional Control

Implementation at Superfund Sites. The strategy will assist

EPA regional and Headquarters personnel in preparing

region-specific action plans and in conducting the work

necessary to ensure the proper implementation of ICs at

Superfund sites. This work includes gathering information

and entering it in the Institutional Controls Tracking System

(ICTS), evaluating the data generated by the ICTS, prioritizing

and conducting site-specific follow-up activities, building

the capacity to better manage and review institutional control

information, and coordinating with other interested parties.

Because land use remains the principal domain of local

governments, those governments play a significant role in

the management and oversight of ICs. However, it is not

always clear what that role will be. Many local governments

do not yet have the capacity and resources necessary to meet

the challenges of long-term stewardship. With an improved

understanding of the terms and issues related to ICs, local

governments and brownfields stakeholders will be in a better

position to respond effectively to the long-term challenges of

using ICs to promote site reuse while ensuring that public

health and the environment are protected.

An indication of the significance of IC issues to local

governments is the establishment of LUCs.org

(www.lucs.org) through cooperative agreements between

the International City/County Management Association

(ICMA) and EPA. LUCs.org is part of ICMA’s continuing

effort to enhance the effectiveness of local government

through professional management practices. ICMA and its

partner agencies and organizations have come to understand

the importance of providing a clearinghouse of information

on the subject for the use of all stakeholder groups.

In addition to their designated implementing role in

regulatory programs, states may also have broader

authorities affecting their ability to implement ICs. A

number of states are establishing specific requirements as

part of VCPs that address the use of ICs.

ICs are a mechanism for providing a certain degree of safety in

the absence of technology that could clean up contaminated

sites thoroughly. Decision-makers should weigh the full costs

of such options, including capital costs, costs of long-term

sampling and analysis, and costs of replacing equipment, as

well as concerns about potential long-term risks associated

with contaminants left in place against the costs of options that

would remove the contaminants permanently.

For more information, see the resource numbered

93 in the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

Continued ...
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Appendix A

GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

The tables provided in this appendix are intended to help brownfields stakeholders better understand the types

of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for

assessing and remediating those contaminants during the various phases of a site cleanup.

What Are the Causes of Contamination at Brownfields Sites?

Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) defines

brownfields sites as “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the

presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.” Almost any former

property, industrial or nonindustrial, where chemicals were used, produced, or reclaimed is a potential

brownfields site. Over the operational history of the site or through its current use, contamination may have

resulted from use, storage, or disposal of various products or chemicals. Some of the products commonly used

or generated at the sites that may have resulted in contamination of structures, soils, or groundwater include the

following:

• Acids and bases • Insulation

• Batteries • Motor oil

• Cleaning products • Oil sludge and waste oil

• Coal tar • Paints

• Degreasing agents • Pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides

• Diesel fuel • Plastics

• Dyes, pigments, and inks • Polymers and epoxy compounds

• Electrical equipment • Refrigerants and coolants

• Explosives and ordnance • Soaps

• Fertilizers • Solvents

• Gasoline • Surfactants

• Hydraulic fluids and lubricants • Waxes

A wide variety of chemical contaminants may be present at brownfields sites. The following tables present

information on the sites, typical contaminants, and investigative and remedial technologies:

• Table A-1 lists common site types, activities that may have lead to contamination, and contaminant groups

typically associated with the site types

• Table A-2 lists technologies used to analyze contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites

• Table A-3 lists technologies used to treat contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites

Seven general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3. Descriptions of the seven

contaminant groups have been included at the end of this appendix to provide supplemental information about

them. In addition, supplemental information about treatment technologies described in Table A-3 also has been

included at the end of this appendix.

The information in this appendix was obtained from various U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

sources. The appendix is intended to provide general information on brownfields sites, contaminants, and

technologies and is not intended to be all-inclusive. Contaminants and activities associated with common

brownfields site types may not be relevant to every site. Additionally, investigation and remediation

technologies may not be appropriate for the listed contaminants in all situations. Stakeholders should consult

EPA or state officials, qualified professionals, and other sources of information when proceeding with

redevelopment activities.

A-1
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Continued on next page

A-2

What Types of Contaminants Are Found at Brownfields Sites?

Various contaminants potentially may be present at brownfields sites. Table A-1 lists common brownfields site

types, activities that may have lead to contamination over the operational history of these sites, and the

contaminant groups typically associated with these activities. In this appendix, contaminant groups are

presented rather than the specific contaminants. Information about the contaminant groups is included

beginning on page A-11. Please note that if a contaminant group is listed, it does not imply that all the

contaminants within a particular group are associated with each site type.

Table A-1. Typical Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites

Site Type Site Activities

Agricultural Feed supply and other agricultural chemical distribution X X X X X

points may be contaminated with fertilizers, pesticides,

and herbicides. Groundwater, drainage area sediments,

soils, and nearby surface waters may be contaminated

with pesticides and herbicides and could exhibit elevated

levels of nitrate from fertilizer runoff. Contamination at

agricultural sites may also arise from chemicals used to

operate, clean, and maintain farm equipment such as fuel,

oil, grease, and solvents.

Battery recycling and Battery recycling and disposal facilities regenerate, X

disposal reclaim, and dispose of used batteries. Many batteries

contain toxic constituents such as lead, mercury, and

cadmium. The metal in used batteries is separated from

other battery constituents and processed for reuse.

Lead-acid automobile batteries must be “broken” to

reclaim the lead within. In battery breaking, the top of

the battery casing is removed, the sulfuric acid solution

inside is drained, and the lead components are separated

from the casing. The remaining battery casing may be

rinsed prior to disposal in order to remove residual lead

oxide. Discarded acid and rinse water may be stored in

lagoons or tanks. Chemicals may be released to soil and

groundwater by leaking tanks or through spillage during

the breaking process. Discarded casings may be buried.

Any metal remaining on buried, discarded casings may

leach into soil and groundwater. The extracted metal

must be smelted prior to reuse. Particulate matter emitted

by the smelter may contaminate nearby surface soil.

Chemical and dye A wide range of chemicals are used and generated in X X X X

manufacturing facilities that manufacture, reformulate, and package

various chemicals and dyes for commercial and industrial

use. The types of contaminants released depend on the

raw materials, processes, equipment and maintenance

practices used. Environmental contamination resulting

from chemical and dye manufacturing may persist in

nearby or downstream surface waters or sediments long

after operations have ceased. Moreover, chemical

operations can change over time or involve multiple

processes; therefore, the sites may be overlaid with several

generations of wastes from a variety of products or

processes. Many chemical facilities also have quality

assurance and research laboratories that use small

quantities of toxic chemicals that could contaminate

isolated locations.
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Chlor-alkali Chlor-alkali plants produce a variety of chemicals, including X X X

manufacturing chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite,

sodium hydrosulfite, salt, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, and spent

sulfuric acid. Three basic processes are used for the

manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda from brine: the

mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell processes.

The mercury cell process uses elemental mercury as the

cathode and produces mercury-contaminated wastewater,

solid waste, and gaseous emissions. The process and waste

streams must be carefully controlled to prevent the release of

mercury to the environment. The diaphragm cell process may

use lead or graphite anodes and asbestos diaphragms and

may generate chlorinated hydrocarbons as a by-product. The

membrane cell process is the most modern and has economic

and environmental advantages. The primary by-product of the

membrane cell process is dilute hydrochloric acid, which must

be neutralized before it is discharged into the environment.

Cosmetics Cosmetics are mixtures of surfactants, oils, and other X X X

manufacturing ingredients. Cosmetics may contain mineral or metallic and

nonmetallic additives. In sunscreen, for example, titanium and

zinc are used as sun blockers. The color of makeup is determined

by the concentrations and ratio of black or red iron oxide,

titanium dioxide, and/or zinc oxide. Metal dyes are used in

fingernail polish. The uses and concentrations of heavy metals

play an important role in cosmetics production and a primary

environmental concern at these site types.

Drum recycling Drum recycling facilities clean used drums for reuse. Soil X XXXX X

and groundwater contamination at these facilities may

result from leaking and spilling of residual chemicals and

oils. The variety of chemicals stored in drums makes

characterizing potential contaminants difficult. Contaminants

could include acids, bases, corrosives, reactive chemicals,

flammable materials, and oils. Spillage of paint, paint thinners,

and solvents can also contaminate drum recycling facilities.

Dry cleaning The dry cleaning industry provides garment cleaning and X X

related services such as clothes pressing and finishing. The dry

cleaning process is physically very similar to the home laundry

process except that clothes are washed in dry cleaning solvent

instead of water. Dry cleaning sites may become contaminated

because of leaks, spills, and improper disposal of solvents.

Gasoline stations Gasoline stations consist of pump islands, underground X X X X

storage tanks (UST) for fuel, small storage areas, and service

areas (which typically contain either hydraulic lifts or pits) for

changing automobile engine oil and other maintenance

activities. Gasoline and diesel fuel are transferred from bulk

tank trucks to large USTs. Spills at the transfer areas and

pumps along with overfilling of and leakage from the USTs

are likely sources of contamination at gasoline stations. The

primary contaminants of concern at gasoline stations include

petroleum hydrocarbons; Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and

Xylenes (BTEX); and fuel oxygenates such as methyl tertiary

butyl ether. Service areas typically have small containers of

ethylene glycol (coolant), hydraulic oils, lubricants, automotive

batteries (lead and acid), and compressed gas especially

acetylene and oxygen cylinders for welding operations.

Surface soils may be contaminated because of historical spills

or dumping of used lubricants, coolants, and cleaning

solvents generated during service activities. Subsurface soils

and groundwater, especially in the vicinity of USTs, may also

be contaminated because of spills, overfilling, and leaks.

Site Type Site Activities

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A-3
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Glass manufacturing The glass industry consists of firms engaged in primary X

glass manufacturing and of others that create products

using purchased glass. The primary contaminants associated

with glass manufacturing are metals such as lead, arsenic,

chromium, and others. Other chemicals used in the glass

manufacturing process include hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric

acid, and various organic and inorganic solvents.

Contaminants may be released to the environment through

spills and leaks of raw materials and plant maintenance

waste as well as insufficiently treated air emissions.

Hospitals Hospitals use a variety of toxic chemicals for diagnostic and X X X

therapeutic procedures as well as for cleaning and sterilization.

Hazardous materials used include chemotherapy and

antineoplastic chemicals, formaldehyde, photographic

chemicals, radionuclides, solvents, mercury, anesthetic gases,

and other toxic or corrosive chemicals. These substances may

be released to the environment through leaks and spills,

improper disposal of wastes, and insufficient treatment of

wasterwater. In addition, medical waste incinerators may

release mercury into the air.

Incinerators An incinerator is an enclosed device that uses controlled X X X

flame combustion to thermally break down waste to an ash

residue that contains little or no combustible material.

Incinerators may accept specific wastes such as municipal

solid waste, sewage sludge, or medical waste. Contamination

from incinerators may be associated with storage and

handling of waste materials prior to incineration as well as

disposal of ash and other by-products of the combustion

process.

Landfills, municipal and Landfills are now restricted to household garbage, yard X XXXX X

industrial wastes, construction debris, and office wastes. Prior to 1970,

however, landfills could accept industrial wastes. Therefore,

older landfills are more likely to be contaminated with

hazardous chemicals. Even modern landfills can contain a

host of chemicals from household wastes such as oils, paints,

solvents, corrosive cleaners, batteries, and gardening products.

Illegal dumping at landfills can also cause serious

contamination. Improperly designed landfills have a higher

likelihood of surface soil and groundwater contamination

and may trap explosive levels of methane gas and hydrogen

sulfide in the soil.

Leather manufacturing Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins X X

into leather. Hides and skins absorb tannic acid and other

chemical substances that prevent them from decaying,

make them resistant to wetting, and keep them supple and

durable. Tanning is essentially the reaction of collagen fibers

in the hide with tannins, chromium, alum, or other chemical

agents. The most common tanning agents used in the

United States are trivalent chromium and vegetable

tannins extracted from certain tree barks. Alum, syntans

(manmade chemicals), formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde,

and heavy oils are also used as tanning agents.

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A-4
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Machine shops and The fabricated metal product industry has facilities that X X X X

metal fabrication generally perform two functions: forming metal shapes and

performing metal finishing operations, including surface

preparation. Metal fabricators produce ferrous and

nonferrous metal products. Machining and other metal

working may generate waste metals, lubricants, cleaners,

and other materials. These substances may impact soil,

groundwater, and surface water if they are spilled, leaked,

or improperly disposed.

Manufactured gas plants Manufactured gas has been produced as a fuel source from X X X X

and coal gasification coal and oil since the early 1800s. Typically, coal or oil is

heated and the resulting volatilized gases are distilled to

produce natural gas. Depending on the process design,

various by-products can be recovered, including anthracene,

benzene, cresol, naphthalene, paraffin, phenol, toluene, and

xylenes. Waste products from manufactured gas operations

include coal fines, coal tar, cyanide salts, hydrogen sulfide

gas, ammonia, and wastewater. Leakage and spillage from

storage drums or tanks may contaminate surface and

subsurface soils, sediments, surface water, and groundwater.

Marine maintenance Marine maintenance industry establishments engage in X X X

general painting and repair of ship or boat structures and

engines or power plants. Activities may include painting,

servicing engines, structural repairs, engine or power plant

maintenance, electroplating, air conditioning and refrigeration

service, electrical repair, and other cleaning and repair services.

A number of chemicals may be used at marine maintenance

facilities, including chemical paint strippers, blast media,

antifouling paints, solvents, carburetor cleaner, cutting

fluids, acids and alkalis, cyanide, heavy metal baths,

fiberglass and reinforcement, resins, and mold release agents.

Metal plating and finishing Metal plating operations improve a product’s performance X X X X X

(for example its durability or corrosion resistance) or

appearance. Metal components are first cleaned (using

solvents and/or water-based detergents) to remove dirt and

oils from manufacturing operations. The metal components

are subsequently etched, plated, and finished in a series of

vats or baths. Common plating metals include cadmium,

chromium, copper, gold, nickel, silver, and their alloys.

Spillage during plating and cleaning operations and

leakage or overflows from storage tanks and process vats

may contaminate concrete floors and underlying soils.

Groundwater may also be contaminated by heavy metals,

cyanide, and solvents.

Metal recycling and Automobile salvage yards recover usable parts, scrap metal, X X X

automobile salvage and other recyclable materials from old or wrecked

automobiles. Nonrecyclable materials are stored on site or sent

to a municipal landfill. Metal recyclers purchase metal from a

variety of sources and sort and process the scrap metal for

resale. Metals commonly salvaged by these facilities include

iron, steel, copper, brass, and aluminum. Sites may contain

non-recyclable wastes and contaminated materials.

Contaminated “auto fluff”, a fibrous residue containing

plastics, fabrics, and other materials, may be present at

sites that perform shredding. Depending on the type of

recycling operation conducted at a site, the surrounding soils

may be contaminated with heavy metals, asbestos,

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) oils, hydraulic fluids,

lubricating oils, fuels, and solvents.

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A-5
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Munitions manufacturing Ordnance sites typically include facilities that manufacture, X X

and ordnance sites assemble, store, or dispose of a variety of military munitions

such as bombs, shells, grenades, mines, small arms

ammunition, and specialty explosives. Potential

contaminants in structures and surrounding property include

di- and tri-nitro substituted phenols and benzenes,

nitroglycerin, metals, ethers, formaldehyde, and ammoniated

compounds. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) may be buried

along with other waste materials. Groundwater may be

contaminated with solvents such as formaldehyde and

toluene. Furthermore, because of the age of some facilities,

asbestos-containing materials may be found in abandoned

buildings and demolition debris.

Mining There are three general steps in the mining process: extraction, X X X

beneficiation, and processing. Extraction of the mineral value

from the rock or matrix is the initial step in the operation.

Beneficiation is the processing of extracted materials to clean

or concentrate the product either for use as a final product or in

preparation for further processing. Beneficiation may involve

physical (such as milling) or chemical (such as leaching)

separation processes or both. Processing is conducted

following beneficiation to further extract or refine the material

and prepare it for specific uses. Processing may include a

variety of operations such as smelting, refining, roasting and

digesting. Chemical contamination at mining sites may result

from acidic, metal-laden mine drainage. Spilled, leaked, or

improperly disposed of petroleum, lubricants, and other

industrial chemicals may also result in site contamination.

Painting and automobile Paint shops and automobile body repair shops paint various X X X X

body repair plastic and metal products and fix truck and automobile

body parts. Damaged automobile body parts are replaced

or repaired with fillers and are then sanded, primed, and

painted. The shops may use cutting torches, welding

equipment, solvents and cleaners, fiberglass, various polymers

and epoxy compounds, and sand or grit blasting. Gasoline

and diesel from vehicle fuel tanks, solvents, cleaners, acids,

and paints may be leaked or spilled, contaminating soils

and groundwater. Typical contaminants include toluene,

acetone, perchloroethylene, xylene, gasoline and diesel fuel,

carbon tetrachloride, and hydrochloric and phosphoric acids.

Pesticide manufacturing A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances X XXXX X

and use intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating

any pest. The term pesticide also applies to herbicides,

fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests.

Spillage, leakage, and improper storage or disposal of

pesticides may result in their release to the environment. Sites

may also be contaminated with properly applied but

persistent pesticides. Because of the wide variety of pesticides

and applications, facilities manufacturing or using pesticides

may be contaminated with a broad range of chemicals.

Petroleum refining Oil production facilities consist of oil drilling, refining, storage, X X

and reuse transfer, transport, and recycling facilities. Typical materials

present at these facilities include crude, fuel, and motor oils as

well as waste oils. Production processes at these facilities may

contaminate soils with sludges, acids, and waste oil additives

as well as co-contaminants such as PCBs when spills, leaks or

improper disposal practices occur. In some cases,disposal

pits may contain thick tarry sludges with very high pH values.

Groundwater and deeper soil may be contaminated with

metals and lighter oil fractions such as BTEX.

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Continued

A-6
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Pharmaceutical The pharmaceutical industry manufactures bulk X X X

manufacturing pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients, that

are further processed into finished products. Chemicals used

in the manufacturing process vary according to the desired

product and the process type. Equipment must be thoroughly

cleaned between processing operations for different products.

VOCs are used as solvents at various stages of the

manufacturing process. Because of the purity required for

products, spent solvent is not usually reused in

pharmaceutical manufacturing. It may be sold for

nonpharmaceutical use or destroyed via incineration. The

ten contaminants most commonly discharged in

pharmaceutical wastewater are methanol; ethanol; acetone;

isopropanol; acetic acid; methylene chloride; formic acid;

ammonium hydroxide; N,N-dimethylacetamide and toluene.

Photographic film Photographic film is coated with an emulsion containing X X X X

manufacturing and light-sensitive silver halide crystals. Once film has been

development exposed, it must go through a series of chemical processes

to bring out the images. Various chemicals are used as

developers and fixing solutions, including hydroquinone,

catechols, aminophenols, acetic acid, muriatic (hydrochloric)

acid, and sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. Silver solutions

are often generated during the photographic development

processes.

Plastic manufacturing Almost all plastics are made from petroleum. Plastics are X X X X

polymers, which are very long chains of molecules that

consist of subunits (monomers) linked together by chemical

bonds. Monomers of petrochemical plastics are not typically

biodegradable. Wastes generated by the industry include

polymers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical

additives, and VOCs.

Printing and ink The printing industry consists of firms engaged in printing X X X X

manufacturing using one or more common processes such as lithography,

letterpress, flexography, gravure, and screen printing.

Contamination may result from spills, leaks, and improper

disposal of excess chemicals and wastes, including ink

constituents such as metals, cleaners, and solvents used

during printing and production processes.

Railroad yards Railroad yards may consist of any combination of track and X XXXX X

switching areas, engine maintenance buildings, engine fueling

areas, bulk and container storage and transfer stations, and

storage areas for materials used in track and engine

maintenance. Materials used at railroad yards include

diesel fuel, paint, solvents and degreasing agents, PCB oils,

and creosote. Spills, leaks, or dumping of these compounds

may contaminate soil and groundwater. Chemical spills

and leaks during loading and unloading of tanker and

freight cars can also contaminate a railroads yard.

Because of the variety of chemicals used at and transported

through railroad yards, virtually any type of chemical

contamination could be present.

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A-7
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Research and educational Academic institutions are often similar to small cities, as X X X X

institutions they may have research laboratories, automobile repair

facilities, power plants, wastewater treatment plants,

hazardous waste management and trash disposal activities,

asbestos management activities, drinking water supply

facilities, grounds maintenance activities and incineration

facilities. Educational institutions typically generate small

quantities of a variety of wastes, including inorganic acids,

organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic

waste, waste oil, paint, heavy metals, and pesticides.

Semiconductor The semiconductor manufacturing industry is a subset of X X X

manufacturing the electronics manufacturing industry and produces

integrated circuits or “chips.” Contamination on

semiconductor chips is one of the primary reasons that they

fail; therefore, chips are cleaned before and after many of the

manufacturing steps. Chemicals used in the manufacturing

process include various acids, ethylene glycol, hydroxide

solutions, halogen gases, fluorocarbons, chlorine, and

various organic solvents.

Smelter operations The primary use of smelting is to produce iron and steel X

from iron ore. Smelting is also used to extract copper and

other base metals from raw ores. Contamination from

smelting operations often takes the form of deposition of

airborne metals, asbestos, and sulfur compounds in areas

surrounding smelters. Contamination may also result from

improper storage and disposal of raw ores or by-product slag.

Underground storage tanks A UST is a tank and any underground piping connected to X X X X

a tank where at least 10 percent of the combined volume is

under the ground. USTs often contain petroleum products,

gasoline, or other chemicals. Faulty installation or inadequate

operating and maintenance procedures can cause USTs to

release their contents into the environment. The greatest

potential hazard from leaking USTs is that petroleum fuels,

fuel additives, or other hazardous substances can seep

into soil and contaminate groundwater.

Vehicle maintenance Vehicle maintenance involves handling and managing a wide X X X X

variety of materials and wastes, including oils, batteries,

refrigerants, antifreeze, solvents, asbestos, and fuels.

Improper management and disposal of wastes as well as

leaks from fuel and waste storage containers may result in

contamination of vehicle maintenance facilities.

Wood preservation Wood preservation sites typically consist of wood preparation XXXX X

facilities, chemical storage tanks, chemical treatment areas

(including high-pressure vessels in many cases), drip or

drying areas, and wood storage areas. Wood is treated with

preservative chemicals either by dipping the wood into a

chemical bath or by injecting chemicals into the wood under

pressure. Storage tanks at wood preservation sites could

contain creosote, pentachlorophenol, or chrome-copperarsenate (CCA) solutions for wood treatment. These chemicals

could enter the environment if the tanks were overfilled or

leaked. Contaminated water squeezed from wood during

processing and retort sludge may have spilled on the ground,

causing soil and ground water contamination. As treated

wood is transferred from the treatment area to the drying

area, chemicals may drip onto soil and contaminate the soil

and groundwater. Likewise, drippage in drying areas,

especially in older operations where pressure treatment may

not have been used, could result in soil contamination. Runoff

from site could also contaminate nearby surface waters.

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A-8
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Site Type Site Activities

Wood pulp and paper The pulp and paper industry produces commodity grades X X

manufacturing of wood pulp, printing and writing paper, sanitary tissue,

industrial-type paper, containerboard, and boxboard using

cellulose fiber from timber or purchased or recycled fibers.

The two steps involved are pulping and paper or paperboard

manufacturing. Pulping is the process of dissolving wood

chips into individual fibers using chemical, semichemical,

or mechanical methods. Pulping is the major source of

environmental impacts in the industry. Chlorinated

organic compounds in pulp plant wastewater sludge are

of particular concern because of their tendency to partition

from effluent to solids. Improper treatment or disposal of

wastes may result in contamination being released to the

environment. Spills and leaks of process and waste

chemicals are other common sources of contamination at

pulp mills. Air emissions are also problematic at pulp mills,

which are typically noted for their unpleasant odors.

Notes:

SVOC = Semivolatile organic compound

VOC = Volatile organic compound

What Technologies May Be Used to Investigate Contamination at Brownfields Sites?

Various analytical technologies may be used to investigate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-2

contains information on analytical technologies that are available for investigating the contaminant groups

presented in Table A-1.

Table A-2. Technologies for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites

Amperometric and Galvanic Cell Sensor X X X

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry X

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy X

Catalytic Surface Oxidation X X

Chemical Colorimetric Kits X XXXX X X

Chemical Reaction-Based Test Papers X X X X X

Detector Tubes X X

Electrochemical Detector Kits X X X

Electromagnetic X XXXX X X

Explosimeter X X

Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors X X X

Field Bioassessment X X X X X X

Flame-Ionization Detector X X X X

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Continued on next page

Continued

A-9
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Fluorescence Spectrophotometry X

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy X X X

Free Product Sensors X X X

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry X XXXX X

Ground Penetration Radar X X X X

Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits X XXXX X X

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy X

Infrared Spectroscopy X XXXX

Ion Chromatography X

Ion Mobility Spectrometer X XXXX X

Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry X X X X

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy X

Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer X XXXX

Magnetometry X

Near Infrared Reflectance/Transmittance Spectroscopy X X

Particle-Induced X-Ray Emissions X

Photo Ionization Detector X XXXX

Piezoelectric Sensors X X

Raman Spectroscopy/Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) X XXXX

Resistivity/Conductivity X X

Room-Temperature Phosphorimetry X X

Scattering/Absorption LIDAR X X

Semiconductor Sensors X X

Soil-Gas Analyzer Systems X XXXX X

Solid/Porous Fiber Optic X X X X

Synchronous Luminescence/Fluorescence X XXXX

Thin-Layer Chromatography X

Toxicity Tests X XXX X X

Titrimetry Kits X

Ultraviolet Fluorescence X X X

Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry X X X X

X-Ray Fluorescence X X X X

What Technologies May Be Used to Remediate at Brownfields Sites?

Various treatment technologies may be used to remediate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-3

contains information on treatment technologies that are available for remediating the contaminants presented in

Table A-1. Descriptions of the remedial technologies are included at the end of this appendix beginning on

page A-15.

Continued

A-10
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

Nonhalogenated VOCs

Halogenated SVOCs

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

Fuels

Metals and Metalloids

Explosives

Air Sparging G G G

Bioremediation S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Chemical Treatment S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Electrokinetics S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Flushing S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Incineration S S S S S S

In-Well Air Stripping G G

Mechanical Soil Aeration S

Multi Phase Extraction S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Open Burn/Open Detonation S

Permeable Reactive Barrier G G G GGGG

Physical Separation S S S

Phytoremediation S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Pump and Treat G G G GGGG

Soil Vapor Extraction S S S

Soil Washing S S S S S S S

Solidification/Stabilization S S S S S S S

Solvent Extraction S S S S S S S

Thermal Desorption S S S S S S

Thermal Treatment (in situ) S/G S/G S/G S/G S/G

Vitrification S S S S S S

Notes:

S and G indicate the media that can be treated using each technology type

S = Soils, sediments, and sludges

G = Groundwater, leachate, and surface water

What Are the Contaminant Groups Presented in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3?

The following general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3:

• Halogenated VOCs

• Nonhalogenated VOCs

• Halogenated SVOCs

• Nonhalogenated SVOCs

• Fuels

• Metals and metalloids

• Explosives

Descriptions of the seven contaminant groups are included below to provide supplemental information about

the characteristics and specific constituents of the groups.

A-11

Table A-3. Technologies for Treating Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Halogenated VOCs

VOCs are hydrocarbon compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature A halogenated VOC is a VOC

that has a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated VOCs

may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine

sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas,

hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed

waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, paint stripping and

spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and

vehicle maintenance areas. Typical halogenated VOCs encountered at many sites include those listed below.

1-Chloro-2-propene Carbon tetrachloride Hexachlorobutadiene

1,1-Dichloroethane Chlorodibromomethane Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene chloride) Chloroethane Hexachloroethane

1,1,1-Trichloroethane Chloroform Monochlorobenzene

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloromethane Neoprene

1,1,2-Trichloroethane (Vinyl trichloride) Chloropropane Pentachloroethane

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (Acetylene tetrachloride) Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene

(Perchloroethylene)

1,2-Dichloroethane Cis-1,3-dichloropropene Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene

1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride) Dibromochloropropane Trans-1,3-dichloropropene

1,2,2-Trifluoroethane (Freon 113) Dibromomethane Trichloroethylene

2-Butylene dichloride Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Trichlorotrifluoroethane

Bromodichloromethane Ethylene dibromide Vinyl chloride

Bromoform Fluorotrichloromethane (Freon 11)

Bromomethane Glycerol trichlorohydrin

Nonhalogenated VOCs

A nonhalogenated VOC is a VOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached

to it. Locations where nonhalogenated VOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants

and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal

finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits,

leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint

stripping and spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface

impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical nonhalogenated VOCs (excluding fuels, BTEX, and

gas-phase contaminants) encountered at many sites include those listed below:

1-Butanol (n-Butyl alcohol) Carbon disulfide Methanol

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) Cyclohexanone Methyl ethyl ketone

Acetone Ethanol Styrene

Acrolein Ethyl acetate Tetrahydrofuran

Acrylonitrile Ethyl ether Vinyl acetate

Aminobenzene Isobutanol

Halogenated SVOCs

SVOCs are hydrocarbon compounds with boiling points greater than 200oC. A halogenated SVOC is an SVOC that has

a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated SVOCs may be found

A-12
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

include burn pits and other combustion sources, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated

marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas,

hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste

disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, pesticide and herbicide mixing

areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites.

Typical halogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below:

1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy) ethane 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Chlorobenzilate

1,2-Dichlorobenzene (o-Dichlorobenzene) 4-Bromophenyl phenylether Chlorphenothane

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 4-Chloroaniline Hexachlorobenzene

1,3-Dichlorobenzene (m-Dichlorobenzene) 4-Chlorophenyl phenylether Hexachlorobutadiene

1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene) Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ether Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

2-Chloronaphthalene Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane p-Chloro-m-cresol

2-Chlorophenol Bis(2-chloroethoxy)phthalate Pentachlorobenzene

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Pentachlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenol Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether Polychlorinated biphenyls

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Chlordane Quintozene

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Chlorobenzene Tetrachlorophenol

Pesticides are a subgroup of halogenated SVOCs. Typical pesticides encountered at many sites include those

listed below.

Aldrin 4,4’-DDD Endosulfan sulfate Heptachlor epoxide

BHC-alpha 4,4’-DDE Endrin Malathion

BHC-beta 4,4’-DDT Endrin aldehyde Methylparathion

BHC-delta Dieldrin Ethion Parathion

BHC-gamma Endosulfan I Ethyl parathion Toxaphene

Chlordane Endosulfan II Heptachlor

Nonhalogenated SVOCs

A nonhalogenated SVOC is an SVOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)

attached to it. Locations where nonhalogenated SVOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical

manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields,

electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas,

landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds

and lagoons, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and

vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites. Typical nonhalogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and

explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below:

1-Aminonaphathalene Anthracene Diphenylenemethane (Fluorene)

1,2-Benzacenaphthene Benzidine Ethion

1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Benzo(a)anthracene (Tetraphene) Ethyl parathion

2-Aminonaphthalene Benzo(a)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

2-Methylnaphthalene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Isophorone

2-Nitroaniline Benzo(k)fluoranthene Malathion

2-Nitrophenol Benzoic acid Methylparathion

Continued on next page

A-13
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

2,3-Phenylenepyrene Benzyl alcohol Naphthalene

2,4-Dinitrophenol Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate n-Nitrosodimethylamine

3-Nitroaniline Butyl benzyl phthalate n-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine

4-Nitroaniline Chrysene n-Nitrosodiphenylamine

4-Nitrophenol Dibenzofuran Parathion

4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol Diethyl phthalate Phenanthrene

Acenaphthene Dimethyl phthalate Phenyl naphthalene

Acenaphthylene Di-n-butyl phthalate Pyrene

Allyldioxybenzene methylene ether Di-n-octyl phthalate

Fuels

Fuels are a general class of chemicals created by refining and manufacturing petroleum or natural gas for use in

combustion processes to generate heat or other energy. Fuels include nonhalogenated VOCs, nonhalogenated

SVOCs, or both. Sites where fuel contamination may be found include aircraft, storage and service areas, burn

pits, chemical disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, firefighting

training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, solvent

degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical fuel contaminants

encountered at many sites include those listed below:

1-Pentene 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane Benzo(k)fluoranthene n-Decane

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Chrysene n-Dodecane

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,4-Dimethylphenol Cis-2-butene n-Heptane

1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane Creosols n-Hexane

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 3-Ethylpentane Cyclohexane n-Hexylbenzene

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 3-Methyl-1-butene Cyclopentane n-Nonane

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methyl-1-pentene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene n-Octane

2-Methyl-2-butene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene Dimethylethylbenzene n-Pentane

2-Methyl-butene 3-Methylheptane Ethylbenzene n-Propylbenzene

2-Methylheptane 3-Methylhexane Fluoranthene n-Undecane

2-Methylnaphthalene 3-Methylpentane Fluorene o-Xylene

2-Methylpentane 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene Ideno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Phenanthrene

2-Methylphenol 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane Isobutane Phenol

2,2-Dimethylheptane 4-Methylphenol Isopentane Propane

2,2-Dimethylhexane Acenaphthene Methylcyclohexane p-Xylene

2,2-Dimethylpentane Anthracene Methylcyclopentane Pyrene

2,2,4-Trimethylheptane Benzene Methylnaphthalene Pyridine

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Benzo(a)anthracene Methylpropylbenzene Toluene

2,3-Dimethylbutane Benzo(a)pyrene m-Xylene Trans-2-butene

2,3-Dimethylpentane Benzo(b)fluoranthene Naphthalene Trans-2-pentene

2,3,4-Trimethylheptane Benzo(g,h,i)perylene n-Butane Vinyl benzene

Continued

A-14
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Metals and Metalloids

Metals are one of the three groups of elements distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along

with metalloids and nonmetals. Metals have certain characteristic physical properties: they are usually shiny,

have a high density, are ductile and malleable, usually have a high melting point, are usually hard, and

conduct electricity and heat well. Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and

nonmetals. There is no unique way of distinguishing a metalloid from a true metal, but the most common way

is that metalloids are usually semiconductors rather than conductors. Locations where metals and metalloids

may be found include artillery and small arms impact areas, battery disposal areas, burn pits, chemical disposal

areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing

shops, firefighting training areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste

disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint stripping and spray booth areas, sand blasting areas,

surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical metals and metalloids encountered at many

sites include those listed below.

Aluminum Calcium Mercury Tin

Antimony Chromium Molybdenum Titanium

Arsenic Cobalt Nickel Vanadium

Barium Copper Potassium Zinc

Beryllium Iron Selenium Zirconium

Bismuth Lead Silver

Boron Magnesium Sodium

Cadmium Manganese Thallium

Explosives

Most commonly, artificial explosives are chemical explosives manufactured for use as explosives and

propellants. Sites where explosive contaminants may be found include artillery impact areas, contaminated

marine sediments, disposal wells, leach fields, landfills, burial pits, and TNT washout lagoons. Typical

explosive contaminants encountered at many sites include those listed below.

2,4-DNT (2,4-Dinitrotoluene) Nitroglycerine

2,6-DNT (2,6-Dinitrotoluene) Nitroguanidine

AP (Ammonium perchlorate) Picrates

DNB (Dinitrobenzenes) RDX (Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine)

HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocyclooctane) Tetryl (N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitrobenzeneamine)

Nitroaromatics TNB (Trinitrobenzenes)

Nitrocellulose TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)

What Are the Treatment Technologies Identified in Table A-3?

Table A-3 contains information on treatment technologies for remediating brownfields sites. Descriptions of

these remedial technologies are presented below.

Air Sparging involves injection of air or oxygen into a contaminated aquifer. Injected air traverses horizontally

and vertically in channels through the soil column, creating an underground stripper that removes volatile and

semivolatile organic contaminants by volatilization. The injected air helps to flush the contaminants into the

unsaturated zone. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) usually is implemented in conjunction with air sparging to remove

the generated vapor-phase contamination from the vadose zone. Oxygen added to the contaminated groundwater

and vadose zone soils also can enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and above the water table.

A-15
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Bioremediation involves use of microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in soil, sludge, solids, and

groundwater either in situ or ex situ. It can also be used to make metals or metalloids less toxic or mobile. When

organic contaminants are being treated, the microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as a food source

by cometabolizing them with a food source. Aerobic processes require an oxygen source, and the end products

typically are carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic processes are conducted in the absence of oxygen, and the end

products can include methane, hydrogen gas, sulfide, elemental sulfur, and nitrogen gas. Ex situ bioremediation

technologies for groundwater typically involve treating extracted groundwater in a bioreactor or constructed wetland.

In situ techniques stimulate and create a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow and use contaminants as

a food and energy source or to cometabolize them. Generally this process involves providing some combination of

oxygen, nutrients, and moisture and controlling the temperature and pH. Microorganisms that have been adapted for

degradation of specific contaminants are sometimes applied to enhance the process. For treatment of metals and

metalloids, the process involves biological activity that promotes formation of less toxic or mobile species by creating

ambient conditions that will cause such species to form or by acting directly on the contaminant. The treatment may

result in oxidation, reduction, precipitation, coprecipitation, or another transformation of the contaminant.

Chemical treatment, also known as chemical reduction/oxidation (redox), typically involves redox reactions

that chemically convert hazardous contaminants into compounds that are nonhazardous, less toxic, more

stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another.

Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one reactant is reduced (gains electrons). The

oxidizing agents used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil include ozone, hydrogen peroxide,

hypochlorites, potassium permanganate, Fenton’s reagent (hydrogen peroxide and iron), chlorine, and chlorine

dioxide. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and may

also be applied to groundwater in situ or ex situ chemical treatment using pump and treat technology.

Chemical treatment may also include use of ultraviolet (UV) light in a process known as UV oxidation.

Electrokinetics is based on the theory that a low-density current will mobilize contaminants in the form of

charged species. A current passed between electrodes is intended to cause aqueous media, ions, and

particulates to move through soil, waste, and water. Contaminants arriving at the electrodes can be removed by

means of electroplating or electrodeposition, precipitation or coprecipitation, adsorption, complexing with ion

exchange resins, or pumping of water (or other fluid) near the electrodes.

For Flushing, a solution of water, surfactants, or cosolvents is applied to soil or injected into the subsurface to treat

contaminated soil or groundwater. When soil is being treated, injection is often designed to raise the water table into

the contaminated soil zone. Injected water and treatment agents are recovered together with flushed contaminants.

Both on-site and off-site Incineration involves use of high temperatures (870 to 1,200°C or 1,600 to 2,200°F) to

volatilize and combust (in the presence of oxygen) organics in hazardous wastes. Auxiliary fuels are often used

to initiate and sustain combustion. The destruction and removal efficiency of properly operated incinerators

exceeds the 99.99 percent requirement for hazardous waste and can meet the 99.9999 percent requirement for

PCBs and dioxins. Off-gases and combustion residuals generally require treatment. On-site incineration is

typically a transportable unit; for off-site incineration, waste is transported to a central facility.

For In-well air stripping, air is injected into a double-screened well, causing the VOCs in the contaminated

groundwater to be transferred from the dissolved phase to the vapor phase in air bubbles. As the air bubbles

rise to the surface of the water, the vapors are drawn off and treated by a SVE system.

Mechanical soil aeration involves agitation of contaminated soil by using tilling or other means to volatilize

contaminants.

Multi-phase extraction involves use of a vacuum system to remove various combinations of contaminated

groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and vapors from the subsurface. The system typically lowers

the water table around a well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed vadose zone

are then accessible for vapor extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors or liquid-phase organics and

groundwater are separated and treated.

Open burn (OB) and Open detonation (OD)operations are conducted to destroy excess, obsolete, or unserviceable

(EOU) munitions and other items containing explosives, propellants, and other energetic materials. In OB

A-16
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

operations, materials are destroyed by self-sustained combustion, which is ignited by an external source, such as a

flame, heat, or a detonation wave. In OD operations, materials are destroyed by detonation, which generally is

initiated by an energetic charge.

Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a

contaminated groundwater plume, allowing the water portion of the plume to flow through the wall. These

barriers allow passage of water while prohibiting movement of contaminants by means of treatment agents

within the wall such as zero-valent metals (usually zero-valent iron), chelators, sorbents, compost, and

microbes. The contaminants are either degraded or retained in a concentrated form by the barrier material,

which may need to be replaced periodically.

Physical separation processes use physical properties to separate contaminated and uncontaminated media or

to separate different types of media. For example, different-sized sieves and screens can be used to separate

contaminated soil from relatively uncontaminated debris. Another application of physical separation is

dewatering of sediments or sludge.

Phytoremediation is a process in which plants are used to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy contaminants in

soil, sediment, or groundwater. The mechanisms of phytoremediation include enhanced rhizosphere

biodegradation (which takes place in soil or groundwater immediately around plant roots), phytoextraction (also

known as phytoaccumulation, the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and the translocation and accumulation

of contaminants into plant shoots and leaves), phytodegradation (metabolism of contaminants within plant

tissues), and phytostabilization (production of chemical compounds by plants to immobilize contaminants at the

interface of roots and soil). The term phytoremediation applies to all biological, chemical, and physical processes

that are influenced by plants (including the rhizosphere) and that aid in the cleanup of contaminated substances.

Phytoremediation may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, other solids, or groundwater.

Pump and treatinvolves extraction of groundwater from an aquifer and treatment of the water above the

ground. The extraction step is usually conducted by pumping groundwater from a well or trench. The

treatment step can involve a variety of technologies such as adsorption, air stripping, bioremediation, chemical

treatment, filtration, ion exchange, metal precipitation, and membrane filtration.

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is used to remediate unsaturated (vadose) zone soil. A vacuum is applied to the soil

in order to induce a controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semivolatile organic contaminants from

the soil. SVE usually is performed in situ; however, in some cases, it can be used as an ex situ technology.

For Soil washing, contaminants sorbed onto fine soil particles are separated from bulk soil in a water-based system

based on particle size. The wash water may be augmented with a basic leaching agent, surfactant, or chelating

agent or by adjustment of pH to help remove contaminants. Soils and wash water are mixed ex situ in a tank or

other treatment unit. The wash water and various soil fractions are usually separated by means of gravity settling.

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) reduces the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the

environment through both physical and chemical means. The S/S process physically binds or encloses

contaminants within a stabilized mass. S/S can be performed both ex situ and in situ. Ex situ S/S requires

excavation of the material to be treated, and the treated material must be disposed of. In situ S/S involves use of

auger or caisson systems and injector head systems to add binders to contaminated soil or waste without

excavation, and the treated material is left in place.

Solvent extraction involves use of an organic solvent as an extractant to separate contaminants from soil. The

organic solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in an extraction unit. The extracted solution is then passed

through a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated from the soil.

For Thermal desorption, wastes are heated so that organic contaminants and water volatilize. Typically a

carrier gas or vacuum system transports the volatilized organics and water to a gas treatment system, usually a

thermal oxidation or recovery system. Based on the operating temperature of the desorber, thermal desorption

processes can be categorized in two groups: high-temperature thermal desorption (320 to 560°C or 600 to

1,000°F) and low-temperature thermal desorption (90 to 320°C or 200 to 600°F). Thermal desorption is an ex situ

treatment process. In situ thermal treatment is discussed below.

A-17
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

In situ thermal treatment is an in situ treatment process that uses heat to facilitate contaminant extraction

through volatilization and other mechanisms or to destroy contaminants in situ. Volatilized contaminants are

typically removed from the vadose zone using SVE. Specific types of in situ thermal treatment include

conductive heating, electrical resistive heating, radio frequency heating, hot air injection, hot water injection,

and steam-enhanced extraction. In situ thermal treatment is usually applied to a contaminated source area but

may also be applied to a groundwater plume.

Vitrification involves use of an electric current to melt contaminated soil at elevated temperatures (1,600 to

2,000°C or 2,900 to 3,650°F). Upon cooling, the vitrification product is a chemically stable, leach-resistant, glass

and crystalline material similar to obsidian or basalt rock. The high-temperature component of the process

destroys or removes organic materials. Radionuclides and heavy metals are retained within the vitrified

product. Vitrification may be conducted in situ or ex situ.

A-18
APPENDIX B
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Appendix B

LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

μg/L Microgram per Liter

ABA American Bar Association

AFCEE Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence

AHERA Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act

ANL Argonne National Laboratory

ASAP Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program

ASC Accelerated Site Characterization

ASHAA Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act

ASHARA Asbestos School Hazard Abatement

Reauthorization Act

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BRAC Base Realignment and Closure

BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and

Xylene

BTSC Brownfields and Land Revitalization

Technology Support Center

BV Bioventing

CAA Clean Air Act

CAP Corrective Action Plan

CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride

CEC CERCLA Education Center

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act

CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability

Information System

CLU-IN EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up

Information Web Site

COR Close-Out Report

CSM Conceptual Site Model

CWA Clean Water Act

DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid

DoD Department of Defense

DOE Department of Energy

DOI Department of Interior

DQO Data Quality Objective

DSS Decision Support Software

EAD Environmental Assessment Division

ECOS Environmental Council of the States

EDOCKET EPA’s Online Public Access and Comment

System

EISB Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation

ELI Environmental Law Institute

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA REACH IT EPA REmediation And CHaracterization

Innovative Technologies Online

Searchable Database

EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community

Right-to-Know Act

ERIS Environmental Research Institute of the

States

ESC Expedited Site Characterization

ESD Environmental Sciences Division

EST Eastern Standard Time

ESTCP Environmental Security Technology

Certification Program

ET Evapotranspiration

ETV Environmental Technology Verification

FATE EPA Field Analytic Technologies

Encyclopedia

FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FRTR Federal Remediation Technologies

Roundtable

FY Fiscal Year

GAC Granular Activated Carbon

GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

GNET Global Network of Environment and

Technology

GWRTAC Ground-Water Remediation Technologies

Analysis Center

HRS Hazard Ranking System

HSRC Hazardous Substance Research Center

HTRW-CX Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste

Center of Expertise

ICMA International City/County Management

Association

ICTS Institutional Controls Tracking System

IDC Interagency DNAPL Consortium

IINERT In-Place Inactivation and Natural

Ecological Restoration Technologies

ISB In Situ Bioremediation

ISBN International Standard Book Number

ISO In Situ Oxidation

ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory

Council

LNAPL Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid

LTM Long-Term Monitoring

LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level

MCX Mandatory Center of Expertise

MGP Manufactured Gas Plant

MNA Monitored Natural Attenuation

MPE Multi-Phase Extraction

MSL Mine-Scarred Land

MtBE Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether

NAPL Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid

NAS Naval Air Station

NASA National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

B-1
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-2

NATO/CCMS North Atlantic Treaty Organization/

Committee on the Challenges of Modern

Society

NERL National Exposure Research Laboratory

NETTS National Environmental Technology Test

Sites

NEWMOA Northeast Waste Management Officials’

Association

NFESC Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System

NPL National Priorities List

NPV Net Present Value

NSB Naval Submarine Base

NSCEP National Service Center for

Environmental Publications

OB Open Burn

OD Open Detonation

OECA Office of Enforcement and Compliance

Assurance

OERR Office of Emergency and Remedial

Response

ORD Office of Research and Development

ORP Office of Radiation Programs

OSRTI Office of Superfund Remediation and

Technology Innovation

OSW Office of Solid Waste

OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency

Response

OUST Office of Underground Storage Tanks

P&T Pump and Treat

PAC Powdered Activated Carbon

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PBMS Performance-Based Measurement System

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl

PCE Tetrachloroethene

PCP Pentachlorophenol

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

PDF Portable Document Format

POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works

PRB Permeable Reactive Barrier

PRP Potentially Responsible Party

QA Quality Assurance

QC Quality Control

RAO Remedial Action Optimization

RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

redox Reduction/Oxidation

RFP Request for Proposal

RfR Ready for Reuse

ROD Record of Decision

RPM Remedial Project Manager

RPO Remedial Process Optimization

RSE Remedial System Evaluation

RTDF Remedial Technology Development

Forum

SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan

SCAPS Site Characterization and Analysis

Penetrometer System

SCM Sampling, Characterization and

Monitoring

SCRD State Coalition for Remediation of

Drycleaners

SEAR Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation

SenTIX Sensor Technology Information Exchange

SERDP Strategic Environmental Research and

Development Program

SITE Superfund Innovative Technology

Evaluation

SMARTe Sustainable Management Approaches

and Revitalization Tools electronic

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

SPCC Spill Prevention, Control, and

Countermeasures

SRI Superfund Redevelopment Initiative

S/S Solidification/Stabilization

SSEB Southern States Energy Board

SVE Soil Vapor Extraction

SVOC Semivolatile Organic Compound

TAB Technical Assistance to Brownfields

Communities

TBA Targeted Brownfields Assessments

TCE Trichloroethene or Trichloroethylene

TOSC Technical Outreach Services for

Communities

TOSNAC Technical Outreach Services for Native

American Communities

TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

TRAINEX Training Exchange

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act

TSE Targeted Site Efforts

TSP Technical Support Project

UIC Underground Injection Control

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

UST Underground Storage Tank

UV Ultraviolet

UXO Unexploded Ordnance

VCP Voluntary Cleanup Program

VEB Vertical Engineered Barrier

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WGA Western Governors’ Association
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-3

Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid,

or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to

a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon

is used to remove organic compounds from

wastewater. See also Carbon Adsorption.

Air Sparging

In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a

contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and

carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the

surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction

with soil vapor extraction systems. See also Soil Vapor

Extraction.

Air Stripping

Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes or

“strips” volatile organic compounds (VOC) from

contaminated groundwater or surface water. As air is

forced through the water, VOCs are volatilized. See

also Volatile Organic Compound.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

ASTM sets standards for many services, including

methods of sampling and testing of hazardous waste

and media contaminated with hazardous waste.

Aquifer

An aquifer is an underground rock formation

composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel

that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and

springs.

Aromatics

Aromatics are organic compounds that contain 6-

carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene, and

phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and

electronic assembly sites.

Baseline Risk Assessment

A baseline risk assessment is an assessment

conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to

identify and evaluate the threat to human health and

the environment. After remediation has been

completed, the information obtained during a baseline

risk assessment can be used to determine whether the

cleanup levels were reached.

Bedrock

Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be

permeable or non-permeable. See also Creosote.

Biopile

Biopile is an aerated static pile composting process in

which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment

area that includes leachate collection systems and

aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to

reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents

through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat,

nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to

enhance biodegradation.

Bioreactor

Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or

suspended biological systems to degrade contaminants

in water. In suspended biological systems, such as

activated sludge, fluidized beds, or sequencing batch

reactors, contaminated water is circulated in an aeration

basin where microbes aerobically degrade organic matter

and produce carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. In

attached systems, such as rotating biological contactors

and trickling filters, a microbial population is

established on an inert support matrix. The cells form a

sludge, which is settled out in a clarifier and is recycled

to the aeration basin and disposed of.

Bioremediation

Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use

microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break

down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic

substances. Bioremediation can be used to clean up

contaminated soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats

contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in

which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation processes,

contaminated soil is excavated or groundwater is pumped

to the surface before they can be treated.

Biosensor

A biosensor is a portable device that uses living

organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of

living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and

anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical

contaminants.

Bioslurping

Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced

dewatering technologies to remediate hydrocarboncontaminated sites. Bioslurping combines elements of

both bioventing and free-product recovery to

simultaneously recover free product and bioremediate

soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing stimulates the aerobic

bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and

vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light

nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary

fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone.

Following is a list of specialized terms that pertain to the cleanup of brownfields sites.
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Bioventing

Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that

stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically

degradable compounds in soil by the injection of

oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used

to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as

gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also

Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction.

Brownfields

Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-used

industrial and commercial facilities where expansion

or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived

environmental contamination.

Brownfields Cleanup Grants

Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding

for cleanup activities at certain properties with

planned green space, recreational, or other nonprofit

uses.

Brownfields Job Training Grants

Brownfields Job Training Grants provide funding for

environmental training for residents of brownfields

communities.

Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants

Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide

funding to capitalize loans that are used to clean up

brownfields sites.

BTEX

BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,

ethylbenzene, and xylene, which are volatile aromatic

compounds typically found in petroleum products

such as gasoline and diesel fuel.

Carbon Adsorption

Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that

removes contaminants from air or water through

physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is

“activated” to improve adsorption through a process

that creates porous particles that have large internal

surface areas. A number of commercial grades of

activated carbon are available to meet the

requirements of specific applications.

Carbon Tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile

liquid that has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of

chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when

heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of

phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a

chemical intermediate in the production of the

refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. It also has been used as

a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations

and as an industrial solvent in the manufacture of

cables and semiconductors.

Chemical Dehalogenation

Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that

removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical

contaminant, rendering the contaminant less

hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process can

be applied to common halogenated contaminants such

as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in soil and

oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in removing

halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such as

dioxins, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), and certain

chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short,

energy requirements are moderate, and operation and

maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology

can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to

transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated

Biphenyl and Dioxin.

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation

Chemical treatments typically involve chemical

reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically

convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or

less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile,

or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of

electrons from one compound to another. Specifically,

one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is

reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most

commonly used for treatment of hazardous

contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide,

hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. In

cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are oxidized to

less hazardous compounds through chemical

reactions. This method can be applied in situ or ex situ

to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and also

can be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater.

Clean Air Act (CAA)

The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to

establish regulations to control the release of

contaminants to the air to protect human health and

environment.

Clean Water Act (CWA)

The CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water

Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic

structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to

U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set

wastewater discharge standards on an industry-byindustry basis and to set water quality standards for

all contaminants in surface waters.
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Cleanup

Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal with

a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance

that could affect humans and or the environment. The

term sometimes is used interchangeably with the

terms remedial action, removal action, response

action, or corrective action.

Colorimetric

Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based indicators

that are used to produce reactions to individual, or

classes of compounds. The reactions, such as visible

color changes or other easily noted indications, are used

to detect and quantify contaminants.

Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

CERCLA is a federal law passed in 1980 that created

a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly

known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and

clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous

waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that

EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and

provide response authority to clean up hazardous

waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for

managing cleanup and enforcement activities

authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA

can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the

contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or

unable to perform the work, or take legal action to

force parties responsible for contamination to clean

up the site or reimburse the federal government for

the cost of the cleanup. See also Superfund.

Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Information System

(CERCLIS)

CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official

inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites. CERCLIS

also contains information about all aspects of hazardous

waste sites, from initial discovery to deletion from the

NPL. The database also maintains information about

planned and actual site activities and financial

information entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS

records the targets and accomplishments of the

Superfund program and is used to report that

information to the EPA Administrator, Congress, and the

public. See also National Priorities List and Superfund.

Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup

decisions during a site investigation, is a planning tool

that organizes information that already is known about

a site and identifies the additional information necessary

to support decisions that will achieve the goals of the

project. The project team then uses the CSM to direct

field work that focuses on the information needed to

remove significant unknowns from the model. The CSM

serves several purposes - as a planning instrument; as a

modeling and data interpretation tool; and as a means of

communication among members of a project team,

decision-makers, stakeholders, and field personnel.

Cone Penetrometer

The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that

rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It

has been used for approximately the last 50 years for

geotechnical applications, but its use for site

characterization is relatively new.

Contaminant

A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,

or radiological substance or matter present in any

media at concentrations that may pose a threat to

human health or the environment.

Corrosivity

Corrosive wastes include those that are extremely

acidic or alkaline and capable of corroding metal such

as tanks, containers, drums, and barrels.

Creosote

Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation of

wood that is used as a wood preservative and

disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving sites.

See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.

Data Quality

The term data quality refers to all features and

characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet the

stated or implied needs and expectations of the user.

Data Quality Objective (DQO)

DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements

specified to ensure that data of known and appropriate

quality are obtained. The DQO process is a series of

planning steps, typically conducted during site

assessment and investigation, that is designed to ensure

that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data

used in decision making are appropriate. The DQO

process involves a logical, step-by-step procedure for

determining which of the complex issues affecting a site

are the most relevant to planning a site investigation

before any data are collected.

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)

A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that

are relatively insoluble in water and more dense than

water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand

and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.
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Detection Limit

The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be

distinguished reliably from a zero concentration.

Dioxin

A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known

chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals

released during combustion. Concern about them

arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed

by contamination in commercial products. Boilers

and industrial furnaces are among the sources of

dioxins.

Disposal

Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,

radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned

pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and

drums containing hazardous materials from removal

actions or accidental release. Disposal may be

accomplished through the use of approved secure

landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep

well injection, or ocean dumping.

Dual-Phase Extraction

Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase

extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system

to remove various combinations of contaminated

groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and

vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the

water table around a well, exposing more of the

formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed

vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor

extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors

or liquid-phase organics and groundwater are

separated and treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.

Dynamic Underground Stripping

Dynamic underground stripping is a process that

employs vapor extraction during underground

steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by

steam and electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped

in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are

removed by vacuum extraction. The process is

monitored and guided by underground imaging.

Dynamic Work Plan

A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows

project teams to make decisions in the field about how

site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans

provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic

field activities will take place. As such, they document

a flexible, adaptive sampling and analytical strategy.

Dynamic work plans are supported by the rapid

turnaround of data collected, analyzed, and

interpreted in the field.

Easement

An easement is a right to use the land of another for a

specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility.

Emergency Removal

An emergency removal is an action initiated in

response to a release of a hazardous substance that

requires on-site activity within hours of a

determination that action is appropriate.

Emerging Technology

An emerging technology is an innovative technology

that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.

During bench-scale testing, a small version of the

technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the

technology is successful during bench-scale testing,

it is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If

the technology is successful at the field

demonstrations, it often will be used full scale at

contaminated waste sites. As the technology is used

and evaluated at different sites, it is improved

continually. See also Established Technology and

Innovative Technology.

Environmental Audit

An environmental audit usually refers to a review or

investigation that determines whether an operating

facility is in compliance with relevant environmental

regulations. The audit may include checks for

possession of required permits, operation within

permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping.

The typical result is a corrective action or compliance

plan for the facility.

Environmental Risk

Environmental risk is the chance that human health or

the environment will suffer harm as the result of the

presence of environmental hazards.

Established Technology

An established technology is a technology for which

cost and performance information is readily available.

Only after a technology has been used at many

different sites and the results fully documented is that

technology considered established. The most

frequently used established technologies are

incineration, solidification and stabilization, and

pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See also

Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.

Ex Situ

The term ex situ, or “moved from its original place,”

means excavated or removed.
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Ex Situ Bioremediation

Ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to

degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil,

sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down

contaminants by using them as a food source. The

end products typically are carbon dioxide and water.

Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase

bioremediation, in which the soils are mixed with

water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and

microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants;

and solid-phase bioremediation, in which the soils are

placed in a cell or building and tilled with added

water and nutrients. Land farming and composting

are types of solid-phase bioremediation.

Exposure Pathway

An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants

from the source of contamination to potential contact

with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or

groundwater) that represents a potential threat to

human health or the environment. Determining

whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step

in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also

Baseline Risk Assessment.

Filtration

Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid

matter from water by passing the water through a

porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured filter.

Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is a technology used for

investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas

contamination at a site. It is used for analysis for

VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).

The technique identifies and quantifies organic

compounds on the basis of molecular weight,

characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention

time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that are

considered innovative are portable, weather-proof

units that have self-contained power supplies.

Groundwater

Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth’s

surface that fills pores between such materials as

sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and

springs. See also Aquifer.

Halogenated Organic Compound

A halogenated organic compound is a compound

containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and

fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used

in high-voltage electrical transformers because they

conduct heat well, are fire resistant, and are good

electrical insulators. Many herbicides, pesticides, and

degreasing agents are made from halogenated organic

compounds.

Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to

assess the risks posed to human health or the

environment by abandoned or uncontrolled

hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are

assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of

hazardous substances that are present and the

potential that those substances will spread through

the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into

account such factors as the proximity of the substance

to nearby populations. Scores are used in determining

which sites should be placed on the NPL. See also

National Priorities List.

Hazardous Substance

As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is

any material that poses a threat to public health or the

environment. The term also refers to hazardous

wastes as defined under Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous substances

are materials that are toxic, corrosive, ignitable,

explosive, or chemically reactive. If a certain quantity

of a hazardous substance, as established by EPA, is

spilled into the water or otherwise emitted into the

environment, the release must be reported. Under the

legislation cited above, the term excludes petroleum,

crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, or synthetic

gas usable for fuel.

Heavy Metal

The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals

including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,

silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at

industrial sites at which operations have included

battery recycling and metal plating.

Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing

only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in

petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including

its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.

Hyperaccumulator

A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that

accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a

specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the

concentration found in nonaccumulators. The term is

used in reference to plants used in Phytoremediation.

See also Phytoremediation.
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Ignitability

Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain

conditions. Examples include liquids, such as solvents

that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive substances.

Immunoassay

Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to

measure compound-specific reactions (generally

colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of

compounds. The reactions are used to detect and

quantify contaminants. The technology is available in

field-portable test kits.

In Situ

The term in situ, “in its original place” or “on site,”

means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil

flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in

situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites

are treated without digging up or removing the

contaminants.

In Situ Bioremediation

In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and create

a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow

and use contaminants as a food and energy source.

Generally, this means providing some combination of

oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and controlling the

temperature and pH. Sometimes, microorganisms

adapted for degradation of the specific contaminants

are applied to enhance the process. Bioventing is a

common form of in situ bioremediation. Bioventing

uses extraction wells to circulate air with or without

pumping air into the ground.

In Situ Oxidation

In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment

technology that oxidizes contaminants that are

dissolved in groundwater and converts them into

insoluble compounds.

In Situ Soil Flushing

In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment

technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the

ground surface with a solution that moves the

contaminants to an area from which they can be

removed. The technology requires the drilling of

injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the

need for excavation, handling, or transportation of

hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for

treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy metals

(such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated organic

compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also Aromatics,

Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy Metal, and

Polychlorinated Biphenyl.

In Situ Thermal Treatment

In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that

involves heating contaminated soil in place to

vaporize organic contaminants in the soil. The

surface area to be treated is usually covered with

silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form

a vapor barrier.

In Situ Vitrification

In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that

stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in

place at temperatures of approximately 3,000°F. Soils

and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and

crystalline structure with very low leaching

characteristics.

Incineration

Incineration is a treatment technology that involves

the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or gaseous

materials under controlled conditions to destroy

hazardous waste.

Infill Development

Infill development is new construction on previously

developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The

term often refers to redevelopment of small residential,

commercial, or industrial properties. An important

aspect of many infill development projects is the

enhancement of the built environment with open

space and parks.

Innovative Technology

An innovative technology is a process that has been

tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or

other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history

of full-scale use and information about its cost and how

well it works sufficient to support prediction of its

performance under a variety of operating conditions.

An innovative technology is one that is undergoing

pilot-scale treatability studies that usually are

conducted in the field or the laboratory and require

installation of the technology, and provide

performance, cost, and design objectives for the

technology. Innovative technologies are being used

under many federal and state cleanup programs to treat

hazardous wastes that have been improperly released.

See also Emerging Technology and Established Technology.

Inorganic Compound

An inorganic compound is a compound that generally

does not contain carbon atoms (although carbonate

and bicarbonate compounds are notable exceptions)

and tends to be more soluble in water. Examples of

inorganic compounds include various acids,

potassium hydroxide, and metals.
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Institutional Controls

An institutional control is a legal or institutional

measure which subjects a property owner to limit

activities at or access to a particular property. They

are used to ensure protection of human health and the

environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning

and deed restrictions are examples of institutional

controls.

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,

depends on the ability of certain materials to remove

and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange

materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic

polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water

softening exchange materials remove calcium and

magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.

Lampblack

Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at one

time the most important black pigment used in the

manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several gas

plant residues found at manufactured gas plant

(MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant.

Landfarming

Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of

wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.

Landfill

A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for

nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread

in layers compacted to the smallest practical volume.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer

Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a field

screening method that couples a fiber optic-based

chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer mounted

on a truck. The technology can be used for investigating

and assessing soil and water contamination.

Land Revitalization Initiative

The Land Revitalization Initiative was undertaken by

EPA in partnership with states, tribes, territories, and

a broad range of stakeholders to restore land to

productive economic and green space uses. In April

2003, EPA announced the Land Revitalization

Agenda to incorporate land reuse into the RCRA,

brownfields, and underground storage tank (UST)

hazardous waste cleanup programs.

Leachate

A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when

water collects contaminants as it trickles through

wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching

may occur in farming areas and landfills and may be a

means of the entry of hazardous substances into soil,

surface water, or groundwater.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the

manufacture of gasoline, paints, and other substances.

See also Heavy Metal.

Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)

An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances

that are relatively insoluble in water and are less

dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to

spread across the surface of the water table and form a

layer on top of the water table.

Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)

LTM typically is performed to verify that

contaminants at a site pose no risk to human health

or the environment and that natural processes are

reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted.

Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP)

MGPs were operated nationwide from the early 1880s

through the mid-1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal

or oil for lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas

manufacturing and purification processes conducted

at the plants yielded residues that included tars,

sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes, and

other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the

byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing

polycyclic acromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum

hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide, metals, and phenols

remained at MGP sites.

Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis

in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and

placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed

to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur,

either of the molecules or their fragments. The

ionized atoms are separated according to their mass

and can be identified on that basis.

Medium

A medium is a specific environment – air, water, or soil

– that is the subject of regulatory concern and activities.

Mercury

Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the

environment and is found in thermometers, measuring

devices, pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals,

chemical manufacturing, and electrical equipment.

See also Heavy Metal.
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Methanogenic

The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation

of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of

hydrocarbons to methane.

Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether (MtBE)

MtBE, a synthetic chemical, is a volatile, flammable,

colorless liquid. MtBE has a relatively high vapor

pressure and is water soluble to a significant degree.

MtBE usually is produced in a refinery by mixing a

feedstock of isobutylene with methanol. The

isobutylene is derived by steam-cracking during

production of olefin and fluid-cracking during

production of gasoline. Concern about them arises

from its potential contamination of groundwater as a

result of releases from underground storage tanks of

gasoline that contains oxygenates. See also Oxygenates.

Mine-Scarred Lands (MSL)

MSLs are lands, associated waters, and surrounding

watersheds where extraction, beneficiation, or

processing of ores and minerals, including coal, has

occurred. MSLs have become a persistent problem in

many communities because of the economic, social,

and environmental challenges of cleaning up and

reusing such lands. The Brownfields Law expanded

the definition of brownfields to include MSLs, making

these properties eligible for benefits under the

Brownfields Program.

Mobile Laboratory

A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical

instruments contained in a vehicle that can be

deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers

many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as

protection from the elements, a power supply, and

climate control, while still providing the advantages of

analyzing samples on site while the project is in

progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use

of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise

could not be taken into the field. Configurations can

vary in sophistication from a single instrument

mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and

recreational vehicles equipped with multiple

instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment.

Monitored Natural Attenuation

The term MNA refers to the remedial approach that

allows natural processes to reduce concentrations of

contaminants to acceptable levels. MNA involves

physical, chemical, and biological processes that act to

reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of subsurface

contamination. Physical, chemical, and biological

processes involved in MNA include biodegradation,

chemical stabilization, dispersion, sorption, and

volatilization.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES)

NPDES is the primary permitting program under the

Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to

surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants into

waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or a

tribal government issues a special permit to do so.

National Priorities List (NPL)

The NPL is EPA’s list of the most serious uncontrolled

or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for

possible long-term remedial response under Superfund.

Inclusion of a site on the list is based primarily on the

score the site receives under the Hazard Ranking

System (HRS). Money from Superfund can be used for

cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is

required to update the NPL at least once a year. See also

Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)

NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively

insoluble in water. See also Dense Nonaqueous Phase

Liquid and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.

Organic Chemical or Compound

An organic chemical or compound is a substance

produced by animals or plants that contains mainly

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Oxygenate

Oxygenates are chemicals derived from hydrocarbons

that are added to fuels to increase the oxygen content

of those fuels to improve combustion, thereby reducing

emissions, such as carbon monoxide and other

pollutants. Examples of oxygenates include methyl

tertiary butyl ether (MtBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether,

tertiary amyl methyl ether, ethanol, and other ethers

and alcohols. See also Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether.

Ozone

Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which

provides a protective layer in the stratosphere

shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on

human health and the environment from ultraviolet

radiation. Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a

major component of smog in the troposphere, the

earth’s atmospheric layer below the stratosphere

extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth’s surface.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,

chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a chemical now

used primarily as a wood preservative but which was

previously used as a herbicide, defoliant, algicide,

fungicide, and disinfectant.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

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Performance-Based Measurement System (PBMS)

EPA defines a PBMS as a set of processes through

which the data needs or limitations of a program or

project are specified and serve as criteria for selecting

appropriate methods to meet those needs in a costeffective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what

must be accomplished, but not prescriptively how to

do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis

on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate

information to support the regulatory decision, but

leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the

user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and

members of the regulated community increased

flexibility in selecting technologies, while still meeting

mandated monitoring requirements. The use of PBMS

is intended to reduce barriers to the use of new

monitoring technologies.

Permeability

Permeability is a characteristic that represents a

qualitative description of the relative ease with

which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid

(liquid or gas).

Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB)

PRBs, also known as passive treatment walls, are

installed across the flow path of a contaminated

plume. As groundwater flows through the PRB,

contaminants are either degraded or retained in a

concentrated form by the reactive material. Examples

of reactive media include zero-valent metals, chelators,

sorbents, and microbes.

Pesticide

A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances

intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or

destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate

in the food chain and or contaminate the environment

if misused.

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

Environmental site assessments, or all appropriate

inquiries, are conducted to evaluate existing

environmental problems from past operations and

potential environmental problems from current or

proposed operations at a site. The practice of

conducting site assessments is intended to satisfy one

requirement for obtaining protection from CERCLA

liability for potential property owners. Most

environmental site assessments are called Phase I

assessments because they are conducted in

conformance with ASTM E1527-00 Standard Practice

for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1

Environmental Site Assessment Process. Phase I site

assessments include:

• An inspection of the property

• A review of pertinent records for evidence of

current and past use of the property and adjacent

properties

• Interviews with current owners and occupants as

well as local government officials

• Evaluation of information gathered and

development of a report

• In some cases, samples are collected of building

materials to determine if PCBs, asbestos, or lead are

present

The need for additional sampling to confirm

contamination or to determine the nature and extent of

contamination leads into a “Phase II” assessment.

Phase II Environmental Site Assessment

Environmental site assessments are conducted to

evaluate existing environmental problems from past

operations and potential environmental problems

from current or proposed operations at a site. The

primary objective of conducting a Phase II assessment

is to confirm and evaluate the environmental

conditions identified in the Phase I environmental site

assessment or transaction screening process. During

the Phase II, additional investigation and sampling is

needed to determine the nature and extent, source, and

significance of contamination following a Phase I

environmental assessment for the purpose of

supporting subsequent cleanup and reuse decisions.

Phenol

A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that

are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and

textile, dye, gas, and resin manufacturing.

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment

technology that uses plants and trees to clean up

contaminated soil and water. Plants can break

down, or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize

metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps.

Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,

pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,

polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use

generally is limited to sites at which concentrations

of contaminants are relatively low and

contamination is found in shallow soils, streams,

and groundwater.

Phytotechnology

The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that

use living plants. See also Phytoremediation.
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Phytotoxic

The term phytotoxic is used to describe a substance

that is harmful to plants.

Plume

A plume is a visible or measurable emission or

discharge of a contaminant from a given point of

origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer

to measurable and potentially harmful radiation

leaking from a damaged reactor.

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals

produced by chlorination of biphenyl that once were

used in high-voltage electrical transformers because

they conducted heat well while being fire-resistant

and good electrical insulators.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more

than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly

found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.

Potassium Permanganate

Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound

that is soluble in water, acetone, and methanol, but is

decomposed by ethanol. It is used widely as a

powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety

of applications, and as an analytical oxidant reagent

in redox titrations.

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)

A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,

operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous

waste) that is potentially responsible for, or

contributing to, the contamination problems at a

Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires

PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to

clean up hazardous waste sites they have

contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund.

Presumptive Remedies

Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for

common categories of CERCLA sites that have been

identified through historical patterns of remedy selection

and EPA’s scientific and engineering evaluation of

performance data on technology implementation.

Pump and Treat (P&T)

P&T is a general term used to describe remediation

methods that involve the pumping of groundwater to

the surface for treatment. P&T is one of the most

common methods of treating polluted aquifers and

groundwater.

Quality Assurance (QA)

QA is a system of management activities that ensure

that a process, item, or service is of the type and

quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting

policy and implementing an administrative system of

management controls that cover planning,

implementation, and review of data collection

activities. QA is an important element of a quality

system that ensures that all research design and

performance, environmental monitoring and

sampling, and other technical and reporting activities

conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality.

Quality Control (QC)

QC refers to scientific precautions, such as

calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if

data of known and adequate quality are to be

acquired. QC is technical in nature and is

implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an

important element of a quality system that ensures

that all research design and performance,

environmental monitoring and sampling, and other

technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA

are of the highest possible quality.

Radioactive Waste

Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as

rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources

of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research

institutions, and hospitals.

Radionuclide

A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized

according to its atomic mass and atomic number,

which can be artificial or naturally occurring.

Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water

pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or

degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve

separation, concentration and volume reduction,

immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification

and Stabilization.

Radon

Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,

inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of

radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and

Radionuclide.

Reactivity

Reactive wastes are unstable under normal

conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic

fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

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Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determination

An RfR is a new type of document developed by EPA

to provide potential users of Superfund sites with an

environmental status report that documents a

technical determination made by EPA in consultation

with states, tribes, and local governments. The

environmental status report indicates whether all or a

portion of a property can support specific types of

uses and remain protective of human health and the

environment. The RfR guidance was issued by EPA in

February 2004.

Record of Decision (ROD)

A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that

explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a

Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on

information and technical analysis generated during

the remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/

FS) and consideration of public comments and

community concerns.

Release

A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,

emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,

dumping, or disposing into the environment of a

hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous

substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act.

Removal Action

A removal action usually is a short-term effort

designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste

site that poses an immediate threat to human health or

the environment. Removal actions include removing

tanks or drums of hazardous substances that were

found on the surface and installing drainage controls

or security measures, such as a fence at the site.

Removal actions also may be conducted to respond to

accidental releases of hazardous substances.

CERCLA places time and money constraints on the

duration of removal actions. See also Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

Representative Sampling

The term representative sampling refers to a portion of

material or water that is as nearly identical in content

and consistency as possible to that in a larger body of

material or water being sampled. To prevent

segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the

sample is representative of the volume and nature of

the material being sampled.

Resin

Resins are solids or semi-solids, originally of plant

origin, used principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks,

adhesives, synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Man-made resins, also called synthetic plastics, have

a wide range of applications from manufacturing of

household goods to architectural and industrial uses.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that established

a regulatory system to track hazardous substances from

their generation to their disposal. The law requires the

use of safe and secure procedures in treating,

transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous

substances. RCRA is designed to prevent the creation

of new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.

RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative supports

the design of pilot projects to test approaches that

better integrate reuse considerations into the corrective

action cleanup process. The initiative also addresses

concerns that application of RCRA to cleanup

activities may slow the progress of cleanup efforts.

RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts

(TSE) Initiative

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention TSE Initiative is

intended to focus short-term attention and support on

sites where cleanup has been delayed or slowed and

to serve as a catalyst for completing the cleanup at

such sites in order to prevent them from becoming

brownfields sites. The initiative applies to sites where

significant potential for redevelopment and reuse

exists and where limited EPA support would be

required to bring the Sites to the next level of cleanup.

Response Action

A response action is a short-term removal action or a

long-term remedial response, authorized under

CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of

hazardous substances.

Return to Reuse Initiative

The Return to Reuse Initiative was announced by EPA

on November 10, 2004. This initiative focuses on NPL

sites that were cleaned up before EPA’s current

emphasis on considering reuse during response

activities, many of which remain vacant. Under this

initiative, EPA is committed to reviewing remedies in

place to determine whether there are relatively modest

ways to alter the remedy, without triggering changes

to the ROD, to encourage reuse of these sites.
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Reuse Assessment

A reuse assessment involves the collection and

evaluation of information to develop assumptions

about reasonably anticipated future land uses at

Superfund sites. It provides a tool for implementing

the Superfund land use directive and can involve a

review of available records, visual inspections of the

site, and discussions with local government officials,

property owners, and community members about

potential future land uses.

Risk Communication

Risk communication, the exchange of information

about health or environmental risks among risk

assessors, risk managers, the local community, news

media and interest groups, is the process of informing

members of the local community about environmental

risks associated with a site and the steps that are

being taken to manage those risks.

Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)

As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach

through which exposure and risk assessment

practices are integrated with traditional components

of the corrective action process to ensure that

appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected

and that limited resources are allocated properly.

RBCA refers specifically to Standard Guide E 1739 for

Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied At Petroleum

Release Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process

can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and

regulatory practices. See also American Society for

Testing and Materials.

Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)

A SAP documents the procedural and analytical

requirements for a one-time or time-limited project that

involves the collection of samples of water, soil,

sediment, or other media to characterize areas of

potential environmental contamination. A SAP contains

all the elements of a quality assurance project plan and a

field sampling plan that must be provided to meet the

requirements for any project funded by the EPA under

which environmental measurements are to be taken.

Saturated Zone

The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of

the land in which all openings are filled with water.

Seismic Reflection and Refraction

Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used to

examine the geophysical features of soil and bedrock,

such as debris, buried channels, and other features.

Semivolatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen

atoms, have boiling points greater than 200oC.

Common SVOCs include PCBs, PAHs, and phenols.

See also Phenol and Polychlorinated Biphenyl.

Significant Threat

The term refers to the level of contamination that a

state would consider significant enough to warrant an

action. The thresholds vary from state to state.

Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer

System (SCAPS)

SCAPS was developed by the Division of the Naval

Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center, in

collaboration with the U.S. Army and the U. S. Air

Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer testing system,

coupled with laser-induced fluorescence, measures

fluorescence with optical fibers. The measurement is

made through a sapphire window on a probe that is

pushed into the ground with a truck-mounted cone

penetrometer testing platform. See also Cone

Penetrometer and Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone

Penetrometer.

Six-Phase Soil Heating

Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal

technology for the remediation of contamination of

soil and groundwater. The process splits

conventional electricity into six electrical phases for

the electrical resistive heating of soil and

groundwater. Each electrical phase is delivered to

one of six electrodes placed in a hexagonal array.

The voltage gradient between phases causes an

electrical current to flow through the soil and

groundwater. Resistivity causes the temperature to

rise. As the soil and groundwater are heated

uniformly to the boiling point of water, the water

becomes steam, stripping volatile and semivolatile

contaminants from the pore spaces. In addition,

removal of the soil moisture increases the air

permeability of the soils, which can further increase

the rate at which contaminants are removed.

Sludge

Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water

treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal

wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the bottom

of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge, which can

be a hazardous waste.
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Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields

Revitalization Act

The Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields

Revitalization Act – also known as the Brownfields

Law - was passed in January 2002. With the passage

of this act, EPA assistance was expanded to provide

greater support for brownfields cleanup and reuse.

The law modified EPA’s brownfields grants and

technical assistance program by increasing EPA

funding authority up to $200 million per year;

providing grants for assessments, revolving loan

funds, direct cleanups, and job training; expanding

the entities, properties, and activities eligible for

brownfields grants; expanding the Brownfields

Program’s applicability to sites with petroleum

contamination such as abandoned gas stations; and

providing authority for brownfields training, research,

and technical assistance. In addition, the Brownfields

Law changed and clarified Superfund liability for

prospective purchasers, innocent landowners, and

contiguous property owners. The law also provided

liability protection for certain small-volume waste

contributors and municipal solid waste contributors.

Soil Boring

Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is

extracted from the ground for chemical, biological, and

analytical testing to determine the level of

contamination present.

Soil Flushing

In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times

supplemented with treatment compounds, are applied

to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the

water table into the zone of contaminated soil.

Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and

the extraction fluids are recovered from the underlying

aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled.

Soil Gas

Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds

that occur in the small spaces between particles of the

earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave

the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)

SVE is a process that physically separates

contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a

vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes

VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground

surface.

Soil Washing

Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology that

uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined with

chemical additives) and a mechanical process to scrub

soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and

concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.

The technology is used to treat a wide range of

contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and

pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost

alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume

as necessary to facilitate subsequent treatment. It is often

used in combination with other treatment technologies.

The technology can be brought to the site, thereby

eliminating the need to transport hazardous wastes.

Solidification and Stabilization

Solidification and stabilization are the processes of

removing wastewater from a waste or changing it

chemically to make the waste less permeable and

susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and

stabilization technologies can immobilize many heavy

metals, certain radionuclides, and selected organic

compounds, while decreasing the surface area and

permeability of many types of sludge, contaminated

soils, and solid wastes.

Solubility

Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will

dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one

substance to dissolve into another at a given temperature

and pressure and is generally expressed in terms of the

amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of

solvent to produce a saturated solution.

Solvent

A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is

capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other

substances.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment

technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove

hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type

wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The technology

does not destroy contaminants, but concentrates them

so they can be recycled or destroyed more easily by

another technology. Solvent extraction has been

shown to be effective in treating sediments, sludges,

and soils that contain primarily organic

contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs, halogenated

organic compounds, and petroleum wastes. Such

contaminants typically are generated from metal

degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline,

and wood preserving processes. Solvent extraction is

a transportable technology that can be brought to the

site. See also Halogenated Organic Compound,

Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic

Compound.
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Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

An SOP is a step-by-step procedure that promotes

uniformity in operations to help clarify and augment

such operations. SOPs document the way activities

are to be performed to facilitate consistent

conformance to technical and quality system

requirements and to support data quality. The use of

SOPs is an integral part of a successful quality system

because SOPs provide individuals with the

information needed to perform a job properly and

facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a

product or end result. SOPs also provide guidance in

areas in which the exercise of professional judgment is

necessary and specify procedures that are unique to

each task.

Steam Injection

Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses

the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil

and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The

technology was developed by the petroleum industry

to enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has

been adapted by the remediation industry for use in

the recovery of organic contaminants from the

subsurface.

Strategic Environmental Research and Development

Program (SERDP)

SERDP is an environmental research and

development program headed by the U.S. Department

of Defense in partnership with the U.S. Department of

Energy and EPA. The program focuses on cleanup,

compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and

unexploded ordnance technologies. SERDP also

provides demonstration opportunities at national test

sites and conducts annual symposia and workshops

to encourage technology transfer.

Subsurface

Underground, beneath the surface.

Superfund

Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the

cleanup of hazardous substances released into the

environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was

established under the Comprehensive Environmental

Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)

and subsequent amendments to CERCLA. The term

Superfund also is used to refer to cleanup programs

designed and conducted under CERCLA and its

subsequent amendments. See also Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

Program

The SITE Program is an effort established by EPA in

1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and

commercialization of innovative treatment technologies

for assessing and cleaning up hazardous waste sites.

The program provides an opportunity for technology

developers to demonstrate their technologies’ ability to

successfully process and remediate hazardous waste.

The SITE Program has four components: the Emerging

Technology Program, the Demonstration Program, the

Measurement and Monitoring Program, and the

Technology Transfer Program.

Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI)

The SRI reflects EPA’s commitment to consider

reasonably anticipated future land uses when making

remedy decisions for Superfund hazardous waste

sites so that sites can be cleaned up to be protective of

human health and the environment under the future

uses of the land.

Surface Water

Surface water is all water naturally open to the

atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,

and seas.

Surfactant Flushing

Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat

contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of

NAPL increases the solubility and mobility of the

contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be

biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for

treatment aboveground. See also Nonaqueous Phase

Liquid.

Systematic Planning

Systematic planning is a planning process that is

based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense

approach designed to ensure that the level of detail

in planning is commensurate with the importance

and intended use of the data, as well as the available

resources. Systematic planning is important to the

successful execution of all activities at hazardous

waste sites, but it is particularly important to

dynamic field activities because those activities rely

on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective

(DQO) process is one formalized process of

systematic planning. All dynamic field activities

must be designed through the use of systematic

planning, whether using DQO steps or some other

system. See also Data Quality Objective.
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“Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/

Chemical Methods” (SW-846)

SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference

document, “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,

Physical/Chemical Methods,” which is intended to

assist analytical chemists and other users in the

RCRA and Superfund programs by suggesting

procedures that analysts have found to be successful

when applied to typical samples. The SW-846

methods are analytical and sampling methods that

have been evaluated and approved for use in

complying with RCRA regulations. The methods are

not intended to be prescriptive, nor are all

technologies or methods that may be used identified.

Tetrachloroethene

Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured

chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in

metal degreasing operations. It also is used as a

starting material (building block) for the production of

other manufactured chemicals. Other names for

tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene,

perchloroethylene, and PCE.

Thermal Desorption

Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment

technology that heats soils contaminated with

hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000oF

so that contaminants that have low boiling points will

vaporize and separate from the soil. The vaporized

contaminants then are collected for further treatment

or destruction, typically by an air emission treatment

system. The technology is most effective for treating

VOCs; SVOCs; and other organic contaminants such

as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It is effective in

separating organics from refining wastes, coal tar

wastes, waste from wood treatment, and paint wastes.

It also can separate solvents, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins,

and fuel oils from contaminated soil. See also

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Polychlorinated

Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic Compound, and Volatile

Organic Compound.

Toluene

Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet,

strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation

gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes,

medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents.

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)

TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of

petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a

given amount of air, soil, or water.

Toxic Substance

A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may

present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the

environment.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and screen

all chemicals produced or imported into the United

States. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches

the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic

effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing

chemical that poses health and environmental

hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.

Toxicity

Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger

posed by a substance to animal or plant life.

Triad Approach

The Triad approach is a three-pronged approach

designed to encourage modernization of data

collection, analysis, interpretation, and management in

order to support cleanup decisions for hazardous

waste sites. The three parts of the Triad approach

include systematic planning, a dynamic work strategy,

and use of real-time measurement tools to allow on-site

analysis of samples. The Triad approach enables

project managers to minimize uncertainty while

expediting site cleanup and reducing project costs.

Systematic planning is a common-sense approach used

to ensure that the level of detail of project planning

matches the intended use of the data being collected.

The dynamic work strategy relies on real-time data to

reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is

identified, and responsibilities, authority, and lines of

communication are established. Real-time

measurement is made possible by use of on-site

analytical tools and rapid sampling platforms, on-site

interpretation and management of data, and supports

on-site decision-making.

Trichloroethene (TCE)

TCE is a stable, low-boiling point, colorless liquid that

is used as a solvent, as a metal degreasing agent, and

in other industrial applications. TCE is also known as

trichloroethylene.

Uncertainty

The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown

quantities present in all scientific and technical

decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete

knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination,

an inability to predict a technology’s performance

under site-specific conditions, or new or changing

regulatory requirements.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-18

Underground Injection Control (UIC)

UIC is the prevention of contamination from fluids

disposed through underground injection. Regulated

under the Safe Drinking Act, the UIC program was

established to prevent contamination of underground

sources of drinking water. In addition to banning

certain types of injection, the program establishes

minimum requirements for the siting of injection wells

and the construction, operation, maintenance,

monitoring, testing, and closure of wells.

Underground Storage Tank (UST)

An UST is a tank and any underground piping

connected to a tank that is used to contain gasoline or

other petroleum products or chemical solutions and

that is placed in such a manner that at least 10 percent

of its combined volume is underground.

USTFields Initiative

The USTFields Initiative undertaken by EPA’s Office

of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) focuses on

improving cleanups at sites affected by petroleum

contamination and encouraging redevelopment of

these sites.

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition,

weapon delivery system, or ordnance item that

contains explosives, propellants, and chemical agents.

UXO consists of the same items after they: (1) have

been armed or otherwise prepared for action; (2) have

been launched, placed, fired, or released in such a

manner as to constitute a hazard to operations,

installations, personnel, or material; and (3) remain

unexploded by design, by malfunction, or for any

other reason.

Unsaturated Zone

The unsaturated zone is the area between the land

surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated zone).

The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain air and

water.

Vadose Zone

The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the

land and the surface of the water table in which the

moisture content is less than the saturation point and

the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings

(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.

Vapor

Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is

liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and

pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing

compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature.

Examples of VOCs include trichloroethane;

trichloroethene; and benzene toluene ethylbenzene and

xylene (BTEX). These contaminants typically are

generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit board

cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes.

Volatilization

Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical

from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.

Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of

the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the

rate of volatilization.

Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)

A VCP is a formal means established by many states to

facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment of

brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the

identification and cleanup of potentially

contaminated sites that are not on the National

Priorities List (NPL). Under a VCP, owners or

developers of a site are encouraged to approach the

state voluntarily to work out a process by which the

site can be readied for development. Many state VCPs

provide technical assistance, liability assurances, and

funding support for such efforts. See also National

Priorities List.

Wastewater

Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual

home, a community, a farm, or an industry that

contains dissolved or suspended matter.

Water Table

A water table is the boundary between the saturated

and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the

earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the

level to which water will rise in a well. See also Aquifer

and Groundwater.

Zoning

Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a

municipality to regulate and control the character and

use of property.
APPENDIX C
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

C-1

Appendix C

LIST OF BROWNFIELDS

AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA

technical support staff in the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation and the Office of

Research and Development. The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at

brownfields sites.

The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication.

State Brownfields Contacts ................................................................................ C-2

EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators ........................................................ C-7

An online list of regional contacts is available at

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/regcntct.htm

EPA Technical Support Contacts ...................................................................... C-8
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

ALABAMA

www.adem.state.al.us/

Dan Cooper

Land Division

AL Department of Environmental

Management

1751 Congressman WL Dickinson

Drive

Montgomery, AL 36109

Phone: (334) 271-7711

Fax: (334) 279-3050

ALASKA

www.dec.state.ak.us/

Jill Taylor

Spill Prevention and Response

AK Department of Environmental

Conservation

410 Willoughby Avenue

Juneau, AK 99801

Phone: (907) 465-5209

Fax: (907) 465-5262

E-mail: Jill.taylor@dec.state.ak.us

ARIZONA

www2.ev.state.az.us/index.html

Al Roesler

Voluntary Sites Unit

AZ Department of Environmental

Quality

3033 North Central Avenue

Phoenix, AZ 85012

Phone: (602) 207-4166

Fax: (602) 207-4236

E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us

ARKANSAS

www.adeq.state.ar.us/hazwaste/

Mike Bates

Hazardous Waste Division

AR Department of Environmental

Quality

8001 National Drive

P.O. Box 8913

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913

Phone: (501) 682-0831

Fax: (501) 682-0565

E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us

Daniel Clanton

Hazardous Waste Division, Active Sites

Branch

Department of Environmental Quality

8001 National Drive

P.O. Box 8913

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913

Phone: (501) 682-0834

Fax: (501) 682-0565

E-mail: clanton@adeq.state.ar.us

CALIFORNIA

www.calepa.ca.gov/

Steven Becker

Sacramento Regional Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

8800 Cal Center Drive

Sacramento, CA 95826

Phone: (916) 255-3845

Email: sbecker@dtsc.ca.gov

Megan Cambridge

Statewide Brownfields Coordinator

Department of Toxic Substances Control

8800 Cal Center Drive

Sacramento, CA 95826

Phone: (916) 255-3727

Email: mcambridge@dtsc.ca.gov

Tina Diaz

Glendale Regional Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

1011 North Grandview Avenue

Glendale, CA 91201

Phone: (818) 551-2862

Fax: (818) 551-2832

Email: tdiaz@dtsc.ca.gov

Janet Naito

Berkeley Regional Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

700 Heinz Avenue

Suite 200C

Berkeley, CA 94710

Phone: (510) 540-3833

Fax: (510) 540-3819

Email: jnaito@dtsc.ca.gov

Lynn Nakashima

Berkeley Regional Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

700 Heinz Avenue

Suite 200C

Berkeley, CA 94710

Phone: (510) 540-3839

Fax: (510) 540-3819

Email: lnakashi@dtsc.ca.gov

Kevin Shaddy

Clovis Field Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

1515 Tollhouse Road

Clovis, CA 93611

Phone: (559) 297-3929

Email: kshaddy@dtsc.ca.gov

Rania Zabaneh

Cypress Regional Office

Department of Toxic Substances Control

5796 Corporate Avenue

Cypress, CA 90630

Phone: (714) 484-5479

Email: rzabaneh@dtsc.ca.gov

C-2

COLORADO

www.state.co.us/gov_dir/cdphe_dir/hm

Daniel Scheppers

Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste

Management Division

CO Department of Public Health and

Environment

4300 Cherry Creek Drive South

Denver, CO 80246-1530

Phone: (303) 692-3398

Fax: (303) 759-5355

E-mail: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us

CONNECTICUT

http://dep.state.ct.us/

Doug Zimmerman

CT Department of Environmental

Protection

79 Elm Street

Hartford, CT 06106-5127

Phone: (860) 424-3800

Fax: (860) 424-4057

E-mail:

douglas.zimmerman@po.state.ct.us

DELAWARE

http://sirb.awm.dnrec.state.de.us/

Steve Seidel

Department of Revenue

820 North French Street

Wilmington, DE 19801

Phone: (302) 577-8455

Fax: (302) 577-8656

E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us

FLORIDA

www.dep.state.fl.us/

Joe McGarrity

Bureau of Waste Cleanup

FL Department of Environmental

Protection

Tallahassee, FL

Phone: (904) 488-3935

E-mail: mcgarrity_j@dep.state.fl.us

Roger Register

Brownfields Liaison

FL Department of Environmental

Protection

MS 4505

2600 Blair Stone Road

Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400

Phone: (850) 488-0190

Fax: (850) 922-4368

E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

GEORGIA

www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

Darren Meadows

Environmental Protection Division

GA Department of Natural Resources

Suite 1462

205 Butler Street, SE

Atlanta, GA 30334

Phone: (404) 657-8600

Fax: (404) 657-0307

E-mail:

darren_meadows@mail.dnr.state.ga.us

HAWAII

www.hawaii.gov/health

Bryce Hatoaka

Environmental Management Division

HI Department of Health, Hazard

Evaluation and Emergency Response

919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206

Honolulu, HI 96814

Phone: (808) 586-4248

Fax: (808) 586-7537

E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us

IDAHO

www2.state.id.us/deq

Dean Nygard

Division of Environmental Quality

ID Department of Health and Welfare

1410 North Hilton Street

Boise, ID 83706

Phone: (208) 373-0276

Fax: (208) 373-0576

ILLINOIS

www.epa.state.il.us/

Rick Lucas

Division of Land Pollution Control

IL Environmental Protection Agency

1021 North Grand Avenue East

P.O. Box 19276

Springfield, IL 62794-9276

Phone: (217) 782-6761

Fax: (217) 782-3258

E-mail: epa4155@epa.state.il.us

INDIANA

www.ai.org/idem/oer/index.html

Peggy Dorsey

Voluntary Remediation Program

IN Department of Environmental

Management

P.O. Box 6015

100 North Senate Avenue

Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015

Phone: (317) 234-0428

E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us

IOWA

www.state.ia.us/epd

Stuart C. Schmitz

Contaminated Sites Section

IA Department of Natural Resources

Wallace State Office Building

Des Moines, IA 50319

Phone: (515) 242-5241

Fax: (515) 281-8895

E-mail: stuart.schmitz@dnr.state.ia.us

KANSAS

www.kdhe.state.ks.us/ber/

Frank Arnwine

1000 SW Jackson, Suite 410

Topeka, Kansas 66612-1367

Phone: (785) 296-1665

Fax (785) 296-7030

E-mail farnwine@kdhe.state.ks.us

KENTUCKY

www.kyeqc.net/

Jeffrey Pratt

Division of Waste Management

KY Department of Environmental

Protection

14 Reilly Road

Frankfurt, KY 40601

Phone: (502) 564-6716

Fax: (502) 564-4049

E-mail: pratt@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us

LOUISIANA

www.deq.state.la.us/

John Halk

Department of Environmental Quality

Inactive & Abandoned Sites Division

P.O. Box 82178

Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178

Phone: (504) 765-0487

Fax: (504) 765-0484

MAINE

www.state.me.us/dep/rwm/home.htm

Nicholas Hodgkins

Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid

Waste Control

ME Department of Environmental

Protection

State House Station 17

Augusta , ME 04333-0017

Phone: (207) 287-2651

Fax: (207) 287-7826

E-mail: nick.hodgkins@state.me.us

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

C-3

MARYLAND

www.mde.state.md.us/

Karl Kalbacher

MD Department of the Environment

2500 Broening Highway

Baltimore, MD 21224

Phone: (410) 631-3437

Fax: (410) 631-3472

E-mail: kkalbacher@mde.state.md.us

Jim Metz

MD Department of the Environment

2500 Broening Highway

Baltimore, MD 21224

Phone: (410) 631-3437

Fax: (410) 631-3472

E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net

MASSACHUSETTS

www.state.ma.us/dep/bwsc/bwschome.htm

Betsy Harper

Office of the Attorney General

MA Environmental Protection Division

200 Portland Street

Boston, MA 02114

Phone: (617) 727-2200

Fax: (617) 727-9665

Catherine Finneran

Brownfields Coordinator

Waste Site Cleanup

MA Department of Environmental

Protection

One Winter Street Floor # 7

Boston, MA 02108

Phone: (617) 556-1138

Fax: (617) 556-1049

MICHIGAN

www.deq.state.mi.us/

James Linton

Site Reclamation Unit

MI Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 30426

Lansing, MI 48909

Phone: (517) 373-8450

Fax: (517) 373-9657

E-mail: lintonj@state.mi.us
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

MINNESOTA

www.pca.state.mn.us/cleanup/index.html

Greg Ruff

Groundwater & Solid Waste Unit

MN Pollution Control Agency

520 Lafayette Road

St. Paul, MN 55155-4194

Phone: (651) 296-0892

Fax: (651) 296-9707

E-mail: joseph.otte@pca.state.mn.us

Meredith Udoibok

Department of Trade and Economic

Development

St. Paul, MN

Phone: (651) 297-4132

MISSISSIPPI

www.deq.state.ms.us/

Tony Russell

MS Department of Environmental

Quality

Hazardous Waste Division

P.O. Box 10385

Jackson, MS 39289-0385

Phone: (601) 961-5171

Fax: (601) 961-5300

E-mail: tony_russell@deq.state.ms.us

MISSOURI

www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/homedeq.htm

Jim Belcher

Voluntary Cleanup Section

MO Department of Natural Resources

P.O. Box 176

Jefferson City, MO 65102

Phone: (573) 526-8913

Fax: (573) 526-8922

MONTANA

www.deq.state.mt.us/index.asp

Carol Fox

Site Remediation Division

MT Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 200901

Helena, MT 59620-0901

Phone: (406) 444-0478

Fax: (406) 444-1901

E-mail: cfox@mt.gov

NEBRASKA

www.deq.state.ne.us/

Ted Huscher

NE Department of Environmental

Quality

1200 N Street

The Atrium Building, Suite 400

Lincoln, NE 68509-8922

Phone: (402) 471-2214

Fax: (402) 471-2909

E-mail: ted.huscher@ndeq.state.ne.us

NEVADA

www.state.nv.us/

Robert Kelso

Bureau of Corrective Actions

NV Division of Environmental

Protection

333 West Nye Lane

Carson City, NV 89706

Phone: (702) 687-5872

Fax: (702) 687-6396

E-mail: us.ndepl@govmail.state.nv.us

NEW HAMPSHIRE

www.state.nh.us/des/hwrb/

Gary Lynn

Waste Management Division

NH Department of Environmental

Services

6 Hazen Drive

Concord, NH 03304

Phone: (603) 271-6778

Fax: (603) 271-2456

NEW JERSEY

www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/index.htm

Gary Greulich

Bureau of Field Operations

NJ Department of Environmental

Protection

2 Babcock Place

West Orange, NJ 07052

Phone: (973) 669-3960

George Nicholas

Bureau of Ground Water Pollution

Abatement

NJ Department of Environmental

Protection

P.O. Box 413

Trenton, NJ 08625-0413

Phone: (609) 984-6565

Mark Pederson

Case Assignment Section

New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 028

Trenton, NJ 08625-0434

Phone: (609) 292-1928

Fax: (609) 292-2117

NEW MEXICO

www.nmenv.state.nm.us/

Christine Bynum

Voluntary Remediation Program,

Ground Water Quality Bureau

NM Environmental Department

P.O. Box 26110

Santa Fe, NM 87502

Phone: (505) 827-2754

Fax: (505) 827-2965

E-mail:

chris_bynum@nmenv.state.nm.us

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

C-4

NEW YORK

www.dec.state.ny.us/

Christine Costopoulos

Division of Remedial Response

NY Department of Environmental

Conservation

50 Wolf Road

Albany, NY 12233-7010

Phone: (518) 457-5861

Fax: (518) 457-9639

E-mail: cjcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us

NORTH CAROLINA

http://wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us/

Charlotte Jesneck

Division of Waste Management, Site

Cleanup Bureau

NC Department of Environment,

Health, and Natural Resources

401 Oberlin Road

P.O. Box 29603

Raleigh, NC 27611-7687

Phone: (919) 733-2801

Fax: (919) 733-4811

E-mail:

jesneckc@wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us

NORTH DAKOTA

www.ehs.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/environ/

wm/index.htm

Kurt Erickson

Division of Waste Management

ND Department of Health and

Consolidated Labs

P.O. Box 5520

Bismark, ND 58506-5520

Phone: (701) 328-5166

Fax: (701) 328-5200

E-mail:

ccmail.cerickso@ranch. state.nd.us

OHIO

www.epa.state.oh.us/derr/

Jennifer Kwasniewski

Ohio Environmental Protection

Agency

1800 Watermark Drive

P.O. Box 1049

Columbus, OH 43266-0419

Phone: (614) 644-2279

Fax: (614) 644-3146
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

OKLAHOMA

www.deq.state.ok.us/waste.html

Rita Kottke

Waste Management Division

OK Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 1677

707 N. Robinson

Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677

Phone: (405) 702-5127

Fax: (405) 702-5101

E-mail: rita.kottke@deqmail.state. ok.us

Amil Lyon

Department of Environmental Quality

Waste Management Division

707 North Robinson

Oklahoma City, OK 73102

Phone: (405) 702-5140

Fax: (405) 70205101

E-mail: amil.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us

OREGON

www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/cleanup/

clean.htm

Alan Kiphut

Waste Management and Cleanup

Division

OR Department of Environmental

Quality

811 S.W. Sixth Avenue

Portland, OR 97204

Phone: (503) 229-6834

Fax: (503) 229-6977

E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us

PENNSYLVANIA

www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/

airwaste/wm/default.htm

Scott Dunkelberger

Grants Office

Department of Community and

Economic Development

494 Forum Building

Harrisburg, PA 17120

Phone: (717) 787-7120

Fax: (717) 772-2890

E-mail: sdunkel@doc.state.pa.us

David Hess

Department of Environmental

Protection

Philadelphia, PA

Phone: (717) 783-7509

E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us

James Shaw

Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste

Management

Department of Environmental

Protection

400 Market Street

P.O. Box 8471

Harrisburg, PA 17105

Phone: (717) 787-7120

Fax: (717) 787-1904

E-mail: landrecyclng@al.dep.state.pa.us

PUERTO RICO

Enid Villegas

Chief Superfund Core

Puerto Rico Environmental Quality

Board

P.O. Box 11488

Santure, PR 00910

(787) 767-8181

Fax: (787) 766-0150

RHODE ISLAND

www.state.ri.us/dem

Greg Fine

Office of Waste Management

RI Department of Environmental

Management

235 Promenade Street

Providence, RI 02908

Phone: (401) 222-2797

Fax: (401) 222-3812

SOUTH CAROLINA

www.state.sc.us/dhec

Gail Jeter

Bureau of Land and Waste

Management

SC Department of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull Street

Columbia, SC 29201

Phone: (803) 896-4069

Fax: (803) 896-4001

E-mail:

jetergr@columb34.dhec.state.sc.us

SOUTH DAKOTA

www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denr/

denr.html

Mark Lawrenson

Division of Environmental Regulation

SD Department of Water and Natural

Resources

523 East Capitol, Foss Building

Pierre, SD 57501

Phone: (605) 773-5868

Fax: (605) 773-6035

TENNESSEE

www.state.tn.us/environment/dsf/

home.htm

Andrew Shivas

Division of Superfund

TN Department of Environment and

Conservation

401 Church Street

14th Floor, L&C Annex

Nashville, TN 37214

Phone: (615) 532-0912

Fax: (615) 532-0938

E-mail: ashivas@mail.state.tn.us

C-5

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

TEXAS

www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/homepgs/oprr.html

Chuck Epperson

Voluntary Cleanup Section

TX Natural Resource Conservation

Commission

P.O. Box 13087 - MC221

Austin, TX 78711-3087

Phone: (512) 239-2498

Fax: (512) 239-1212

E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us

UTAH

www.eq.state.ut.us/EQERR/errhmpg.htm

Brent Everett

Division of Environmental Response

and Remediation

168 North 1950 West

1st Floor

Salt Lake City, UT 84116

Phone: (801) 536-4100

Fax: (801) 536-4242

E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us

VERMONT

www.anr.state.vt.us/

George Desch

Department of Environmental

Conservation

VT Agency of Natural Resources

103 South Main Street

Waterbury, VT 05671-0404

Phone: (802) 241-3491

Fax: (802) 244-3296

E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us

VIRGINIA

www.deq.state.va.us/

Erica Dameron

VA Department of Environmental

Quality

629 E. Main Street

Richmond, VA 23219

Phone: (804) 698-4201

Fax: 804 698-4234

E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va.us

WASHINGTON

www.ecy.wa.gov/

Curtis Dahlgren

WA Department of Ecology

P.O. Box 47600

Olympia, WA 98504-7600

Phone: (360) 407-7187

Fax: (360) 407-7154

E-mail: cdah461@ecy.wa.gov
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Angelo Tompros

Department of Consumer and

Regulatory Affairs

Environmental Regulation

Administration

2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE

Room 203

Washington, DC 20020

Phone: (202) 645-6080

Fax: (202) 645-6622

WEST VIRGINIA

www.dep.state.wv.us/

Ken Ellison

Office of Waste Management

WV Division of Environmental

Protection

1356 Hansford Street

Charleston, WV 25301

Phone: (304) 558-5929

Fax: (304) 558-0256

E-mail: kellison@mail.dep.state.wv.us

WISCONSIN

www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/rr

Darsi Foss

Division of Environmental Quality

WI Department of Natural Resources

101 South Webster Street

P.O. Box 7921

Madison, WI 53707-7921

Phone: (608) 267-6713

Fax: (608) 267-2768

E-mail: fossd@dnr.state.wi.us

WYOMING

http://deq.state.wy.us/

Carl Anderson

Solid and Hazardous Waste Division

WY Department of Environmental

Quality

122 West, 25th Street

Cheyenne, WY 82002

Phone: (307) 777-7752

Fax: (307) 777-5973

E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us

C-6
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

An online list of regional contacts is

available at www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/

regcntct.htm.

REGION 1

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, Rhode Island,

Vermont

www.epa.gov/region01/Brownfields/

U.S. EPA Region 1 Brownfields Office

One Congress Street (HBT)

Boston, MA 02114-2023

Phone: (617) 918-1221

Fax: (617) 918-1291

REGION 2

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,

Virgin Islands

www.epa.gov/r02earth/superfnd/

brownfld/bfmainpg.htm

U.S. EPA Region 2 Brownfields Office

290 Broadway

18th Floor

New York, NY 10007-1866

Phone: (212) 637-3000

Fax: (212) 637-4360

REGION 3

Delaware, Washington, D.C.,

Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,

West Virginia

www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/brownfld/

hmpage1.htm

U.S. EPA Region 3 Brownfields Office

1650 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103

Phone: (215) 814-3129 or (800) 814-5000

Fax: (215) 814-3254

REGION 4

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,

Mississippi, North Carolina, South

Carolina, Tennessee

www.epa.gov/region4/index.html

U.S. EPA Region 4 Brownfields Office

Atlanta Federal Center

61 Forsyth Street

Atlanta, GA 30303

(404) 562-8684

Fax: (404) 562-8566

REGION 5

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,

Ohio, Wisconsin

www.epa.gov/R5Brownfields/

U.S. EPA Region 5 Brownfields Office

77 West Jackson Boulevard (SE-4J)

Chicago, IL 60604-3507

Phone: (312) 886-7576 or (800) 621-8431

Fax: (312) 886-7190

REGION 6

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, Texas

www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6sf/bfpages/

sfbfhome.htm

U.S. EPA Region 6 Brownfields Office

1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200

Dallas, TX 75202-2733

Phone: (214) 665-6736

Fax: (214) 665-6660

REGION 7

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

http://www.epa.gov/region07/

Brownfields/index.html

U.S. EPA Region 7 Brownfields Office

901 North 5th Street

Kansas City, KS 66101

Phone: (913) 551-7066 or (800) 223-0425

Fax: (913) 9646

REGION 8

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,

South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

www.epa.gov/region08/land_waste/

bfhome/bfhome.html

U.S. EPA Region 8 Brownfields Office

999 18th Street, Suite 300

Denver, CO 80202-2406

Phone: (800)-227-8917

Fax: (303) 312-6067

REGION 9

Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,

American Samoa, Guam

www.epa.gov/region09/waste/brown/

index.html

U.S. EPA Region 9 Brownfields Office

75 Hawthorne Street

San Francisco, CA 94105

Phone: (415) 972-3188

Fax: (415) 947-3528

REGION 10

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/

index.html#other

U.S. EPA Region 10 Brownfields Office

1200 Sixth Avenue

Seattle, WA 98011

Phone: (800)424-4372

Fax: (206) 553-0124

EPA - HEADQUARTERS

www.epa.gov/brownfields

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency

Response

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (202) 260-6837

Fax: (202) 260-6066

C-7
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES

John Kingscott

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology

Innovation

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-7189

E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov

GROUNDWATER INFORMATION

Richard Steimle

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology

Innovation

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-7195

E-mail: steimle.richard@epa.gov

REGULATORY INFORMATION

See page C-6 for information about EPA regional

points of contact. 

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING

Deana Crumbling

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology

Innovation

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-0643

E-mail: crumbling.deana@epa.gov

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES

Ed Barth

National Risk Management Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

26 Martin Luther King Drive

Cincinnati, OH 45268

Phone: (513) 569-7669

Fax: (513) 569-7676

E-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov

Joan Colson

National Risk Management Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

26 Martin Luther King Drive

Cincinnati, OH 45268

Phone: (513) 569-7501

Fax: (513) 569-7676

GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES

David Burden

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

P.O. Box 1198

Ada, OK 74821-1198

Phone: (580) 436-8606

E-mail: burden.david@epa.gov

GENERAL INFORMATION:

OFFICE OF SUPERFUND REMEDIATION AND

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Online: www.brownfieldstsc.org

Phone: (877) 838-7220 (Toll Free)

EPA Contact: Dan Powell

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Superfund Remediation and

Technology Innovation

Phone: (703) 603-7196

E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov

BROWNFIELDS AND LAND REVITALIZATION

TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT CENTER

C-8
APPENDIX D
• APPENDIX D: HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded online at

www.brownfieldstsc.org. Many of the documents are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or

hard copy versions of the publications are available from a variety of EPA sources. Visit the EPA

Information Sources Web site for publications at www.epa.gov/epahome/publications.htm to obtain additional

information on sources of publications. Some of the information contained on the Web site is included

below.

EPA’s National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) is a central repository for all EPA

documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic format. The documents are available free of

charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy each of as many as five documents within any

two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form

on the following page. Please include the EPA document numbers of all publications ordered.

NSCEP publications may be ordered:

Online: www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.htm

By mail: U.S. EPA/NSCEP

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-0419

By fax: Send your order via FAX, 24-hours a day, 7-days a week.

(513) 489-8695

By e-mail: ncepimal@one.net

By phone: Call 1-800-490-9198 or (513) 489-8190 (Speak to an operator Monday through Friday,

7:30 AM - 5:30 PM, E.S.T.). Leave an order 24-hours a day.

Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA’s National Environmental Publications Internet Site

(NEPIS), EPA’s online repository of more than 10,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS Web site at www.epa.gov/

nepis/ to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are

available in print.

Since some EPA offices make selected documents available through their own Web sites, you may wish to

visit the EPA Web site at www.epa.gov/epahome/publications2.htm for more information about obtaining

documents from specific EPA offices.

Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be

purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS publications may be ordered

online at www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.asp. NTIS also provides ordering by mail, fax, and e-mail. Visit the

Web site to obtain additional information regarding document availability and cost before ordering by those

methods. For additional information or telephone orders call the Sales Desk at 1-800-553-6847 or (703) 605-

6000 8 a.m. - 6 p.m.; EST, Mon-Fri.

Appendix D

HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS

D-1
NATIONAL SERVICE CENTER

FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS

ORDER FORM

EPA publications may be available through the National Service Center for Environmental

Publications (NSCEP). Single copies are available free of charge while supplies last.

Mail to: U.S. EPA/NSCEP

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419

Fax to: (513) 489-8695

Document No. Document Title

Customer Information

Name

Company

Street Address

City State Zip Code

Daytime Telephone Number
FOLD HERE

Return Address:

U.S. EPA/NSCEP

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419

FOLD HERE

Place

Stamp

Here
INDEX OF RESOURCES
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NEW 1 A Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation in Groundwater, Including

Decision Trees for In Situ Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and

Perchlorate .............................................................................................................................. 75

2 A User’s Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis ........................................ 47

NEW 3 Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program (ASAP), ANL ............................................... 47

NEW 4 Air Sparging Design Paradigm ............................................................................................ 67

NEW 5 Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808) .................... 64

6 Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) ..... 68

NEW 7 Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume 2 .................................................................. 68

NEW 8 Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume I ................................................................... 68

9 Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary

Setting ...................................................................................................................................... 46

NEW 10 Archived Internet Seminars .................................................................................................. 24

NEW 11 Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042) ......... 64

12 Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations

(EPA 542-R-00-001) ................................................................................................................ 24

13 Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning

Oil-Contaminated Sites ......................................................................................................... 64

14 ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or

Suspected Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004)) ............................................................... 41

UPDATED 15 ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II

Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1903-97(2002)) .............................................. 41

UPDATED 16 ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development

(E1984-03(2003)) .................................................................................................................... 24

17 ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum

Release Sites (E1739-95e1(2003)) ......................................................................................... 60

NEW 18 ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I

Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1527-00(2003)) .............................................. 24

19 Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater ............................. 68

20 Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in

Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection ............. 60

UPDATED 21 Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center ................................ 42

22 Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals that

Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup

(EPA 542-R-01-005) .................................................................................................... 42, 60, 68

23 Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site

Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006) ................................................................................................ 68

24 Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad Approach to Streamline

Brownfields Site Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002) ............................... 24, 42

NEW 25 Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable

Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600-R-03-045a) ..... 69

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Index No. Title of Resource Page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NEW 26 Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable

Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2 (EPA 600-R-03-045b) ..... 69

27 Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001) .................................................... 64

28 Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water

Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007) ............................................. 47, 83

UPDATED 29 Citizen’s Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies ................. 60, 83

NEW 30 Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to Support Modernization of Site Cleanup

Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014) ............................................................................................... 24

31 Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web ...................................... 25, 61

UPDATED 32 CLU-IN Technology Focus .................................................................................................... 69

33 Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat

Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013) ........................................ 69

34 Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives

(EPA 625-R-99-001) .......................................................................................................... 42, 61

35 Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations

(EPA 600-R-00-007) .......................................................................................................... 25, 42

36 Data Quality Objectives Web Site ......................................................................................... 25

NEW 37 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging

Characterization and Remediation Technologies ............................................................. 47

NEW 38 Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004) ...... 84

NEW 39 Directory of Technical Assistance for Land Revitalization (BTSC)

(EPA 542-B-03-001) .............................................................................................. 25, 43, 61, 84

NEW 40 DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure -

Status Update (EPA 542-R-04-016) ...................................................................................... 64

NEW 41 Dry Cleaner Site Assessment & Remediation - A Technology Snapshot ........................ 29

42 Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents:

Fundamentals and Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) ............................................ 69

43 Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide (DG 1110-1-2) ............................... 69

44 Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and

Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3) .......................................................................................... 25, 43

NEW 45 Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-4001) .... 70

NEW 46 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) .............................. 48

UPDATED 47 Environmental Technology Verification Reports ............................................................... 48

48 EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site ......................................................................... 48

UPDATED 49 EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks .... 27

UPDATED 50 EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid

Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods ................................................................................. 43

NEW 51 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative

(EPA 625-R-98-007) ................................................................................................................ 65

I-2

Index No. Title of Resource Page
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NEW 52 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative

(EPA 625-R-98-006) ................................................................................................................ 65

53 EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets ......................................................................... 28

54 EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies

(REACH IT) Online Searchable Database ......................................................... 25, 43, 62, 84

NEW 55 EPA Technical Support Project ............................................................................................ 48

56 EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site ................................................ 70

NEW 57 Evaluation of Performance and Longevity at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites

(CU-9907) ................................................................................................................................ 70

NEW 58 Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier Performance - Revised Report ....................... 70

NEW 59 Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Management of Chlorinated Solvents in

Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001) ........................................................................ 70

60 Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS) ................ 43, 62

61 Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005) ....... 62

NEW 62 Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015) .................. 70

63 Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental

Technologies Development Program) .................................................................................. 26

NEW 64 Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical

Methods for Explosives in Water (EPA 600-S-99-002) ....................................................... 48

UPDATED 65 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Case Studies ................................... 62, 85

NEW 66 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Remediation Optimization

Web Site ................................................................................................................................... 85

67 Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE) ........................................................... 44

68 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation

(EPA 542-R-98-008) ................................................................................................................ 71

69 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water

Circulation Wells (EPA 542-R-98-009) ................................................................................ 71

70 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive

Barriers (EPA 542-R-99-002) ................................................................................................. 71

71 Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0 ..................................... 44

72 Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning (EPA 744-K-98-002) .......................... 28

73 Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded Projects

(EPA 542-R-98-020) ................................................................................................................ 71

74 Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating Experience at 28 Sites

(EPA 542-R-99-006) ................................................................................................................ 65

NEW 75 Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems: Summary of Selected Cost and

Performance Information at Superfund-Financed Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and

EPA 542-R-01-021b) ............................................................................................................... 71

UPDATED 76 Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Technology Reports ......... 71

NEW 77 Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022) ...................... 72

I-3

Index No. Title of Resource Page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

78 Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for

Remediation Projects (EPA 542-B-98-007) .......................................................................... 62

79 Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective

Site Characterization and Cleanup ..................................................................................... 44

UPDATED 80 How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage

Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002) .......... 65

81 Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems .... 72

NEW 82 Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on Long-Term Natural Attenuation of

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ................................................................................................... 66

NEW 83 Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for Adopting Next-Generation Site

Characterization Practices .................................................................................................... 26

UPDATED 84 Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and

Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a) .............................................................................................. 26

85 Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and

Monitoring ........................................................................................................................ 44, 85

NEW 86 In Search of Representativeness: Evolving the Environmental Data Quality Model .... 26

87 In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status

Report (SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022) ........................................................................................ 72

NEW 88 In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications

(EPA 542-R-04-010) ................................................................................................................ 72

89 In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments ................................................................... 72

90 Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series ............................................. 44, 66

UPDATED 91 Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources

(EPA 542-C-04-002) .......................................................................................................... 44, 62

92 Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in

North America, 2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004) .............................................................. 63

93 Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and

Selecting Institutional Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action

Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005) .............................................................................................. 85

94 InterAgency DNAPL Consortium Home Page ................................................................... 66

95 Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107) .................................................... 72

96 ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree ................................................................................ 72

97 Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring

(EPA 542-R-98-019) ................................................................................................................ 73

NEW 98 Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent Iron:

An Evaluation at Two Sites (Environmental Research Brief) (EPA 600-S-02-001) ......... 73

NEW 99 Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Decisions ......................................................... 45

100 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022) ............... 73

101 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021) ....... 73

102 MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater

(EPA 510-F-98-002) ................................................................................................................ 66

I-4

Index No. Title of Resource Page
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

I-5

NEW 103 MtBE Treatment Profiles ....................................................................................................... 73

104 Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA 542-R-99-004) .................................. 73

NEW 105 National Environmental Technology Test Sites ................................................................. 49

106 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and

Practices .................................................................................................................................. 73

107 Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions

(EPA 600-R-00-006) ................................................................................................................ 74

NEW 108 Naval Air Station Pensacola, Optimization of RAO to Treat Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

in Groundwater ...................................................................................................................... 86

NEW 109 Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In Situ Chemical Oxidation) .................................... 86

NEW 110 New England Waste Management Officials (NEWMOA) ................................................ 49

UPDATED 111 North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Committee on the Challenges of Modern

Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging

Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater

(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010) ......................................................... 66

112 OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment ........................................................................... 27

113 Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center .... 29

NEW 114 OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway

from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance) ........................... 86

115 Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury ................................................. 74

116 Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation

(EPA 600-R-98-125) ................................................................................................................ 74

117 Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics ........................................................................ 74

118 Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste

Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005) ....................................................................................................... 74

119 Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003) ................................................... 74

120 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2) .................................... 74

NEW 121 Pilot Project to Optimize Superfund-Financed Pump and Treat Systems: Summary

Report and Lessons Learned (EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u) ...................................................... 86

NEW 122 Proven Alternatives for Aboveground Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater

(EPA 542-S-02-002) ................................................................................................................ 74

NEW 123 Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold

Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida, September 1998 .................................................... 87

NEW 124 Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at

French Limited Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas, September 1998 ..................................... 87

NEW 125 Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at

the Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, Libby, Montana, September 1998 .................... 87

NEW 126 Pump and Treat and Permeable Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated

Groundwater at the Former Intersil, Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California, September 1998 .... 87

NEW 127 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood Products

Superfund Site, Mena, Arkansas, September 1998 ............................................................. 87

Index No. Title of Resource Page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NEW 128 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana

Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina, September 1998 .................................................. 88

NEW 129 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits

Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri, September 1998 ........................................................ 88

NEW 130 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the United Chrome

Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon, September 1998 .......................................................... 88

NEW 131 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Western Processing

Superfund Site, Kent, Washington, September 1998 .......................................................... 88

132 Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments

(EPA 540-R-98-038) ................................................................................................................ 27

133 Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for an Integrated In Situ

Remediation Technology (LasagnaTM) (DOE/OR/22459-1) ............................................ 63

NEW 134 Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, and Innovative Analytical Technologies

(EPA 542-R-01-015) ................................................................................................................ 45

NEW 135 Remedial Action Operation Optimization Case Study: Eastern Groundwater

Plume, New Brunswick, Maine ............................................................................................ 88

NEW 136 Remedial Technology Development Forum (RTDF) .......................................................... 49

UPDATED 137 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0 .......... 63

NEW 138 Remediation Technology Cost Compendium - Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009) ............. 75

139 Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site

Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant

Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) ................................................................................................. 47, 67

140 Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B) .......... 45

141 Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive

(OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P) ............................................................................................. 63

142 Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments ........................................ 47

143 Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX) ................................................... 27, 45

UPDATED 144 Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0 (EPA 600/C/05/001) ................................... 45

NEW 145 Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL Investigations (EPA 542-R-04-017) .... 49

146 Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to Federal Programs, Information

Resources, and Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies, Second

Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005) .................................................................................................. 63

147 Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-00-010) ...................... 75

148 State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site ........................ 67, 77

149 Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites ............ 29, 75

150 Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond

(Overview Report) .................................................................................................................. 75

151 Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial

Systems Performance Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002) ............. 75

152 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration

Reports .................................................................................................................................... 46

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• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

UPDATED 153 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles,

Eleventh Edition ..................................................................................................................... 63

NEW 154 Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance ................................................................. 27

NEW 155 Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Implementation Manual

(TR-2219-ENV) ....................................................................................................................... 75

NEW 156 Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic

(SMARTe) .......................................................................................................................... 27, 46

157 TechKnowTM Database .......................................................................................................... 64

NEW 158 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of

DNAPL Source Zones ........................................................................................................... 76

NEW 159 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for

Environmental Project Management ................................................................................... 27

160 Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of

Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater ................................................................................ 76

NEW 161 Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in

Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128) ..................................................................................... 88

NEW 162 Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009) ....... 76

NEW 163 Technology Status Review: In Situ Oxidation ................................................................... 76

164 The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites ................ 67

165 Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA 542-F-00-020) ...................... 67

UPDATED 166 Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition)

(EPA 542-R-03-009) ................................................................................................................ 64

NEW 167 Triad Resource Center ........................................................................................................... 46

168 Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System-SCAPS:

Innovative Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization ................ 50

NEW 169 U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic Environmental Research and Development

Program (SERDP) ................................................................................................................... 50

170 Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program .................................................................. 76

171 Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites (EPA 510-F-00-004) ....................... 29

NEW 172 Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/

Propellants and Pesticides - Status Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002) .................................... 76

173 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and

Underground Storage Tank Sites ......................................................................................... 67

NEW 174 Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision-Making: A Guide for Project

Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002) ............................................................................................. 46

NEW 175 Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields Sites ....................................................................... 86

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