ORNL/TM- 11009

NISTIR 88-3801

OAK RIDGE

NATIONAL

LABORATORY

AMJV7YJV AfAi7/

ZIP - The ZIP-Code Insulation Program

(Version 1.0)

Economic Insulation Levels for

New and Existing Houses

by Three-Digit ZIP Code

Users Guide and Reference Manual

Stephen R. Petersen

OPERATED BY

MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. FOR THE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Printed in the United States of America. Available from

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161

NTIS price codes—Printed Copy: A04; Microfiche A01

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither theU nited States Government nor any agency

thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein

to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,

manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not

necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency

thereof.
ORNL/TM- 11009

NISTIR 88-3801

ZIP - THE ZIP-CODE INSULATION PROGRAM

(VERSION 1.0)

ECONOMIC INSULATION LEVELS FOR NEW AND EXISTING HOUSES

BY THREE-DIGIT ZIP CODE

USERS GUIDE AND REFERENCE MANUAL

Stephen R. Petersen

Applied Economics Group

Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics

National Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Date Published - January 1989

NOTICE: This document contains information of

a preliminary nature. It is subject to revision

or correction and therefore does not represent

a final report.

Sponsored by

Department of Energy

Building Systems Division

EC 01 01 00 0

Prepared for

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285

operated by

MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.

for the

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

under contract DE-AC05 - 840R21400

PREFACE

The ZIP computer program was developed to support the calculations

and data base used to estimate the economic levels of insulation

published in the U.S. Department of Energy's Insulation Fact Sheet

(DOE/CE-0180 , Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.0. Box

62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, 1987). This program allows individual users to

estimate economic levels of insulation for their house, based on local

climate data, local prices for energy and insulation, and the type and

estimated efficiency of its heating and cooling system. While the

current program is limited to calculating economic insulation levels for

attic floors, exterior walls, floors over crawlspaces, and crawlspace and

basement walls, it is anticipated that this will be expanded to include

other components, such as windows, water heaters, and duct work in

unconditioned spaces. Programmatic direction of this project and the DOE

Insulation Fact Sheet has been provided by David McElroy of the Oak Ridge

National Laboratory.

iii
.
CONTENTS

PREFACE iii

LIST OF TABLES AND SCREENS vii

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 OVERVIEW 1 1.2 ORGANIZATION 6

2. UP AND RUNNING 6

3. ZIP QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES 9

3.1 HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS 9

3.2 ENERGY PRICES 12

3.3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 13

3.4 INSULATION COSTS 18

3.5 RESULTS OF ZIP ANALYSIS 19

4. ZIP CALCULATION METHODS 20

4.1 REDUCTIONS IN ANNUAL SPACE HEATING AND COOLING

REQUIREMENTS 20

4.1.1 Attics and Exterior Walls 20

4.1.2 Floors, Basement, and Crawlspace Walls 21

4.2 EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY 21

4.3 DUCT LOSSES 22

4.4 ENERGY SAVINGS 23

4.5 ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS 23

5. SUPPORTING DATA FILES 24

5.1 THE CLIMATE DATA FILE 24

5.2 INSULATION PRICE FILES 24

5.3 ENERGY PRICE FILES 25

APPENDIX A. REGIONAL CODES 31

APPENDIX B. RUNNING ALL ZIP CODES IN BATCH MODE 33

APPENDIX C. BETA COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOORS, BASEMENT, AND

CRAWLSPACE WALLS 35

v
p
LIST OF TABLES AND SCREENS

Table 1 Regional insulation price adjustment factors 24

Table 2 Structure of insulation price file 26

Table 3 Current INSCOST.NEW file 27

Table 4 ENPRICES . 1 file 29

Screen 1.1 Display of ZIP analysis for new house 4

Screen 1.2 Additional information with ZIP analysis 4

Screen 2.1 Initial ZIP screen 7

Screen 2.2 Location confirmation 8

Screen 3 . 1 House type 9

Screen 3.2 Heating system type 10

Screen 3.3 Heating system efficiency 10

Screen 3.4 Ductwork specification 11

Screen 3.5 Air conditioning system 11

Screen 3.6 Efficiency of air conditioner 11

Screen 3.7 Current energy prices 12

Screen 3.8 Change energy prices 13

Screen 3.9 Insulation locations analyzed by ZIP 13

Screen 3.10 Existing attic insulation 14

Screen 3.11 Existing insulation in wood-frame walls 15

Screen 3.12 Insulation of masonry walls in retrofit 15

Screen 3.13 Masonry wall retrofit advisory 15

Screen 3.14 Existing insulation in floor over crawlspace 16

Screen 3.15 Existing insulation on crawlspace walls 16

Screen 3.16 Existing insulation on slab edges 17

Screen 3.17 Existing insulation in basement walls 17

Screen 3.18 Deep basement insulation advisory 17

Screen 3.19 Interior insulation on basement walls 18

Screen 3.20 Default insulation prices 18

Screen 3.21 ZIP analysis for existing house 19

vii
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ZIP - THE ZIP- CODE INSULATION PROGRAM

(VERSION 1.0)

ECONOMIC INSULATION LEVELS FOR NEW AND EXISTING HOUSES

BY THREE-DIGIT ZIP CODE

USERS GUIDE AND REFERENCE MANUAL

S. R. Petersen

ABSTRACT

ZIP 1.0 (the ZIP-Code Insulation Program) is a computer

program developed to support the DOE Insulation Fact Sheet by

providing users with customized estimates of economic levels of

residential insulation. These estimates can be made for any

location in the United States by entering the first three digits

of its ZIP Code. The program and supporting files are contained

on a single 5. 25- in. diskette for use with microcomputers having

an MS-DOS operating system capability. The ZIP program currently

calculates economic levels of insulation for attic floors

exterior wood- frame and masonry walls, floors over unheated

areas, slab floors, and basement and crawlspace wells. The

economic analysis can be conducted for either new or existing

houses. Climate parameters are contained in a file on the ZIP

diskette and automatically retrieved when the program is run.

Regional energy and insulation price data are also retrieved from

the ZIP diskette, but these can be overridden to more closely

correspond to local prices.

ZIP can be run for a single ZIP Code and specified heating

and cooling system. It can also be run in a "batch" mode for any

number of consecutive ZIP Codes in order to provide a table of

economic insulation levels for use at the state or national

level

1 . INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

ZIP 1.0, the ZIP Code - Insulation Program, determines economic levels

of insulation for attics, exterior walls, floors over unheated areas,

slab floors, and basement and crawlspace walls for new and existing

houses in any three-digit ZIP Code location in the United States. The

1
2

R-value to the next is found to be cost effective, that increment will be

included in the report of cost-effective insulation levels for that

location. If it is not cost effective, that increment will not be

included. In general, the colder the climate and the higher the cost of

energy, the more it pays to add insulation and the higher the economic

levels resulting from the analysis.

Economic calculations are based on a reduction in long-term heating

and cooling costs. For new houses, a 30-year life is used in calculating

the economic level of insulation. That is, the economic level of

insulation calculated for a new house will be the level which has the

lowest combined insulation cost plus energy cost over a 30-year period.

For existing houses, a 20-year life is used in the calculations.

In performing these calculations, a minimum 7% annual rate of return,

over and above general inflation, is used to discount future savings to

present value. If inflation is currently 5%, this is approximately

equivalent to requiring a minimum 12% rate of return on the investment.

Each increment of insulation must earn at least this much "interest" to

be considered cost effective. Residential energy savings are not taxed,

so that this is in effect an after-tax rate of return on investment.

Moreover, the first increments of added insulation typically return much

higher dividends than the last increment. Thus the average rate of

return tends to be considerably higher than the minimum acceptable level.

The results of the economic analysis for the designated location are

displayed on the screen, as shown in screen 1.1 for a new house in ZIP

Code 809XX (Colorado Springs) . The reference location is typically the

location designated by the U.S. Postal Service as the main post office

for the three-digit ZIP Code. The number of annual heating degree days

(base 65 °F) and cooling degree hours over 74° F are shown for the

designated location, along with the heating and cooling systems used in

the analysis.

Screen 1.1 shows the screen display of economic levels for all of the

components that can be evaluated by ZIP. In general, however, economic

levels are displayed only for those components selected for analysis by

the user for the particular application. Screen 1.2 shows additional

information for floors over crawlspaces and crawlspace walls that can be

displayed by pressing <PgDn>. To return to the ZIP analysis screen,

press <PgUp>.
3

included in the report of cost-effective insulation levels for that

location. If it is not cost effective, that increment will not be

included. In general, the colder the climate and the higher the cost of

energy, the more it pays to add insulation and the higher the economic

levels resulting from the analysis.

Economic calculations are based on a reduction in long-term heating

and cooling costs. For new houses, a 30-year life is used in calculating

the economic level of insulation. That is, the economic level of

insulation calculated for a new house will be the level which has the

lowest combined insulation cost plus energy cost over a 30-year period.

For existing houses, a 20-year life is used in the calculations.

In performing these calculations, a minimum 7% annual rate of return,

over and above general inflation, is used to discount future savings to

present value. If inflation is currently 5%, this is approximately

equivalent to requiring a minimum 12% rate of return on the investment.

Each increment of insulation must earn at least this much "interest" to

be considered cost effective. Residential energy savings are not taxed,

so that this is in effect an after-tax rate of return on investment.

Moreover, the first increments of added insulation typically return much

higher dividends than the last increment. Thus the average rate of

return tends to be considerably higher than the minimum acceptable level.

The results of the economic analysis for the designated location are

displayed on the screen, as shown in screen 1.1 for a new house in ZIP

Code 809XX (Colorado Springs) . The reference location is typically the

location designated by the U.S. Postal Service as the main post office

for the three-digit ZIP Code. The number of annual heating degree days

(base 65°F) and cooling degree hours over 74°F are shown for the

designated location, along with the heating and cooling systems used in

the analysis.

Screen 1.1 shows the screen display of economic levels for all of the

components that can be evaluated by ZIP. In general, however, economic

levels are displayed only for those components selected for analysis by

the user for the particular application. Screen 1.2 shows additional

information for floors over crawlspaces and crawlspace walls that can be

displayed by pressing <PgDn>. To return to the ZIP analysis screen,

press <PgUp>.
4

Screen 1.1. Display of ZIP analysis for new house

Economic Insulation Levels for Zip 809XX

Reference Location: Colorado Springs, CO

Heating system: HEAT PUMP Cooling system: HEAT PUMP

New House Construction

Attic Insulation R- 38

Wood-Frame Wall Insulation R- 19

Masonry Wall Insulation R- 11

Floors over Crawlspace

(If crawlspace walls are uninsulated) R- 30

Crawlspace Wall Insulation

(If floor above is uninsulated) R- 19

Slab-Edge Insulation R- 4

Insulation of Basement Walls:

Exterior Insulation for Deep Basement R- 8 Interior Insulation for Deep Basement R- 11

Exterior Insulation for Shallow Basement R- 8 Interior Insulation for Shallow Basement R- 11

Press <PgDn> for additional information.

Press <SHIFT> <PrtSc> to print this screen if desired

Press <ESC> to exit, R to do another ana lysis

Screen 1.2. Additional information with ZIP analysis

Additional information

Insulate either the floor over the crawlspace or the crawlspace

walls, not both. Consult an insulation specialist to determine

which is more appropriate for your house.

Crawlspace walls should only be insulated if the crawlspace is

closed off, unventilated, and dry all year. The ground should

be covered with a vapor barrier (e.g., 4- or 6-mil polyethylene

sheeting) to minimize moisture migration into the crawlspace.

Note: some building codes may not allow unventilated crawlspaces

If radon gas is a problem at the building site, closing off the

crawlspace may not be advisable.

When insulating floors over crawlspaces or other unheated areas,

make sure that water pipes are freeze -protected and ductwork is

well insulated in those areas.

Press <SHIFT> <PrtSc> to print this screen if desired.

Press <PgUp> to show economic insulation levels:
5

Note that the economic levels of insulation both under floors over

crawlspace and on crawlspace walls are shown. However, only one of these

would be used in most houses. For crawlspaces that do not need

ventilation and can be closed off, it is usually more economical to

insulate the walls than the floor if the wall area is less than the floor

area. If the crawlspace cannot be safely closed off, the floor above

should be insulated instead. In this latter case, care must be taken to

insulate water pipes and any ductwork in the unheated area.

Energy savings and their estimated dollar value computed in the

analyses are not shown in the screen display. These calculations are

based on uniform surface areas for a typical house under average

operating conditions for a typical year. They would not provide any

meaningful estimate of savings for the user's house.

The insulation levels and corresponding costs in the insulation data

file used by the ZIP program are the same for both new and existing

houses, with the exception of the insulation for exterior wood- frame

walls. In new houses, it is much less costly to insulate a wall before

the inside surface is finished than it is to blow insulation into an

existing wall cavity. Moreover, for a house under construction, thicker

walls or insulated sheathing can be used to improve the its overall

insulation effect, while in a completed house, the addition of insulation

is generally limited to the available cavity in the existing wall.

Five different heating systems are recognized in the ZIP program:

natural gas, oil furnaces, electric furnaces, electric baseboard, and

electric heat pump. Two different cooling systems can also be handled:

central and window electric air conditioners. (An evaporative cooling

system can also be specified, but this is not treated as a true airconditioning system.) In addition, the user can specify the approximate

operating efficiency of the heating and cooling systems (low, medium,

high, or very high). 1 These system specifications are needed to

determine the energy savings corresponding to any given level of

insulation. If there is ductwork in attics, crawlspaces, or other

unheated areas, an adjustment is also made to the equipment efficiency in

order to reflect duct losses.

1 See Section 3 for specific assumptions regarding these efficiency

designations
6

1 . 2 ORGANIZATION

This user's guide provides the instructions needed to run the program

and documentation of the calculation procedures and data files that are

automatically accessed by the program. If you are anxious to get

started, read Section 2, "Up and Running." This section will tell you

how you can get the program running as quickly as possible, with a

minimum amount of detail. Section 3 outlines the questions and

appropriate user responses encountered while running ZIP. Section 4

describes the calculation procedures used in the program. Section 5

documents the data files that provide the climate data, energy prices,

and insulation costs usethe program in calculating the economic levels.

2. UP AND RUNNING

ZIP will run on an IBM-PC/XT/AT or compatible MS-DOS microcomputer

with approximately 256 K of random access memory (RAM) . A printer is

also useful -- but not necessary -- for making hard copies of the ZIP

screen displays. With a printer, any screen display can be printed by

holding down the <Shift> key and pressing <PrtSc> (or equivalent

command)

The following files can be found on the original ZIP disk:

ZIP. EXE The executable version of ZIP.

CLIMATE.DAT A file of climate data, keyed to three-digit ZIP Codes.

INSCOST.NEW A file of default insulation cost data for new houses.

INSCOST.RET A file of default insulation cost data for existing

houses

ZIP. BAS The source code version of ZIP.

ZIP. DOC A short explanation of the ZIP program.

Files of default energy price projections for DOE regions 1 through 10:

ENPRICES .

ENPRICES .

ENPRICES .

ENPRICES . 10

ENPRICES.

ENPRICES .

ENPRICES .

ENPRICES .4

ENPRICES.

ENPRICES .
7

All of these files (except ZIP. BAS and ZIP. DOC) are needed to run

ZIP. Copy these files to a new disk for running the program, and store

the original disk in a safe place. There is no disk operating system

(DOS) on the original ZIP disk. Thus, you should copy the files on this

disk to a disk which has been formatted with DOS or to your fixed (hard)

disk. If you are copying these files to a fixed disk, you might want to

copy them to a subdirectory named ZIP.

To start the program, simply type ZIP at the ready prompt

(e.g., A> ZIP) and press the carriage return <CR> (sometimes labeled as the <ENTER> key). All user entries must be completed by pressing <CR>.

Screen 2.1 shows the initial message that will appear on the screen:

Screen 2.1. Initial ZIP screen

ZIP 1.0

THE ZIP-CODE INSULATION PROGRAM

FOR NEW AND EXISTING HOUSES

(Nov 1988)

ZIP was written at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(formerly the National Bureau of Standards) to compute economic levels

of insulation for attics, walls, floors, crawlspaces , and basements.

The economic level of insulation is the level that provides the greatest longterm net savings to the homeowner, including a minimum rate of return of 7%

above inflation. (20 years used for existing houses, 30 years for new houses).

Calculations of energy savings in ZIP are keyed to 3-digit Zip Codes.

To start ZIP, please enter your Zip Code (first 3 digits only):

(Enter X to exit program)

Enter the first three digits of the ZIP Code for the location to be

analyzed. For example, someone living in ZIP Code area 333 (Florida)

would enter 333 . The following message will appear on the screen:
8

Screen 2.2. Location confirmation

The reference location for Zip 333 in the Zip Climate File is:

Fort Lauderdale , FL

Heating degree days (base 65F) are less than 1000

(very low)

Cooling degree hours above 74F are approximately 34000

(extremely high)

Press <CR> to proceed, or enter new ZIP Code:

The CLIMATE.DAT file on the ZIP disk has a reference location and

relevant climate data for every three-digit ZIP Code in the United

States. ZIP displays the reference location and climate data

corresponding to the ZIP Code entered by the user. These climate data

are generally representative of the entire three-digit ZIP Code. In some

cases where there is a wide variation in climate within a single threedigit ZIP Code, as in the case of Zip 860 (Flagstaff, AZ) , a message will

appear with suggested ZIP Code alternatives, depending on locations

within the ZIP Code. If the user is satisfied with this information,

pressing <CR> will move on to the next question. Alternatively, another

ZIP Code can be entered at this point and the corresponding location and

climate data will be displayed. An "X" entered instead of a ZIP Code

will terminate the analysis.

A number of questions will follow in order to make the economic

analysis more responsive to the user's requirements. These questions and

appropriate user responses are outlined in Section 3. However, it is not

necessary to read Section 3 to answer the questions. Entering an "S" in

response to any question will stop the current analysis and start the

program over. Entering a "B" will back up one or more questions,

allowing the user to change an earlier response.
9

3. ZIP QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES

A number of questions and user responses are needed to guide the ZIP

analysis for particular applications. The user must specify an analysis

for a new house or existing house and the type and approximate efficiency

of the heating and cooling equipment in the house, as well as the current

cost of heating and cooling energy. Questions are then asked about the

components of the house that might need insulating and the current

installed price of insulation, at several R-value levels, for each

component. Default values are provided for all prices. If the analysis

is to be performed for an existing house, several questions are asked

about any insulation that might already be in place.

3.1 HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS

The following questions will be asked, unless they are not needed for

the analysis. Each should be answered with a Y for yes or N for no, or

when specified, a number corresponding to the choices given. Entering an

"S" in response to any question will stop the current analysis and start

the program over. Entering a "B" will back up to the previous question.

Always press <CR> to complete any entry.

Screen 3.1. House type

DO YOU WANT INSULATION ANALYSIS FOR

(1) NEW HOUSE

(2) EXISTING HOUSE

Enter your selection by number:
10

Screen 3.2. Heating system type

WHAT TYPE OF PRIMARY HEATING SYSTEM DO YOU HAVE?

1) NATURAL GAS (3) ELECTRIC FURNACE (5) HEAT PUMP

2) FUEL OIL (4) ELECTRIC BASEBOARD

Enter your selection by number (1-5):

For natural gas, fuel oil, and heat pumps:

Screen 3.3. Heating system efficiency

WHAT IS THE APPROXIMATE EFFICIENCY OF YOUR HEATING SYSTEM?

(1) LOW (2) MEDIUM (3) HIGH (4) VERY HIGH

Enter your selection by number (1-4) or press <CR> to default to medium:

The following values are assigned to the four designated efficiencylevels :

Low Medium High Very Hish

Efficiency: Gas 50% 65% 80% 90%

Oil 50% 65% 80% 90%

HSPF: Heat Pump2 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5

The existence of ductwork in unheated areas is queried for all but

electric baseboard heating systems. If such ductwork exists, the

efficiency of the heating system is reduced (see Section 4) and the

number of stories is requested, since the duct adjustment factor depends

on this factor.

2 Heating Seasonal Performance Factor, in Btu per watt-hour, at

approximately 5000 heating degree days (base 65°F) . The HSPF actually

used is adjusted from the value shown to reflect local heating degree

days, as documented in Section 4 of this user's guide.
11

Screen 3.4. Ductwork specification

DO YOU HAVE DUCTWORK IN ATTIC, CRAWLSPACE, OR OTHER UNHEATED AREAS (Y/N)?

DOES HOUSE HAVE 2 OR MORE STORIES (Y/N)?

If the primary heating system is not a heat pump, the type of air

conditioning system is requested:

Screen 3.5. Air conditioning system

WHAT TYPE OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DO YOU HAVE?

(0) NONE (2) WINDOW UNIT- ELECTRIC

(1) CENTRAL- ELECTRIC (3) EVAPORATIVE COOLER

: Enter your selection by number (0-3):

For central and window units only, the efficiency of the air

conditioner is requested:

Screen 3.6. Efficiency of air conditioner

WHAT IS THE APPROXIMATE EFFICIENCY OF YOUR COOLING SYSTEM?

(1) LOW (2) MEDIUM (3) HIGH (4) VERY HIGH

SEER3 6 8 10 12

Enter your selection by number (1-4) or press <CR> to default to medium:

3 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, in Btu per watt-hour. The SEER

is not adjusted for local climate conditions since this tends to be

relatively constant throughout the United States.
12

3 . 2 ENERGY PRICES

Current prices are now requested for heating energy and (if

different) electricity for cooling. Default prices, retrieved from the

ENPRICES file corresponding to the DOE region in which the ZIP Code is

located, are shown first, e.g.:

Screen 3.7. Current energy prices

CURRENT NATURAL GAS PRICE FOR SPACE HEATING = $0,573

CURRENT ELECTRICITY PRICE FOR SPACE COOLING - $0,084

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THESE ENERGY PRICES TO BETTER j REFLECT LOCAL PRICES (Y/N)?

Note: summer and winter electricity rates are different in many areas.

If they are different in your area, the rates shown above should be changed

to reflect this. (Use summer rates for cooling, winter rates for heating.)

These default prices are Department of Energy (DOE) estimates of

current residential energy prices for the designated energy type and DOE

region. (DOE regions include a number of states, so that the prices shown

are not necessarily reflective of the ZIP Code location.) It is

recommended that the user enter the current energy price at the building

location for the type of energy used, in the units shown (therms 4

* for

natural gas, gallons for fuel oil, kWh for electricity). Where possible,

prices should reflect the cost of the last unit purchased in the peak

winter and summer months, not the average price. To change these default

prices, enter Y; otherwise enter N.

If the energy prices are to be changed, the new price (s) to be used

will be requested; e.g.:

4 One therm = 100,000 Btu, or approximately 100 ft3 of natural gas.
13

Screen 3.8. Change energy prices

ENTER CURRENT NATURAL GAS PRICE FOR HEATING ( $ /THERM)

OR PRESS <CR> IF NO CHANGE:

ENTER CURRENT ELECTRICITY PRICE FOR COOLING ($/KWH)

OR PRESS <CR> IF NO CHANGE:

The user should enter the new prices here. Note that the prices are

entered in dollars, not cents (e.g., 8 cents is entered as 0.08, not 8;

dollars signs should not be entered)

3 . 3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

The components of both new and existing houses that can be evaluated

with ZIP are displayed in check-off form as shown on screen 3.9. The

user should enter an X in each box corresponding to the insulation

locations of interest. The up and down arrows on the keyboard can be

used to move the cursor. An X in any box can be deleted by moving the

cursor to that location and pressing the delete key or the space bar.

Press <END> when this form is completed.

Screen 3.9. Insulation locations analyzed by ZIP

MARK INSULATION LOCATIONS OF INTEREST WITH AN X

(Use cursor to move up and down, <End> to finish)

ATTIC [ ] Exterior walls

WOOD FRAME [ ] CONCRETE -MASONRY [ ] Floors/crawlspaces

FLOORS OVER UNHEATED/UNINSULATED SPACES [ ] SLAB FLOOR [ ] CRAWL SPACE WALLS

Basement walls - deep:

EXTERIOR INSULATION [

1 INTERIOR INSULATION

Basement walls - shallow:

EXTERIOR INSULATION

INTERIOR INSULATION

PRESS <End> WHEN FINISHED
14

While all of the checked locations can be evaluated by ZIP, it should

be recognized that some of these insulation installations are mutually

exclusive. That is, insulation would not be installed in both the floor

over a crawlspace and on the crawlspace walls. Likewise, insulation

would not be installed on both the inside and outside surface of basement

walls. Where mutually exclusive locations are evaluated and reported,

the user should generally select the more practical alternative for the

particular house to be insulated.

For new houses, it is assumed that there is no existing insulation in

any component. For existing houses, however, ZIP will ask a number of

questions pertaining to the existing level of insulation in each

component specified for analysis. If there is already existing

insulation in the exterior walls, basement walls, or slab floor, no

further analysis is performed, as further insulation is assumed to be

impractical and uneconomic. If the user would still like to find the

economic level for one of these components , ZIP should be rerun and

questions regarding existing insulation for these components should be

answered in the negative

The following screens (3.10-3.19) are used for assessing the current

insulation status for each of the checked components:

Screen 3.10. Existing attic insulation

Attic Insulation:

HOW MUCH INSULATION IS THERE IN YOUR ATTIC NOW?

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT IN INCHES

FIBERGLASS CELLULOSIC

BLOWN

BATT BLOWN

0) NO INSULATION 0 0 0

1) R-7 2 .2.0 -3.0 2. 0-3.0

2) R- 11 3.5 3.75-5.0 3. 0-3.

3) R- 19 6.0 6.5 -8.75 5. 0-6.0

4) R- 22 7.0 7.5 -10.0 6. 0-7.0

5) R- 30 9.0 10.25-13.75 8. 0-9.

6) R- 38 12.0 13.75-18.25 10.3-12.0

ENTER YOUR SELECTION BY NUMBER (0-6):
15

The approximate amount of existing insulation in the attic should be

entered here. Note that this amount is entered by the code number (0-6)

in the far left column, not by the actual amount of insulation.

ZIP asks if there is existing insulation in wood- frame walls. The

amount of insulation is not asked. If there is already some insulation

in existing wall cavities, no analysis is made.

Screen 3.11. Existing insulation in wood-frame walls

Exterior Wood-Frame Walls:

Do your walls already contain some insulation (Y/N)?

If information has been requested on masonry walls of existing

houses, ZIP advises that this is not typically practical unless the

interior wall board is about to be replaced or an exterior coating is

about to be installed, independent of the decision to insulate.

Screen 3.12. Insulation of existing masonry walls

Exterior Masonry Walls:

j Insulation of masonry walls in existing houses is typically impractical

unless you are about to install new wall board or an exterior wall covering.

Do you still want to include insulation of masonry walls (Y/N)?

If the user responds with Y(es)

the following message appears on the

screen:

Screen 3.13. Masonry wall retrofit advisory

The economic analysis of insulation of masonry walls will not include

the cost of removing and replacing the wall covering unless these costs

are specifically included in the insulation costs displayed below.

Press <CR> to continue. .
16

If there is a floor over an unheated crawlspace, either the floor or

(under certain circumstances) the crawlspace walls may be insulated to

reduce heat losses. If there is insulation already existing, this may be

increased. The level of existing insulation in such floors, if any, is

requested in screen 3.14. The level of insulation on the crawlspace

walls, if any, is requested in screen 3.15. If there is already some

insulation under the floor or on the crawlspace walls , ZIP assumes that

any additional insulation would be installed over the existing insulation

and not in the uninsulated wall or floor.

Screen 3.14. Existing insulation in floor over crawlspace

Floors over Crawlspaces

How much insulation is under the floor now?

Approximate Approximate

R- Value Thickness

( inches

)

(0) R-0 0

(1) R-7 2.5

(2) R- 11 3.5

(3) R- 13 4.0

(4) R- 19 6.0

Enter your selection by number (0-4)

Screen 3.15. Existing insulation on crawlspace walls

Crawlspace Walls:

How much insulation is on the crawlspace walls now?

Approximate Approximate

R- Value Thickness

( inches

)

(0) R-0 0

(1) R-7 2.5

(2) R- 11 3 . 5 (3) R- 13 4.0

(4) R- 19 6.0

Enter your selection by number (0-4):
Screen 3.16. Existing insulation on slab edges

Concrete Slab Floors:

Do you already have perimeter insulation around the concrete

slab of your house (Y/N)?

If the slab is already insulated, no further analysis is performed

for this component.

Screen 3.17. Existing insulation in basement walls

Basement Wall Insulation:

Is there some existing insulation in the basement wall (Y/N)?

If basement walls already contain some insulation, no further

analysis is performed for this component. If no insulation is present

and exterior wall insulation for deep basements has been checked for

analysis, the following advisory notice is provided on the screen:

Screen 3.18. Deep basement Insulation advisory

Exterior Insulation for Deep Basements:

For existing houses with deep basements, exterior insulation

is generally practical for only the top half of the wall.

Only the top half will be evaluated in this analysis.

Press <CR> to continue. .

If interior insulation for basement walls has been checked for

analysis, the following question is asked:
18

Screen 3.19. Interior insulation on basement walls

Basement Walls (Interior Insulation):

Are the basement walls already finished off (Y/N)?

If the interior basement walls are already finished off, insulation

on the inside is not evaluated. ZIP suggests that exterior insulation be

considered. If the user still wants an economic analysis for insulation

on the inside surface (for example, during remodeling when the wallboard

is about to be replaced), this question should be answered negatively.

3 . 4 INSULATION COSTS

Default insulation prices are displayed for each level of insulation

in each part of the house that is to be evaluated in the ZIP analysis.

These levels and corresponding cost data are retrieved from the

INSCOST.NEW or INSCOST.RET files. The former is for new houses; the

latter is for existing houses. Adjustment factors corresponding to the

designated location are used to reflect regional variations in the costs

of insulation. (See "Insulation Price Files" in Section 5 for the

adjustment factors used.) For attic insulation, the screen display will

typically appear as:

Screen 3.20. Default insulation prices

The following prices will be used to compute economic levels of insulation

for your house unless you change them:

Attic Insulation Costs:

Note: costs are per square foot of gross attic area

R-ll $0.29 per square foot

R-19 $0.41 per square foot

R-22 $0.47 per square foot

R-30 $0.59 per square foot

R-38 $0.74 per square foot

R-49 $0.91 per square foot

Do you want to change these (Y/N)?
19

If these are to be changed to better reflect the installed insulation

cost at the house, the user should respond with a Y(es) . The user will

then be able to change the cost for each level, or default to the current

value shown. When changing these costs, the cost of any given level must

always be greater than the cost of the previous level (e.g., the cost of

R-38 must always be higher than the cost of R-30). (The levels that are

shown can be changed only by changing the insulation data in the INSCOST

files. See Section 4.)

Similar screens with cost data for the other components to be

evaluated are displayed, and the cost data must be accepted or modified

to local conditions.

3.5 RESULTS OF ZIP ANALYSIS

After accepting or changing these insulation prices , the results of

the analysis will be displayed on the screen. Screen 1.1 in Section 1

shows the results for a new house. Screen 3.21 below shows the results

for an existing house at the same location. Note that the same screen of

additional information shown in screen 1.2 can be displayed for the

analysis of an existing house.

Screen 3.21. ZIP analysis for existing house

Economic Insulation Levels for Zip 809XX

Reference Location: Colorado Springs, CO

Heating system: HEAT PUMP Cooling system: HEAT PUMP

Retrofit of Existing House

EXISTING ADD TOTAL

Attic Insulation R- 11 R-30 R- 41

Wood-Frame Wall Insulation R- 0 R- 11 R-ll

Masonry Wall Insulation R- 0 R-ll R-ll

Floors over Crawlspace

(If crawlspace walls are uninsulated) R- 0 R- 19 R- 19

Crawlspace Wall Insulation

(If floor above is uninsulated) R- 0 R- 19 R- 19

Slab-Edge Insulation R- 0 R- 4 R- 4

Insulation of Basement Walls:

Exterior Insulation for Deep Basement R- 0 R- 8 R- 8 Interior Insulation for Deep Basement R- 0 R-ll R-ll

Exterior Insulation for Shallow Basement R- 0 R- 8 R- 8 Interior Insulation for Shallow Basement R- 0 R-ll R-ll

Press <PgDn> for additional information.

Press <SHIFT> <PrtSc> to print this screen if desired.

Press <ESC> to exit, R to do another analysis:
20

4. ZIP CALCULATION METHOD

This section documents the calculation of both energy savings and

economic analyses used to determine the economic levels of insulation in

ZIP. Reductions in space heating and cooling requirements and

corresponding energy savings are always calculated in millions of Btu's

per year, per square foot or linear foot, as appropriate.

4.1 REDUCTIONS IN ANNUAL SPACE HEATING AND COOLING REQUIREMENTS

4.1.1 Attics and exterior walls

The reductions in annual heating requirements (AHR) and annual

cooling requirements (ACR) due to insulation in attics and in wood- frame

and masonry walls are estimated using equations derived from the Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory PEAR

5

program in support of the proposed ASHRAE 90. 2P

Standard for the Energy Efficient Design of New Low-Rise Residential

Buildings

6 For these components, AHR and ACR are estimated in terms of

Btu per square foot of component area. These equations are as follows:

AARH = HSLOPE x HDD65 x AU/1000000

AACR = CSLOPE x CDH74 x AU/1000000

where HSLOPE =

CSLOPE =

HDD65 = CDH74 = AU

25.91 for attics, 21.19 for wood-frame walls, and 20.02

for masonry walls

1.978 for attics, 1.005 for wood-frame walls, and 0.739

for masonry walls;

heating degree days base 65°F;

cooling degree hours base 74°F;

reduction in the U- value of the attic or wall due to

the increase in insulation level.

5 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, PEAR .1: Program for Energy Analysis

of ResidencesBerkeley, California, 1987.

6 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, Inc., Standard 90. 2P: Energy Efficient Design of New Low-Rise

Residential Buildings , Atlanta, Georgia, 1987.
21

4.1.2 Floors, basement, and crawlspace walls

The reduction in AHR and ACR for floors over unheated spaces, slab

floors, and crawlspace and basement walls are estimated using equations

and parameters derived from J. Christian and W. Strzepek, "Procedure for

Determining the Optimum Foundation Insulation Levels for New, Low-Rise

Residential Buildings" ( ASHRAE Transactions, 1987). 7 Reductions in space

heating and cooling requirements per HDD65 and CDH74 were estimated in

that report at several insulation R-values for floors over unheated areas

(Btu/ft2

) and for slab floors, crawlspace walls, and exterior and

interior insulation of both shallow and deep basement walls (all in

Btu/lin ft)

Values for other insulation R-values are computed in ZIP by

interpolation (assuming that reductions in thermal loss or gain are

proportional to the inverse of the overall thermal resistance of the

component). For each of the components, the following equations are used

to estimate reductions in AHR and ACR:

AARH = BETAh x HDD65/1000000

AACR = BETAC x CDH74/1000000

where BETAh = the reduction in AHR per HDD65 for a designated

increase in component R-value,

BETAC = the corresponding reduction in ACR per CDH74.

The coefficients used in the analysis of these components (as

reported by Christian and Strzepek) are listed in Appendix C.

4.2 EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY

The seasonal energy efficiency of the heating and cooling equipment

is designated as follows:

7 The analysis described in the Christian- Strzepek report served as the basis of the insulation analysis used in the development of the

ASHRAE 90.2P Standard for the Energy Efficient Design of New Low-Rise

Residential Buildings.
22

Low Medium High Very High

0.90

0.90

gas furnace

oil furnace

heat pump

0.50

0.50

0.65

0.65

0.80

0.80

air conditioner

HSPF (heating)

SEER (cooling)

5.5

7.25

6.0

6.5

8.75

8.0

7.5

10.25

10.0

8.5

11.75

12.0

electric furnace = 1.0

electric baseboard = 1.0

The HSPF of a heat pump varies significantly with climate and is

adjusted in ZIP as a function of HDD65. The following equation was used

to compute the adjusted HSPF for the medium efficiency heat pump 8

:

The coefficient 1.06 forces the adjusted HSPF to 6.5 Btu/Wh at 5000

HDD, the HSPF assigned to the medium efficiency system in the table

above. For the low, high, and very high efficiency systems, the HSPF at

any climatic location is scaled up or down proportionately.

4.3 DUCT LOSSES

All system efficiencies for houses with ductwork in attics and other

unconditioned spaces are adjusted for duct losses by multiplying the

efficiency (or HSPF/SEER) by the following coefficients:

Source: State of California Energy Commission, "Algorithms and

Assumptions: HVAC Ducts," draft procedural manual for energy standards

development (May 19, 1987).

8 Blake, P. J., and Gernert, W. C., Load and Use Characteristics of

Electric Head Pumps in Single-Family Residences , EA-793, Volume 1,

Westinghouse Electric Corp . , 1978.

HSPF = 1.06 x 3.412 x [2.3 - 0 . 1 (HDD65/1000)

1-story houses: 0.85

2 -story or more: 0.90
23

4.4 ENERGY SAVINGS

Energy savings for gas- and oil-fired heating equipment (in millions

of Btu's per year) are calculated from the reduction in annual heating

requirements by dividing that reduction by the annual efficiency of the

corresponding equipment, e.g.:

energy savings (gas or oil) = AAHR/seasonal efficiency

Energy savings for heat pumps and air conditioners (in millions of

Btu's per year) are calculated from the reductions in annual heating

and/or cooling requirements by dividing these reductions by the product

of HSPF x 3.412 or SEER x 3.412, as appropriate, e.g.:

energy savings (electricity) = AAHR/(HSPF x 3.412)

energy savings (electricity) = AACR/(SEER x 3.412)

4 . 5 ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS

(a) Present-value savings =

+

(AAHR) ($/unith ) (AACR) ( $/unitc ) (unith /million Btu) (UPWx

h ) (unitc /million Btu) (UPW^C )

where $/unith

$/unitc unith

unitc UPW*h

UPW*C

the current cost per unit of energy used for

heating (e.g., $0. 08/kWh);

the current cost per unit of energy used for

cooling

the number of units of heating energy per million

Btu (e.g., 10 therms = one million Btu);

the number of units of cooling energy per million

Btu (e.g., 293 kWh = one million Btu);

the modified uniform present worth factor for heating

energy, given a study period, the discount rate,

and the rate of heating energy price escalation

over the study period; 9 the modified uniform present worth factor for cooling

energy, given a study period, the discount rate,

and the rate of cooling energy price escalation

over the study period. 9

9 Department of Energy long-term projections of the rate of increase

in energy prices (by type and region) are retrieved from the ENPRICES

file and used to calculate these UPW* factors for heating and cooling

energy. For more information on this procedure, see Lippiatt and Ruegg,

Energy Prices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis , NBSIR

85-3273-2 (Rev 6/87), National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1987.
24

(b) Net savings = present value savings less the installed cost of

insulation.

(c) Economic level = insulation R-value with the greatest net savings

in the designated application.

5. SUPPORTING DATA FILES

5.1 THE CLIMATE DATA FILE

The climate data file (CLIMATE.DAT) is a random access file which

contains location specific climate and regional identification data for

all three-digit ZIP Codes. In random access files, data records can be

retrieved by record number, rather than reading sequentially through the

entire file to find the needed data. The record number used for the

climate data file is the three-digit ZIP Code. The specific data in each

record are (1) the reference location (city or town), (2) the state, (3)

the building cost region, (4) the DOE region, (5) the heating degree days

base 65°F (in thousands), and (6) the cooling degree hours over 74°F (in

thousands) . DOE and building cost regions are identified by state in

Appendix A.

The random access file format is used for CLIMATE.DAT because of the

fast retrieval speed for records and its compact method of storing data.

However, this format makes it difficult to modify. In general, the data

in this file are relatively permanent in nature and should not need to be

changed by the user.

5.2 INSULATION PRICE FILES

There are two insulation price files, INSCOST.NEW for new houses and

INSCOST.RET for existing houses. Insulation prices are entered in dollars

per square foot of surface area or per linear foot of basement perimeter

and should reflect the end cost to the user. National average prices

should be used, as these are adjusted using regional adjustment factors in

the ZIP program. These adjustment factors are shown in Table 1. The GNP

deflator in the INSCOST files is used to adjust the insulation prices to

current year dollars, allowing the use of older cost data in these files.

If the insulation cost data is current, the GNP deflator should be 1.0.
25

Table 1. Regional insulation price adjustment factors 10

(See Appendix A for corresponding locations)

Region Factor Region Factor Region Factor

1 1.03 5 0.95 9 0.97

2 1.04 6 0.98 10 1.22

3 0.81 7 1.03 11 1.04

4 0.97 8 0.97 12 1.30

The data in both files are similar except for the wall insulation

levels and prices. These files can be modified by the user using a text

editor. However, the format and sequence of insulation types must be

maintained. This format is shown in Table 2. The insulation price file

for new construction, INSCOST.NEW, is shown in Table 3.

5.3 ENERGY PRICE FILES

There are ten energy price files on the ZIP disk (ENPRICES.l -- ENPRICES . 10) , one for each of the ten DOE regions. These prices are

long-term projections of residential energy prices in constant base-year

dollars, as forecast by the Department of Energy's Energy Information

Administration. These projections are published annually by the National

Institute of Standards and Technology as NBSIR 85-32773, Energy Prices

and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis . The ten DOE regions

and the states belonging to each are listed in Appendix A.

The format of the ENPRICES files is as follows:

comment

year

N

GNP deflator factor

El. . .EN

01. . .ON

LI. . .LN

Gl. . .GN

'mandatory one line comment

'base year for series

'number of years in series

'conversion factor from base year to

current year dollars

'electricity prices for N years

'fuel oil prices for N years

'LPG prices for N years

'natural gas prices for N years

10 Source: NAHB Research Foundation, An Economic Data Base in Support

of SPC 90.2: Costs of Residential Energy , Thermal Envelope , and HVAC

Equipment, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, December 1, 1986.
26

Table 2. Structure of insulation price file

comment 'one line general file identification comment

(note: comment must appear on first line)

GNP deflator factor 'to adjust these prices to current year

dollars*

REGFACTOR(l) .. .REGFACT0R(12) ' regional cost adjustment factors

(see Table 1)

NCOMPS 'NCOMPS = number of components with cost data in

this file

For each component in this file

CAT 'component index number (1-10)

1 = attic

2 = wood- frame wall

3 = masonry wall

4 = floor over crawlspace

5 = crawlspace wall

6 = slab -edge

7 = deep basement, exterior

8 = deep basement, interior

9 = shallow basement, exterior

10 = shallow basement, interior

CAT$ (CAT)

NCAT(CAT)

'component name

'number of insulation levels to be specified for

this component

CODEAREA (CAT)

MODEL (CAT)

'1 = square foot, 2 = linear foot (perimeter)

'1 = PEAR coefficient model [see Section 4(la)]

'2 = Chris tian- Strzepek model [see Section 4(lb)]

COMMENT $ (CAT) 'A comment or note to be printed to the screen

when the insulation costs for this

component are displayed on the screen.

(Note: enter a space if no comment.)

If MODEL = 1:

BASEU(CAT) 'Base U-value of component before insulation is

added

FOR K=1 to NCAT(CAT)

ADDR(CAT , K)

ULEVEL(CAT , K)

C0ST(CAT , K)

'R-value of insulation level K to Component CAT

'Corresponding U-value of component

'Corresponding installed insulation cost

If MODEL = 2:

FOR K=1 to NCAT (CAT)

ADDR(CAT , K)

C0ST(CAT , K)

'R-value of insulation level K to Component CAT

'Corresponding installed insulation cost

*Use 1.0 if the prices are entered in current year dollars.
27

Table 3. Current INSCOST.NEW file*

insulation costs for new houses in 1985 dollars

1.12 1.03.1.04.0.

81.0.97.0.95.0.98.1.03.0.97.0.97.1.22.1.04.1.30

9

1,

ATTIC, 6,1,1

note: costs are per square foot of gross attic area

0.2540

11.0.

0688.0.27

19.0.

0455.0.38

22.0.

0400.0.43

30.0.

0333.0.54

38.0.

0241.0.68

49.0.

0199.0.84

2,

WOOD FRAME WALLS, 5,1,1

note: costs are per square foot of net wall area

0.3763

11.0.

0988.0.36

13.0.

0899.0.44

19.0.

0652.0.64

23.0.

0504.1.15

26.0.

0433.1.39

3,

MASONRY WALLS , 7 , 1 ,

note: costs are per square foot of net wall area

0.263

3.8.0.

164.0.22

5.7.0.

130.0.36

7.6.0.

108.0.52

9.5.0.

092.0.67

11.4.0.

080.0.82

15.0.

0.068.1.78

21.6.0.

056.2.20

4,

FLOOR OVER UNHEATED AREA,4,1,2

note: costs are per square foot of gross floor area

11.0.

38

13.0.

45

19.0.

56

30.0.

76

5, SLAB ON GRADE - 2 FT VERTICAL, 6,2,2

note: costs are per linear foot of slab edge

4,2.04

5,2.25

8,2.69

10,3.50

12,4.02

15,4.58

(Continued on next page)
28

Table 3. (continued)

6

CRAWL SPACE WALLS, 4, 2,

note: costs are per linear foot of crawl space perimeter

11.1.77

13.2.01

19,2.37

30,3.14

7,

DEEP BASEMENT WALLS - EXTERIOR INSULATION, 6,2,2

note: insulation extends to bottom of basement wall

4.6.20

5.7.01

8.8.77

10,10.87

12,12.71

15,14.55

8, BASEMENT WALLS- INTERIOR INSULATION , 3 , 2 ,

note: costs are per linear foot of interior wall perimeter

11,6.48

13.7.20

19,10.24

9, SHALLOW BASEMENT WALLS - EXTERIOR INSULATION , 6 , 2 ,

note: insulation extends to bottom of basement wall

4,10.07

5,10.88

8,12.64

10,14.74

12,16.58

15,18.42

^Source: For attics and exterior walls, cost data for insulation was

derived from NAHB Research Foundation, An Economic Data Base in Support

of SPC 90.2: Cost of Residential Energy, Thermal Envelope and HVAC

Equipment, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 1986. For the floors, crawlspace,

and basement walls, cost data for insulation was taken from J. Christian

and W. Strzepek, "Procedure for Determining the Optimum Foundation

Insulation Levels for New, Low-Rise Residential Buildings," ASHRAE

Transactions, Vol. 93, Part 1, 1987.

(Note: the cost of insulating interior basement walls is assumed to

be the same for both deep and shallow basements. Thus there are no

addition cost data for the latter component in this file.)
29

An example of the current ENPRICES . 1 file is shown in Table 4.

If the study period exceeds the last year for which energy prices are

available in the ENPRICES files, the last price in the series is

automatically used by the ZIP program for all subsequent years.

The GNP deflator allows the use of energy price projections in

constant dollars for years other than the current year. The price

projections are adjusted to the current year by factoring in the GNP

deflator. If the price projections are in designated today's dollars,

the GNP deflator should be set at 1.0.

Table 4. ENPRICES . 1 file

Energy prices for DOE region 1 in 1985 dollars

1985

26

1.12

25 .44 25.04 28.21 29 .07 28 .45 27 .63 26 .81 25 .74 25 .08 24 .93 24 . 84

24 . 59 24.51 24.37 24 .79 25 .08 25 .08 25 .08 25 .08 25 .08 25 .08 25 .08

25 .08 25.08 25.08 25 .08

7. 65 4.40 4.65 4. 84 5 . 09 5. 33 5. 54 5. 98 6. 60 7 . 24 7 . 78

8. 23 8.63 8.95 9. 29 9. 66 9. 66 9. 66 9. 66 9. 6 6 9. 66 9 . 66

9. 66 9.66 9.66 9. 66

8. 21 4.73 5.00 5. 20 5. 47 5. 73 5 . 95 6. 42 7 . 08 7 . 78 8 . 35

8. 84 9.27 9.60 9. 97 10. 36 10. 36 10. 36 10. 36 10. 36 10. 36 10. 36

10 . 36 10.36 10.36 10 . 36

8. 04 7.27 7.10 7. 02 7. 47 7 . 64 7 . 79 8 . 19 8. 60 8 . 82 9 . 23

9. 50 9.80 10.04 10. 28 10. 68 10. 68 10. 68 10. 68 10. 68 10. 68 10. 68

10 .68 10.68 10.68 10 .68

31

APPENDIX A. REGIONAL CODES

The CLIMATE.DAT file contains two regional codes in each three-digit

ZIP Code record. The first identifies the DOE region needed to retrieve

the appropriate DOE energy price projections. The second identifies the

building cost region needed to identify the appropriate regional

adjustment factor for insulation prices. These codes are currently

assigned as follows:

DOE Regions

1 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,

Rhode Island

2 New York, New Jersey

3 Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, District of

Columbia, Delaware

4 Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi,

Alabama, Georgia, Florida

5 Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio

6 Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana

7 Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska

8 Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado

9 California, Nevada, Arizona, Hawaii

10 Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Alaska

Building Cost Regions 1

1 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,

Rhode Island

2 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia,

Delaware

3 West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

4 Florida

5 Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas

6 Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky, Iowa

7 Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota,

North Dakota, South Dakota

8 Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah

9 Arizona, New Mexico

10 California

11 Washington, Oregon

12 Alaska

1 Source: NAHB Research Foundation, An Economic Data Base in Support

of SPC 90.2: Cost of Residential Energy, Thermal Envelope and HVAC

Equipment , Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 1986.

33

APPENDIX B. RUNNING ALL ZIP CODES IN BATCH MODE

ZIP can be run in the "batch" mode to compute economic levels of

insulation for all ZIP Codes (or any consecutive series of ZIP Codes) in

one run. Economic levels of insulation are determined for all five

heating systems (gas, oil and electric furnaces, electric baseboard, and

electric heat pumps), all with electric air conditioning in locations

having more than 2000 cooling degree hours per year over 74° F. The user

can specify the components to be evaluated using the same menu shown in

screen 3.9. The results of this batch analysis are printed to a disk

file named by the user. This file can be edited by word processor for

inclusion into a larger report. An example of the batch file is shown in

Fig. B.l for ZIP Codes 010-013.

The batch version of ZIP is executed by entering ZIP /BAT at the

ready prompt (e.g., A> ZIP /BAT). The first and last three-digit ZIP

Codes to be evaluated are requested. In addition, the disk drive and

filename of the output file used to save the results of this analysis

must be entered. If you are saving these results to a floppy disk rather

than a hard disk, you should use a clean, formatted disk for this purpose

as this output file can be quite large.

The batch version of ZIP uses the default values for energy and

insulation prices, i.e., the prices in the INSCOST.NEW or INSCOST.RET

files, as modified by the regional cost adjustment factors in those files

(see Section 5) . The equipment efficiencies are always assumed to be

medium. (See Section 3 for corresponding values.) No ducts in

unconditioned spaces are assumed.
34

Fig. B.l. Output File for Batch Mode of ZIP

New construction insulation analysis for Zip Codes 010 to 013

03-23-1988 11:25:28

Heating System Types:

(1) NATURAL GAS FURNACE

(2) OIL FURNACE

(3) ELECTRIC FURNACE

(4) ELECTRIC BASEBOARD

(5) HEAT PUMP

DESIGNATED COMPONENTS FOR ANALYSIS:

(1) ATTIC

Exterior walls:

(2) WOOD FRAME

(3) CONCRETE -MASONRY

Floors/crawlspaces

(4) FLOORS OVER UNHEATED/UNINSULATED SPACES

(5) SLAB FLOOR

(6) CRAWL SPACE WALLS

Basement walls - deep:

(7) EXTERIOR INSULATION

(8) INTERIOR INSULATION

Basement walls - shallow:

(9) EXTERIOR INSULATION

(10)

INTERIOR INSULATION

Economic R-Values for Designated Components

ZIP HTG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CODE SYS

010 1 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

2 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

3 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

4 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

5 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

011 1 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

2 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

3 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

4 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

5 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

012 1 38 19 11 30 4 30 8 11 8 11

2 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

3 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

4 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

5 38 19 11 30 4 30 8 11 8 11

013 1 38 19 11 30 4 30 8 11 8 11

2 38 19 11 30 4 19 8 11 8 11

3 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

4 49 26 11 30 8 30 15 11 15 13

5 38 19 11 30 4 30 8 11 8 11
35

APPENDIX C. BETA COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOORS, BASEMENT, AND CRAWLSPACE WALLS*

R- value BETA^ BETAC

PLASTIC FOAM ON UPPER HALF OF DEEP BASEMENT

4 20.69 0.34

5 1.01 0.03

8 1.92 0.07

10 0.86 0.03

12 0.70 0.03

15 0.89 0.04

PLASTIC FOAM ON FULL HEIGHT OF DEEP BASEMENT

4 28.57 0.45

5 1.43 0.02

8 2.75 0.03

10 1.25 0.01

12 1.03 0.01

15 1.32 0.02

PLASTIC FOAM ON FULL HEIGHT OF SHALLOW BASEMENT

4 44.35 0.95

5 2.03 0.04

8 3.66 0.07

10 1.52 0.02

12 1.19 0.02

15 1.42 0.02

BATT INSULATION ON INSIDE OF DEEP BASEMENT WALL

11 34.24 0.51

19 0.96 0.01

30 2.35 0.01

BATT INSULATION ON INSIDE OF SHALLOW BASEMENT WALL

11 51.36 1.08

19 1.12 0.02

30 2.50 0.03

(Continued on next page)

^Source: J. Christian and W. Strzepek, "Procedure for Determining

the Optimum Foundation Insulation Levels for New, Low-Rise Residential

Buildings," ASHRAE Transactions 93(1), 1987.
36

R-value BETAfr

SLAB ON GRADE

4 2.79

5 0.15

8 0.31

10 0.15

12 0.13

15 0.17

BETAC

- VERTICAL 2 FT

0.23

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

FLOOR INSULATION

11 1.7 .12

19 0.26 0

30 0.26 0

CONCRETE -MASONRY CRAWL SPACE WALLS - BATTS

11 21..80 0..93

13 0 . ,40 0 .01

19 0 ..87 0 .02
37

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