NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS 

E.D. Tabs April 2001 

1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99) 

Background Characteristics, Work Activities, and 

Compensation of Faculty and Instructional Staff 

in Postsecondary Institutions: Fall 1998 

 

 U.S. Department of Education 

 Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 2001–152 

NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS 

E.D. Tabs April 2001 

1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99) 

Background Characteristics, Work Activities, and 

Compensation of Faculty and Instructional Staff 

in Postsecondary Institutions: Fall 1998 

Linda J. Zimbler 

National Center for Education Statistics 

 

 U.S. Department of Education 

 Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 2001–152 
U.S. Department of Education 

Rod Paige 

Secretary 

National Center for Education Statistics 

Gary W. Phillips 

Acting Commissioner 

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Suggested Citation 

U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. Background Characteristics, Work Activities, and 

Compensation of Faculty and Instructional Staff in Postsecondary Institutions: Fall 1998, NCES 2001–152, by Linda J. Zimbler. 

Washington, DC: 2001. 

For ordering information on this report, write: 

U.S. Department of Education 

ED Pubs 

P.O. Box 1398 

Jessup, MD 20794–1398 

Or call toll free 1–877–4ED–Pubs. 

Content Contact: 

Linda J. Zimbler 

202–502–7481 
Foreword 

This publication is the first from the 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99), a study 

of faculty and instructional staff in postsecondary institutions in the United States. The 1999 NSOPF and 

its predecessors, the 1988 and 1993 NSOPFs, were conducted by the National Center for Education 

Statistics within the U.S. Department of Education to fill the information gap about this important 

segment in postsecondary education. Additional support for NSOPF has been provided by the National 

Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation. Since its inception, NSOPF has 

stimulated widespread interest at the federal, state, institution, and individual levels. Organizations and 

individual researchers have obtained faculty data that provided them with national estimates and 

knowledge in general about faculty backgrounds, responsibilities, workloads, compensation, and 

attitudes. 

A number of publications based on NSOPF:99 data are planned. Topics of these publications include: the 

use of the internet/technology by faculty; faculty and staff who taught classes to undergraduates; distance, 

remedial, and continuing education taught by faculty; minority and women faculty; faculty in public 2-

year colleges; part-time faculty; retirement and other departure plans of faculty; changes in employment 

status of faculty; changes in the racial/ethnic and gender make-up of faculty; changes in the tenure status 

of faculty; and institutional policies and practices regarding faculty in degree-granting institutions. 

As soon as publications are released from NSOPF, they can be found and downloaded at the following 

NSOPF Web Page: http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/nsopf. Finally, researchers are encouraged to conduct their 

own in-depth analysis of the data. For information about using NSOPF:99 data, please read the Technical 

Notes to this report. 

C. Dennis Carroll Andrew G. Malizio 

Associate Commissioner Program Director 

Postsecondary Studies Division Postsecondary Longitudinal and 

 Sample Survey Studies 

iii 
Acknowledgments 

The author wishes to thank the many individuals who helped make this report possible. First many 

thanks to the individuals at the Gallup Organization who in one way or another made the data available: 

Sameer Abraham, Brian Kuhr, Darby Miller-Steiger, Margrethe Montgomery, Robert Montgomery, 

Marek Pietrzyk, and Roger Tourangeau. 

I would also like to thank the following individuals who provided technical and editorial comments on 

this report: Dennis Carroll, Paula Knepper, Roslyn Korb, Andrew G. Malizio, Ann Mullen, Joanell Porter, 

Taslima Rahman, Thomas Snyder, and Bruce Taylor, U.S. Department of Education; Ernst Benjamin, 

American Association of University Professors; Sam Bedinger, Pinkerton Computer Consultants, Inc.; 

Michael P. Cohen, Bureau of Transportation Statistics; and Sally Dillow and Martin Hahn, Education 

Statistics Services Institute. 

 

I would like to thank the members of the National Technical Review Panel for the 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99) for their many suggestions throughout the life of this study. 

Finally, I want to express my appreciation to the thousands of individuals who participated in this study, 

including institutional coordinators, administrators, and faculty and instructional staff. Clearly, the study 

could not have been completed without their cooperation. 

iv 
Contents 

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................iii 

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... iv 

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v 

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi 

Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 1 

All Faculty and Instructional Staff ................................................................................................. 1 

Employment status of all faculty and instructional staff .................................................... 1 

Principal activity of all faculty and instructional staff ....................................................... 2 

Instructional Faculty and Staff ....................................................................................................... 2 

Instructional faculty and staff background characteristics ................................................. 3 

Instructional faculty and staff work activities .................................................................... 3 

Instructional faculty and staff compensation ..................................................................... 4 

Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 7 

Compendium of Tables ................................................................................................................ 15 

Technical Notes ............................................................................................................................ 51 

Standard Error Tables ................................................................................................................... 63 

List of Figures 

Figure A Number of faculty and instructional staff in postsecondary institutions, by institution 

type: Fall 1998 ................................................................................................................................ 9 

Figure B Principal activity of all faculty and instructional staff, by employment 

status: Fall 1998 ........................................................................................................................... 10 

Figure C Whether faculty and instructional staff had any for-credit instructional 

responsibilities, by employment status: Fall 1998 ....................................................................... 11 

Figure D Instructional staff with faculty status, by employment status: Fall 1998 ................... 12 

Figure E Racial/ethnic distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff: Fall 1998 ........ 13 

Figure F Gender of instructional faculty and staff, by employment status: Fall 1998 ............... 14 

v 
List of Compendium Tables 

Table 1 Percentage distribution of all faculty and instructional staff, by employment 

status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ........................................................ 17 

Table 2 Percentage distribution of all full-time faculty and instructional staff, by 

principal activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ...................................... 18 

Table 3 Percentage distribution of all part-time faculty and instructional staff, by 

principal activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ...................................... 19 

Table 4 Percentage distribution of all full-time faculty and instructional staff, by 

whether they have any instructional responsibilities for credit, and by institution type 

and program area: Fall 1998 ......................................................................................................... 20 

Table 5 Percentage distribution of all part-time faculty and instructional staff, by 

whether they have any instructional responsibilities for credit, and by institution type 

and program area: Fall 1998 ......................................................................................................... 21 

Table 6 Percentage distribution of instructional faculty and staff, by employment 

status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ......................................................... 22 

Table 7 Average age and percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and 

staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ................................................................. 23 

Table 8 Average age and percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and 

staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ................................................................. 24 

Table 9 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

race/ethnicity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ............................................ 25 

Table 10 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

race/ethnicity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ............................................ 26 

Table 11 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

gender, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ....................................................... 27 

Table 12 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

gender, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ....................................................... 28 

Table 13 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

U.S. citizenship status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 .............................. 29 

vi 
Table 14 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by U.S. 

citizenship status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ...................................... 30 

Table 15 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by academic 

rank, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 .......................................................... 31 

Table 16 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by academic 

rank, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 .......................................................... 32 

Table 17 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by tenure 

status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ......................................................... 33 

Table 18 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by tenure 

status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ......................................................... 34 

Table 19 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by highest 

educational credential attained, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ................. 35 

Table 20 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by highest 

educational credential attained, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ................. 36 

Table 21 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by principal 

activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ...................................................... 37 

Table 22 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by principal 

activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ...................................................... 38 

Table 23 Average number of hours instructional faculty and staff worked per week, by 

employment status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 .................................... 39 

Table 24 Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by time 

spent on various activities, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ........................ 40 

Table 25 Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by time 

spent on various activities, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ........................ 41 

Table 26 Average number of classroom hours and student contact hours per week in 

for-credit classes for full-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type and 

program area: Fall 1998 ............................................................................................................... 42 

Table 27 Average number of classroom hours and student contact hours per week in 

for-credit classes for part-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type and 

program area: Fall 1998 ............................................................................................................... 43 

vii 
Table 28 Average number of publications and presentations in the past two years by 

full-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 .......... 44 

Table 29 Average number of publications and presentations in the past two years by 

part-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 ............ 45 

Table 30 Average income of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by source of

income, and by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998...................................... 46 

Table 31 Average income of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by source of 

income, and by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998 ..................................... 47 

Table 32 Average income from the institution other than basic salary for instructional 

faculty and staff who earned that type of income, by employment status, and by institution 

type and program area: Calendar Year 1998 ................................................................................ 48 

Table 33 Average consulting income for instructional faculty and staff who earned that type 

 of income, by employment status, by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998 ..49 

Table 34 Average income from outside the institution other than consulting income for 

instructional faculty and staff who earned that type of income, by employment status, and 

by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998 .......................................................... 50 

viii
1 

Summary 

This report describes faculty and instructional staff in public and private not-for-profit 2-yearand-above postsecondary institutions in the United States. It is the first publication based on the 

1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). For this study a nationally 

representative sample of faculty and instructional staff received questionnaires in 1999 that asked 

about their employment in the fall of 1998.1 Depending on their institution’s policies, some 

faculty did not have instructional duties (e.g., teaching one or more classes, or advising or 

supervising students’ academic activities), and some individuals with instructional duties did not 

have “faculty” status. Further, all instructional duties for some individuals were related to 

noncredit courses or advising or supervising noncredit academic activities. Compendium tables 

1–5 are based on all faculty and instructional staff. Compendium tables 6–34 include only

faculty and instructional staff with some instructional duties for-credit (i.e., instructional duties 

related to credit courses or advising or supervising academic activities for which students 

received credit). 

All Faculty and Instructional Staff 

The 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99) indicates that in the fall of 1998, 

there were about 1.1 million (1,074,000) faculty and instructional staff employed by public and 

private not-for-profit 2-year-and-above postsecondary institutions in the United States. Most 

faculty and instructional staff (i.e., approximately 761,000) were employed by 4-year 

institutions. Among the various types of 4-year institutions in the country,2 public research and 

public comprehensive institutions employed the most faculty and instructional staff (201,000 and 

137,000, respectively).3 Private doctoral and private research institutions were among the 

smallest employers of faculty and instructional staff (43,000 and 64,000, respectively) (figure A). 

Employment status of all faculty and instructional staff 

Fifty-seven percent of faculty and instructional staff were employed full time and 43 percent 

were employed part time by their institutions in the fall of 1998 (table 1). The employment 

status of faculty and instructional staff varied depending on the type of college or university 

where they were employed. Faculty and instructional staff in research institutions were much 

more likely to be employed full time (80 percent for public research and 71 percent for private 

not-for-profit research)4

 than faculty and instructional staff employed by public 2-year 

institutions, where approximately one-third (36 percent) were employed full time. Thus, 

 

1

See the Technical Notes for a discussion of the types and definitions of the institutions and faculty surveyed for 

NSOPF, the sample design, the survey methodology, and the accuracy of the estimates. 

2

Throughout the report, comparisons are made across institution types and program areas. Institution types are 

based on the Carnegie classification and whether the institution is public or private not-for-profit. To improve 

readability, the phrase “not-for-profit” may be excluded when referring to “private not-for-profit” institutions. 

There were no “private for-profit” institutions in the NSOPF sample. See the Technical Notes for a discussion of 

the institution types and program areas used in this report. 

3

All comparisons that are noted in the report are statistically significant at the .05 level. 

4

Teaching assistants were not included in NSOPF. See the Technical Notes for a description of the faculty universe. 
2 

although public 2-year institutions employed a large number of faculty and instructional staff 

(figure A), most worked part time at their institution (table 1). 

Principal activity of all faculty and instructional staff 

Faculty are often thought of primarily as teachers, but faculty are assigned to a variety of other 

activities at their institutions, such as research, administration, community/public service, clinical 

service, and technical activities. In fact, among full-time5

 faculty and instructional staff, 35 

percent indicated that their principal activity at their institution was something other than 

teaching: approximately 11 percent indicated research, 13 percent indicated administrative 

activities, and 11 percent indicated some other activity (e.g., technical activities, clinical service, 

or community/public service) was their principal activity during the fall of 1998 (table 2 and 

figure B). Among part-time faculty and instructional staff, 89 percent indicated that teaching 

was their principal activity, and 11 percent indicated that something else was their principal 

activity: 2 percent indicated research, 2 percent indicated administration, and 7 percent indicated 

some other activity (table 3 and figure B). 

Full-time faculty and instructional staff at public and private not-for-profit research institutions 

were more likely than those at other types of institutions to indicate that their principal activity 

was research (table 2). For instance, about one-third of the full-time faculty at private research 

universities indicated that their principal activity at their institution was research. In contrast, 

almost no full-time faculty and instructional staff at public 2-year institutions were engaged 

primarily in research. 

A higher percentage of full-time faculty and instructional staff in the program areas of 

engineering and the natural sciences indicated that their principal activity was research (24 and 

29 percent, respectively) than those in the program areas of business (7 percent), education (4 

percent), fine arts (1 percent), and the humanities (4 percent) (table 2). 

Instructional Faculty and Staff

Although some (35 percent of full-time and 11 percent of part-time) faculty and instructional 

staff indicated that teaching was not their principal activity during the fall of 1998 (figure B and 

tables 2 and 3), approximately 91 percent of full- and part-time faculty and instructional staff had 

some for-credit teaching responsibilities during the fall of 1998 (figure C and tables 4 and 5). 

Not all postsecondary institutions designate their instructional staff as faculty. Seventeen percent 

of all part-time and 3 percent of all full-time instructional staff did not have faculty status at their 

institution in the fall of 1998 (figure D). 

Among the approximately 1 million (976,000) faculty and instructional staff who had some forcredit instructional responsibilities, 57 percent were employed full time and 43 percent were 

employed part time (table 6), the same distribution as for all faculty and instructional staff (table 

1). The remainder of this summary presents highlights on the background characteristics, work 

 

5

Terminology related to full- and part-time instructional faculty and staff references the employment status of the 

person at the institution rather than the amount of instruction the person did. 
3 

activities, and compensation of faculty and staff with at least some instructional duties related to 

credit courses or advising or supervising academic activities for which students received credit 

(tables 6-34). 

Instructional faculty and staff background characteristics 

In the fall of 1998, the majority of full-time instructional faculty and staff were white, nonHispanic (85 percent). Approximately 6 percent were Asian or Pacific Islander; 5 percent were 

black, non-Hispanic; 3 percent were Hispanic; and 1 percent were American Indian or Alaskan 

Native (table 9 and figure E). Most full-time instructional faculty and staff (64 percent) were 

men (table 11 and figure F). Among full-time instructional faculty and staff at 2-year 

institutions, however, men and women were equally represented (table 11). 

Eight of every 10 (84 percent of) full-time instructional faculty and staff employed at 4-year 

institutions held one of three professorial ranks (i.e., full, associate, or assistant) (table 15). The 

majority of full-time instructional faculty and staff (53 percent) were tenured in the fall of 1998 

(table 17). Another 19 percent of full-time instructional faculty and staff were on tenure track, 

but not tenured; 18 percent were not on tenure track, although the institution had a tenure system; 

and 10 percent were at institutions that did not have a tenure system. 

The majority of part-time instructional faculty and staff (78 percent) were not on tenure track, 

although their institution had a tenure system (table 18). Only 4 percent of part-time 

instructional faculty and staff indicated that they were tenured in the fall of 1998; 2 percent were 

on tenure track, but not tenured; and 17 percent were employed by institutions that did not have a 

tenure system. 

In the fall of 1998, 67 percent of full-time instructional faculty and staff at postsecondary 

institutions had a doctoral or a first-professional6

 degree, 28 percent had a master’s degree, and 5 

percent had a bachelor’s degree or less.7

 Approximately 92 percent of full-time instructional 

faculty and staff at private not-for-profit research institutions had doctoral or first-professional 

degrees. In contrast, about 20 percent of the full-time instructional faculty and staff at public 2-

year institutions held such degrees (table 19). Approximately 60 percent of part-time 

instructional faculty and staff at private not-for-profit research institutions had doctoral or firstprofessional degrees, whereas about 11 percent of the part-time instructional faculty and staff at 

public 2-year institutions held such degrees (table 20). 

 

Instructional faculty and staff work activities 

Across all colleges and universities, the average workweek for full-time instructional faculty and 

staff was 53 hours and the average workweek for part-time instructional faculty and staff was 37 

hours in the fall of 1998 (table 23). Full-time instructional faculty and staff spent the majority 

 

6

First-professional areas of study include medicine, dentistry, optometry, osteopathic medicine, pharmacy, pediatric 

medicine, veterinary medicine, chiropractic, law, and theological professions. 

7

A very small percentage of full-time instructional faculty and staff reported having earned no postsecondary degree. 

These individuals are included among those with “a bachelor’s degree or less.”
4 

(57 percent) of their workweek on teaching activities,8 and divided the remainder of their time 

between research activities,9

 administrative activities,10 and other activities11 (table 24). 

Full-time instructional faculty and staff spent 11 hours per week, on average, actually teaching 

classes for credit in the fall of 1998. The number of hours spent teaching classes ranged from 7 

hours at private research institutions to 17 hours at public 2-year institutions (table 26). Parttime instructional faculty and staff spent approximately 7 hours per week teaching classes forcredit in the fall of 1998 (table 27). 

 

Instructional faculty and staff compensation 

This section of the summary and tables 30-34 provide information on the monetary 

compensation received by full- and part-time instructional faculty and staff during the 1998 

calendar year. The text and tables examine income from four different sources: 

• basic salary from the institution; 

• other income from the institution (including income from additional teaching 

activities, e.g., for summer session, or from supplements not included in basic salary, 

administration, research, or coaching sports; the estimated value of nonmonetary 

compensation, e.g., food, housing, or car; and any other income from the institution); 

• outside consulting income (including income from consulting work, a consulting 

business or freelance work); and 

• other outside income (including income from employment at another academic 

institution; legal or medical services or psychological counseling; self-owned 

business, other than consulting; professional performances or exhibitions; speaking 

fees and honoraria; royalties or commissions; the estimated value of nonmonetary 

compensation; and income from any other employment). 

During the 1998 calendar year, full-time instructional faculty and staff earned approximately 

$69,000, on average, from all sources, ranging from about $102,000 at private not-for-profit 

research institutions to $51,000 at private liberal arts colleges. Of this total income, 

approximately $57,000 was earned from the faculty member’s basic salary, $4,000 was earned 

 

8

Teaching activities included teaching, grading papers, and preparing courses; developing new curricula; advising or 

supervising students; supervising student teachers and interns; and working with student organizations or intramural 

athletics. 

9

Research activities included research; reviewing or preparing articles or books; attending or preparing for 

professional meetings or conferences; reviewing proposals; seeking outside funding; and giving performances or 

exhibitions in the fine or applied arts, or giving speeches. 

10Administrative activities included department or institution-wide meetings or committee work. 

11Other activities included professional growth (including taking courses, pursuing an advanced degree, and other 

professional development activities, such as practice or activities to remain current in your field); outside consulting 

or freelance work; and service/other nonteaching activities (including providing legal or medical services or 

psychological counseling to clients or patients, paid or unpaid community or public service, service to professional 

societies/associations; and other activities or work not listed in any of the other activities). 
5 

from other income from the institution, $2,000 was earned from outside consulting income, and 

$6,000 was earned from other outside income, on average (table 30). These estimates include all 

full-time instructional faculty and staff, regardless of whether they earned a particular type of 

income for the 1998 calendar year. 

Part-time instructional faculty and staff earned substantially less income than their full-time 

counterparts ($46,000 vs. $69,000). Average basic salary from their institution was about 

$12,000 for part-time instructional faculty and staff compared to $57,000 for those working full 

time. Part-time instructional faculty and staff, however, earned substantially more outside 

income than their full-time counterparts ($32,000 vs. $6,000, not including consulting income), 

perhaps reflecting income from a second job (tables 30 and 31). 

In fact, 77 percent (not shown in tables) of part-time instructional faculty and staff earned 

income (other than consulting income) from outside their institution during the 1998 calendar 

year. Among those part-time instructional faculty and staff who earned such income from 

outside their institution in 1998, the average amount was $41,000 (table 34). In comparison, 47 

percent (not shown in tables) of full-time instructional faculty and staff earned income from 

outside their institution during 1998, averaging about $13,000 (table 34). 

Figures 

9

 NOTE: Private institutions refer to private not-for-profit institutions. "All faculty and instructional staff" also includes faculty with no instruction SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:9

Figure A.—Number of faculty and instructional staff in postsecondary institutions, by institution type: Fall 1998

201

64

95

43

137

77 84

301

71

173

54

84

39

131

74 81

273

0

50

100150200250300350

Public research Private research Public doctoral Private doctoral Public comprehensive Private comprehensive Private liberal arts Public 2-year Other

Institution type

Number (in thousands)

All faculty and instructional staff Instructional faculty and staff
Figure B.—Principal activity of all faculty and instructional staff, by employment sta

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Full time

64.5%

11.3%

12.8%

11.4%

Teaching Research

Part time

89.1%

7

2

1.

Administration Other

10
 employment status: Fall 1998

NOTE: "No" indicates no instructional duties or all instructional duties related to noncredit courses.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Figure C.—Whether faculty and instructional staff had any for-credit instructional respo

Full time 

90.9% 9.1%

Yes

Part time

91.0% 

No

11
Figure D.—Instructional staff with faculty status, by employment status: Fall 1998

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Part time

83.3% 

No faculty status

Full time

97.2%

2.8%

Faculty status

12
Figure E.—Racial/ethnic distribution of full-time instructional faculty and 

 staff: Fall 1998

One pie

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

85.1%

5.8%

5.1%

0.7%

3.3%

White, non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific IslanderBlack, non-Hispanic HispanicAmerican Indian/Alaskan Native

13
Figure F.—Gender of instructional faculty and staff, by employment status: Fall 1998

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Full time

36.3%

63.7%

Men

Part time

52.1%

Women

14
Compendium of Tables 

Table 1.—Percentage distribution of all faculty and instructional staff, by 

 employment status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 57.4 42.6

Public research 79.7 20.3

Private not-for-profit research 70.6 29.5

Public doctoral2 68.3 31.7

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 55.2 44.8

Public comprehensive 63.5 36.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 51.8 48.2

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 59.7 40.3

Public 2-year 36.1 63.9

Other3 51.4 48.6

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 66.1 33.9

Agriculture/home economics 86.2 13.8

Business 60.8 39.2

Education 60.1 39.9

Engineering 79.6 20.4

Fine arts 50.5 49.5

Health sciences 68.5 31.5

Humanities 61.9 38.1

Natural sciences 76.7 23.3

Social sciences 67.9 32.1

All other fields 59.2 40.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National 

Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Employment status

NOTE: This table includes all faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) 

and all other instructional staff. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and 

medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical 

schools and medical centers.

1

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 

states and the District of Columbia.

17
Table 2.—Percentage distribution of all full-time faculty and instructional staff, by principal

 activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 64.5 11.3 12.8 11.4

Public research 46.8 24.7 12.3 16.3

Private not-for-profit research 40.1 31.7 10.1 18.1

Public doctoral3 54.6 15.5 15.0 14.9

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 50.4 12.0 11.7 25.9

Public comprehensive 79.4 1.9 11.4 7.2

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 74.6 0.6 18.5 6.3

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 78.1 0.5 15.0 6.4

Public 2-year 84.5 0.3 9.1 6.2

Other4 74.4 1.0 20.0 4.6

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 60.1 13.8 13.5 12.6

Agriculture/home economics 41.5 22.7 10.6 25.3

Business 77.9 6.5 12.3 3.4

Education 67.1 3.9 23.1 5.9

Engineering 62.2 23.6 9.7 4.6

Fine arts 84.4 0.7 10.5 4.4

Health sciences 35.4 14.3 11.8 38.4

Humanities 77.8 4.0 13.3 5.0

Natural sciences 58.7 29.0 8.3 4.0

Social sciences 67.5 12.7 13.3 6.5

All other fields 63.6 5.2 16.9 14.2

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

2

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

4

 Includes public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

Principal activity

NOTE: This table includes all full-time faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and all other 

instructional staff. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

1

Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities such as 

library services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

18
Table 3.—Percentage distribution of all part-time faculty and instructional staff, by principal

 activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 89.1 1.7 2.0 7.2

Public research 78.9 7.3 3.3 10.5

Private not-for-profit research 77.1 12.3 1.9 8.6

Public doctoral3 65.3 3.7 2.0 29.0

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 81.1 3.4 2.9 12.7

Public comprehensive 91.3 1.1 2.1 5.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 96.1 # 2.4 1.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 91.4 # 3.6 5.0

Public 2-year 93.8 # 1.5 4.8

Other4 93.9 0.2 0.9 5.0

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 85.6 3.0 2.4 9.0

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- --

Business 94.4 1.4 1.1 3.0

Education 83.1 0.4 4.7 11.8

Engineering 88.5 5.7 2.7 3.1

Fine arts 96.4 0.3 1.8 1.5

Health sciences 56.3 4.5 2.7 36.6

Humanities 96.5 1.3 1.2 1.0

Natural sciences 87.1 5.7 3.2 4.0

Social sciences 89.6 5.5 1.5 3.3

All other fields 94.3 0.5 1.8 3.5

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

#Estimate too small to report.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Principal activity

NOTE: This table includes all part-tme faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and all 

other part-time instructional staff. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia.

4

 Includes public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

1

Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities such as 

library services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

19
Table 4.—Percentage distribution of all full-time faculty and instructional staff, by whether

 they have any instructional responsibilities for credit, and by institution type 

 and program area: Fall 1998

Any instructional 

responsibilities for credit1

Institution type and program area Yes No

 All institutions2 90.9 9.1

Public research 85.9 14.1

Private not-for-profit research 86.7 13.3

Public doctoral3 89.5 10.5

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 86.3 13.7

Public comprehensive 95.2 4.8

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 94.4 5.7

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 94.8 5.2

Public 2-year 94.1 5.9

Other4 94.6 5.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 90.1 9.9

Agriculture/home economics 70.6 29.4

Business 96.2 3.8

Education 92.8 7.2

Engineering 93.6 6.4

Fine arts 97.4 2.6

Health sciences 86.5 13.5

Humanities 93.9 6.1

Natural sciences 93.9 6.1

Social sciences 93.8 6.2

All other fields 90.4 9.6

1

 "Yes" indicates that the individual had at least some instructional duties in the fall of 1998 that were related 

to credit courses or advising or supervising academic activities for which students received credit. "No" 

indicates that the individual had no instructional duties during the fall of 1998 or that all instructional duties 

were related to noncredit activities.

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and 

the District of Columbia.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

NOTE: This table includes all full-time faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) 

and all other instructional staff. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools 

and medical centers.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical 

centers.

20
Table 5.—Percentage distribution of all part-time faculty and instructional staff, by whether

 they have any instructional responsibilities for credit, and by institution type 

 and program area: Fall 1998

Any instructional 

responsibilities for credit1

Institution type and program area Yes No

 All institutions2 91.0 9.0

Public research 87.8 12.2

Private not-for-profit research 78.8 21.3

Public doctoral3 84.7 15.3

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 92.6 7.4

Public comprehensive 96.5 3.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 99.1 0.9

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 97.4 2.6

Public 2-year 88.3 11.7

Other4 97.6 2.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 92.8 7.2

Agriculture/home economics -- --

Business 96.2 3.8

Education 96.3 3.8

Engineering 98.9 1.1

Fine arts 93.8 6.2

Health sciences 85.5 14.5

Humanities 94.0 6.0

Natural sciences 93.0 7.0

Social sciences 95.9 4.1

All other fields 94.6 5.4

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

1

 "Yes" indicates that the individual had at least some instructional duties in the fall of 1998 that were related to 

credit courses or advising or supervising academic activities for which students received credit. "No" indicates 

that the individual had no instructional duties during the fall of 1998 or that all instructional duties were related to 

noncredit activities.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

NOTE: This table includes all part-time faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and 

all other instructional staff. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

21
Table 6.—Percentage distribution of instructional faculty and staff, by employment

 status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 57.4 42.6

Public research 79.4 20.6

Private not-for-profit research 72.5 27.5

Public doctoral2 69.5 30.6

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 53.4 46.6

Public comprehensive 63.2 36.8

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 50.5 49.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 59.1 40.9

Public 2-year 37.6 62.4

Other3 50.6 49.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 65.5 34.5

Agriculture/home economics 82.3 17.7

Business 60.8 39.2

Education 59.2 40.8

Engineering 78.7 21.4

Fine arts 51.5 48.5

Health sciences 68.8 31.2

Humanities 61.9 38.1

Natural sciences 76.9 23.1

Social sciences 67.4 32.6

All other fields 58.0 42.0

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional responsibilities for 

credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic 

activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National 

Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Employment status

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and 

medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical 

schools and medical centers.

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states 

and the District of Columbia.

22
Table 7.—Average age and percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type

 and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area

Average 

age

Under 

35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-70

71 or 

older

 All institutions1 49.2 7.3 25.3 36.0 25.9 4.5 1.0

Public research 48.8 7.6 27.4 34.6 24.2 5.3 0.8

Private not-for-profit research 48.8 8.1 28.3 32.3 24.0 5.8 1.7

Public doctoral2 49.0 7.0 28.4 33.9 24.2 5.6 0.8

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 47.8 8.8 29.6 36.4 21.0 3.2 1.0

Public comprehensive 50.6 6.2 21.7 34.0 31.3 5.7 1.1

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 49.5 8.0 21.9 37.4 28.6 3.5 0.6

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 48.3 8.7 29.6 33.0 24.1 3.7 1.0

Public 2-year 49.3 6.5 21.9 41.2 27.1 2.3 0.9

Other3 49.3 7.2 22.9 40.3 23.6 4.0 2.0

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 49.1 7.4 26.3 34.8 25.6 4.9 1.0

Agriculture/home economics 50.3 9.0 16.8 36.3 32.6 4.8 0.5

Business 48.8 5.6 28.0 38.6 24.1 3.1 0.6

Education 50.7 5.7 16.8 40.3 31.5 5.2 0.5

Engineering 48.3 10.5 29.0 29.4 24.7 5.4 1.1

Fine arts 49.1 5.1 26.7 40.3 23.8 3.6 0.6

Health sciences 47.6 6.0 33.2 37.3 19.4 3.3 0.8

Humanities 50.1 8.6 22.0 31.0 30.1 7.1 1.2

Natural sciences 49.3 7.1 28.8 32.2 24.3 6.2 1.5

Social sciences 49.1 8.5 25.8 32.0 29.2 3.1 1.4

All other fields 49.2 9.1 22.7 36.6 25.1 5.5 1.0

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Percentage in each age category

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes 

for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

1

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

23
Table 8.—Average age and percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by 

 institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area

Average 

age

Under 

35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-70

71 or 

older

 All institutions1 48.2 12.6 25.9 34.1 18.2 5.9 3.3

Public research 48.1 15.8 27.0 23.9 21.8 8.7 2.8

Private not-for-profit research 52.4 7.7 23.5 25.0 23.7 5.9 14.2

Public doctoral2 47.5 10.6 31.3 35.7 12.6 8.4 1.4

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 49.1 7.3 30.1 32.9 16.7 7.1 6.0

Public comprehensive 49.0 12.4 23.0 34.9 19.9 5.0 4.7

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 48.3 16.6 23.7 30.5 18.6 5.2 5.4

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 47.6 15.7 26.5 30.7 17.0 7.4 2.7

Public 2-year 47.6 12.1 25.8 37.3 18.2 4.7 1.8

Other3 48.7 10.6 25.3 38.5 15.8 7.2 2.7

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 48.6 13.0 25.8 32.0 18.1 6.8 4.4

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Business 49.6 15.0 19.4 31.0 23.9 4.1 6.7

Education 53.0 5.4 13.7 38.9 26.5 11.5 4.0

Engineering 53.0 1.7 27.9 21.2 27.6 16.1 5.6

Fine arts 45.6 15.9 35.9 28.6 13.9 3.1 2.7

Health sciences 47.3 8.2 32.4 40.7 8.5 7.6 2.7

Humanities 48.6 19.4 20.6 26.7 19.6 9.0 4.8

Natural sciences 48.6 12.3 26.0 29.8 20.9 6.5 4.6

Social sciences 47.8 13.3 27.0 33.7 18.6 1.9 5.5

All other fields 48.1 13.7 28.2 31.5 15.7 6.0 4.9

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

Percentage in each age category

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

24
Table 9.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by race/ethnicity, and

 by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Race/ethnicity

American

Indian/ Asian/ Black, White,

Alaskan Pacific non- nonInstitution type and program area Native Islander Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic

 All institutions1 0.7 5.8 5.1 3.3 85.1

Public research 0.5 8.5 3.2 3.4 84.5

Private not-for-profit research 0.2 7.0 3.7 3.5 85.6

Public doctoral2 1.3 6.0 3.9 3.0 85.8

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 0.7 9.2 4.4 3.9 81.8

Public comprehensive 0.5 5.9 7.4 3.6 82.6

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 1.2 3.7 4.5 2.7 87.8

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1.1 2.9 6.4 1.6 88.1

Public 2-year 0.8 3.4 6.0 4.6 85.3

Other3 0.6 4.6 7.1 1.3 86.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 0.7 6.4 4.9 3.0 85.0

Agriculture/home economics 1.2 3.5 4.1 1.5 89.8

Business 1.6 6.8 5.7 1.1 84.9

Education 1.0 3.1 8.3 3.1 84.6

Engineering 0.5 16.8 2.5 3.5 76.8

Fine arts 0.5 2.3 7.1 1.2 88.9

Health sciences 0.8 6.9 4.1 3.4 84.8

Humanities 0.3 4.8 4.8 6.2 83.8

Natural sciences 0.3 9.2 2.6 2.3 85.5

Social sciences 1.1 5.5 5.7 2.8 84.9

All other fields 0.9 3.1 6.3 2.2 87.6

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

25
Table 10.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by race/ethnicity, and

 by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Race/ethnicity

American

Indian/ Asian/ Black, White,

Alaskan Pacific non- nonInstitution type and program area Native Islander Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic

 All institutions1 1.0 3.2 4.5 3.7 87.6

Public research 1.9 4.6 2.9 3.5 87.1

Private not-for-profit research # 2.5 3.3 4.3 89.9

Public doctoral2 2.3 3.1 3.6 3.1 87.9

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 0.4 7.1 3.4 2.3 86.8

Public comprehensive 1.2 5.5 4.1 3.8 85.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 0.5 1.7 2.7 2.0 93.1

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 0.2 3.2 6.9 3.1 86.7

Public 2-year 1.0 2.3 5.3 4.8 86.6

Other3 0.2 2.9 4.6 2.0 90.3

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 0.9 3.8 4.0 3.0 88.2

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- --

Business # 2.9 3.3 0.6 93.2

Education 2.3 0.3 3.6 2.3 91.5

Engineering # 10.5 7.0 7.9 74.6

Fine arts 0.7 1.0 2.2 1.7 94.4

Health sciences 1.9 5.0 2.1 1.8 89.3

Humanities 1.2 4.4 2.3 4.5 87.7

Natural sciences # 5.5 7.7 1.8 85.0

Social sciences 0.9 1.7 8.6 3.9 84.9

All other fields 0.5 5.6 3.1 4.7 86.1

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

#Estimate too small to report.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

26
Table 11.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff,

 by gender, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Male Female

 All institutions1 63.7 36.3

Public research 70.5 29.5

Private not-for-profit research 73.9 26.2

Public doctoral2 66.7 33.3

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 63.6 36.4

Public comprehensive 61.7 38.3

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 63.3 36.7

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 62.2 37.9

Public 2-year 50.1 49.9

Other3 67.9 32.1

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 67.0 33.0

Agriculture/home economics 81.8 18.2

Business 73.2 26.9

Education 45.9 54.1

Engineering 90.8 9.2

Fine arts 68.4 31.6

Health sciences 57.5 42.5

Humanities 58.8 41.2

Natural sciences 79.2 20.8

Social sciences 69.7 30.3

All other fields 66.6 33.4

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional 

responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, or advising or 

supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 

National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Gender

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 

50 states and the District of Columbia. 

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools 

and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except 

medical schools and medical centers.

27
Table 12.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by

 gender, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Male Female

 All institutions1 52.2 47.9

Public research 55.2 44.8

Private not-for-profit research 60.3 39.8

Public doctoral2 49.6 50.4

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 58.6 41.4

Public comprehensive 46.5 53.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 59.1 40.9

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 44.0 56.1

Public 2-year 51.8 48.2

Other3 54.3 45.8

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 53.1 46.9

Agriculture/home economics -- --

Business 70.3 29.7

Education 33.0 67.0

Engineering 94.8 5.2

Fine arts 47.5 52.5

Health sciences 48.0 52.0

Humanities 41.3 58.7

Natural sciences 64.4 35.6

Social sciences 59.7 40.3

All other fields 59.8 40.3

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional responsibilities for 

credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic 

activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National 

Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Gender

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states 

and the District of Columbia. 

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical 

centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical 

schools and medical centers.

28
Table 13.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by U.S.

 citizenship status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Citizen

Noncitizen

 All institutions1 93.4 6.6

Public research 89.6 10.4

Private not-for-profit research 86.5 13.5

Public doctoral2 92.2 7.8

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 90.5 9.5

Public comprehensive 94.5 5.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 96.6 3.4

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 95.6 4.4

Public 2-year 98.6 1.4

Other3 95.1 4.9

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 92.2 7.8

Agriculture/home economics 96.8 3.3

Business 93.2 6.8

Education 98.3 1.7

Engineering 83.0 17.0

Fine arts 97.3 2.7

Health sciences 93.5 6.5

Humanities 91.2 8.8

Natural sciences 87.3 12.8

Social sciences 93.3 6.8

All other fields 95.4 4.6

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study 

of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Citizenship status

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states 

and the District of Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical 

centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical 

schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with at least some instructional responsibilities for 

credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic 

activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.

29
Table 14.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by U.S.

 citizenship status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Citizen

Noncitizen

 All institutions1 96.9 3.2

Public research 94.1 5.9

Private not-for-profit research 90.1 9.9

Public doctoral2 98.2 1.8

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 95.8 4.2

Public comprehensive 95.4 4.6

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 97.7 2.3

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 96.3 3.7

Public 2-year 98.4 1.6

Other3 96.3 3.7

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 95.7 4.3

Agriculture/home economics -- --

Business 98.1 1.9

Education 99.7 0.3

Engineering 95.0 5.0

Fine arts 97.0 3.0

Health sciences 96.8 3.2

Humanities 93.4 6.6

Natural sciences 92.6 7.4

Social sciences 97.4 2.6

All other fields 93.8 6.2

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Citizenship status

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and 

the District of Columbia. 

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical 

centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching 

one or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may 

not total to 100 because of rounding.

30
Table 15.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by academic rank,

 and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

 Academic rank

Full Associate Assistant Instructor Other ranks/

Institution type and program area professor professor professor or lecturer not applicable

 All institutions1 30.7 23.6 22.3 15.9 7.5

Public research 36.1 27.2 21.9 9.0 5.9

Private not-for-profit research 41.9 24.0 22.5 8.0 3.7

Public doctoral2 29.9 27.6 28.3 9.8 4.3

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 27.6 28.2 26.3 12.8 5.1

Public comprehensive 33.0 26.3 25.6 12.0 3.2

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 31.4 26.6 25.6 11.0 5.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 24.9 26.3 30.4 11.3 7.1

Public 2-year 21.7 12.1 10.8 39.4 16.0

Other3 28.4 19.3 23.0 15.8 13.5

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 32.9 26.3 25.1 10.4 5.4

Agriculture/home economics 49.2 23.8 18.2 3.6 5.2

Business 23.5 32.5 23.8 16.1 4.2

Education 26.8 25.5 27.4 12.1 8.2

Engineering 38.8 30.3 21.2 4.9 4.8

Fine arts 31.1 29.7 24.3 7.8 7.2

Health sciences 22.7 31.3 33.4 9.9 2.7

Humanities 32.1 24.3 24.3 15.9 3.4

Natural sciences 41.0 24.7 22.6 7.4 4.3

Social sciences 40.6 25.4 24.5 5.1 4.4

All other fields 33.9 21.5 22.5 14.4 7.8

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

1

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

31
Table 16.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by academic rank, 

 and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

 Academic rank

Full Associate Assistant Instructor Other ranks/

Institution type and program area professor professor professor or lecturer not applicable

 All institutions1 7.3 4.7 5.6 60.5 22.0

Public research 11.8 10.4 8.7 52.5 16.7

Private not-for-profit research 21.2 8.1 15.3 38.5 16.9

Public doctoral2 7.8 10.4 17.4 48.3 16.2

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 12.5 9.4 8.6 42.3 27.2

Public comprehensive 6.2 4.4 3.8 58.1 27.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 7.3 6.5 10.3 47.2 28.7

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 4.4 3.7 5.3 64.6 22.0

Public 2-year 4.9 1.7 1.4 72.5 19.5

Other3 9.5 4.3 6.1 50.6 29.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 9.0 6.9 8.6 51.9 23.6

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- --

Business 6.9 6.0 3.9 54.0 29.3

Education 5.8 3.7 6.0 48.6 36.0

Engineering 19.7 13.4 2.1 32.9 32.0

Fine arts 8.0 3.5 8.2 63.3 17.0

Health sciences 11.8 16.0 25.1 37.0 10.2

Humanities 7.9 3.9 5.0 62.2 21.0

Natural sciences 10.9 7.3 5.9 52.8 23.2

Social sciences 7.7 8.0 8.5 49.3 26.5

All other fields 9.7 5.0 6.7 51.3 27.4

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, or 

advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

32
Table 17.—Percentage disribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by tenure status, 

 and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

No tenure

On tenure Not on system at

Institution type and program area Tenured track tenure track institution

 All institutions1 53.1 18.8 18.1 10.0

Public research 59.6 17.7 22.2 0.5

Private not-for-profit research 54.9 16.4 26.3 2.5

Public doctoral2 53.4 21.1 24.8 0.8

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 41.7 25.5 21.4 11.5

Public comprehensive 61.5 21.6 16.1 0.9

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 49.3 18.3 18.7 13.7

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 39.2 23.4 20.3 17.1

Public 2-year 51.0 15.4 7.2 26.4

Other3 41.1 16.2 13.2 29.4

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 53.9 19.7 20.7 5.7

Agriculture/home economics 74.4 12.3 10.1 3.2

Business 49.9 23.3 18.8 8.0

Education 47.2 24.8 20.4 7.7

Engineering 67.0 21.4 9.9 1.7

Fine arts 57.3 20.9 13.2 8.5

Health sciences 39.0 19.2 35.3 6.5

Humanities 54.8 20.1 19.5 5.6

Natural sciences 60.6 18.7 16.1 4.6

Social sciences 63.3 19.9 12.4 4.4

All other fields 52.1 17.5 24.6 5.8

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

Tenure status

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding. 

1

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private non-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

33
Table 18.—Percentage disribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by tenure status, and by 

 institution type and program area: Fall 1998

No tenure

On tenure Not on system at

Institution type and program area Tenured track tenure track institution

 All institutions1 3.8 1.5 78.3 16.5

Public research 9.8 1.4 87.3 1.6

Private not-for-profit research 7.1 0.3 82.5 10.1

Public doctoral2 5.2 1.8 87.2 5.9

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 5.3 2.4 79.3 13.0

Public comprehensive 5.0 0.8 87.8 6.4

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 3.2 0.9 81.6 14.4

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 2.3 0.9 85.0 11.9

Public 2-year 1.7 1.7 72.4 24.3

Other3 5.5 2.3 65.6 26.6

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 5.4 1.3 83.4 9.8

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- --

Business 3.7 1.5 83.3 11.4

Education 4.8 1.4 83.5 10.3

Engineering 14.2 0.9 83.7 1.2

Fine arts 3.8 0.9 80.5 14.8

Health sciences 9.0 2.8 79.7 8.6

Humanities 5.9 0.3 88.5 5.3

Natural sciences 6.8 0.9 76.9 15.4

Social sciences 4.8 1.9 86.9 6.4

All other fields 2.6 1.3 85.4 10.6

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

Tenure status

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

1

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding. 

34
Table 19.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by highest educational

 credential attained, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 

 

Ph.D. or first- Master's Bachelor's

Institution type and program area professional degree or less

 All institutions1 67.0 27.8 5.2

Public research 84.8 13.3 1.9

Private not-for-profit research 91.8 6.6 1.6

Public doctoral2 83.1 15.3 1.6

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 87.3 11.0 1.7

Public comprehensive 72.6 25.1 2.3

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 67.2 30.4 2.4

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 63.3 34.4 2.3

Public 2-year 20.0 61.7 18.3

Other3 59.3 34.6 6.1

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 78.0 19.9 2.1

Agriculture/home economics 87.7 11.3 1.0

Business 68.7 30.5 0.8

Education 79.1 20.2 0.7

Engineering 86.0 11.2 2.8

Fine arts 39.1 56.5 4.4

Health sciences 82.4 15.4 2.2

Humanities 79.2 19.8 1.0

Natural sciences 87.2 11.3 1.5

Social sciences 90.4 8.8 0.9

All other fields 65.1 29.7 5.2

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

Highest credential attained

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. 

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding.

35
Table 20.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by highest 

 educational credential attained, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998 

 

Ph.D. or first- Master's Bachelor's

Institution type and program area professional degree or less

 All institutions1 26.9 54.1 19.0

Public research 47.7 43.4 8.9

Private not-for-profit research 59.5 29.8 10.7

Public doctoral2 54.0 40.0 6.0

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 48.9 41.1 9.9

Public comprehensive 28.3 60.0 11.8

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 28.7 62.7 8.6

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 27.7 57.3 15.0

Public 2-year 10.9 58.6 30.6

Other3 34.0 50.2 15.8

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 38.7 50.6 10.7

Agriculture/home economics -- -- --

Business 20.1 71.1 8.8

Education 34.8 57.5 7.7

Engineering 69.4 23.3 7.2

Fine arts 13.2 57.8 29.0

Health sciences 61.0 32.3 6.7

Humanities 31.9 63.9 4.2

Natural sciences 40.0 50.2 9.8

Social sciences 53.6 43.8 2.6

All other fields 42.3 42.5 15.2

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

Highest credential attained

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or 

more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 

because of rounding. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

36
Table 21.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by principal activity,

 and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 69.9 10.3 11.5 8.3

Public research 52.6 24.5 10.7 12.2

Private not-for-profit research 45.6 29.6 10.6 14.2

Public doctoral2 60.4 13.8 13.2 12.6

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 58.1 11.2 12.1 18.6

Public comprehensive 83.1 1.4 10.7 4.9

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 78.9 0.6 15.7 4.8

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 82.3 0.4 14.3 2.9

Public 2-year 87.6 0.3 7.6 4.5

Other3 78.4 0.8 16.9 4.0

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 65.9 12.7 12.2 9.2

Agriculture/home economics 47.8 27.1 12.1 13.0

Business 81.0 6.2 11.3 1.6

Education 71.3 3.7 20.8 4.2

Engineering 66.5 22.3 8.7 2.5

Fine arts 85.8 0.8 10.3 3.1

Health sciences 39.9 13.6 11.1 35.4

Humanities 81.9 3.5 12.3 2.4

Natural sciences 62.4 26.9 8.1 2.6

Social sciences 71.6 12.5 12.0 4.0

All other fields 69.4 5.3 15.4 9.9

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Principal activity

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

2 All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

1 Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities such as 

library services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

37
Table 22.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by principal

 activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 91.8 1.2 1.7 5.4

Public research 85.3 5.5 2.0 7.3

Private not-for-profit research 79.6 9.0 1.9 9.5

Public doctoral3 74.8 3.5 1.9 19.9

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 85.2 2.3 0.9 11.7

Public comprehensive 92.8 0.5 1.9 4.9

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 96.6 # 2.5 0.9

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 93.1 # 3.4 3.5

Public 2-year 95.2 # 1.4 3.5

Other4 95.1 0.2 0.7 4.0

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 89.4 2.0 2.0 6.6

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- --

Business 95.4 1.5 0.8 2.3

Education 85.5 # 4.1 10.4

Engineering 89.4 5.8 1.7 3.1

Fine arts 98.4 0.3 1.1 0.3

Health sciences 64.5 3.8 2.0 29.8

Humanities 96.8 0.9 1.3 1.0

Natural sciences 90.8 4.7 3.1 1.4

Social sciences 91.9 3.7 1.0 3.4

All other fields 96.8 0.5 1.5 1.2

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

#Estimate too small to report.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one 

or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 

100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

Principal activity

2 All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

1 Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities 

such as library services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

38
Table 23.—Average number of hours instructional faculty and staff worked per week, 

 by employment status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

 

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 53.3 36.9

Public research 55.8 39.6

Private not-for-profit research 55.4 38.9

Public doctoral2 56.0 38.9

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 53.7 39.9

Public comprehensive 52.4 39.0

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 51.7 34.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 53.8 37.5

Public 2-year 49.1 35.5

Other3 52.6 37.0

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 54.4 38.1

Agriculture/home economics 53.5 --

Business 51.4 39.1

Education 55.3 34.3

Engineering 55.1 42.6

Fine arts 54.9 36.5

Health sciences 57.3 41.2

Humanities 51.9 35.1

Natural sciences 54.4 37.7

Social sciences 53.5 39.0

All other fields 55.2 41.9

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one 

or more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). The average number of 

hours worked per week includes all paid and unpaid hours worked at the postsecondary institution and all paid 

and unpaid hours worked outside of the postsecondary institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

 Average hours worked per week

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

1 All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

39
Table 24.—Percentage distribution of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by time spent on various

 activities, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Percentage of time spent on:

Institution type and program area

Teaching 

activities

Research 

activities

Administrative 

activities

Other 

activities

 All institutions1 56.6 15.2 13.9 14.3

Public research 45.9 25.9 13.1 15.1

Private not-for-profit research 41.9 29.1 13.7 15.3

Public doctoral2 47.4 19.4 15.2 18.0

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 46.1 19.8 14.9 19.2

Public comprehensive 63.1 11.1 12.8 13.0

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 61.2 8.6 16.8 13.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 65.4 8.1 15.5 11.0

Public 2-year 71.9 3.8 11.5 12.9

Other3 60.0 7.5 18.9 13.6

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 53.2 17.9 14.4 14.6

Agriculture/home economics 41.6 24.0 15.1 19.4

Business 59.0 14.6 13.6 12.8

Education 56.9 11.1 18.6 13.4

Engineering 53.6 22.9 12.3 11.2

Fine arts 60.9 13.3 12.2 13.6

Health sciences 39.7 17.4 13.5 29.5

Humanities 63.0 14.4 13.1 9.4

Natural sciences 53.5 24.8 12.7 9.1

Social sciences 53.7 19.6 13.9 12.8

All other fields 54.0 13.3 17.9 14.9

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99).

1 All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding. 

40
Table 25.—Percentage distribution of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by time spent on various

 activities, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Percentage of time spent on:

Institution type and program area

Teaching 

activities

Research 

activities

Administrative 

activities

Other 

activities

 All institutions1 61.7 4.8 3.6 29.9

Public research 57.8 9.2 3.9 29.2

Private not-for-profit research 44.0 8.7 5.3 42.0

Public doctoral2 52.3 6.8 4.8 36.1

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 50.4 8.6 4.1 36.9

Public comprehensive 62.7 5.4 2.4 29.5

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 64.8 5.1 3.4 26.8

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 62.6 4.6 4.5 28.3

Public 2-year 66.4 3.0 3.4 27.3

Other3 57.3 3.7 3.9 35.2

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 58.2 6.3 3.8 31.8

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- --

Business 60.4 2.1 2.5 35.0

Education 66.8 3.1 5.6 24.5

Engineering 58.2 9.3 3.1 29.5

Fine arts 54.4 8.0 2.2 35.4

Health sciences 45.5 5.7 5.6 43.3

Humanities 66.4 7.6 2.7 23.3

Natural sciences 64.7 7.9 3.7 23.7

Social sciences 60.3 9.0 3.6 27.2

All other fields 51.0 4.7 3.9 40.5

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99).

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). Percentages may not total to 100 because of 

rounding. 

41
Table 26.—Average number of classroom hours and student contact hours per week in 

 for-credit classes for full-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution

 type and program area: Fall 1998

 

Average student

Average classroom contact hours

Institution type and program area hours per week per week1

 All institutions2 11.0 321

Public research 7.8 289

Private not-for-profit research 6.7 259

Public doctoral3 9.2 334

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 8.8 291

Public comprehensive 11.1 320

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 10.7 254

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 11.7 276

Public 2-year 17.2 425

Other4 11.2 311

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 9.5 296

Agriculture/home economics 9.3 369

Business 10.0 361

Education 10.0 256

Engineering 8.2 209

Fine arts 11.9 269

Health sciences 9.9 379

Humanities 9.5 239

Natural sciences 8.6 308

Social sciences 8.9 304

All other fields 9.9 285

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities who taught credit classes. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

1

Number of hours per week spent teaching for-credit classes multiplied by the number of students in those 

classes.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical 

centers.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and 

the District of Columbia.

42
Table 27.—Average number of classroom hours and student contact hours per week in for-credit 

 classes for part-time instructional faculty and staff, by institution type and program

 area: Fall 1998

 

Average student

Average classroom contact hours

Institution type and program area hours per week per week1

 All institutions2 7.3 176

Public research 6.1 207

Private not-for-profit research 6.0 143

Public doctoral3 7.3 230

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 5.5 120

Public comprehensive 6.5 182

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 6.8 133

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 6.5 138

Public 2-year 8.4 189

Other4 6.9 159

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 6.5 167

Agriculture/home economics -- --

Business 6.8 162

Education 6.1 125

Engineering 4.7 99

Fine arts 6.4 139

Health sciences 7.9 258

Humanities 6.2 150

Natural sciences 7.3 219

Social sciences 6.3 187

All other fields 5.8 129

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities who taught credit classes.

1

Number of hours per week spent teaching for-credit classes multiplied by the number of students in those classes.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and 

medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

43
Table 28.—Average number of publications and presentations in the past two years by full-time instructional 

Refereed or Nonrefereed Published Books, Presentations

juried or nonjuried reviews of monographs, and

Institution type and program area publications publications material and reports exhibits

 All institutions1 3.9 2.2 1.3 1.0 10.8

Public research 6.6 3.2 1.9 1.4 15.1

Private not-for-profit research 8.4 3.3 2.5 1.2 17.7

Public doctoral2 5.5 2.4 1.7 1.1 13.0

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 4.5 2.3 1.8 1.1 11.4

Public comprehensive 2.4 1.9 1.1 0.9 9.1

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 1.9 2.0 1.0 0.9 8.1

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.6 7.3

Public 2-year 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 5.3

Other3 2.8 2.9 1.3 0.7 9.9

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 4.6 2.5 1.5 1.1 12.1

Agriculture/home economics 5.6 7.5 1.1 1.8 17.1

Business 2.9 2.0 0.7 0.8 7.2

Education 2.9 2.6 1.2 1.3 17.0

Engineering 7.9 4.0 1.2 2.6 12.3

Fine arts 2.6 1.8 1.1 0.7 19.2

Health sciences 6.2 2.6 1.9 0.9 17.0

Humanities 3.3 2.3 2.4 0.8 8.5

Natural sciences 6.5 2.0 1.1 0.7 9.3

Social sciences 4.4 2.6 2.2 1.5 12.4

All other fields 3.0 2.9 1.5 1.4 9.9

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Publications and presentations

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, regardless of 

whether they had that type of activity. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

 faculty and staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

44
Table 29.—Average number of publications and presentations in the past two years by part-time instructional faculty

 and staff, by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Refereed or Nonrefereed Published Books, Presentations

juried or nonjuried reviews of monographs, and

Institution type and program area publications publications material and reports exhibits

 All institutions1 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.7 6.5

Public research 2.8 1.6 0.7 0.9 9.1

Private not-for-profit research 4.0 3.0 1.1 1.1 14.7

Public doctoral2 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.5 6.5

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 1.5 1.4 0.8 0.8 11.3

Public comprehensive 1.1 1.4 0.4 1.0 8.1

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.7 8.5

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.4 5.9

Public 2-year 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.5 4.1

Other3 1.0 1.9 0.6 0.6 5.6

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 1.6 1.5 0.6 0.8 8.3

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- --

Business 0.9 1.4 0.1 0.9 5.3

Education 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.7 7.9

Engineering 3.3 2.1 0.2 3.0 10.0

Fine arts 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.5 18.3

Health sciences 2.6 1.1 0.7 0.5 9.1

Humanities 1.5 1.9 0.9 0.6 4.0

Natural sciences 2.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 3.4

Social sciences 1.9 1.3 0.6 1.0 9.2

All other fields 1.1 2.3 0.6 0.8 9.2

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Publications and presentations

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, regardless of 

whether they had that type of activity. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

45
Table 30.—Average income of full-time instructional faculty and staff, by source of income, and by institution 

 type and program area: Calendar Year 1998

Total Basic salary Other income Outside Other

earned from from consulting outside

Institution type and program area income institution institution income income

 All institutions1 $68,697 $56,851 $4,100 $1,846 $5,900

Public research 80,247 66,395 4,779 2,379 6,694

Private not-for-profit research 102,023 81,578 6,612 4,931 8,902

Public doctoral2 78,653 65,468 4,242 2,046 6,897

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 86,202 70,239 4,063 3,185 8,715

Public comprehensive 59,228 50,147 3,705 1,123 4,253

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 60,802 49,367 3,480 2,126 5,830

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 51,223 43,605 2,575 740 4,304

Public 2-year 53,960 44,636 3,868 887 4,569

Other3 57,065 47,227 2,758 905 6,174

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $72,242 $59,815 $4,161 $2,076 $6,190

Agriculture/home economics 68,645 61,251 2,268 1,880 3,246

Business 77,528 60,106 6,913 4,350 6,158

Education 58,527 48,512 3,711 1,474 4,829

Engineering 82,058 65,791 7,020 4,588 4,659

Fine arts 55,092 45,603 2,716 1,207 5,566

Health sciences 100,378 81,349 4,432 1,858 12,739

Humanities 55,175 48,472 2,689 647 3,367

Natural sciences 70,930 60,559 4,141 1,514 4,715

Social sciences 74,267 60,588 4,675 3,420 5,583

All other fields 69,058 55,672 4,046 2,576 6,764

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Source of income

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, regardless of 

whether they had that type of income. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff employed in the fall of 

1998. Details may not sum to total because of rounding. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

46
Total Basic salary Other income Outside Other

earned from from consulting outside

Institution type and program area income institution institution income income

 All institutions1 $46,124 $11,614 $812 $1,881 $31,817

Public research 51,606 16,896 1,507 3,839 29,364

Private not-for-profit research 66,368 18,435 466 2,494 44,973

Public doctoral2 63,549 18,118 847 2,678 41,906

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 61,927 13,474 560 3,670 44,222

Public comprehensive 43,122 9,635 979 1,756 30,753

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 45,109 10,752 706 2,067 31,583

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 38,812 11,420 780 1,159 25,453

Public 2-year 40,789 9,782 708 1,138 29,161

Other3 49,275 10,314 769 2,403 35,789

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $50,089 $12,982 $889 $2,445 $33,774

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- --

Business 62,042 13,491 1,160 4,183 43,208

Education 45,011 10,271 857 1,198 32,685

Engineering 74,127 18,249 1,699 10,837 43,342

Fine arts 36,672 9,767 744 1,540 24,621

Health sciences 74,951 20,963 847 2,343 50,798

Humanities 30,203 11,432 846 864 17,061

Natural sciences 44,487 14,708 699 2,258 26,822

Social sciences 50,418 12,335 787 2,256 35,040

All other fields 56,358 9,360 918 3,724 42,356

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

Table 31.—Average income of part-time instructional faculty and staff, by source of income, and by

Source of income

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, 

or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, regardless of whether 

they had that type of income. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff employed in the fall of 1998. Details 

may not sum to total because of rounding. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

 institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998

47
Table 32.—Average income from the institution other than basic salary for instructional faculty and

 staff who earned that type of income, by employment status, and by institution type 

 and program area: Calendar Year 1998

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 $8,391 $4,648

Public research 11,577 6,165

Private not-for-profit research 15,111 --

Public doctoral2 9,558 5,734

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 9,788 3,499

Public comprehensive 7,270 4,938

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 6,033 5,054

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 4,869 4,410

Public 2-year 6,606 4,067

Other3 5,772 4,287

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $8,924 $5,051

Agriculture/home economics 7,547 --

Business 10,439 6,683

Education 6,796 4,542

Engineering 13,942 --

Fine arts 5,697 3,588

Health sciences 14,500 5,764

Humanities 5,559 4,214

Natural sciences 9,258 5,263

Social sciences 9,291 4,101

All other fields 7,515 5,540

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99).

 Other income from institution

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes 

for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities) who earned income from the institution other than their 

basic salary. This included income from additional teaching activities, e.g., for summer session, or from supplements not 

included in basic salary, administration, research, or coaching sports; the estimated value of nonmonetary compensation, e.g., 

food, housing, or car; and any other income from the institution. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty 

and staff employed in the fall of 1998. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

48
Table 33.—Average consulting income for instructional faculty and staff who earned that type

 of income, by employment status, and by institution type and program area:

 Calendar Year 1998

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 $8,220 $10,583

Public research 8,815 18,773

Private not-for-profit research 14,464 --

Public doctoral2 8,090 16,191

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 11,766 15,832

Public comprehensive 5,364 9,092

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 9,448 10,228

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 4,265 5,978

Public 2-year 6,228 7,628

Other3 4,839 11,728

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $8,480 $12,248

Agriculture/home economics 6,076 --

Business 12,936 15,821

Education 5,041 5,851

Engineering 12,371 --

Fine arts 5,028 6,615

Health sciences 8,389 15,072

Humanities 4,127 4,534

Natural sciences 7,346 15,711

Social sciences 11,865 12,115

All other fields 8,960 17,383

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of 

Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99).

 Consulting income

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or 

more classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities) who earned income from consulting. 

Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff employed in the fall of 1998. 

1 All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

49
Table 34.—Average income from outside the institution other than consulting income for instructional

 type and program area: Calendar Year 1998

Institution type and program area Full time Part time

 All institutions1 $12,642 $41,319

Public research 13,300 43,525

Private not-for-profit research 15,642 58,536

Public doctoral2 14,355 53,512

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 17,525 56,240

Public comprehensive 10,283 39,638

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 12,661 42,504

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 9,714 34,120

Public 2-year 11,276 37,248

Other3 12,040 42,952

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $12,886 $44,352

Agriculture/home economics 6,656 --

Business 14,323 56,338

Education 10,109 45,101

Engineering 12,594 65,618

Fine arts 8,561 29,161

Health sciences 21,711 66,166

Humanities 7,391 24,277

Natural sciences 11,452 38,270

Social sciences 11,520 41,756

All other fields 13,737 52,223

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

 faculty and staff who earned that type of income, by employment status, and by institution 

 Other outside income

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99).

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities) who earned income from outside the institution 

other than consulting income. This included income from employment at another academic institution; legal or medical 

services or psychological counseling; self-owned business, other than consulting; professional performances or exhibitions; 

speaking fees and honoraria; royalties or commissions; the estimated value of nonmonetary compensation; and income from 

any other employment. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff employed in the fall of 1998. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

50
 

 

51 

Technical Notes 

Overview 

The 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99) was sponsored by the U.S. Department 

of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The Gallup Organization conducted the 

third cycle of NSOPF, which included 960 degree-granting postsecondary institutions and an initial 

sample of 28,704 faculty and instructional staff from those institutions. NSOPF:99 was designed to 

provide a national profile of faculty: their professional backgrounds, responsibilities, workloads, salaries, 

benefits, and attitudes. 

The first cycle of NSOPF was conducted in 1987-1988 with a sample of 480 institutions (including 2-

year, 4-year, doctorate-granting, and other colleges and universities), over 3,000 department chairpersons, 

and over 11,000 faculty. The 1992-93 study (NSOPF:93) was limited to surveys of institutions and 

faculty, but with a substantially expanded sample of 974 public and private not-for-profit degree-granting 

postsecondary institutions and 31,354 faculty and instructional staff. Additional information on the first 

two cycles of NSOPF is available at the http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/nsopf/ Web Page. 

Institution Universe 

The institution universe for NSOPF:99 was defined by the following criteria: 

• Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions;1

• public and private not-for-profit institutions;2

• institutions that confer associate’s, bachelor’s, or advanced degrees; and 

• institutions that are located in the United States. 

This definition covered most colleges (including junior colleges and community colleges), universities, 

graduate, and professional schools. It excluded institutions that either (1) offered only less than two-year 

programs, (2) were private for-profit, or (3) were located outside the United States (for example, in U.S. 

territories). In addition, it excluded institutions that offer instruction only to employees of the institutions, 

tribal colleges, and institutions that offer only correspondence courses. According to NCES Integrated 

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 3,396 institutions met these criteria and were eligible for 

the NSOPF:99 sample. 

Faculty Universe 

Unlike NSOPF:88, which was limited to faculty whose assignment included instruction, the faculty 

universes for NSOPF:93 and NSOPF:99 were expanded to include all those who were designated as 

faculty, whether or not their responsibilities included instruction, and other (non-faculty) personnel with 

instructional responsibilities. Under this definition, researchers and administrators and other institutional 

staff who hold faculty positions, but who do not teach, were included in the sample. Instructional staff 

without faculty status also were included. Teaching assistants were not included in any cycle of NSOPF. 

 

1

The U.S. Department of Education is no longer distinguishing among institutions based on accreditation level. As a 

result, NCES now subdivides the postsecondary institution universe into schools that are eligible to receive Title IV 

federal financial assistance and those that are not. 

2

Private for-profit institutions are not included even though they may be Title IV participating, degree-granting 

institutions. 
 

 

52 

Sample Design 

A two-stage stratified, clustered probability design was used to select the NSOPF:99 sample. The firststage sampling frame consisted of the 3,396 postsecondary institutions in IPEDS3

 that were public or 

private not-for-profit Title IV participating institutions and provided formal degree programs of at least 

two years’ duration. While the IPEDS universe includes private institutions that are both for-profit and 

not-for-profit, the institutional universe for NSOPF:99 excluded the private for-profit institutions. 

The 3,396 institutions in the NSOPF:99 universe were stratified based on the highest degrees they offered 

and the amount of federal research dollars they received. These strata distinguished public and private 

institutions, as well as several types of institutions based on the Carnegie Foundation’s classification 

system.4

 The following institutional categories were used in this report: 

• Public research: Publicly controlled institutions among the leading universities in 

Federal research funds. Each of these universities awards substantial numbers of 

doctorates across many fields. 

• Private not-for-profit research: Privately controlled not-for-profit institutions among 

the leading universities in Federal research funds. Each of these universities awards 

substantial numbers of doctorates across many fields. 

• Public doctoral: Publicly controlled institutions that offer a full range of baccalaureate 

programs and doctoral degrees in at least three disciplines, but tend to be less focused on 

research and receive fewer Federal research dollars than the research universities. In this 

report, this group also includes publicly controlled institutions classified by the Carnegie 

Foundation as specialized medical schools. 

• Private not-for-profit doctoral: Privately controlled not-for-profit institutions that offer 

a full range of baccalaureate programs and doctoral degrees in at least three disciplines, 

but tend to be less focused on research and receive fewer Federal research dollars than 

the research universities. In this report, this group also includes privately controlled 

institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools. 

• Public comprehensive: Publicly controlled institutions that offer liberal arts and 

professional programs; these institutions offer a full range of baccalaureate programs and 

are committed to graduate education through the master's degree. They award 20 or more 

master's degrees annually in one or more disciplines. 

• Private not-for-profit comprehensive: Privately controlled not-for-profit institutions 

that offer liberal arts and professional programs; these institutions offer a full range of 

baccalaureate programs and are committed to graduate education through the master's 

degree. They award 20 or more master's degrees annually in one or more disciplines. 

 

3

For more information on IPEDS data, point your browser to the NCES Web site http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. 4

See A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of 

Teaching (Princeton, New Jersey, 1994). 
 

 

53 

• Private not-for-profit liberal arts: Privately controlled not-for-profit institutions that 

are smaller than comprehensive colleges and universities; primarily offer bachelor's 

degrees, although some offer master's degrees. 

• Public 2-year: Publicly controlled institutions that offer certificate or degree 

programs only through the Associate degree level. 

• Other: Public liberal arts, private 2-year,5 and religious and other specialized institutions 

except medical. 

Data Collection Procedures 

Prior to collecting data from faculty, it was first necessary to obtain cooperation from the sampled 

institutions. Each institution was asked to provide lists of all faculty and instructional staff at their 

institution and to complete an Institution Questionnaire. 

Institution coordinators were asked to provide a list of full- and part-time faculty and instructional staff 

which included all personnel who had faculty status or instructional responsibilities during the 1998 fall 

term i.e., the term which included November 1, 1998. 

Response Rates 

Of the 960 institutions in the sample, one was ineligible because it had merged with another institution. 

A total of 818 institutions provided lists of faculty and instructional staff, for a weighted list participation 

rate of 88.4 percent. A total of 865 institutions returned the institution questionnaire, for a weighted 

response rate of 92.8 percent. Institution weights were based on the inverse of the institutional probability 

of selection. 

Initially, 28,576 faculty and instructional staff were selected from institutions who provided a list of their 

faculty and instructional staff. Subsequently, a subsample of 19,813 faculty and instructional staff was 

drawn for intensive followup. Approximately 18,000 faculty and instructional staff questionnaires were 

completed for a weighted response rate of 83.0 percent. The overall weighted faculty response rate 

(institution list participation rate multiplied by the faculty questionnaire response rate) was 73.4 percent. 

Faculty nonresponse bias analyses indicated no significant bias. Several key variables were analyzed to 

see whether late responders tended to have similar, higher, or lower mean responses than the mean for all 

responders. If late responders had a mean response that was either higher or lower than the overall mean, 

there would be some potential for nonresponse bias. On the other hand, if the mean responses from later 

respondents are reasonably consistent with earlier ones, then obtaining additional responses probably will 

have little effect on survey estimates and nonresponse bias probably is negligible. The data from 

NSOPF:99 suggest that there was no evidence of any significant nonresponse bias in any of the following 

variables selected for analysis: percentage of faculty and instructional staff indicating their principal 

activity was teaching, percentage teaching classes for credit, percentage of time spent teaching 

undergraduates, percentage of faculty who indicated their rank was assistant professor, or percentage who 

received a Ph.D. There was a negligible chance of bias in the age of the respondent and respondent’s 

tenure status, but only within the stratum representing private not-for-profit doctoral institutions. Item 

nonresponse occurred when a respondent did not answer one or more survey questions. The item 

 

5

Public liberal arts and private not-for-profit 2-year institutions have been placed in the “other” category because 

there are relatively few of them in the United States. 
 

 

54 

nonresponse rates were generally low for the faculty questionnaire. For a full description of faculty and 

item nonresponse, see the forthcoming 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty: Methodology 

Report [NCES 2001–151]. 

Data Analysis System 

Except for Figure A, the estimates presented in this report were produced using the NSOPF:99 Data 

Analysis Systems (DAS). The DAS software makes it possible for users to specify and generate their own 

tables from the NSOPF:99 data. With the DAS, users can replicate or expand upon the tables presented in 

this report. If the number of valid cases is too small to produce a reliable estimate, the DAS prints the 

message “low-N” instead of the estimate. 

For more information about the NSOPF:99 Data Analysis Systems, consult the NCES DAS Web site at 

http://nces.ed.gov/das/ or contact: 

 Aurora D’Amico 

 NCES 

 1990 K Street, NW 

 Washington, DC 20006–5652 

 (202) 502-7334 

 aurora_d’amico@ed.gov 

Sources of Error 

The survey estimates provided in the NSOPF:99 analytical reports are subject to two sources of error: 

sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors occur because the estimates are based on a 

sample of individuals in the population rather than on the entire population. The standard error measures 

the variability of the sample estimator in repeated sampling, using the same sample design and sample 

size. 

Standard errors for all estimates presented in this report’s tables were computed using a technique known 

as Taylor series approximation. Standard errors for selected characteristics are presented in tables A1–A6 

corresponding to estimates produced in figure A and tables 2, 3, 17, 30, and 31 of the report. Standard 

errors for all other estimates presented in this report are available upon request. The DAS software as 

well as other specialized computer programs, such as SUDAAN6

 and CENVAR7 calculate variances with 

the Taylor-series approximation method. Standard errors for the estimates in figure A were calculated 

using SUDAAN and are in Table A1.

Comparisons noted in this report are significant at the 0.05 level. The descriptive comparisons were 

tested in this report using Student’s t statistic. Differences between estimates are tested against the 

probability of a Type I error, or significance level. The significance levels were determined by calculating 

the Student’s t values for the differences between each pair of means or proportions and comparing these 

with published tables of significance levels for two-tailed hypothesis testing. 

Student’s t values may be computed to test the difference between estimates with the following formula: 

 

6

Shah, Babubhai V., Beth G. Barnwell, and Gayle S. Bieler, SUDAAN User’s Manual, Release 6.4 (Research 

Triangle Park, N.C.: Research Triangle Institute), 1995. 

7

U.S. Bureau of the Census, CENVAR IMPS Version 3.1 (Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census), 1995. 
 

 

55 

t

E E

se se

1 2

1

2

2

2 = −

+

 (1) 

where E1 and E2 are the estimates to be compared and se1 and se2 are their corresponding standard errors. 

This formula is valid only for independent estimates. When estimates are not independent a covariance 

term must be added to the formula. If the comparison is between the mean of a subgroup and the mean of 

the total group, the following formula is used: 

E E

se se 2p se

sub tot

sub

2

tot

2

sub

2

−

+ −

 (2) 

where p is the proportion of the total group contained in the subgroup.8

When multiple pairwise comparisons were made, the acceptable minimum significance level was 

decreased by means of the Bonferroni adjustment.9

 This adjustment takes into account the increased 

likelihood, when making multiple comparisons, of finding significant pairwise differences simply by 

chance. With this adjustment, the significance level being used for each comparison (0.05) is divided by 

the total number of comparisons being made. 

Sample estimates also are subject to bias from nonsampling errors. It is more difficult to measure the 

magnitude of these errors. They can arise for a variety of reasons: nonresponse, undercoverage, 

differences in the respondent’s interpretation of the meaning of questions, memory effects, misrecording 

of responses, incorrect editing, coding, and data entry, time effects, or errors in data processing. Whereas 

general sampling theory can be used, in part, to determine how to estimate the sampling variability of a 

statistic, nonsampling errors are not easy to measure. Measurement of nonsampling errors usually 

requires the incorporation of a methodological experiment into the survey or the use of external data to 

assess and verify survey results. 

To minimize the potential for nonsampling errors, the faculty and institution questionnaires (as well as the 

sample design, data collection, and data processing procedures) were field-tested with a national 

probability sample of 162 postsecondary institutions and 512 faculty members in 1997-98. An extensive 

item nonresponse analysis was also conducted followed by additional evaluation of the instruments and 

survey procedures.10 An item nonresponse analysis was also conducted for the full-scale surveys. See the 

1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty: Methodology Report [NCES 2001–151] for a detailed 

description of the item nonresponse analysis. 

In addition, for the full-scale surveys, a computer-based editing system was used to check data for range 

errors, logical inconsistencies, and skip patterns that were not properly followed by respondents. For 

improperly followed skip patterns, values were logically assigned on the basis of the presence or absence 

of responses within the skip pattern. Some small inconsistencies between different data elements 

 

8

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, A Note from the Chief Statistician, No. 2, 

1993. 

9

For an explanation of the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, see Miller, Rupert G., Simultaneous 

Statistical Inference (New York: McGraw Hill Co.), 1981 or Dunn, Olive Jean, “Multiple Comparisons Among 

Means,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 56 (293), (March, 1961), pp. 52–64. 10A complete description of the field test design and results can be found in Abraham, Sameer Y., et al., 1999 

National Study of Postsecondary Faculty(NSOPF:99): Field Test Report, Working Paper No. 2000-01 (Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics), January 2000. 
 

 

56 

remained in the data files. In these situations, it was impossible to resolve the ambiguity as reported by 

the respondent. 
 

 

57 

Variables Used in this Report 

Institutional classification X02Z0 

 

This variable was used to identify type and control of institution according to a modified Carnegie 

classification. The 1994 Carnegie classification was used. See a description of each type of Carnegie 

classification under the “Sample Design” section of the Technical Notes. 

Public research control=public and Carnegie=11 or 12 

Private research control=private and Carnegie=11 or 12 

Public doctoral control=public and Carnegie=13, 14, or 52 

Private doctoral control=private and Carnegie=13, 14, or 52 

Public comprehensive control=public and Carnegie=21 or 22 

Private comprehensive control=private and Carnegie=21 or 22 

Private liberal arts control=private and Carnegie=31 or 32 

Public 2-year control=public and Carnegie=40 

Other control=public and Carnegie=31 or 32, or 

 control=private and Carnegie=40, or 

 Carnegie=51 or 53-65 

Institutional classification, 4-year vs. 2-year X06Z0 

 

This derived variable reflects the type of institution (2- or 4-year) sampled for NSOPF:99. The 1994 

Carnegie classification was used. Only 4-year institutions were selected for information presented on 

principal field of teaching (X02Z14) in this report. 

 Four year 

 Two year 

Principal field of teaching X02Z14 

 

This derived variable was created from variable Q14 and the discipline codes associated with this variable 

in order to identify the general program area of a respondent’s principal field of teaching. 

Agriculture & home economics 100–110, or 350 

Business 160–170 

Education 220–250 

Engineering 260–280 

Fine arts 140–150 

Health sciences 330–340 

Humanities 290–320, 440–441, or 548 

Natural sciences 200–210, or 390–420 

Social sciences 510, 540–547, or 549–560 

All other programs 120–130, 180–190, 360–380, 430, 442, 470–500, 

520, 530, or 600–900 
 

 

58 

Full- or part-time employment at this institution Q5 

 

During the 1998 Fall Term, did this institution consider you to be employed part time or full time? 

Part time 

Full time 

Principal activity, modified X01Z3 

 

This derived variable was created to indicate each respondent’s primary activity at their sampled 

institution during the 1998 Fall term, based on variable Q3. Those respondents who answered that 

their primary activity was clinical service, on sabbatical, or other activities were coded as "other." 

Teaching 

Research 

Administration 

Other 

Any instructional duties for credit X01Z1 

This derived variable was created to indicate whether respondents had any instructional duties for credit 

during the 1998 Fall Term at the institution from which they were sampled. 

 

No 

Yes 

Age, single years X01Z82 

 

This derived variable was created to report a respondent’s age as of 1999 calculated from variable Q82Y 

(year of birth). 

Age X03Z82 

 

This derived variable was created from the X01Z82 age, and separates respondents over age 65 into two 

categories. 

Under 35 

35-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65-70 

71 or older 
 

 

59 

Race/ethnicity, recoded X03Z84

This derived variable was created to categorize individuals into one and only one racial/ethnic category. 

In 1988 and 1993, respondents were asked to pick only one race category to identify themselves. They 

also were asked to identify if they were of Hispanic origin. In 1999, respondents were asked to pick one 

or more race categories to identify themselves. They also were asked to identify if they were of Hispanic 

origin. Very few individuals picked more than one racial/ethnic category (about 1 percent). For those 

individuals who picked more than one racial/ethnic category, a coding scheme was devised to place them 

into one and only one racial/ethnic category. If the respondents identified themselves as Hispanic and 

Black or Hispanic and White, they were coded as Hispanic. Otherwise, they were coded according to the 

following scheme: If the respondents indicated they were Black or African American and any other race, 

they were coded as Black. If they were Asian or Pacific Islander and any other race (except for Black), 

they were coded as Asian. If they were Native American or Alaska Native and any other race (except for 

Black or Asian), they were coded as Native American. 

American Indian or Alaskan Native 

Asian or Pacific Islander 

Black, non-Hispanic 

Hispanic 

White, non-Hispanic 

Gender Q81 

 

Male 

Female 

Citizenship X02Z90 

 

This derived variable was created to classify respondents as either citizens or non-citizens based on 

variable Q90. 

Yes 

No 

Rank X01Z8 

This derived variable was created from variable Q8 to identify a respondents academic rank, title or 

position at their sampled institution. 

Full professor 

Associate professor 

Assistant professor 

Instructor/lecturer 

Other ranks/not applicable 
 

 

60 

Tenure status Q10

What was your tenure status at this institution during the 1998 Fall Term? 

Tenured 

On tenure track, but not tenured 

Not on tenure track, but institution has tenure system 

No tenure system at this institution 

Highest degree X01Z16 

This derived variable was created in order to describe the highest degree or award achieved by a 

respondent. 

Ph.D. or first-professional 

Master’s 

Bachelor’s or less 

Average total hours per week worked X01Z30

 

This derived variable was created by totalling variables Q30a through Q30d, which are concerned with 

hours spent at the following activities: Q30a=All paid activities at this institution Q30b=All unpaid 

activities at this institution Q30c=Any other paid activities outside this institution (e.g., consulting, 

working on other jobs) Q30d=Unpaid (pro bono) professional service activities outside this Institution. 

Time spent on teaching X01Z31

This derived variable was created to report the actual percentage of work time respondents spent in 

teaching during the Fall of 1998, based on the variables Q31a1 (percent of time spent teaching 

undergraduate students) and Q31a2 (percent of time spent teaching graduate or first professional 

students). 

Time spent on research Q31A3 

 

What percent of your time do you spend in research/scholarship activities (including research; reviewing 

or preparing articles or books; attending or preparing for professional meetings or conferences; reviewing 

proposals; seeking outside funding; giving performances or exhibitions in the fine or applied arts; or 

giving speeches)? 

 

Time spent on administration Q31A5 

 

What percent of your time do you spend in administration (including departmental or institution-wide 

meetings or committee work)? 
 

 

61 

Time spent on other activities X03Z31 

 

This derived variable was created to report the actual percentage of work time respondents spent in 

activities other than teaching, research or administration during the Fall of 1998, based on these variables: 

Q31A4=Professional growth; Q31A6=Service; and Q31A7=Outside consulting, freelance work, other 

outside work/other non-teaching professional activities. 

Total hours/week teaching credit classes X01Z41 

 

This derived variable was created to provide a calculation of the total number of hours spent teaching per 

week in up to five classes for credit, by adding together the number of hours the respondent spent 

teaching each class. A maximum of five classes could be reported. 

Total student contact hours/week X02Z41 

 

This derived variable was created to provide a calculation of the total student contact hours per week with 

students in up to five classes for credit. For each class taught, the average number of hours per week the 

respondent taught the class was multiplied by the number of students enrolled in the class; the results 

were added together to obtain the total student contact hours in up to five classes for credit. 

Recent total articles/works in refereed/juried media X01Z29 

 

This derived variable combined the total number of articles published in the past two years in refereed 

professional or trade journals or creative works published in juried media for which the respondent had 

sole responsibility or joint responsibility. 

 

Recent total articles/works in nonrefereed/nonjuried media X02Z29 

This derived variable combined the total number of articles published in the past two years in nonrefereed 

professional or trade journals or creative works published in nonjuried media or in-house newsletters for 

which the respondent had sole responsibility or joint responsibility. 

Recent total reviews of books, articles, or works X03Z29

 

This derived variable combined the total number of reviews of books, articles, or creative works and 

chapters in edited volumes published in the past two years for which the respondent had sole 

responsibility or joint responsibility. 

Recent total books, textbooks, monographs, or reports X04Z29

 

This derived variable combines the total number of textbooks, other books, monographs, and research or 

technical reports disseminated internally or to clients in the past two years for which the respondent had 

sole responsibility or joint responsibility. 
 

 

62 

Recent total presentations, exhibitions, or performance X05Z29

 

This derived variable combined the total number of presentations at conferences and workshops or 

exhibitions or performances in the fine or applied arts, that the respondent had sole responsibility or joint 

responsibility in the past two years. 

Total income of respondent from all sources X11Z76 

 

This derived variable was created to report the total amount of compensation from various sources that 

the respondent received during the 1998 calendar year. 

Basic salary from institution Q76A 

 

How much compensation did you receive for your basic salary for the 1998 calendar year? 

 

Institution total income except basic salary X02Z76 

 

This derived variable was created to report total income other than basic salary from the sampled 

institution during the 1998 calendar year. This included income from additional teaching activities, e.g., 

for summer session, or from supplements not included in basic salary, administration, research, or 

coaching sports; the estimated value of nonmonetary compensation, e.g., food, housing, or car; and any 

other income from the institution. 

Outside income, consulting/freelance work Q76G 

 

How much were you compensated for outside consulting, consulting business or freelance work? 

 

Total outside income, except consulting X07Z76 

 

This derived variable was created to report income from sources (other than outside consulting) outside 

the sampled institution for the 1998 calendar year. This included income from employment at another 

academic institution; legal or medical services or psychological counseling; self-owned business, other 

than consulting; professional performances or exhibitions; speaking fees and honoraria; royalties or 

commissions; the estimated value of nonmonetary compensation; and income from any other 

employment. 
Table A1.—Weighted sample sizes and standard errors of estimates for figure A, all faculty and instructional staff, by employment status 

 and by institution type: Fall 1998

Institution type Total Part time Full time Total Part time Full time

 All institutions1 Weighted sample size 1,073,667 457,246 616,421 976,417 416,024 560,393

Standard error 8,147 7,951 5,584 8,019 7,591 5,513

Public research Weighted sample size 200,817 40,722 160,095 173,294 35,762 137,532

Standard error 2,958 2,324 2,622 2,983 2,182 2,620

Private not-for-profit research Weighted sample size 63,690 18,755 44,935 53,722 14,769 38,953

Standard error 2,413 2,018 1,851 2,317 1,806 1,824

Public doctoral2 Weighted sample size 95,033 30,155 64,878 83,593 25,539 58,054

Standard error 2,627 2,424 1,802 2,446 2,107 1,798

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 Weighted sample size 43,383 19,451 23,932 38,672 18,017 20,655

Standard error 1,144 1,057 1,081 992 1,028 844

Public comprehensive Weighted sample size 137,344 50,150 87,194 131,442 48,401 83,041

Standard error 2,868 2,653 2,093 2,909 2,646 2,101

Private not-for-profit comprehensive Weighted sample size 76,781 37,026 39,755 74,217 36,709 37,508

Standard error 1,865 2,000 1,320 1,891 1,999 1,302

Private not-for-profit liberal arts Weighted sample size 84,044 33,842 50,202 80,556 32,970 47,586

Standard error 1,263 373 890 2,541 2,535 1,536

Public 2-year Weighted sample size 301,412 192,555 108,857 272,555 170,092 102,463

Standard error 4,598 5,034 2,241 4,464 4,768 2,197

Other3 Weighted sample size 71,163 34,590 36,573 68,366 33,765 34,601

Standard error 2,112 1,988 1,720 2,155 1,987 1,718

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

NOTE: This table includes all full-time faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and all other instructional staff. Standard errors in this 

table are for estimates in Figure 1 and are based on SUDAAN (Research Triangle Institute, 1995). The "weighted sample size" is the estimated population size.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

All faculty and instructional staff Instructional faculty and staff

1

All public and private not-for-profit title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

63
Table A2.—Standard errors of estimates for table 2, all full-time faculty and instructional staff, by 

 principal activity and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 0.98 0.62 0.48 0.55

Public research 1.59 1.11 0.76 1.13

Private not-for-profit research 3.93 2.88 1.21 2.91

Public doctoral3 2.79 1.80 1.39 1.84

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 6.70 1.91 2.08 5.43

Public comprehensive 1.37 0.44 1.02 0.80

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 2.46 0.27 2.31 1.02

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1.83 0.21 1.76 1.12

Public 2-year 1.06 0.16 0.90 0.60

Other4 3.66 0.48 3.60 0.94

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 1.10 0.71 0.54 0.65

Agriculture/home economics 4.37 3.23 2.12 4.13

Business 2.23 1.17 1.80 1.02

Education 2.73 0.99 2.58 1.45

Engineering 2.99 2.43 1.36 1.40

Fine arts 2.19 0.33 1.89 0.90

Health sciences 2.29 1.39 0.86 2.24

Humanities 1.42 0.76 1.19 0.73

Natural sciences 1.83 1.74 1.05 0.63

Social sciences 1.95 1.35 1.28 1.01

All other fields 1.85 0.94 1.38 1.32

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

2

All public and private, not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

Principal activity

NOTE: This table includes all full-time faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and all other 

instructional staff. 

1

Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities such as library 

services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

64
Table A3.—Standard errors of estimates for table 3, all part-time faculty and instructional staff, 

Institution type and program area Teaching Research

Administration Other1

 All institutions2 1.02 0.21 0.22 0.93

Public research 2.32 1.13 0.73 2.03

Private not-for-profit research 4.39 2.88 0.73 2.00

Public doctoral3 9.07 1.04 0.54 8.63

Private not-for-profit doctoral3 3.75 1.78 1.12 2.90

Public comprehensive 1.18 0.36 0.51 1.08

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 0.95 0 0.69 0.47

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 2.25 0 1.67 1.55

Public 2-year 0.75 0 0.31 0.69

Other4 1.52 0.21 0.51 1.39

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 1.65 0.36 0.32 1.53

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- --

Business 1.88 1.11 0.65 1.39

Education 3.20 0.27 1.16 3.16

Engineering 2.81 2.31 1.50 1.70

Fine arts 0.98 0.26 0.68 0.57

Health sciences 5.85 1.11 0.86 6.23

Humanities 0.84 0.46 0.44 0.52

Natural sciences 2.44 1.30 1.94 1.14

Social sciences 2.49 1.86 0.65 1.77

All other fields 1.31 0.28 0.56 1.20

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

3

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

 by principal activity, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99).

Principal activity

NOTE: This table includes all part-tme faculty (regardless of whether they had instructional responsibilities) and all other 

instructional staff. 

2

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

4

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

1

Includes clinical service, on sabbatical from this institution, technical activities, other institutional activities such as library 

services, community public service, subsidized performer, and artist-in-residence.

65
Table A4.—Standard errors of estimates for table 17, full-time instructional faculty and staff, by tenure 

No tenure

On tenure Not on system at

Institution type and program area Tenured track tenure track institution

 All institutions1 0.86 0.53 0.63 0.80

Public research 1.58 0.85 1.52 0.13

Private not-for-profit research 3.18 2.11 3.21 1.08

Public doctoral2 2.18 1.57 1.90 0.46

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 3.49 2.82 2.79 3.95

Public comprehensive 1.75 1.27 1.29 0.40

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 3.56 1.76 2.26 4.27

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 3.67 2.32 1.96 4.44

Public 2-year 2.08 1.17 0.74 2.43

Other3 4.18 2.99 2.38 5.95

 All program areas in 4-year institutions 0.95 0.60 0.74 0.76

Agriculture/home economics 3.47 2.41 2.13 1.54

Business 2.70 2.20 2.14 2.20

Education 3.03 2.33 2.55 1.95

Engineering 3.14 2.67 2.25 1.38

Fine arts 3.05 2.13 1.84 2.35

Health sciences 2.22 1.61 2.22 1.42

Humanities 1.99 1.66 1.50 1.31

Natural sciences 1.68 1.20 1.15 0.92

Social sciences 1.91 1.45 1.35 0.97

All other fields 2.27 1.39 2.05 1.12

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

 status, and by institution type and program area: Fall 1998

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more 

classes for credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary 

Faculty (NSOPF:99). 

Tenure status

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical 

centers.

66
Table A5.—Standard errors of estimates for table 30, average income of full-time instructional faculty 

 and staff, by source of income, and by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998

Total Basic salary Other income Outside Other

earned from from consulting outside

Institution type and program area income institution institution income income

 All institutions1 $689 $845 $107 $115 $247

Public research 1,257 1,667 253 247 615

Private not-for-profit research 3,318 3,838 496 840 1,142

Public doctoral2 2,774 2,837 367 309 1,158

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 2,888 3,084 389 616 1,224

Public comprehensive 664 835 206 125 337

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 1,442 1,638 274 492 625

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1,120 1,259 283 147 541

Public 2-year 594 772 184 194 343

Other3 1,935 1,954 275 199 813

 All program areas in 4-year $987 $802 $125 $135 $293

Agriculture/home economics 3,364 2,974 437 450 643

Business 2,036 1,409 458 607 711

Education 1,367 1,068 261 208 617

Engineering 2,410 1,585 689 648 709

Fine arts 1,535 1,342 427 281 566

Health sciences 2,598 2,337 485 260 1,301

Humanities 1,013 899 164 143 381

Natural sciences 1,200 973 220 235 538

Social sciences 2,539 2,116 354 667 492

All other fields 2,169 1,281 289 397 1,100

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Source of income

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for 

credit, or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, 

regardless of whether they had that type of income. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff 

employed in the fall of 1998. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

67
Table A6.—Standard errors of estimates for table 31, average income of part-time instructional faculty and staff,

 by source of income, and by institution type and program area: Calendar Year 1998

Total Basic salary Other income Outside Other

earned from from consulting outside

Institution type and program area income institution institution income income

 All institutions1 $307 $1,064 $59 $174 $945

Public research 1,198 2,932 272 1,009 2,433

Private not-for-profit research 1,572 6,486 222 768 5,980

Public doctoral2 1,971 8,774 379 954 8,122

Private not-for-profit doctoral2 1,262 4,121 147 811 3,824

Public comprehensive 581 1,978 189 365 1,851

Private not-for-profit comprehensive 600 2,291 150 562 2,220

Private not-for-profit liberal arts 1,390 2,687 206 311 2,398

Public 2-year 392 1,202 81 146 1,085

Other3 790 3,741 134 887 3,710

 All program areas in 4-year institutions $1,590 $441 $84 $280 $1,430

Agriculture/home economics -- -- -- -- --

Business 3,241 2,238 327 931 3,144

Education 2,970 818 190 422 2,643

Engineering 7,289 3,490 669 2,829 4,986

Fine arts 2,194 836 183 404 2,083

Health sciences 6,106 1,711 317 829 6,618

Humanities 1,628 796 145 222 1,499

Natural sciences 2,605 1,180 151 1,020 2,242

Social sciences 3,245 1,149 214 666 2,882

All other fields 3,088 664 229 926 3,064

--Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

2

 Includes institutions classified by the Carnegie Foundation as specialized medical schools and medical centers.

3

 Public liberal arts, private not-for-profit 2-year, and other specialized institutions except medical schools and medical centers.

Source of income

NOTE: This table includes only faculty and staff with instructional responsibilities for credit (e.g., teaching one or more classes for credit, 

or advising or supervising students' academic activities). All instructional faculty and staff are included in averages, regardless of whether 

they had that type of income. Income is for the 1998 calendar year for instructional faculty and staff employed in the fall of 1998. 

1

All public and private not-for-profit Title IV participating, degree-granting institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 

(NSOPF:99).

68