FILED 


AUGUST 13, 2013 


In the Office of the Clerk of Court 


W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 


IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DIVISION THREE 

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF: ) 

DEBRA R. GORE, ) No. 30831-6-111 

) 

Respondent, ) 

) 

and ) 

) UNPUBLISHED OPINION 

JOHN E. JONES, ) 

) j Appellant. ) 

KORSMO, C. J. - This appeal from a support modification hearing primarily 

j 

presents the question ofwhether the parties' respective incomes were correctly calculated 

t 

I for purposes ofsetting child support. We reject appellant's arguments and affirm. 

FACTS 1 

~ I 

j Few facts are necessary to the resolution ofthis appeal and, where necessary, they 

I 

J . generally are discussed in the course ofour analysis. The parties are both physicians 

practicing in Spokane. Respondent Debra Gore is a family practitioner employed by 

I Group Health. Appellant John Jones is an emergency room physician who works under 

contract at both Deaconess Hospital in Spokane and at the Colville Medical Center. t 

I 

The couple has three children, including a pair oftwins, who reside with Dr. Gore. I Child support for Dr. Jones initially was set at $1,152.12 per month. When the twins ~ 

1 reached the age of 12, Dr. Gore moved to modify the existing payment on the basis ofthe 

1 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

two older children moving to a higher category in the support tables. Dr. Jones argued 

that changed financial circumstances supported a recalculation ofthe respective 

obligations ofthe parents. 

The matter was heard by a Spokane County Superior Court commissioner. No 

live t~stimony was taken, but the court considered declarations from the parties and heard 

argument from counsel. After deductions, the court found Dr. Jones's monthly income to 

be $16,037 and Dr. Gore's monthly income to be $9,031. On the basis of these 

respective income levels, Dr. Jones was ordered to pay a total of$2,208 per month. 

Dr. Jones's motion to reconsider was denied and his motion to revise the 

commissioner's ruling was rejected as untimely. He then timely appealed to this court. 

ANALYSIS 

The appeal presents several challenges to the process used by the commissioner to 

calculate the parties' respective incomes. The basic issues stem from the fact that while 

Dr. Gore is a salaried employee, Dr. Jones is self-employed and therefore different 

methodologies apply to the calculation oftheir respective monthly income levels. We 

will consider the challenges to the computation of Dr. Gore's income before considering 

the arguments relating to Dr. Jones's income. 

The standards governing our review ofthese matters are well settled. This court 

reviews child support orders for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage ofGriffin, 114 

Wn.2d 772, 776, 791 P.2d 519 (1990). Discretion is abused when it is exercised on 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. In re Marriage ofLittlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 

46-47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997). Substantial evidence must support the trial court's factual 

findings. In re Parentage ofGoude, 152 Wn. App. 784, 790,219 P.3d 717 (2009). This 

court will not substitute its judgment for trial court judgments if the record shows the 

court considered all relevant factors and the award is not unreasonable under the 

circumstances. Griffin, 114 Wn.2d at 776. 

Generally, a trial court may modify a child support order "only upon a showing of 

a substantial change of circumstances." RCW 26.09.170(1 )(b). However, an order of 

child support may be modified one year or more after it has been entered without a . 

showing of substantially changed circumstances "if a party requests an adjustment in an 

order for child support which was based on guidelines which determined the amount of 

support according to the child's age, and the child is no longer in the age category on 

which the current support amount was based." RCW 26.09. 170(6)(b). 

Before modifying child support payments, the trial court must consider "all factors 

bearing upon the needs of the children and the parents' ability to pay." In re Marriage of 

Pollard, 99 Wn. App. 48, 52, 991 P.2d 1201 (2000). "[T]he trial court applies the 

uniform child support schedule, basing the support obligation on the combined monthly 

incomes of both parents." Id. (citing RCW 26.19.020, .035(1)(c), .071(1». 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

Dr. Gore 

Dr. Jones argues that the commissioner erred by not considering the cost of 

employer-paid benefits as part of Dr. Gore's income and also by not imputing additional 

income to her based on her hours ofwork. Those complaints will be addressed in the 

order stated. 

Benefits. Dr. Jones argues that Dr. Gore's annual income should reflect $40,000 

worth of employer-paid benefits, primarily consisting ofthe employer's contribution 

toward her health care coverage and to her deferred compensation program. He contends 

that the statute mandates attribution of the cost ofthese benefits as income to Dr. Gore. 

We disagree. 

At issue is RCW 26.19.071(3), which provides in relevant part: 

(3) Income sources included in gross monthly income. Except as 

specifically excluded in subsection (4) of this section, monthly gross 

income shall include income from any source, including: 

(a) Salaries; 

(b) Wages; 

(d) Deferred compensation; 

(t) Contract-related benefits 

(Emphasis added.) 

Dr. Jones alleges both that the statute defines contributions to the deferred 

compensation plan as income and that the employer's costs ofbenefits are "contractrelated benefits." His arguments misread the statute. As noted above, subsection (3) 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage ofGore & Jones 

defines "gross income" as "income from any source, including" deferred compensation. 

Key to this definition is the word "income." Only "income" from deferred compensation 

or from the contract-related benefits is to be considered. A contribution to a deferred 

compensation program is not income as it results in no immediate payment to the 

employee. Indeed, considering the employer's contribution as income would result in a 

. double counting-the contribution would be "income" when it was made by the 

employer and would also be "income" again when the employee receives payment in the 

future. 

Dr. Jones also cites no relevant authority that suggests that the costs of an 

employer's contributions to an employee's benefits are "income" to the employee. While 

the legislature is free to direct that some measure of benefit expenditure or receipt be 

included in evaluating a support obligation, it has not done so except to the extent that the 

benefit constitutes income to the employee. It is understandable why. Payments toward 

the costs of a future benefit present no liquid asset that the parent could currently use 

toward a support obligation, which, of course, is the purpose ofthis statutory exercise. 

Measuring the value of a benefit also could be very difficult. The value of a benefit to 

the employee may be far greater (or lower) than the cost ofthe benefit to the employer. 

For instance, many group plans require an employer to make contributions on a per 

employee basis regardless ofwhether the employee uses the benefit or not. A family may 

have overlapping benefits available from different employers and only use the benefit 

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No.30831-6-III 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

that is most appropriate to them. Should the cost of the unused benefit be attributed as 

"income" to the employee even though it is of no true value to the employee? What if, 

instead, Group Health provided a far better health benefit than Dr. Gore and her children 

needed or desired? Would the court be required to attribute the benefit at the level ofits 

value to her or at its value to someone else? 

Accepting Dr. Jones's argument here would have consequences across a wide 

variety of fact patterns that are best addressed by the legislature. Fundamentally, this 

case is resolved solely on the basis ofthe plain language ofthe statute. The statute does 

not define "income," but does explain various sources of income that either must be 

considered (RCW 26.19.071(3» or not considered (RCW 26.19.071(4». All ofthe listed 

sources reference cash-type payments to the recipient or the equivalent of cash such as 

food stamps. 

These listings all suggest the typical definitions of "income" found in the 

dictionary. Those include (1) "a gain or recurrent benefit that is usu. measured in 

money" or (2) the "value of goods and services received." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW 

INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY at 1143. 

We do not believe payments made by an employer to purchase a benefit are 

"income" to the employee. While not exclusive, the income sources listed in RCW 

26.19.071(3) for consideration by the trial court are typically sources of cash payments to 

the recipient such as dividends, interest, and unemployment compensation. The 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

legislature could easily have included common benefits such as health insurance if it 

desired that they be included as "income." Instead, the legislature seemed more 

interested in capturing value received from active and passive sources rather than valuing 

benefits received. In this manner, it parallels the United States tax code in its broad 

definition of income. 26 U.S.C. § 61. However, despite the broad definition, the federal 

tax code excludes health insurance from the definition of "income." 26 U.S.C. § 106(a). 

Nothing in our statute indicates that Washington intends to treat employer-provided 

benefits differently than the federal government has done. 

The legislature has not defined employer-paid benefits as income, nor has it 

provided any measure for valuing such benefits. As currently written, this aspect of our 

child support schedules does not treat the employer's cost of health insurance as income 

to the employee parent. Instead, it simply treats cash-type income received from the 

various listed sources as income available for child support. The trial court correctly did 

not attribute Group Health's payments toward benefits as income to Dr. Gore.) 

Imputed Income. Dr. Jones makes parallel arguments that the trial court erred by 

not imputing additional income to Dr. Gore and by treating his hours ofwork as similar 

I Since the W-2 wages (box 1) for Dr. Gore are higher than her base salary, it 

would appear that some employer benefits were treated as income for federal reporting 

purposes. The W -2 wages were used both for her income tax return and to compute her 

monthly child support obligation. 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

to hers for purposes of this statute. We find no abuse of discretion in treating the couple 

in the manner in which they have always worked. 

The trial court found that Dr. Gore was employed at 0.7 full-time employee (FTE) 

with a typical work week of 31 hours. She had been employed at 0.6 FTE at the time of 

the dissolution. The trial court also found that Dr. Jones worked far less hours per week 

than Dr. Gore, noting that he had only worked 86 hours (20.5 per week) in January 2012. 

The court concluded that neither party was employed full-time and that it was not 

appropriate to impute income to either side. 

RCW 26.19.071 states in relevant part: 

(6) Imputation of Income. The court shall impute income to the 

parent when the parent is voluntarily unemployed or voluntarily 

underemployed. The court shall determine whether the parent is 

voluntarily underemployed or voluntarily unemployed based upon that 

parent's work history, education, health, and age, or any other relevant 

factors. A court shall not impute income to a parent who is employed on a 

full-time basis. 

"Voluntary underemployment" has not been defined in Washington, but we 

believe that it should be treated similarly to voluntary unemployment that has been 

defined as "unemployment that is brought about by one's own free choice and is 

intentional rather than accidental." In re Marriage ofBrockopp, 78 Wn. App. 441, 446 

n.5, 898 P.2d 849 (1995). A court's decision on imputation of income due to voluntary 

underemployment is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Marriage ofWright, 78 Wn. 

App. 230,234,896 P.2d 735 (1995). 

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No. 3083l-6-III 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

The court did not impute income to either party. Thus, the refusal to consider Dr. 

Jones as a full-time worker is irrelevant to the determination of his income level and is 

only of consequence because it was a factor the court considered in refusing to impute 

additional income to Dr. Gore. We believe that the court properly considered the work 

history ofthe parties in its decision. 

At the time ofthe dissolution, Dr. Gore worked as a 0.6 FTE, and had increased 

that to .07 FTE at the time of the modification hearing. Dr. Jones worked somewhere in 

the vicinity of 20 to 25 hours per week. No evidence was presented that showed what 

full-time hours would be for Dr. Gore in her family practice field or that Group Health 

was willing to extend her to full-time. Dr. Jones provided a survey that suggested fulltime for his specialty was considered 30 to 35 hours. However, he never showed that he 

worked that many hours or that his time in Colville should be treated the same as his time 

in Spokane for this purpose. 

On the whole, the record showed that the parties continued to earn in roughly the 

same proportion that they had while married. Since neither appeared to be employed 

full-time within the meaning oftheir respective specialties, the commissioner could-as 

she did--consider their practice hours a "wash." Both were highly paid professionals 

who might have been able to work more, but there was no significant variance from their 

longstanding customary practices in terms of hours of employment or total income. 

Instead, they were roughly maintaining their predissolution status quo. 

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No.30831-6-II1 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

The court had tenable reasons to decline to impute "full-time" wages to either 

party. There was no abuse of discretion. 

The trial court did not err in its calculation of Dr. Gore's monthly income for 

purposes of the child support schedules. 

Dr. Jones 

Dr. Jones also argues that the court erred in two respects with regard to its 

calculation ofhis income. First, he contends the court erred in treating a pay stub as 

evincing only 11 months of employment rather than 12 months. Second, he argues that 

the court should have granted more business expense deductions from his income than it 

did. Again, we will address these arguments in tum. 

Monthly Income. This issue turns upon the meaning of a pay stub. That 

document, labeled "Printable Pay Stub" indicates that it is for the pay period ending 

November 30,2011. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 230. The pay period is not further defined in 

the document, but the parties and the court treated the document as if it was a payment 

for the entire month ofNovember 2011. The pay stub lists the total gross earnings for 

"Year to Date" as $246,430.2 The trial court divided this figure by 11 to establish Dr. 

Jones's monthly income at $22,403. Dr. Jones moved to reconsider on the basis that the 

2 The pay stub indicates that it is solely for work done that year at Deaconess 

Medical Center and does not reflect any payment for work done in Colville. No 

document establishes Dr. Jones's income from his employment at Colville. 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

pay stub actually reflected a 12-month period from December 2010 through November 

2011 in accordance with a hand printed notation on the top of the stub, which would have 

resulted in monthly income of$20,535.83. The court denied reconsideration without 

comment. 

Dr. Jones repeats his reconsideration argument here, contending that the trial court 

clearly erred by not treating this pay stub as reflecting a 12-month period in accordance 

with the handwritten notation. We disagree. The typical meaning of "year to date" is the 

calendar year, Le., from January 1 to the present date. If Dr. Jones used a different year 

for business and tax purposes, he was quite free to establish that fact via his declaration 

or information from his accounting department and/or his tax forms. He did not present 

any such information other than the handwritten notation of unknown origin. 

Under the circumstances, we think the trial court understandably did not credit the 

information. More critically, this court is not in a position to find facts or substitute its 

judgment of the meaning ofthe evidence for that ofthe trier of fact. Quinn v. Cherry 

Lane Auto Plaza, Inc., 153 Wn. App. 710, 717, 225 P.3d 266 (2009). We also have no 

authority to make the trial court believe evidence it chose not to believe in the first 

instance. Id. 

The trial court did not err by giving "year to date" its common meaning. 

Business Deductions. Dr. Jones also argues that the trial court erred by not 

deducting all ofhis claimed business expenses when it established his monthly income 

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No.30831-6-III 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

for support purposes. We conclude that the trial court acted within its authority in only 

partially accepting the claimed expenses. 

Dr. Jones claimed monthly business expenses of $969.75 related to his work in 

Spokane3 and an additional $287.00 related solely to his work in Colville.4 In his child 

support worksheet filed the same day, he claimed business expenses of only $711.00 The 

trial court noted that before becoming self-employed, Dr. Jones claimed monthly 

business expenses ofonly $590.00 Since some of the requested expenses also would 

reduce his tax obligations, the court indicated it would only allow $800.00 for business 

expenses in the absence of a tax return. To do otherwise would effectively allow double 

counting ofthe expenses. 

Given the varying requests, we do not believe the trial court erred in allotting 

$800.00 for the requested business expense deductions. The trial court was not required 

to accept the largest request if it was not satisfied with the proof. Jd. That appears to be 

the situation here. While the current year's tax return may have provided more 

information that would have clarified the request, that information was not then available 

3 These expenses also reflected his professional licensing requirements that would 

have application across both jobs. 

4 Without having income from Colville to off-set, we question whether it would 

have been appropriate to consider these claimed expenses. 

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No. 30831-6-111 

Marriage of Gore & Jones 

to the court or the parties. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court erred in its 

assessment of deductible business expenses. 5 

Dr. Jones has not established that the trial court erred in determining his monthly 

income for child support purposes. 

The judgment is affirmed. 

A majority ofthe panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040. 

Korsmo, C.J. 

WE CONCUR: 

Brown, J. 

5 Given the high earnings by the parties, it is unlikely that the deductions would 

have altered the ration oftheir respective contributions to the child support. 

13