Order Form (01/2005)

United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois

Name of Assigned Judge

or Magistrate Judge John A. Nordberg Sitting Judge if Otherthan Assigned Judge

CASE NUMBER 12 C 1031 DATE 10/23/2012

CASE

TITLE

R.L., by and through his parent Bernadine Long, vs. Michelle R.B. Saddler et al.

DOCKET ENTRY TEXT

The Public Guardian’s motion to intervene [9] is granted. The defendants’ and the Public Guardian’s

motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction [13] are granted. The defendants’ motion to cite additional

authority [27] is denied as moot. No appearance is necessary on Wednesday October 24th.

O[ For further details see text below.] Docketing to mail notices.

STATEMENT

 The named plaintiff in this case is R.L., a 16-year-old boy who suffers from serious psychiatric illnesses,

including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, which have led to five hospitalizations. Since he was three,

R.L. has been in and out of the Illinois child welfare system and has changed residences numerous times. 

 Although R.L. is the named plaintiff, the case was filed on his behalf by Bernadine Long. She became a

foster mother to R.L. in 2000 and adopted him in 2007, but she lost custody in 2010 after several rulings by

the Illinois Juvenile Court. R.L. is now in the custody of the Illinois Department of Children and Family

Services (“DCFS”) and lives in a specialized foster home. The goal, as articulated by the Juvenile Court, is 

for R.L. to eventually return home to Bernadine. 

 The complaint focuses on the loss of custody in 2010. Bernadine alleges that the State of Illinois forced

her to make a difficult and unfair choice. R.L. was hospitalized at the time because of “a violent outburst

towards himself and family members.” (Cmplt. ¶ 25.) The hospital was only a short-term facility. Bernadine

believed he needed to be placed in a long-term psychiatric residential treatment facility (“PRTF”). (¶¶ 5, 26.)

But she could not pay for this care. According to Bernadine, R.L. was eligible for PRTF services through

Medicaid but Illinois apparently does not have a licensed PRTF for Medicaid eligible children who are not

also diagnosed with substance abuse. Bernadine was allegedly told by DCFS officials that Illinois would not

pay for PRTF services unless Bernadine gave custody to DCFS. (¶ 26.) Faced with this choice, Bernadine

left R.L. at the hospital where he was receiving treatment. (¶ 27.) As a result, a petition was then filed in the

Illinois Juvenile Court seeking to have R.L. declared a “dependent” as defined in 705 ILCS 405/2-4(1)(a). (¶

29.) The Juvenile Court found that R.L. was not receiving proper medical care “through no fault[,] neglect or

lack of concern by his parent” and gave DCFS custody of R.L. (¶ 30.) DCFS was “thereby authorized to

make decisions regarding R.L.’s emergency medical treatment, ordinary and routine medical care, and any

major medical care recommended by a physician.” (Id..)

 Bernadine now asserts that the failure of Illinois to provide PRTF services as required by Medicaid has

allegedly “cost Bernadine her parental rights.” (¶ 33.) Bernadine also complains that the 2010 state court

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STATEMENT

rulings led to other adverse consequences for her. Because she was in the DCFS system, she had to comply

with various requirements, including “quarterly DCFS meetings; monthly DCFS home inspections; semiannual DCFS Administrative Case Reviews; and semi-annual court appearances.” (¶ 31.) The complaint

contains two claims, both pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and both alleging that Illinois failed to provide PRTF

services as required by Medicaid, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396 et seq. 

 Although the complaint focuses mostly on the loss of custody in 2010, it does not actually seek damages

directly relating to this decision. Nor is Bernadine seeking to recover damages on her own behalf, despite her

allegations suggesting as much. Instead, R.L. is the only plaintiff. Bernadine’s role in this lawsuit is only as

an advocate on R.L.’s behalf based on her role as a non-custodial parent. The complaint only seeks future

PRTF services. If we understand the complaint correctly, Bernadine is seeking an injunction ordering Illinois

to provide PRTF Medicaid services if the Illinois Juvenile Court rules that custody of R.L. should be returned

to Bernadine and if thereafter problems again arise upon his return home and if Bernadine then decides R.L.

should be moved to a long-term psychiatric facility. This lawsuit is essentially an attempt to get the funding

ready to prepare for this possibility down the road.

 After reading the complaint, a few initial questions arise. First, given the assertion that the key event

was Bernadine’s loss of custody in early 2010, then why did she wait until 2012 to file this lawsuit? Second,

and relatedly, what happened in the Juvenile Court between 2010 when the Illinois Juvenile Court made its

rulings and 2012 when the complaint was filed? Bernadine’s complaint and supporting affidavit do not touch

upon these questions. For example, in the chronology of events set forth in Bernadine’s affidavit, paragraph

11 states that Bernadine lost custody in March 2010. The very next paragraph (¶ 12) then jumps all the way

to May 23, 2012 when the Juvenile Court entered a permanency order. This relatively large gap in the time

sequence – from March 2010 to May 2012 – naturally raises questions about what happened in the interim. 

 The defendants in this case are the directors of two Illinois agencies charged with administering Illinois

Medicaid services (hereinafter, the “Illinois defendants”). They filed a motion to dismiss. Although they raise

several arguments, the primary one is that Bernadine lacks Article III standing because (i) she is not asserting

any direct claims on her own behalf and (ii) she no longer has custody of R.L. and therefore cannot bring 

claims on his behalf. The parties have briefed this motion.

 Also before the Court is a motion to intervene, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 24(a)(2) & (b), filed by the

Cook County Public Guardian, which was appointed by the Illinois Juvenile Court in 2010 as R.L.’s attorney

and guardian ad litem. (The Juvenile Court also appointed D. Jean Ortega-Piron as the DCFS Guardianship

Administrator for R.L., but Ms. Ortega-Piron for whatever reason has not chosen to intervene or otherwise

pursue these claims on R.L.’s behalf.) The Guardian seeks to intervene to inform this Court about R.L.’s

wishes. As recounted in the brief, an assistant public guardian interviewed R.L. about this lawsuit. R.L.

stated that “although he wished to return home to his mother in 5 months, he did not wish to go to residential

treatment upon his return home.” (Doc. #10 at 3-4.) He was clear about this point. (Id.) He also stated that

he “does not remember ever speaking to the attorney who filed this lawsuit” and that he believes this lawsuit

was “not a good idea” and wants it “to go away.” (Id.) The Guardian also notes in its brief that the same

general issues being litigated in this federal lawsuit – i.e. “services and placement for R.L.” – are issues also

“currently being litigated in R.L.’s child protection case.” (Id. at 5.) 

 The Court agrees with the arguments for allowing the Guardian to intervene. As further detailed in its

opening brief (at pp. 4-7), the Guardian has met the four factors for intervention: (1) timeliness; (2) an

interest in the subject matter; (3) potential impairment of the movant’s interest; and (4) lack of adequate

representation of this interest. In particular, the information regarding R.L.’s wishes is relevant and helpful to

this Court’s decision. The Guardian has also filed a motion to motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), raising

arguments similar to those raised by the Illinois defendants. By allowing the Guardian to intervene, this

motion is now before the Court.

 As for the question whether Bernadine has standing under Article III, which is the central argument

raised in both motions to dismiss, the argument is short and simple. Based on orders by the state court in

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STATEMENT

2010, Bernadine no longer has custody of R.L. As Bernadine acknowledges in her complaint, DCFS now has

the “final say on when, where, and what medical care and treatment R.L. receives.” (Cmplt. ¶ 31; see also ¶

30.) The DCFS guardian, Ms. Ortega-Piron, has not chosen to file or otherwise join in this lawsuit. 

Moreover, as the Public Guardian has noted, R.L. opposes the filing of this lawsuit and also opposes any

attempt to put him in a PRTF if he is returned to Bernadine’s home. 

 In her response brief, Bernadine raises two major arguments. First, she agues that, although she did lose

custody of R.L., she still has residual parental rights under Illinois law as a non-custodial parent and therefore

may bring the suit in this role. See Pl. Resp. at 7. We are not persuaded by this argument because – as

Bernadine acknowledges in her brief – the right of the noncustodial parent to maintain a lawsuit on behalf of

the minor child exists only when “there is no conflict of interest.” Id. at 7. As described above, a conflict

exists in this case based on the rulings by the Juvenile Court and based on the Guardian’s interview with

R.L., who has stated that he did not want this lawsuit filed on his behalf and does not want to live in a PRTF. 

As the Guardian states, “[i]f this lawsuit is successful, R.L. may be placed in residential care, despite his

wishes to the contrary.” (Doc. # 25 at 3.) There is in short a conflict over whether PRTF treatment is

appropriate at this time.

 The second argument – and really the crux of the complaint – is that Bernadine’s loss of custody and her

resulting loss of authority to make medical decisions on R.L.’s behalf only occurred because of the failure of

Illinois to live up its Medicaid obligations to provide PRTF services, thus forcing Bernadine into a painful

choice, one she describes as “the shameful ‘custody for care’ paradox in Illinois.” (Pl. Resp. at 5.) 

 The difficulty with this second argument is that it requires us to both intrude upon ongoing state court

litigation and also to go back and effectively overrule decisions already made by the state court. In T.W. v.

Brophy, 124 F.3d 893 (7th Cir. 1997), the Seventh Circuit addressed a similar issue of whether a party had

standing to represent minor children in a federal lawsuit dealing with issues already litigated in a custody

battle in Wisconsin state court. Id. at 895. The Seventh Circuit began its analysis by noting generally that

issues of domestic relations and child custody are the “primary responsibility of the states rather than of the

federal government” and that lower federal courts should “go easy in interfering with the states’ exercise of

that responsibility.” Id. at 896, 897. When a potential conflict exists about who is the proper party to

represent the child, the Seventh Circuit stated that the best resolution would be to have the state court make

this determination “in order to head off a situation in which, by virtue of the federal court’s exercise of an

independent jurisdiction, the children are represented by two antagonistic adults, one in the state courts and

one in the federal courts.” Id. at 898. However, the Seventh Circuit concluded that it did not need to resolve

this question because there was an independent ground why federal jurisdiction was lacking – namely, “the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which confines jurisdiction to review judgments of state courts to the U.S.

Supreme Court.” Id. at 898. This doctrine precludes federal district courts from acting as de facto appellate

courts to the state court. 

 We find this analysis fits this case. Here, the Illinois Juvenile Court in 2010 issued several orders giving

custody to DCFS. Bernadine was represented by counsel in those hearings. The Illinois defendants asserted

in their opening brief that Bernadine had an “adequate opportunity to litigate the federal civil rights claims

pressed here in the state juvenile court, if needed.” (Doc. # 14 at 11.) In her response brief, Bernadine did

not attempt to rebut or question this assertion and thus implicitly conceded that she could have raised her

present claims in the Juvenile Court. If we were to allow Bernadine’s current claims to proceed in this Court,

we would be placed in a role of having to second-guess the state court custody rulings in 2010. This would

violate Rooker-Feldman just as it did in the T.W. case.

 It is not just the concern about re-litigating the 2010 custody decision, but also the larger problem of

this Court being put in the role of intruding into an ongoing proceeding with only limited knowledge of what

has taken place. We have only been given a partial snapshot of what has and is taking place in state court.

This leads us back to the problem of the chronological gap. Both Bernadine’s complaint and affidavit skip

over the year 2011.

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STATEMENT

 Yet we subsequently learned from the Public Guardian’s brief that significant events took place in 2011,

which seem to undermine or at least complicate the factual premises of the complaint. In June 2011, the

Juvenile Court returned R.L. to Bernadine under “a Section 2-24 order of protective supervision, finding

Bernadine able to care for him.” (Docket # 10 at 2.) In other words, despite the loss of custody in 2010,

Bernadine effectively regained custody in 2011. A few months later, however, R.L. and Bernadine had a

physical altercation and the police were called, and R.L. was again hospitalized. (Id.) On September 27,

2011, the Juvenile Court held a hearing about the new developments and found that Bernadine was unable to

care for R.L., thus returning guardianship to Ms. Ortega-Piron as DCFS Guardian Administrator. (Id.) DCFS

thereafter decided to place R.L. in specialized foster care, not in a residential treatment center. (Id. at 4.) The

Guardian’s brief also states that Bernadine has filed an appeal of the Juvenile Court’s September 27, 2011

ruling and that the appeal is pending. 

 As it turns out, a ruling was recently issued. In re Rico L. v. Bernadine L., __ N.E.2d __, 2012 WL

4054845 (Ill. App. Ct. Sept. 14, 2012). The Appellate Court rejected Bernadine’s arguments on appeal and

affirmed the trial court’s ruling returning custody to the DCFS. The decision is 55 pages, and it includes a

dissenting opinion. The parties here did not inform this Court about the issuance of this opinion.

 The Appellate Court’s ruling underscores our conclusion that Bernadine does not have standing and that

this lawsuit is barred by Rooker-Feldman. The opinion makes clear that the facts relevant to R.L.’s treatment

and custody are not simple and involve many interrelated events and decisions spanning over a broad

timespan. The fact section of the opinion is 20 pages, and it describes in detail many ongoing issues that have

arisen over the years, such as (to cite one example) a dispute about whether R.L. should go to a therapeutic

high school. Id. at *6. The Appellate Court emphasized that its decision was based on a review of the “entire

record of the juvenile proceedings” including the “behavioral problems that resulted in four separate

hospitalizations since June 2008.” Id. at *15. In addition, a key part of the Appellate Court’s decision is the

fact that the Juvenile Court found that Bernadine failed to call DCFS within 24 hours after R.L. was

hospitalized in August 2011, a failure that violated the conditions of protective custody. Id. at *15. This point

is mentioned several times in the decision. Id.; see also at *17 (“The record makes it indisputable that

Bernadine did not call DCFS within 24 hours of [R.L.’s] hospitalization.”). This finding undermines

Bernadine’s assertion in this Court that the loss of custody related solely to the lack of Medicaid funding in

2010.

 Perhaps the most important piece of information we gleaned from the recently-issued decision is the fact

that Bernadine raised as one of her main arguments to the Illinois Appellate Court the same basic “custody

for care” argument she is now raising in this lawsuit. Here is the first paragraph of the analysis section of the

opinion, which summarizes the “overarching contention” in her brief: 

Bernadine submits in an overarching contention that “at the heart of this case is a pervasive

misunderstanding, made by many actors in the child welfare system and the legal system,

about proper care and treatment of a child who has intensive psychiatric needs.” Bernadine

argues that the circuit court applied a “forced custody relinquishment policy” to [R.L.]. 

According to Bernadine, the circuit court “mistakenly assumed [the policy] to be reasonable

and ‘best’ for children with severe mental health needs.” The policy “require[s] their parents

to forfeit legal custody and guardianship of their children to enable children to access

treatment and protect them from harming themselves and their family members.” 

Id. at *12. The opinion also states that an amicus curiae brief was submitted on Bernadine’s behalf by the

Edwin F. Mandel Legal Aid Clinic at the University of Chicago Law School. Id. at *13. The amicus brief

also raised the custody-for-care argument, asserting that “no reason [exists that] a fit, willing, and able parent

should lose custody so that her child can receive necessary mental health services.” Id. Although the opinion

does not indicate whether these arguments were specifically tied to the Medicaid statute, it does make clear

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STATEMENT

that Bernadine has been vigorously arguing the larger point about “custody for care” through the state court

system. This would mean that any decisions entered here would either duplicate or call into question rulings

already made there. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine (as well as the collateral estoppel doctrine) are designed to

prevent re-litigation by a federal district court of a state court ruling. Rooker-Feldman counsels that

Bernadine should continue pursuing her claims through the state court system. Given this fact, we should

make clear that we do not express in this ruling any opinion on the merits of the “custody for care” argument. 

In the decision by the Appellate Court, there was a dissenting opinion, and Bernadine may be successful in an

appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court. For all the above reasons and for the reasons more fully set forth in the

briefs of the Illinois defendants and the Public Guardian, we dismiss the complaint for lack of jurisdiction. 

 Addendum: Just as we were finishing this ruling, we received a motion from the Illinois defendants

seeking to cite additional authority consisting of the Illinois Appellate Court’s opinion In re Rico L We

appreciate this submission by the Illinois defendants. However, because we already located the Appellate

Court’s decision on our own and have discussed it above, we deny the motion as moot. 

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