National Bureau of Standards

Library, N.W. Bldg

FEB 1 8 1964

Reference book not to be

taken from the library.

^ecknic&l vjote 234

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD EMISSION, 1960-1963;

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

T. W. MARTON AND R. KLEIN

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention

and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications, including assistance to industry, business and con- sumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice

recommendations. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instru- mentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates

to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside

of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes

three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical

News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Central Radio

Propagation Laboratory Ionospheric Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies

to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also seven series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, Technical Notes, Commercial Standards, and Simplified Practice Recommendations.

A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards

Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes Titles of Papers Published- in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

^Ceckniccil ^ote 234

ISSUED FEBRUARY 24, 1964

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD EMISSION, 1960-1963;

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tibor W. Marton and Ralph Klein

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 30 cents

CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Purpose and scope 1

1 .

2

Literature search 2

1.3 Entries and arrangement 2

l.k Sources of translations 3

, 1.5 Conclusion k

2. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

2.1 Addenda 27

3. LIST OF MEETINGS AND PAPERS READ AT THESE MEETINGS 29

k. REFERENCES 38

5. SUBJECT INDEX 39

in

SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD EMISSION, i960 - 1963$

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY*

TIBOR W. MARTON and RALPH KLEIN

Soviet field emission research, including both the ex- perimental and theoretical aspects of field electron and

ion emission from metals and semiconductors, is the subject of this bibliography. Over 80 complete references

to original publications and 50 meeting papers were se- lected after an extensive search of the Soviet and East

European technical literature published from January i960

through November 1963. Most of these papers are in Russianj a few are in Czech, English, Hungarian, Polish, and

Ukrainian. Full references are given to English translations of the entries whenever available. A list of relevant scientific meetings, papers read at these meetings,

bibliographic references, and a brief subject index are appended to the compilation. This bibliography represents the continuation of the survey! published in October i960 as U.S. NBS Technical Note 75.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and scope . Field emission research continues to

receive considerable attention in the Soviet Union, as evidenced by the

fairly large number of technical papers (over 80) appearing since 1959.

The previous bibliographic survey! f the Soviet literature pertinent

to field emission covered the period 1955-1959, and contained 109 en- tries. This included several papers presented at technical meetings.

In the present survey, the meeting papers have been tabulated separately, and again, the relatively large number of meetings, either wholly

or in part dealing with field emission topics, is an indication of the

lively interest field emission continues to hold.

#- This project was supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects

Agency.

! Marton, T.W. and Klein, R. Soviet Research in Field Electron and

Ion Emission, 1955-1959 3 an Annotated Bibliography. U.S. National

Bureau of Standards, Technical Note 75, October i960. 37p. Distributed

by U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services

(PB 161576), Washington, D.C. 20230.
The range of subjects covered is fairly broad. Both experimental and theoretical papers have appeared. Field electron emission

from semiconductors and from metals other than tungsten is well represented. Studies of adsorption with the field emission technique,

methods of tip etching, pulse methods, and the pre-breakdown region

have been reported. Several papers are concerned with the measurement

of emitted electron energy distribution. A new theory of molecular

image formation has been advanced, and theoretical considerations of

the effects of space charge, electron tunneling, and field and T-F emission from metals and semiconductors are given. The preponderance of

effort has been in field electron emission ; field ion emission was the

basis for three papers during the period of the present survey.

As a continuation of the annotated bibliography covering Soviet

research in field emission for the period 1955-1959* the present sur- vey, I96O-I963, maintains the previously stated purpose of bringing to

the attention of the scientific community the Soviet and East European

literature on field emission. Brief annotations are again provided to

indicate the scope of the article, and no critical evaluation is intended.

1.2 Literature search . An extensive search was made of the

original Soviet and East European technical literature published from

January i960 through November 1963 for the purpose of selecting papers

relevant to field emission research. A few articles issued prior to

i960 have also been included provided they were not listed in the previous Field Emission Bibliography (NBS Technical Note 75). More than

four hundred original periodical articles and books were examined and

analyzed; out of these, over eighty original papers and fifty meeting

paper references were selected for inclusion.' About ninety per cent of

the entries in this compilation are publications originally written in

Russian; the rest are references to Czech, English, Hungarian, Polish,

and Ukrainian papers.

1.3 Entries and arrangement . With few exceptions, entries in

this bibliography consist of author(s), original and translated title,

abbreviated name of the periodical, collation, and citations of available English translation.

The entries are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first

author, and then by coauthor (s) if any. Two or more papers by the same author(s) are listed chronologically, beginning with the earliest paper.

a) Titles of papers . To ensure accurate reference identification, the titles are listed in the language of publication. The

Library of Congress transliteration system for Cyrillic alphabets has

been used throughout. English translation, in parentheses, follows the

foreign language title.
b) Abbreviations of citations . Names of periodicals have

been abbreviated in accordance with the CKemical Abstracts List of

Periodicals , the Style Manual of the American Institute of Physics, and

the Publications and Reports Manual of the National Bureau of Standards.

c) Collation . The abbreviated name of periodicals is

followed by the volume and issue numbers, inclusive pages, year, and

indication of illustrations and references, if any; for instance, 2I4 , no. 3, 165-80 (i960). Illus, 6 refs. The slight deviation from citation practice followed by the American Institute of Physics, National

Bureau of Standards, and Chemical Abstracts publications was necessitated by the inconsistencies prevalent in citations of Russian periodicals and their cover-to- cover translations. The language of the original publications is noted in brackets at the end of the citation for

periodical articles only if the article was published in a language

other than Russian.

td)Unpublished papers . Papers read at seminars and symposia

for which no separate publication was found in the open literature, but

which were reviewed or summarized in meeting transactions or announcements, are listed on pages 29~37.

e) Translations . To aid readers lacking a reading knowledge

of the languages represented in this bibliography, an attempt has been

made to give full references to available English translations and to

summaries. These citations — very often references to cover-to-cover

translation journals — are indicated in the entry by "English translation. "

f

)

Annotations . Summaries generally have been made as brief

as possible, touching only on the salient points. References to related

papers, subjects, or relevant meetings are denoted by "see also" or "see", respectively.

l.U Sources of translations . The majority of Soviet field emission papers are published in a relatively small number of journals, most

of which are available in cover-to- cover English translation journals.

Such translated journals — which can usually be found in the larger

technical libraries — are listed as follows: la) Radio Engineering and

Electronics (Pergamon Press, 195? - i960); lb)Radio Engineering and Electronic Physics (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, I96Ito date); 2) Soviet Physics-Solid State (American Institute of Physics);

3) Soviet Physics-Doklady (American Institute of Physics) ;U)Soviet Physics-Technical Physics (American Institute of Physics); 5) Bulletin of

the Academy of Sciences, USSR, Physical Series (Columbia Technical

Translations )

.

For English translations of entries not available or not located

by the time this bibliography was completed, the reader may wish to

check with the following translation centers: U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, D.C. 20230 (OTS - PB and LC numbers), the Special Libraries Association's Translation

Center at the John Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago,

Illinois 60616, and the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England.

1.5 Conclusion . Although an attempt was made to record as many

Soviet and East European papers as possible, the compilation does not

claim to be all-inclusive. A number of original sources, especially

dissertations and patents, and some periodicals could not be located by

the time set for the bibliography's completion. It is hoped that these

gaps may be filled in a future supplement or cumulative issue which

will also cover further developments in Soviet field emission research.

The compilers will welcome suggestions for improvement and information

on any significant paper which may have been overlooked in this bibliography.

For the convenience of readers, scientific conferences relevant

to field emission research, together with papers read at these meetings,

are listed on pages 29~37. Addenda, references to bibliographic aids

in this subject area, and a brief subject index are appended to the

compilation.
2. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. AIZENBERG, N.B. Prokhozhdenie elektronov cherez priamougol ' nyi potentsial'nyi bar'er s maloi tsilindricheskoi neodnorodnost'iu. (Passage of electrons through a rectangular potential barrier with small

cylindrical inhomogeneities) . Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 2 9 no. 6, 1178-85

(I960). Illus, 2 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. - Solid

State, 2, no. 6, IO67-7U (I960).

The problem of electron tunneling through a rectangular

potential barrier perturbed by a cylindrical region of

a slightly lowered work function is considered. A nu- merical example is given to show the effect of angle of

incidence of the electron on the barrier with respect

to the transmission coefficient. It is also shown that

the perturbation of the wave function extends beyond the

limits of the cylindrical region.

2. ALPATOVA, N.M. Elektrokhimicheskie metody polucheniia eksperimental ' nykh avtoelektronnykh emitterov razlichnoi konfiguratsii iz karbida

tsirkoniia, germaniia i vol'frama. (Electrochemical methods of obtaining experimental field emitters of various shapes from zirconium,

germanium, and tungsten carbides). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 5^ no. 8,

1351-5 (I960). Illus, 7 refs. Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, £ no. 8,

2U3-50 (I960).

The characteristics of the electrolytic etching of zirconium, germanium and tungsten carbides were obtained.

Solutions used were KOH, HNO3 + Na2SiF£, HNO3 + HC1 » CP-U, HF, KF. Voltages were varied from 1 to 200 v. Both

static and pulse methods were investigated.

3. ECKERTOVA, L. Autoemise z tenkych dielektrickych vrstev. (Field

emission from thin dielectric layers). Cesk. Casopis Fys, A10,no.5,

U12-9 (i960), cln Czech with English summary3 .

General concepts of the mechanism of field emission from

thin dielectric layers and experimental methods for the

production and study of field emission are described. A

relationship between this phenomenon and discharges in

high vacuum is given and emitter characteristics are e- valuated

.

720-213 O - 64 - 2
k. ECKERTOVA, L. Poznamky k ceske terminologii v oboru eraise elektronu. (Notes on Czech terminology in the field of electron emission),

Cesk. Casopis Fys, A12, nos.£-6, 596-7 (1962). c In Czechs.

Czech terms related to field emission are defined, and

a classification scheme for various cathodes is given.

5. ECKERTOVA, L. and MASEK, K. Vremennaiia zavisimost' avtoelektronnogo toka v elektronnom proektore. (Time dependence of the field

emission current in a field emission microscope). Radiotekhn. i

Elektron, j>, no. 8, 135>1 (I960). English translation: Radio Eng.

Electron. USSR, j>, no. 8, 2l|2 (I960).

An increase in emission current, extending over several

seconds, was observed after the initial application of

voltage to the tube. Adsorption, desorption and ion

bombardment of the point are probably involved.

6. ELINSON, M.I., DOBRIAKOVA, F.F., KRAPIVIN, V.F., and .others. teorii avtoelektronnoi i termoavtoelektronnoi emissii metallov i poluprovodnikov. (Theory of field and thermal field emission of me- tals and semiconductors). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 8,13U2-53

(1961). Illus, Ik refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

Phys. USSR, 6, no. 8, 1191-200 (1961).

Numerical calculations are given for the density of

the field-emission and thermionic-field-emission cur- rents. The energy distribution of the emitted electrons for metals and semiconductors, using a new ex- pression for the penetration of the surface barrier

over a wide range of parameters, is calculated. The re- sults differ from those previously obtained for metals

on the basis of the WKB method. The calculations were

extended to the case of semiconductors,purposely omitting considerations of field penetration and surface

states.

7. ELINSON, M.I. and GOR'KOV, V.A. Nekotorye osobennosti raboty avtoelektronnykh katodov v elektricheskikh poliakh SVCH. (Some special

features of fieId- emission cathode operation in microwave fields).

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 2, 336-9 (1961). Illus, 3 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 6, no. 2, 29U~7,

(1961).

The operation of a field-emitting cathode in microwave

fields is discussed. The space charge in the electron

packet at various distances from the resonator is calculated. It is also shown that in such devices cathode

6
sputtering is substantially reduced.

8. ELINSON, M.I. and GOR'KOV, V.A. Avtorskoe svidetel ' stvo (Author's

certificate no. 181+30, May 27, 1958 (Priority: January 16, 1958).

Description or exact title of this patent was not available at the time of the compilation of this bibliography.

9. ELINSON,M.I., G0R'K0V,V.A., IASNOPOL'SKAIA, A.A.and KUDINTSEVA,G.A.

Issledovaniia impul'snoi avtoelektronnoi emissii pri vysokikh plotnostiakh tokov. ( Investigation of pulsed field emission at high

current densities). Radiotekhn. i Elektron. USSR, 5, no. 8, 1318-26

(i960). Illus, 9 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

USSR, 5, no. 8, 185-9 (i960).

Pulsed field emission from tungsten, LaB£> and ZrC tips

has been studied. Appreciable deviation of the shape

of the characteristic In I = f (l/E) curve in the re- gion of reduced current densities has been found. A

strong dependence of the limiting (pre-breakdown) cur- rent density on the cone angle of the point has been

established. Additional evidence has been obtained to

support the explanation of the deviation of the currentvoltage characteristics from theory on the basis of the

space charge concept.

10. ELINSON, M.I. and KUDINTSEVA, G.A. Avtoelektronnye katody na osno- ve metallopodobnykh tugoplavkikh soedinenii. (Field emission cathodes using metallic refractory compounds). Radiotekhn. i Elektron,

7, no. 9, 1511-8 (1962). Illus, 8 refs. English translation:

Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, J, no. 9, 1U17-23 (1962).

Certain metallic refractory compounds such as ZrC, LaB6>

and TiC have been prepared and used as field emitters.

ZrC and LaB£, show increased stability to ion bombardment

over that of tungsten. LaB^ thermionic cathodes with

flat surfaces were prepared and tested.

11. ELINSON, M.I., SANDOMIRSKII, V.B., GOR'KOV, V.A., and ZHDAN, A.G.

Otvet na pis 'mo v redaktsiiu G.N. Shuppe, A.S. Kompaneetsa " stat"e V.A. Gor ' kova: Pervyi Simpozium po avtoelektronnoi emissii ." (Reply to the letter from G.N. Shuppe and A.S. Kompaneets to the

editor "Concerning V.A. Gor'kov's report on the First Symposium

on Field Emission.") Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 7 , no. 9, 1686-8

(1962). Illus, U refs. English translation: RaSTo Eng. Electron.

Phys. USSR, 7, no. 9, 1570-2 (1962).
This is a short discussion of the role of space charge

and its expected effect on the deviation of linearity

of the Fowler-Nordheim plot at high current densities.

(See entry # 3.U, pp. 31-3).

12. ELINSON, M.I. and ZHDAN, A.G. Kholodnaia emissiia elektronov iz

tonkikh sloev Si02+ C na vol 'frame. (Field emission of electrons

from thin layers of Si02 + C on tungsten). Radiotekhn. i Elektron,

j>, no. 11, 1862-5 (I960). Illus, 6 refs. English translation: Radio

Eng. Electron. USSR, £, no. 11, 175-81 (i960).

Field emission observations were made of thin layers

of quartz, activated by carbon, on tungsten. The form

of the relationship of the emitted current to the

field and to the temperature of the layer agrees with

the theoretical concept of emission of "hot" electrons.

The heterogeneous distribution of emission on the sur- face and of its sensitivity to the technique of producing the layer was noted.

13. ELINSON, M.I., ZHDAN, A.G., and VASIL'EV, G.F. Ob interpretatsii

khoda vol ' tampernykh kharakter.istik avtoelektronnoi emissii poluprovodnikov. (Interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics of field emission from semiconductors). Radiotekhn.. i Elektron, 5, no. 12, 200U-8 (I960). Illus, 6 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, 5, no. 12, 192-9 (i960).

The current-voltage characteristics of Si02 — C anc* AI2O3—W field emitters were obtained. Observations

with interpretations were made on other semiconductors.

lli. ERNST, L. Examination of tantalum monocrystal tips by means of a field emission microscope. Acta Phys. Acad. Sci. Hung, 13, no. 2,

169-82 (1961). Illus, 16 refs. dn English:,.

Field emission from tantalum emitters was studied. The

patterns were characterized by the absence of the 112

planes. Built up patterns were obtained by heating

while the field was applied. Twin crystals and impurity effects were also noted.

15. FURSEI, G.N. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s monokristallov vol'frama,

predshestvuiushchaia razvitiiu vakuumnoi dugi. (Field emission from

tungsten single crystals in the pre-breakdown current region).

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 2, 298-302 (1961). Illus, 12 refs.

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 6, no. 2,

257-62 (1961).

8
Field emission in the pre-breakdown region was investigated. The design of the apparatus and the experimental technique was described. The method was that of

pulsed emission as in other investigations of this nature, but with some modifications. It was found that

there is a deviation of the Fowler-Nordheim relationship at higher voltages in the direction of lower cur- rents .

16. FURSEI, G.N. and TOLKACHEVA, I.D. Bol'shie plotnosti avtoelektronnogo toka i effekty predshestvuiushchie vakuumnomu proboiu, dlia

emitterov iz Ta i Mo. (High-density field emission currents and

pre-breakdown effects for tantalum and molybdenum emitters). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 8, no. 7, 1210-21 (1963). Illus, 20 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys, USSR, _8, no. 7 (To appear early I96U).

Single crystal tantalum and molybdenum emitters were

studied by using a pulsed technique at current densities up to 5 x 10' amp/cm^.The current-voltage curves showed departure from linearity at low currents. It was found that the pre-breakdown period for Ta and Mo was characterized by a spontaneous change at constant

voltages. Rings were observed around the emission

pattern when the current density was approaching the

critical value.

17. GOFMAN, I.I. Issledovanie elektrostaticheskoi emissii elektronov

iz vol'frama v shirokom intervale plotnostei toka. (Investigation

of field emission from tungsten in a wide range of current density),

Fiz. Tverd. Tela, U, no. 8, 2005-lU (1962). Illus. 17 refs. English

translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, U, no. 8, 1U71-7 (1963).

Emission currents were measured over the range from

10~19 to 10~1 amps. In the high current region, a pulsed voltage method was used, and in the low cur- rent region, measurements were made with scintillation counting. The latter technique is new in field

emission work, and the experimental details are described. The Fowler-Nordheim plot is linear over 1$

orders of magnitude of current. At very low currents,

a departure from linearity was observed.

18. GOFMAN, I.I. Ob elektrostaticheskoi emissii elektronov iz- '.vol'frama

v oblasti slabykh polei. (Field emission from tungsten in the weak

field region). Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uz.SSR, 1962 , no. 6, 26-8.

Field emission from tungsten in weak fields was measured by a scintillation technique with a sensitivity

of 10~l8 to 10~^9 amp. The dependence of the emission

9
in different crystallographic directions was measured. The log of the current showed a linear dependence on l/V, but some anomalies observed need

further elucidation.

19. GOFMAN, I.I., PROTOPOPOV, O.D., and SHUPPE, G.N. Issledovanie

elektrostaticheskoi emissii elektronov iz vol'framovogo emittera v impul'snom rezhime. (Investigation of pulsed field emission from

a tungsten emitter). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 2, no. 6, 1323-7 (I960).

Illus, 9 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, 2 9 no. 6, 1203-8 (I960).

Pulsed field emission was investigated, and some refinements were considered in the interpretation

of the experimental results. Some of these were

the decrease in the average work function at higher fields because of the greater participation of

the low work function areas in emission, and the

spherical space charge distribution as opposed to

the previously used planar distribution.

20. GOFMAN, I.I.,, PROTOPOPOV, O.D.and SHUPPE,G.N. Issledovanie elektrostaticheskoi emissii elektronov (EEE) iz vol'framovogo emittera v

impul'snom rezhime. (Investigation of pulsed field emission from

a tungsten emitter). Izv. Akad. Nauk Uz.SSR, Ser.Fiz.Mat.Nauk,

1959 , no. 6, 72-7. Illus, 6 refs.

For annotation, see preceding entry.

21. GOR'KOV, V.A., ELINSON, M.I., and IAKOVLEVA, G.D. Teoreticheskoe i

eksperimental'noe issledovaniia preddugovykh iavlenii pri avtoelektronnoi emissii. (Theoretical and experimental investigation of

pre-arc phenomena in field emission). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 2? no. 9, 1501-10 (1962). Illus, 8 refs. English translation: Radio

Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, ]_, no. 9, 1U09-17 (1962).

The variations of the resistivity, specific heat,

and radiation factor with temperature were taken

into account to develop a more rigorous treatment

of field emission in the region just before high

field breakdown. Experimental data were compared

with theory, and good agreement was found.

22. GOR'KOV, V.A., ELINSON, M.I., and SANDOMIRSKII, V.B. roli prostranstvennogo zariada pri otbore avtoelektronnykh tokov bol'shoi

plotnosti. (Space charge effects in high-density field emission).

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 7, no. 9, lU95~500 (1962). Illus, 7 refs.

10
English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 2? no *9,

1U0U-8 (1962).

It is shown that when an emitter- anode region of a sufficient positive space charge is produced (for

example, from ionized residual gas molecules), the

compensating action of the space charge should lead

to a definite type of departure of the currentvoltage characteris tics. The qualitative agreement

between the experimental and calculated curves indicates the dominant role of electron space charge.

23. HAJEK, Z. and ECKERTOVA, L. Die Konstruktion einer stabilen Feldkathode. (Stable field emission cathode design). Naturwissenschaften, U9, no. 9, 201 (1962). dn German,.

Stable field cathodes of the type Al-A^C^-Me where

Me is a metal such as Ag, Au, Pt, etc. are described.

2U. KAUFMAN, M.S. and IANKIN, G.M. Elektronnye pribory. (Electron

devices). 2nd rev. ed. Moscow, Gosenergizdat, i960. 5U6 p. Illus.

This textbook contains a brief description of the

theory of field emission, in Section 3

_ 5, pp.60-3.

25. KLIMEN, A.I. Izuchenie avtoelektronnoi emissii s sul'fida kadmiia,

selenida kadmiia i germaniia v elektronnom proektore. (Field emission microscope study of cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and germanium). Dissertatsia Kandidata fiz.-mat.nauk, Leningr. Gos . Univ,

(i960). (Dissertation, Leningrad State Univ., i960).

This dissertation was not available at the time of

the compilation of this bibliography.

26. KLIKCN, A.I., SEDYKH, B.N., and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. nekotorykh

zakonomernostiakh avtoelektronnoi emissii s poluprovodnikov. ( On

the characteristics of field emission from semiconductors). Fiz.

Tverd. Tela, 2, no. 8, 1851-6 (i960). Illus, 7 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, 2, no. 8, 1673- 7 (1961).

The dependence of the fie Id- emission current from

germanium on field intensity was investigated. It

is shown that the temperature dependence of the

field-emission current is determined by an increased

electron concentration in the surface layer of semiconductors due to field penetration. The experimental results agree with the theory of field emission

11
from semiconductors for the case when surface states

are relatively unimportant.

27. KOMAR, A. P. and KOMAR, A. A. Molekuly i kompleksy molekul i atomov

kak volnovody elektronnykh voln. (Molecules, molecular complexes,

and atoms as wave guides for electron waves). Zh. Tekhn. Fiz, 31,

no. 2, 231-7 (1961). Illus, 15 refs. English translation: Soviet

Phys.-Tech. Phys, 6, no. 2, 166-70 (l°6l).

The "molecular image" formation in the field emission

microscope is explained on the basis of waveguide

theory. A molecular complex with dimensions greater

in the radial than the transverse direction is re- quired. Cylindrical symmetry is assumed. The boundary

condition at the cylindrical surface of the complex

yields solutions that give doublet and quadruplet

forms as observed.

28. KOMAR, A. P. and KOMAR, A. A. K teorii volnovodnykh svoistv metallopodobnykh molekul i ikh kompleksov. (On the theory of the waveguide

properties of metal-like molecules and their complexes). Zh. Tekhn.

Fiz, 32, no. 7, 867-73 (1962). Illus 8 refs. English translation:

Soviet Phys.-Tech. Phys, 7, no. 7, 63U-7 (1963).

Further considerations of the mechanism of the formation of "molecular images" in the field emission microscope are given. The waveguide theory, developed

previously, is extended to include penetration of the

external field into the interior of the molecular

whiskers and its effect on the movement of electrons.

29. KOMAR, A. P. and SAVCHENKO, V.P. Vliianie primesei i dislokatsii na avtoelektronnuiu emissiiu metallicheskikh kristallov. ( Effect of

impurities and dislocations on field emission from metals). Fiz.

Tverd. Tela, U, no. 5, 13U6-£l (1962). Illus, 12 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, U, no. 5, 986-92 (1962).

Field emission patterns were obtained for Pt, Ag, and

Cu.lt is shown that high temperatures cause impurities

to appear. This process is associated with dislocations

and defects. In general, these impurities lower the

work function of the surface. They may be field evaporated.

12
30. K0MA.R, A.P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N. Novyi metod izgotovleniia avtoelektronnykh emitterov iz legkoplavkikh metallov i

splavov. (New method of preparing field emitters of non-refractory

metals and alloys). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, jj>, no.8,13U2-6 (i960).

Illus, 7 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, 5, no. 8, 226-32 (I960).

A new method of preparing field emitters is suggested.

This involves local breakdown in high fields. Complete breakdown is retarded by strong feedback. The

technique is used to prepare clean surfaces without

the necessity of strong heating which may, in the case

of less refractory materials, lead to excessively blunt

tips. The method is illustrated with Au, Ag, Cu, and

the alloys Ni3Mn, Ch^Pt, and CU3AU.

31. KOMAR, A. P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N. Adsorbtsiia migratsiia i isparenie Be, napylennogo na monokristall ¥. (Adsorption,

migration and evaporation of Be deposited on W single crystals).

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 5, no. 8, 1211-7 (I960). Illus, 19 refs.

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, j>, no. 8, 22-31

(I960).

The adsorption and migration characteristics of beryllium on tungsten have been studied with the field emission microscope. The work function of a massive deposit of Be was measured as 5 ev. A monolayer showed

U.l ev. The activation energy for migration is in the

sequence Q (110) < Q (112) < Q (111). The order of

decreasing rate of evaporation is (111), (110), (112)

and (100).

32. KOMAR, A. P. and SHREDNIK, V.N. Atomnaia struktura mikrokristallov

¥ s razmerami do 60 X. (Atomic structure of ¥ single crystals with

dimensions to 60 1). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, lUU.no.3. 5U1-3 (1962),

Illus, U refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. "Doklady", ]_ y no. 5, U25-7 (1962).

Field ion patterns of a tungsten tip with a protuberance formed by a vacuum breakdown were obtained. It was estimated that the protuberance was about 60 atoms

in diameter, and the field ion pictures made with

helium at 63°K, showed (110), (Oil), (211) and (121)

planes clearly.

720-213 O - 64 - 3 13
33. KOMAR, A. P. and SIUTKIN, N.N. "Goriachee" starenie i vozvrat v

splave Ni-Be po nabliudeniiam v avtoemissionnom elektronnom mikroskope. (Field emission microscope observations on the thermal aging

and recovery of Ni-Be alloys). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 150, no. 5, 1029-31 (1963). Illus, 6 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys.

"Doklady" (To appear earlv 196U)

.

Field emission patterns from an emitter of Ni + 1%

Be alloy were obtained in the region of 200 - 900°G.

A new phase, evidenced by bright spots on the pattern, appeared at 200°C. Their number and size increased with temperature to a maximum, then decreased, disappearing completely at 900°C. The spot

patterns are ascribed to local work function changes.

3iu KOMAR, A. P., TALANIN, IU.N. and CHERNIAVSKAIA, N.A. Tezisy pervogo

simpoziuma po elektrostaticheskoi emissiia elektronov. (Proceedings

of the First Symposium on Field Emission). Tashkend, Izd. SAGU,

I960.

This publication, cited as a reference in paper#29, was not available at the time of the compilation of

this bibliography. (See also entry # 3.U, PP« 31-3).

35. KOMPANEETS, A.S. Vliianie ob"emnogo zariada na avtoelektronnuiu

emissiiu. (Influence of space charge on field emission). Radiotekhn.

i Elektron, j>, no. 8, 13l£-7 (I960). U refs. English translation:

Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, £, no. 8, 180-1; (i960).

In the usual consideration of electron transmission

through the potential barrier in the field emission

case, the image force factor is calculated classically. This is shown to be incorrect, and the appropriate treatment using the wave equation in con- junction with Poisson's equation is given. The cor- rection in current for a spherical space charge con- figuration amounts to 10 to 15 per cent.

36. MAKUKHA, V.I. Adsorbtsiia kal'tsiia na vol' frame. ( Adsorption of

calcium on tungsten). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 2, 339~Ul

(1961). Illus, 10 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

Phys. USSR, 6, no. 2, 298-3OI (1961).

Calcium on tungsten was investigated with a field

emission microscope. The deposition time versus

work function curve shows a minimum at 2.1). ev. Migration commences at 1|00 C and evaporation at 700°C.

lU
The order of adsorption bond strength on various

planes appears to be in the sequence (111), (112),

(100) and (110).

37. MAKUKHA, 7.1. Adsorbtsiia strontsiia na vol' frame. (Adsorption of

strontium on tungsten). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 2, 3U2-3

(1961). Illus, k refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

Phys. USSR, 6, no. 2, 3Q1-U (1961).

The curve of the variation of work function with

time shows a minimum. Migration of the strontium

begins at U50-500°C and desorption at 750-800°C.

The Sr crystals initially formed on tungsten disappear at about U00°C.

38. MAKUKHA, V.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia iridiia. (Field emission

from iridium). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, ]_, no.£, 900-3 (1962).

Illus, 9 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys.

USSR, 7, no. 5, 8^1-U (1962).

Field emission from iridium tips has been studied,

and methods of tip etching are described. The areas

of low emission on the pattern are ascribed to the

(111), (100), and the (110) planes. The (113) and

(103) planes are also observed.

39. MAKUKHA, 7.1. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia rodiia. (Field emission of

rhodium). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, _8, no. 2, 35>2-U (I963). Illus, 3

refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, J3, no. 2, 310-2 (1963).

Field emission patterns were obtained using a rhodium emitter. The preparation of the tip and

indexing of the low emitting areas are described.

1|0. NAUM07ETS, A.G. Sposterezhennia avtodesorbtsii zalyshkovikh gaziv

z vol'framu v avtoionnomu proektori. (Field ion microscope study of

self-de sorption of residual gases from tungsten). Ukr. Fiz. Zh, 6, no. 5, 703-5 (1961). Illus, 5> refs. dn Ukrainian^.

Field ion microscopy was used to observe the desorption of residual gases from a tungsten tip.

Some foreign atoms remained even up to fields

where field desorption was commencing at lattice

edges.

15
111. NAUMOVETS, A.G. Desorbtsiia molekul okisu bariiu z vol'framu v

sil'nomu elektrichnomu poli. (Desorption of barium oxide molecules

from tungsten in a strong electric field). Ukr. Fiz. Zh, 8, no.l,

65-73 (1963). Illus, 16 refs. Jn Ukrainian with English summary^.

Desorption of BaO and Ba from W in a strong electric field was studied at 80-1200°K. The fieldtemperature desorption characteristics of BaO were

very similar to those of Ba; interpretation of the

data was attempted on the basis of ionic evaporation over a Schottky barrier. Ba was des orbed by

the field as Ba+ at 80-300°K and as Ba++ at

300-1000°Kj BaO was desorbed as BaO+ at 80-l400°K

and as BaO + + at 500-1100°K.

I4.2. NIKLIBORC, J. Prace Katedry Fizyki doswiadczalnej Uniwersytetu

Wroclawskiego nad emisja polowa elektronow z metali. (Field emission

research at the Department of Physics of the Wroclaw University).

Sprawozdania Wroclaw. Towarz. Nauk, Ser. B16 . 13-7 (1961-2).

Illus, 13 refs. dn Polish 3 . Phenomena related to field emission, such as sur- face diffusion on nickel and iron and also adsorption and desorption of Ge and Sr on W, were

studied. Typical field emission patterns and a list of relevant publications of the above University Department complete the paper.

U3. NOIMANN, Kh. K teorii avtoelektronnoi emissii metalla, pokrytogo

tonkim sloem poluprovodnika. (Theory of field emission from metals

covered with thin semiconductor layers). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 11,

3395-9 (1961). Illus, 5 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys.-

Solid State, 3, no. 11, 2^66-8 (1962).

On the assumption that the potential at the surface

of a metallic emitter covered with a thin layer of

semiconductor can be described as the potential of

the pure metal plus an additional potential barrier,

the field-emission current is calculated as a function of the height and width of the additional barrier j a numerical solution is obtained for a special

case.

UU. NOYIKOV, B.7., SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. Tonkaia

struktura spektral'noi zavisimosti avtoelektronnoi emissii s mono- kristallov GdS. (Fine structure of the spectrum of field emission

from CdS single crystals). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, U, no. 11, 32UO-3 (1962).

Illus, II4. refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, U,

no.ll, 2372-li (1963).

16
Field emission current as a function of wave length

of incident light was determined for CdS emitters.

The fine structure showed minima coincident with

exciton adsorption lines. The spectra of photoconductivity were qualitatively similar to that for

field emission.

1j5. PROTOPOPOV, O.D. and SMIRNOV, B.G. Vliianie kremniia i germaniia

na elektronnuiu emissiiu s monokristalla vol 'frama. (Effect of sili- con and germanium on electron emission from tungsten single crystals). Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uz.SSR, I960, no. 6, 38-UO.

Silicon and germanium on tungsten were studied with

the field emission microscope. The field emission

patterns showed collar formation around (110), (121)

and (100) analogous to that for tungsten on tungsten

in the same temperature interval. Covering the sur- face with Si or Ge shows little effect on emission

current

.

U6. ROGINSKII, S.Z. and SHISHKIN, V.A. Issledovanie adsorbtsii nepredel'nykh ftoruglerodov C^^k i ^3^6 v elektronnom proektore. (Field

emission microscope study of adsorption of the unsaturated fluorocarbons C 2Fk and C3F5) . Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 130, no. 3, 577-80

(I960). Illus, 6 refs. English translation: Proc. Acad. Sci.USSR,

Phys. Chem. Sect, 130, 71—U (I960).

This work is concerned with molecular images formed

from C2F^ and C3F5. The fluorocarbons were used to

avoid the hydrogen split-off that may occur in the case of hydrocarbons. It is hypothesized that IT bonds participate in the image formation although

the data are not conclusive.

kl. SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Eksperimental ' noe izuchenie

raspredeleniia avtoelektronov s monokristallov CdS. ( Experimental

study of the energy distribution of field emission electrons from

CdS single crystals). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, U, no. 12, 3526-36 (1962).

Illus, 7 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, U, no. 12, 2581-8 (1963).

The electron energy distribution for CdS was determined. Increasing the field leads to heating of the

electron gas. Carriers are generated when the width

of the energy distribution coincides approximately

with the width of the forbidden band in CdS. Higher

emitter temperatures lead to broadening of the ener- gy distribution.

17
U8. SHISHKIN, V.A. Vliianie poverkhnosti na formu i povedenie molekuliarnykh kartin. (Effect of the surface on the shape and behavior

of molecular images). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, lUl , no. 6, lb.20-2

(1961). Illus, 7 refs. English translation: Proc. Acad. Sci.USSR,

Phys. Chem. Sect, lUl, 986-8 (I96I).

Further considerations of molecular images obtained

under certain conditions and with certain substances

in the field electron microscope are given. Evidence

is presented to show that the molecular images are

the same regardless of whether the substrate is a metal, semiconductor or dielectric.

k9. SHISHKIN, V.A. and ROGINSKII, S.Z. Vliianie davleniia, temperatury

i elektricheskogo polia na povedenie molekuliarnykh kartin. (Effect

of temperature, pressure, and electric field on the behavior of mo- lecular images). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, lU3 . no. 2, 373-6 (1962).

Illus, 8 refs. English translation: Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR. Phys.

Chem. Sect, lU3, 231- h (1962).

Field emission patterns of CQ2, H2, and C3F5 were

studied as functions of pressure, electric field

and temperature.

!?0. SHREDNIK, V.N. Zavisimost' raboty vykhoda plenochnykh katodov ot

stepeni pokrytiia. (Dependence of work function of film cathodes on the extent of coverage). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, j>, no. 8, 1203-10

(i960). Illus, 20 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

USSR, j>, no. 8, 10-21 (i960).

For electro-positive adsorbates, such as barium on tungsten, the optimum coverage corresponding to a minimum work function is shown to be equal to 1 and

not to 0.7 as previously held. The value of 1 is

obtained by defining the extent of coverage as the

ratio of the adatom concentration at an edge of the

type hkl to that of a monolayer.

5l. SHREDNIK, V.N. Issledovanie atomnykh sloev tsirkoniia na graniakh

kri'stalla vol'frama pri pomoshchi elektronnogo i ionnogo proektorov,

(Field electron and ion microscope study of atomic layers of zirconium on tungsten). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 6, 175JO-6I (I96I).

Illus, 18 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, 3, no. 6, 1268-79 (1961).

Successive observations of adsorbed layers in a field electron and ion microscope were used for the

investigation of Zr on W. The emission properties

18
and microstrueture (with 10-15 A* resolution) of Zr

layers in the (100) regions of ¥ crystals were studied from fractional to multilayer cover age. The work

function of a monolayer of Zr on ¥ in the (100) re- gions is 2.62 ev.

52. SHUPPE, G.N. and K0MPANEETS, A.S. stat'e V.A. Gor'kova "Pervyi

s'impozium po avtoelektronnoi emissii." (Concerning V.A. Gor'kov's

report on the "First Symposium on Field Emission.") Radiotekhn.i

Elektron, J_ f no. 9, 1686 (1962). English translation: Radio Eng.

Electron. Phys. USSR, 7, no. 9, 1569 (1962).

This is a letter to the editor criticizing the discussion of G.N. Shuppe contained in the report by

V.A. Gor'kov on the First Symposium on Field Emission held in Tashkend. (See entry # 3.U, pp. 31-3).

53. SHUPPE, G.N. and ZAKIROV, N.Z. Zavisimost' adsorbtsii na mono- kristailakh metallov ot kristallograficheskikh napravlenii. (Dependence of adsorption of metal single crystals on crystallographic orientation). Tr. Sredneaz. Gos. Univ. Fiz, Mat. Nauki, ll;8 , no. 20, U5-80 (1959). 37 refs.

This is a review with 37 references of papers published up to 1958, devoted to studies of thermal

and field emission of metal single crystals covered

with adsorbed layers. An explanation of the emission behavior is advanced in terms of crystal geometry.

5U. SIROTENKO, I.G., SPIVAK, G.V., and GROMAN, A. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia iz poluprovodnikovykh nitevidnykh monokristallov-viskersov.

(Field emission from semiconductor whiskers) .Radiotekhn. i Elektron,

5, no. 8, 13U8-50 (I960). Illus, 9 refs. English translation: Radio

Eng. Electron. USSR, 5, no. 8, 236-1+1 (i960).

Field emission from whiskers of molybdenum and tungsten oxides was observed. Individual spots corre- sponding to individual whiskers were seen on the screen.

55. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Adsorbtsiia, migratsiia i isparenie kadmiia na vol 1 frame. (Adsorption, migration and evaporation of cadmium on tungsten). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 3, 790-5 (I96I). Illus, k refs.

English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, 3, no. 3, 57U - 9

(1961).

19
The adsorption, migration, and desorption of cadmium was studied with a field emission micros cope. The

work function of a thick layer of cadmium was found

to be U.1+ 0.1 ev. The heat of desorption of cadmium from tungsten was 1.5+0.1 ev.

56. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Termostimulrrovannyi avtoelektronnyi tok s mono- kristallov CdS. (Thermally stimulated field emission current from

CdS single crystals). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, h, no. 11, 3330-2 (1962).

Illus, 3 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, k9 no. 11, 2U37-8 (1963).

Thermally stimulated field emission current was obtained from CdS after illumination with light having

a wave length corresponding to the adsorption band.

That is, after illumination was stopped and voltage

applied, a burst of current was obtained upon heating the emitter. Under certain assumptions, a trap

depth of 0.66 ev for CdS was calculated.

57. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Temperaturnaia zavisimost' avtoelektronnoi emissii sul'fida kadmiia. (Temperature dependence of field emission

from cadmium sulfide). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, U, no. 11, 3332-lj. (1962).

Illus, h refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, h,

no.ll, 2U39-UO (1963).

The emitter temperature was determined from the

shift of the optical adsorption edge. Two types of

temperature effect were observed. The first is a- scribed to proportionality of the current to carrier

density and absence of temperature effect on band

curvature, and the second to the presence of a temperature effect on the band curvature.

58. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and FURSEI, G.N. Izuchenie iavlenii,predshestvuiushchikh razrusheniiu vol ' framovykh emitter ov impul'sami avtoelektronnogo toka bol'shoi plotnosti. (Study of pre-breakdown phenomena of tungsten emitters by means of high-density field emission

pulses). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, ]_, no. 9, 1U7U-83 (1962). Illus,

8 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 2>

no. 9, 1387-9U (1962).

The field emission of tungsten emitters at field

current densities of the order of 10" amp/cm2 has been

studied by the pulse method (pulse duration 1-U /x sec).

The design of the experimental device makes possible a measurement of current from different sections of the

emitter surface. Experimental evidence of the

20
heating of the emitter by the field current in the

pre-arc period, and of the appearance of space

charge causing cessation of growth of current during the pulsing is given. The pre-arc processes

are reversible and reproducible up to the critical

current density. The emitter breakdown occurs during a time shorter than 1 ^.sec.

59. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and FURSEI, G.N. VLiianie razlichnykh pokrytii

na kharakter iavlenii, predshestvuiushchikh razrusheniiu vol'framovykh emitterov impul'sami avtoelektronnogo toka bol'shoi plotnosti.

(Effect of various coatings on pre-breakdown phenomena of tungsten

emitters due to high-density pulsed field emission currents). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, ]_, no. 9, 1U8U-9U (1962). Illus, 5 refs.

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, ]_ 3 no. 9,

1395-U03 (1962).

The effect of surface layers in the pre-arc re- gion of large field current densities was studied.

Barium increased the space charge, presumably be- cause of its lowering of the work function of the

emitter. The thermionic emission in the pre-breakdown region was enhanced. Barium shadowed points were unchanged up to current densities close to the

critical value. Above these, the barium spread.

Oscillations in the volt-ampere characteristics a- bove the linear region were observed.

60. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and KLIMIN, A.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s sul'fida i selenida kadmiia. I. Zavisimost' ot elektricheskogo polia i temperatury. (Field emission from CdS and CdSe. Pt. 1. Effect of electric field and temperature). Vestn. Leningr. Univ,

Ser. Fiz. i Khim, 16, no.U, 3U-U1 (1961). Illus, 11 refs.

The curve in the current-voltage characteristics

of field emission from CdS and CdSe is related to

several emitting edges. Field emission increases

strongly with temperature, and is reversible up

to U00°. Above this temperature, evolution of Cd

and irreversible changes in emission occur.

61. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and KLIMIN, A.I. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s sul'fida i selenida kadmiia. II. Vliianie osveshcheniia. ( Field

emission from CdS and CdSe. Pt. 2, Effect of illumination). Vestn.

Leningr. Univ, Ser. Fiz. i Khim, 16, no.U, U2-50 (I96I). Illus, 12

refs.

The effect of illumination of a CdS emitter on its

field emission is in agreement with the corresponding data on photoconductivity. A proportionality

21
between the field emission current and the stationary concentration of free carriers in the emitter is

indicated. The absence of degeneracy of the electron gas is also shown.

62. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and MILESHKINA, N.V. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia

s tonkikh sloev germaniia na vol 1 frame. (Field emission from thin

layers of germanium on tungsten). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 11,

3389-9U (1961). Ill-us, 7 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys.-

Solid State, 3, no. 11, 2U60-5 (1962).

Field emission from thin layers of germanium con- densed on a tungsten tip was observed. The germanium layer migrates as an unbroken film, and decreases the emission. This lowering of emission is not

accompanied by an increase of the work function.

The specific contact properties of a very thin layer of a semiconductor with a metal are involved.

63. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKO?, G.P. Izuchenie effektov sil'nogo

polia v avtoelektronnykh emitterakh-kris tallakh sul'fida kadmiia.

(Study of strong field effects in cadmium sulfide field emitters).

Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no.l, 167-75 (1961). Illus, 9 refs. English

translation: Soviet Phys.-^Solid State, 3, no.l, 120-6 (I96I).

Field emission from CdS was investigated to determine the effect of voltage drop in the emitter on the characteristics of current voltage curves. The

voltage distribution between emitter and vacuum

space was determined by a voltage probe and a re- tarding potential analyzer. It was concluded that

although the voltage drop at the emitter can reach

substantial values, particularly at low temperatures,

its effect on the characteristic emission curves is

unimportant.

6U. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. Eksperimental ' naia proverka

prichin nelineinosti vol'tampernykh kharakteristik avtoelektronnogo

toka s monokristallov CdS. (Experimental study of the causes of

nonlinearity in the Fowler-Nordheim plot of CdS single crystals).

Fiz. Tverd. Tela, U, no.l, hk-$l (1962). Illus, h refs. English

translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid State, U, no.l, 31-6 (1962).

The In I versus l/V plots for field emission from

CdS single crystals over a fairly wide range of

currents and voltages are usually non-linear. The

curvature in the direction of higher emission in

22
strong fields is associated with an increase in car- rier concentration. This is caused by the excitation

of additional carriers by the strong internal field.

In the medium voltage range the current is proportional to concentration. It has been shown experimentally that the low voltage behavior is due to heating

the electron gas in the emitter.

6£. TRET'IAKOV, I.I. Issledovanie adsorbtsii gazov na metallakh pri

pomoshchi elektronnogo proektora. (Field emission microscope study

of gases on metals). Probl. kinetiki i kataliza, Akad. Nauk. SSSR,

I960 , no. 10, 16U- 8. Illus, 12 refs.

The molecular image patterns were examined for the

following gases adsorbed on tungsten: 0, H, N, He,

Ne, Ar, CO? CCl^, CH^, C2H5, C 2H^0H, acetone,

C^H^q, C5H5, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butadiene, napthalene, and anthracene.

66. VASIL'EV, G.F. Vliianie formy potentsial'nogo bar' era na granitse

emitter-vakuum i raspredeleniia elektricheskogo polia po poverkhnosti emittera na vid vol ' tampernykh kharakteristik avtoelektronnoi

emissii. (Effect of the form of potential barrier' at the emittervacuum boundary and of the electric field distribution at the emitter surface on the shape of the current-voltage characteristics of

field emission). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 5, no. 11, l8£7- 6l (i960).

Illus, 10 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR,

£, no. 11, 166-7U (I960).

The effect of the form of the potential barrier on the current-voltage characteristics of a field

emitter is examined. At fields greater than 5 x 10'

v/cm, a new function essentially different from

that of Nordheim was found. The correction is asso- ciated with the field distribution at the surface of

the emitter.

67. VASIL'EV, G.F. Issledovanie elektrostaticheskoi emissii nekotorykh

tugoplavkikh soedinenii s poluprovodnikovoi i metallicheskoi provodimost'iu. (Study of field emission from several refractory com- pounds with semiconductor and metallic conductivity) .Dissertatsiia

Kandidata Fiz.-Mat. Nauk, Tashkent, Univ. (i960). (Dissertation

Tashkend Univ, i960).

This dissertation was not available at the time of

the compilation of this bibliography.

23
68. VASIL'EV, G.F. Proniknovenie elektricheskogo polia v poluprovodnik,

(Penetration of electric fields into semiconductors). Radiotekhn. i

Elektron, 6, no. 10, 17U1-H (1961). Illus, 3 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 6, no. 10, 1551-3 (1961).

Formulas are obtained describing the penetration of

external electric fields into semiconductors. The

calculation is made under the assumption that the

temperature of the electrons in semiconductors is

equal to the lattice temperature.

69. ZHDAN, A.G. and ELINSON, M.I. Raspr edelenie emittirovannykh avtoelektronov po energiiam dlia poluprovodnikov. (Energy distribution

of field-emitted electrons in semiconductors). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no.U, 671-2 (1961). Illus, 3 refs. English translation:

Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 6, no.U, 595-6 (I96I).

The spectral energy distribution for electrons emitted from the semiconductor carbon- activated quartz

was determined. The field emission of high-resistance semiconductors is substantially non- equilibrium,

and for large internal fields, a considerable number

of electrons surmount the potential barrier.

70. ZHDAN, A.G., ELINSON, M.I., and SANDOMIRSKII, V.B. Issledovanie

spektrov avtoelektronov, emittirovannykh iz poluprovodnikov. (Investigation of the spectra of field emission electrons emitted

from semiconductors). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, ]_ 9 no.U, 67O - 86

(1962). Illus, 11 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron.

Phys. USSR, X> no.k, 630-U5 (1962).

The total energy distribution for a Si02+ C emitter was determined • as a function of current density and

temperature. A strong electric field penetration

led to a broadening of the total energy spectra of

field emitted electrons. High energy tails, of the

order of 10 electron volts, were observed in some cases. The electron gas temperature may reach

10,000 to 15, 000°K, which is not depressed by drawing large currents. A Maxwellian distribution

appears to be applicable to the field electrons

emitted in the high energy region.

71. ZUBENK0, IU.V. Adsorbtsiia, migratsiia i isparenie bariia na karbidirovannom vol 'frame. (Adsorption, migration, and evaporation

of barium on tungsten carbide). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 2, 528-3U

(1961). Illus, 10 refs. English translation: Soviet Phys. -Solid

State, 3, no. 2, 387-91 (1961).

2U
The evaporation of barium from W2C occurs in three

stages. The values for the heats of desorption are given as 3.9, 2.5, and 5.6 ev, and are obtained from

Arrhenius plots.

72. ZUBENKO, IU.V. Izuchenie formy monokristallicheskikh emitterov iz

karbida vol'frama pri pomoshchi elektronnogo mikroskopa. (Electron

microscope study ©f^the shapes of single crystal tungsten carbide

emitters). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 6, no. 3, 381-3 (196l). Illus,

7 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 6, no. 3, 338-1*0 (1961).

Tungsten carbide emitters were prepared by carbiding

tungsten emitters in the field emission microscope.

The deformation of the emitter tip on carbiding was determined by both optical and electron microscopic

examination. The absence of plane facets was noted.

73. ZUBENKO, IU.V. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia sloev titana na vol' frame

i karbide vol'frama. (Field emission from titanium layers on tungsten carbide). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 8, no. 7, 1239 - U5 (1963).

Illus, 11 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys.

USSR, 8, no. 7 (To appear early I96U).

Field emission currents from titanium layers on single crystal tungsten and tungsten carbide tips were studied in a field emission microscope. It was shown

that the work function changes "monotonously" with

titanium coverage. The rates of evaporation from

tungsten or tungsten carbide are similar.

7U; ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia

karbidirovannogo i torirovannogo karbidirovannogo vol'frama. (Field

emission from tungsten carbide and thoriated tungsten carbide),

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, £, no. 8, 1327-37 (I960). Illus, 17 refs.

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, 5, no. 8, 200-18

(I960).

A ¥20 emitter was prepared by heating a ¥ tip in an atmosphere of diffusion pump oil. The adsorption and

evaporation of thorium on ¥20 was then investigated.

The rate of evaporation of thorium from W2C is less

than that from ¥, although the heats of desorption

are the same.

25
75. ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia i termoelektronnaia emissiia sloev toriia i bariia na vol' frame. ( Field

emission and thermionic emission of thorium and barium layers on tungsten). Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 3, no. 5, l£6l-5 (l°6l). Illus, 13

refs. English translation: Soviet Phys, -Solid State, 3, no. 5>, 1133-6 (1961).

The emission from tungsten was determined as a function of the thickness of deposited thorium and barium layers. The emission increases "monotonously",

and no maximum was found. A maximum had previously

been ascribed to a monolayer, but this effect is shown

to be associated with oxygen chemis orbed from residual

gases.

76. ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. rabote vykhoda karbida

vol'frama. (Work function of tungsten carbide). Zh.Tekhn. Fiz,

32, no. 3, 378-80 (1962). Illus, 17 refs. English translation:

Soviet Phys. -Tech. Phys, 7, no. 3, 270-2 (1962).

The work function of ¥20 was measured by a Richardson plot on a sample of ¥20 wire. The value of

U.58+ 0.08 ev was found jwithin the limit of experimental error, this is the same value as that for

pure tungsten.

77. ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia

zolotobarievykh sloev. (Field emission of gold-barium layers).

Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 7, no. 9, 11+67-73 (1962). Illus, 9 refs.

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, ]_ } no. 9,

1381-6 (1962).

Gold and barium were deposited on a tungsten field

emitter. After heating to 900°K the compound BaAu^

was assumed to be formed. The work function, derived

from Fowler-Nordheim plots, was measured as 3.3 ev,

independently of the sequence of deposition. Heating

the layer in fields where the emitter is positive or negative with respect to the screen changes the

characteristics of the emitter in a reversible way.

This is interpreted as a manifestation of the dielectric properties of the gold-barium compound.

26
2.1 ADDENDA

The following papers became available to the compilers too late

for inclusion in the main body of this bibliography. They are therefore listed separately below:

78. ECKERTOVA, L. Fysika a pouziti katod emitujicich v silnem elektrickem poli. (Physics and applications of field cathodes). Cesk.

Casopis Fys, A12, nos. $-6, 561-72 (1962). Illus, 31 refs. Jn

Czech with English summary:,.

This is a brief survey paper concerning cathodes; a section describes field emission in general terms.

79. GORBATTI, N.A. and GOFMAN, I.I. Ob izmerenii raboty vykhoda elektronov metodom elektrostaticheskoi emissii. (Measurement of the

electron work function by field emission). Radiotekhn. i Elektron,

8, no. 11, 1927-32 (1963). Illus, 10 refs. English translation:

Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, _8, no. 11. (To appear in I96I4.).

The slopes of the Fowler-Nordheim plots, in con- junction with the Drechsler and Henkel method for

establishing the voltage-field characteristics,

were used to obtain an average work function for

(110), (100), and (111) oriented tungsten tips.

The values do not agree, and it is concluded that

"average work function" measurements obtained from

Fowler-Nordheim plots are not realistic.

80. MECLEWSKI, R., NIKLIBORC, J., and WOJDA, L. Field emission microscope investigation of iron migration. Acta Phys. Polon,21, no. 2,

189-91 (1962). Illus, 5 refs. dn English:,.

The diffusion of iron was studied with a field emission microscope using an iron tip. The value of

the activation energy obtained from the process in

the presence of the electric field was Q = 1.2U

± 0.12 ev.

81. MECLEWSKI, R. and WOJDA, L. Zastosowanie katod z latwo topliwych

metali w polowym mikroskopie elektronowym. (Use of non-refractory

cathodes in field emission microscopy). Zeszyty Nauk. Uniw. Wroclaw, Ser. B, 1959 , no. 3, 2h3. dn Polish:,.

This paper was not available at the time of the

publication of this bibliography.

27
82. ROBOZ, P. Studitun adsorpce plynu v ultravysokem vakuu autoemisnim

mikroskopem. (Study of adsorption of gases in ultra-high vacuum

by a field-emission microscope). Cesk. Casopis Fys, A12, nos.5-6,

6I4I-3 (1962). Illus. dn Czech with English summary^.

A field emission microscope was used to determine

pressures in high vacuum systems by measuring the

time required for the formation of what was con- sidered a monolayer.

83. SHREDNIK, V.N. K voprosu ob usrednenii avtoemissionnoi raboty

vykhoda. (Calculation of the average work function in field

emission). Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 8, no. 11, 1933-UU (19&3).

15 refs. English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSRj

j3, no. 11 (To appear in I96U)

.

The effect of patch fields on the form of

the characteristics of In (i/V2

) = f(l/V)

for an emitter is analyzed. Dispersion

relations for the function V<£ /E — where

V, <£ and E are the voltage, work function

and field — are discussed.

8I4.. SIDORSKI, Z. Desorpcja polowa strontu z wolframu. (Field desorption of strontium from tungsten). Ph.D. Dissertation, Wroclaw

Univ, Poland. (In press), dn Polish. 3

85. WOJDA, L. Badanie metoda emisji polowej zjawisk zachodzacych na

powierzchni zelaza, grzanego w silnym polu elektrycznym. (Study

of field emission phenomena occurring on the surface of iron

heated in strong electric fields). Ph.D. Dissertation, Wroclaw

Univ, Poland. (In press), dn Polish.

3

28
3. LIST OF MEETINGS AND PAPERS RELEVANT TO

SOVIET FIELD EMISSION RESEARCH

This Section lists meetings held in the period between March 1958

and March 1963 and papers read at these meetings which have a bearing

on Soviet field emission research. Most of these meeting transactions

and seminar reports are published in Radiotekhnika i Elektronika . The

pertinent Russian papers and their English translations, with respective

page references, are cited below each meeting.

Many of these papers, of course, are subsequently published in the

Soviet technical literature ; such instances are brought to the reader's

attention by the phrase "for annotations, see entry #..." in Section 2.

3.1 INTER-INSTITUTIONAL SEMINAR ON CATHODE ELECTRONICS., 8th. MOSCOW,

March 3, 1958.(MEZHDUVEDOMSTVENNYI SEMINAR PO KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKE,

8-e). KOFANOVA, T.I. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 3, no. 7, 973-5 (1958).

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR,3,no.7,l69-73 (1958).

3.11 GOFMAN, I.I. Issledovanie avtoelektronnoi

emissii (AE) SiC s tsel'iu sravneniia eksperimental ' nykh darmykh s teoriei,predlozhennoi

Strettonom, pp. 973-U. (Experimental investigation of field emission from SiC and compari- son with the Stratton theory, pp. 170-1).

3.2 INTER-INSTITUTIONAL SEMINAR ON CATHODE ELECTRONICS, Ihth. MOSCOW,

March 2, 1959. (MEZHDUVEDOMSTVENNTI SEMINAR PO KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKE,

lU-e). ALEKSEEVA, A. P. and others. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, U, no. 7,

1215-6 (1959). English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, U, no. 7, 231-5 (1959).

3.21 GOFMAN, I.I. and SHUPPE, G.N. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia s monokristalla vol'frama pri pomoshchi metodiki impul'snykh izmerenii, p. 1216.

(Pulsed technique in the study of field emission fron tungsten single crystals, p. 23U).

3.3 ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON CATHODE ELECTRONICS, 9th. MOSCOW, October 21-

28, 1959. (VSESOIUZNOE SOVESHCHANIE PO KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKE, 9~e).

BASALAEVA, N.IA. and others. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 5, no. 5, 866-79

(i960). English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, 5, no. 5,

232-57 (I960).

3.31 ALPATOVA,N.M. Razrabotka metodiki elektrokhimicheskogo polucheniia avtoelektronnykh emitterov

razlichnoi konfiguratsii iz germaniia,vol ' frama

29
i karbida tsirkoniia, p. 875. (Development of

electrochemical methods of obtaining fieldemission emitters of various shapes from germanium, tungsten and zirconium carbide, p. 2l±9).

(For annotation, see entry #2).

3.32 ECKERTOVA, L.I. Vremennaia zavisimost' avtoelektronnogo toka s vol ' framovogo ostriia,

p. 875. (Time dependence of field emission

currents from a tungsten point, p. 2l;9).(For

annotation, see entry #5).

3.33 ELINSON, M.I., GOR'KOV, V.A., IASNOPOL'SKAIA,A.A.

and KUDINTSEVA, G.A. Issledovanie impul'snoi

avtoelektronnoi emissii pri vysokikh plotnostiakh

tokov, pp.87U-5. (Investigation of pulsed field

emission at high current densities, pp. 2I4.8-9). (For

annotation, see entry #9).

3.3U GOFMAN, I.I., PR0T0P0P0V, O.D., and SHUPPE, G.N.

Issledovanie avtoelektronnoi emissii s metalla v

impul'snom rezhime, p. 87U. (Investigation of pulsed

field emission from metals, p.2l|8).(For annotation, see entry #19).

3.35 KOMAR, A. P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N.

Adsorbtsiia, migratsiia i isparenie berilliia na

monokristalle vol'frama, p. 868. (Adsorption, migration and evaporation of beryllium on tungsten

single crystals, p. 236). (For annotation, see en- try #31).

3.36 KOMAR, A. P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N.

Novyi metod izgotovleniia avtoelektronnykh emitterov iz legkoplavkikh metallov i splavov,p.87U).

(New method of preparing field emitters of non- refractory metals and alloys, p.2l;8). (For annotation, see entry #30).

3.37 KOMPANEETS, A.S. Vliianie ob u emnogo zariada na avtoelektronnuiu emissiiu, p. 87U. (Influence of

space charge on field emission, pp.2l4.7~8). (For

annotation, see entry #35).

3.38 SHREDNIK, V.N. Zavisimost' raboty vykhoda plenochnykh katodov ot stepeni pokrytiia, p. 868. (Dependence of work function of film cathodes on the

extent of coverage, p. 236). (For annotation, see entry #50).

30
3.39 SIROTENKO, I.G., SPIVAK,G.V.,and GROMAN, A.

Avtoelektronnaia emissiia nitevidnykh poluprovodnikovykh monokristallov, p.87U. (Field

emission from semiconductor whiskers,p.2li7).

(For annotation, see entry #5U).

3.U0 ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s karbida i torirovannogo karbida vol'frama, p. 87U. (Field emission from tungsten carbide and thoriated

tungsten carbide, p. 2l;7).(For annotation, see entry #7U)

.

3.U SYMPOSIUM ON FIELD EMISSION, 1st. TASHKEND. MAT 10 - 20, i960.

(PERVYI SIMPOZIUM PO AVTOELEKTRONNOI EMISSII). GOR'KOV, V.A. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 5, no. 12, 2069-73 (i960). English translation:

Radio Eng. Electron. USSR, J, no. 12, 303-13 (i960).

3.U1 ELINSON, M.I. and ZHDAN, A. G. Emissiia elektronov pod deistviem sil'nogo elektricheskogo polia iz katodov tsilindricheskoi formy na osnove Si02 + C, p. 2073. (Field emission from cylindrical cathodes coated by SiOo + C, p. 312).

(For annotation, see entry #12).

3.U2 ELINSON, M.I., ZHDAN, A.G., and VASIL'EV, G.F.

Ob interpretatsii khoda vol ' tampernykh kharakteristik avtoelektronnoi emissii poluprovodnikov i metallov, p. 2072. (Interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics of field emission from semiconductors, pp. 310-11). (For

annotation, see entry #13).

3.1t3 GORBATII, N.A. Vliianie temperatury ostriia

ionnogo proektora na ionizatsiiu u poverkhnosto,

pp. 2071-2. (Effect of temperature of the field

ion microscope tip on surface ionization,p.309).

3-UU KOMAR, A. P., SAVCHENKO, V.P., and SHREDNIK, V.N.

Koeffitsienty poverkhnostnoi diffuzii berilliia

na vol'frame, p. 2070. (Coefficients of surface

diffusion of beryllium on tungsten, p. 305>).

3.U5 KOMAR, A. P., TALANIN, IU.N.and CHERNIAVSKAIA,N.A.

Vliianie raspredeleniia primesei na emissionnye

kartiny platiny, p. 2070. (Influence of impurity

distribution on the emission patterns of platinum, p. 305 ).

31
3.U6 KRYLOV, K.I.,BONCH-OSMOLOVSKII, A.I. and

FEDOROV, V.L. Formirovanie elektronnogo

potoka s avtoemissionnogo katoda s pomoshch'iu sil'nogo impul'snogo magnitnogo polia, p. 2071. (Formation of an electron

flux from a field emission cathode by means

of a strong pulsed magnetic field, p. 308).

3.U7 KRYLOV, K.I. and FEDOROV, V.L.Katody AEE iz

provoloki malogo diametra, p. 2069. (Field

emission cathodes made of a small-diameter

wire, p. 30U).

3.U8 PROTOPOPOV, O.D. and SMIRNOV, B.G. Vliianie

kremniia i germaniia na elektronnuiu emissiiu

s monokristalla vol'frama, p. 2073. ( Effect

of silicon and germanium on electron emission

from tungsten single crystals, p. 313). (For

annotation, see entry #U5).

3. It? ROGINSKII, S.E. and SHISHKIN, V.A. Issledovanie slozhnykh molekuliarnykh kartin riada

elementoorganicheskikh i organicheskikh

soedinenii, p. 2072. (Study of complex molecular patterns of a number of organic- element

and organic compounds, pp. 309-10 ).

3.50 SHISHKIN, V.A. Issledovanie emissionnykh izobrazhenii, voznikaiushchikh pri adsorbtsii

dvukhatomnykh molekul i molekul inertnykh gazov, p. 2071. (Study of emission patterns obtained following adsorption of diatomic and

inert-gas molecules, p. 309).

3.51 SHUPPE, G.N. Issledovanie po avtoelektronnoi

emissii v SSSR, p. 2069. (Field emission re- search in the USSR, pp. 303-U).

3.52 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Izuchenie adsorbtsii, migratsii i ispareniia kadmiia na vol' frame v

elektronnom proektore, p. 2070. (Adsorption,

migration and evaporation of cadmium on_ tungsten, p. 306). (For annotation, see entry #55).

3.53 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. Izuchenie effektov sil'nogo polia v emitterakh —

monokristallakh sernistogo kadmiia, p. 2071.

(Effect of strong fields in CdS single crystal

emitters, pp. 307-8). ( For annotation, gee

entry #63).

32
3.5H VASIL'EV, G.F. Vliianie formy puverkhnostnogo potentsial'nogo bar' era i raspredeleniia

polia po poverkhnosti emittera na vid vol'tampernykh kharakteristik AEE, pp. 2072 - 3.

(Influence of the surface potential barrier

shape and of field distribution near the

emitter surface on FE current-voltage characteristics, pp. 311-2). (For annotation, see

entry #66).

3.55 VASIL'KOVSKII, D.N. K voprosu ob ustoichivosti

granei i vychislenii poverkhnostnoi energii

kristalla, p. 2072. (Stability of crystal

planes and calculation of the surface energy of

crystals, p. 310).

3.56 ZUBENKO, IU.V. Adsorbtsiia, migratsiia i isparenie bariia na karbidirovannom vol 'frame W2C,

p. 2070. (Adsorption, migration and evaporation

of barium on carbide tungsten ¥20, p.306). (For

annotation, see entry #71).

3.57 ZUBENKO, IU.V. Izuchenie formy monokristallicheskikh emitterov iz karbida vol'frama v e- lektronnom mikroskope, p. 2071. (Electron microscope study of the shape of tungsten carbide

emitters, p. 307). (For annotation, see entry

# 72).

3.58 ZUBENKO, IU.V. and KLIKEN, A.I. Povedenie Si i

Ge na poverkhnosti vol'frama, p. 2073. (Behavior

of Si and Ge on tungsten surfaces, p. 313).

3.5 ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON CATHODE ELECTRONICS, 10th. TASHKEND, November 23 - 30, 196l.(KONFERENTSIIA P0 KAT0DN0I ELEKTR0NIKE,10-e).

BALASHOVA, A. P. and others. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 7, no. 7, 1258-

72 (1962). English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 7, no. 7, 1181-97 (1962).

3.501 ELINSON, M.I. and KUDINTSEVA, G.A. Avtoemissionnye katody i ikh svoistva , p. 1265. (Field-emission cathodes and their properties, p. II89).

(For annotation, see entry #10).

3.502 GOFMAN, I.I. Issledovanie elektrostaticheskoi

elektronnoi emissii iz vol'frama v oblasti slabykh polei, p. 1265. (Study of field emission

from tungsten in weak fields, p. II89). (For

annotation, see entry #18).

33
3.503 GOR'KOV, V.A., ELINSON,M.I.and IAKOVLEVA, G.D.

Teoreticheskie i eksperimental ' nye issledovaniia

preddugovykh iavlenii pri avtoelektronnoi emissii,

p. 1265. (Theoretical and experimental investigations of pre-arc phenomena in field emission,

p. 1189. (For annotation, see entry #21).

3.50U GOR'KOV, V.A.,ELINSON,M.I.,and SANDOMIRSKII, V.B.

Rol 1 prostranstvennogo zariada pri otbore predel'no vysokikh plotnostei toka, p. 1265. (Role of

space charge in obtaining critically high current

densities, p. II89). (For annotation, see entry

#22).

3.505 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and FURSEI, G.N. Izuchenie oso- bennostei avtoelektronnoi emissii v oblasti sil'-

nykh polei i bol'shikh plotnostei tokov, p. 1261;.

(Characteristics of field emission in the strong

field and high current density range, p. 1188).

(For annotation, see entry #58).

3.506 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and MILESHKINA, N.7. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia s tonkikh sloev germaniiana vol'frame,

p. 1263. (Field emission from thin layers of germanium on tungsten, p. H87). (For annotation, see en- try #62).

3.507 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. Eksperimental 'naia proverka prichin nelineinosti vol'tampernykh kharakteristik avtoelektronnoi emissii

s monokristallov sernistogo kadmiia, pp. 1263-lu

(Experimental investigation of the causes of non- linearity of .the current voltage characteristics

of field emission from cadmium sulfide single crystals, p. H87). (For annotation, see entry #61;),

3.508 SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P. Energeticheskoe raspredelenie avtoelektronov s monokristallov

sernistogo kadmiia, p. 1261;. (Energy distribution of

field emission electrons from cadmium sulfide single

crystals, p. II87).

3.509 VOROB'EV, A. A. and VOROB'EV, G.A; Otsenka avtoelektronnoi emissii v shchelochno-galoidnykh kristallakh, p. 1265. (Evaluation of field emission

from alkali-halide crystals, p. H89).

3k
3.510 ZHDAN, A.G., SANDOMLRSKII, V.B. and ELINSON,M.I.

Eksperimental'noe i teoreticheskoe issledovaniia

spektrov emittirovannykh avtoelektronov iz poluprovodnikov, p. 1261u (Experimental and theoretical investigation of field emission spectra

of semiconductors, p. 1188).

3.511 ZUBENKO, IU.V. and SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia zoloto-barievykh sloev,

p. 1263. (Field emission of gold-barium layers,

p. U87). (For annotation, see entry #77).

3.6 INTER-INSTITUTIONAL SEMINAR ON PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF CATHODE

ELECTRONICS, 20th. MOSCOW, June 1; - 5, 1962. (MEZHDUVEDOMSTVENNYI

SEMINAR PO FIZICHESKIM OSNOVAM KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKI, 20-e). BALASHOVA, A. P. and others. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 7, no. 10, 18U6-8

(1962). English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 7, no. 10, 1711-3 (1962).

3.61 FURSEI, G.N. and TOLKACHEVA, I.D. Issledovanie

effektov,predshestvuiushchikh vakuumnomu proboiu,

dlia avtoelektronnykh emitterov iz Ta i Mo,p.l8L|.6.

(Pre-breakdown effects in field emission from Ta

and Mo, p. 1711). (For annotation, see entry#l6).

3.62 GOFMAN, I.I. and GORBATTI, N.A. Issledovanie vol'tampernykh kharakteristik avtoelektronnogo toka s razlichno orientirovannykh vol ' framovykh ostrii,

p. 18U7. (Field emission currents from variously

oriented tungsten tips, p. 1712).

3.63 NOVIKOV, B.V., SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L.,and SHCHERBAKOV, G.P.

Issledovanie zavisimosti avtoelektronnoi emissii s monokristallov CdS ot dliny volny padaiushchego sve- ta pri 85 °K, p.l81;6. (Investigation of field emission from CdS single crystals as a function of the

wavelength of incident light at 85°K, p. 1711).(For

annotation, see entry #UU).

3 . 6I4. SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Temper aturnaia zavisimost' avtoelektronnogo toka s monokristallov CdS, p. I8I4.6. (Temperature dependence of field emission currents

from CdS single crystals, p. 1711).(For annotation,

see entry #57).

3.65 ZUBENKO, IU.V. Issledovanie pri pomoshchi elektronnogo proektora avtoelektronnoi emissii sloev Ti na W i W2C, p. I8I4.6. (Field-emission microscope study

of Ti layers on W and W2C, p. 1711 ).

35
3.7 INTER-INSTITUTIONAL SEMINAR ON PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF CATHODE

ELECTRONICS, 21st. MOSCOW, November 12 - Ik, 1962. (MEZHDUVEDOMSTVENNTI SEMINAR PO FIZICHESKIM OSNOVAM KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKI,

21-e). ZHDAN, A.G. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 8, no.6,1088-9lj. (1963).

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, 8, no. 6; (expected to appear early I96I4.)

.

3.71 FURSEI, G.N. Impul ' snaia avtoelektronnaia emissiia

s reniia, p. IO89. (Pulsed field emission from

rhenium)

.

3.72 GASS, V.F. Nekotorye voprosy raboty avtokatoda v

SVCH-pole, p. IO89. (Performance of field emission

cathodes in microwave fields )

.

3.73 SANDOMIRSKII, V.B. and KOGAN, SH.M. Vliianie

kvantuiushchego magnitnogo polia na avtoelektronnuiu

emissiiu, p. 1088. (Effect of quantizing magnetic

fields on field emission).

3.7U SHREDNIK, V.N. K voprosu ob usrednenii avtoemissionnoi raboty vykhoda, p. 1088. (Determination of

average work function values by means of field emission). (For annotation, see entry #83).

3.8 INTER-INSTITUTIONAL SEMINAR ON PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF CATHODE

ELECTRONICS, 22nd. MOSCOW, March 11 - 12, 1963. (MEZHDUVEDOMSTVENNYI SEMINAR PO FIZICHESKIM OSNOVAM KATODNOI ELEKTRONIKI,

22-e). ZHDAN, A.G. Radiotekhn. i Elektron, 8, no. 8, Ili91-5(1963)

English translation: Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. USSR, _8, no.8j(expected to appear early I96I1).

3.81 KOMAR, A. P. and SAVCHENKO, V.P. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia metallopodobnykh molekul i polimerov C, Se,

Te i Bi, p. 1U9L (Field emission of metal-like

molecules and polymers of C, Se, Sb, Te and Bi).

3.82 KOMAR, A. P. and SIUTKIN, N.N. Avtoelektronnaia e- missiia stareiushchego splava Ni-Be, p. llj.91. (Field

emission from aging Ni-Be alloys).

3.83 SHREDNIK, V.N. and TASKAEVAIA, E.V. Avtoelektronnaia

emissiia natriia na vol'frame, p. llj.91. (Field emission from sodium on tungsten).

3.8U SOKOL'SKAIA, I.L. Energeticheskoe raspredelenie

elektronov pri avtoelektronnoi emissii so sloev

germaniia na vol'frame, p. llj.92. (Energy distribution of field-emitted electrons from germanium on tungsten)

.

36
3.85 ZUBENKO, IU.V. Avtoelektronnaia emissiia

reniia, pokrytogo toriem, p. 11+92. (Field emission from rhenium coated with thorium).

37
h. REFERENCES

The following indexing and abstracting journals (dates of issues

searched are indicated) proved to be very useful in locating relevant

papers in the original and translated Soviet technical literature on field emission research:

Annotirovannyi Ukazatel' Literatury po Radioelektronike.

(Annotated Bibliography of Electronics). Moscow,

Sovietskoe Radio, i960 - 2. dn Russian^.

Chemical Abstracts. Washington, American Chemical Societv

i960 - to date.

Chemical Titles. Washington, American Chemical Society,

i960 - to date.

Current Contents of Space, Electronic and Physical

Sciences. Philadelphia, Institute for Scientific

Information, I96I - to date.

East European Accessions Index. Washington, U.S.

Government Printing Office, i960 - I96I. c Ceased publication.

Monthly Index of Russian Accessions. Washington,

U.S. Government Printing Office, i960 - to date.

Nuclear Science Abstracts. Oak Ridge, Term.

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, i960 - to date.

Physics Abstracts. London, Institution of Electrical

Engineers, i960 - to date.

Physikalische Berichte. Braunschweig, Verband Deutscher

Physikalischer Gesellschaften, i960 - to date, dn German 3 .

Referativnyi Zhurnal: Fizika. (Abstract Journal: Physics).

Moscow, VINITI, i960 - to date, dn Russian^.

Referativnyi Zhurnal: Khimiia. (Abstract Journal: Chemistry).

Moscow, VINITI, i960 - to date, dn Russian3 .

Technical Translations. Washington, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Office of Technical Services, i960 - to date.

38
SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT ENTRY NO. SUBJECT ENTRY NO.

Adsorption 31, 36. 37, U2, 50

53, 55, 65, 71, 7U, 82.

Aluminum oxide 13, 23.

Argon 65

Barium 50, $9, 71, 75, 77.

Barium-gold compound 77.

Barium oxide Ul.

Beryllium 31

.

Cadmium 55

.

Cadmium selenide 60. 61.

Cadmium sulfide kk, hi, 56, 57,

60, 61, 63, 6k.

Calcium 36.

Carbon dioxide k-9, 65.

Chemisorption 75.

Copper 29, 30.

Copper-gold alloy 30.

Copper-platinum alloy 30.

Current variation 5. 52.

Desorption 36. 37. UO, Ul, U2,

^, 71, 73, 7U, 8U.

Dielectrics 3.

Dislocations 29.

Dissertations 25, 67, 8U, 85.

Electrolytic etching 2, 16,

38, 39.

Electron energy distribution

hi, 6k, 69, 70.

Electron tunneling 1.

Field ion emission 32, lj.0, 5l.

Field penetration 68.

Fluorocarbons lj.6, U8, k9.

Germanium 2, 26, 1|2, U5, 62.

Gold 30, 77.

Hydrogen U8, U9, 65.

Impurities 29.

Iridium 38. Iron 80, 85.

Lanthanum boride 9, 10.

Metals 6, 53.

Microwave field 7.

Molecular patterns 27, 28, I4.6, U8, U9, 65.

Molybdenum 16.

Molybdenum oxide 5U.

Nickel-beryllium alloy 33.

Nickel-manganese alloy 30.

Nitrogen U8. k9, 65.

Oxygen U8, k9 , 65.

Patents 8.

Photoconductivity kk.

Photo effects 56, 61, 6U.

Platinum 29

.

Potential barrier 66.

Pre-breakdown phenomena 15,

21, 58, 59.

'

Pulsed technique 2, 9, 15, 16,

17, 19, 20, 58, 59.

Reviews and surveys 53* 78.

Rhodium 39.

Scintillation technique 17, 18.

Semiconductors 6, 12, 13, 26,

k3, 5k, 62, 68, 69, 70.

Silicon U5.

Silicon oxide 12, 13, 69, 70.

Silver 29, 30.

Space charge 7. 11. 22, 35.

Strontium 37, kZ, ok.

Surface migration 31, 36, 37,

k2, &, 71, 80.

T-F emission 56, 57.

Tantalum Ik, 16.

Terminology. Czech k.

Thorium Ik, 75.

Titanium 73.

Titanium carbide 10.

Tungsten 5, 9, 15, 17. 18, 19,

20, 32, Ho, 58, 59* 79.

Tungsten carbide 2, 71, 72,

73, Ik, 76.

Tungsten oxide $k.

Waveguide theory 27, 28.

Whiskers 5U.

Work function 50, 76, 79, 83.

Zirconium 2, 5l.

Zirconium carbide 2, 9, 10.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1964 O - 720-213

39

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C.and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Volume.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallo graphy.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele- mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory. Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical

Services. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun- Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics.

Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Frequency

Calibration Services. NBS LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS GROUP

(Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at Univ. of Colo.)