NBS

publicatk:

NBSiR 80-2051

AlllOS 1311bS

NBS/AID/PCSIR Survey on

Standardization and Measurement

Services in Pakistan

Editors:

H. Steffen Reiser

Theodore M. Manakas

Penelope M. Odar

Office of International Relations

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

Held January 12-25, 1979

Issued June 1980

Survey Director: Dr. Abdul Ghani

Chairman, Pakistan Council

for Scientific and Industrial Research

International

Team Members: Mr. Cyril H. Dix, United Kingdom

Mr. Hugh L.K. Goonetilleke, Sri Lanka

Dr. Peter L.M. Heydemann, United States

Dr. Chul Koo Kim, Korea

Mr. H. Steffen Reiser, United States

Dr. John K. Taylor, United States

A Report of a Survey Conducted Jointly by the National Bureau

of Standards and the Agency for International Development PASA TA(CE)5-71

•QO—

100

.056

80-2051

1980

.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

VTIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

AVIDKAL BOBKAU

or stamdasds

xabbart

NBSIR 80-2051 JUL 2 l 1980

fIt-L ate ' (lire . NBS/AID/PCSIR SURVEY ON QClOo

STANDARDIZATION AND MEASUREMENT „ aSb

SERVICES IN PAKISTAN ^0^ \

Editors:

H. Steffen Reiser

Theodore M. Manakas

Penelope M. Odar

Office of International Relations

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

Held January 12-25, 1979

Issued June 1 980

Survey Director: Dr. Abdul Ghani

Chairman, Pakistan Council

for Scientific and Industrial Research

International

Team Members: Mr. Cyril H. Dix, United Kingdom

Mr. Hugh LK. Goonetilleke, Sri Lanka

Dr. Peter L.M. Heydemann, United States

Dr. Chul Koo Kim, Korea

Mr. H. Steffen Reiser, United States

Dr. John K. Taylor, United States

A Report of a Survey Conducted Jointly by the National Bureau

of Standards and the Agency for International Development PASA TA(CE)5-71

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary lor Productivity. Technology and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
‘A.IaCHa** to

r«A«aM

dSEI 1 s'jut ^ ris65-oe««Sn

vlvmie «i3o«f\aiA\38vi «y 'lU TM3W3RU8A3M QtlA MOITAXiaHAOMAT3

S' " ..*-8811' MATaWAq Vtl‘333IVfl32

i3ni

,,,.

. Misbs ^ 0 .rtoJ^irtaiWV^

^ ,3

rMiJinii b»«*i

" " iii-i, ,, ... . \*^W>

WV ® ^ ,3

0€M8fj<wtuli‘c«K<«jrl

Tt' '^'K

iQ' .’lof^fniO v®vtu2J'^'

fiwUha

STi. ?;*i .Ok' J't'f

»«4srtiM''.MI «iobu«rfr

iflbD .M' itqo)«f

'

'HtuXSi n

:.' \

^f- liamjiaO .Mm-uiiiO ^ wiaiWMljO|rt>«<iil

rrtQij^i^)t fo«l*i^: msot,)

v't®"t«QNiirifilWiiOO Jl,J<rte»i)H

»w«»8 ifinsntatoYtkH M«J iQ

AMintd boJii^/jv'«iiiy<jT rtfiCft? td

* : % - sr ',; .• i

)6.n*wttt,vl yd yUoMSt' y»nii*d' Jfc-lw yiexHift A , _ f V 2I 30JAT A8A<? jASfU^^JdvfliO #ty b«« i(ibyp|>fi«t3

YMrt%v»»3 .jeoilfsriuOl M qi«rtS MOmMMQO W mmimmh 3 if

t:- t« ii*'.

'

' w i

,- no«i«M«\nV VMM y^tAonAo«t .yftVvy>a«iWA 'uA %mwt$k .AttmtOI L flilnoL

•t <f* ' '» zv -,2m mm3 .SOftAOMATK W liAaillUfl JAHOrrAiH%;
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Readers not familiar with Pakistan are advised to read

Sections V and VI before Sections II, III, and IV.)

Pages

Section I Executive Summary 1

Section II Introduction: Background of NBS/AID Support for

Standards in Development 3

A) General 3

B) Exploration of a Proposal for an NBS/AID Survey of

Standardization and Measurement Services in Pakistan 3

C) The Survey and Its Teams 17

Section III Conclusions, Recommendations, and Some Notes

From Lectures by Visiting Team Members 23

A) The Visiting Team’s Letter at the End of the

Survey to the PCSIR Chairman 23

B) Mr. Cyril H. Dix’s Contribution 27

C) Mr. Hugh L.K. Goonetilleke ’s Contribution 37

D) Dr. Peter L.M. Heydemann’s Contribution 46

E) Dr. Chul Koo Kim's Contribution 48

F) Mr. H. Steffen Peiser’s Contribution 51

G) Dr. John K. Taylor's Contribution 53

Section IV Itinerary 55

A) General 55

B) Visits Within the Islamabad and Peshawar Areas ... 56

C) Visits Within the Lahore Area 69

D) Visits Within the Karachi Area . 82

Section V Notes on the Economy of Pakistan 91

(Basic Information for Readers Not Familiar

with Pakistan)

i
Section VI Notes on Science and Technology in Pakistan 93

(Basic Information for Readers Not Familiar with

Pakistan)

A) General 93

B) The Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research 95

C) The Plan for the National Physical and Standards

Laboratory 96

Appendix 1 Extract from PC-1 Plan for NPSL 99

Appendix 2 Two Articles on Survey in ''Dawn” 105

Appendix 3 Biographical Sketches of Survey Team Members

From Abroad 109

Appendix 4 Abbreviations Used Repeatedly in This Report 113

ii
I . EXECUTIVE SU^IMARY

Following similar projects conducted by the National Bureau of

Standards in other countries, the Ministry of Science and Technology

of Pakistan and under it the Pakistan Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research invited MBS to organize a six-person international

team of experts in selected topics of metrology to advise the

Government of Pakistan on the adequacy and needs for standards and

measurement services. This team was specifically expected to comment

upon, elaborate, and fill in details for the existing and fully

approved plan to establish a new laboratory in Islamabad which under

the PCSIR will be the primary national standards body under the title

of National Physical and Standards Laboratory, This Survey was undertaken with shared funding and guidance from the Government of

Pakistan and the U.S, Agency for International Development,

The team composed of specialists from Korea, Sri Lanka, the United

Kingdom, and three NBS staff members, visited numerous Industrial,

academic, and governmental establishments in the Islamabad, Peshawar,

Lahore, and Karachi areas within a two-week period in January 1979

(Section IV) , They were accompanied by a high-level Pakistani

counterpart team representing the PCSIR laboratories. The entire

Survey was under the continuous personal direction of Dr, Abdul Ghani,

the PCSIR Chairman, who saw in it an opportunity to study the problems

and opportunities of industry whether privately or publicly

controlled. The team strongly endorsed the NPSL plan, having found

every indication that a national focal point for good measurements

appeared as a critical need for Pakistan's development, A summarizing

letter of conclusions and recommendations dated on the last day of the

Survey is reproduced with other recommendations and relative remarks

by visiting team members (Section III), Throughout their brief stay

in Pakistan, the visiting team members discussed freely with their

hosts specific problems arising from Inadequate availability and use

of measurement services. As in most other countries, the team found a widespread failure to understand the full importance of measurement

and standards. Some of these detailed observations are noted within

this report in the itinerary section (IV),

No country has progressed industrially with success without a wellbuilt and well-kept measurement standards facility staffed with highly

trained, well-motivated and well-compensated specialists of highest

integrity. Their services are needed to provide a uniform, selfreliant national measurement system traceable to recognized

international standards. They must provide calibration services to

laboratories throughout the nation for: equity in retail markets; raw

material discovery and selection; interchangeability of parts;

industrial process control; quality assurance through testing of

products for domestic and export trade; protection of home, work, and

natural environments; the control and distribution of power; and so forth. Their services are also needed for providing training in

measurement methodologies such as in the use of standard reference

1
materials. Metrology today is as important in application of material

and chemical sciences as in physical sciences, Despite considerable

comprehension by the technical community, Pakistan today suffers

losses from lack of standards in its industries, which will become

ever more crippling without a major national commitment of effort and

funds to standards and measurements based on know-how available

internationally and in part already in Pakistan, Equally needed is a widespread understanding by industrial and political leaders, on vrhose

decisions the rapid implementation of the flPSL plan depends. Success

of the plan, of course, then depends on the careful selection of

staff, good building design and modern instrumentation, good

management and technical guidance. International cooperation, and

above all, good interlaboratory cooperation and consultation within

Pakistan, There is in Pakistan an unlimited scope for standards

development work with economic benefit. The visiting team feels

strongly that given a fair opportunity and the tools for such a laboratory, NPSL can become a major economic asset to Pakistan,

The visiting Survey Team acknowledges most gratefully the open

discussions and friendly receptions throughout their stay in Pakistan,

2
II. INTRODUCTION:

BACKGROUND OF NBS/AID SUPPORT FOR STANDARDS IN DEVELOPI-TENT

A, General

Ten years ago, the U.S. State Department and the Agency for

International Development requested the National Bureau of Standards

to determine whether the expertise at NBS was relevant to development

abroad and, if so, by what mechanism the transfer of experience to

industrializing economies could be accelerated. At a seminar attended

by more than a dozen developing countries and several International

agencies, NBS was advised that:

1. An infrastructure in standardization including measurement

technology is absolutely essential to development of any sort

particularly when industrial projects are included,

2, Even though NBS is not primarily a teaching institution, this

agency should give technical standardization support to AID's

programs abroad.

During the following 10 years NBS, with partial support from AID and

the developing countries themselves, has undertaken several kinds of

well-documented experimental projects in standardization for

development. For instance, representatives from several developing

countries, including Pakistan, have taken part in workshops in which

NBS organized an itinerary around the United States to show how

standardization programs operate in the United States. Under another

of these experimental projects, NBS has offered to put at the disposal

of the government of a developing country for 2 full working vreeks the

knowledge and experience of up to 12 specialists in standardization

topics chosen by the host government. These teams were organized by

Mr, H. Steffen Peiser, Chief of the NBS Office of International

Relations, and included highly qualified experts from third countries

as well as from the United States. The Director of each NBS/AID

Survey was always a highly placed standards official of the host

country, who arranged for domestic counterpart team members and joint

team visits to typical agencies, laboratories. Industries, and

universities for discussions on the availability or additional need

for self-reliant standardization and measurement services in that

country. In every one of these surveys, these team visits themselves

led to a significant dissemination of opportunities and benefits from

standardization.

B. Exploration of a Proposal for an NBS/AID Survey of

Standardization and Measurement Services in Pakistan

Mr. Peiser took a special interest in a tentative approach from the

Government of Pakistan concerning such a survey there. Through

previous visits to that country, through management of a "special

3
foreign currency project" at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science

and Technology (PINSTECH) ,_and through his service as U,S, delegate to

the CENTO Science Board, he had gained an admiration for the

abilities, work ethics, discipline, and determination of Pakistani

colleagues. He knew of the great needs of Pakistan for higher quality

and standards for life. Therefore, Mr. Pelser made a preliminary

visit to Pakistan in June 1978 in order to find out whether the

Government saw an opportunity for such a survey and, if so, what would

be the timing and topics of specialization chosen by the host

government. On arrival Mr, Pelser was shown a most helpful working

paper, which is here reproduced in full with minor editorial changes

to help American readers:

WORKING PAPER FOR DISCUSSION WITH MR. H. STEFFEN PEISER

IW CONNECTION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL

PHYSICAL AND STANDARDS LABORATORY (PCSIR). ISLAMABAD

Correapondence Initiated by the PCSIR Member for Technology

on January 21, 1978, and later on taken up by the Chairman

of PCSIR with Mr, H, S, Pelser, Chief, Office of International

Relations, NBS, Washington, D.C., United States, has resulted in

the visit of Mr. Pelser to Karachi for holding discussions on the

above subject. Accordingly, meetings have been fixed at Islamabad,

Lahore, and Karachi from June 24-28, 1978, in which relevant PCSIR

scientists have been invited to express their views for proper

planning of the NPSL,

In this connection, a draft working paper has been prepared

for discussions. The broad methodology of setting up the

NPSL, as suggested by various scientists, is outlined below:

1, Recruitment and training of the scientific staff in various

fields, as provided in the PC-1. (Proforma and Feasibility

Report Rev. January 1974, PCSIR copy available on request

from NBS. An extract is reproduced in Appendix I.)

2, Possibilities of collaboration with similar international agencies, partlculary with NBS.

3, Planning and setting up the Standards and Measurements

Division and the Materials Division of the NPSL.

4, Building design with technical details for fittings and

fixtures of various types of equipment,

5, Planning and ordering equipment for the workshop,

6, Apart from the building requirements previously spelled

out, some of the rooms shall have to be made free from

electromagnetic and electrical disturbances.

4
I

7* It would be valuable if Mr. Pelaer could provide us

the data on annual expenditure and Income for such

I laboratories In the United States, United Kingdom, and a few developing countries,

8. Phased program for the years 1978-79 and 1979-80, equipment

already available, and what has so far been achieved are

ausunarlzed below:

First year 1977-78

{ 1) Land has been procured; tenders for the construction of the

l| boundary wall and for the architectural design of the NPSL building

jj have been floated. The tenders would be awarded before June 30,

i| 1978, Two Senior Research Officers and 4 Research Officers will

also be recruited soon. The staff positions for the years 1977-78

and 1978-79 are shown below:

Standards

Division

and Measurements Materials Division

1977-78 1978-79 1977-78 1978-

Director 1 1

C.S.O - - 1

P.S.O. +1 1 +1 1

SaR«0a 1+1 2 2+1 4

R.O. 1+2 8 1+2 9

J.T.O, - 3 2

4Means likely to join before June 30, 1978,

Program of Work

1) 1977-78

The equipment already available consists of two universal measuring

machines for engineering products, two 20 kg secondary standard

balances, a couple of top loading and one Sartorlus balance for

vorklng/secondary standard weights. One working standard meter,

a set of uncertified secondary standard French weights, one set of certified secondary standard weights manufactured by the

Pakistan Mint, and some equipment for measurement of electrical

parameters, e.g., resistance. Inductance, and capacitance are also

available.

5
AKkii

\ Some reference etandard weights, balances, volume measures,

electrical equipment and slip gages have been ordered vhlch are expected to arrive sometime In the middle of the financial year

1978-79. 1978-

79

1. A comprehensive list of users and requirements of the country

would be prepared after an International symposium on metrology

with participation from developing countries In vhlch experiences of the developing countries would be collected and used

for forward planning of the CTSL.

2. Setting up of the Standards Division to meet the above

requirements.

3. Planning and setting up of the Materials and Analytical

Laboratory.

4. Starting construction of the NFSL building.

1979-

8P

1. Completing construction of the building. Including fittings

and fixtures.

2. Equipping of length and electrical laboratory.

3. Equipping of the Materials Division.

4. Equipping of the Workshop,

5. Production of working standard weights.

Research and Development (R&D)

In the PC-1 Proforma, the pattern of R&D In the Standards and

Materials Division Is of the order of 20 percent and 35 percent

respectively, which would be followed In the NPSL.

Equipment and Training

Possibility of complete equipping of Standards or Materials

Division and maximum training facilities may be discussed.

I. Training

The following training facilities are essential and help In this

regard would be most welcome.

6
a) Physical Standards and Measurements Division

Six training facilities, one In each of the basic fundamental

physical units with top priority on mass, length, and electrical

standards and all related quantities, including Instrument use, repair, design, and development would also be addressed.

b) Materials Division

1. Analytical methods.

2. Electroanalytical chemistry, including modern methods of

Instrumental analysis.

3. Chemical thermodynamics.

4. X-ray analysis,

II, Equipment

Approximately 40 percent and 20 percent of the equipment listed

for the Standards and the Materials Divisions In the FC-1 shall

be procured in the year 1978-79, keeping In view the following

preliminary program of work which would be undertaken in the

NPSL In the year 1978-79:

a) Physical Standards and Measurements Division

1)

Maintenance of basic and primary physical standards

and calibration of secondary standards,

11)

Advice on the standard practices for measurement.

Ill) Development and production of secondary standards using

facilities available In the country,

b) Materials Division

1)

Determination and compilation of the physical, physicochemical, and thermodynamic properties of materials,

and providing information service on materials.

11)

Physical and physico-chemical studies of the surface

properties of constructional materials,

111)

Research on the physical and molecular structure of

the materials and development of special materials having

specific properties for use In science and Industry.

Iv) Providing, after thorough research, authenticated and

standard analytical methods for determining chemical

composition of materials.

7
Dr. S.M.A, Hal, formerly of Yale University, now at the Pakistan

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, reported Mr. Pelser's

visit fully. His text, with very minor editorial changes to conform

with NBS style, is reproduced in full:

Mr. H, S, Peiser, Chief of the Office of International Relations,

National Bureau of Standards, United States, arrived in Pakistan

on June 24, 1978, at 1:45 a.ra, Ke was received at the Karachi

Airport by Dr, S.M.A, Hal,

Mr. Peiser and Dr. Hal left for Islamabad on the same morning by

the 7:30 a.m. flight. From the airport, they went straiglit to NPSL

to enable Mr. Peiser to take a look at the existing facilities in

temporary quarters of the National Physical and Standards Laboratory

at the Quide-e-Azam University,

After that, two sessions of discussions (one in the morning and

one in the afternoon) were held at the Guest House of NPSL. The

following were present:

Dr. A. Ghanl, Chairman, FCSIR

Mr, H, Steffen Peiser, NBS

Dr, R, A, Shah, Director, PCSIR Laboratories, Peshawar

Dr, S.S.H. Zaldi, Controller of Weights and Measures,

Government of Pakistan, Islamabad

Dr, M, Aslam Chaudrl, Officer In-Charge, NPSL, Islamabad

Dr, Zafar Ahmed, Senior Research Officer, NPSL, Islamabad

Dr. Tayab M, Qurashi, Senior Research Officer, NPSL,

Islamabad

Mrs. M. S. Khan, Research Officer, NPSL, Islamabad

Dr, S.M.A. Hal, Senior Research Officer

(Officer In-Charge, Planning), PCSIR, Karachi

Mr. Peiser described the role of NBS as a national focal point

for the science of measurement. As such, it has developed into the

prime civilian "in-house" physical science laboratory of the U.S.

Government and now also encompasses such areas as building technology, computer and engineering science, work on engineering

and product standards, etc. The equivalence of the self-reliant

missions of NPSL and NBS in their respective countries was discussed as were the international organizational links between such

national standards bodies. MBS, for example, has cooperative

activities with many other countries, A consensus was reached on

8
the priorities for >IPSL based on a previous survey of industry

and government needs in Pakistan. Undoubtedly, NPSL, to start with,

should ask for help with the realization of internationally agreed

measurements for mass, length, time, temperature, and electrical

and radiometric quantities.

Mr. Pelser advocated voluntary standardization for products and

services, except where the safety and health of people were concerned. Even if Pakistan at this time has to enforce compliance

with physical, engineering, or ocher standards, he felt that NPSL

should not have a direct role in such regulatory surveillance, but

should rather provide all interested parties with reliable technical

services, including practical test methodologies. In many measurement processes, such as in the assurance of equity in the marketplace, mass, length, area, and volume are mostly concerned at a level of accuracy well below that to be achieved at NPSL. The

accuracy inherent in the national standards can then be disseminated

through several calibration levels in which some accuracy is lost.

The Weights and >feasures Department of the Ministry of Industry

should play the key role based on top level calibration by NPSL.

Occasionally, however, at some working levels in some industrial

plants, highest accuracy will be needed, and NPSL must be vrell prepared to identify and serve directly such vital needs. This

situation will be met more and more frequently as the Industrial

advancement of Pakistan continues.

Cooperation with NPSL and assistance from NBS was decided in the

following areas, subject to concurrence by USAID/Islamabad;

1) Publication exchanges would include literature from NBS,

the Journal of Research, "Dimensions," the basic metrology

papers collected in SP 300, the U.S. national measurement

system, the annual abstract booklet’ of NBS publications,

model laws, the list of NBS standard reference materials,

NBS publication list of volumes v;ith standard reference

data, etc.*

2) Invitation to the PCSIR to nominate one participant in

the regional seminar organized with NBS at the new Korea

Standards Research Institute (K-SRI) on the topic of

"Metrology in Industry and Government—How to Find Out ^'Iho Needs What Services." This seminar will be followed by a tour of research and industrial facilities. Costs will be

borne by K-SRI and NBS.*

3) Invitation to the Director of NPSL to participate in the

NBS /AID Workshop on Standardization and Measurement

Services as practiced in the United States to be held in the

United States from October 8-21, 1978, The cost of travel and

*Implemented since.

9
subsistence in the United States v;ill be borne by AID and NBS.

International travel should, if possible, be provided

by the guests.*

4) On receipt of an invitation, NRS will send an international

team of experts, in subjects to be specified by NPSL, to survey the needs and delivery of metrological services to Pakistan industry and other governmental agencies from

December 2-14, 1978, The program will include lectures,

discussions, and visits to government agencies, universities,

industries, and laboratories in the Karachi, Lahore and

Islamabad areas. Costs will be shared between NBS, AID,

and NPSL, the international travel being provided by

NBS/AID.**

5) NBS can and will receive well-grounded and motivated NPSL

staff members for research orientation at NBS in the field

of physical standards in which they are to have leadership

in Pakistan. Periods of training will vary from four to eight

months with MBS providing guidance and facilities; cost of

travel and subsistence being either borne by NPSL or by an international agency or by AID whose Mission in Islamabad

will consider such an application by the PCSIR through the

Government of Pakistan if a strong benefit to small-scale

Industry can be anticipated.***

6) Under the PL-480 program, NBS is prepared to consider

research grants for cooperation in metrology which would

satisfy the following criteria:

a) Interest to NBS.

b) Interest to NPSL.

c) Competence of the scientists engaged in the project,

d) A definite research result to be anticipated that

would be in the interests of Pakistan.***

The Chairman thanked Mr. Peiser for his visit and discussed with

him the challenges faced by the scientific community in Pakistan,

Recognition of the need for science as a vital and indispensable

element in development was not widely appreciated in practice.

Funds and other support were sometimes very hard to get.

Mr, Peiser was of the opinion that these problems are not unique

to Pakistan, even if there they are present to a high degree.

Nevertheless, it was agreed that we must go forward with confidence. The rational order was to hire the right technical staff.

*Implemanted since.

** Implemented and the subject of this report. ***Not yet Implemented.

10
to choose the Instrumentation, and then to finalize the construction

plans. Mr. Pelser visited the U.S. Embassy and USAID In Islamabad

to give a brief summary report on the plans for ^-TPSL and possible

NBS cooperation. The attitude In both places demonstrated an Interest and seemed generally favorable and supportive.

Mr. Pelser Informed PCSIR that Mr. Frank Trlppett, the Science

Officer at the U.S. Embassy, Is the best contact for PL-4G0 projects and that Mr, Walter Stettner, the Senior Officer In-Charge

of the Economic Section of USAID/ Islamabad, would guide any AID

support for NBS/NPSL cooperation,

A luncheon was hosted by the Chairman of PCSIR at which Dr, Nlsar

Ahmad, Additional Secretary of the Ministry for Science and

Technology, was also present. Before departure from Islamabad, Informal discussion with Drs. M. A. Chaudrl, Z. A. Khan,

and M, M. Qurashi helped to reemphasize the desirability for

assistance in ordering equipment. Mr. Pelser thought

Dr, R, C. Sangster might be available for a consultation visit

to Pakistan in August or early September 1978, Moreover, attention was given to desirable lecture topics to be presented

during the NBS/AID/PCSIR Survey of Metrology Services in

Pakistan as follows:

1) Realization and calibration against fundamental

(reference/prototype) standards of measurement,

viz., for mass, length, temperature, electrical

standards, luminosity, time, and derived units,

2) Electrochemical studies/techniques as applied to:

(a) Corrosion studies and Its remedy.

(b) Production of pure metals.’

3) General talk on production, maintenance, and tests

Involved for standard reference materials (SRM’s).

4) Calibration of the instruments involved In instrumental

analysis, viz., IR, UV, visible light spectrophotometers, emission spectrophotometers, etc.

5) Ultrasonic and far Infrared studies.

Mr, Pelser referred back to a previous discussion with

Dr, S.S.U, Zaidl, Controller of the Ministry of Industries, at

which the priority subjects for the Survey were agreed, namely:

1) Mass

2) Length and Interferometry

3) Electrical Standards

4) Time and Frequency Standards

11
5) H,V, (High V'oltage) Measurements

6) Radiofrequency and Microwave Measurements

7) Thermometry

8) Optical Radlometry

9) Optical Instrumentation

10)

Solid State Physics

This list would be shortened by those topics In which the responsible

NPSL officers could not be appointed before the end of October. Even

so, Mr, Peiser was very doubtful whether these topics could all be

effectively Included in the survey program.

At Lahore, Dr, Hal and Mr. Peiser were received by Dr. M. Hanif and

taken to the PCSIR Laboratories, where the Director, Dr. M, K, Bhutty,

personally summarized the work of all seven divisions which Mr. Peiser was able to visit briefly three and a half years after a similar

previous laboratory tour. He expressed admiration for the variety

of significant projects of economic, social, and technological

potential on which work was proceeding at these laboratories with

moat creditable results in some fields. In more informal conversation, Mr, Peiser felt that the inspirational scientific leadership

In this institution was a significant factor in its remarkable

success. Mr. Peiser insisted it be recorded that he thought

Pakistan's development depended on continued improvement in facilities and status recognition and rewards for scientists In PCSIR

Laboratories.

PCSIR Headquarters Meeting, June 27 L 28, 1978, on Programs for NPSL; Tentative Agenda

June 27, 1978

1) Report of Visits to Islamabad and Lahore.

2) General Impressions.

3) The Mission of NPSL and the Survey of Needs for

Physical Standards Services.

4) The Role of NBS In the United States

5) NBS Programs Relevant to NPSL.

«) Surveys

b) Workshops

c) Regional Seminars

d) Guest Workers

«) PL-480

6) Construction for NPSL.

7) Staffing of NPSL at Home and Abroad.

12
June 28, 1978

8) Equipment

a) Ordering

b) Maintenance

c) Spare Parts

d) Calibration

9) UNCSTD

10) International Organization for Legal ^fetrology - BIPM - UNESCO - CENTO - ADB

11) SRII - SRD; Important Functions at NPSL

12) The Role of Enforcement

a) Traceability to National Physical Standards

b) Compliance with Standards (for products, exports,

Imports, safety, test methods, etc.)

13) Any Other Business

14) Summary of Agreed Program Elements

At the Karachi headquarters of PCSIR, In the NPSL Meeting the

following were present:

Mr. H. S. Pelser

Mr. M. Aslam

Dr. M. M. Qurashl

Dr. R. A. Shah

Dr. S.S.H. Rlzvl

Dr. M. Hanlf

Dr. M. Aslam Chaudrl

Dr. B. Farooql

Dr. S.M.A. Hal

After a brief diversion on calorific gas generation from blowastes,

the tentative agenda were adopted. The summary of the visits to Islamabad and Lahore was followed by Mr. Reiser’s general Impressions, which centered around the conviction that a focal point for

physical measurement standards was absolutely essential though,

of course, not the sole element for industrial development. How

else can one hope to select consistent raw materials, control production processes and assure oneself of quality of products?

Mr, Reiser founded his confidence that Pakistan was capable of

13
rapid development for the betterment of all its people on the vast

natural and human resources, the work ethics, the scientific

leadership, and other factors.

The meeting continued to discuss the mission for !IPSL and the

history of the plans which originally Included two more

divisions. All agreed that regulatory authority and enforcement

of engineering standards, hov;ever important, should not be a direct

responsibility for flPSL.

The experience with the role of NBS was described by !Ir, Pelser,

and then the meeting reaffirmed the approbation of PCSIR of the

above-mentioned projects, namely the survey, workshop, regional

seminar, and guest assignment to NBS and other national institutions. Well-qualified staff would be sent for four to eight months

as trainees for their Intended responsibilities at NPSL, Mr. Peiser

v/ould assist in referring PCSIR to the best institutions in

Australia, Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Yugoslavia,* The meeting

questioned the attraction of PL-480 grants, but Mr. Peiser felt

that NPSL might receive benefits not readily provided otherxv?lse.

It was readily decided to postpone construction in favor of the

sequence preferred by the Chairman, but considerable discussion

ensued on the desirability of east-west orientation of the building and other devices to avoid uneven heating by the sun.

Staffing for NPSL would now proceed with great rapidity,

Mr, Peiser advised high standards and selectivity hut also

felt that Pakistanis abroad should be given attractive opportunities to return at least for a trial period to work for the

NPSL, possibly on fellowships from the U.N. or other international agencies. It was made quite clear that in the modified

plan for NPSL, the prime rational responsibility for instrument

maintenance and repair would not be placed in that organization,

but nevertheless, the problems of choice, etc., of the equipment

for NPSL were of major importance to be considered immediately

by the staff after recruitment. There folloxv’ed a discussion on expression of interest in cooperation, possibly under the PL-480

grants in standard reference material programs, which were to be

an important feature of NPSL programs.

Fund estimates for NPSL may have to be revised upwards,

especially by comparison with the Korean expenditures for an analogous program, but U.N, agencies (such as UNESCO)

or USAID or the Aslan Development Bank might be expected to be Interested in supporting NPSL if the plans are furtlier

elaborated with foresight.

On June 28, the meeting started on the agenda, item 8, concerned

with equipment. The following were present;

*In which countries some funding had been offered to Pakistan,

14
Mr. H. S. Peiser

Mr. M. Aslam

Dr. M. M. Ourashi

Dr. R. A. Shah

Dr. S.S.H. Rizvi

Dr. M, Hanlf

Dr. M. Aslam Chaudrl

Dr. B. Farooqi

Dr. S.M.A. Kai

The list of items to be ordered immediatelv was scrutinized in

full realization that the majority of equipment purchases are deferred till later fiscal years, that is, after the responsible

officers of hTSL have given detailed consideration of their carefully considered requirements. The items to be ordered now include

only general purpose equipment which will prove necessary v/ithout

question. A lively debate centered on the question of weight sets

needed for NPSL. Hr. Peiser' s original idea of ordering only a few mass standards seemed not practical because of emergencv and

limited capacity of calibrating Intermediate weigl'.ts. In general.

Dr. M. M. Ourashi favored duplicate sets, at least one of which

should be with certified values.

The meeting was well aware that one-piece weights were preferable

but might be more expensive.

Turning to maintenance and spare parts of the PC-1 plan,* it was generally agreed that we may not have made adenuate provisions,

especially for the hard currency components. It was the consensus of opinion that in the future we will have to increase this

allocation by at least a factor of 2.5.

The Internal calibration procedures should be left to the carefully

considered discretion of the scientists in charge, since it was Impractical to lay down a standard calibration Interval.

Mr. Aslam described his contribution in the Pakistani planning for

the U.N. Conference for Science and Technology for Development.

His own article was concerned with transfer of technology. A similar paper was written by Dr. M. M. Qurashl on appropriate technology.

The draft paper of Pakistan, prepared by the Ministry of Science and

Technology, would not make a specific recommendation of a Matlor.al

Capability in Metrology, but made several strong points on this type

of Infrastructure, e.g., for quality control of products, Mr. Peiser

described briefly the serious concern of the United States to

make a meaningful and constructive contribution to that Conference,

Mr. Peiser assured us that the United States would propose to recommend measures to support the development aims of the less Industrialized

regions of the world.

*Sec Appendix 1.

15
On the topic of OIML (International Organization for Legal Metrology),

Mr, Pelser described the Increasing significance of that organization 'a intent to establish internationally recognized measurement

procedures for all commercial transactions, including international

trade. From the almost 200 committees and subcommittees of this

organization, much could be learned by KFSL. Besides, chat

organization was making a special effort at this time to become more relevant to third world countries. The meeting recommended

that consideration be given to the possibility of Pakistan througli

NPSL joining that organization. Their address will be sent to us

by Mr, Peiser.

Item 11

Mr. Pelser described the critically evaluated commercial data

collected by NBS and associated by other national organizations

under the SRD program. There was a likelihood of NPSL being able

to benefit from these programs and eventually contribute to them,

possibly under the PL-A80 program. The discussion then turned to other sources of information of possible interest to NPSL, such as ISONET (International Organization for Standardization Information

Network), imS (the U.S, National Technical Information Service),

and systems such as MEDLINE (Medical Information by Title and

Abstract)

.

Item 12

Further mention was made of the advice NPSL would be expected to provide to organizations such as the Pakistan Standards Institute

and the Central Testing Laboratory on test methodology by v’hich

compliance with product standards could be established.

The meeting came to an end by a note of .tb-anks to Hr. Peiser from

Mr. Aslam on behalf of PCSIR. Kr. Peiser expressed similar sentiments. There was a commitment for continued collaboration and

understanding.

There was also a general consensus that Mr. Peiser' s visit to Pakistan has been quite useful in streamlining the future line of

action for implementing the scheme for NPSL.

Mr. Pelser flew back to the United States on June 29, 197S, at 3:40 a.m. by Pan Am. He was seen off at the airport by Dr, Hal

on behalf of PCSIR.

16
C , The Survey and Its Teams

Implementation of Item 3 (p. 9) brought Dr. M. M. QurAshl, Director

General for Appropriate Technology Development Organization, to NBS In

October, His return to PCSIR as NPSL Director was the aim but not yet

approved (c.f,. Section IV, B), He attended the NBS/AID Workshop on

U.S, standards and measurement practices. He also contributed to an

NBS Seminar preparatory to UNCSTD on the Technological Knowledge Base

for Industrializing Countries and met with persons responsible at NBS

for laboratory construction and maintenance In preparation for the

design and construction of new NPSL facilities to be constructed In

Islamabad. Most Importantly, Dr, Qurashl Informed us that plans for

the NBS/AID Survey of Standardization and Measurement Services were

going forward. We should aim for two weeks In January 1979 and plan

to Include a slightly smaller survey team than had been Involved In

similar surveys of other countries. The official invitation from the

Government of Pakistan could be expected shortly. Thus, Mr, Peiser

initiated corresponding U.S. clearances and chose the following team

in conformity with the topics which were chosen in further

correspondence by Dr. Abdul Ghani, PCSIR Chairman.

1, Mr. Cyril H. Dix

Head, DC/LF Measurement Group

Division of Electrical Science

National Physical Laboratory

Teddington, Middlesex TVJll OLW

United Kingdom

2, Mr, Hugh Lionel Kingsley Goonetilleke

Deputy Warden of Standards

Price Control Department

The Measurement Standards and Services Division

Department of Internal Trade

Park Road

Colombo 5, Sri Lanka

3, Dr. Peter L.M, Heydemann

Director, Center for Thermodynamics

and Molecular Science

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C, 20234

4, Dr, Chul Koo Kim

Head, Force Standards Laboratory

Korea Standards Research Institute

P.O, Box 333

Dae Jeon, Korea

17
5, Mr, H, Steffen Pelser

Chief, Office of ^

International Relations

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D,C, 2023A

6. Dr. John K, Taylor

Coordinator for Quality Assurance and

Voluntary Standardization Activities

Center for Analytical Chemistry

National Bureau of Standards

VJashington, D,C, 20234

For the record, it should be said, because their titles do not

indicate the following distinctions: Mr. Dlx, besides heading one of

the world’s best-known low frequency electrical measurement groups,

has professional experience in electronics and radiofrequency

measurements. Mr. Goonetilleke has been a leader in 0I>!L committees

concerned with development and is a coordinator of the U.K. Commonwealth

Science Council's S.E. Asia Metrology Program. Dr. Heydemann was

formerly heed of the NBS work on pressure and vacuum measurements and

then the Program Office. Dr. Kim brings with him the experience of the

establishment of a national measurement system with a central

metrology facility in another developing country, Mr. Peiser has

observed Industrial growth in several countries. After 40 years of

service. Dr, Taylor is the dean of scientists at NBS and unexcelled in

experience in analytical chemical methodologies. Biographical

sketches of these team members are given in Appendix 3, The Pakistan

counterpart host team which toured with the visiting team was twice as numerous, and at each center, it was further reinforced by regional

team members. Dr, Abdul Ghani, PCSIR Chairman, vjas Survey Director

and personally led the team, encouraging all programmed, as well as several additional improvised, activities.

SURVEY TEAM MEMBERS FROM PAKISTAN

Dr. Khurshid Ahmad, PCSIR, Karachi

Dr, M, Aslam, PCSIR Member, Technology

Dr, M, Khurshid Bhatty, Director, PCSIR, Lahore

Dr. A. B. Chaudhary, PCSIR, Lahore

Dr. M. Aslam Chaudharl, NPSL, Islamabad

Dr, Abdul Ghani, Chairman, PCSIR, and NBS/AID Survey Director

Dr, M, Hanlf, PCSIR, Lahore

Dr. S. M. Abdul Hal, PCSIR, Karachi

Mrs, M, S. Khan, NPSL, Islamabad

Dr. A, A, Khan, NPSL, Islamabad

Mr, Nlaz Mohammed, PCSIR, Peshawar

Dr, M, M, Qurashl, Chairman, Appropriate Technology Development

Organization, Islamabad

Dr, S. A, Qureshl, PCSIR, Lahore

Dr, Tayyeb M, Qureshi, NPSL, Islamabad

18
Dr. S. Sadrul Hasan Rizvl, PCSIR, Karachi

Dr, R, A, Shah, Director, PCSIR, Peshawar

Dr, S,S,H, Zaidi, Controller of the Department of Weights

and Measures, Islamabad

In briefing the team members from abroad and explaining their terms

of reference, Mr. Pelser wrote In part:

From January 12 (latest arrival in Islamabad) to departure from

Pakistan on or after January 25, we agree to place ourselves,

our technical experience, and our efforts at the disposal of the

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . . , ,

Our assignment is not necessarily confined to KPSL, and I like

to feel that the Governm.ent of Pakistan generally and other

institutions in particular, including PCSIR laboratories, will

want to make contact with us. Also included may be the Pakistan

Science Foundation, the National Science Council, the Pakistan

Industrial Technical Assistance Center, and others. Dr, Ghani

will no doubt explain to all officials we meet that we are simply

persons with some technical knowledge in some of the fields he

and his colleagues have indicated to us are of special priority.

We have no political, financial, or economic function. Technology

and specifically standardization are, in our opinion, a necessary

ingredient for development, but there are other factors that are equally relevant. Ve do not claim to address them. One of these

is the cultural base in Pakistan of which I for one am unfortunately rather ignorant. Mo^^7, I do not believe this is a serious

handicap because development, in my opinion, depends on choices

being resolutely made from within a culture. I knovr enough

about Pakistan to be deeply impressed by its natural and human

resources. I believe there are strong Indications of selfdiscipline, a good work ethic, and a sense of combined purpose

and idealism, both religious and secular, all of which gives the

opportunity for the Pakistan leadership to move that country

forward in a self-reliant way.

Do not please believe that our task is an easy one. I knew

we will be deeply moved or even shocked by the poverty w*

will sec, by primitiveness of some of the Industry, by the

lack of resources in some of the few existing lahorateries,

by lack of knowledge in some places, and--almost worst—by

belief that we come with specific detailed solutions when

our answers will only point the way to how our Pakistan friends can themselves start to acquire a stand-alone capability,

I believe we will be met with respect and personal friendship

everywhere, but should, in one place or another, some hard feelings erupt against us as representatives of "rich" nations,

let us be understanding and listen. The recent history of

Pakistan has been sadly frustrating, Ue share the hope for

happier days ahead. . . .

19
. • . Each of uo will have a PakliCanl technical counterpart

officer to whom ve try to tranafer aa many of our thoughts

and Ideaa aa la practical. Dr. Ghanl will also Introduce us

to high Pakistan Government officials. This Is not just a formality. It la difficult In all our countries for our political and administrative leaders to comprehend fully the

need for a aelf^based Infrastructure In science and technology,

Including standardization. Hov often have I heard, "Standard*

Izatlon is a key element in advanced technology and for a competitive consumer market, but standardization surely does

not pertain to small-scale Industry in a less developed

country CLDC)." As long as this widespread false picture

persists among political and Industrial leaders of LDC's,

all development plans will end in ruinous failure. We know chat,

but that does not help Pakistan, unless by patient rational argument we can convince our hosts and those determining Government

science policy.

The same applies at the small Industrial plants and villagelevel manufacturing groups, a few typical ones of which we hope

to visit as the Survey Team splits up into Its subgroups . . . his (Dr, C, K. Kim) special advice is needed from his knowledge

of technology in a highly Industrialized country and of a standards institution in a rapidly industrializing country. I hope he will attach himself from time to time to several of the

other groups and write a note at the end on what opportunities

he sees for NPSL to effectively cater for the near-term needs

of industry and the Government, In this and in all our report,

which I hope we will write within four to six months after

completion of the Survey, we will aim to be constructive, but

when we have to be critical to be helpful, we will not evade our responsibilities of being entirely honest with understanding.

By that, I mean particularly that we never conclude, "The Government must do this or that," but rather, "If the Government were

to choose to do so and so, the following benefit would be expected."

Visits should almost certainly be Included to the PCSIR Laboratories at Karachi, at I.ahore, and at Peshawar; the Atomic Energy

Research group working on trace eler.ent analysis; and the

universities. As program manager for the "Special Foreign Currency

Program" of the National Bureau of Standards, I will Incidentally

be looking out for possible opportunities for research grants of

Interest to XES technical projects which can be assisted by

Pakistani scientists working in their own institutions and for

carefully evaluated interests of Pakistan, , . ,

Each of us is likely to be asked to give at least one technical

lecture to a slightly wider technical audience. Please indicate

the title at your early convenience. , , My title will be "The

NBS U.S, Infrastructure Laboratory in the Physical Sciences,"

My spare optional title will be "Symmetry in Art and Science,"

20
I do not believe there are any extraordinary health hazards to which we will be exposed. However, you nay vdsh to consult your

medical officer before departure also to help with any required

or recommended Injections, vaccinations, or medications, . . .

Pakistan Is a beautiful country, rich in history and historic sights.

The people have a great loyalty and an ability to accept scientific

education to the highest academic levels of distinction, I know

many will be our friends before we leave. So it is my New Year

wish to you that this Survey will start 1979 for you with an enjoyable and fruitful work assignment.

In preparation for the Survey, Mr. Peiser distributed to the Survey

Team members diverse background literature including, for example.

Dr. M. Aslam's paper on a "Technology Delivery System."

21
'i'; I#' j '

..

rf?4in-.

rtllgbAWiff

T*-‘.^’.'V«W«- 3(ph 'WWWI' xam MifrUH

^'i'

'M:

i

iif'

'> . KfitOr ^kJimsmd "im" 4i *»?" ,

*<* u $4 ,|4 5

''

i»' f 'iwi^

># ** 4*4RiM*j

Htjn: ' tM' '114^

~ V4t'' « *#'*« 1 1* I ' f

' '

r»*f ..?% .t4NW»l#'fV 1«'- tt*« U'. ^ '

''ii|;'r iNi
Ill, Conclusions, Recommendations, and Some Notes from Lectures

By Visiting Team Members

A. The Visiting Team’s Letter at the End of the Survey to the

PCSIR Chairman

Dr. Abdul Ghanl, the Survey Director, pointed out that the benefits

from the Survey lay not only In the many Individual visits and

discussions, but equally In the report that could be widely

circulated. He was concerned with the long estimated delay In

publication and requested an Immediate summarizing letter to be

delivered to him at the conclusion of the Survey, In It the team

members tried to give a clear Indication of their Impressions of

standardization and measurement technologies in Pakistan, The letter

addresses the present state of development In these fields, the

relevant needs and opportunities, and the mechanisms for achieving the

most Important objectives for the economic, industrial, or social

development in Pakistan, This letter Is here reproduced in full:

24 January, 1979

Dear Dr. Ghanl,

The visiting team of technical specialists from abroad has spent two

weeks in discussion under your guidance with Pakistan counterpart

experts visiting governmental and industrial institutions on the

subject of physical, chemical, and engineering measurement standards.

We, the visiting team members, hereby report initial, tentative

conclusions to be followed in about three months by a full report. As

you are aware, this Survey of the needs for measurements in Pakistan

was organized by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, jointly

sponsored by the U.S, Agency for International Development and your

Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research under the

Ministry of Science and Technology Research of Pakistan. The team is

deeply appreciative of the Minister's personal encouragement, the

interest also shown by the Additional Secretary, Dr. Nisar Ahmad, the

support of the USAID Mission Director, and the enthusiastic

cooperation of a very large number of leaders in Pakistan. Above all

we admire your personal involvement throughout the Survey. Special

acknowledgment must also go to the governmental organizations of Great

Britain, Korea, and Sri Lanka who made expert team members freely

available to this Survey.

A central national technical capability in measurement science and

technology exists in all industrialized and many less developed

countries of the world. In recognition of an urgent, important, and now widely accepted need, the team strongly concurs with the Pakistan

Government's decision to Inaugurate, fund, and give on-going support

to the National Physical Standards Laboratory of the PCSIR.

Measurement capability is needed equally for raw material discovery,

evaluation and selection; for industrial process control; for quality

assurance of products; for the rule of equity in domestic and

international markets; for protection of the work and home

environment; for the enforcement and demonstration of compliance with

regulations; for the delivery of health services; the evaluation of

soils; the control of power sources; the operation of transportation

23
•nd communication systems; etc. Measurement capability Is Indispensable for higher technologies, such as a significant domestic

Instruments Industry and the reception of modem technologies, A

study In the United States has assembled convincing evidence that,

there at least, measurement-intensive Industries outpace others In growth. Similarly, some rapidly advancing third world countries are

the ones with strong measurement programs.

A national center for measurement science and technology can serve Its nation in the following ways:

1. It Is equipped and staffed to maintain national measurement standards

and to disseminate the accuracies Inherent In them to provide uniform,

eospatlbla, Internationally recognized measurements,

2. It develops, Implements, and consults on test methodologies in

conformity with engineering, product, safety, and process standards.

3. It advises and acts as technical referee to maintain order In domestic and International markets; for Instance, to verify compliance

with standards, specifications, codes, or contracts,

4. It acts as national focus for knowhow, training, and International

contact In quantitative measurements at or near the highest attainable accuracy.

5. Through professional societies and seminars. It Introduces a nationwide

awareness of the discipline of measurement control so essential In modern science and technology.

It Is the unanimous opinion of the visiting team that development of

Pakistan would benefit significantly from the availability of the

following:

1, One effective focal point for self-reliant measurement science and

technology In contact, abroad, v’lth other national and International

metrology centers, and at home, with all Institutions and companies

where good measurements are needed.

2, Extension, Information, coordination, and training services to

disseminate a widespread awareness of the need for good measurement

controls. The aim would be to develop an appreciation for good

"housekeeping" and reliable records of test, for the limited

constancy of standards and Instruments calibrations, and for the

dangers from buildup of small errors to damaging, unforeseen

departures from planned operations,

3, Analysis of the savings that could be achieved by avoiding Ineffective

calibrations using some Instruments badly or relying on Instruments

with unjustified confidence. They have the result of escalating costs

of non-lnterchangeability of parts. Industrial rejections, and waste.

The cost to Pakistan of NFSL probably would be far less besides enabling

the country to export more goods and produce higher technology products,

To perform the relevant functions adequately in Pakistan, NPSL will

need excellent facilities and outstanding staff. In the opinion of

the visiting team, the choice of a modest building site located In Islamabad Is endorsed provided continuing contacts, advice, and

consultation arc sought from Industrial regions of Pakistan and also

24
from institutions such as the PCSIR Instruments Center, the Pakistan

Standards Institution, and the Central Testing Laboratories, all of

which have missions closely related but different from OTSL, The move

from the temporary quarters at the Quald-e-Azam University in

Islamabad can proceed as construction permits. This work should be

started urgently.

The selection and training of staff presents greater problems. The

work of NPSL could become effective more rapidly if carefully selected

staff members could be given assignments to other national centers

abroad such as NBS, MPSL ranagement should develop a comprehensive

training plan possibly with the help of the U.N,, the World Bank, or other assistance organizations such as AID. The success of NPSL would

also be accelerated by attracting highly qualified Pakistanis abroad,

temporarily or permanently, to participate in the Institution building

task. The team believes that competitive remuneration is a necessary

but not even sufficient condition. What Pakistanis need to be shown

is a national commitment to the scientific method and technological

advancement that will make their specialist knowledge relevant to the

developing society. In general, most of the staff at NPSL must feel

attracted by the employment conditions for a successful standards

measurement laboratory.

Adoption of a particular program structure for NPSL may facilitate

planning and budgeting. NBS has found a procedure useful which Is presented here as one of several alternatives:

1, All work is divided into tasks of suitable size. The output from

all work within one task should be closely related. For example,

all temperature measurement work could form one task.

2. To form a task:

(a) A problem area Is selected.

(b) The contribution that ?1PSL can make towards the solution

of the problem is defined,

(c) A plan of action with milestones for the next several years

Is developed, the needed resources estimated, and the available

manpower assessed.

(d) The probability of success, services delivered to Industry,

relation to other activities at flPSL or elsewhere, and the

enhancement of staff expertise is evaluated.

All tasks are arranged in priority order. The currently available

funds are assigned to the tasks of highest priority. New funds are

requested, at the Director's discretion, for tasks not currently

funded but found to be Important.

In addition to the continuous supervision by the line management, all

established tasks are reviewed annually by the Director, his senior

staff and are conveyed to an advisory board of experts from industry

and the universities. Progress towards the accomplishment of

25
previously agreed milestones Is checked and future objectives are adjusted accordingly. Judicious changes are made in the priority

ordering of currently funded tasks.

All accounting. Including the personnel cost. Is by task. This allovrs

the Director at any time to display the expenses Incurred towards the

accomplishment of the various tasks and to compare this with the

expected benefits or with the level of services currently provided to the Nation's Industry, universities, and Government agencies.

In suomary, the team therefore suggests that some desirable functions

of NPSL are:

1. Provision of Internationally traceable national primary standards

maintained under excellent and fully documented conditions,

2. Dissemination of their accuracy through a calibration service.

3. Accreditation of lower-level laboratories for calibration.

4. Spreading education and awareness of metrological practice through

contacts with Industry, seminars, attachment of industrial personnel,

etc.

5. Provision of guidance publications,

6. Maintaining liaison with other national laboratories, both directly

and through the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM),

and other International organizations.

7. Provision of an advisory service on measurement problems to Industry,

universities, and Government.

The team conveys to you. Dr. Ghanl, the sincere hope that this

Administration In Pakistan will come to the equivalent conclusion

reached by the U.S. Congress when It was faced with an unprecedented

expansion of Industry. It was then stated that no more Important need

for national development existed than the creation of NBS. When you

search, probably in vain, for the factory, the office, the defense, or regulatory agency In the United States that does not acknowledge or defer to NBS for some vital service, you must conclude that the U.S.

Congress showed wisdom and foresight.

With profound gratitude and good wishes to you, NPSL, PCSIR and

Pakistan,

Sincerely,

(signed)

Cyril Dlx, Hugh Goonetllleke, Peter Heydemann, Chul Koo Kim,

Steffen Peiser, and John K. Taylor

26
B, Mr, Cyril H, Plx*8 Contribution

In addition to this joint letter, each team member made a brief

closing statement which, for the purpose of this report, he was

encouraged to expand using material from the lecture he had given

during one of the special evening sessions.

First by alphabetic order was Mr. Cyril II. Dix, who talked on "Electrical Standards—the Heed in Pakistan."

Electrical Standards—the Need in Pakistan

The needs in Pakistan are of three types. First, there is a need for

a wider and better appreciation of the need for standards. The

conclusion reached from very many of the visits made was that not only were there no adequate standards and that the personnel concerned did

not know how to make the best use of the facilities they had, but also

that they did not appreciate that they had any need for standards at all or how these would improve the quality or value of their output.

The first and most important need in this respect in Pakistan,

therefore, is to spread an awareness of the need for good measurement

and the benefits it will bring to quality control, acceptance of the

product, amelioration of manufacturing difficulties, etc.

The second need is again an educational one: to provide the kj?.owledge

of how to make the best use of whatever facilities may exist and to appreciate what other facilities are necessary and how they in turn

should be used. In many cases, it had been observed that the

confidence in measurement could have been greatly improved by the

designation of particular roles to particular items of equipment and

by systematic cross-checking, linearity checking, etc.

These two needs for education are two areas in which the new National

Physical and Standards Laboratory should and could play a major role.

This could be done by publications, holding of courses, and arranging

lectures throughout Pakistan.

The third need, of course, is for material standards. At the present

time, the need in Pakistan is not for the highest accuracy that could

be achieved, but for the provision and dissemination through a calibration service of standards which would be identified as the

national reference. However, there is not much to be saved by setting

up standards which are substantially lower than the state of the art,

and in any case, it is to be expected that advancing technology will

in the not too distant future require a measurement capability as good

as can be realistically achieved.

The national standards must have international traceability so that

measurement derived from them will be accepted in any part of the

world. This is achieved by having certain primary standards of

resistance, voltage, capacitance, and Inductance which are related by

27
Intercomparisons to chose of ocher countries. In addition, a larpe

quantity of measuring equipment to provide derived standards is needed

to cover all the practical calibration needs, A series of lists of

equipment, which has been found suitable for this and which Is suggested as a nucleus, has been supplied to the Chairman, (Copies of

these lists follow.) To define the needs In much more detail would

need a considerable study, but as an approximate Indication, the

capital cost of this equipment Is approximately 6100,000; the

laboratory space required would be approximately 200 square meters;

and the staff needed to maintain It and operate a calibration service

would be 5/6 scientists or engineers of varying grades.

28
TABLE

1

D.C.

VOLTAGE

29
TAHJ:

2

lESISTAlfCE

oA

«>o

<y

u

3

I

4*c

(a 5

V (t (C

t U »

K e

• 5

uf <- 1

n

d 4?

I! •H13u

>d n

a a S S

? >

* « rH

+» > -H o »

£! •Ho

1

uuuuouuuu

(H -H

•d C » M

S

d

£

§, IISP,l§^§, II

o

oVO o

8

(VI eo

ir> <VJ(M(VICM(M»-^»-^r* CM*-*- CVi

I

£

6

w

s «

d

tc ^ CO ^

t i

i *a

IS o ^ +•

irv &

X

>%«

13c

o

a ^

§

CO !3 w ^ !l

3 ^ r SflH M

C Z & «

8 z

6>

•dt:.O

(O 8S

(0s

•d »- c

<d tJ

o

•f* C9

»

c

<H g

<

a

£l

S «

« P

u

i8

8

36

(•8

o

.o

•H

Xl I

g

c:o

a §

C3T" 6

c- a a

” ^

c:o

H H O O O

H O

COa

st

(H

I ^2

I

•Ho

mCM

rl

(B £

+»i

V

*S s «® - on u

(Si8 iS O VF- r- W <»V Vi I.“V VO r - CC c*. oi K K GB (s cs cs cc s u: u:

KJ ir\ VO

T* r* T“ u?

• (S c5 c: (S

30

T'DTAL

£24,

30C
TABLE 3

REACTANCE o>

Of

0>u

•r« U

o.

u o o u

u o o o 8NO O Q Q O Q O O ^ VO VO o

irv Ov evi 8CVI 8 8 ro

CVI

(Vi W

r<\ CM u o

0) •g GOo

COO o

roO o

ONo CVJ VO

B o

CX\ o

ON 8CJN CJN o

'S’ ON

T“ £ « « « « X « m o o

«T *4- %

*3S o

•HdS0> C5

*3 s

(OH

A«c S

PP

M5 fi 6 ii * ll? s

«§ 6

0) -p

i% %

H*" ^ d

*•mV

+»

•HOd

o. doA

1fl

(4

•o

+»

COdosu

s.du =

=s s s

&H &

o. o

4»

•H

(X 2d o a S d

*d

n>u31 wao s K E X e <5 e 6 o ac &

•b

•rt hA

+»B

0>

fl

COd

0) S

•b

•H t

CO«oa

+»•H

d* * u%o «-

oi

lO, o M •sf ITN VO rCM .-o TT 'O t~- CO CJN CVI • • • • • • • ft • • • • • ft ft ft • K X s-C K K X X X X X X X X X

31
TABLE 4

ALTERUATHfC

yPI/TAGE

CURRENT

and

POWER

09V

•d«I

.o

dsn

•d« o u o P n

u

n 1 7,600 000*2 3,000 ooCO 1,400 2,000 S 000*1

Vu

•rt o. oo s&1X

CM CM CM

m8ITV • o Vs O fH ^ d

ir\

B § o S

SUr- O 1U^ s ^ X o

•H

CMm £ S

CM

dB«

+»B

•§ «

_gs: o •• ^ iad II E£&oS d

CO»

*3

CO

SB» d£

cS I8g

CO

M

<M

4) •< K

V o B <}

fc. ^

If4 m w§ §

Li JS

Eh CO d B E E

fcH

O

0>odo

COS

•H (d ^ O

(0 -H

•H • o a.

V

•*»O>

•HED

•r-l Pa5

Li§

Eh

dX

oo

.*§ S“

HrH "«B

LiVXopo>

•H

4*3

0>ud7

CO

aVo

0) t)

•H

4»S

tio

+»o

0) +»

0> •dMco

Li

H->Ud

rHH

Li0t1OOd3

•Hd CM i 8 o »- aw

pB

H<

Li

0>3aP

ro

•< •< •<

32

L^ VO • • < •<

CO<

On

•d of—•< Ii
0) u

4»O

iz;

O%c«

+»suo at

0)s

rH 0» •» CL rH 4»

»3

a

g

N

a R> 9 H a u &4 o

t4 » CJ s » u CO q c o OO T“ •H 0) o

'O ‘H CO o •O O +» o o 4» •H flj -p +» •d Lh o N 9 a 4-> to a 1

rH9 a -H

4* rj

U o o S •H 4 n CM M X o

0)u

•H

Li O.

O o§ 8 • ir> o O8 o

5^

>* &

0) •g CMm oCM VO

CO s s s ON SB ^ t

ed M

a

M

a

ac

-P •H 4» S3

4-> c +»

p 1 0> o 0) 9

rH

p rH <P »rt 3 (hnl 3 s

0) 0) •H o a X a X a

B

a> +»

LiVOO

>»Uc%

O’

e>

Li Pl

LiO

(hP Li "

•H 3 O

lUifl +» Oc nJ

0) oj ^

9> ^ to c

>» « oo a

tiSo «J S'! & fc< •HCO

0>H

;so

CO

4-'CLV5

CO

L««

4»

0) X

Li«3O

O.

Li

0) +»

A) X

Li

0>3o

Om

09

LiO

4* » c

0) •

4» VO

•a

«>H 'n T«

•H

O•‘CM tO

4»O

•>o01«

,0 IHo

(m

Pl

CL

•- CM r<N

(<•

iT> fc 5

SO

33
TABLE 6

TtJtPERA'TTJRE

MSASUREMEHT

(for

electrical

standards)

Notes

NPL

design.

Use

R.

12

ais

standard c U

U \ 0 V S § 8 8 8 g 8 u iA w CVJ ri* CM c-

•rth CVI roU

>» &

VO -

TOTAL 1 ^ 1 0> 0 gX §OS

(4s <)) p s s « a) •H 2 (4 (Q ‘g G C

•H -H 2^ 6- 1-1 !)0 S X

X 3 © 0 3 X Pi X X S N » N X X

So

n c

TJ iM

V pH

T*

C 4^

b 4) 4)

X

n

BB

u Q) 6 c. © X

b 0 E tj 0.

•H

4>

V

a s *rJ « 0) X 4l e 0 p u (4 0 c to rH rH 4) c E a CO 0 iH pH X:

o>

C 4» CO e © <a 4» £ <U CO (Cl c 0 u © 3 .C *H rH © n ho X 4» 4» 4* V 1 E-> M c c

(0 0)

K c •H c 0 bo a 0 q M 5 E 1 C (d X 3 P >> •H L, 4* c E7 tj bo © © » H P C 0 r-4 rH •H 4> 0 0 P a X

(0 (d

u 0 Ip •H •iH 4) rH 4> S u (4 a: 0. jr K X — fVJ rn ;rv vo

*) t-< • m • • • •

cr.

H

H

H t-i b- c-»

4^

ri (fl T3 & !»> rt ^ O p

>» ffl I iH|.a| « • Zl

+»a

V

•H

fH

O

10 0) 4) rH

U

•b 0 X

u 0

(0 4J e 0^

M (Q OJ

U

U 0 c ‘•H

© 4—4

•H

u

©X Cm 0) 41 -H X C g nJ P> 0 X OT •H 0 P-i 7 X CD :z 4J h P S © 0 0 pH c 4J X X pH •fH cd CO +»4-^

4} - « s ^

fl) « 3 1-1a 0X0 X u V

C'

•H COo o s U 4J

V o (d^ E “2 M 0) d « O

pD ^ffl M

4) I

pO

T3

O2 a

•rl X

B0

4) 4J js

a

+» .2

•d H-> T3 (Q *

60 9 0 p TJ

O'© 6

«H

9*

4> +» 0

<d -rl 9 © *9 0 -rj 0

•*H

(tJ -4 id

X c pH ’V X 0 a 3 ©

4J

4) fA

C -H

•H

X

a •H •rl

©

as c 0 s +* > X Jg 3 iJ i L •iH

ifl

g

•S o ^ (0

1® rtJ p. =,8 |Y

•H

sal

<HOo

Sf- cX 5 !? 2 2 J3 O S ^ -H +» w+*«»«»

,_(

p

0)

O

— r-l

C ,5

K (0

O (d c tS i-t o

-H -H

a

X

n

C

G CM c 0 0

.©

© 3 Jh id •rH > U *H

4)

X rH +3

•f> ••

m -C

n • ©

©

©

Q

M E 4J T> 4) C\J

X

C era© 0 n 0 G X W X © H-> G CO 0 fH rH Pi X +» -H CO © <4 *d » X p «

*3

M ©4 0 HJ 0

4; +> r»

X 0 X 6

•H 4»©

X « X -r»

j-i

m 0 X -rl 4J rH p 0) M a , +> 4) X ra a © ra X h ra e © •H 4> •H +>

4» 0 -H 0 X

©

X H->C

X

H

H «M rH CO Eh 3 4*

H

© +» 3 • • • CM

34

There

will

also

he

needed a

quantity

of

minor

materials

and

instruments

for

general

support,

e.g.,

multi-range

meters,

an

oscilloscope,

terminals,

switches,

etc.^

which

are

not

included

in

the

list.
Table 7 HcasureT-ent Capability

QU/il^TlTY AND RANGE

frequency REQUIRED

UIICCRTAINTY EXPECTED

UNGERTAEITY

Voltages

0,1 pV to IV dc 0.5viV + 50ppm lOOnV lOppm

IV dc 20ppm 5ppm

IV to 2kV dc 20ppm 5ppm to 15pp:<i 2kV to 50kV dc not specified .05?S

Resistance

ImQ to 10 dc 0.01^ to 20ppm 0,01^ to 5ppn'

] 10 to 1K0 dc 20ppm 5ppm

1M0 to IGNlO dc 20ppm 1 Oppm J lOilQ to 100M0 dc .01^ . 015^

Specific Values 5ppm

0.10 dc

10 do / 3ppa

100 dc

1 250 dc not J 1000 dc specifiod 2ppm

IkO dc 1 , lOkfl dc J

3ppm

lOOicO dc 4ppm

1M0 dc 5ppm

lOmO dc 20ppm

100MQ dc .01ft Capacitance

IpP to InP 1kHz .0255 lOppm

InP to IpP 1kHz .01^6 ,ooyfi

Inductance

luH to 50yH 1kHz I^C to ,02<

50pH to 1 H 1kHz 0. 0.02'X J Voltaere

IV to 100V 20Ha to 1kHz Q.0^‘fo 0.01^

IV to 100V 1kHz to 20kHz 0.01?{ 0.02^

IV to 100V 20kHs to 100kHz 0. 05^

IV tc 100V 100kHz to UlHz 1^ Q,2f: \ IV to 100V 1MHz to 100MHz 2^ 0.5f» ' IV to 100V lOOJIHz to 1GHz 2^

100V to hOOV 20Kz to 1kHz .oyfo 0,02^ h 100V to 500V 1kHz to 50kJ!z O.OAfo t 100V to 500V 50kHz to lOOlcKz 0.2^ et

NOTES

Using potenti.-:neter

standard ceils

Using V.R.B.

For calibration

of standard, res-

> istors by substilation.

Using GR Bi’idges

and J-terminal

capacitors. Other

.frequencies in

the a.f. range

could be

used.

Using Fluke 540B

Lower voltage can

be obtainad \rith out loss of acc- uracy from use of I.V.D,

Using ires, into

coaxial load.

35
Table 7 continued

QUANTITY

AND RANGE

FREQUENCY REQUIRED

UNCERTAINTY

EXPECTED

UNCERTAHJTY

NOTES

Current

10mA to 20A

Power

Audio freqpiencies

50Hz to 1kHz

.05?fa

not specified

0. 029^ to 0. 19^

.03?t

Using Fluke

thermal transfer

unit

For calibration

of wattmeters

dc to l6Hz 2jt to 456 Dependent on knowledge of

imp&danc e

.

Freq-Jency 10Hz to l8GHz 1 in 10^ Better accuracy

could readily be 1 achieved if needs

arise.

VSVIR

R.F. Match in

30Q coaxial line

300MHz to 10GHz 0.02 Using r.f, sources Wiltron Autotest.

Attenuation

K»CHz to 10GHz O.ldB 0.0adB * O.OOIdB per dB

Using NRS meter

or HP 436 to measure inserxicn

loss

»

The noted r.f. needs were particularly in the RF, UHF and X Bands, However the eqiiipmerjt proposed is capable of use over the whole frequency spectrum within the limits shown.

36
C . Mr, Hugh L.K, Goonetllleke* s Contribution

Hr. Coonetilleke' s statement followed the major points of his lecture

which is here reproduced in its entirety because of its great

relevance to this report.

The Importance of Metrology for Pakistan

and How Metrication Can Be Made Use of

to Foster Its Development

I must at the outset thank the Govemment of Pakistan, Dr, Abdul Ghani

of the PCSIR, Mr. Peiser, and the NBS of the United States of America

for inviting me to form a part of this Survey Team. It is an opportunity which gives me much satisfaction in many vrays. The first

is that the organization and the country that I come from, small

though they may be, have been asked to contribute to a dialogue of

this nature; secondly, because of the very good relationship that

exists between our two countries—a considerable volume of trade

passes between them; thirdly, because our countries form part of the same geographical and cultural region—Taxila and Gandhara are place

names which are very familiar to Sri Lankan ears; and finally, because

of the very great personal pleasure it gives me of working once again

with NES personnel. I still have very happy and vivid memories of the

year I spent there many years ago.

I have chosen as my topic "The Importance of Metrology for Pakistan,"

and as an additional topic, I will discuss how metrication can be used

to foster its development. The latter portion of my talk is based on experiences in Sri Lanka, and it gives an idea of how we approached

the subject of metrication and how, since the base and purpose of the

organization servicing the Metrication Authority is metrology, we have

been able to keep this in our minds and assist in the adoption of good

metric metrological practices.

Pakistan is a country about a dozen times larger in area and with a population five times greater than that of Sri Lanka. Basically, we

are both agricultural countries endeavoring to build an industrial leg

to give more substance to the country’s growth and wealth, and

therefore, our problems, though different in magnitude, are essentially similar in nature. Economists and planners judge the

effectiveness of agricultural outputs in terms of the yield per unit

area and the price per unit quantity. They are, of course, important,

but speaking metrologically , it tends to narrow one’s vision. It presumes that the only quantity of measurement that is significant in

agricultural production is that of mass. It would follow that if

there exists a legal metrology service which can provide this measure,

all the metrological needs for this sector would be met, I am not

trying to devalue the use of a sound legal metrological basis (if I were to do so, I would be destroying the platform on which I stand).

The Importance of the measurement of mass is seen from a look at the

37
exports from Pakistan. Just total up the value of goods exported on

the basis of mass in a single year,

I will substantiate my argument with a very short story of how the

transactions by mass of export produce was used by us in Sri Lanka to stress a point for early metrication. Tea, as you probably know, is our major export. In the early 1970's when metrication was still

being discussed, the London Tea Auctions decided that they vrould operate only in metric units, and any tea sent there should be packed

in metric quantities. If they were not packed in metric quantities,

the equivalent weight in kilograms should be stated. They provided

conversion tables for this to be done. However, when we got hold of a copy of these tables, we found that every step in the table had been

rounded down. This may not appear to be very significant unless you

know how tea is packed in bulk for shipment. It is packed in plyr-^ood

chests containing between 55-60 kg of tea. The gross and tare weights

are marked on the chest and the difference is reflected on the

invoice. The marking scheme from the London Tea Auctions required

that the net weight of each chest be rounded down to the nearest lower

kilogram value. The invoices were to reflect these rounded metric

values. Using a rough calculation, ve saw that the average loss in a year would be about U.S. $150,000 based on a year in which tea prices were very low. 1 believe that this was one of the factors which

hastened the Government's decision to adopt metrication.

Going back to my original theme that the measurement of mass is not

the only quantity needed for optimizing returns from agriculture, I will go back again to tea. At one stage in its processing, the

humidity of the ambient is significant. The Tea Research Institute

advocates certain specifications—but even where humidity was measured

in Sri Lanka, there was no calibration of the instruments. No one knew how much of "quality" was lost and, therefore, how great an economic loss was due to a failure to obtalh an achievable better

price.

I will mention two other examples. Once again one is of particular

Interest to Sri Lanka; it concerns natural rubber. Before one begins

the manufacturing process, it is necessary to measure the density of

the liquid latex. This is done to estimate the dry rubber content

that can be extracted. This is an Important measurement on small

specimens for several reasons. From the agricultural point of view,

good controls depend on an understanding of the relative yields of

different trees. An estate would use trees of different ages—trees

grown by different methods of propagation, that is, either from

seedlings or from clones. In addition, the way the trees are tapped

affects the yield of rubber, so the payment of incentives to the

workers who tap the trees can be made based on density. This is, of course, where we come in. The instrument which measures density is a hydrometer. It has a scale in mass units of rubber based on work done

in the 1920's in Sri Lanka, The instrument has a special name, a "Metrolac," and there is a specific type known as "O'Brien's

38
Metrolacs" for Ceylon. Unfortunately, no one quite knows hov; this

scale was arrived at. We have found that so many corrections

(commonly known as "fudge factors") have gone into it that it is

impossible to find the thinking. So again we have a practice, the

implications of which are not quite understood, because the

measurement practice has not been properly studied, and there are possibly large unknown losses. These could be due to faulty

measurements or wrong premises.

A further example is that of measurement of the moisture content of

cereals. Pakistan exports rice and is, therefore, well aware of the

needs for the measurement of moisture—but does it realize the need

for periodic calibration of the moisture meters?

In industry I can give examples which are once again based on experiences of Sri Lanka. They are probably duplicated to some extent

in Pakistan. The first is the measurement of both high and lov

temperatures in industry. Consider the different kinds of foundries,

and there are a large number of foundries in Sri Lanka. Hardly anv of

them have a pyrometer. They rely on a visual judgment to determine

the temperature of the molten liquid. I know that you will say

pyrometers are expensive, but that is another topic about whicli I can talk Informally elsewhere. Just consider how much is the loss in

excessive fuel consumption or the loss in production due to improper

estimation of the temperature of the molten liquid and the resultant

increase in the number of rejects.

Lastly, I will discuss an example which reached epidemic proportions a few years back: the rush to develop rural industrial units follovjinc

Schumacher's "Small Is Deautiful." The disease was particularly

virulent among planners and engineers in the public sector in Sri

Lanka at that time. A small village project for the manufacture and

assembly of bicycles was set up, with quite a lot of fanfare. The

components were to be made each in one place, but in a number of

associated units. Came the day when the requisite components that were needed for assembly of a cycle were available, but alas, the

matching parts did not fit. "Small" certainly could be very beautiful

provided you measure well.

This brings me to the last concept of the first part of my paper

that is the cost of measurement. There are many expert studies on the

cost of measurement, and unfortunately, these figures tend to boggle

the minds of those who hold the purse strings. However, hardly any

estimate has been made about the loss or the cost of not measuring any

process. How much is the loss in energy, material resources, labor,

and the effect on the price of the product?

This is something which even a large number of technically qualified

persons do not realize: the savings that one can effect by basic

simple rules of measurement, particularly the proper use of control

39
I

< J

syetens. These are nothing new, but the ones which have been timetested in the different environments of the developed countries. The

discipline holds good~the methodology may change but not the thinking

or the approach.

I come now to the appended topic of this paper. How could one use metrication to develop metrology? I vould first like to give a brief

summary of metrology in Sri Lanka. Prior to independence in Sri

Lanka, there was little or none. Seven years after Independence, that

is, in 1955, a Weights and Measures Lav was implemented. It had been

on the statute books two years before the independence (194S) , but no action had been taken on it. It concerned itself primarily with Trade

Metrology (Legal Metrology) and only in terms of units of the imperial

system of measurement. It was a fair start, and although it was

limited in scope, it did provide a basic measurement philosophv—the

concept of standards at different levels of accuracy and the concept

of traceability—because one could trace the accuracy of a commercial

one-lb v/eight to the National Pound for Sri Lanka and through the old

Board of Trade to the U.K, pound, and then if necessary, to the

kilogram. It seems like a roundabout way of touching one's ear. However, the base on which to build a national measurement svstem was

there. Hence, it was not too difficult to comprehend that if the

country were to adopt the International System of Units (SI) , one must

have legislation on (a) definitions of the units of SI, (b) standards for

maintaining these units, and (c) the necessary Infrastructure.

It meant, of course, that certain compromises had to be made. For

example. Instead of having a new act, the VJeights and Measures

Ordinance was only amended. Die purchase of standards had to be

phased into the country's metrication program. Priority had to be

given to trade, both external and Internal. The appended notes to this paper give the schedule of metric standards which the Division

had at the start of 1979. It also lists the proposed purchases in

1979 and 1980 separately. As far as 1979, we have the money, and for

1980 we have, of course, yet to apply for it. One of the advantages

of doing it this way has been that there is a certain inherent support

for the development program because metrication is a national policy.

This, of course, is one of the major ways of using metrication for the

purpose of developing metrology. There are a number of other v^ays

which one can use to produce long-term benefits. One such area is in

the field of mechanical engineering. We have found out that it is not

only possible to improve Industrial practice by standardization of

components like fasteners, but also that one can Improve th.e quality

of products by improving the use of measuring tools. A study is being

done by the Department of Product Engineering at one of the

universities to assess the capabilities of lathes in small-scale

industry. Die single-lathe owners whose main function is offering

their services on small special jobs arc Included. The study will

also look into ways and means of converting the lathes using existing

conversion kits for lathes. Thus, we can make a sound judgment

whether a facility need be set up to polish lathe beds or even attend

40
to lead screws, prior to conversion. We can also consider how to improve the measurement practices among the operators.

The Paddy Marketing Board is similarly using the exercise of doing

away with the bushel. As I mentioned earlier, we are also studying

the estimating of yields on rubber estates and the calibration of the

actual hydrometers that are used.

It is in the fields of legal and industrial metrology that much of the

scope for development lies. If there has to be an Investment in the

purchase of new measuring instruments, there has to be a scheme of

calibration established to make the investment worthwhile.

Calibration centers, metrology centers, and audit schemes all can be

generated as a result of this change, and not to do so is to waste a very good opportunity for improving the technology of measurement in a country.

In preparing this paper prior to my arrival in Pakistan, I have, tried

to put forv.’ard some of my thinking as a basis for getting acquainted

prior to getting down to work on the Survey. I hope it is a point of

view for which you may find some use. VThile thanking you for your

attention, m-ay I say that I am here also to learn from you m.ore about

the very fascinating subject of metrology, standards, and measurement

services.

Appended Notes on National Standards in Sri Lanka

NATIONAL STANDARDS AND PRESENT STATE OF THE ART

The information given here is solely in relation to standards in the

metric system as others will shortly be obsolete. These were received

from mid-1974 onwards, and real capability was achieved onlv from

1975.

MASS

The Sri Lanka Standard Kilogram has been calibrated at the BIPM, v’ho assigned it the prototype No. 79. In addition to this, there is

another Standard Kilogram calibrated at the NPL (U.K.) and a Secondary

Kilogram (brass) calibrated at the Standards Laboratory of the

Department of Legal Metrology of the Department of Consumer Prices and

Protection (U.K.).

The measurement capability in relation to mass prior to 1969 was

confined to the periodical calibration of secondary standards against

the primary (national) standards.

In 1969, the latter has to be reverified and according to the existing

law at that time, had to be sent back to the U.K. to the original

Laboratory. However, prior to this being done, a loan of two 1-lb

standards and two 1,000-grain standards calibrated at NBS (United States)

41
were obtained. Experiments based on statistical designs were carried

out locally, and values were obtained for the primary pound and all

the other weights of this set. These standards were then sent to the

United Kingdom, and these results when compared v’lth the U.K.

reference standards were quite satisfactory within the limitations of

the balances that are available in this Division.

LENGTH

The National Meter is a line standard obtained on a long-term loan

from France and has a correction of 1 part in 10“^ at 1 meter and 5 parts in 10“6 at 10 centimeters. This standard also has a built-in

comparator with one microscope. Tliis facility is backed up by a universal measuring machine with a 1-meter bed and a scale that has an accuracy of 1 part in 10^. This equipment with its accessories

provides the base for dimensional metrology. Available in the

Division are also three sets of slip gages and a comparator.

The first is a set of 122 (type '0') gages from 0.50 mm to 100 mm, which has been calibrated by a laboratory approved by the National

Bureau of Metrology (ENhl) of France. The second is a similar set (type 1) also calibrated by the same laboratory. The third is a BSI

Grade I set which is intended to be used in the laboratory as a laboratory working standard.

TE1-1PERATURE

The program is to establish the International Practical Temperature

Scale in the range 80 K to 650 C on the basis of 2 platinum resistance

thermometers (calibrated at JJPL, United Kingdom) and a Tinsley bridge

with an associated 25 ohm resistor which carries a British calibration

certificate. In addition, there is a triple-point cell obtained from

the United Kingdom with an KPL (U.K.) calibration certificate.

In addition, there are 7 mercury-in-glass thermometers, one calibrated

at NFL, the rest at BSI. This unit is still being developed,

VOLUME

There are two sets of standards. The first set consists of flasks

obtained on loan from France. The range 10 liters to 50 milliters can be covered with this set. In addition to this, there is a set of

automatic pipettes from the United Kingdom calibrated at the Standards

Laboratory at the Department of Legal Metrology (U.K.) and consists of

the following:

Liters: 5, 2, 1 Milliliters: 500, 200, 100—glass automatic pipettes

50, 100—sub-divided burettes

5, 10, 20, 50, 100—single pipettes

42
Intercomparison between these have been done. A fairly high degree of

confidence was established. Accurate volume calibrations below 25 ml

will be done gravlmetrlcally.

DENSITY

We have a set of standard hydrometers w’hlch have been calibrated at one of the BNM laboratories In the range of specific gravities from

600 kg/m3-1850 kg/m3. However, precise measurements of density will

be carried out within the accuracy of the mass standards available.

MAINTENANCE — WORKSHOP

A small quantity of electronic instruments, oscilloscopes, digital

multimeters, power supplies, and other components are on order. The

aim is to build a small facility to check the defects of any

instrument, and if possible, to rectify it in the laboratory itself.

We also aim to be able to assemble and build any accessories needed.

This facility will be useful in view of the electrical and electronic

facilities planned for in the near future,

MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY

Apart from the standards activities, several institutions in Sri Lanka

possess measurement capability in various physical parameters. The

measurement activities of these organizations as well as that of the

Standards Laboratory of the Weights and Measures Division are described briefly below;

>tEASUREMENT CAPABILITY OF THE ^/EIGHTS A1;D MEASURES DIVISION

In addition to the national standard of mass, the standards for volume

and temperature are also available in the Standards Laboratorv of the

Weights and Measures Division. Tliis Laboratory possesses the

capability to carry out the following Measurements;

A. Mass. 1 mg - 20 kg to OIKL classes A or B.

B. Length and dimensional metrology.

(1) Comparison of linear measures up to 1 meter

with a standard bar with estimated errors of lOpm,

(2) Calibration of slip gages to OIML classes 0, I, or II.

(3) External measurement with accuracy of 2ym at 1000 mm,

(4) Internal measurement.

( 1) Ring gages up to external radius of 660 mm,

(11) Snap gages.

43
(5) End standards up to 1000 mm.

‘ '

(6) Diameter measurements up to 125 mm.

(7) Diameter of external thread measurements up to 125 mm.

(8) Measurement of taper and solids of revolution.

Distance between centers . . . 100 nm. Max. diameter ... 65 mm.

(9) Checking of profile of threads.

(10) Measurement of linear pitch of threads up to 200 mm.

(11) Measurement of periodic error of lead screws up to 200 mm.

C. Volume.

D. Hydrometers. 600 kg/m - 1850 kg/m.

E. Alcoholometers - Comparison with CKIL method usinc standard

hydrometers.

F. Ebuliometers.

G. Thermometers. 5* - 100 *C.

( i) Using hTL Type I resistance thermometer.

(il) Using Standard mercury-in-plass thermometer.

H. Precision balances.

( 1) Error.

( ii) Sensitivity.

(ill) Repeatability.

I. Voltage.

1 mV to 1999 V with an error less than ,1V, + .1 mV.

J. Current. .1 itu\ * 1.999 A.

K. Ohm.

( 1) Non-inductive resistors.

1 - 2 Mn with accuracy .02% of reading.

(11) 2 - 20Mfl .5%.

U

f

44
MEASUREMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE CEYLON INSTITUTE OF SCIENTIFIC

AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (CISIR)

Primarily set up as a Statutory Body under the Ministry of Industries

and Scientific Affairs to carry out industrial research and

development work, CISIR undertakes a limited number of measurements of

various physical quantities for industry as veil as other

organizations. The measurement activities of CISIR are carried out in

two different sections:

(1) The Section of Applied Physics and Electronics

(2) The Section of Material Science and Physico-Mechanical

Testing

The former handles the measurement of electrical quantities and

temperature, while the latter handles a llm.ited range of mechanical

measurements.

45
D, Dr, Peter L.M. Hcydemann’e Contribution

Dr. lieydemann described in his submission the program planning, and

budget development at NBS where these procedures have recently been

introduced and judged to have been valuable. He described this system

to our colleagues in Pakistan because he felt it may prove useful in

the development of a simpler system that would suit MTSL.

Planning and Budget Development at KBS

The National Bureau of Standard! (NBS) has recently Introduced a prograo structure for all activities that ties directly to the budget

Structure prescribed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget,

which directly supports the President in his function as head of the

Executive Branch of the U.S. Government.

The work carried out at NBS Is divided Into five major "activities":

(A) Measurement Research and Standards

(B) Engineering Standards

(C) Computer Science and Technology

(D) Cooperative Technology

(E) Central Technical Support

Each of these activities Is subdivided Into "subactivities" and

"program elements." The activity (A) consists of these subactivities:

(A>1) Physical and Chemical Measurements and Standards

(A-2) Materials and Thermodynamic tleaaurements and Standards

(A-3) Measurement Assurance Program

(A«4) Applied Measurement Programs

The program elements of the subactivity (A-1) are:

(111) Fundamental Physical Measurements and Standards

(112) Radiation Measurements and Standards

(113) Analytical Chemical Measurements and Standards

The smallest, and probably most important, subdivision is the "task."

Each program element contains between about 5 and 15 tasks. A task

combines several related projects focused on a particular output. A

typical task is the "Development and Maintenance of Primary

Standards," which contains all NBS work on the primary standards of

temperature, mass, length, and voltage. Other tasks contain the

development of transfer standards, dissemination of measurement

services, supporting fundamental research, etc. An essential aspect

In the organization of a task Is Its focus on a deliverable output.

The task description, which Is an Important manageaicnt and planning

document, reflects this. It contains Che following parts:

A6
(1) Title of the task

(2) Name and telephone number of task leader

(3) Objectives

(4) Approach

(5) Interactions

(6) Justification

(7) Comments

(8) Milestones

(9) Financial exhibits

The paragraph "objectives" clearly states the planned activities,

accomplishment, and output for the next three to five years,

"Approach" describes how the work will be carried out. "interactions"

deals with contacts and cooperations with Industry, other agencies, or other groups at NBS and other national laboratories. In the paragraph

"justification" the reasons for carrying out this work are described

In terms of the demand from Industry, the public, and government

agencies for the specific output provided by this task. This is an Important paragraph since here the management has to justify the

expense incurred in carrying out the proposed work. The section

entitled "milestones" contains a list of specific accomplishments

planned for the next few years, li^ch milestone has a title, short

description, and a completion date. Each milestone is also tied to a cost center in the financial exhibit so that the cost of accomplishing

certain outputs can be assessed. The financial exhibits show summary

Information on the available funds, their sources, distribution to various pieces of work in the task, etc.

A well-written task document can be of considerable help justifying a new activity since it clearly shows the planned output, the demand for

It, and Its cost. Several tasks can be ranked according to their

priority so that rational decisions about expansion or contraction of

the budget are possible. The task document for existing tasks

facilitates monitoring the progress of work by means of the

established milestones.

The NBS budget as submitted to the U.S, Department of Commerce and to 0MB Identifies details down to the subactivity level. However, In formulating this budget, NBS managers make full use of the task

documents. These documents are also the basis for the annual program

review and for most Internal planning activities.

47
E. Dr, Chul Koo Kim’s Contribution

Dr, Kim elaborated his concluding statement in Pakistan as follov.’s

Report on the Survey of Standardization

and Meaeurement Services of Pakistan

The visiting Survey Team visited 26 organizations in Pakistan in

2 weeks. The team members learned a lot about Pakistan, the land

and the people, within the limit of what we saw and visited within

2 weeks.

I tried to Identify the problems which Pakistan faces in the process

of industrialization, especially in connection with the

standardization and measurement capability. Some of the problems that

I observed were familiar ones, which are almost universal in

developing countries. However, I believe that some problems in

Pakistan are unique, which can only be tackled successfully by

Pakistani people.

Maybe the most serious obstacles facing developing countries in

modernizing their national measurement capability is the absence of awareness of the importance of precision measurements. I found that

the Pakistani industry was no exception to this prevailing situation.

Except at a few places like PIA and PSTC, we could observe that good

measurement practices were not given high priorities. Often I heard

claims that the factories had adequate measurement capability to serve

their present production requirements. 1 observed that, in most

cases, it was true, not because the service was of high quality, but

because their products were often simple and straightforvrard. The

experience from other developing countries indicates that this kind of

attitude can indeed seriously hamper the industrialization process by

limiting the competitiveness in the international market. Hotvever, we

found that good measurement practices exist at places like the PIA and

PSTC. With a little bit of help and encouragement from the proposed

NPSL, these organizations can be made to function as secondary

laboratories in the national calibration network. Other problems we observed were lack of proper training and education in metrology vrhlch

is again universal in developing countries. In one instance, we

observed that a good quality slip gage set was used for a simple test

check, which could be easily carried out with a much cheaper

functional gage. In another Instance, a calibration certificate

issued by one university laboratory indicated that the laboratory

personnel had no concept of the meaning of calibration.

Notwithstanding all the problems we encountered, there were manv

calibration requirements, especially for calibration of gage blocks,

I observed only one case in which a gage block set was calibrated

regularly. In that case, the calibration was performed in the United

States, Obviously, the proposed NPSL should be equipped to fill this

need. Specifically in the fields of mechanical standards, NTSL should

48
provide reference standards in mass, volume, density, length, force,

pressure, and fluid flow. In the beginning, requests from industries

will be mainly in the area of dimensional measurements, I believe

that it is inadvisable that NPSL develop capabilities in absolute

standards or obtain equipment more sophisticated than their needs

dictate at this time. Selection of the equipment should be based on the degree of precision needed and the amount of funds available. For

example, for the calibration of gage blocks, it would be advisable to have a gage block comparator, two or three sets of gage blocks, a set

of optical flats, and a surface plate. From this basic equipment,

NPSL can build up more versatility and capability when the future . needs arise. For the mass standards, we know that NPSL has already

ordered a series of weights to use as reference standards. Of course,

proper capacity balances should supplement the weight set. Maybe one

of the most demanding customers in the field of mass measurement will

be the Pakistan Mint. The Pakistan Mint has a good facility and the

capability of a secondary laboratory. OTSL should consider the needs

of the Pakistan Mint when it decides on its ovm accuracy requirements

in mass. I believe that the stainless steel kilogram, which is in the

possession of the Mint and which was calibrated by BIPM, can be made

more useful if it is in the hands of 'iPSL. For the other parameters,

such as volume, density, fluid flow, pressure, and force, NPSL will be

able to provide adequate calibration services by being equipped with

commercially available reference standards.

However, it should be remembered by the OTSL staff that NPSL should

always anticipate the future needs and be prepared for them. A good

measurement means good equipment properly employed by properly trained

personnel in a good environment. In this sense, NPSL will need a competent staff and a controlled environment. The experience in other

developing countries indicates that competitive compensation to scientists and engineers are almost a prerequisite to a successful

research organization.

The main function of JTPSL may be divided into three parts. First, it

will be a calibration service. I would like to recommend that NPSL

have a strong capability in instrumentation. Fspeclally in developing

countries, where repair parts and technical Information are hard to obtain, it is quite common to see expensive equipment standing idle

because of a missing spare part or a missing manual. The NPSL

calibration service should fill to some extent this demand, NPSL will

greatly benefit by close collaboration with the Instrumentation

centers at PCSIR, Central Testing Laboratory, and others. To make the

calibration service accessible to maximum possible users, NPSL should

try to organize a national calibration network once its own capability

is established. Secondly, it is imperative for NPSL to provide

training to the industrial and scientific community, Tnis task is

largely divided into two categories. One is to persuade the public

that a good measurement is an essential step towards

industrialization. To achieve this aim, NPSL can organize seminars

and lectures at the industrial complexes and universities. The second

49
step .! the tralnlnc of meeeureBcnt engineer* and technician* in *peclal

field*. NPSL can offer abort course* either alone or in collaboration

with other institutions. Of course, we should not forget that this

service can be carried out only after NPSL is firmly established. The

last but not the least part of the NPSL activities will be research

efforts in the measurement sciences and in related areas. As it was mentioned earlier, NPSL should always anticipate the future needs and

maintain excellence in measurement capabilities. This can only be

achieved through continuous learning and research efforts by the

staff. Some of the efforts mav not be 100 percent original research.

However, it should be pointed out that, without intellectually

rewarding research efforts, a research institute will not be able to maintain excellence and will soon become stale. I have seen many such

cases.

I am well aware of the fact that it is a difficult task to start a standards research laboratory, and it is much more difficult to serve

the nation successfully. However, with the active participation of

PCSIR and with the enthusiasm shown by the NPSL members, I strongly

believe that NPSL has the foundation to succeed.

50
F. Mr, H, Steffen Pelser’s Contribution

With some expansion, Mr, Peiser's closing remarks are quoted here in

full:

IMPLDIENTATION OF NBS/AID SURVEYS

In my short statement, Mr, Chairman, I want to outline some general thinking

that lies behind the ’IBS/AID Surveys of Standardization and Measurement Services

in other countries. 1 want to talk about the opportunities of these endeavors,

their limitations, and especially their hoped-for implementation in the host

countries.

It is not undue modesty that I am keenly conscious of the limitations. Mow can relative strangers to a country in two weeks Identify the needed technical

measurement services, determine the means for their realization, and establish

the effective delivery of such services to industry, government agencies,

consumers, and for exports? Of course, they cannot.

Technical measurement capability should be chosen, maintained, and expanded by

careful decisions of the people of every nation. It is part of the

infrastructure every sovereign country needs if development is its objective.

This need is all pervasive, and its upgrading is a never-ending process as development proceeds. The technical community of each country must develop the

measurement capability with the educational, calibration, and advisory services

involved when that country has made the decision to develop and seek a higher

quality of life for its people. I do not claim it is the only step to be taken

for development, but it is an absolutely necessary one. The principal

contribution we as an International team of standards specialists can make, and

as I hope, have here made, is by applying experience elsev.’here to recognize with

a quick eye some of your technical problems and opportunities for solutions. By

constructive discussion with your officials, we can make you aware of our viewpoints which also affect possible mechanisms for disseminating the

critically needed benefits of good standards practices for industrial and social

development. The responsibilities, the decisions, the choice betv'een available

alternatives, and the entire implementation remain for all countries to make in

their own self-reliant manner in conformity with governmental policies and

priorities, as well as with existing cultural and historic background

conditions.

Let me Illustrate this interaction between the visiting Survey Team and the host

team by an example of special relevance to Pakistan. You have firmly planned

for NPSL to be the sole national center for metrology. The team would have

accepted this decision under all circumstances. As it happens, team members

believe that this decision was a wise one because most countries that appear to have an effective measurement standards system have a similar standards

laboratory in operation. They have aimed to rely on small, technically elite

institutions rather than implanting tlie measurement standards competences into

previously existing institutions with much wider regulatory responsibilities.

I believe our team would have failed in its duty inherent in its mission had we

not freely discussed with your experts what we saw as the essential implications

of your NPSL plan. The elite status really is necessary for success and calls

for a small staff of top-level scientists with relatively favorable fund support

and good physical facilities. We have pointed out to you ho\7 some of the

greatest physical scientists in Germany, Britain, and the United States were

called to serve their national standards institutions during the most successful

industrial development of these countries. Pakistan has that kind of talent—it

should be made an integral part of your NPSL plan.

51
ThuSf we realize that none^of these surveys can succeed except by the very

process you in Pakistan have chosen. The technical leaders in the host country

undertake to direct and program the surveys. The visiting team members discuss

the topics chosen that are of special Interest to the host country. The team

visits the organizations, the agencies, and the factories the counterpart home

team members have selected. To succeed in this process vou, our hosts, have

also taken time off from a very busy life to guide the Survey, because it is

you, not the visiting team members, who understand the historic, cultural,

financial, and political background in which these measurement services must

function. It is you who know the resources of your country and the

opportunities and some of the problems, such as in interagency cooperation,

which in most countries (as also, incidentally, in the most highly

industrialized) is a great challenge to the effectiveness of the services.

Before the start of the Survey, you have committed your funds for the in-eountry

costs of the Survey, and you have chosen the topics of major interest to your

country. NBS has responded by the selection of the most capable and most

experienced specialists on those topics, while aiming at a balance betv'een

participants from the United States and from third countries. It is with great

pride that I look back on nine such surveys for which the invitation by NBS to

the most distinguished visiting team members selected has almost never been

turned down. This is an invitation to work for our host country, and without

financial reward, to put experience and knowledge at the disposal of the host

country in any way the home members want to use the visiting team members during

an all-too-short, two-week period.

We are now at the end of the period of the Survey Itself. The Pakistani team

members have Interacted effectively with the visitors. VJe have found that the

visiting team has, during all the visits and discussions from experience in

their own countries, introduced new vlevTsolnts and pointed out some new

opportunities for standardization and measurement practices. Based on previous

technical knowledge, the Pakistani team members have understood all the points

made. As we leave you in the next few hours, we also leave vou with the

greatest of challenges—the Implementation of our findings. Our report may yet

help a little, but the real challenge can only be taken up by you, the Pakistan

leaders in standardization and measurem.ent technology. You have to demonstrate

to the Industries, the universities, the laboratories, to government agencies,

and their highest directorates that this technical infrastructure is desperatelv

needed to benefit all. Only as you introduce efficient, technically sound, and

needed services, will the many benefits accrue. Officials, industrialists, and

the public can and must be won over to see some of these benefits, and only then

will it gradually become easier to obtain resources to expand your services to a level commensurate to this country's potential. You need the tools to do your

job.

Mr. Chairman, you in Pakistan have given the team a wonderful opportunity

unsurpassed by any country to date; you have shared as with friends your

problems and your opportunities; you have entertained and guided us superbly.

We see a great potential for Pakistan, but we are not blind to vour difficulties. We believe that in a self-reliant way you can succeed; you have

the technical and natural resources. You have a land and a people of virtuallv

unlimited opportunities, few of which have come to full fruition, ttav we wish

that you have found your two v/eeks with us helpful, and may we keep in

cooperative touch with each otlier as we strive to serve firstly our respective

nations similarly yet separately, and secondlv, the International communitv of

standards and measurement specialists who together can v/ork for the benefit of

all.

52
G Dr, John K. Taylor’s Contribution

Dr. Taylor was disheartened by what he saw In chemical analytical

laboratories. This is a topic of greatest significance, nov^ seen by

the Survey Team as a major bottleneck to industrial development of

Pakistan. What Dr. Taylor calls for is neither cheap in equipment nor minor in training requirements. However, the visiting team has the

instruction to tell honestly what members believe even if that truth

is hard to accept. Therefore, we reproduce here Dr. Taylor's

concluding remarks in full;

Chemical Measurements

In Pakistan chemical measurements appear to be in most places at a lover level of development than physical measurements. While the

latter may be classified as basically sound but lacking in the area of

calibration, the former are almost non-existent for many Important

materials. Often they consist in the use of out-moded or barely

adequate techniques. The concepts of Intercallbratlon and

traceability to a national measurement system are virtually

unappreciated

Industries that are major users of raw materials often appear to be

purchasing them on the basis of faith in the compositional

measurements made by the suppliers. Such analyses as are made for

quality control purposes generally utilize so-called wet techniques as were practiced in industrialized countries several decades ago, and

which are now considered to be marginally useful. Laboratory

facilities are generally poor to Inadequate. The available

laboratories are not even well maintained, and there is little

appreciation for the need for quality assurance practices to upgrade

chemical measurements.

This situation must surely change If Pakistan is to advance

Industrially, if it is to utilize locally produced raw materials to a greater extent, and especially if it is to export quality products.

The accuracy of determination of major and minor constituents needs to be upgraded, and faster methods to acquire compositional data need to be adopted. The quality of many products is critically dependent on

the presence in some cases and absence in others of trace

constituents, the capability for determination of which is largely

lacking in Pakistan. The analysis of organic substances, and

especially the determination of such substances in other materials, is

also an area of deficient technology. Furthermore, the ability to determine traces of both inorganic and organic substances in the

environment, resulting from industrial activity, is also a neglected

chemical measurement area.

These problems have already been recognized in the plans to establish

the NPSL which Includes a Division of Materials Science. One of Its

subdivisions is a Chemical Analysis Branch, This proposal Is strongly

53
endorsed, and reconanendaclons to Implement this branch, based on our observations during the Survey, are as follows:

It Is recommended that the Chemical Analysis Branch consist of two groups, devoted to Inorganic analysis and organic analysis,

respectively. Both groups should be equipped with modern

Instrumentation and adequately staffed. Moreover, the laboratory

space should be designed to permit trace analysis as well as analytical work, of state-of-the-art accuracy. While a prime function

of the Branch would be to provide essential analytical services,

funding should be provided so that at least half of the time could be

devoted to research and development activity. Coordination and

cooperation with the planned Chemical Division of the National Health

Laboratory will be most helpful.

The inorganic group should develop the capability to do accurate

analysis of major and minor constituents as well as to analyze for

trace elements In a variety of matrices. At the present, analyses of

metals, ores, and minerals appear to be the areas of greatest need,

with an Increasing interest In building materials. Analysis of

environments! samples and of trace elements In foods and agricultural

materials will be areas of Increasing Importance.

The program of work of the organic analysis group Is of special

importance since, with some notable exceptions such as at the PCSIR,

very little competence of this kind Is available In Pakistan at the

present time. It would share with the National Health Laboratory the concern for a wide variety of materials including agricultural

products, food, drugs, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products.

The R&D efforts of both groups should be geared to the needs of

the country, and the development of Standard Reference Materials

should be a major activity. Simultaneously, they will need to conduct

a program to educate Industry In the use of SRM's to provide

traceability of chemical measurements to a national measurement

system. The NPSL should also assume a leadership role to Introduce

modem quality assurance practices Into chemical analysis laboratories

throughout the country. A continuing series of seminars and workshops

will be needed to attain this end.

In summary, a major upgrading In the analytical chemical field Is essential to Industrial development in Pakistan. Improved chemical

measurement capability will also greatly assist many other aspects of

the nation's program to Improve the general welfare of the people In such areas as food, clothing, shelter, and health services. An

outstanding Chemical Analysis Branch can provide the focal point to upgrade chemical measurements throughout the country, providing both

Immediate and long-term benefits. Accordingly, Implementation of the

recommendations given above Is strongly urged.

54
IV. ITINERARY

A. General

The detail of visits and discussions of the NBS/AID/PCSIR Survey on Standardization and Measurement Services is summarized within the

description of the itinerary. The potential value of the Survey lies

to a large extent in these exchanges of information that took place

enabling ideas and experience in these fields to be exchanged and

disseminated among some selected leaders of industry, government, and

universities in Pakistan, The reader of this report should realize

that the descriptions of these visits do not and cannot include all

the discussion topics without unduly extending an already voluminous

report.

The numbers preceding each visit in this report begin with the date

(in January 1979) followed by a sequential Identification number for

the visits of that day,

10.1 January 10 - Pelser’s Arrival at Karachi

Mr. Peiser was met by an Assistant for Administration, Mr. Mohamad

Iqbal, at the Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

in the Itinistry for Science and Technological Research, Since

Peiser 's earlier visit (see Section I.B), Mr, Mohammad Arshad Chaudri

had taken over as Minister after General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq, Chief

Martial Law Administrator, relinquished that portfolio in the cabinet

in favor of civilian authority.

The morning was spent with Dr, Abdul Ghani, Chairman of PCSIR, and

Dr, S.M.A, Hai, PCSIR Officer In-charge of Planning, The principal

news was that Dr, M, M, Qurashl*s release from the General

Directorship of the Appropriate Technology Development Organization

had run into insuperable difficulties and the appointment to the

Directorship of the National Physical and Standards Laboratory had not

been made yet (c,f,. Section II, B), but later in the Survey, clearer

statements were made. Under Dr, Hai, the planning for the Survey had

been made with care and insight. A formal opening of the Survey had

run into problems at the Ministry and had been canceled. The

splitting up of the Survey Team was to be more limited than during

previous surveys with clear advantages in communication between team

members and logistics in travel. Roughly four days were planned to be

spent in the Islamabad and Peshawar area with equal times to be spent

in the Lahore and Karachi environs,

11.1 January 11 - Peiser in Islamabad for Discussions with the U,S,

Embassy and AID Mission

Planning details for the Survey were completed at the PCSIR. The

afternoon was spent at the U,S, Consulate General in Karachi where

Mr. J. Richard Sousane is Commercial Officer, formerly of the Commerce

55
Department’s Export Promotion Administration. Mr. Sousane deals with

a surprising number of standards problems, and it was recommended that

a number of IIBS publications be kept in the impressive commercial

library at the Consulate. Mr. Sousane is assisted by Mr. A. I. Khan,

Trade Expansion A-dvlser, who is quite evidently no newcomer to

standardization. The occasion gave Pelser an opportunity more fully

to comprehend the challenges and opportunities of the Survey.

B. Visits in the Islamabad and Peshawar Area

12.1 January 12 - Early Departure for Islamabad. Accompanied by Dr. Ilai

A most useful discussion took place on prospects for U.S. -Pakistan

relations in science and technology. Dr. M. Aslam Chaudrl, Officer

In-charge, National Physical Standards Eaboratory, met Dr. Hai and

Mr. Peiser upon their arrival in Islamabad. The rest of the visiting

team arrived keen to start work. Only Dr. C. K, Mim liau some last

minute problems owing to a lack of a Pakistani Consulate in Seoul.

However, Dr, M. A, Chaudri cleared arrangements for his visa at entry.

Discussions at USAID and the Embassy—Mr, Walter Stettner at USAID is

encouraging and Interested in the Survey, Similarly, Mr, E. J.

Kennon, Economic-Commercial Counselor at the U.S. Embassy, was favorably impressed and commented on opportunities for Pakistan's

further development.

13.1 January 13 - Telephone Industries of Pakistan (TIP), Harlpur

Telephone Industries of Pakistan is a company well equipped and

sufficiently competent to meet the requirements of telecommunication

equipment of various kinds in the country, TIP is located about 50 km

from Islamabad in a complex which also houses the Telecommunication

Research Center and the Telecommunication Staff College along with

another factory, the National Radio and Telecommunication Corporation

(NRTC) . The entire team was present and was received by Mohd. Kaflq

Ahmed Ilian, General 'lanager, and other members of the staff. The

facilities inspected included: the Materials Testing Laboratory,

Metrology Laboratory (Length), and Plating Shop.

The business policies, organizational structure, equipment to be

manufactured, and the management are subject to the control of tlie

Board of Directors who are nominated by the Government of PaVdstan and

by Siemens (of West Germany), which also contributes most of the knowhow and measurement equipment. The Secretary of the company has his

office at Karachi. The number of staff employed by TIP is

approximately 4,000, including 400 field staff and about 35 graduate

engineers. Attempts are presently being made to recruit a further 20

graduates, mostly for research and development work., Ilxtensive inhouse training is provided.

56
The Factory Department absorbs about 55 to 60 percent of the total

staff and maintains 16 different workshops. Included arc 2 shops

for tool manufacturing and tool repair, which are capable of

manufacturing parts with tolerances as little as 1 )4m. For the

maintenance of standards of precision, TIP has a precision measuring

laboratory.

The principal output of the factory is mechanical equipment, assembly

of units for electro-mechanical telephone exchanges, switchboards

(PBX's), and telephones. Manufacture of all electronic components is

at Islamabad, and the Fiaripur operation is essentially one of assembly

but does not include the winding and construction of relays. All of

the assemblies observed were wired. No printed circuit boards were

observed in the small part of the assembly work which was shown to the

team.

The scale of production since 1962 has been 30,000 exchanges (this

presumably being PBX's) and 70,000 telephones. More recently the

factory has also made teleprinters and typewriters. Standard

typewriters are used in Pakistan while portables are exported to

Europe, It appears that this type of diversification was undertaken

to offset the tendency for electronic parts to replace mechanical

ones.

In general, our hosts expressed no measurement problems. Their gages

were purchased with calibrations to better than DIN standards. They

use ISO standards. The gages appeared clean, and the comparators were

very adequate. They have no procedures for testing (recallbratlon) of

their gage blocks. This should be done periodically. However, the

factories do not interface appreciably with others at present. Drift

in measurement standards would sooner or later cause problems. The

chemical part of its materials testing laboratory has very limited

facilities. They do not have facilities for testing raw materials and

apparently depend on the reputation of the suppliers. This part could

be upgraded with predictable benefit. They have used PCSIR for

consulting on the cleanup of discharges from their plating operation.

The principal needs for accuracy are in the tool room, since the

factory makes a large number of small press tools. There is a small

mechanical standards room; the temperature is controlled but not

recorded. There are neither humidity controls nor effective cleanroom precautions. All the working standards have a recallbratlon

interval marked on them and are recalled for regular checking by the

laboratory. They are checked by micrometers and dial gages against

working (German) slip gages, which were checked by a comparator

against a similar master set of slip gages. No intercomparisons or buildups are carried out, and none of the master set has been

externally recalibrated since the date of supply (presumably mld1950's).

TIP has equipment that is good enough for present production purposes,

which are rather simple and do not need precision machining,

57
Even if TIP does not implement any calibration and quality control in

the near future, it will still be able to manufacture conventional

telephone products. However, if they decide to manufacture new electronic switches or other new products, they very soon will face

problems of quality control and precision measurement. Even in the

case of present production, the quality control of parts is important

if their products are going to face competition in the market. For

example, the coin-operated public phone will not last very long if it

barely meets the specifications. In this sense, a far better

precision than the specification may eventually bring a substantial

saving to the user.

There are no requirements for accurate measurement of electrical

quantities, and the principal testing is functional. Crude

measurements are made of insulation resistance, using equipment made

in-house. It was said that there were some multi-range meters

(although none were observed). Reliance was placed without question

upon the accuracy and constancy of the instruments.

This operation would find benefit from;

1, Simple education in needs for accuracy, and competent

maintenance of standards even at low accuracy,

2, Fveference standards for electrical measurements,

3, Calibration, possibly at l^SL, for these electrical standards,

and for existing mechanical standards,

4, Calibration procedures, programs, and documentation.

Dependence on advice from Siemens will save TIP from major troubles.

The greater the Pakistani wish for self-reliance, the more desirable

will be the contribution which NPSL can make to TIP, It can be

summarized as follows:

1, Providing simple traceability,

2, Training in quality control and the importance of metrology,

3, Advice and training in handling equipment and gages for

future use,

13,2 January 13 - Visit to Dr, Z, A, Hashmi, President of Pakistan

Science Foundation and Chairman of National Science Council

of Pakistan

Owing to a recent bereavement under tragic circumstances. Dr, Z, A,

Hashmi, (President of the Pakistan Science Foundation and Chairman of

the National Science Council of Pakl8tan--NSCP) , was prevented from

taking part in the Survey activities. However, Dr, Abdul Ghanl,

58
Dr. M. Aslam Chaudri, and .Ir, H, Steffen Peiser did pay a visit to his

home to express condolences and the hope that Dr, Hashmi, a member of

the Advisory Committee on Science and Technology of the United Nations

General Assembly, would take a leading role in the forthcominp U.N,

Conference on Science and Technology for Developirent

,

Dr, Hashmi discussed the NSCP reviews of scientific research in major

fields related to economic and social development. The first volume

on current research in agriculture had just been published, and a copy

of this very interesting volume was received. It demonstrated clearly

that the research effort was not well coordinated with the priorities

in agricultural products. Had wheat been near the top of the research

effort, as it deserved, perhaps the unfortunate decline in seed

quality might have been avoided as a result of vrhich there had been a serious shortfall in the previous year’s harvest V7hlch could not be

attributed to the weather. The subjects of hides, feed crops,

pastures, and agronomy also v;ere under-represented.

The publication mentions the research of 60 institutes and similar

organizations throughout Pakistan, of which the Survey Team was to see only 7, and most of these briefly because the field of the Survey

was somewhat remote, although it became abundantly clear that better

measurements in agriculture could contribute greatly to even the

smallest producer. For example, 4-ton loads of molasses are at

times driven to 3 truck scales which differ significantly so that an average is taken of actual weighings, rather than establishing a correction factor or even adjusting the scales. There seems to be no general and reliable trace analysis capability in Pakistan,

ITiere are about 1,200 research scientists in agriculture, of whom

about 15 percent have Ph.D.'s,

13,3 January 13 - Visit to the Minister for Science and Technolopical

P.esearch

Mr, Mohammad Arshad Chaudri, Minister for Science and Technological

Research, accompanied by the Additional Secretary, Dr. Hisar Ahmad,

received the visiting Survey Team under the guidance of Dr. Abdul

Ghani, The 'linister received the party with cordiality and most

emphatically endorsed the objectives of the Survey as tliey were

explained. He assured the team of open support and free discussion of

this consultative mission. He also discussed his forthcoming visit to

the U.S, for attendance at a preparatory meeting of the U.K.

Conference for Science and Technology for Developrient, Mr. Peiser took

the opportunity of Inviting him to the NBS laboratories. As matters

turned out, he was unable to visit.

59
13.4 January 13 - PCSIR Dinner

The Chairman of PCSIR introduced the Survey Team to hij:;h ranl.inj.

Government officials at a dinner to inaugurate the Survey. A favorable reaction to the Survey plan was expressed.

14.1 January 14 - Visit to the heavy ^(echanical Complex at Taxila

The full team (Pakistani and foreign) was received and briefed by

Mr. Usman Umar, Deputy General Manager, Sales and Marketing Division,

who said he was himself a mechanical engineer. The complex consists of

a steel foundry, cast Iron foundry, hammer forge, heat treatment shop,

press forge, fabrication shop, machine shop, tool room, and a metrological laboratory which is small but adequate. The metrology

laboratory is intended to calibrate the measuring instruments used in

the various shops, v^hich aim to work v'ith a capability of achieving an accuracy of 1 yni.

The mission of the organization is to manufacture heavy r;achinerv used

in sugar mills and cement mills, road rollers, overhead electric

transmission cranes, package-type boilers, vehicle chassis, railvav

axles, and other steel structures. The production capacity is 46,000

tons of heavy machinery per year, but actual production is only around

10,000 tons per year.

The team was informed that the entire complex had been initially

donated by the Peoples Republic of China as a turn-key operation. To

help in start-up, a declining number of Chinese technicians are assigned to the plant over a period of some years.

Rlien Pakistan vras created, it had to Import most of its industrial

equipment. In 1965, the Pakistan Industrial Developraent Corporation

was established to provide for and set up industry v'here private

enterprise v;as not available. The idea was eventually to sell a v^orking establishment to private enterprise. The loan establishing

the heavy Mechanical Complex has nov’ been made into a grant at a cost

of $300 million. Tl'is v/as adequate because the basic plant was provided by the PRC free of cost to Pakistan. The Complex is housed

on 125 acres and includes a training center and school. The training

center enrolls students from high school who are trained for 1 year

and may receive further training for up to 3 years.

The Complex first went into production in 1971. Production was initially planned in accordance with imported Chinese technology, but

output began to respond more and more to purchase orders and export

markets. Accordingly, the planned production mode made way for

diversification, especially for export purposes. This conversion

causes problems in exporting, especially to Western countries, for

example, cranes to Holland, where complex financial questions have to

be negotiated. In general, the applied technology is borrowed. The

low production figure arises from lack of good balance between orders

60
to fit the available facilities, Pakistani engineers themselves

probably should show more confidence in the products of this Complex.

Another problem is said to be a restricting condition with many loans

to buy basic plants from the donor nations. There is some diversification, mentioned earlier, for smaller items which do not

help to reach the programmed capacity which depends on machining of

large objects.

Accompanied by the engineer in charge of auality control, the various

shops were observed, including the metrology laboratory. In a briefing

which covered his particular operations, it was discovered that one of

his responsibilities was to issue certificates for the suppliers (all

foreign companies) of steel and pig iron. It v;as also mentioned that

certain materials such as sand and sodium silicate are tested in the

central laboratory of the Heavy Foundry and Forge Complex which is a parallel and sister organization.

The machine shop has a variety of machine tools which includes a turret lathe with a capacity of 15 cubic feet which could handle a work piece of 54 tonnes mass and a heavy duty lathe (50 cubic feet).

This shop also houses a tool and metrology room. The former has more

precision machine tools, and the latter has a jig-boring machine and a thread-testing machine.

The metrology laboratory is air conditioned, and it was claimed that

the temperature of the am.bient was maintained at 20*C. ’^o temperature

recordings were available. The laboratory is well equipped, having an optical dividing head, a wear measuring comparator, an optical profile

measuring device, a screen tester, a surface plate, a height measuring

gage, an optical comparator, and a measuring machine vrith a bed of 3

meters. There were, in addition, a number of sets of gage blocks of

which the metric sets numbered 6, a few of which were of Chinese

origin. They had been supplied together with the remaining machines.

Two others were Imported from Germany subsequently. None of them had

been calibrated after the original calibration, nor had an intercomparison between the sets of gage blocks been performed. The

metrology laboratory is in fact equipped with more items than would

best suit the needs of the Complex, For example, 2 sets of slip

gages, a working set and a calibration set v;hich would act as the

master set for the factory, would be quite satisfactory.

The team observed that sophisticated measurements are provided only

for tools. Most of the manufacturing is performed to larger

tolerances, and most processes involve heat treatment, A central

laboratory is provided where mechanical and chemical tests are performed. The Engineering Design and Planning Departments operate on

a mixture of American, European, and Chinese systems. The raw materials used are mostly steels. During the first five years of

operation, these materials were provided by the PRC, but presently,

they are acquired wherever credit is available, lleavv castings and

forgings are now provided by a sister corporation. Othen-rise, there

61
are facilities available for the production of the basic components

for a variety of chemical plants.

This is an organization which will benefit greatly by the

establishment of the OTSL, especially in; (a) the achievement of a measurement capability linked to a hierarchy of measurement, (b) the

training of its engineers and technicians in the use of metrological

instrumentation, and (c) the maintenance of norms on a statistical

basis.

The Complex does have a rather extensive range of equipment and gages

which are in relatively good working order. VTlth proper training of

their staff by the tTPSL, they could make good use of the eaulpment to

produce precision products, and in turn, they could function as a secondary laboratory providing calibration services to other factories

in the region.

However, good standardization alone cannot turn the fortune of this

facility, which was so well conceived and established. The principal

problem seems to lie outside the scope of this Survey and can probably

best be cured by additional standards training of middle and top

management.

14.2 January 14 - Visit to Heavy Foundry and Forge at Taxlla

VJith the coming into operation of other heavy engineering industries,

the need for a Heavy Foundry and Forge came into sharp focus. The

Government of Pakistan accordingly approved in March 1972 a project

for the setting up of a Heavy Foundry and Forge at Taxila in the

vicinity of other heavy engineering production units. Heavy Foundry

and Forge is a limited company fully owned by the Government of

Pakistan. The Foundry has six major production units:

Steel foundry

Cast iron foundry

Hydraulic press shop

Forge shop

Machine shop

Pattern shop

The Heavy Foundry and Forge Company produces heavy steel castings up

to 21 tons, steel Ingots up to 40 tons, and can handle large forgings

with a 3,000-ton press, make iron and non-ferrous castings, and can make composite structures by machining and welding. The facility

itself is also a gift of the Peoples Republic of China who stayed with

the facility until Pakistani managers were able to take over the plant

without further assistance, after which the Pakistan Government then

took control.

The principal problem is to keep the shops busy with orders. The

tendency is said to be for development projects such as for cement.

62
sugar, fertilizer, and other plants with financial support from the

U.N. or industrialized countries to order the components from the

industrialized countries that wish to keep their heavy industry

employed. Before accepting this viex-Tpoint in its entirety, one would

have to study the acceptability of the company's products, its

reputation with customers, the Government's and the company's

marketing policies, etc.

The team suspects that a successful quality control program and an expanding Pakistan Industry could keep this facility fully employed,

provided it aggressively seeks to upgrade its plant, such as with more

convenient and larger steel arc-melting furnaces. This, however, was

a v7ell-conceived plant, well built with originally suitable equipment.

Good standards management should be capable of turning it into a great

asset for Pakistan.

1A.3 January 14 - NBS Dinner

The entire visiting Survey Team hosted a dinner for the Pakistani team

members, officials of PCSIR, and senior Government officials from

several ministries. The USAID Director, Mr. W. A. VIolffer, and

members of the U.S. Embassy also attended.

15.1 January 15 - The Peshawar Laboratory of PCSIR

The Peshawar Laboratory is concerned with studies in the areas of

mineralogy, biology, pharmacology, fibers, textiles, and food

processing, related largely to the Northwest Frontier region of

Pakistan. The Survey Team did not tour the laboratories but received

an overview presentation of the program at Peshawar and witnessed an exhibition of the work and products of all the PCSIR laboratories

which had been shown in the principal cities of Pakistan and which

happened to be visiting the area. All three laboratories (Karachi,

Lahore, and Peshawar) had impressive exhibits attractively presented

and clearly enjoyed by the public which included school children

accompanied by teachers. One of the products demonstrated, a rice

husk cement, had been developed at the Peshawar laboratories and had

attained an ultimate strength of well over 50 percent of normal

cement. By simple gadgeteering, the Peshawar Laboratory had developed

a carpet knotting machine which was remarkably much faster than handknotting and could be readily operated for complex multi-color

designs

Before departure, Mr. Peiser did make a visit to the laboratories

concentrating particularly on the crystallographic section where

worthwhile work was in progress on clays by thermo-gravimetric

analysis backed by powder X-ray dlf fractometry . The coupling to

commercially viable products was not obvious although such projects

probably could be found. As soon as PCSIR has made a determination

where to have the prime emphasis on X-ray diffraction, whether in

Karachi or Peshawar, it would become desirable for NBS to supply the

63
necessary but quite expensive reference literature needed for this

work, and one would hope also that some organization would supply the

needed modern equipment. This section could be highly cost effective

in the development of Pakistan.

The principal industries in the Northwest Frontier region of Pakistan

are concerned with mining and forestry. It is entirely appropriate,

therefore, that the PCSIR laboratory in Peshawar concentrates its

efforts to a considerable degree on the support of the mining

industry. Work in mineral products and extraction metallurgy,

therefore, has its place and is well represented. The division of

responsibilities with the Geological Survey in Pakistan is not

entirely clear to the team members who did not visit the headquarters

of the Geological Survey in Quetta, Baluchistan. The Survey Team's

meeting with Dr. Shah, the Director, and his staff was very cordial

and had a ceremonial emphasis.

15.2 January 15 - Pakistan Forest Institute

The description of this Institute must be understood in relation, on

the one hand, to its standing as the prime forest research

organization of Pakistan, while on the other hand, Pakistan has a devastating forest management problem. Deforestation continues at an alarming rate, desertification overtakes thousands of acres a year,

and erosion proceeds over much of the potentially most productive

agricultural regions.

Pakistan's climate is diverse and includes tropical, sub-tropical, and

climatically temperate regions where water is plentiful and where land

lies barren. In the warmest regions, evaporation causes salinif icatlon

of the soil which, in turn, causes semi-permanent loss to agriculture.

The Pakistan Forest Institute is a branch of Peshawar University. Its

scope includes education and research, the management of forests and

gamelands, and training for the forest service. Its program is

oriented by approximately 75 percent on research and 25 percent on education. The Director of the Institute has a military background

and is well aware that the organization is understaffed and that it

does not have a sufficient number of research workers. The latter are difficult to secure primarily because of their salary requirements.

All advanced work in forestry is done abroad because students leave

for more attractive opportunities.

On paper, the Institute appears to have an ambitious program, but it

is only partially active. It does have laboratories where good work

could be performed on forest products, including mechanical tests of

wood, wood laminates, chipboard, and the like, and it does cooperate

with PCSIR at Peshawar. Even though some mechanical testing is done,

the required accuracy is quite low. Therefore, it is believed that

NPSL can be of some help even if only for providing a small number of

calibration services.

64
In general, the equipment used in the testing laboratories appeared to

be adequate. The machine for testing the compressive and tensile

strength of woods could easily be calibrated by NPSL once it is set

up. However, what appears to be needed, even more, is some advice and

instruction on measurement—its basic characteristics and approach and

the statistics of the measurement process from plan to interpretation.

To illustrate this point, samples of wood were being prepared for

testing machines where a dial micrometer was being used to determine

the dimensions, while a crude beam balance was employed for the mass. The difference in accuracies of these measurements amounts to an inconsistency. If accuracies of the first measurement are needed,

then a finer balance should be used. If not, a quicker method of

linear measurement would suffice.

The team out of personal interest rather than because of relevance to

the Survey asked some questions on reforestation. Our guides told us their work in this field was concentrated in the Northwest Frontier

region. Under study for somewhat lovrer regions is the dalbergia

sissoo. The principal need seems to be elsewhere in Pakistan. The

consideration of Leucaena leucocephela if not under study elsevrhere is

to be recommended as a fast growing tropical tree with edible leaves

and seeds. Its roots have bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen, and

the wood is excellent for furniture. ^!r. Michael Benge's advice at

USAID is probably second to none.

16.1 January 16 - Visit to National Health Laboratory, Islamabad

The National Health Laboratory is a major resource of Pakistan; it is

housed in attractive surroundings and employs 500 people. It is a progressive laboratory and will welcome tho availability of national

standards. In turn, it could provide certain standards in the health

domain and could do so in cooperation with and under the guidance of

NPSL. The Laboratory has four divisions at present; Public Health,

Drug Control, Biological Production, and Nutrition. Recently, it has

received approval for establishing a Division of Chemical Research and

a 200-bed research hospital.

The Public Health Division standardizes methods, establishes national

norms for samples of human sera. Isolates and identifies pathogens,

and conducts similar tests for hospitals throughout the country for

diagnostic purposes.

The Drug Control Division is Involved in the control of imported basic

drugs and remedies, performs micro-biological testing, and

investigates domestic drugs such as herbs, for example, to discover

active principles of local remedies, and especially for the presence

of possible toxicants.

The Biological Division is the largest and produces all the vaccines

for the country. It will soon produce polio vaccine. The production

of anti-venom sera for snake bites is very important since this is a

65
problem in rural areas. Because there are four kinds of poisonous

snakes in the country, the Division produces a four-component serum because the attacking snake is often not identified. This is a unique

service within Pakistan, and the export opportunities are being

examined. The Laboratory sends its sera to the World Health

Organization and accepts samples from other countries thereby

introducing a mechanism for quality control.

The Nutrition Division is making national surveys in the country to

try to upgrade the diet. Some checking is done on foodstuffs sold in

the open market, and a program to identify aflatoxins has been

initiated. Research on indigenous foods, such as pulses, is being

carried out with the hope that recipes can be devleoped that will be

acceptable to the general public,

16 , 2 January 16 - Visit to Carrier Telephone Industries Factory

The factory of the Carrier Telephone Industries was set up by the West

German Siemens Company in joint venture in 1965. Its standards are based on CCITT for performance standards and German Industry Norms

(DIN) for construction and measurement. Quality control has been, and

still is, under the control of Siemens, The Technical Manager

responsible for quality control is Mr. Labeur (Siemens). CTI is nov’ also adopting German Post Office constructional standards, v;hich V7ill

help to provide opportunities for alternative supplies since modules

made for the German Post Office will be compatible with CTI

production, CTI makes multiplexing equipment (frequency division

multiplexing/frequency modulated) for the Post, Telegraph, and

Telephone Authority and is now starting to make rf transmission

equipment at uhf and expects to take on microwave transmission

equipment and pcm (pulse code modulation) systems in the near

future.

CTI manufactures most of its own components, except resistors which

are supplied by Siemens, Transistors are made by Siemens from doped,

sliced, and tested silicon. Consumption is almost entirely in

Pakistan because the field staff and organization are not available

for installation and servicing overseas.

In the quality control department, which was well lit and airconditioned (no temperature recording was observed), the measurement

instruments were of the highest commercial quality. Hr. Labeur was aware of the need for independent reference standards and had standard

resistors and capacitors on order, together with ac/dc transfer

standards and a high-quality dc voltage calibrator. Given periodic

calibration (which he hopes will be available from NPSL), these will be

quite adequate for CTI needs. He also proposes to obtain a cesium

beam time standard, although he could not justify the need for its

accuracy

66
Siemens advisers have evidently done an excellent job here, and the

factory and its quality control department would match many of those

in industrialized nations except for the absence of standards,

v’hich advisers here are aware of and which is being rectified. The

people sent by Siemens impressed us as having much high quality

experience and being highly motivated. The appreciation of the need

for higher standards and measuring equipment seen here, as compared

with TIP (see visit 13,1), may be due in part to the continued control

exerted by Siemens. CTI, however, is in a higher technology field

than TIP; one would expect, in any case, better attention to

measurement standards at CTI, NPSL can certainly be of help to

calibrate CTI's secondary standards. The cesium frequency standard,

which has been ordered, can perhaps be used as a temporary reference

standard for tIPSL.

16.3 January 16 - Visit to NPSL Laboratories in Islamabad on the Campus

of Quaid-E-Azam University

Team members present were Dr. S, S. Zaldl (Controller of Weights and

Measures), Dr. M. Aslam Chaudri (of PCSIR) , Dr. C. K. Kim, and

^’r, H.L.K. Goonetilleke, The team was received by Dr. M. Aslam

Chaudri of PCSIR and Dr. Z. A. Khan,

Under the amendments to the weights and measures laws, T’TPSL is the

custodian of the prototype kilogram and the standard meter. This

function is the nucleus for NPSL as it is to be constituted. The

purpose of the visit was to assess the standards of length, mass, and

volume which are already available.

The present facilities are purely temporary until such time as the

NPSL receives its own buildings. Dr. Aslam Chaudhry has a plan for

the laboratories which had been sent to NBS for review and comments.

The land is available, and it is expected that construction of the

laboratory buildings will start this year.

Standards —^Mass: A mass standard with a calibration from BIPM is on order and a set of weights obtained from France, from 1 kg to 1 mg, is

maintained. A certificate is now available but was not immediately

accessible, hence their accuracy class could not be ascertained.

Available are two-pan and single-pan balances, but work has to be done

on them to determine the standard deviation. Publications by NBS on this topic have been supplied, so that a start could be made on determining the degree of confidence in the performance of these

balances under the given operating conditions.

Length; A meter (rectangular cross section) marked at the points

built into a comparator has been obtained from France. This has an uncertainty of 1 part in 10^ at 1 meter.

67
Dimensional metrology: A universal measuring machine has been

purchased with accessories and will suffice to handle linear

measurements.

Volume measurement: Automatic volumetric pipettes from 20 liters

downwards calibrated at the standard weights and measures division are also available, Th.ere appears to be more than one set.

Electric measurement: A certain number of electrical measuring

instruments, such as a vernier potentiometer and a Weston- cadmium cell, are maintained. Substandard resistances of 10,000 Ohms to 0,1 Ohm in

decades and ac/dc watt and Ohm meters are available, and they have

all been certified recently.

With the standards on order, the mass, length, and dimensional

laboratories of NPSL should be sufficiently equipped for a modest

start to be made. None of the technical staff currently working in

the laboratory has been working in any national metrology laboratorv

on basic measurements. It is strongly recommended that students

working in these laboratories have some exposure to experimental

design for measurements near the highest attainable accuracies. As some items appear to be in excess of requirem.ents , as for example, in

pipettes, one set may be transferred to the Institute of VIeights and

Measures, This would prove useful to that Institute for cutting do\m

the time for calibration of working standard measures that are submitted there, NPSL should be equipped with standard hydrometers to

calibrate hydrometers used in industry,

16,4 January 16 - Visit to the Weights and Pleasures Offices at

Islamabad

The first of a two-day visit to the Pakistani authorities regulating

all commercial measurements in retail markets was made to the Office

of the Controller of Weights and Measures, Islamabad, The second

visit was to the Office of the Controller of Weights and Measures of

the Province of Punjab at Lahore (see 21,1), Dr, S,S,H, Zaidi, the

Controller of VJeights and Measures of Pakistan, was available and

accompanied the Survey Team on both occasions, Mr, Chaudri Maskur,

Additional Controller of Labor, who is also ex-officio the Controller

of V7eights and M^easures for the Province, was also present for the

Islamabad visit, (For further details, see 21,1,)

Dr, S,S,11, Zaidi, as Controller of Weights and Measures, reports to

the Ministry of Industry, He is a former member of PCSIR and a strong

supporter of the establishment of OTSL with which he expects to

maintain the closest working relationships. Moreover, he has written

a note emphasizing the need for NPSL to engage in physical research,

including solid state physics, fluid dynamics, and production

engineering. His ^tinistry looks to NPSL to establish a leadership

position in these fields that are relevant to Pakistan's industrial

development

.

68
C, Visits in the Lahore Area

17.1 January 17 - Visit to the Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance

Assistance Center (PI TAG

)

The Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Center (PITAC) was created in 1962 by the merger of the Industrial Research and

Development Center (IRDC) and the Industrial Productivity Center (IPC)

which received assistance from UNESCO and USAID, The Survey Team was

received at PITAC by its Director, Brigadier M, A, Faruqui, PITAC 's main office and workshops are in Lahore, but branch offices in

Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta are being strengthened. Annual

expenditure is approximately 4 million rupees. Reimbursements

received amount to approximately 0,8 million rupees. The total staff

of 300 includes 150 technicians and 11 mechanical engineers,

PITAC serves the metal and machine industries by training operatives,

providing consultation, and undertaking special design and prototype

construction jobs on a reimbursable basis. Its help is applied

particularly to small industries by contributing design and

manufacture, if necessary, of tools and jigs, PITAC ’s mission can,

therefore, be summarized as follows:

a. To develop advanced technical "know-how" in the fields

of design and manufacture of high precision tools,

production dies, moulds, jigs, and fixtures,

b. To train highly skilled technicians.

c. To provide technical advisory services to industrial

organizations primarily in the private sector.

d. To improve productivity and quality.

The facilities include: a machine shop, engineering design office,

foundry, heat treatment, electroplating shop, and testing laboratory,

PITAC is entering into the field of low-cost automation, especially by

retrofitting with hydraulic electric systems to automate manual

machines. This is a pilot program to encourage industry to take this

approach which is more economical than retooling.

There is a well-equipped tool room, but it contains some obsolete

tools. Grinding is done in the machine workshop. There are very

limited standards. No documented calibration is carried out. The

measurement room is kept at a roughly constant temperature, but there

is no recording Instrument or record kept. There is nothing

applicable to electrical measurement in this organization.

Electroplating is principally for decorative or protective purposes,

which excludes any consideration given to electroforming or electropolishing. PITAC feels a definite need for standards. Gages are adequate, but it is known that they need rechecking.

69
Trainees hold R.S. degrees or engineering diplomas and train at PITAC

for 24 weeks. Because PITAC trains technicians in the machine and

metals sector, it could also train technicians in quality control and

metrology. For this purpose, the laboratory would need to be

substantially enlarged, and the staff could receive training from

NPSL,

PITAC cooperates with the Asian Productivity Organization, UNIDO, and

others for the training of its engineers and staff and to keep abreast

of modern techniques in highly industrialized countries,

17,2 January 17 - Visit to the Lahore Engineering University

The University provides education in all branches of engineering,

architecture, city planning, applied sciences, and data processing.

It operates a graduate school granting M,S, and Ph,D, degrees. There

are 80 postgraduate students, a good proportion of them attending

part time. The University trains some 650 engineering graduates a year, >Ioreover, the University offers services in electrical

engineering and testing, provides consultation and advisory services

to industry and government, and claims to be the principal authority

for testing in Pakistan, The work is done on a reimbursable basis,

the proceeds of which are distributed equally to the University, the

staff* and expenses. Services offered include calibration and

measurement, and at one point, a claim was made that this is the best

mechanical testing laboratory in Asia,

The Dean of the University, who received the Survey Team, stated that

"our work is accepted as final," The University has a series of

standards such as proving rings and electrical standards whicli are used for their own purposes as well as to calibrate engineering

instruments for others. The Dean also stated that he would welcome a national calibration center which could calibrate its ovm standards,

thus providing for traceability.

At the metrology room of the Department of Mechanical Engineering,

discussions centered on the use of laboratory equipment and their

traceability. The Department is equipped with the basic measuring

equipment needed for teaching and for carrying out specific

measurement of gages, both linear and angular and also for diameter.

It has a capability to check the profiles of several kinds of gears to

reasonably high precision. It has proving rings initiallv calibrated

on deadweight machines, but none of them has had any subsequent

calibration to the original certificate supplied by the manufacturers.

Dr, Shah Mobinal Haque, Professor of Electrical Engineering,

accompanied Mr, Cyril Dix to the electrical engineering department,

where in fact, there were no electrical standards of any sort to be

found. The department maintained some electrical machines used for

teaching purposes and some pointer Instruments which had not been

calibrated against anything better since they were purchased. It is

70
difficult to see how it could offer any services for electrical

calibration, although the Survey Team later discovered some calibration certificates which had been issued by the University.

Ttie team also visited the chemistry laboratories which are adequate

for Instructional purposes and possibly for routine tests. These

laboratories perform classical rock analysis, for example, and can probably perform the basic tests but not minor constituent and trace

element analysis.

The dimensional metrology laboratory has equipment which needs regular

calibration service. With adequate support from NPSL, it can function

as a secondary laboratory. Hov/ever, it appears that the laboratory

staff are not familiar with the basic principles of calibration. The

laboratory maintained no environment control which is required if the

precision desired is in the range of 1 ym.

The Engineering University at Lahore can greatly benefit from NPSL by

improving measuring capabilities at the University, This can be

accomplished by establishing a direct linkage to a national system of

measurement which adopts the philosophy and techniques of good

measurement. If properly grounded, it could serve industry in the

provincial regions much more effectively than it can now. The Survey

Team understands that this University holds an unexcelled position and

responsibility in Pakistan’s technical development. Its students are among the most gifted, A strong faculty and excellent facilities here

are a key to this nation's future,

17,3 January 17 - Visit to the Pakistan Mint

The facilities inspected included the assay room of the Mint where the

secondary standards and working standards manufactured by the Mint fot

the provincial governments are kept. The facilities available in thir.

laboratory are more than adequate for the purpose of the work carried

out. Recently, a set of reference standards from 20 kg to 1 mg have

been calibrated at NPL, Teddington, United Kingdom, The Mint has

purchased a stainless steel kilogram weight which has been calibrated

and certified by the BIPM in Paris, This may be more accurate than

necessary for the work that the Mint perfoms.

There does not appear to be a temperature recorder for checking

temperature during calibration, Mr, N, M, Butt of the Pakistan Mint

states that sensitivity tests are carried out on the balances, and a measure of the standard deviation is obtained, but no records appear

to be kept. Difficulties arise in having balances repaired. This

situation is a factor which MPSL should also consider especially in

setting up a supporting service within ^JPSL to handle precision work

of this nature. It is doubtful whether any organizations handling the

maintenance of governmental weighing instruments can at this time

handle this kind of work. It would be realistic to hand over the 1 kg

standard calibrated at BIPM to the NPSL for use as a "Primary

71
Standard" when its laboratory is fully operative. The Mint's

reference standards can then be sent for calibration to the NPSL, It

may also be useful if records were kept of the performances of the

best balances each time they are used. In this way, ample warning is

obtained, for example, of a deterioration of the knife edges.

The Survey Team visited the weighing facilities which appeared well

equipped and capable of doing accurate V7eighing, Calibrations are provided for outside users. The laboratory is vrell maintained, and

the staff seems to be well informed. The security seemed minimal for

such an important place. The Survey Team was told that the Hint has a good chemistry laboratory capable of doing work with the accuracy

required for coinage analysis, but the team did not see it. The

laboratory would use SRM's if available,

17.4 January 17 - Visit to PCSIR, Lahore Laboratory

Under directorship of Professor M. K, Bhatty, the Lahore establishment

of PCSIR is engaged principally in applications of chemistry, and much

of its work is process oriented. The Laboratory is capable of

providing the necessary engineering to acquire adequate design and

fabrication facilities for building pilot plants of moderate size.

These functions are carried out for a growing number of development

schemes. The total staff Includes 700 employees, of whom 225 are scientists including 60 Ph.D.s.

Although there has been little time allotted for chemical research,

chemical analysis services are available for performing the control

analyses required for pilot plants that have been developed. Current

work includes verification of low-grade iron ores, graphite from lowgrade ores, aluminum from clay, production of titania, dehydration of

vegetables, production of baker's yeast, and oils from rape and

mustard seeds. The Laboratory also engages in the production of

analytical grade chemicals on the pilot plant scale.

Currently, the Laboratory is operating with eight divisions:

1. Chem.ical Engineering and Pilot Plant

Design and Development

2, Food Technology and Fermentation Division

3. Class and Ceramic Division

4, Ore Processing Metallurgy Division

5. Chemical Standards and Testing Division

6, Industrial Organic Chemicals Division

7. Oils, Fats, and Waxes Division

8, Solar Energy Division

There are a good number of development and in-house projects under

investigation in the various divisions, and some development projects

are near completion and ready for industrial exploitation.

72
The important current R&D activities involving sophisticated and

appropriate technology at Lahore involve:

1, Dehydration of vegetables—A pilot plant with a dehydration

capacity of ].5 to 2 tons per day is in operation. Pilot

production of several vegetables is being carried out

and new avenues in this direction are being examined,

2, Baker's yeast—Know-how has been developed and a pilot plant

of 200 pounds per day capacity has been set up.

3, J'inerals—Pakistan has considerable deposits of various minerals and ores spread throughout the country. Some of

these ores are of low-grade qualitv and cannot he readilv

utilized. In such cases, before they are subjected to extractive procedures, they require preprocessing.

Other important research projects at Lahore include:

1. OTiality control of laboratory glassware and optical

glass is studied by measurements of index of refraction to assure homogeneity and accuracy of product

definition.

2. Synthetic fats from chemical and bio-chemical reactions

are produced on a laboratory scale, and the setting up

of a pilot plant is in progress. Early results are being evaluated,

3. A small bran stabilization unit for recovery of rice bran

oil for food and industrial purposes has been fabricated

and tested in the laboratories.

Tiively discussions on these and other topics continued during a dinner

hosted by PCSIR/Lahore under Dr, Bhatty.

18 . 1 January 18 - ^^isit to Radio r.encral Appliances (PGA)

The Radio General A.ppliances Company manufactures television

receivers, designed and made under license by Toshiba, with an annua]

production capability of 25,000 monoclirome and 5,000 color sets.

Another factory of the firm carries out small-scale assem^]v of

radios. Eighty percent of the television components, including the

tubes, and twenty-five percent of the radio components are imported.

At present, very little technical assistance is supplied bv TosMla

although agreements have been made for training the staff 1 v sending

them to Japan and ('lermany.

EGA makes extensive use of about 30 subcontractors and reports great

difficulties in obtaining components to specification. Some lad.

inspection equipment, and consequently, it is very difficult to

73
enforce any control of ouality, even for the use of go/no-<o pages.

Imposing strict quality control on products of these subcontractors hv

a rather abrupt approach vould cause bankruptcy in many cases. To

avoid this, RGA tries to persuade subcontractors to establish test

facilities. They would wish to train subcontractors in quality

control ly providing test equipment. However, for this purpose, RGA

V'ould have to provide instructors and secondary standards, both of

which are presently lacking. IIPSL should be in a better position to

assist RGA’s suppliers by educating them in measurement and ciuality

control, providing them with inspection facilities, and assisting them

in the manufacture and supply of test equipment. RGA claims that its

product sells on quality rather than price, but it is often forced to

press into use, ly selection or adaptation, subcontracted items which

are not to specification.

The niost basic electrical measuring instruments which P.CA has are frequency counters, a Yokogama dynamometer, and a digital voltmeter.

None has been calibrated since purchase, PGA also undertales some production for a defense project and, in this context, has a falrlv

v’ide assortment of mechanical gages and measuring tools which are used

by mechanics to gage each component as it is produced. These gates

are monitored and periodically sent to Karachi for checking. The

elements of a traceable qualitv control system arc thus being

realized, and it is likely that the experience thus gained will lead

to an improvement also of metrology in the firm's conim.ercial

operations

.

18,2 January 18 - Visit to the Flectronic Manufacturing Company,

Lahore

The Electronic Manufacturing Company, owned by Philips of the

Netherlands, is well equipped with binocular microscopes to assemble

integrated circuits from electronic chips. It is essentially a laborintensive international operation with a total staff of 200 er'plovees

and sited in Pakistan simply because of the labor situation. It

manufactures one product at a time. During the visit this was a 7400-

series digital quad gate.

The raw materials are diffused slices. They are mounted, connected,

and encapsulated v.’ith physical or optical examination at each stage.

Some samples are tested on a Tektronix transistor tester. The quality

is recorded for each v;orker on a daily basis shov.'ing the number of

defective units produced. A two percent loss at any one point and a four percent loss at final inspection are considered acceptable. All

quality control Information is sent to Signetics, The entire output

of the factory is shipped to Korea for electrical testing, and then

back to Philips in Holland for marketing.

ELMAC claims to have made successful use of PCSIR. The advantages to

Pakistan from this operation are that it provides v^ork and some

74
training to FLMAC*s staff and appreciation for quality control in the

long term.

18,3 January 18 - Visit to PAK Electric Ltd,, Lahore

Pakistan Electric Limited manufactures heavy electrical equipment such

as transformers, switchgears, motors, and generators. Transformer

cores are obtained from the United States, Germany, or Japan. Transformer

losses are measured thernally using a large bench with uncalibrated

deflection instruments. It is claimed that transformers are tested by

BS specifications. Epstein square equipment is available in the

factory, but it has no connections or auxiliary apparatus.

Despite requests, the Survey Team was unable to observe any standards

or a calibration room. The only measurement equipment available is

located at the production sites, and it seems likelv that there is, in

fact, no higher grade electrical equipment in this factory. Available

are some AEG 0.2 percent meters calibrated by the University and used

with motor dynamometer testing,

18 . 6 January 18 - Visit to the Textile College, Eaisalabad

Dr. Bhatty accompanied Mr. Goonetllleke and Mr. Peiser to Eaisalabad.

Tbiey first visited the Textile College, where many of Pakistan’s

textile industry leaders were trained. The faculty, numbering about

20 specialists, showed a great deal of devotion to the teaching of

about 200 four-year students, but less interest in research. The

experimental and library facilities \\’ere modest. The biuildings are impressive and suitable for accommodating more demonstration and

laboratory material. Tlie expertise of the faculty is an important

resource for the industry, Tliese people understand the importance of

reliable measurement and quality control. By experience in other

countries, it would appear that stronger support for the College from

industry and Government would be cost effective. Cooperation with

NPSL would prove effective for reproducible measurement standards and

standard reference materials.

18.7 January 18 - Visit to Kohiner Textile Works, Eaisalabad

Dr, M, S. Bhatty, Ir. H.L.K. Goonetllleke, and Mr. K. S. Peiser

visited the Textile Works and were received bv the mill manager and

quality control officer. The quality control laboratory is well

equipped in that it has sufficient facilities to exercise quality

control at all stages of the operations, from the grading of rav cotton purchased to the color fastness of its cloth. There is a

macbiine for grading cotton. Standard samples of types of cotton used

by the USDA are available for comparison as are photographs of

specimens illustrating ASTM practices. They have machines for testing

lea strength of yarn (120 yds) and the breaking strength of single

strands of yarn, plus instruments for combing the number of naps in

the cone of cotton yam. Quality control is also exercised in the

75
purchase of dyes and other materials. A Lorlbund tintometer is also

available, NPSL can provide the facilities needed for calibration of

any of the weights used, the balances, and other equipment. A remark

made by the mill manager in relation to raw materials is very

significant: "They (the suppliers) know that ve test them here so that they do not supply low-grade material," This is the key to

problems most Industries in Pakistan face in the absence of any

standards in the purchase of raw materials,

18.8 January 18 - Visit to the Agricultural College at Faisalabad

The Agricultural College is very well knovm and has a beautiful and

extensive site. Our visit x%^as very short, and its Interest falls

outside the scope of this Survey, Dr, Z, A, Hashml at one time was head of this college.

18.9 January 18 - Visit to National Fertilizer Corporation

This is a conventional superphosphate plant, VThlch manufactures its own sulfuric acid from elemental sulfur. The company operates good

chemical and soil laboratories offering farmers soil test services for

organic matter, P£03 f N, K, and pH. The management and staff

experiment on innovative ideas, but presumably are hampered by the

small scale of operations. The manufacture, for example, of sodium

polysulfide by reduction of ammonium sulfate with carbon in the

presence of salt is recognized by the management as economically

marginal. However, this company may be very well suited for

cooperation with the Lahore Laboratories of PCSIR, v'hich hope for more

pilot laboratory facilities.

19 . 1 January 19 - Visit to Climax Engineering Company Ltd., Lahore

Climax Engineering Company is an electric equipment company of major

size v^hich manufactures a wide range of medium and heavy electrical

engineering equipment such as transformers, electric motors, fans,

induction furnaces, mining equipment, cement mixers, and agricultural

equipment largely to DIN standards. The firm claims to meet 60

percent of Pakistan's needs in this area and manages to export to the

Middle Fast, The Company was set up initially in collaboration with

the General Electric Company of the UK but is now independent and

privately ovmed.

All measurements are carried out at the production site, using

reference Instruments, usually meters generally of 0.5 percent

accuracy with a makers' certificate. They are taken to the measuring

site when required, Tiie firm claims to have all the necessary test

facilities, but no standards room was shown.

Uie measuring equipment probably is as good as that owned by

customers. Tbie firm thus manufactures and supplies items with a claimed specification which could not be substantiated in a reliable

76
way, but which no one in Pakistan would be likely to be in a position

to challenge. This observation is not a criticism of this

organization, but rather a description of the prevailing situation in

the majority of places which the Survey Team visited.

20.1 January 20 - Visit to Pakistan Fngineering Company Ltd.. Lahore

The Pakistan Pngineering Company is a large, state-owned company,

established in 1948 with German assistance, manufacturing, lathes,

drilling machines, power looms, crushers, cement mixers, rolls for

rolling mills, diesel motors, pumps, and fire fighting equipment. It

employs 2,600 people including 50 engineers and has its ovti training

center. Present departments include:

1. Rolling mills, having 10”, 14”, and 16” diameters.

2. Arc furnaces with 4- and 6-ton capacities.

3. Inspection, quality control, and central testing laboratory.

4. Foundry and pattern shop for ferrous and non-ferrous casting.

5. Refractory shop for manufacture of special items for in-house

consumption.

6. Forging and blacksmith shop.

7. Assembly and fabrication of pylons, towers, vessels, gates,

etc.

As well as the following departments organized by product lines:

8. Automatic power looms (in cooperation with Japan) having

widths of 46, 70, 85, and 100 inches.

9. Concrete mixers, cranes, miscellaneous heavy equipment.

10. Pumps and engines, compressors, and generators.

11. Machine tools sold in Pakistan and exported to Australia,

Turkey, and Thailand.

This Company manufactures machine tools; it does have a qualitv

assurance scheme operative in all manufacturing sections devoted to a particular product; it has a quality control equipment room, but it is

not quite adequate. The greatest asset is in the person of a very

effective quality control manager, Mr. All Ahmad, who has been active

during the last five years introducing many quality control practices

despite initial opposition.

77
The established quality control procedures are not considered rigid

because of the usual problem. The claim is made that the shon is

asked to work with excessively tight tolerances. If true, this would

result in excessive cost or an unnecessarily high rate of rejections

with a consequent loss to the Company, and if true, such a policy

would cause unsatisfactory performance of products in service. In

practice, if the customer is satisfied with the product, it will be

sold even if it is not quite in keeping with standards.

Incoming material is monitored, generally using BS specifications

where possible but also using the believed fitness for use as an overriding criterion. As a result of better quality control of raw materials, casting rejections have been reduced from 25 percent to 8

percent.

In this factory, quality control areas are clearly labeled and well

demarcated at every stage of production. The standards room

irtaintains good records of all gages and wear of all critical tools, A

quality control document accompanies each item or batch, and nothing

is released at any stage unless the quality control document is signed

by a QC man. Where appropriate, the document applies to batches on a sampling basis.

Because PECO will continue to provide the country with a large portion

of its machine tools, its needs for metrological assistance and

statistical control are great. NPSL could contribute substantially in

this important industry which depends critically on good measurement,

20,2 January 20 - Visit to Packages Ltd, , Lahore

Collaboration between Sweden and Pakistan in 1956 led to the

establishment of the modern plant of Packages Ltd, which manufactures

paper and board from rice straw (a principal raw material) and

produces finished packaging and printed cartons. The company performs

all its ovm laminating, art work, printing, and subsidiary work. Its

aim is to increase production (by a further 6,000 tons) in 1979 to the

point where it will saturate the facilities at the site and use all

the local raw material supply. The factory obtains virtuallv

unlimited supplies of water (4,8 million gallons per day) from nearby

deep wells.

The firm's laboratories are responsible for ensuring quality,

especially of the paper and paperboard. They are well equipped and

adequately staffed. There is no doubt that there is adequate

competence within the firm to handle its measurement needs. Packages

Ltd. is equipped with all the basic equipment for testing the

characteristics of paper for tensile strength, bursting strength,

porosity, smoothness, thickness of paper and board, reflectivity

(brightness of surface), moisture permeability, etc. The reference

standards, the printing section, and all samples are kept under

standard conditions for the testing of paper. The firm maintains that

78
it calibrates its instruments against test samples that are provided

by the Swedish manufacturers. However, there still is an acVnov;ledged

need for NPSL to provide basic calibration facilities.

The company is completely independent of suppliers and expects not to

be affected by a Government of Pakistan decree which calls for paper

and paperboard to be manufactured in the international standard A

series. The Government of Pakistan mav find it advisable to open

constructive discussions with this firm to avoid misunderstandings and

losses. Pr. Zaidi states that there is a definite instruction to use

these international paper sizes.

21.1 January 21 - Visit to the Office for Weights and Measures of the

Government of the Punjab

The weights and measures activities in the provinces come under the

Labor Department which is very active in its publication program. For

example, it has issued Enforcement Rules using the International

System (SI) in 1975 which were revised and expanded in 1976. It

explains

(a) The authority to maintain secondary and working standards,

and standard instruments.

(b) The appointment of officials and inspectors with pov^er to

inspect, verify, forfeit, or adjust and stamp.

(c) The imposition of penalties on manufacturers, users,

inspectors for breaches of these regulations.

and

(d) The prohibition of demanding or receiving quantities

from those determined from the standards.

different

(e) The power to make further rules.

In the 1976 revision, the construction and tolerances of the standards

are given in great detail, with the conversion factors from and into

customary units (in most cases v:ith an excessive number of significant

figures)

21 . 2 January 21 - Visit to Ravi Rayon Ltd,, Kala Shah KaVu

Ravi Rayon was built by a German firm vrhich has introduced the

production process, the equipment used, and the test procedures

employed, TTiis firm has been Government regulated and managed since

1972, Plans for this plant were made in 1959, and the project went

into commercial production in 1966. It is the only Integrated manmade fiber plant in the country for the production of acetate rayon

yarn. It consists of 20 different chemical processes vjorking as integrated units producing cellulose di-acetate which is the chemical

name of acetate rayon produced from molasses and cotton llnters. The

79
firm finds a declining enthusiasm among its customers for this product

in competition now with polyesters and the other never man-made

fibers. The company finds it very hard to adapt its plant to nev; products. For major decisions, local management is subject to control

from Islamabad. Encouragement for innovative local initiatives in

adaptive technology might put this plant back on a profitable basis.

Chemical testing is largely confined to acceptance of molasses used as starting material in the process. Physical tests Include measurement

of viscosity of the cellulose acetate solutions to provide proper

spinning and specific gravity (degree Brlx) of the molasses which is a key measurement determining the expected v^eight of the polvmer.

Physical tests are also performed on the finished yarn, and performance

testing of the finished product is made at an experimental weaving

plant.

Most of the tests are manual wet methods according to the standards of

the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) and the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) . Some samples of rayon are maintained as quality control standards which are used from time to

time in molecular weight testing, while specific gravity (Brix) is

made with hydrometers using manufacturers' calibrations.

Ravi Rayon claims to have no major complaints but would like to have a molecular weight standard and possibly calibration services for their

hydrometers. The Survey Team neither observed nor heard of test of

product for service life, such as sunlight fading or washablllty. In a competitive market, such tests would become necessary.

Some Survey Team members were taken through the power generation

facility which generates its own power and has a capacity of 6.6 MW in

three 2.2 ’^fW sets. Normally 2 out of 3 of these are in use and

generation is at 11 kV, supplying 70 percent of the factory's needs,

and all that is used for the operation of machinerv. The pov'er

measuring instruments, provided with the generators, are of German

origin. They are said to be recalibrated when suspect. The team never discovered what was meant by "recalibrated,"

The principal measurement needs of the plant are for the maintenance

of pneumatic and electrical transducers which are widely used for

process control in the chemical plant. Thermometry is performed by

using platinum resistance thermometers and thermocouples. The

temperature range of principal interest is from 0® to about 200*C.

The accuracy required is said to be at best 0,1 degree. The

laboratory winds its own resistors for on-site checking of resistance

thermometers. They are checked on a Hartmann and Braun four-decade

bridge. Thermocouples, made in the laboratory, are calibrated on the

Hartmann and Braun potentiometer, which is similar to the resistance

thermometry bridge in that it is regarded as "absolute," Although

some resistors in the potentiometer had burnt out and had been

replaced, no recalibration had been carried out.

80
The plant experiences a particular problem in the measurement of

flowmeters following damage. The laboratory can only repair them so that the appearance and operation come as close as possible to their

previous condition. It is not possible to suggest anv quid: and casv solution to this problem, since the measurement is for large flow

rates,

21.3 January 21 - Visit to Daud Hercules, Sheikbupura

Baud Hercules, founded in 1967 in cooperation with Hercules of the

United States, produces urea for fertilizer. The plant has always run

at approximately 100 percent of the design capacity. It is now operating at 110 percent of that capacity and can sell everything

produced. Matural gas, which is 94 percent methane, is the principal

raw material. The methane is reacted to give carbon dioxide and

hydrogen which are then catalytically reacted vjlth air to yield first

ammonia in a Kellogg plant and, by further reaction with the carbon

dioxide, ammonium carbamate and then urea. In this process, sulfur in

the natural gas is removed by reduction to hydrogen sulfide, which is

then reacted with zinc.

The firm has a laboratory that controls the process at various stages.

It is somewhat small and does not test incoming gas. The product is

only certified to contain at least 45 percent of nitrogen which

corresponds to approximately 98 percent urea, the remainder being

mostly moisture.

Daud Hercules is well designed, well managed, efficient, and did not

present any major mechanical or electrical m.easurement problems. Th.e

control of biuret is the major chemical problem. No attempt is made

to produce more than one grade for different sensitivities of crops to

this undesirable dimer,

21.4 January 21 - Visit to the Hlectrlc Equipment Manufacturing

Company Limited

Comm.only known as "EMCO," this factory is in the private sector and

produces all types and sizes of high- and low-voltage porcelain

insulators and other porcelain products in technical collaboration

with NGK Insulators Limited of Japan. The plant is meeting Pakistan's

entire demand for insulators and has a big export potential, because

these products are likely to stand up to international competition for

production cost and product quality.

Th.e Survey Team was shown the entire manufacturing operation and the

laboratory that controls acceptance of m.aterials and the experimental

pilot plant to produce and test formulations. The Company is qualitvcontrol conscious and performs many tests at various stages of

production, including some on the physical and chemical

characteristics of the clays, the viscosity of slips, the firing

temperature with Seger cones, voltage break-down, thermal shock, and

81
dye penetration, It has extensive contacts with PCSIR with whom it

maintains a rather close liaison.

All the raw materials used are of high quality and available from

Pakistan, mostly from the Northwest Frontier Province, The rav; materials are batch tested, and the initial Inspection is accomplished

principally by eye. After crushing and milling, samples are monitored

for particle size, shrinkage, strength, firing, and thermal expansion.

There is close quality control at every stage of the pre-firing

operations. Material rejected because of unsatisfactory particle

size, water content, or cast strength can be returned to earlier

stages for reuse. After firing, rejected material cannot be reused.

After forming and drying, the insulators are fired in a reducing

atmosphere for 72 hours, with temperature monitoring by potentiometric

recorders all the way down a long tunnel furnace, Obviouslv, tlie

factory has a fairly vjidespread need for temperature monitoring and

control. The accuracy needed is 2® to 3* at 1200“C, Thermocouples

are calibrated against a temperature cell, and those in use are checked against other "standard” thermocouples at 3-month intervals if

they are temperature cycled or at 6-month intervals if they are maintained continuously at temperature. After completion, the

insulators are examined with a fluorescent dye for cracks and are given thermal shock and mechanical strength tests. They are also

subjected to a spectacular flash-over test which v^ould detect any

internal cavities or cracks.

This plant appears to have a well-controlled operation and to produce

a high quality product. Electrical measurements could not be regarded

as traceable to any well-defined standard, but the accuracy required

is not high so that this small deficiency is not of great importance.

Some additional clay-swelling tests would probably be found useful.

D , Visits in the Karachi Area

22 . 1 January 22 - Visit to the Pakistan Standards Institute, Karachi

The Pakistan Standards Institute (PSI), with an annual budget of 1,6

million rupees (U, S . $160,000) , is the national organization, the

counterpart to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the

British Standards Institute (BSI) , and the French Standards

Association (AFNOR) , PSI sets quality standards for Pakistan and

Interfaces with international organizations such as the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International

Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) , It is under the Ministry of

Industry and develops standards as the need arises. It bases them on ISO standards, BSI standards, or standards of other countries, in that

order, with modifications as needed for local conditions. If Pakistan

industry cannot meet a standard which is based on an international

standard, the Pakistan standard may be relaxed for one year, A charge

82
of ,05 percent of the annual production is levied on products based on standards which are not mandatory,

PSI, with a permanent staff of 100, operates through a General Council

consisting of 60 members; an executive committee of about 15 members;

a finance committee; Divisional Councils in 'Techanical Engineering,

Building, Textiles, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and

Agriculture, each of which constitutes a division headed by a deputy

director; and Sectional Committees, the latter being assigned for

specific temporary purposes. Some 1,400 voluntary, standards have been

developed to date and are periodically reviewed. There are a few

mandatory standards established where health or safety are Involved,

A standard can become mandatory by an order in the Official Gazette

based on a decision by a standing committee consisting of

representatives from the export department, PSI, manufacturers, etc.

The Government publishes lists of items for which standards are mandatory, and the items for v:hich they apply must then be marked.

After satisfying inspection, PSI permits companies to affix its seal

to products that meet PSI standards. There is a provision for

withdrawal of approval and of the permission to use the PSI seal.

The scale of fees is as follows:

Application 100 rupees (about US$10)

Annual license 250 rupees (about US$25)

Marking fee .05 percent of production cost

The income from this source represents 10 percent of the PSI budget,

PSI maintains a good library of the standards of ISO and other

countries. It thus can be considered a national resource.

The NPSL would find it rewarding to actively cooperate with PSI by

serving on various committees. It could also provide inspection

services in special cases, and in general, cooperation would ensure

that PSI standards are compatible with good measurement practices,

22.2 January 22 - Visit to the Central Testing Laboratories, Karachi

The Central Testing Laboratories (CTL) in Karachi were established in

1956 and function under the >'inistry of Industry alongside the

Pakistan Standards Institution (PSI) and the Pal.istan Industrial

Technical Assistance Center (PITAC) —see 17,1. Testing is carried out

in chemicals, building materials, textiles, and in electrical and

physical fields. The laboratories never aim to test to accepted PSI

standards.

83
The mechanical laboratories, for example, possess the basic

instrumentation for product and gage testing and calibration, but they

do not demonstrate traceability and have not carried out the basic

calibrations for some time, Tlie laboratories use slip gages with a measurement accuracy of 10 jjm and a maximum length of 1 meter.

Maintenance procedures for equipment need to be overhauled. There is

a definite need here for assistance and further instruction, such as eventually could come from NPSL.

CTL has applied to the U.N, Industrial Development Organization

(UNIDO) for assistance in improving its equipment, A wide range of

very good equipment to be supplied under UNIDO auspices has been

recommended. An excellent standards laboratory has been designed and

already installed. The HSIIDO adviser was forced to do so because of

the lack of a good national standards laboratory. To mix a test

laboratory with the primary measurement standards function may not

really be desirable for Pakistan, It is desirable, of course, to have

CTL equipment considerably improved, but the majority of equipment

recommended would be more appropriate for a primary laboratory rather

than for use in testing, which is presumably the function of CTL when

NTSL is in operation. If this equipment is to be supplied to Pakistan

with UNIDO aid, it would be desirable to have it transferred to the

national laboratory. The Survey Team is well aware that such a transfer between different ministries may be impractical. The

alternatives of abandoning the !^SL plan and making CTL the national

standards laboratory is equally unacceptable, A third and probably

least offensive solution lies in acceptance of the luxury of some wastage of optimum OJESCO equipment utilization.

22,3 January 22 - Visit to the Pakistan Institute of Cotton R.esearch

and Technology, Karachi

The Pakistan Institute of Cotton Research and Technology has an impressive building, extensive laboratory space, and a qualified

staff. It is the first location visited by the Survey Team where

relative humidity and temperature are recorded. There is no electrical metrology, although mechanical properties of cotton are

tested. Assistance by NPSL would be welcomed,

23.1 January 23 - Visit to the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere

Research Committee (SUPARCO) , Karachi

Pakistan is rightly proud of its Space and Upper Atmosphere Research

Committee (SUPARCO) and its associated facilities which are more generously funded than corresponding PCSIR functions in support of

industry. Dr. Salim Mehmud, the Executive Director of SUPARCO, who

hosted a dinner for the entire NBS/AID/PCSIR Survey Team, is keenly

aware of the problems and needs associated with standards measurement

in Pakistan. Dr. Mehmud plans to visit the National Bureau of

Standards in the near future and looks forward to close cooperation

with NPSL, when fully in operation.

84 1
The visit to SUPARCO provided a rare view of modern science and

technology in Pakistan, The institution is a relatively new one,

started in 1964, and has since moved its modern building to the

outskirts of Karachi. The present building is not yet extensively

utilized and undoubtedly offers space for expansion. The work is

aimed at two principal activities:

(1) Radio beacon experiments to deduce electron contents

in the upper atmosphere.

(2) Acquisition and interpretation of LANDSAT data through a cooperation program with NASA.

The first of these involves a series of experiments to investigate

upper atmosphere ionization. Ionospheric measurements are being made

by lonosonde and VLF measurements from fixed transmitters with

satellite ground reception stations located at Peshawar and Karachi,

All of this work is principally aim.ed at ionospheric propagation with

considerable interest also in ionospheric physics. Information from

these experiments is used to provide forecasts of radio propagation to

civil aviation, radio Pakistan, and others.

Since 1973, SUPARCO has acquired LANDSAT 1 and 2 data through

arrangements with ?.’ASA and from the U.S, Earth Resources Data Center

(EROS) and, thus, has a very good coverage of the v^hole country.

Undoubtedly, this is a method of gathering useful Information about

the geography, agriculture, and forestry of Pakistan. Nearly all of

the interest is in techniques of data presentation and data processing

which can be used to isolate particular features, such as snow volumes,

changes in the course of rivers, water quality, foliage. Insect pests,

shortage of soil nutrients, etc,

23.2 January 23 - Visit to the PAK-Swlss Training Center, Karachi

Scientific and technical institutions use a large variety of intricate

instruments and apparatus for which adequate service and maintenance

are required. New countries in development like Pakistan soon find a priority need for such services.

The PAK-Svdss Training Center started functioning in September 1965 as

a joint project of the Swiss Foundation for Technical Assistance and

the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. It aims

at training a corps of technical personnel to be experts in the techniques

of precision mechanics and the maintenance, repair, and fabrication of

scientific instruments and other precision equipment. After receiving

their diplomas, these young men find employment throughout the

technical institutions and manufacturing companies of Pakistan, The

Center is situated within the campus of the PCSIR Laboratories in

Karachi, The PSTC is equipped with precision machines and equipment

to manufacture jigs, punching tools and dies, tablet punches, simple

and compound gages, precision types of machine components, and quality

85
control equipment. Dimensional accuracy up to 0.003 mm and radial

accuracy up to 2 seconds can be achieved.

Since 1965, the Center has steadily progressed and expanded its

activities. It has two divisions, namely the Training and Service

Divisions. The Training Division offers a three-year diploma course

of Associate Engineering in Instrument Technology and advanced courses

in industrial electronics, optical technology, and instrumentation as applied to process control.

The Service Division gives realistic experiences to the trainees and,

at the same time, solves problems in the industrial environment, for

instance, by manufacturing a specific replacement part or by designing

a new equipment system. The Service Division was first introduced in

1968 and has expanded into three major sections:

1. Production services.

2. Design services.

3. Instrument repairs and calibration services.

llie PAK-Swiss Center has established its name very well, not only as a training center but as a first aid to the engineering industries. On

the Sei^ice Division side, it is, for instance, the biggest manufacturer of tablet punches and dies for the pharmaceutical industries.

It is also making various types of comparators for the quality control

of ball bearings. The Center has the technical know-how and equipment

to undertake repair, maintenance, and calibration of electrical

instruments such as temperature control equipment, electronic

instruments including measuring and testing devices, and optical

instruments V7hich include theodolites and profile projectors.

Since facilities for training technicians in the Asian region are few,

the Center could play an important part in the region through

arrangements with other national and international agencies. It may

well be able to expand its services and take in more students,

especially from Pakistan itself. The ease with v.’hlch all former

students of the Center are absorbed in Industry is proof of the

relevance of the training. Without such training, industry cannot

meet its challenges,

23,3 January 23 - Visit to PCSIR, Karachi

The visiting Survey Team received an especially warm welcome at the

Karachi Laboratories of the PCSIR, the home base for many of the

counterpart team members,

ITie important research and development activities Involving

sophisticated and appropriate technology at the Karachi Laboratories

of PCSIR are briefly mentioned below.

86
Traffic signals : PCSIR has developed traffic signals from locally

available parts, which are less expensive than the imported varieties.

Many signal units have been installed in Karachi and elsexv^here in the

country.

X-ray generator units ; X-rays are finding ever increasing use in the

techniques of structure determination of chemical compounds, metals

and alloys, and of large biological molecules. They are also used in

the phase and elemental analysis of materials, including minerals.

Such X-ray diffraction equipment is being widely used in material

testing laboratories and in industries, Tbe development of l;nov7-how

in this area will aid in quantity production if it is considered

desirable,

-lazri fiber : Mazri leaves have been used for preparing matting, fans,

baskets, hats, sandals, and other articles for a long time. The fiber

when separated out can stand tensile and flexural strain better than raw leaves. These leaves are available in huge quantities as a result

of wild growth in Baluchistan, and at the invitation of the

Baluchistan Government, a chemical and mechanical process for the

separation of filers was developed by PCSTR.

Fish protein concentrate ; The product developed is meant to eradicate

protein deficiency in the population, particularly in children and

lactating mothers. Fish protein concentrate containing 90-95 percent

protein is made from the non-bony fish and can be incorporated for

public use in various food items such as wheat flour and biscuits up

to 1 percent without being detected and without affecting its baking

quality. Laboratory scale studies have been conducted and are

complete.

As with the other PCSIR establishments, the majority of the work

performed in the various research divisions (electronics, agroindustrial chemical, applied biology, chemical engineering, plastics,

and pharmaceuticals) does not involve precise electrical metrology.

The electrical measurement laboratory maintains instruments which have

been calibrated against a reference instrument and bear calibration

labels even though they have not been calibrated since purchase. The

majority of the best instruments have been transferred for use to

NPSL. On the basis of competence, it would seem desirable to have

this laboratory serve as the electrical measurement facility at

Karachi, acting as a "Karachi branch" or subsidiary laboratory of

NPSL.

24.1 January 24 - Visit to the Pakistan Machine Tool Factory

The Pakistan Machine Tool Factory is a large and modern state

enterprise which works to DIN and JIS standards. The materials

testing department of the Factory works as an independent unit

comprised of six different laboratories equipped with precision

apparatus and a qualified staff trained under foreign experts. Its

87
mechanical testing procedures are ex.cellent except that most of its

equipment presently needs recalibration. Quality control exists at

each manufacturing step, and it maintains tight control of incoming

supplies.

Both the metrology laboratory and the tool room of the Pakistan

Machine Tool Factory have been extremely well equipped with universal

measuring machines of different bed sizes and a jig boring machine

with a precision of 1 ym by Oerlikon of Switzerland V7lth v7bom there is a joint venture program. Records of temperature and humidity are maintained, and the gages are tested periodically, A spectrometer in

excellent condition is being used largely to check the composition of

lots of metal for identification,

24.2 January 24 - Visit to the Pakistan International Airlines

Laboratory, Karachi

The Pakistan International Airlines Laboratory lies outside the

Pakistan context in that it is a typical International airline

calibration laboratory with the same high standards of calibration

procedures, quality control, and reference standards which one encounters in airline maintenance laboratories vrorldvride. There are

two large computer-controlled automated testing systems in use which

are similar to those in the United Kingdom and the United States,

The principal electrical standard is a compound "calibration transfer

standard" made by Boonton which was initially recalibrated by the

makers at one year intervals and is nov; recalibrated everv eighteen

months. The laboratory maintains rubidium and cesium beam frequency

standards calibrated by the Pakistan air force to produce the highest

accuracy in frequency measurement, V/hen standards are required for

defense work, which of course includes air operations, calibration has

been obtained from the armed services laboratories.

In most countries, the armed services have led the way in metrology

and standards, and it could well be that they could do so in Pakistan,

particularly if the interplay between industry and the armed services

were increased. For some, it would appear to be a serious omission to

exclude the armed services from contributing to metrology and

standards for the country. However, in countries v;hich need or choose

to maintain a strong defense posture, costly resources are often more

readily available for the military than for the civilian sector.

Military advisers from more highly industrialized countries understand

and insist on the application of standardization practices. Guidance

of the civilian by the military standardization system, however, does

not work well in practice, because of the priority that the military

must claim for its own needs; the confidentiality which the military

would desire for its best capabilities; and the limitless relatively

unorganized demand from the private sector.

88
24,3 January 24 - Final Teaci Discussion

The Survey Team met in executive session during the afternoon and

evening. The principal points raised have been recorded in Section II,

The atmosphere was most cordial, and there was every expectation for all

Survey Team members to remain in cooperative touch v;ith one another by

correspondence

,

25.1 January 25 - Visit to U,S, Consulate General

Mr, Peiser reported the outcome of the Survey to the U,S, Consulate

General and the Karachi Branch of LSAID, whose officials would have

wished that the AID Mission in Islamabad had requested their

participation in the Survey visits in the Karachi region, Mr, Peiser

hosted a discussion dinner for Dr, Ghani and members of the U,S,

Consulate General and AID personnel in Karachi,

27 . 1 January 27 - Visit to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry

After departure of the remainder of the Survev Team, Dr, A, Ghani and

Mr. H. S, Peiser were received by the President of the Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (CCI) , Mr, A, Majeed Suleran Bawany, and Mr, Agha

M. Ghouse, Secretary and Economic Adviser of the CCI. CCI was planning

a high-level quality control seminar followed by a training seminar in

February, Dr. Ghani was Invited to present a paper on the Survey Team's

preliminary conclusions which are given in a letter to Dr, A. Ghani (see

Section III, A), Mr, Bawany requested that an additional paper from. MBS

be presented, but this was impractical. Also discussed was an article

on the Survey published in "Dawn," the most important English nev^spaper

in Pakistan (Appendix 2). It followed similar articles in other papers

and nev7S reports on the Pakistan radio.

CCI is strongly supportive of PCSIR, NPSL, and quality assurance

programs in Pakistan industry. The problems are understood here,

although perhaps those concerned with labor are overemphasized relative

to those v;ith management. The principal objective of CCI is to

revitalize private enterprise, and it is permitted to do so v/ith limited

Government support, A personal visit to CCI was made by the President

of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq, who had indicated that constitutional

guarantees would be given against further nationalization, CCI plays a voluntary role in health and education services, as well as for programs

of more direct benefit to commerce and industry such as the export

processing zone to be established near Karachi. CCI has held well

documented conferences on ports and customs facilities, the trade

imbalance, and productivity. There are about 500 CCI company members

and 5,000 individual associate members.

89
t t >

“'living fit'fT' f

’ '»m 3 o 'sif^ J

Tt 2

|l

•I-'..-.’ iToa '.a

I.e£ ;J

‘C«0 '..g

gl

' ' ^ w

.- )IaM

.;

’ iw

^

H^ !|j9

nt 'Tffl

-• ;>n» '.'im M i y'i . M

-..7 1« ' -'i oj '-'j

. t
V. NOTES ON THE ECONO^tY OF PAKISTAN

(Basic Information Intended for U,S, Readers)

Pakistan is basically an agricultural country with about 74 percent of

its population living in rural areas constituting 55 percent of the

civilian labor force and 34 percent to the GNP. Agriculture continues

to be the mainstay of the economy since it meets the requirements of

food and the raw materials for agro industries. Until recently, the

rural sector has been the source of cheap labor, cheap rav7 materials,

and whatever capital v;as available. This sector has also provided the

markets for the industrial goods manufactured by the modern sector.

The GNP of Pakistan is about $20 billion; that is per capita about $250;

the growth in real terms during the last 10 years is no more than

10 percent. Diverse taxes, duties, high interest, and government

regulations are seen as a burden. Nationalization by previous

administrations—often without compensation—has lowered productivity,

virtually stopped expansion, and resulted in factories running at a loss though continuing their output of useful products, Tl^.e chain of

necessary approvals for innovative expansion at Government-owned

factories makes it difficult for the present administration to reverse

the trend. Private Industry fares better now, but the talk of an aim

to a zero-interest economy may either discourage foreign capital or perhaps cede too much control of Pakistan’s industrial growth,

Pakistan has a serious negative balance of payments in general and

with respect to the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea,

and Sri Lanka, in particular, but Pakistanis worlilng abroad,

especially those in the Iliddle East, send home about $1,600 M per

year. These remittances, if present trends continue, will exceed

total commodity exports by next year. Actual exports include rice, salt,

cotton in yarn and cloth, raw cotton, silk, rugs and carpets, soda,

sulfuric acid, paints, bicycle tires, paperboard, fans, surgical instruments, sports goods, and airline services.

In manufacturing, the modern sector comprises mainly large- and medivimscale establishments, around 20 percent of which are owned or controlled Ly the Government, The modern sector produces close to 75

percent of the country's total output of manufactured goods, v;hich

include the bulk of the consumer goods. The traditional sector,

consisting of small-scale manufacturing establishments avid cottage

industries, are mainly located in the rural areas, especially around

Lahore, Gujranwala, and Sialkot, It accounts for around threequarters of the manufacturing labor force, but is estimated to

contribute only around one-quarter of the total output of manufactured

goods.

Foreign trade has become exceedingly important to the economy since

the end of the 1960s, Despite the advances that had been made in

manufacturing, enabling it to supply most of the country's

91
requirements of consumer goods, the country still has to import most

of its capital goods, a considerable part of its Intermediate goods

and chemicals, as well as fluctuating quantities of wheat, edible oils,

fertilizer, and other foodstuffs. The Government has increasingly

exerted pressure on the private sector to raise the level of its exports,

in order to finance a larger part of the import bill and thereby offset

the decline in foreign aid and the rising costs of the foreign debt.

Between 1950 and 1965, the large-scale manufacturing sector had

expanded rapidly while agriculture stagnated. In the late 1960 's and

early 1970’ s, the roles were reversed. Agriculture expanded under the

influence of the new agricultural technology, but private sector

large-scale manufacturing, reacting negatively to the difficulties the

economy was undergoing (including after 1971 government

nationalization of industry) , reduced investment to well belo;; the

levels of the early 1960’s, As a result, new investment tended to be

limited to the small-scale manufacturing sector, which the Government,

it was generally considered, would not bother to nationalize.

92
VI :iOTES ON SCIENCE MD TECHNOLOrry IN P/JCISTAN

(Basic Information Intended for U.S, Readers)

A. General

In the first few years after independence, Pakistan had inherited

almost no technological capability, and the needs of the country vrere largely met through imports. This is not to say that efforts were not

also made to develop an indigenous industrial base. The development

of industry had been accomplished mainly by importing foreign

technology, which resulted in a partial industrialization of the

country but in the lack of a proper science and technology infrastructure.

This process of importation of technology to meet the immediate

requirements of the country continued out of necessity.

In industry, the tendency had been towards the wholesale introduction

of technology' from industrialized countries, often as turnkey

projects. The modern sector thus built has tended to be capital

intensive, labor saving, and dependent on imported machinery and

chemicals, and much of the transferred technology in Pakistan has taken

place in the agro, chemical, and engineering industries.

There are few large industries which have reasonably adequate

inspection and quality control facilities, and there is a great need

for proper guidance in selecting the right materials, quality control,

maintenance, interchangeability of parts, and work-study techniques

for mass production. A critical future development need for Pakistan

in the process of industrialization involves the formulation of

standards for finished products and strict enforcement of quality

control. An institutional framework for this docs exist in the form

of PCSIR, PITAC, etc., but it is somewhat underutilized.

Of particular interest to Pakistan currently is the development of an indigenous capability for the manufacture, repair, and maintenance of

scientific equipment. There are substantial quantities of equipment

presently lying unused, either due to a lack of spare parts or the

technical know-how for repairs, but information available suggests

that Pakistan has an acute shortage of technically trained manpower.

It is axiomatic that scientific and technical Information is an essential prerequisite for the development of a country, Pakistan's

capacity for acquiring, processing, and disseminating such information

is liraited as regards institutions, trained personnel, and financial

resources. On the other hand, this information is a major component

of a nation's policy for science and technology, A primary objective

would be to establish an organization for the. collection, processing

and dissemination of scientific findings from national as well as from

foreign sources. Only recently, a full-fledged Ministry of Science and

Technology has been created to perform the functions of overall

93
coordination and assisting the Government in the identification of the

S£iT programs relevant to national requirements.

Scientific and technological research currently going on in Pakistan

is concentrated mainly in Government- financed research establishments

like PCSIk which acts as liaison with Government-owned and private

industries. In this regard, it must be noted that Pakistan has made

substantial progress towards the creation of an institutional

infrastructure activity. Nevertheless, the grov;th has not been within

the framework of organizations which have their own laboratories and

research divisions.

There is a wide variety of existing experience and capability which

needs to be identified, organized, promoted, and utilized to respond

to the national needs through an objective and realistic policy.

After 30 years, Pakistan has developed a reasonable level of

capability in S&T, but has not yet reached the stage when indigenous

efforts could contribute significantly to industrializing the country.

In Pakistan, k&D funding has been erratic and inconsistent, i^ecently as a result of the efforts of the Ministry of Science and Technology

in collaboration with the National Science Council and the Pakistan

A-cademy of Sciences, a draft policy for SNT was formulated, discussed,

and revised in a workshop organized in collaboration with the U.S.

Academy of Sciences in October 1976. Over 200 scientists and

engineers participated in this exercise. However, this plan has yet

to be approved by the Government of Pakistan. There is clearly a need

for a national policy and plans which are clearly defined. They

should allow for views and initiatives to pass both up and dc\7n

organizational lines of management. Identification of priority areas

in K&D has proceeded successfully as judged by the awareness of the

scientific community of some major governmental objectives.

Although no one could deny that some Pakistanis are among the world's

most successful and the most erudite scientists and technologists, the

identity and number of specialists available for service in Pal.lstan

is not well known. Individuals go abroad temporarily, and even more

permanently, when attractive opportunities are offered. Their loyalty

to Pakistan is rewarding to the economy. Uithin the country a shortage of competent teachers and technologists persists. Manpower

data is said not to have been comprehensively collected, and a farsighted plan for manpower development is widely advocated. Selfcriticism is often heard on the subject of natural resource

development. For example, Pakistan is potentially the second largest

supplier of natural gem crystals after Brazil. The scientific

community is not convinced that the economic development of this

resource through indigenous technical know-how is adequately

supported. The Survey Team, however, had not the opportunity to

verify or challenge this viewpoint.

94
Despite the existence since 1974 of a Pakistan Scientific and

Technological Information Center (PASTIC) , information gathering and

dissemination is said to be still deficient. In the standards area,

this was generally confirmed by the Survey Team although PS I has a good collection of product standards, but it seems relatively little

used by industry.

Difficulty is experienced in good scientific communication on a fully

international and regional level. Some selected communication linl.s

with the outside world could benefit Pakistan greatly. The

outstanding welcome received by the Survey Team is indicative of this

need being strongly felt by the scientific community in Pakistan,

The salary structure of scientists and technologists, especially those

in Government service, is seen as a serious obstacle to the

m.aintenance of excellence. Key roles in science and technology are assigned to the following organizations:

1, Planning Commission

2, Ministry of Science and Technology

3, The National Science Council of Palistan

4, The Pakistan Science Foundation

5, The Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

5, The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics

7. The Appropriate Technology Development Organization

8. The Pakistan Academy of Sciences

9. The Pakistan Association of Scientists and Scientific

Professions

10, The Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan

11, The National Design and Industrial Services Center

12, The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

A description of each of these would be inappropriate within the

confines of this report. It might just be mentioned that DBS has had

a PL-480 project on trace analysis with the research institute PINSTECH

associated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, However, at

this time cooperative research fields cannot be maintained because of

unavoidable restrictions associated with that establishment,

A fuller description of only PCSIF. and IIPSL because of tlieir prime

relationship to this Survey follows:

B, The Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial P>.esearch

With headquarters still in I^rachl, the former capital of Pakistan,

the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research under the

Hinistry of. Science and Technology was the initiator and

principal host to this Survey of Measurement Standards in Pakistan,

It is a knowledgeable, active, well-recognized, and industry-connected

technical agency of the Pakistan Government,

95
The scientific and technological manpower of PCSIR comprises 600

qualified personnel with a complement of support staff of about 1,300

persons. PCSIR has directed its major activities at its

multifunctional laboratories in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar to the

support of selected industries judged most important to the economy.

It also operates the Fuel and Leather Research Center, the PaL-Swiss

Precision Mechanics Center (Section IV, 23.2), and the Instrument

Training Center. The Survey was principally concerned with the PCSIR

plan, now approved and funded, to establish a strong National Physical

and Standards Laboratory in Islamabad.

Publications include the Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial

Research (bimonthly). Science Chronicle, and Technology Digest. The

principal research projects are described in Section IV on team visits

to the component laboratories. Compared with Mr. Reiser’s visit in

1974, this Survey Team found few really new initiatives.

Nevertheless, the achievements of PCSIR are impressive in research,

development of industrial processes, import-substitution and defenseoriented projects, successes in problem solving, quality-control and

advisory services, and also in training programs. However, PCSIPv,

like counterpart institutions in other countries, has found it

difficult to demonstrate leverage through significant returns in

benefits to Pakistan or to obtain reimbursement for the majority of

its projects. The result has been a reticence by the Government to

provide even incremental support to PCSIR. In consequence, the PCSIR

staff considers the organization underappreciated and underfunded.

A short history of PCSIR. (up to 1977) by Dr. S. M. Abdul Hai was in

the hands of the Survey Team members prior to their departure for

Pakistan and is available from NBS.

C. The Flan for the National Physical and Standards Laboratory

It is very important to acknowledge that it is not this Survey on Pakistan’s Measurement Standards by the PCSIR and the Pakistani

Government who made the decision to establish a national measurement

laboratory, to staff it with highly qualified scientists, to support

it also with buildings and equipment, and to lead it into close

cooperation in support of industry. When one takes into account the

difficult years which this country has suffered since the plan was

first enunciated in 1972, one must admire the foresight and

understanding with which the leaders of PCSIR have carried this

project to the beginning of implementation when no similar plan for

other centers was permitted to survive and the country suffered for seven years with virtually no important industrial development.

The strongest endorsement for the Government's decision was already

communicated by the team to Dr. Abdul Ghani, the Chairman of PCSIR, in

the letter delivered during the closing ceremony of the Survey

(Section III. A), Tlie PC-1 Plan itself is available as a public

document. It calls for the expenditure of about Rs26 million

96
(equivalent to about US$3 million) mostly in plant and equipment,

some of this in foreign exchange, a really courageous decision by the

Pakistani Government. l^PSL will have a Physical Standards and

M.easurements Division and a ' later ials Division analogous to similar

laboratories in all industrialized countries. The Survey Team

believes that the rapid implementation now is absolutely essential to

the development in Pakistan. Moreover, the Survey Team endorses the

basic description of the Plan for which purpose sections 11. a through

11. d of PC-1 are reproduced in full in Appendix 1.

It might be noted that there were voices in Pakistan who would have

wished for the Survey Team to recommend that NPSL be relocated in

Lahore, in proximity to more industry, stronger academic institutions,

and the homes of a greater number of potential ITSL recruits than in

Islamabad. The Survey Team did not wish to make such a recommendation, even though the arguments for a change in location may

appear to be convincing. ITie reason is partly that Islamabad also has

advantages, such as the availability of a site and the proximity to the

National health Laboratory and the Government offices. Principally

the Survey Team strongly believes that this kind of a decision is one

v/hich the Pakistani authorities themselves best make without influence

of the possibly unbalanced viewpoint of foreign technical experts.

A special acknowledgment is needed to NTSL for having carried out a wide-ranging industrial survey of needs for their services in

Pakistan, and this in 1977 prior to any discussion of this NES/AId/PCSIR

Survey, llie results of that internal survey are well documented in a report that was in the hands of the international Survey Team members

before their visit to Pakistan, and are in no way superseded but just

supplemented, by this international Survey report.

97
I

' r. u .n'cv«ftr

- •.; 1 _•"< hi fil 4

. M r-x O',':?.;

' :

'

. i: <•; j»,.t-‘i'6jiaio<fiB^''

: 1 .. '>/l3

'«? :'":f

''• - 1

y. 1 t|

• * <v - .7 5.

, ''J'i V;
APPENDIX 1*

From FC-1 Proforma and Feasibility Report

on the National Physical and Standards

Laboratory

11. Description of project;

a) Give brief history; proposed facilities and

justification of project. Indicate the basis

for selecting the area of research and justify

the priority that should be given to the area Indicate the benefit of research to the sectors

and the economy ;

Modern developments in fields like optics, electronics,

molecular physics, materials science, end nuclear

science have done a great deal to brinci the applied

physics to the fore-front. Today, physical instruments,

techniques, and devices are finding increasing use in

industries, as well as, in scientific organisations.

In Pakistan, although some emphasis was laid on the

application of science to industrial development, but

it has been only with the growth of modern industry and

sophistication in industrial quality-control and

measurements that research in applied physics has

assumed greater significance. There is, therefore, a greater need for stimulating the application of physics

and physical techniques of measurements to industrial

and scientific problems in the country, particularly with

regards to the improvement of standards of measurements,

and the development of special purpose materials, alloys

and instruments. In order to meet the growing needs

of the sophisticated technologies now being adopted in

the country, it has become necessary to carry out applied and objective basic research in applied physics

and in the bordering areas of physics and chemistry,

viz. instrumental analysis and physical chemistry, to

cater for the developmental requirements of the country,

particularly in those areas for which facilities do

not exist in the country in prce ent. As a first

step towards this objective there is an urgent

*This entire appendix is in the form of a quotation. The introductory

phrases marked off in this copy by horizontal lines (as in 11. a above)

evidently indicate the standard format in which such program plans are presented within the Government of Pakistan.

99
need for the development of all aspects of physical

standards and of precision measurements required for

specific purposes (such aS| quality control and

developmental work for new manufacturing processes)

by industrial and scientific organisations and defence.

Thus, to start v/ith, it is proposed that the N.P.S.L.

should comprise of^he following two divisions:

1, Physical Standards and Measurements Division,

2. Materials Division.

The justification of the project is discussed in the

Feasibility Report.

The real impact of N.P.S.L, will be felt in terms of the

ultimate improvement in the process industry, and the

scientific and technological base of the country, as a result of improvements in standards, refined measurements

and materials. In terms of immediate benefits, one can mention as an example the efforts for developing and

producing secondary & v;orking standards of weights and me sures. This is discussed in Appendix 1,*

The basis for selecting the areas of '-esearch and

justification of priorities are given in chaper III

of the attached Feasibility Report. A brief summary

of functions of the various divisions of N.P.S.L, is

given belov;:

PHYSICAL STANDARDS AND MEASUREMENTS DIVISION:

The functions of Physical Standards and Measurements

Division will be mainly;

a) Maintenance of basic or primary physical

standards and calibration of secondary standards.

b) Development and production of secondary

standards using facilities available in the country.

c) National and International liasion with other

institutions of similar kind.

d) Advice on the standard practices for measurements.

The Standards and Measurements Division will in the

first instance acquire and maintain tlie basic standards

for the measurements of length, mass, temperature,

*Not reproduced here

100
electrical current, luminosity and some of the derived

standards. The secondary standards would then he calibrated

for industry, scientific organizations and other relevant

agencies against the primary standards. Secondary and

Working Standards may also be maintained by organisations

like the C.T.L., P.M.T.F., P.O.F., and the Engineering

Universities. The division will cooperate with PSI in the

formulation of standards specifications to develop measuring

technicj^ues , and will keep liasion with international

bureau of weights and measures and other relevant international and foreign agencies.

MATERl AI S DIVISION;

The Materials Division will be concerned with the

fol lowing

a) Determination and compilation of the physical,

physico chemical , and thermodynamic properties of

materials, and providing Information service on materials.

b) Physical, and physico-chemical studies of the

surface properties of constructional materials.

c) Applications of electro-chemistry to the protection

of metals from corrossion and production of high

purity metals.

d) Research on the physical, and molecular structure

of the materials, and development of special

materials having specific properties for use in

science and industry.

e)Production of standard reference materials for

quality check of the industrial products with

reference to their chemical composition.

f) Providing, after thorough research, authenticated

and standard analytical methods for determining

chemical compositions of materials.

g) Advanced instrumental analysis, and advisory

service to industries and other users on standard

materials, and analytical techniques.

h) Physical, and physico-chemical testing of materials

and related instrumentation.

101
BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT:

a) -The National Physical and Standards Laboratory would

serve as a focal point for the activities connected with

the applications of physics to industrial and scientific

problens, with specific reference to standards, precision

measurements, and materials. The National Standards of

Mass, Length, and other Physical quantities will form

the basis of quality assurance for all industrial

P^^ducts, which c ai then be certified for correctness

of dimensions and quality to compete in the international

market.

b) The Materials Division will provide high-purity

substances and standardized materials for use as test

and comparision specimens, etc, in the industries thus

facilitating quality control, and will also develop

alloys and materials having specific properties for

special uses. The equipmert in this division will

make possible the rapid and precise analysis of samples

from any source, using a combination of several accurate

physical, physico-chemical, and analytical techniques.

INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE N.P.S.L.

As described in the proceeding pages the N.P.S.L. is

envisaged to have two divisions. The structural arrangements

for these divisions and the laboratory are indicate in

Table 1.

ADVISORY BOARD;

The National Physical and Standards Laboratory will have an Advisory Board to examine and lay down the research

and development policy from tim^^ to time and to

ascertain priorities for the work to be undertaken

at the N.P.S.L, in accordance with the national needs.

It would also advise the various divisions on the

introduction of new fields of research and development,

and assess the progress made in the on-qoing project.

The constitution of the Advisory Board is proposed as

fol lows

1. Representative from Defence Science Oj-ganisation.

2. Representative from National Institute of Electronics.

3. Controller of Federal Weights and Measures.

4. Representative from National Engineering Laboratory.

102
5. Representative from Defence Production or P.O.F.

6-8. Three representatives from Industry, one from public

sector and two from private sector.

9-11. Three Eminent Scientists, two physicists, and the

third a physical chemist/metallurgist from

university/col leges.

12.

Director of C.T.L.

13.

Representative from P.A.E.C.

14. Director of N.P.S.L.

MANAGING COMMITTEE!

The Director of the laboratory v/ill also be assisted

by a Managing Committee in organising the research

activities and laying down the policy for the internal

administration of the laboratory. The composition of

the Managing Committee would be as follows:

1. Director of National Physical and Standards Lab.

2. Representative from P. C.S. I .R. /Mini st:iry of Science

and Technology.

3. Representative from P.A.E.C.

4.5 Representatives from Universities (by rotation

through the University Grant Commission) one physicist, rnd the other a physical chemist/

metallurgist.

6-7 Heads of the Divisions of N.P.S.L,

8, Representative from Finance.

NOTE: The representatives from research organisations and

universities should have a tenure of at least tv/o years

on this committee.

11(b) Indicate relationship v;ith other programme in the same sector studies and in other sectors.

The programme of work at N.P.S.L. will have

relevance with every industrial , scientific and

technological activities of industries and research

institutes as regards the standardisation and

measurements of the various physical and physicochemical parameters either for quality-control or for development of new processes, and even in the

development of new technologies.

103
11(c) Mention the intermediate outputs in the form of

number of studies papers to be produced within the

next five years. Indicate whether these studies

would result in commercial

application or commercial leasing out of the process

developed. If so, indicate expected income;

As can be gauged from the details given in the

Feasibility Report, many intermediate outputs will

be forthcoming. A few may be enumerated below:

i) A regular service programme for calibration of

physical standards will be initiated, (11) accurate

analytical service to industries and research labs,

will be provided, (ill) advisory service on measure- ments will be provided, (iv) oriented basic studies

on measurements, testing, and development of materials

will be rrade, (v) secondary standards will be produced,

(vi) research papers will be published.

Calibration work, analytical service and instrumentation

will naturally be the regular source of income to

N.P.S.L., but no estimates of income can be made

presently. Perhaps a good deal of effort will be

required to educate industries to appreciate the

significance of standardisation and quality control.

11(d) Administrative arrangements for conducting research.

Give availability of man-power in the specialised

field. Indicate methods of dissemination of research

findings:

The relevant man-power is available in P.C.S.I.R.

,

PAEC, Pakistan Mint, P.O.F. , Suparco, Meteorology

Departments of Engineering Universities

It is estimated that from these sources most of the

staff requirements will be met.

Dissemination of Research Findings:

The method of disseminating the research findings

of N.P.S.L. will be through:

a- Consultancy Services,

b- Selling Standard reference materials

c- Limited production of those essential items

of materials and instruments which it may be

uneconomic to produce on a large - arale

commercially.

104
APPENDIX 2

Article

Articles from newspaper "DAWN"

from January 27, 1979, issue ;

Physical & standards laboratory: survey completed

By Our Staff Reporter

Six international experts have completed their survey of the country

to evaluate the potentials for the setting up of the proposed National

Physical and Standards Laboratory at Islamabad.

The team headed by Dr. H. S. Peiser, head of the International

Relations Office of the National Bureau of Standards, United States,

visited Islamabad, Peshawar, Taxila, Lahore, Gujranwala, and ICarachi.

The team accompanied by Dr. Abdul Ghanl, Chairman, Pakistan Council of

Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIPv) visited industrial units in

those places besides the laboratories of the PCSIR at Lahore,

Peshawar, and Karachi.

In Karachi, the team members visited the PIA Electronics Laboratory,

the Machine Tool Factory at Landhi, SUPARCO, etc.

The visit was rounded off with a dinner hosted by Dr. and Mrs, Abdul

Ghanl in honour of the six experts at Hotel Intercontinental,

The other experts were; Dr, Heydemann, National Bureau of Standards,

United States; Dr, J, K, Taylor, Center for Analytical Chemistry of

the National Bureau of Standards, United States; Mr. C. H. Dix,

National Physical Laboratory, Britain; Dr, C. K. Kim, Standards

Research Institute, South Korea; and Mr, H.L.K, Goonetilleke,

Chairman, National Metric Conversion Authority and head of the Weights

and Measures Division, Sri Lanka.

Dr. Peiser and Dr. Ghani told "DAWN" last night that the proposed

laboratory at Islamabad would be set up on the pattern of the United

States laboratories and with the assistance of the U.S, National

Bureau of Standards.

Dr. Ghani said that the laboratory will help improve the process

industry, and strengthen the scientific and technological base of the

country, as a result of improvements in standards, refined

measurements, and materials.

Dr, Peiser said his team conducted a two-week survey of the existing

facilities in Pakistan on calibration and standardization in

industries, research institutions, and other similar establishments.

The U.S. expert and the team leader said that standardization is a symbol of good management, and it is needed in all fields.

105
Article from January 31, 1979, issue ;

Need for National Physical Standards Laboratory Stressed

by H. A. Hamled

The six-member team of technical specialists from the U.S.A., Britain,

Korea, and Sri Lanka has recognized the urgency, importance, and

widely accepted need for the establishment of the National Physical

Standards Laboratory at Islamabad.

In a six-page preliminary report to the Chairman of the Pakistan

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. A. Ghanl, the team,

headed by Dr. H. Steffen Peiser, head of the International Relations

Office of the National Bureau of Standards, United States, has said

that measurement capability is needed equally for raw material

discovery, evaluation and selection, for industrial process control,

for quality assurance of products, for the rule of equity in domestic

and International markets, for protection of the work and home

environment, for the enforcement and demonstration of compliance with

regulations, for the delivery of health services, the evaluation of

soils, the control of power sources, the operation of transportation

and communication systems, etc.

Measurement capability is indispensable for higher technologies, such

as a significant domestic Instruments industry and the reception of

modern technology.

It may be mentioned that the survey of the needs for measurements in

Pakistan was organized by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards,

jointly sponsored by the U.S, Agency for International Development and

Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The team

members Included Dr, Keydemann, National Bureau of Standards, United

States; Dr. J. K. Taylor, head of the Analytical Division of the NBS,

U.S. A.; Dr. C. K. tUm, Standards Pvesearch Institute, South Kjorea; and

Mr. H.L.K. Goonetilleke, Chairman, National Metric Conversion

Authority and Head of the VJeights and Measures Division, Sri Lanka.*

The team will be submitting a full report to the PCSIR in about three

months. In the preliminary report the team suggested that a national

center for measurement of science and technology can serve the nation

in the following ways;

—It is equipped and staffed to maintain national measurement

standards and to disseminate the accuracies inherent in them to provide compatible. Internationally recognized measurements,

—It develops. Implements, and consults on test methodologies in

conformity with engineering, product safety, and process standards.

*The omission of Mr. C. H. Dix of the National Physical Laboratory,

England, is clearly an unintended error. Moreover, Dr. J. K. Taylor s affiliation should have been the Center for Analytical Chemistry.

106
—It advises and acts as technical referee to maintain order In

domestic and International markets; for Instance, to verify compliance

with standards, specifications, codes, or contracts,

—It acts as national focus for know-how, training, and International

contact In quantitative measurements at or near the highest attainable

accuracy, and

—Through professional societies and seminars Introduces a nationwide

awareness of the discipline of measurement control so essential In

modern science and technology.

It was the unanimous opinion of the team which visited Pakistan from

Jan. 13 to 24 that Pakistan would benefit significantly from an availability of the following:

—One effective focal point for self-reliant measurement science and

technology in contact, abroad, with other national and International

metrology centers, and, at home, with all institutions and companies

where good measurements are needed,

—Extension, Information, coordination, and training services to disseminate a widespread awareness of the need for good measurement

controls. The aim would be to develop an appreciation for good

"housekeeping" and reliable records of test, for the limited constancy

of standards and instruments calibrations, and for the dangers from

build-up of small errors to damaging, unforeseen departures from

planned operations, and —Analysis of saving of many ineffective calibrations using some Instruments badly or relying on instruments with unjustified

confidence all with the result of escalating costs of non- Interchangeability of parts, industrial rejections and waste. The

cost to Pakistan of OTSL probably would be far less besides enabling

the country to export more goods and produce higher technology

products.

To perform the relevant functions adequately in Pakistan, MPSL will

need excellent facilities and outstanding staff. In the opinion of

the team, the choice of a modest building-site located in Islamabad

was endorsed, provided continuing contacts, advice, and consultation

are sought from industrial regions of Pakistan and also from

institutions such as the PCSIR Instrumentation Center, the Pakistan

Standards Institution, and the Central Testing Laboratories, all of

which have missions closely related but different from IJPSL.

The team members submitted that the selection and training of staff

presents greater problems. The work of HPSL could become effective

more rapidly if carefully selected staff members would be given

assignment to other national centers abroad such as MBS, JIPSL management should develop a comprehensive training plan, possibly with

107
the help of the U.N., the World Bank, or other assistance

organizations such as USAID.

What the Pakistanis need to be shown Is a national commitment to the

scientific method and technological advancement that will make their

specialist knowledge relevant to the developing society.

In summing up, the team suggested that some desirable functions of

NPSL should be:

1) Provision of Internationally traceable national primary

standards maintained under excellent and fully documented

conditions;

2) Dissemination of their accuracy through calibration services,

3) Accreditation of lower-level laboratories for calibration,

4) Spreading education and awareness of metrological practice

through contacts with industry, seminars, attachment of

Industrial personnel, etc.,

5) Provision of guidance publications,

6) Maintaining liaison with other national laboratories, both

directly and through the International Bureau of Weights

and Measures (BIPM) and other international organizations,

and

7) Provision of an advisory service on measurement problems to Industry, universities, and government.

108
APPENDIX 3

Biographical Data of NBS/AID Team Members

Cyril H. Dix of the United Kingdom was born in 1923, After leaving

the armed forces in 1947, he attended London University and graduated

with highest honors in physics in 1951. Until 1966 he worked in the

research laboratories of the (British) General Electric Company on microwave magnetrons and as head of a research and development team on traveling wave tubes. In 1966 he joined Varlan Associates to work on

the 600 MeV electron accelerator being designed for Germany, In 1968

he joined the newly formed British Calibration Service as an expert in

microwave measurements. He is a fellow of the (British) Institute of

Physics and Institution of Electrical Engineering,

In 1970 Mr, Dlx moved to the (U.K.) National Physical Laboratory where

since then he has served as head of the direct current and lov'

frequency electrical measurement group, which is responsible for the

U.K. national standards. In 1975 he received the highest award of the

Institution of Electrical Engineers for a paper on electrical

standards and has recently advised the Government of Hong Kong on the

need for an electrical standards laboratory to support that colony's

development objectives.

Hugh L.K, Goonetilleke was born in 1927 in Ceylon and obtained his

B.Sc, at the University of Ceylon and an M.Sc, in Measurement Science

at George VJashington University in Washington, D.C. He was a guest

worker at the National Bureau of Standards in 1967-8 and is a member

of the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science.

Mr, Goonetilleke was appointed as Examiiner of Standards in the

Department of Commerce of Sri Lanka in 1952 to set up the Standards

Laboratory under the Weights and Measures Ordinance, as well as to

satisfy the scientific and technical requirements for implementing it.

He went on a six-week study tour in the Weights and Measures

Department of Bombay in India. In 1956 he was appointed Deputy Warden

of the Standards and placed in charge of the Weights and Measures

Division. Since 1973 he has also served as Chairman of the National

Metric Conversion Authority which is in charge of the implementation

of the metrication program in Sri Lanka. Since 1970 he has chaired

the Metric Divisional Committee of the Bureau of Ceylon Standards. In

1976 he was a member of the Governing Council of the Bureau of Ceylon

Standards, From 1968 he has been Sri Lanka's delegate in the

International Committee of Legal Metrology and from 1976 a Tacmber of

the Presidential Council of the International Organization of Legal

Metrology.

Mr, Goonetilleke has attended seminars on metrology held in Tokyo in

1971 and 1978, New Delhi in 1975, and in Seoul in 1978, In 1971 for

one month he has held a traveling fellowhlp from UNIDO to assist

109
international understanding in metrology. The Division of Measurement

Standards and Services in Sri Lanka is engaged in two metrology

projects—one a program with the National Physical Laboratory of India

and the other in the Commonwealth Science Council of the United

Kingdom. Mr, Goonetilleke was responsible for organizing the UNESCO

Regional Seminar in Metrology and Legal Metrology in Sri Lanka, held

in 1978.

Peter L.M, Heydemann was born in 1928 and obtained his education at

the University of Goettingen in Germany, He received his Ph.D, v;ith

the subjects of physics, physiology, and chemistry in 1958. He joined

the staff of the University in the fields of polymer physics and

acoustics, especially underwater sound. In 1964 he came to the United

States to work at the National Bureau of Standards on problems related

to accurate measurement at very high pressures. In 1971 he was placed

in charge of the Pressure and Vacuum Section of NBS, Since then, he

has devoted his efforts to the development of better pressure

standards and much Improved services to industrv.

Dr. Heydemann has published more than 40 scientific papers on very

high pressure physics and technology, physics of polymers, ultrasonic

interferometry, and measurement standards. He has lectured

extensively in the United States, Europe, and Asia on measurement

techniques for scientific and Industrial applications. In early 1978

he was assigned to the NBS Director's staff where he was soon promoted

to lead the NBS Program Office. At present he is Director of the Center

for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science.

Chul Koo Kim was bom in Korea in 1946 and educated at Seoul National

University, obtaining a B.S, in applied physics. In the Korean Army

he served as signal corps officer, and in 1970 he returned to SNU as teaching assistant. He subsequently came to the United States where

he earned a Ph.D, in physics at Purdue University, After one year as visiting scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State

Research in West Germany, he became a research associate first at

Purdue and later at the University of Illinois, Since 1977 he has

been Chief of the Force Standards Laboratory at the Korea Standards

Research Institute, where he now also coordinates all work on the

mechanical and physical properties of materials. Dr. Kim's original

publications are in the solid state physics of semiconductor

materials.

H, Steffen Reiser , a U.S. citizen by naturalization, was born in 1917

near Berlin, Germany. His father was Swiss, Mr, Reiser spent much of

his life in England where he attended Cambridge University obtaining

his B.A. in 1939 and M.A, in 1943 in chemistry, physics, mineralogy,

and mathematics. In 1939 he was awarded a Hutchinson Research

Studentship at Cambridge University in crystal chemistry and in 1965-6

110
he was Visiting Professor at Harvard University, Cainbridge,

^Massachusetts

.

From 1941 to 1947 ?^r. Peiser worked on the structure of polyethylene,

the texture of nylon and polyesters, and on the structures of high

temperature forms of uranium and its carbides and oxides. After a brief period in 1947-48 as senior lecturer at Birkbeck College, London

University, as deputy director of the Nuffield Cement Research

Laboratory, he joined the research staff of Hadfields Ltd, as head of

metal physics research and also as principal scientist of the

Aeronautical Inspection Directorate's Test House, In April 1957 he

joined the U,S, National Bureau of Standards, originally under the

free-radicals research program, and later as Chief of the Hass and

Scales and Crystal Chemistry Sections, In 1970 he became Chief of the

NES Office of International Relations and Manager of the NBS Special

Foreign Currency Program and continued in those capacities until his

retirement in October 1979, He has been a U,S, delegate to several

international meetings,

Mr, Peiser is an X-ray crystallographer interested in aspects of

precise measurement and characterization of pure crystals. He is

editor of several publications on X-ray crystallography, crystal

growth, and technical development of less industrialized regions, He

became a Fellow of both the (British) Institute of Physics and the

Royal Institute of Chemistry, He is a member of Sigma Xi, the

American Crystallographic Association, and the American Chemical and

Physical Societies, For six years Mr, Peiser was Secretary of the

Commission of Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry, He has traveled extensively and has led diverse

technical missions, especially to the following countries: Bolivia,

Ecuador, Guyana, Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Poland, the Sudan,

Thailand, Turkey, and Yugoslavia, From 1963 to 1968 he served as Secretary of the Panel for Exchange of Information and TIaterials of

the U,S, /Japan Program for Scientific Cooperation,

John K, Taylor was born in Maryland, United States, in 1912 and received

his B,S, from the George Washington University in 1934 and his M,S, and

Ph,D, degrees from the University of Maryland in 1938 and 1941,

respectively. He joined the National Bureau of Standards in 1929 as a laboratory aide and after a seven-year period in the Optical

Instruments Section, he transferred to the Chemistry Division, A

major part of his work has been concerned with the application of

physical methods to chemical analysis. He has conducted research in

polarography , coulometry, and other areas of electrochemical analysis.

Other areas of research Interest are refractometry , methods of

separation of isotopes, and Standard Reference Materials, He is the

author of over 150 scientific publications, is the editor of one book,

and has contributed chapters to several books on analytical chemistry.

111
During the past several years. Dr, Taylor has supervised in the NBS

Center for Analytical Chemistry a research group concerned with

development of advanced methodology in the area of gas and particulate

science and the certification of Standard Reference Materials for

validation of environmental data. Dr. Taylor is a past Chairman of

the Chemical Society of Washington, the American Chemical Society

Division of Analytical Chemistry, and of the Washington Academy of

Sciences

,

Dr, Taylor actively participates in national and international

standardization activities. His participation in the American Society

for Testing and Materials includes: D19 on Water, D22 on Atmospheric

Analysis, and E34 on Occupational Health and Safety, For the

International Organization for Standardization, he has been active in

both ISO/TC 146, Air Quality, and ISO/TC 147, Water Quality, and has

served as Chairman of ISO/TC 147, SC-2 Physical, Chemical, and

Biochemical Methods, He is presently Chairman of the ISO/TC 147, He

also participates in ISO/TC 48, Laboratory Glassvrare and Related

Apparatus,

Dr, Taylor was awarded the U,S, Department of Commerce Gold Medal in

1967, and in 1974 he received the NBS Edward B, Rosa Award for "many

contributions to measurement standards and for effective leadership

and coordination through national and international voluntary

standards organizations,"

112
APPENDIX 4

Abbreviations Used Repeatedly in This Report

ADB Asian Development Bank

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

BSI British Standards Institute

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee

CENTO Central Treaty Organization

CTL Central Testing Laboratories

DIN German Institute for Standardization

ISO International Organization for Standardization

JIS Japan Institute of Standards

NBS U.S. National Bureau of Standards

NPSL Pakistan National Physical and Standards Laboratory

NSCP National Science Council of Pakistan

OIML Organisation Internationale de Metrologie Legale

PCSIR Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

PIA Pakistan International Airlines

PINSTECH - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

PL- 480 - U.S. Public Law 480; "Food for Peace Act"

PSI Pakistan Standards Institute

PSTC Pak-Swiss Training Center

SRD Standard Reference Data

SRM Standard Reference Materials

UNCSTD U.N. Conference on Science and Technology for Development

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

113
V

li^

, .

, < '1

e«rlnjj iKe ^

i

' .r

tot

ii^n. o't cJ 7 0 <!{»» AlfTirt , 'l^l'i^A'ti^CT* ^ ^IWf ^ »:'<P

I>f'

1 '»« ,H.w>TMf

- I, l^iiy

Srlf^ii^Wv^L^W-.’: ' •iAiT*J;«tH>fl« 8«JtJ«fT'„io^' ^atsoi ra^iriMRA, -

Ak vajp».-|f4^"

r.;t t

- # %1 ' A W”

^Aft.’*

v.%

Vtti

0

^'

> ipf>^- •«* #;i ,

A.- j . *-• «»= tWi«rtH«HM&.«B^ jTi>

»* .«) aj^ 'f i Tk'

I'l* . '*'^Jtu #•

tttji <* •tA«i** 'i--

n<pt 3 Mlb;rAlw3uii« qi^IwO;.. -.. ^

AM' tor

,«rr«c -i

'jj^' « .A^ !^.,A » rtnmi

abTAboalSj! lo uMiufl IaooU^ .S.H »

jW** r.'' j^,

'* txo:}A70<£AJ tb7Aba«:}e boa laaia^t lanoiiaH na:falM «•

*! aadalijU? lo IlanuoOiaanajiag - - - _ ^ - XiholaaS ’ • T J --fs?*" ' 'fP*"

»iaa*<J ab* alfl«0llaiwairitl iJOliaalaagiO ^ JMio

Kia^f

JMIO

(foiaaaaj? XaHiaohoI bfla'aliJtloaidS lot XXaouoO^^aaiaJbla? - •i .^:v ,

S3 aaoJki-tXA laoolilirtoJol flaJaJbtaf -*- *Alt i!

xgioloaroa'f baa 9anala3?7aaXaoVf lo aio9l::9iiat aadalJfai *

”JoA aoaa<? iol boo

a)u3 l:}aii2 abiabnait oa^alJla^

.|S^..T- '.Wi

-is aXalTaaaM aajiata^aJI biabnaj3^ «

. «isa!

55^i ...^rnir^B. ... ,.. ?,t 3oaiw|oXavtt<I itol ifaoKMwtaaT btib aoxMXae no aonataliioO

’f. '••’ ^w- •‘<‘'-'^,‘5S

-rm^^<yr,.* ,

ir'ffc. a3 aa » 3 aA3#1«]| b'XlboaoS

^W£C.

inanqolavaa i<^iopa<m3aZ 7o1 ^ooa«ATM»2.tf

i5

' ..,J‘.?
NBS-114A (REV. 0-7BI

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1 . PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 80-2051

2 . Gov't. Accession No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

NBS/AID/PCSIR Survey on Standardization

and Measurement Services in Pakistan

5. Publication Date June 1980

6. Performing Organization Code

7 . Editors: H. Steffen Peiser, Lheodore M. Manakas,

Penelope M. Odar

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 80-2051

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

11. Contract/Grant No. PASA TA (CE) 6-71

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS fSfreet, City, State, ZIP)

Agency for International Development

Department of State

Washington, D.C. 20523

13. Type of Report & Period Cov^'ed Final

14. ^nsorlrig Agency Coda

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less tactual summary of moat significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it herOs) ^ j x. Following similar projects conducted by the National Bureau of Standards in other countries, the Ministry of Science and Technology of Pakistan and under it the Pakistan

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research invited NBS to organize a six-man international team of experts in selected topics of metrology to advise on the adequacy and

needs for standards and measurement services and to comment upon the plan to establish

a new laboratory in Islamabad which would be the primary national standards body under

the title of National Physical and Standards Laboratory. This Survey was undertaken

with shared funding and guidance from the Government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency foi

International Development. The team was composed of specialists from Korea, Sri Lanka,

and the United Kingdom, joined by three NBS staff members, and visited industrial, academic, and governmental establishments (Section IV). They were accompanied by a strong

Pakistani counterpart team with highest level representation from the PCSIR laboratories

under the continuous personal direction of Dr. Abdul Ghanl, the PCSIR Chairman. The

team strongly endorsed the NPSL plan, having found every indication that a national

focal point for good measurements appeared as a critical need for Pakistan's development

A summarizing letter of conclusions and recommendations is reproduced with other recommendations and relative remarks by visiting team members (Section III). For readers

not familiar with Pakistan, Sections V and VI give some background on science and

technology in Pakistan.

17. KEY WORDS ^six to fw'e/ve entries; ajphabetica! order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Agency for International Development: development assistance; industrialization;

less aeveloped countries; measurement technology; Pakistan; standardization.

18. AVAILABILITY ®Unlimited

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003-

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,

VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

115

22. Price

USCOMM-DC
.Q>» »a*i0V9<thMd

ic-d (an) A2A^

4 >0 £!

lAOil

;TKav^’>sBB|5pr

M «..)»atavA'*iM >\ W >n«»w»w» '!•«»*<>«*' ».»li> AVj

*awQa iijt” al»fa5An33 }o I«xxoJt:)AK »rf3

0dj Ji i»ba« ba* iu3ala(A7 io Yao^Oi><(^f t»oa «

-laSiTl ttM-itJa • aitla&Si'so oi BfiW b»3lVa± X»li38ttbtaj,bjwi

bvTS .X3At;p«b« mU EH> MiJ vba o3 ySoIoUm lo «3iqo3^^b»3p*l»a^fllj^«j34Kps» id »«•% ttac

ifaXIiAiAii o3 owlij «dqv ^mwaitoa ©3 boa a»oXvTc»« !M»A,*«67Abo»3ti idl ' ab»^

7abmi Yborf aS^dbamJa lAUoiiiaa «d4 ad bXuow doiifa b*ji4M8i8li4|I . £^ vaq a]

A«w tA/7u8 iJt4T .Yto3A3od»J[«b7a&tt»ja bo* io ada!

»o5 .a.i; Ada tyja aaaaWal io ioaawna^? arfa ooti aatbiwi ba^aili^ daWrK

«Ajra»J HB (&a5oI 710^ io baaoqttop saw omai »rfTJ* .3«»BKrdl»i^(I lattuXanjiTaisa® j -838 ,lAl7384|imJ: h^tSmiV boa ’!»*«.»« aim •^«,k-,ri " ^aaadbiaar lia3a 3SK adufl baiiLdt hailot) »xl3 bx^'

{00738 8 bolflC<3Kr>3 3* »taW X»rfT ,(\n xxotioad) 8309«d8i:JCd*3«* (OtfflOA

»»t70387(Mf8i X183T ads (»07i m>l383n888xq83 Xav*! 3tt8ifald rfl^ fltM3 37«q3»3xjwo»ao*3aldaf^

8rfT .oaintadD MtOI »rf3 «XflmxTO XtibdA .id io nol338Tlb Haooataq' aobuo^ axttitiobtto

X8O0X38O 8 3lft3 jOOl3ft3Xbxil X18V0 bouoi ^aly^/ tOAlq^ jaV^^^8|l,S^8atobA»'

•|lAa«qol9V8b 8*a838ii8X -xoS- b|*o Xs3l3X73 8 88 b»788qq8 oXaaara^aaiwI^bo.a® '3oi' 3ai<)'q''Xi^i

-*<33*7 78lf30 rf3b# boXMXOOTiqai 8X 8£t0l38b/r8aitn03»7 bott •£^X8#XiMW'3 la 383391 go l4Jh(8«8aii^^

878b887 3oX .(ni 08X33 *£> 8i0<J«9(a 'am83 anX3l:8Xv 8l38«o? *vl38X8*i boa -rolja

boa 9308X3B tto boxx'>73l38<f ittiot »vl# IV bxta V 8ooX388f ,iwi3alj48t Ifjiw 38. ntal'Sd

0*38liaX xil Ya®Xokf»rfa

g"**' i(«4 («M| «n^ \® i*ti»l »m9 •O m*** rt****^ ;ooX3^X^X738uboi jaaoaaii^Xaaa 3x7<w«qo£fl7*b i3aaaqol8f8d Xacrcii ?»( t j;oi 7ol rtia

• rtoIIlalbTKbaAJB 2087e>8af^IX^XoM093 iiwaMiowiHM laaXtlou bsqoXavaB #

m -

| 5!