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PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 88-3813

Initial Graphics Exchange

Specification (IGES) Version 4.0

Bradford Smith*

Gaylen R. Rinaudot*

Kent A. Reed**

Thomas Wright*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

‘Center for Manufacturing Engineering

**Centerfor Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

June 1988

Final Report

75 Years Stimulating America’s Progress 1913-1988

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER

Nat i onal Inst i tute of

Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg) MD 2089?

NBSIR 88-3813

INITIAL GRAPHICS EXCHANGE

SPECIFICATION (IGES) VERSION 4.0

l f

Bradford Smith*

Gaylen R. Rinaudot*

Kent A. Reed**

Thomas Wright*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

‘Center for Manufacturing Engineering

**Centerfor Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

June 1988

Finai Report

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Dedication

This Version 4.0 of the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification is dedicated to the memory of Robert

Colsher, IGES Project Manager and close friend. In the IGES team noted for its hard work and

dedication to cause, Bob distinguished himself as a leader and an expert revered by all. His knowledge of the Specification was based on years of implementation experience of translators for CAD

systems, and he is credited with the design and implementation of the first IGES file analyzer in

the world. His personal commitment to this project went beyond anything expected of a member of a volunteer professional organization. He provided guidance, direction and vision to our work, and

his absence at regular meetings causes many a silent pause in conversation. We will miss our good

friend and can only hope that each of us in our lifetime can make as significant a contribution to our field of work as Bob has done through IGES.

Bradford M. Smith

Chairman, IGES/PDES Organization

June, 1988
Acknowledgment

This Specification could not have been prepared without the many technical experts and the tremendous cooperative nature of the IGES/PDES Organization. Much of the burden, of course, has fallen

on the Officers and the Committee Chairpersons listed here in the preface pages. But, several individuals have made special and significant contributions to the preparation and the encoding of this

Specification in DTgX and deserve separate mention.

First, I would like to recognize the efforts of my secretary, Mary Marello, without whose help and

thorough attention to detail this work would lack the quality it represents. Second, I wish to

acknowledge the work of Tom Wright and Kent Reed of the National Bureau of Standards to encode

the text of this Specification and a number of its illustrations in DTjrX. Third, my special thanks

go to William R. Oakes and Mary A. Lattin of Los Alamos National Laboratory for their help in

the DTj?X encoding of all the mathematical formulae. Finally, the excellent quality of the CADproduced illustrations within this Specification is the result of work by Clarence Johnson, on my

staff, to prepare CAD models of each and by Dennette Harrod, Jr., of Computervision Corporation

for his help with the many changes to the illustrations made during the edit review process and for

the final plotting of each.

I would like to commend our IGES/PDES Coordinator, Gaylen Rinaudot, for her exceptional ability

and tremendous effort put into the scheduling and execution of ICES meetings, and for the coordination of the voting process which led to the preparation of this document.

Bradford M. Smith

Chairman, IGES/PDES Organization

iv
Officers of the IGES/PDES Organization

Special recognition is accorded to the following officers of the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification/Product Data Exchange Specification (IGES/PDES) Organization.

Chairman

Coordinator

Bradford Smith

Gaylen R. Rinaudot

IGES Project Manager

PDES Project Manager

ANSI Project Manager

ISO Project Manager

Change Control

Robert Colsher, Constance H. Panzica

Kalman Brauner, Thurber Moffett,

Anthony Day

Earl Weaver

Jerry Weiss

Curt Parks

Acceptance Testing

Application Validation

Architecture, Engineering,

and Construction

Curves and Surfaces

Drafting

Edit

Electrical Applications

Finite Element Modeling

Implementations

Logical Layer

Manufacturing

Mechanical Product Definition

Methodology Testing

Physical File Format

Recommended Practices

Software Support

Solids Geometry

Technical Publications

Test Case Development

User Information

Verification Testing

James Fleming

Mark Palmer

Kent Reed, Pat Rourke,

Barbara Warthen

Edward Clapp

Robert Colsher, Bill Turcotte

Philip Kennicott

Larry O’Connell

Harvey Gray

Bill Loye

Doug Schenck

William Burkett

Spencer DePauw, Tom Voegeli

Dave Remington

Jeff Altemueller

Dennette Harrod Jr. Raymond Barker

Noel Christensen

Jeff Altemueller, Kelly Chi,

Marc Durnin

Julia Terry

Tom Wright

Stan Briggs

v
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Joseph Aebischer Martin Marietta Data Systems

A jay Agrawal Alco Intercon - X

Mark F. Allison General Dynamics - DSD Fort Worth

Jeff Altemueller McDonnell Douglas (MDAIS)

Charles G. Altmann IBM Corp.

Kevin Andersen Duke Power Company

Bill D. Anderson General Dynamics Corp.

Dennis E. Anderson Puget Sound Naval Shipyard

Robert E. Anderson NAVAIR Engineering Support Office

Ignatius G. Ang Proctor and Gamble Company

Larry Arnold Hughes Aircraft

Kofi Baidoo Boeing

Bruce C. Bailey Automation Technology Products

George Baker International TechneGroup Inc.

John L. Baker Aluminum Co of America

Janice M. Banocy McDonnell Douglas MIS Co

Raymond E. Barker Caterpillar, Inc.

William G. Beazley W. G. Beazley & Assoc.

Boyd Belnap Hughes Aircraft

Peter Benjamin Lockheed Missiles And Space Co.

Tibor A. Berenyi Deere and Company

Joe Bernstein Boeing Computer Services

Anuradha Bhagat Electronic Data System

Dan Billingsley Department of the Navy

James R. Blaha IIT Research Institute

David J. Blue Prime Computer

Thomas A. Boldt Optigraphics Corp.

David Boudreau D. Appleton end Company

James R. Bradford Allied Bendix Aerospace

Jack Brainin Naval Ship R & D Center

Ray Brandt BDM Corporation

Kalman Brauner Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.

Jeff Braunstein Tandem Computer

M L Brei BITE Inc.

Raymond A

.

Brengs Naval Ship R & D Center

David Briggs Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.

Stan Briggs Naval Aviation Depot

Clare Bronder Adra Systems, Inc.

Richard Brooks McDonnell Douglas Corp.

Frederick Bsharah Rockwell International NAAO

Andrew Burke Tektronix Inc.

William C. Burkett McDonnell Aircraft Co,

William D. Cain Martin Marietta Energy Systems

VI
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Bradley K. Call PDA Engineering

Rudy Camarillo General Dynamics Corp.

Vickie Carpenter Electronic Data Systems

William D. Carr Digital Equipment Corp.

Robert Carringer Int'l Techne Group Inc.

Mark Chamberlain Hughes Aircraft

Barry Chapman VSE Corporation

Kelly Chi McDonnell Douglas (MDAIS)

Ken Christensen Ford Motor Company

Noel Christensen Allied Bendix Aerospace

Linda Cieska Eaton Corporation

Edward Clapp IBM Corp.

Margaret Cline Lockheed Georgia

Robert Colsher IGES Data Analysis Corp

Tandy Cook Boeing Computer Services

Earleen Corn Bath Iron Works

Margery J. Cox Newport News Shipbuilding

Jeffrey K. Crowell General CAD/CAM Inc.

Neal Davis US Army Corps of Engineers

Laurel C. Dawson McDonnell Douglas

Anthony James Day Sikorsky Aircraft UTC

James Delk US Army Materiel Command

David Leigh Dellinger Boeing Military Airplane Company

Allen R. DelRosario McDonnell Douglas

Mark Demeranville Unisys Defense Products Group

Spencer DePauw Caterpillar, Inc.

Joyce DeTolla Navy

Richard N. DiFronzo Metagraphics Inc.

Rose DiGeronimo Department of the Navy

Ralph Disa Pratt & Whitney

Jim Doar Boeing Computer Services

Gary Douglas US Army Corps of Engineers

Ron Downer Hughes - MSG

Alan E. Dragoo McDonnell Douglas MIS Co

Mark Dunn United Technologies

Marc W. Durnin Lockheed-Georgia Company

Andrew Dvorak Newport News Shipbuilding

Colin R. Earl Automation Technology Products

Lee W. Eason Department of Transport at ion

Andrew Eliachevsky Electronic Data Systems

Ned Eliasen Honeywell

Richard Ellermeier Mentor Graphics

Richard Endo Versacad Corporation

Dr. Max Engeli FIDES Treuhandgesellschaft Electrical

Thomas C. Estervog Boeing Computer Services

John C. Faulkner S D R C

Ayron L. Fears IBM Corp.

Nick Fkiaras Tektronix Inc.

John Flaherty Boeing Computer Services

Jim Fleming Cummins Engine Co. Inc.

Peter Fosselman McDonnell Douglas Corp.

vii
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Leland H. Frayseth Bechtel Petroleum Inc.

Donald E. Fusco Boeing Computer Services

Roger Gale D. Appleton Co.

William Garner Martin Marietta

Ulrich Gengenbach Kernf orschungszentrum Karlsruhe

William Gerrein General Electric Co.

Elena Gersht Prime Computer Inc.

Albert J

.

Gibbons Westinghouse Electric Corp.

W. F. Gielingh IBBC - IND

Marshall Giguere Computervision Corporation

Chip Gilbert Martin Marietta

Mitchell Gilbert Grumman Aerospace Corp.

Alfred B. Gillard Chrysler Corp.

Burton Gischner General Dynamics - Electric Boat

Rainer Glatz VDMA Dept of Informatic

George Goldsmith McDonnell Douglas Astronautics

Mike Golish US Army - CERL-FS

Scott A. Gordon NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

R. J. Goult Cranfield Institute of Technology

William H. Gray Martin Marietta Energy Systems

Ronald D. Green Boeing Military Airplanes

William B. Gruttke McDonnell Douglas (MDAIS)

Eric J. Gunther U S Air Force

Eugene F. Gurga Computervision

C. Hayden Hamilton III PDA Engineering

William Hammon Tandem Computer

Yosef Haridim Boeing Electronics Co.

C. Scott Harris Hughes Aircraft Co

Don E. Harrison LTV Aircraft-Products Group

Jessie A. Harrison Rohr Industries, Inc.

Dennette A. Harrod Jr Computervision Corporation

Brett Hartman Boeing Computer Services

Marie T. Harvey Naval Electronic Systems Center

Barry Hass Raytheon Company

Don Hemmelgarn International TechneGroup Inc

Mark A

.

Hollingshead McDonnell Douglas AEC

Paul Hollingshead McDonnell Aircraft

R. John Hooper Eastman Kodak Company

Kazuo Hori McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co

William A. Hussong Honeywell

Diane Iacovelli Northrop ASD

Greg Ippolito General Dynamics

Madeleine R. Isenberg Northrop Corporation

Robert Ivey Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Dwight L. Jaeger Los Alamos National Laboratory

Jon L. Judd General Dynamics Corp.

Kevin Jurrens Allied-Bendix Aerospace

Diane Kaminski Northrop Corp.

Esf andiar Kamvar AT&T Bell Laboratories

Toru Kato Toyota Motors

Dewayne Kelley Menasco
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Michael Kelley Auto-Trol Technology

J.C. Kelly Sandia National Laboratories

Debbie Kengott AutoTrol Technology Corp.

Philip Kennicott General Electric Co.

Paul Kief f er Pratt and Whitney

Fumihiko Kimura University of Tokyo

Elbert King General Motors-Truck & Bus Group

Ed Klages Martin Marietta

Frank Knight The Aerospace Corp.

Michael Kniley Applicon

Ronald Kockler Northrop Aircraft

Rick Kohler Dana Corp.

Toshio Koj ima Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

Karen L. Kontry Electronic Data Systems

Gregory Kovacicn Holguin

Diane Koziol Pratt & Whitney Aircraft

Ravi Krishnaswami Electronic Data Systems

Vincent Krocinski IBM

Sudhir Kshirsagar The Proctor and Gamble Company

M. K. LaColla Northrop Advanced Systems

Harry Ladd DuPont

Fred Langhorst Mentor Graphics

Deborah LaPay Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Kaiman Lee Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Tony Lee Aries Technology Inc.

Richard Leung AT&T

C. Richard Lewis Electronic Data Systems

Dr . Larry Lichten California State Univ. Northridge

Olga Lichten IBM Corp.

Maureen Little Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Patricia Lock Northrop Coporation

Julie Long Electronic Data Systems

Mark Losinski Control Data Corporation

William Loye Loye and Associates

Scott Mackelprang Rocketdyne

Robert MacLatchie PlanPrint Company

Larry Mankins Boeing Military Airplane Company

William D. Marks Hughes Aircraft Co

Douglas J. Martin NASSCO

Robert Martin Ontologic

Linda Martino IBM Corp.

Howard G. Mason British Aerospace

Raphael McBain General Dynamics Corp.

Dennis McBurney Boeing Military Airplane Co

Patrick McFadden Boeing Computer Services

C. Kevin McIntyre Artecon

Stanley McMillen Gerber Systems Technology

Jim McMullen Fluor Engineers Inc.

Monte Meals CALMA Co.

Robert Meersman KHT-TILBURG University - INFOLAB

Carl A. Mellenthin McDonnell Aircraft Co.

IX
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Thomas G

.

Melson McDonnell Aircraft Company

Telis K. Menas

Chris Merrill Corp of Engineers

Walter Messcher US Department of Transportation

H. W. Guy Meyer Wisconsin Dept of Transportation

Lyle Meyer Eastman Kodak

Jay A

.

Miller CADNETIX Inc

Joan Milloy Control Data Corporation

Carolyn F. Mindel S D R C

Thurber J

.

Moffett Northrop Corporation

Richard Moore Eaton Corporation

Greg Morea General Dynamics Corporation

Donald E. Morgan GE AEBG 24043

Charles B. Morrill IBM Corp.

Sorour Moshirvaziri IBM Corp.

Joseph A. Mudd Bechtel Petroleum Inc.

James G. Nell Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Bruce R. Nelson Control Data Corporation

Erick Nelson McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co

Paul A. Nelson Hughes Aircraft Co.

William W. Niemi General Dynamics Corp.

Mike Nolan JIA Associates

David Norling Boeing Computer Services

Brigitte Nugteren Ford Aerospace

Larry 0

* Connell Sandia National Laboratories

W. Rob Oakes Los Alamos National Laboratory

Wesley W. Obermeier LTV Aerospace and Defense Company

Dennis Ordiway Northrop Corporation

Jeffrey Otten General Electric Co

Mike Overbeek Auto-Trol Technology Corp

Jon Owen CAD/CAM Data Exchange Cntr

Mark Palmer National Bureau of Standards

Connie Panzica General Motors BOC Hqts

Lawrence 0. Parker Hughes Aircraft Co.

Curtis H. Parks General Dynamics Corp.

Jeff L. Parks Boeing Computer Services

Robert E. Parks Sandia National Laboratories

James S. Pate Boeing Computer Services

Lawrence J. Peck Cimlinc Inc.

Alan Peltzman Peltzman & Associates

Kim Perlotto Pratt & Whitney

Tom Peters Computervision Corporation

Freda Phelps Lawrence Livermore National Lab

Brock Pilkey Accugraph Corp.

Jon Pittman HOK Computer Services Corp.

Patrick T. Plunkett Naval Air System Commend

David A. Poland Northrop Aircraft

Gary W

.

Poliak Society of Automotive Engineers

Richard A. Price Boeing Military Airplane Company

Tim Prohaska 0PTI-C0PY

James C. Purdon Applicon Inc.

x
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

William Putnam Rockwell International NAAO

Guus Ranke Nederlandse Philips Bedryven

Paul Ranyak General Dynamics Corp.

Kent Reed National Bureau of Standards

E. A. Reid Caterpillar Inc.

David 0. Remington Naval Surface Weapons Center

Jim Reyer Cadnetix

Gaylen R. Rinaudot National Bureau of Standards

Phil Rios CALMA Co.

Mayford B. Roark Boeing Computer Services

Jon Robertson Graphic Information Exchange Se

Rob Robinson McDonnell Douglas

Ellen Rosen use

Phillip Rosol Martin Marietta Data Systems

Patrick W. Rourke Newport News Shipbuilding

Mojgan Royer FLUOR Inc.

Herbert F. Ryan McDonnell Aircraft Company

Walter J. Rygiel Ford Motor Company

Charles Savage D. Appleton Co.

Steven R. Schachtner Johns Hopkins University

Robert W. Schaf fran Department of the Navy

Joseph Schartman General Electric

Bob Scheller McDonnell Aircraft Company

Douglas Schenck McDonnell Douglas

E. G. Schlechtendah Kernf orschungszentrum Karlsruhe

John Schmarr General Electric

Randy Schmid Hughes Aircraft Co EDSG

Dirk Schroeter Martin Marietta

Gary M. Seibert US Army Corps of Engineers

Henry A. Seymour Martin Marietta

Arnold Shak Grumman Data Systems

Nigel K. Shaw CAD/CAM Data Exchange Center

Joseph R. Shematek Northrop Corporation

J im Sheridan General Dynamics

Chia Hui Shih S D R C

John C. Simon McDonnell Douglas MIS Co

Dave Simpson CADAM Inc.

J. Singh Computervision Corporation

Bradford Smith National Bureau of Standards

Myron Smith Eastman Kodak

Robert F. Smith CALMA Co.

Neil Snodgrass D. Appleton and Company

Michael V. Spinosa Computervision Corp.

Fred Stahl IBM Corp.

Oren Stephans Naval Ship R & D Center

Charles L. Stoddard Pratt & Whitney

Jon Stonecash Control Data Corporation

Michael H. Swanger Georgia Tech

Emery Szmrecsanyi Chrysler Motors

Farhad Tahmasebi Intercad Corporation

Kishinami Takeshi Hokkaido Univ. - JAPAN

xi
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

James "Steve"

Dennis

Boris

Richard

Julia

David

Debbie

Ken D.

J . Garth

Paul

Vince E.

C.B. "Bill"

Henry G.

Fremont

Dietmar

Bill

James A.

Monica

Joan

Jan

James R.

Robert J

.

Gail

Tom

Reza

Barbara

Earl P.

Thomas K.

Jerry A.

Uwe

Ronald 0

.

Anna

Tracy

Gary

George

Gary

Robert

Peter

Robert M,

Carolyn

Richard C.

Edward R.

L. Stephen

Vivian

Dan

Debbie

Tom

Akio

Sheree

Yuhwei

Michael A

.

Tate

Taylor

Tenenbaum

Tepe

Terry

Theilen

Thomas

Thomas

Thompson

Thompson

Thompson

Thompson, Jr.

Timmer

Tittle

Trippner

Turcotte

Turner

Turner

Tyler

Van Maanen

Vander Schaaf

Ventura

Vermilyea

Voegeli

Waj ih

Warthen

Weaver

Weebe

Weiss

Weissf log

Wester

Whelan

Whelan

Whitaker

Whitehurst

Whitt

Willis

Wilson

Wilson

Wimple

Winfrey

Wittenberg

Wolfe

Wong

VJooley

Wright

Wright

Yaj ima

Yang

Yang

Yinger

Boeing Military

Marshall Space Flight Center

WANG Laboratories

International TechneGroup Inc

Martin Marietta Energy Systems

Allied Bendix Aerospace

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Duke Power Company

Kansas State University

Control Data Corporation

Burns & McDonnell Engineering Co

Southern Company Services Inc

Northrop

Control Data Corporation

BMW

IGES Data Analysis

University of Michigan

CADAM Inc.

National Bureau of Standards

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Bath Iron Works

Martin Marietta Aerospace

Vertek Associates

Caterpiller Tractor Co.

SoftCAD, Inc.

CALMA Co.

Ballistics Research Laboratory

Northrop Advanced Systems

McDonnell Aircraft Co.

IBM Corp.

General Electric Co.

McDonnell Douglas

Control Data Corporation

Ford Motor Company

NASA Langley Research Center

Intergraph Corp.

National Computer Graphics Assoc.

General Electric Co

Martin Marietta Energy Systems

Lawrence Livermore National Lab

Digital Equipment Corp.

Ford Motor Company

Computer Aided Design Report

Douglas Aircraft

Newport News Shipbuilding

Sikorsky Aircraft

National Bureau of Standards

Hitachi

Ford Aerospace & Communications Co

Rockwell International NAAO

Northrop Advanced Systems
Members of the IGES/PDES Organization

Herbert

Philip M.

Fred

John

Glen

Zapomueel

Zaretzki

Zeiler

Zimmerman

Ziolko

Siemens AG ZTZFAAUT4

Electronic Data Systems

Infodetics Corporation

Allied Bendix Aerospace

LTV Aerospace & Defense

Foreword

This version of the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification improves on the earlier Version 3.0

(NBSIR86-3359), published in April, 1986, by extending and refining the technical content of the

Specification. In addition, many changes have been made to improve the syntax, clarity, and consistency of the text and figures contained in the document.

All extensions to the IGES document represent the best thinking of the IGES/PDES Organization.

In past versions, all of this material has been added to the main body of the document and submitted to ANSI for standardization approval. Although we strongly encourage implementors to utilize

all technical additions to the document where there is a need, we have provided for a distinction

between that material that has stood the test of practical implementation experience and that which

has not. Some of the extensions to Version 3.0 have not been proven stable by sufficient implementation experience and are documented in Appendix J, Untested Entities, instead of the main body of

the Specification document. This material is subject to change as a result of implementation experi- ence. Until sufficient implementation experience has been gained and reported to the IGES/PDES

Organization, this material will not be submitted for ANSI standardization approval. When the

implementation and reporting requirements have been satisfied, the material will be moved to the

main body of the document and submitted to ANSI for standardization approval.

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) is introduced to the Specification in this version. Specifically,

ways of representing the regularized operations for union, intersection, and difference have been

defined. Primitive representations have been established for block, wedge, cylinder, cone, sphere,

torus, solid of linear extrusion, solid of revolution, and ellipsoid. It should be noted that the other

popular approach to solids, called Boundary Representation (B-Rep), is not included in this version.

B-Rep will be in the next version of this Specification, Version 5.0.

Electrical/electronic applications have been extended to include the ability to attach predefined

electrical attributes and properties. Nominal values, maximum ratings, propagation delays, and

other pertinent data about bipolar transistors and other devices may now be defined using the

parameters contained in the Attribute Table Entity (Type 322, Electrical Attribute List, ALT = 2).

Any public-domain behavioral parameter data that might be added to the table will be welcomed

by the Electrical Application Committee.

Two major contributions have been made for Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) applications. First, the Attribute Table Entities (Type 322 and Type 422) can now be used to define

attribute data and associated graphic representations that are often necessary for the various AEC

applications (e.g., a pattern fill used to denote where concrete is used for construction purposes).

Second, Appendix D contains a three-dimensional piping model that shows how existing entities can be used to define piping information.

The Finite Element Modeling (FEM) capability of the Specification has been expanded to describe

FEM results data. Specifically, the Nodel Results Entity (Type 146) is to be used for defining nodal

temperature and displacement results and the Element Results Entity (Type 148) is to be used for

defining elemental stress and strain results.

Basic geometry entities have had no format changes from Version 3.0. However, minor changes to

their descriptions have been made to clarify existing entities. For example, the weights of B-spline

xv
curves and surfaces must now be greater than zero. A new form has been added to the Plane Entity

(Type 108, Form 0).

Classic drafting entities, including annotation and some of the geometry entities have also remained

the same as in Version 3.0. Some clarifications and error corrections have been made to the annotation section. New forms have been added to the Ordinate Dimension Entity (Type 218, Form 1),

Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222, Form 1), and General Symbol Entity (Type 228, Forms 1, 2,

and 3). Note that the new General Symbol forms are to be used to add feature control information

to the entity.

xvi
Contents

Dedication iii

Acknowledgment iv

Officers of the IGES/PDES Organization v

Members of the IGES/PDES Organization vi

Foreword xv

1 General 1

1.1 Purpose 1

1.2 Field of Application 1

1.3 Untested Entities 1

1.4 Concepts of Product Definition 2

1.5 Concepts of the File Structure 2

1.6 Concepts of Information Structures for Geometric Models 4

1.6.1 Property Entity 4

1.6.2 Associativity Entities 4

1.6.3 View Entity 4

1.6.4 Drawing Entity 4

1.6.5 Transformation Matrix Entity 5

1.6.6 Macro Entities 5

1.6.7 Implementor Defined Entities 5

1.7 Appendices 5

2 Data Form 7

2.1 General 7

2.2 ASCII Form 7

xvii
Contents

2.2.1 Sequence Numbers 7

2.2.2 Constants 8

2.2.2. 1 Integer Constants 8

2. 2.2. 2 Real Constants 8

2. 2.2. 3 String Constants 9

2. 2.2. 4 Pointer Constants 9

2. 2.2. 5 Language Statement Constants 9

2. 2.2. 6 Logical Constants 10

2.2.3 Rules for Forming and Interpreting Free Formatted Data 10

2.2.3. 1 Parameter and Record Delimiter Combinations 10

2.2.4 File Structure 11

2.2.4. 1 Start Section 11

2. 2.4. 2 Global Section 11

2. 2.4. 3 Directory Entry Section 17

2. 2.4. 4 Parameter Data Section 40

2. 2.4. 5 Terminate Section 41

2.3 Compressed ASCII Format 42

2.3.1 File Structure 42

2.4 Binary Form 44

2.4.1 Constants 44

2. 4. 1.1 Integer Numbers 44

2. 4. 1.2 Real Numbers 44

2. 4. 1.3 String Constants 46

2. 4. 1.4 Pointers 46

2. 4. 1.5 Language Constants 46

2.4.2 File Structure 48

2.4.2. 1 Binary Flag Section 48

2. 4.2. 2 Start Section 50

2. 4.2. 3 Global Section 51

2. 4.2. 4 Directory Entry Section 52

2. 4.2. 5 Parameter Data Section . 52

2. 4.2. 6 Terminate Section 54

2.5 Specific File Structures 56

2.5.1 Subfigures 56

xviii
Contents

2.5.2 Connectivity 56

2.5.2. 1 Connectivity Entities 58

2. 5. 2. 2 Entity Relationships 58

2. 5. 2. 3 Information Display 58

2. 5. 2. 4 Additional Considerations 58

2.5.3 Macro 60

2.5.4 External Reference Linkage 60

2.5.5 Drawings and Views 63

2.5.6 Finite Element Modeling 63

2.5.7 Multiple Transformation Entities 66

2.5.8 Attribute Tables 66

3 Geometry 69

3.1 General 69

3.1.1 Coordinate Systems 69

3.1.2 Directionality 70

3.1.3 Geometry Entities 71

3.2 Circular Arc Entity (Type 100) 72

3.3 Composite Curve Entity (Type 102) 74

3.4 Conic Arc Entity (Type 104) 78

3.5 Copious Data Entity (Type 106) 83

3.6 Plane Entity (Type 108) 86

3.7 Line Entity (Type 110) 89

3.8 Parametric Spline Curve Entity (Type 112) 91

3.9 Parametric Spline Surface Entity (Type 114) 95

3.10 Point Entity (Type 116) 99

3.11 Ruled Surface Entity (Type 118) 100

3.12 Surface of Revolution Entity (Type 120) 104

3.13 Tabulated Cylinder Entity (Type 122) 107

3.14 Transformation Matrix Entity (Type 124) 109

3.15 Flash Entity (Type 125) 116

3.16 Rational B-Spline Curve Entity (Type 126) 118

3.17 Rational B-Spline Surface Entity (Type 128) 120

3.18 Offset Curve Entity (Type 130) 122

3.19 Connect Point Entity (Type 132) 124
Contents

3.20 Node Entity (Type 134) 125

3.21 Finite Element Entity (Type 136) 128

3.22 Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity (Type 138) 142

3.23 Offset Surface Entity (Type 140) 144

3.24 Curve On A Parametric Surface Entity (Type 142) 146

3.25 Trimmed (Parametric) Surface Entity (Type 144) 148

3.26 Nodal Results Entity (Type 146) 150

3.27 Element Results Entity (Type 148) 151

3.28 Constructive Solid Geometry Models 152

3.28.1 Block Entity (Type 150) 154

3.28.2 Right Angular Wedge Entity (Type 152) 156

3.28.3 Right Circular Cylinder Entity (Type 154) 158

3.28.4 Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity (Type 156) 159

3.28.5 Sphere Entity (Type 158) 161

3.28.6 Torus Entity (Type 160) 162

3.28.7 Solid of Revolution Entity (Type 162) 163

3.28.8 Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity (Type 164) 165

3.28.9 Ellipsoid Entity (Type 168) 166

3.28.10 Boolean Tree Entity (Type 180) 168

3.28.11 Solid Instance Entity (Type 430) 171

3.28.12 Solid Assembly Entity (Type 184) 172

4 Non-geometry 173

4.1 General 173

4.2 Annotation Entities . 174

4.2.1 Entity Type/Type Number 174

4.2.2 Construction 174

4.2.3 Definition Space 174

4.2.4 Angular Dimension Entity (Type 202) 176

4.2.5 Centerline Entity (Type 106, Form 20-21) 178

4.2.6 Diameter Dimension Entity (Type 206) 180

4.2.7 Flag Note Entity (Type 208) 182

4.2.8 General Label Entity (Type 210) 184

4.2.9 General Note Entity (Type 212) . 185

4.2.10 Leader (Arrow) Entity (Type 214) 202

xx
Contents

4.2.11 Linear Dimension Entity (Type 216) 206

4.2.12 Ordinate Dimension Entity (Type 218) 207

4.2.13 Point Dimension Entity (Type 220) 208

4.2.14 Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222) 209

4.2.15 General Symbol Entity (Type 228) 210

4.2.16 Sectioned Area Entity (Type 230) 212

4.2.17 Section Entity (Type 106, Forms 31-38) 214

4.2.18 Witness Line Entity (Type 106, Form 40) 216

4.3

Structure Entities 218

4.3.1 Entity Type/Type Number 218

4.3.2 Associativity Definition Entity (Type 302) 219

4.3.3 Associativity Instance Entity (Type 402) 222

4.3.4 Drawing Entity (Type 404) 245

4.3.5 Line Font Definition Entity (Type 304) 249

4.3.6 MACRO Capability 254

4.3.6. 1 General 254

4. 3. 6.2 MACRO Syntax 254

4. 3. 6. 3 MACRO Definition Entity (Type 306) 258

4. 3. 6. 4 MACRO Instance Entity 268

4. 3. 6. 5 Examples of MACRO Usage 269

4.3.7 Property Entity (Type 406) 277

4.3.8 Subfigure Definitions 324

4. 3. 8.1 Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308) 324

4. 3. 8.2 Network Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 320) 325

4.3.9 Subfigure Instances 326

4.3.9. 1 Singular Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 408) 326

4. 3. 9. 2 Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 412) 328

4. 3. 9.3 Circular Array Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 414) 329

4. 3. 9. 4 Network Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 420) 330

4.3.10 Text Font Definition Entity (Type 310) 331

4.3.11 View Entity (Type 410) 335

4.3.12 External Reference Entity (Type 416) 340

4.3.13 Nodal Load/Constraint Entity (Type 418) 342

4.3.14 Text Display Template Entity (Type 312) 344
Contents

4.3.14.1 Absolute Text Display Template (Form 0) 345

4.3.14.2 Incremental Text Display Template (Form 1) 346

4.3.15 Color Definition Entity (Type 314) 347

4.3.16 Attribute Table Definition Entity (Type 322) 348

4.3.17 Attribute Table Instance Entity (Type 422) 349

A Part File Examples 351

Electrical Part Example 352

Mechanical Part Example 355

Drawing and View Example . 362

B Electrical/ Electronic Product Representation 371

B.l Introduction 371

B.1.1 Purpose 371

B.l. 2 Assumptions 371

B.2 Connectivity 371

B.2.1 General 371

B.2. 2 Representation 372

B.2. 2.1 Network Subfigure Construction 372

B.2. 2.2 Connect Points 372

B.2. 2.3 Signal Construction 372

B.2. 2.4 Information Display 373

B.2. 2.5 Additional Considerations 373

B.2. 2. 6 Figures 373

B. 3 Electrical Entity Descriptions 374

C Plant Flowsheet Representation 381

C. l Flowsheet Characteristics 381

C.2 Support for Flowsheets 381

C.3 Plant Flowsheet Example 381

C.4 Network Subfigure Definitions 383

C.5 Network Subfigure Instances 385

C.6 Geometric Entities for Pipeline or Stream 385

C.7 Attributes 386

C.8 Flow Paths 386

C.9 Text Display Templates 387

xxii
Contents

C.10 External References 387

C. ll Encoded Flowsheet 389

D Piping Model Example 397

D. l Piping Model Characteristics 397

D.2 Entity Support for Piping Models 397

D.3 Piping Model Example 399

D.4 Component Definitions 399

D.5 Attributes 399

D.6 Flow Paths 403

D.7 Connectivity Across Piping Models 403

D. 8 Encoded Piping Model Example 403

E Spline Curves and Surfaces 413

E. l Introduction 413

E.2 Spline Functions 413

E.3 Spline Curves 414

E.4 Rational B-spline Curves 415

E.5 Spline Surfaces 416

E.6 Rational B-spline Surfaces 417

F Conic Arcs 419

G Color Space Mappings 421

H ASCII Form Conversion Utility 423

I Obsolete Entities 437

1.1 General 437

1.2 Associativity Instance Entity (Type 402) 438

1.3 Property Entity (Type 406) 445

1.4 General Note Font Zero 446

J Untested Entities 449

J.l Introduction 449

J.2 Null Entity (Type 0) 450

J.3 Nodal Results Entity (Type 146) 451

xxiii
Contents

J.4 Element Results Entity (Type 148) 453

J.5 Additional General Note Fonts 456

J.6 Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222, Form 1) 461

J.7 General Symbol Entity (Type 228, Forms 1,2,3) 462

J.8 Attribute Table Definition Entity (Type 322) 463

J.9 Attribute Table Instance Entity (Type 422) 467

J.10 Intercharacter Spacing Property 483

K List of References 485

L Glossary 487

M Index of Topics 501

N Numerical Index of Entities 513

XXIV
List of Figures

1 Categories of Product Definition 3

2 Format of the Start section in the ASCII Form 12

3 Format of the Directory Entry (DE) Section in the ASCII Form 17

4 Format of the Parameter Data (PD) section in the ASCII Form 41

5 Format of the Terminate section in the ASCII Form 41

6 General file structure in the Compressed ASCII Format 43

7 Format of the Control Byte Used in the Binary Form 45

8 Format of an Integer Number in the Binary Form 45

9 Format of a Real Number in the Binary Form 46

10 Structure of a String Constant in the Binary Form 47

11 General File Structure in the Binary Form 47

12 Format of the Binary Flag Section in the Binary Form 49

13 Format of the Start Section in the Binary Form 51

14 Format of the Global Section in the Binary Form 51

15 Format of the Directory Entry (DE) Section in the Binary Form 53

16 Format of the Parameter Data (PD) Section in the Binary Form 54

17 Format of the Terminate Section in the Binary Form 55

18 Subfigure Structures 57

19 General Connectivity Pointer Diagram 59

20 Macro Definition and Instance Structure 61

21 External Linkages 62

22 Finite Element Modeling File Structure 64

23 Finite Element Modeling Logical Structure 65

24 Multiple Transformation Cases 67

25 Examples Defined Using the Circular Arc Entity 73

26 Parameterization of the Composite Curve 76

27 Example Defined Using the Composite Curve Entity 77

xxv
List of Figures

28 Examples Defined Using the Conic Arc Entity 79

29 Examples Defined Using the Plane Entity 87

30 Single Parent Associativity Used with a Collection of Bounded Planes 87

31 Examples Defined Using the Line Entity 90

32 Parameters of the Parametric Spline Curve Entity 92

33 Examples Defined Using the Parametric Spline Curve Entity 92

34 Parameters of the Parametric Spline Surface Entity 96

35 Examples Defined Using the Point Entity 99

36 Examples Defined Using the Ruled Surface Entity 101

37 Parameters of the Ruled Surface Entity 102

38 Examples Defined Using the Surface of Revolution Entity 105

39 Parameters of the Surface of Revolution Entity 106

40 Parameters of the Tabulated Cylinder Entity 108

41 Example of the Transformation Matrix Coordinate Systems 110

42 Notation for FEM-specific Forms of the Transformation Matrix Entity 115

43 Definition of Shapes for the Flash Entity 117

44 Nodal Displacement Coordinate Systems 126

45 Finite Element Topology Set 130

46 Offset Surface in 3-D Euclidean Space 145

47 Parameters of the CSG Block Entity 155

48 Parameters of the CSG Right Angular Wedge Entity 157

49 Parameters of the CSG Right Circular Cylinder Entity 158

50 Parameters of the CSG Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity 160

51 Parameters of the CSG Sphere Entity 161

52 Parameters of the CSG Torus Entity 162

53 Parameters of the CSG Solid of Revolution Entity 164

54 Parameters of the CSG Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity 165

55 Parameters of the CSG Ellipsoid Entity 167

56 Interpretation of ZT Displacement (Depth) for Annotation Entities 175

57 Construction of Leaders for the Angular Dimension Entity 177

58 Examples Defined Using the Angular Dimension Entity 177

59 Examples Defined Using the Centerline Entity 179

60 Examples Defined Using the Diameter Dimension Entity 181

61 Parameters of the Flag Note Entity 183

xxvi
62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

List of Figures

Examples Defined Using the Flag Note Entity 183

Examples Defined Using the General Label Entity 184

Examples of the General Note Entity 187

General Note Font 19 188

General Note Font 1001 189

General Note Font 1002 190

General Note Font 1003 191

General Note Text Construction 196

General Note Example of Text Operations 197

Examples Defined Using the Leader Entity 203

Structure of Leaders Internal to a Dimension 204

Definition of Arrowhead Types for the Leader (Arrow) Entity 205

Examples Defined Using the Linear Dimension Entity 206

Examples Defined Using the Ordinate Dimension Entity 207

Examples Defined Using the Point Dimension Entity 208

Examples Defined Using the Radius Dimension Entity 209

Examples Defined Using the General Symbol Entity 211

Predefined Fill Patterns for the Sectioned Area Entity 213

Definition of Patterns for the Section Entity 215

Examples Defined Using the Witness Line Entity 217

Relationships between Entities in an Associativity 221

Dimensioned Geometry Associativity 237

Using Clipping Planes with a View in a Drawing 247

Parameters of the Drawing Entity 248

Line Font Definition Using Form Number 1 (Template Subfigure) 252

Line Font Definition Using Form Number 2 (Visible-Blank Pattern) 253

Parameters of the Isoceles Triangle Macro in Example 1 in Text 270

Repeated Parallelograms Created by Macro Example 2 in Text 272

Concentric Circles Created by Macro Example 3 in Text 274

Ground Symbol Created by Macro Example 4 in Text 275

Measurement of the Line Widening Property Values 282

Relationship Between Properties Used to Represent a Composite Material 296

Use of the Vector D to Define the Element Material Coordinate System 301

Internal Load and Strain Sign Convention 303

xxvii
List of Figures

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

A1

A2

A3

Bi

B2

B3

B4

Cl

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

CIO

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

II

31

J2

J3

Relationship Between Subfigure Definition and Subfigure Instance 327

Example of a Character Definition 333

Example of a Character Definition 334

Orthographic Parallel Projection of AB on a View Plane 335

View Coordinate System 336

Planes Defining the View Volume 338

Relationship Between the Nodal Load/Constraint Entity and Tabular Data Properties 343

Electrical Part Example 352

Mechanical Part Example 355

Drawing and View Example 362

General Pointer and Entity Model 377

Sample Schematic 378

Entity Relations Chart for Sample Schematic 379

Schematic/Physical Diagram for Sample Schematic 380

Flowsheet Appearance 382

Required Connection Points 383

Conceptual Entities in the Flowsheet Example 385

Logical Flow Paths for Streams 386

Definition of Tank Subfigure 387

Definition of Valve Subfigure 388

Geometry Entities 389

Attributes 390

Flow Paths . 391

External References for the Flowsheet Example 392

Piping Model Structure 398

Simple Piping Model 400

Subfigure Instances 401

Required Connection Points 401

Logical Flow Path for Fluids 402

Macro Parametric Catalog Structure 402

Obsolete General Note Font Zero . 447

General Note Font 19 (OCR-B) 456

General Note Font 1003 (Drafting Font) 457

Example Defined Using the Radius Dimension Entity 461

xxviii
List of Tables

1 Parameters in the Global Section 13

2 Directory Entry (DE) Section 18

3 Entity DE Field Requirements 25

4 Examples of Physical Parent-Child Relationships 68

5 Finite Element Topology Set 129

6 Character Names for the Symbol and Drafting Fonts 192

B1 Text Display Template Values for SampleSchematic 374

Cl Entities in Flowsheet Example 384

C2 Encoded Flowsheet Example for Piping and Instrumentation Diagram 393

D1 Encoded Piping Model Example 404

D2 Encoded Piping Catalog for Piping Model Example 409

J1 Description of TYPE Numbers for the Nodal and Element Results Entities 452

J2 Character Names for the Drafting Font 458

J3 Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) 469

J4 AEC Attribute List (ALT=3) 480

J5 Process Plant Attribute list (ALT=4) 482

1 . General 1.1

Purpose

This Specification establishes information structures to be used for the digital representation and

communication of product definition data. Use of this Specification permits the compatible ex- change of product definition data used by various Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided

Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems.

1.2

Field of Application

This Specification defines a file structure format, a language format, and the representation of geometric, topological, and non-geometric product definition data in these formats. Product definition

data represented in these formats will be exchanged through a variety of physical media. The

specific features and protocols for the communications media are the subject of other standards.

The methodology for representing product definition data in this Specification is extensible and

independent of the modeling methods used.

Chapter 1 is general in nature and defines the overall purpose and objectives of this Specification.

Chapter 2 defines the communications file structure and format. It explains the function of each

of the sections of a file. The geometry data representation in Chapter 3 deals with two- and threedimensional edge-vertex models, with simple surface representations and Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) representations. Chapter 4 specifies non-geometric representations, including common

drafting practices, data organization methods, and data definition methods.

In Chapters 3 and 4, the product is described in terms of geometric and non-geometric information,

with non-geometric information being divided into annotation, definition, and organization. The

geometry category consists of elements such as points, curves, surfaces, and solids that model the

product. The annotation category consists of those elements which are used to clarify or enhance

the geometry, including dimensions, drafting notation, and text. The definition category provides

the ability to define specific properties or characteristics of individual or collections of data entities.

The organization category identifies groupings of elements from geometric, annotation, or property

data which are to be evaluated and manipulated as single items.

1.3

Untested Entities

It is the policy of the organization to ensure that entities are tested before being introduced into the

Specification. In cases where this testing is not yet complete, the entity is included in Appendix J. A

prospective implementor is warned that, despite the fact that Appendix J entities represent the best

judgment of the organization, there is a chance that changes will be required before these entities are introduced into the body of the Specification. If these entities are judged useful and implementation

1
1. GENERAL

is attempted, the results of the attempt will be useful to the IGES/PDES Organization. Contact

the IGES Office at the National Bureau of Standards to report problems and successes.

1.4 Concepts of Product Definition

This Specification is concerned with the data required to describe and communicate the essential

engineering characteristics of physical objects as manufactured products. Such products are described in terms of their physical shape, dimensions, and information which further describes or explains the product. The processes which generate or utilize the product definition data typically

include design, engineering analysis, production planning, fabrication, material handling, assembly,

inspection, marketing, and field service.

The requirements for a common data communication format for product definition can be understood

in terms of today’s CAD/CAM environment. Traditionally, engineering drawings and associated

documentation are used to communicate product definition data. Commercial interactive graphics systems, originally developed as aids to producing these two-dimensional drawings, are rapidly

developing sophisticated three-dimensional solid modeling. In parallel, extensive research work is being conducted in advanced geometric modeling techniques ( e.g ., parametric representations and

solid primitives) and in CAM applications utilizing product definition data in manufacturing (e.g.,

NC machining and computer-controlled coordinate measurement). The result is rapid growth of

CAD/CAM applications, allowing exchange of product definition data, which usually employ incompatible data representations and formats. In addressing this compatibility problem, this Specification is concerned with needs and capabilities of current and advanced methods of CAD/CAM

product definition development.

Product definition data may be categorized by their principal roles in defining a product. An example

of such a categorization is presented in Figure 1. This Specification specifies communication formats

(information structures) for subsets of the product definition.

1.5 Concepts of the File Structure

A format to allow the exchange of a product definition between CAD/CAM systems must, as a minimum, support the communication of geometric data, annotation, and organization of the data.

The file format defined by this Specification treats the product definition as a file of entities. Each

entity is represented in an application-independent format, to and from which the native representation of a specific CAD/CAM system can be mapped. The entity representations provided in this

Specification include forms common to the CAD/CAM systems currently available and forms which

support the system technologies currently emerging.

The fundamental unit of data in the file is the entity. Entities are categorized as geometry and

non-geometry. Geometry entities represent the definition of the physical shape and include points,

curves, surfaces, solids, and relations which are collections of similarly structured entities. Nongeometry entities typically serve to enrich the model by providing a viewing perspective in which

a planar drawing may be composed and by providing annotation and dimensioning appropriate to

the drawing. Non-geometry entities further serve to provide specific attributes or characteristics for

individual or groups of entities and to provide definitions and instances for groupings of entities.

The definitions of these groupings may reside in another file. Typical non-geometry entities for

drawing definition, annotation, and dimensioning are the view, drawing, general note, witness line,

and leader. Typical non-geometry entities for attributes and groupings are the property and the

associativity entities.

2
1 . GENERAL

. ADMINISTRATIVE

Product Identification

Product Structure

. DESIGN/ANALYSIS

Idealized Models

• BASIC SHAPE

Geometric

Topological

. AUGMENTING PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Dimensions and Tolerances

Intrinsic Properties

• PROCESSING INFORMATION

. PRESENTATIONAL INFORMATION

Figure 1. Categories of Product Definition

A file consists of five or six sections: Flag (in the case of the binary or compressed ASCII form),

Start, Global, Directory Entry, Parameter Data, and Terminate. A file may include any number of

entities of any type as required to represent the product definition. Each entity occurrence consists

of a directory entry and a parameter data entry. The directory entry provides an index and includes

descriptive attributes about the data. The parameter data provides the specific entity definition.

The directory data are organized in fixed fields and are consistent for all entities to provide simple

access to frequently used descriptive data. The parameter data are entity-specific and are variable

in length and format. The directory data and parameter data for all entities in the file are organized

into separate sections, with pointers providing bi-directional links between the directory entry and

parameter data for each entity. The Specification provides for groupings whose definitions will be

found in a file other than the one in which they are used.

Each entity defined by the file structure in Chapter 2 has a specific assigned entity type number.

While not all are assigned at this time, entity type numbers 0001 through 0599 and 0700 through 5000

are allocated for specific assignment. Entity type numbers 0600 through 0699 and 10000 through

99999 are for implementor-defined (i.e., macro) entities. For user defined entities see Section 1.6.7.

The Index of Topics includes an alphabetical listing of entity types.

Some entity types include a form number as an attribute. The form number serves to further define or classify an entity within its specific type.

The entity set includes a provision for associativities and properties. The Associativity Entity

provides a mechanism to establish relationships among entities and to define the meaning of the

relationship. The Property Entity allows specific characteristics, such as line widening, to be as- signed to an entity or collection of entities. Each entity format includes a structure for an arbitrary

3
1. GENERAL

number of pointers to associativities and properties. The file structure provides for both predefined

associativities and properties to be included in the Specification and unique definitions which will

be defined by the user.

1.6 Concepts of Information Structures for Geometric Models

The geometric model refers to the entity set defined by Chapters 3 and 4, and comprises an entitybased product definition file. The entity types, as described above are categorized as geometry and

non-geometry. In general, the geometry entities are defined independently of one another (surfaces are an exception). Features have been provided to define and compose relationships among entities

to enhance the model. The non-geometry entities include structures in which an entity may be

defined by a collection of other entities and structures which are independent.

Several entity types which are used to provide relations or definitions are essential to the file structure

methodology of this Specification and are described below.

1.6.1

Property Entity. The Property Entity allows non-geometric numeric or textual information to be related to any entity. Any entity occurrence may reference one or more property entity- occurrences as required. In addition, a value which is contained in a property may be displayed

as text when an additional pointer (See Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2) of the property points to a Text Display

Template Entity (Type 432).

Property Entities themselves may exist independently of other entities. In this case, the property

is defined to be a property of the level indicated in the level field of the directory entry (DE) of

the property. This allows for a general property to apply to all entities of a given level or for the

assignment of an applications function to a level. Because the level field in a DE is also allowed to

point to a property of levels, properties may be applied to multiple levels.

1.6.2 Associativity Entities. The Associativity Entities are designed for use when several entities must be logically related to one another. Two types of entities are involved here: Associativity

Definition and Associativity Instance. The Associativity Definition Entity is used to specify the

structure of the logical relationship, and the Associativity Instance Entity is used to specify the information involved in a particular occurrence of the relationship. Some associativities are specifically

defined as part of this Specification in Section 4. 3. 3.3.

1.6.3 View Entity. A drawing or equivalent human-readable representation of the geometric

model of a product is a two-dimensional projection of a selected subset of the model, together with

non-geometric information such as text. The View Entity and Views Visible forms of associativities

control such representations. These provide information for orientation, clipping, line removal, and

other characteristics associated with individual views rather than with the model itself.

1.6.4

Drawing Entity. The Drawing Entity allows a set of views to be identified and arranged

for human presentation. Note that the View and Drawing Entities contain only the rules and

parameters for extracting drawings from the geometric model. The actual product definition is not

duplicated in various views, eliminating risk of conflicting or ambiguous information.

4
1. GENERAL

1.6.5 Transformation Matrix Entity. The Transformation Matrix Entity allows translation

and rotation to be applied as needed to any entity in the construction of the model and to the

development of views and drawings of the model.

1.6.6 Macro Entities. This Specification includes a Macro Definition Entity for defining new

entity types which may then be used in the defining file in the same manner as the intrinsically

defined entities. A language for defining these new entity types is specified in Section 4.3.6.

1.6.7 Implementor Defined Entities. This Specification allows implementors to include entities in their files that are not defined in this document but which have specific user meanings. This

feature supports the objective of the Specification to act as an archiving format where the receiving

system is the same as the sending system. In this way, the implementor is able to archive those data

forms which may be unique to a particular system.

From time to time, files with such implementor-defined entities are used with applications which

attempt to edit the file. In this situation, processing problems can arise because, without an entity

definition, the editor cannot know which parameter values are pointers that have to be updated,

and which are simply data values that should not be updated.

To avoid this problem, implementors should use macro definitions and instances of Macro Entities

with entity type numbers in the range of 5001 to 9999 inclusively. (See Section 4.3.6 for information on how to use the macro capabilities of the Specification.) This means that for each different

implementor-defined entity type, there will be a Macro Definition Entity (Type 306). In order to

accomplish the desired result, all that needs to be present in the parameter data for these macro

definitions is the first MACRO statement which defines the parameter list, and an ENDM statement

to terminate the definition.

1.7 Appendices

As an aid to the implementor/user, a series of appendices is included with this Specification. Appendix A gives three part file examples. Appendix B describes an electrical/electronic product

representation, and Appendix C, a plant flowsheet representation. Appendix D provides a threedimensional piping model example while Appendix E gives explanation of spline representation and

approaches for conversion techniques. Appendix F discusses the numerical stability of conic arcs. Appendix G provides mappings between color spaces. Appendix II provides a set of FORTRAN

utilities to convert physical file structures in the ASCII Form from the regular ASCII Format to

the Compressed ASCII Format and back. Appendix I itemizes entities from previous versions which

have been made obsolete by this version. Appendix J includes new entities which have not received

sufficient implementation testing for inclusion in the main body of the Specification. In addition, a

List of References, a Glossary, an Index of Topics, and a Numerical Index of Entities are included.

5
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2 . Data Form

2.1 General

Two different forms are defined in this Specification to represent IGES data. These forms are ASCII

[ANSI68, ANSI74, ANSI77], and Binary. The Binary Form uses a byte-oriented (bit string) structure

which may be especially suited to the transmission of large files. The constants, free format rules, file organization, and information structure are discussed in terms

of displayed or printed ASCII form. Following this discussion, the binary form is defined together

with necessary changes in constants and file structure.

2.2 ASCII Form

The ASCII Form has two format types: a fixed (80 character) line length format and a compressed

format. In the fixed line length ASCII format, the entire file is partitioned into 80 character units

beginning with the first character in the file. These units are called lines. The term “column” refers to

the character position in a line. The file is divided into sections. The section identification character

shall occupy Column 73 of each line. Columns 74 through 80 are specified for the section sequence

number of each line. For the Compressed ASCII Format, the Directory Entry and Parameter Data

Sections are excepted from the above two rules, and will be defined in a later section. The remaining

columns are assigned to fields as defined in the file section description. The term “record” refers to

the set of parameters for one entity within one file section. A record consists of one or more lines.

2.2.1 Sequence Numbers. A sequence number is a string of from one to seven digits and is the means of indexing lines within the various sections of the data file. The sequence numbers for

each section begin with 1 (0000001) and continue sequentially without interruption to the value

corresponding to the number of lines in the section. A sequence number may have either leading

zeros or leading blanks and is right-justified in its field in the line (Columns 74-80).

The sequence number is preceded in the line by a single letter code in Column 73 identifying the

section in which the line resides:

Section Letter Code

Flag (not always present) B or C

Start S

Global G

Directory Entry D

Parameter Data P

Terminate T

7
2.2

ASCII FORM

Letter codes “B” and “C” are used to signify binary (see Section 2. 4. 2.1) and compressed ASCII

(see Section 2.3.1) information, respectively.

2.2.2

Constants. This Specification defines six types of constants: integer (or fixed point), real

(or floating point), string, pointer, language statement, and logical. Regardless of whether the

constants appear in a fixed or free format, certain rules apply to their formation, interpretation, and

display as text:

• Blanks are only significant in string and language statement constants. A numeric field of all blanks is considered to denote the default value for that field. No blanks are allowed between

the beginning of a numeric constant (he., its sign, first numeric digit, or decimal point) and the

end of that constant ( i.e ., the last character position allocated in fixed format or the delimiter

character in free format). Leading blanks in the parameters containing numeric constants are ignored. Blanks between the end of any constant and the delimiter following the constant are not allowed.

• Numeric constants shall not contain embedded commas.

• The absolute magnitude of an integer constant may not exceed the value 2**(N-1)-1, where N

is the number of bits used to represent the integer value (Global Parameter 7).

Similarly, the absolute magnitude and precision of a real constant may not exceed that indicated by Global Parameters 8-9 (for single precision) and 10-11 (for double precision).

• Only string and language statement constants may cross field/line boundaries. When such a

constant does cross a boundary, it is considered to extend to the last usable column on the

current line and then to continue with the first column on the succeeding line. The last usable

column on lines in the Parameter Data Section is Column 64; on lines in all other sections it

is Column 72. A string constant may not be broken before the Hollerith delimiter (H).

e A numeric constant may be either signed or unsigned. If signed, the leading plus or minus

determines the sense of the constant. If unsigned, the sense is assumed to be non-negative.

2.2.2. 1 Integer Constants. An integer constant (sometimes called a fixed point constant) is always an exact representation of an integer value. It may assume a positive, negative, or zero value.

It may assume only an integral value.

The form of an integer constant is an optional sign followed by a non-empty string of digits. The

digit string is interpreted as a decimal number.

The following are examples of valid integer constants (assuming the value of Global Parameter 7 is 32):

1 150 2147483647 +3451

0 -10 -2147483647

2. 2. 2. 2 Real Constants. A real constant (sometimes called a floating point constant) is a processor approximation of the value of a real number. It may assume a positive, negative, or zero

value.

The following rules and examples apply to real constants as parameter data or as processed for text

display.
2.2 ASCII FORM

• A real constant may be either a basic real constant, a basic real constant followed by an exponent, or an integer constant followed by an exponent.

• A real constant may be of either single or double precision. The distinction is in the precision

of the processor’s representation of the real number which is specified in Global Parameters

8 through 11. A double precision constant may be either a basic real constant followed by a double precision exponent or an integer constant followed by a double precision exponent.

• The form of a basic real constant is, in order, an optional sign, an integer part, a decimal

point, and a fractional part. Both the integer part and the fractional part are strings of digits;

either of these parts may be omitted but not both. A basic real constant is interpreted as a decimal number.

• The form of a real exponent is the letter E followed by an optionally signed integer constant.

A real exponent denotes a decimal power of ten by which the preceding constant is multiplied.

• The form of a double precision exponent is the letter D followed by an optionally signed integer

constant. A double precision exponent denotes a decimal power of ten by which the preceding

constant is multiplied.

The following are examples of valid real constants:

256.091

1.36E1

145 . 98763D4

0 . -1.3E-02

-2145 . 98000 ID-5

-0.58

0. IE-3

0. 123456789D+09

+4.21

l.E+4

- . 43E2

2. 2. 2. 3 String Constants. String constants are represented in the Hollerith form as specified

in Appendix C of the current FORTRAN Standard [ANSI78]. A string constant is an arbitrary

sequence of ASCII characters. Blanks, parameter delimiters, and record delimiters are treated

simply as characters within the string. There is no limit on the length of a string constant.

The form of a string constant is a non-zero, unsigned integer constant (character count), followed

by the letter H, followed by a string of characters consisting of the number of contiguous characters

specified by the character count. The following are examples of valid string constants:

3H123 10HABC. , ;ABCD

8H0.457E03 12H HELLO THERE

2. 2. 2. 4 Pointer Constants. A pointer constant is a non-empty string of from one to seven

digits. Pointer constants are used to identify a line in either the same or a different section of

the data file. The magnitude of the pointer constant corresponds to the sequence number of the

referenced line, and the referenced file section is determined by the context of the reference. Pointer

constants are unsigned except where they are alternative parameters in a field. Pointer constants

whose magnitude requires fewer than seven digits may use leading zeros or leading blanks in fixed

format fields.

2. 2. 2. 5 Language Statement Constants. The language statement constant is an arbitrary

character string made up of alphanumeric, punctuation, and blank characters from the ASCII character set. The language statement constant is not preceded by the character count and the Hollerith

9
2.2 ASCII FORM

delimiter, H, as is the string constant. Section 4.3.6 defines the syntax of the language statement

constant as used for the Macro Entity. The length of the language statement constant is determined

by means of the Parameter Data line count in the Directory Entry record for the entity (see Directory

Entry Parameter 14).

2. 2. 2. 6 Logical Constants. A logical constant has only two values. These values are specified

in the current FORTRAN standard [ANSI78]. In IGES files, where logical constants are expected,

the unsigned integer 0 will denote the logical value .FALSE, and the unsigned integer 1 will denote

the value .TRUE. . The form of a logical constant is an unsigned integer consisting of a single digit. The digits 2 through

9 may not be used as logical constants. The digit is interpreted as a logical value.

2.2.3 Rules for Forming and Interpreting Free Formatted Data. The data in several

sections of a file may be entered in free format. The free format will apply to a range of columns

of a line in the section and to the same range of columns of successive lines as needed. This free

format feature allows the specification of parameters in the prescribed order without restricting the

placement of the parameter to a particular location on a line. When free format is permitted, the

following rules apply (in addition to those in Section 2.2.2):

• The parameter delimiter (Global Parameter 1 —defaulting to a comma) is used to separate

parameters.

• The record delimiter (Global Parameter 2—defaulting to a semicolon) is used to terminate the

record (be., to terminate a list of parameters).

• When two parameter delimiters, or a parameter and record delimiter, appear adjacent to each

other, or are separated by only blanks, the delimited parameter is considered not to have been

specified in the file and should be given its default value. Unless specifically noted, the default

value for a numeric parameter is zero, and the default value for a string parameter is null. It

is the responsibility of the preprocessor to ensure that these default values are reasonable for

the particular parameter in question.

• When a record delimiter appears before the list of parameters is complete, all remaining parameters should be given their default values (see above for a discussion of assigning default

values).

• The end of the data portion of the physical line (b e., Column 72 in the Global Section, and

Column 64 in the Parameter Data Section) is not to be construed to act as either a parameter

delimiter or a record delimiter.

• The parameter delimiter and record delimiter characters do not maintain their special signifi- cance when included within a string constant.

• A numeric constant, including its trailing delimiter, cannot extend across a line boundary.

2.2.3. 1 Parameter and Record Delimiter Combinations. The following ASCII characters

are prohibited from being used as either Global Parameter 1 (Parameter Delimiter) or Global Parameter 2 (Record Delimiter) because they will cause parsing difficulties in the post-processor.

10
2.2 ASCII FORM

Name Octal Range

The Control Symbols

The Space Character

The Digits 0 through 9

The Characters + - . The Letters D E H

0...37, 177

40

60. ..71 53, 55, 56

104, 105, 110

Only four forms of legitimate syntax are allowed for the first characters of the Global Section defining

the two delimiters. They are (where a and (3 represent ASCII characters):

Form Interpretation

Parameter Delimiter Record Delimiter

Character Character

1. „

2. IRaalEfia

3. lHaao

4. ,1H /?,

? 5 a (3 a

P

2.2.4 File Structure. The file contains six subsections which must appear in order as follows:

a. Flag Section (Not always present)

b. Start Section

c. Global Section

d. Directory Entry Section

e. Parameter Data Section

f. Terminate Section

The Flag Section of the file is used, when present, to indicate that the file is in the Binary Form (see

Section 2.4.2. 1) or in the Compressed ASCII Format (see Section 2.3.1).

2.2.4. 1 Start Section. The Start Section of the file is designed to provide a human-readable

prologue to the file. There must be at least one start record. All records in the section shall have

the letter S in Column 73 and a sequence number in Column 74 through 80 (see Section 2.2.1). The

information in Columns 1 through 72 need not be formatted in any special way except that the

ASCII character set shall be used. An example of a Start Section is shown in Figure 2.

2. 2. 4. 2 Global Section. The Global Section of the file contains the information describing the

pre-processor and information needed by the post-processor to handle the file. All records in the

Global Section shall contain the letter G in Column 73 and a sequence number (see Section 2.2.1).

The first two global parameters are used to define the parameter delimiter and record delimiter

characters if necessary. The default characters are “comma” and “semicolon” respectively.

The parameters for the Global Section are input in free format as described in Section 2.2.3. As

implied in Section 2.2.3, the global parameters will end with the record delimiter. If the Global

Section specifies new delimiter characters, they take over immediately and are used in the Global

11
2.2 ASCII FORM

Section as well as the rest of the file. This is possible because the comma and semicolon delimiter

specifications are the first two global parameters. The parameters in the Global Section are described

in Table 1 and the paragraphs that follow. Unless explicitly stated, no defaults are provided.

1

This section is a human readable prologue to the file. It can contain an arbitrary number of lines

72 73 80

S0000001

S0000002

S0000003

using ASCII characters in columns 1-72. S000000N

Figure 2. Format of the Start section in the ASCII Form
2.2 ASCII FORM

Index

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Table 1. Parameters in the Global Section

Type Description

String Parameter delimiter character (default is comma)

String Record delimiter character (default is semicolon)

String Product identification from sending system

String File name

String System ID

String Preprocessor version

Integer Number of binary bits for integer representation

Integer Maximum power of ten representable in a single precision floating point number

on the sending system

Integer Number of significant digits in a single precision floating point number on the

sending system

Integer Maximum power of ten representable in a double precision floating point number

on the sending system

Integer Number of significant digits in a double precision floating point number on the

sending system

String Product identification for the receiving system

Real Model space scale (example: .125 indicates a ratio of 1 unit model space to 8

units real world)

Integer Unit flag

String Units. Eleven values of the unit flag have been defined, (see Section 2.2.4.2.14).

Integer Maximum number of line weight gradations (1-32768). Refer to the Directory

Entry Parameter 12 (see Section 2. 2. 4. 3) for use of this parameter.

Real Size of maximum line width in units. Refer to the Directory Entry Parameter

12 (see Section 2. 2. 4. 3) for use of this parameter.

String Date & time of file generation 13HYYMMDD . HHNNSS where:

YY is last 2 digits of year

MM is month (01-12)

DD is day (01-31)

HH is hour (00-23)

NN is minute (00-59)

SS is second (00-59)

Real Minimum user-intended resolution or granularity of the model expressed in units

defined by Parameter 15 (example .0001)

Real Approximate maximum coordinate value occurring in the model expressed in

units defined by Parameter 15. (Example: 1000.0 means for all coordinates

\X\,\Y\,\Z\ < 1000.)

String Name of author

String Author’s organization

Integer Integer value corresponding to the version of IGES used to create this file. (See

Section 2.2.4.2.23 for Correspondence Table.)

Integer Drafting standard in compliance to which the data encoded in this file was

generated. (See Section 2.2.4.2.24.)

13
2.2 ASCII FORM

2. 2. 4. 2.1 Parameter Delimiter Character. This parameter indicates which character is used

to separate parameter values in the Global and Parameter Data sections. Each occurrence of this

character denotes the end of the current parameter and the start of the next parameter. Two

exceptions exist: (1) string constants in which the delimiter character may be part of the string; (2)

language statements in which the delimiter character may be a part of the language syntax. The

default value is a comma. See Section 2.2.3.

2. 2. 4. 2. 2 Record Delimiter. This parameter indicates which character is used to denote the

end of a list of parameters in the Global Section and each Parameter Data Section Entry. Each

occurrence of this character denotes the end of the current parameter list. Two exceptions exist: (1)

string constants in which the delimiter character may be part of the string; (2) language statements

in which the delimiter character may be a part of the language syntax. The default value is a semicolon. See Section 2.2.3.

2. 2. 4. 2. 3 Product Identification From Sender. This is the name of the identifier which is used by the sender to reference this product.

2. 2 . 4. 2 . 4 File Name. This is the name of the IGES file.

2. 2. 4. 2. 5 System ID. This parameter is an identification code which should uniquely identify

the system software which generated this file. It includes the complete vendor’s name, the name by

which the system is marketed, and the product ID/version number and/or release date of software.

2. 2. 4. 2. 6 Preprocessor Version. This parameter identifies the version and/or release date of

the preprocessor which created this file.

2. 2. 4. 2. 7 Number of Binary Bits for Integer Representation. This parameter indicates

how many bits are present in the integer representation of the sending system. This parameter sets limits on the range of values for integer parameters in the file.

2. 2. 4. 2. 8 Single Precision Magnitude. This parameter indicates the maximum power of ten

which may be represented as a single precision floating point number on the sending system.

2. 2. 4. 2. 9 Single Precision Significance. This parameter indicates the number of decimal digits of significance which can be accurately represented in the single precision floating point representation on the sending system.

2.2.4.2.10 Double Precision Magnitude. This parameter indicates the maximum power of

ten which may be represented as a double precision floating point number on the sending system.

2.2.4.2.11 Double Precision Significance. This parameter indicates the number of decimal

digits of significance which can be accurately represented in the double precision floating point representation on the sending system. Example: For an IEEE floating point representation (see [IEEE85])

with 32 bits, the magnitude and significance parameters have the values 38 and 6, respectively; for a representation with 64 bits, the values are 308 and 15, respectively.

14
2.2 ASCII FORM

2.2.4.2.12 Product Identification for the Receiver. This is the name or identifier which is intended to be used by the receiver to reference this product.

2.2.4.2.13 Model Space Scale. The ratio of model space to real world space.

2.2.4.2.14 Unit Flag. An integer value denoting the measuring system used in the file. The

values in the file are assumed to be:

Value Measuring System

1 Inches

2 Millimeters

3 (See Parameter 15 for name of units)

4 Feet

5 Miles

6 Meters

7 Kilometers

8 Mils ( i.e ., 0.001 inch)

9 Microns

10 Centimeters

11 Microinches

This is the controlling definition of units. A value of 3 should only be used when it is intended to

transfer data to a system using the same units, in which case Parameter 15 must be used to provide

additional information as to those units.

2.2.4.2.15 Units. A string constant naming the model units in the system:

Constant Model Units

2HIN or 4HINCH Inches

2HMM Millimeters

2HFT Feet

2HMI Miles

1HM Meters

2HKM Kilometers

3HMIL Mils

2HUM Microns

2HCM Centimeters

3HUIN Microinches

When the unit flag is given a value of 3, the string constant naming the desired unit should conform

to [MIL 12] or [IEEE260],

2.2.4.2.16 Maximum Number of Line Weight Gradations. This is the number of equal

subdivisions of line thickness.

2.2.4.2.17 Size of Maximum Line Width in Units. This is the actual width of the thickest

line possible in the (scaled) file.

15
2.2 ASCII FORM

2.2.4.2.18 Date and Time of File Generation. This is a time stamp of when the file was

generated.

2.2.4.2.19 Minimum User-Intended Resolution. This parameter indicates the smallest distance in model space units that the system should consider as discernable. Coordinate locations in

the file which are less than this distance apart should be considered to be coincident.

2.2.4.2.20 Approximate Maximum Coordinate Value. This is the upper bound on the

values of all coordinate data actually occurring in this model. The absolute magnitude of each of

the coordinates in this model is less than or equal to this value.

2.2.4.2.21 Name of Author. The name of the person responsible for the creation of the data

contained in this file.

2.2.4.2.22 Author’s Organization. The organization or group with whom the author is associated.

2.2.4.2.23 Version Number. Each version of IGES is assigned a unique integer value corre- sponding to that version. This field contains the integer value corresponding to the version of IGES

used to create this file. The values in the table below are valid for this Specification version, and will

be added to for each successive version or ANSI Specification. If no valid integer number is entered

in this field, the default value of 3 (corresponding to Version 2.0 [NBS83]) should be assumed. See

the List of References for a full citation for each version.

Value Version Reference

1 1.0 [NBS80]

2 ANSI Y14.26M - 1981 [ANSI81]

3 2.0 [NBS83]

4 3.0 [NBS86]

5 ANSI Y14.26M - 1987 [ANSI88]

6 4.0 This document

2.2.4.2.24 Drafting Standard Code. The drafting standard according to which the data in

this file was generated.

Code Drafting Standard

0 None No standard specified

1 ISO International Organization for Standardization

2 AFNOR French Association for Standardization

3 ANSI American National Standards Institute

4 BSI British Standards Institute

5 CSA Canadian Standards Association

6 DIN German Institute for Standardization

7 JIS Japanese Institute for Standardization

16
2.2 ASCII FORM

2. 2. 4. 3 Directory Entry Section. The Directory Entry Section has one directory entry for

each entity in the file. The directory entry for each entity is fixed in size and contains twenty fields

of eight characters each spread across two consecutive eighty character lines. Data are right justified

in each field. With the exception of the fields numbered 10, 16, 17, 18, and 20, entries in all fields in

this section will be either integer constants or pointer constants. In this section, the word “number”

is sometimes used in place of the phrase “integer constant.”

The purposes of the Directory Entry Section are to provide an index for the file and to contain

attribute information for each entity. The order of the directory entries within the Directory Entry

Section is arbitrary with the exception that a definition entity must precede all of its instances.

Within the Directory Entry Section, a field consisting wholly of blanks is to be considered to have

not been specified and should be given a default value where possible. Default values are not allowed

in Fields 1, 2, 10, 11, 14, and 20. The actual values to be assigned as defaults will vary depending on the entity type. This rule does not apply to compressed ASCII.

Some of the fields in the directory entry can contain either an attribute value or a pointer to an

entity containing a set of such values. In these fields a positive value indicates an integer constant

while for a negative value the absolute value should be taken and the result interpreted as a pointer

constant.

Since zero is not a valid pointer constant value, a zero in a field requiring a pointer is not permitted

unless a specific interpretation has been allowed for in this specification.

Figure 3 gives an abbreviated listing of the fields making up the directory entry for each entity.

Table 2 and the following paragraphs describe each directory entry field. Note that Table 2 contains

references to entities and form numbers defined in Appendix J.

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 33 40 41 48 49 56 57 64 65 72 73 80

(1) (2) (3) ( 4 ) (5) (6) ( 7) (8) (9) (10)

Entity

Type

Number

Parameter

Data

Structure Line

Font

Pattern

Level View Transformation

Matrix

Label

Display

Assoc.

Status

Number

Sequence

Number

# => #,=» #,=» o,=> o,=> o,=> # D#

(11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)

Entity

Type

Number

Line

Weight

Number

Color

Number

Parameter

Line

Count

Form

Number

Reserved Reserved Entity

Label

Entity

Subscript

Number

Sequence

Number

# # #,=> # # # D# + l

Nomenclature:

(n) - Field number n # - Integer => - Pointer

#,=>•- Integer or pointer (pointer has negative sign)

0, =>• - Zero or pointer

Figure 3. Format of the Directory Entry (DE) Section in the ASCII Form

17
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 2. Directory Entry (DE) Section

Meaning and Notes

Identifies the entity type.

Pointer to the first line of the parameter data record for

the entity. The letter P is not included.

Negated pointer to the directory entry of the definition entity that specifies this entity’s meaning. The letter D is not

included. The integer values 0, 1, and 2 are permissible in

this field but should be disregarded, (see Section 2. 2. 4.3. 3)

Line font pattern or negated pointer to the directory entry

of a Line Font Definition Entity (Type 304).

Number of the level upon which the entity resides, or a negated pointer to the directory entry of a Property Entity

(Type 406, Form 1) which contains a list of levels upon

which the entity resides.

Pointer to the directory entry of a View Entity (Type 410),

or pointer to a Views Visible Associativity Instance (Type

402, Form 3 or 4), or integer zero (default).

7 Transformation Matrix Pointer to the directory entry of a Transformation Matrix

Entity (Type 124) used in defining this entity; zero (default) implies the identity transformation matrix and zero

translation vector will be used.

8 Label Display Associativity Pointer to the directory entry of a label Display Associativity (Type 402, Form 5). The value of zero indicates no

label display associativity.

9 Status Number Provides four two-digit status values which are entered

from left to right in the status number field in the order

given below.

1-2 Blank Status

00 Visible

01 Blanked

3-4 Subordinate Entity Switch

00 Independent

01 Physically Dependent

02 Logically Dependent

03 Both (01) and (02)

5-6 Entity Use Flag

00 Geometry

01 Annotation

02 Definition

03 Other

04 Logical/Positional

05 2D Parametric

7-8 Hierarchy

00 Global top down

01 Global defer

02 Use hierarchy property

10 Section Code and Sequence Physical count of this line from the beginning of the DirecNumber tory Entry Section, preceded by the letter D (odd number).

11 Entity Type Number (Same as Field 1.)

No. Field Name

1 Entity Type Number

2 Parameter Data

3 Structure

4 Line Font Pattern

5 Level

6 View

18
2.2

ASCII FORM

12 Line Weight Number System display thickness; given as a gradation value in the

range of 0 to the maximum (Parameter 16 of the Global

Section).

13 Color Number Color number or negated pointer to the directory entry of a Color Definition Entity (Type 314).

14 Parameter Line Count Number of lines in the parameter data record for this en- Number tity.

15 Form Number Certain entities have different interpretations. These interpretations are uniquely identified by a form number.

Possible form numbers are listed within each entity description.

16 Reserved for future use 17 Reserved for future use 18 Entity Label Up to eight alphanumeric characters (right justified).

19 Entity Subscript Number 1 to 8 digit unsigned number associated with the label.

20 Section Code and Sequence

Number

Same meaning as Field 10 (even number).

2. 2. 4. 3.1 Entity Type Number. The integer number indicating the type of entity.

2. 2. 4. 3. 2 Parameter Data. This is the sequence number of the first parameter data record for

this entity. The letter P is not included.

2. 2. 4. 3.

3

Structure. Non-negative integer values are permitted in this field, but should be disregarded. (In versions prior to Version 3.0, non-negative integers were used in this field to designate

version numbers.) For a negative value, the absolute value of this field is interpreted as a pointer to

the structure definition entity which specifies the schema for this entity type number.

2. 2.4.

3.4

Line Font Pattern. This indicates a display pattern to be used to display a geometric

entity. A positive value indicates that the receiving system’s corresponding version of the solid,

dashed, phantom, centerline, and dotted fonts should be used. A negative value indicates that the

absolute value should be interpreted as a pointer to a Line Font Definition Entity (Type 304) which

provides the information specifying the display pattern.

Value Pattern

1 Solid

2 Dashed

3 Phantom

4 Centerline

5 Dotted

2. 2. 4. 3. 5 Level. This value specifies a graphic display level or levels to be associated with this

entity. A positive value indicates the graphic level this entity exists on. A negative value indicates

the absolute value is a pointer to a Property Entity (Type 406, Form 1) which contains a list of

levels to be associated with the entity. This feature allows an entity to exist on multiple graphic

levels.

19
2.2 ASCII FORM

2. 2. 4. 3. 6 View. Three options exist. This value is either a pointer to the directory entry of a View Entity (Type 410), a pointer to an Associativity Instance (Type 402, Form 3 or 4, Views

Visible), or the integer zero (default). The first option applies when the entity is visible in a single

view. The second option applies when the entity is visible in more than one view. (Type 402, Form 4

applies when the display characteristics of the entity are view dependent.) The third option applies

when the entity is displayed with the same characteristics in all views.

2. 2. 4. 3. 7 Transformation Matrix. This value is either a pointer to the directory entry of a Transformation Matrix Entity (Type 124) or the integer zero (default). Zero implies the identity

rotation matrix and zero translation vector will be used. The Transformation Matrix Entity provides

form numbers according to the form of the transformation matrix. See Section 3.14.

2. 2. 4. 3. 8 Label Display Associativity. This is a pointer to the directory entry of a Label

Display Associativity (Type 402, Form 5) which defines how the entity’s label and subscript are to

be displayed in different views. A zero value indicates no Label Display Associativity is specified.

2. 2. 4. 3. 9 Status Number. This value contains four pieces of information which are concatenated into a single integer number. The four two-digit values are concatenated from left to right in

the order given below.

2. 2. 4. 3. 9.1 Blank Status. This value defines whether the entity is meant to be visible on the

output device of the receiving system. A value of 00 implies the entity is to be displayed and a value

of 01 implies the entity is not to be displayed.

2. 2. 4. 3. 9. 2 Subordinate Entity Switch. This value indicates whether or not the entity is referenced by other entities in the file; and, if so, what type of relationship exists. An entity can be

independent, physically dependent, logically dependent, or both physically and logically dependent.

The values are defined as follows:

00: Independent. The entity is not referenced ( i.e ., pointed to) by any other entities in the file.

It can exist alone in the native database.

01: Physically Dependent. This entity (the child) is referenced by another entity (the parent)

in the file. The child cannot exist unless the parent exists. The matrix pointed to by the entity

(as a child) must be applied to the entity’s definition in order to determine its location in the

parent’s definition space.

Entity A is subordinate to entity B if, and only if, the parameter data entry of entity B contains a pointer to entity A. The additional pointers as defined in Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2 are ignored for

the purposes of this definition. This implies that entities are NOT subordinate to the View (or

Views Visible Associativity) Entity that defines the view within which the entity is displayed.

The structure formed by a parent entity and its physically subordinate components is indivisible and may therefore be considered to form a single entity. The following are examples of

physically subordinate entities:

• A Leader Line Entity pointed to by a Linear Dimension Entity.

• A Circular Arc Entity pointed to by a Plane Entity.

• A Circular Arc Entity pointed to by a Composite Curve Entity.

20
2.2 ASCII FORM

• A Composite Curve Entity pointed to by a Subfigure Definition Entity (note that the

subfigure definition would NOT point to the constituent entities of the composite curve).

Consider the following example:

• Entity A is physically subordinate to entity B.

• Entity A points to a Transformation Matrix Ml.

• Transformation Matrix Ml points to a Transformation Matrix M2.

• Entity B is subordinate to a Subfigure Definition Entity C.

• Entity B points to a Transformation Matrix M3.

® Entity C is instanced in a Subfigure Instance D.

• The parameter data of entity D specifies its scale factor as Sd and position as (Xd,Yd,Zd).

• Entity D points to a Transformation Matrix M4.

• Entity D points to a View Entity E.

• The view scale factor defined in the parameter data of entity E is Se.

• Entity E occurs within a drawing F at drawing coordinates (Fx,Fy).

• Entity E points to a Transformation Matrix M5.

In order to obtain the drawing space coordinates of entity A, the following operations are performed:

1. The coordinates of entity A are transformed by Ml.

2. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are transformed by M2.

3. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are transformed by M3.

4. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are scaled by Sd.

5. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are transformed by M4.

6. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are translated by the vector (Xd,Yd,Zd).

The coordinates resulting from this step are the model space coordinates of entity A.

7. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are transformed by M5.

8. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are scaled by the scale factor Se.

9. The coordinates resulting from the preceding step are translated by the vector (Fx,Fy).

02: Logically Dependent. This entity (the child) can exist alone in the native database, but

is referenced by some sort of logical grouping entity, or entities (the parents), such as Associativities. The matrix pointed to by the parent entity has no effect on the location of the

child.

An example of a logically subordinate entity is that of a Line Entity pointed to by a Group

Associativity Entity.

21
2.2 ASCII FORM

03: Both Physically and Logically Dependent. This entity is physically dependent upon an- other entity in the file and is subject to the physical dependency rules described above. This

entity is also referenced by one or more logical grouping entities, and is also subject to the

logical dependency rules described above. Additionally, an entity cannot be physically and

logically dependent upon the same parent entity. The case of an entity being both logically

and physically subordinate refers to the fact that the Transformation Matrix pointed to by a

parent entity is not applied to its logically subordinate children.

An example of a logically and physically subordinate entity is that of a Line Entity occurring

in a subfigure definition and pointed to by a Group Associativity Entity.

2. 2. 4. 3. 9. 3 Entity Use Flag. This value indicates the intent of the entity. It classifies the

entity as intending to serve in the following manners:

00: Geometry. This is the default value. The entity is used to define the geometry of the structure

of the product.

01: Annotation. The entity is used to add annotation or description to the fde. This includes

geometric entities used to form annotation or description.

02: Definition. The entity is used in definition structures of the file. It is not intended to be

valid outside of the other entities which reference the definition structure. An example is the

entities in a Subfigure Definition which are intended to be valid in the Subfigure Instances

that reference the Subfigure Definition. This class includes all entities in the 300 entity type

number range.

03: Other. The entity is being used for other purposes such as defining structural features in

the file. This category corresponds roughly to the 400 range, but there are exceptions. For

example, a Subfigure Instance (Type 408) could define geometry, thus having an entity use flag = 0 or it could define a drawing format, thus having an entity use flag = 01. An Associativity

Instance would ordinarily have the value 03. Exceptions include Associativities concerned

with display where it would have the value 01. The View and Drawing Entities have value 01

(annotation). Transformation depends on its use: If used only for annotation ( e.g., defining a

view), the value is 01; if used for defining geometry or for defining geometry and annotation,

value is 00.

04: Logical/Positional. The entity is used as a logical and/or positional reference by other entities. This usage does not prevent the entity from referencing other entities or having its own

attributes. Some entities which may be instanced in this way are Node, Connect Point, and

Point when their primary use is as a reference.

05: 2-D Parametric. The entity takes its values in two-dimensional XY parameter space considered as a subset of three dimensional XYZ space by ignoring the Z coordinate. The transformation matrix from definition space to parameter space must be 2-dimensional (be., in Entity

124, Section 3.14.2, T3 = R\ 3 = R3 i = R32 = R23 — 0.0 and R33 = 1.0). In addition, the

coordinates do not have units of length (be., the model space scale and units conversion do

not apply). This is intended for use in defining curves on surfaces.

2. 2. 4. 3. 9. 4 Hierarchy. This value indicates the relationship between entities in a hierarchical

structure and is used to determine which entity’s directory entry attributes should be applied. It applies to line font, view, entity level, blank status, line weight, and color number. Three values are provided:

22
2.2 ASCII FORM

00: All the above directory entry attributes will apply to entities physically subordinate to this

entity.

01: None of the above directory entry attributes of this entity will apply to physically subordinate

entities. The physically subordinate entities will use their own directory entry attributes.

02: Individual setting of each of above direct entry attributes are allowed. A Hierarchy Property

Entity (Type 406, Form 10) (see Section 4. 3. 7.3. 9) specifies whether 00 or 01 is applied for

each directory entry attribute to physically subordinate entities.

Example: If an entity A has 00 in its DE status digits 7 and 8, all entities subordinate to A will

have the attributes assigned to A. Consequently, the attributes assigned to all entities subordinate

to A are ignored.

If an entity A has 01 in its DE status digits 7 and 8, the entities immediately subordinate to A will

retain their own status. Consequently, the attributes assigned to A are ignored.

2.2.4.3.10 Sequence Number. A number which specifies the position of the DE line in the

Directory Entry Section. The sequence number of the first DE line for any entity is always odd and

the sequence number of the second line is always even.

2.2.4.3.11 Entity Type Number. This is the same as Field 1.

2.2.4.3.12 Line Weight Number. This value denotes the thickness (or width) with which an

entity should be displayed. A specific series of possible thicknesses are specified by Global Parameters

16 and 17. The largest thickness possible is that specified in Global Parameter 17 and is denoted by

setting this value equal to the value in Global Parameter 16. The smallest thickness possible is equal

to the result of dividing Global Parameter 17 by Global Parameter 16 and is denoted by setting this

value equal to 1. Thicknesses between the smallest and largest thickness are available in increments

equal to the smallest possible thickness and are denoted by setting this value equal to the integer

number of (adjacent) increments required.

Thus, display thickness is:

Line Weight Number * (Global Parameter 17/Global Parameter 16).

A value of 0 indicates that the default line weight display of the receiving system is to be used.

2.2.4.3.13 Color Number. Field 13 either is a color number used for specifying color when

the precise shade is unimportant or is a pointer to a more precise color definition. It is up to the

receiving system to generate colors which approximately fit the following description.

23
2.2 ASCII FORM

Color No. Color

0 No color assigned

1 Black

2 Red

3 Green

4 Blue

5 Yellow

6 Magenta

7 Cyan

8 White

If the color number is negative, its absolute value is a pointer to the directory entry of a Color

Definition Entity (Type 314).

2.2.4.3.14 Parameter Line Count Number. This is the number of lines in the Parameter

Data Section which contain the parameter data record for this entity.

2.2.4.3.15 Form Number. This value indicates an individual interpretation of the entity to

be used when processing the parameter data for this entity. Some entity types allow multiple

interpretations of.their parameter data. This parameter along with the entity type number uniquely

identify the interpretation of the parameter data.

2.2.4.3.16 Reserved Field. This field is reserved for future use and should be left blank.

2.2.4.3.17

Reserved Field. Same as Field 16.

2.2.4.3.18

Entity Label. This is the application-specified alphanumeric identifier or name for

this entity. It is used in conjunction with the entity subscript number (Field 19) to provide the

application-specified alphanumeric identifier for the entity.

2.2.4.3.19 Entity Subscript Number. This is a numeric qualifier for the entity label (Field

18).

2.2.4.3.20 Sequence Number. See Section 2.2.4.3.10.

2.2.4.3.21

Table 3 summarizes DE Field Requirements. Each DE field is placed in one of three

following categories:

Ignore. The field has no meaning for this entity. The preprocessor should set the field to 0 or blank.

The postprocessor should ignore the field altogether.

Valid: May be Defaulted to. Zero or blank is a valid setting for this field. If the field is blank,

the postprocessor will interpret it a 0 or blank as specified. Other valid settings must be set explicitly by the preprocessor.

Valid: Non-zero Required. A non-zero value must be set by the preprocessor. Zero or blank is not a valid setting for this field; therefore no default is allowed.

24
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements

Entity types: 100, 104, 106 (Forms 1-3, 11-13, 63), 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,

120, 122, 126, 128, 130, 140, 142, 144

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X Ignored for 106 (Forms

1,2,3), 116

5. Level 0

6. View pointer 0 0 = display in all views

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status 00

9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use 00 00,01,02, and 05 are only

valid values; 01 implies

entity used for annotation

9d. Hierarchy X See Note 1 10. Sequence No. X

IT Type X

12. Line weight 0 0 = use the receiving system’s default line

weight

13. Color 0 0 = use any color

14. PD count X

15. Form 0 Non-zero reqd. for 106

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

Notes:

1. Hierarchy is valid for entity types 118, 120, 122, 130, 140, 144.

25
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 102

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X See Note 1 5. Level 0 See Note 1

6. View pointer 0 See Note 1

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status 00 See Note 1 9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use 00

9d. Hierarchy 00

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight 0 See Note 1 13. Color 0 See Note 1 14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

Notes:

1. This field is ignored if the hierarchy value for the field is 01.

26
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 124 (Forms 0, 1)

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. X

9c. Entity use X

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

27
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 124 (Forms 10-12)

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status 00

9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use X

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color 0

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

28
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Types: 200 Series except 212 and 214

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level 0

6. View pointer 0

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status 00

9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 01

9d. Hierarchy 00

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight 0

13. Color 0

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

29
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Types: 212, 214, 106 (Forms 20, 21, 31-38, 40), and 312

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X Ignored for 106, 212

5. Level 0

6. View pointer 0

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status 00

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 For 312, cannot be 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 01

9d. Hierarchy 00

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight 0

13. Color 0

14. PD count X

15. Form 0 Non-zero reqd for 106

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

30
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Types: 302, 306, 310

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer X

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 Must be 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 02

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

31
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 304

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 Must be 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 02

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form X

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

32
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Types: 308, 320

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X See Note 1

5. Level X See Note 1

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 Must be 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 02

9d. Hierarchy 00

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight 0 See Note 1 13. Color 0 See Note 1 14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

Notes:

1. This field is ignored if the hierarchy value for the field is 01.

33
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 314

d

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer X

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 Must be 00

9c. Entity use X Must be 02

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color 0

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

<

34
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 402

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X Ignored for form numbers to 5000

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer X

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 00 required for Forms 3

and 4

9c. Entity use 03 required for Form 18

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form X

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

35
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 404

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer X

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 Must be independent

9c. Entity use X

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

36
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 406

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level 0

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer X

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00 See Note 1 9c. Entity use X

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form X

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

Notes:

1. In most cases, the setting for this field should be 02. The Specification currently states a setting

of 00 implies the Level Function Property should be applied to all entities occurring at the same

level (see Section 4. 3.7. 3. 3).

37
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Types: 408, 412, 414, 420

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level 0

6. View pointer 0

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer 0

9a. Blank Status 00

9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use 00

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

<

38
2.2 ASCII FORM

Table 3. Entity DE Field Requirements (continued)

Entity Type: 410

ATTRIBUTE IGNORE VALID:

May be defaulted to

VALID:

Non-zero

required

COMMENT

1. Type X

2. PD pointer X

3. Structure X

4. Line font X

5. Level X

6. View pointer X

7. Matrix pointer 0

8. Label pointer X

9a. Blank Status X

9b. Subord. Sw. 00

9c. Entity use X

9d. Hierarchy X

10. Sequence No. X

11. Type X

12. Line weight X

13. Color X

14. PD count X

15. Form 0

16. Reserved X

17. Reserved X

18. Label Blank

19. Subscript 0

20. Sequence No. X

39
2.2 ASCII FORM

2. 2. 4. 4 Parameter Data Section. The Parameter Data Section of the file contains the parameter data associated with each entity. The following information is true for all parameter data.

2. 2. 4. 4.1 Parameter data are placed in free format (see Section 2.2.3) with the first field always

containing the entity type number. Therefore, the entity type number and a parameter delimiter

(default is comma) precede parameter one of each entity. The free format part of a parameter line

ends in Column 64. Column 65 shall contain a blank. Columns 66 through 72 on all parameter lines

contain the sequence number of the first line in the directory entry of the entity for which parameter

data is being presented. Column 73 of all lines in the parameter section shall contain the letter P

and Columns 74 through 80 shall contain the sequence number (see Section 2.2.1).

2. 2. 4. 4. 2 Two groups of parameters are defined at the end of the specified parameters for each

entity.

The first group of parameters may contain pointers to Associativity Instance, General Note, and/or

Text Template Entities. The pointers to associativity instances are “back pointers” in that they point

back from a member of an associativity instance to the associativity instance. These pointers may

be required by the associativity definition. If the given entity references associated text, a pointer

to the General Note (Type 212) may be included in the first group of pointers. If so, the indicated

General Note specifies the string constant and the indicated display parameters. If instead, the

given entity contains a string constant to be displayed, a pointer to a Text Template Entity (Type

312) may be included in the first group of pointers. The Text Template entities provide display

parameters for text supplied by the entity which points to the template.

The second group of parameters may contain pointers to one or more properties or attribute tables.

Either group of parameters, or both, may be empty or may be defaulted to no pointers.

When present, the pointers comprising these parameters are added after all the other specified (or

defaulted) parameters, but ahead of the record delimiter as follows:

Let NV = last parameter number.

Index Name Type Description

NV+1 NA Integer Number of pointers to Associativity

Instances/Text Entities

NV+2 DE Pointer Associativity Instance/Text Entity list

NV+NA+1 NP Integer Number of pointers to properties or attribute

tables

NV+NA+2 DE Pointer Property or attribute table list

NV+NA+NP+2

•

40
2.2 ASCII FORM

2. 2. 4. 4. 3 Any desired comment may be added after the record delimiter. Note that additional

lines may be used for this purpose by keeping the directory entry pointer in Columns 65-72 constant

and including them in the count of parameter lines for the entity (DE Field 14). Figure 4 shows a Parameter Data Section.

1 64 66 72 73 80

Entity type number followed by parameter delimiter followed by

parameters separated by parameter delimiters

DE

Pointer P0000001

Parameters separated by parameter delimiters

followed by record delimiter

DE

Pointer P0000002

Note: The DE pointer is the sequence number of the first directory entry line for this entity

Figure 4. Format of the Parameter Data (PD) section in the ASCII Form

2. 2.4. 5 Terminate Section. There is only one line in the Terminate Section of the file. It is divided into ten fields of eight columns each. The Terminate Section must be the last line of the file. Column 73 of the line contains a “T”, and Columns 74 through 80 contain the sequence number

with a value of one (1).

The fields on the terminate line contain the character representing the section type and the last

sequence number used in each of the previous sections. The fields are defined below and shown in

Figure 5.

Field Columns Section

1 1-8 Start

2 9-16 Global

3 17-24 Directory Entry

4 25-32 Parameter Data

5-9 33-72 (not used)

10 73-80 Terminate

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 33 40 41 48 49 56 57 64 65 72 73 80

S0000020 G0000003 D0000500 P0000261 Not Used T0000001

Figure 5. Format of the Terminate section in the ASCII Form

41
2.3 COMPRESSED ASCII FORMAT

2.3 Compressed ASCII Format

The format described here is intended to serve as an alternative to the fixed line length ASCII

Format when the size of a file is a problem. The Compressed ASCII Format is intended to be simply

converted to and from the fixed line length ASCII Format. An example of software to perform such

conversions is presented in Appendix H.

2.3.1 File Structure. A single line Flag Section shall precede the Start Section with the character “C” in character position 73 to identify the file as the Compressed ASCII Format. The Start,

Global and Terminate Sections remain the same as those for the ASCII Format, while the DE and

PD Sections are combined into a single Data Section. The PD portion of the Data Section is written

in free format in a manner similar to that of the present PD Section. Each line is of variable length

and is to terminate before character position 65, thus assuring that character position 65, if it existed

(be., if the line is read into a fixed 80 character bufTer) would always contain the blank character.

The lines corresponding to a single entity begin with one or more lines giving the data presently

contained in the DE record.

The “neo-DE” records begin with the letter “D”, followed, without intervening blanks, by an integer

equal to the present sequence number of the first DE record. See Figure 6. The D<sequence number>

group of characters is followed by one or more DE field specifiers. The DE field specifier consists

of the symbol (commercial at) followed by an integer giving the DE field being specified. The

@<field number> group is followed by a character sequence consisting of the symbol (underline),

followed by the value of the field.

All DE field numbers remain the same as with the present DE record. Fields 2, 10, 11, and 20 are not

specified, because they are either redundant or meaningless in the Compressed ASCII Format. When

several DE fields are being specified, additional lines can be used. The sequence of field specifiers

must be broken only between complete specifiers, thus assuring that new records will begin with the

symbol

DE field values will be specified only when they change. Thus, a DE field retains its value from

entity to entity unless it is changed. Only the first entity in a file is assured of containing a complete

set of fields and values. No separation mark is used between @<field number > _ <value> groups,

but the DE field specifier record(s) end with a record delimiter (default

The PD records remain the same as in the ASCII Format with the exception that they terminate at

the end of parameter data (i.e., before character position 65).

42
2.3 COMPRESSED ASCII FORMAT

1 64 72 73 80

C

Start Section as it appears in the fixed line length ASCII Format S

Global Section as it appears in the fixed line length ASCII Format G

Dl@l-100 . . . additional field descriptions . .

.

. . . using as many lines of up to 72 characters each . .

.

as needed

PD record belonging to DE #1 . .

.

. . . on lines of up to 64 characters each

D3@ ; PD record belonging to DE #3 . .

. ;

Remaining Data Section entries . .

.

Terminate Section as it appears in the fixed line length ASCII Format

Note: Default record delimiter assumed

Figure 6. General file structure in the Compressed ASCII Format

43
2.4 BINARY FORM

2.4 Binary Form

The formats defined in Section 2.2 and Section 2.3, referred to collectively as the ASCII Form,

character oriented record lines. This section describes a bit stream binary representation of data

which may be used as an alternative format to the ASCII Form. The binary representation of data,

including ASCII characters, is organized in multiples of 8-bit bytes.

This data is transportable by user selected communication protocols with the data treated as “transparent” or bit stream data. All entity parameterizations and data organization are otherwise identical

to the ASCII Form.

2.4.1

Constants. The following constants need to be represented in the Binary Form:

• Integer numbers

® Real numbers

« String constants

® Pointers

® Language constants

A control byte will precede each value or set of values of the same type unless otherwise specified.

The control byte will specify the format of the following value or set of values, the quantity of

subsequent values with that format, and whether values other than the initial value following the

control byte are present. If the control byte indicates that values subsequent to the initial value of

the set are absent, all subsequent values, up to the quantity indicated are assumed to have the same

value as the initial value following the control byte.

The repetition portion of the control byte is unsigned and biased by 1 so that the true quantity of

numbers to which the repetition field applies is one more than the unsigned value of the field.

The format of the control byte is shown in Figure 7.

2. 4. 1.1 Integer Numbers. The structure of an integer number shall be a sign bit followed by

a two’s complement integer of length 1-1 as shown in Figure 8. Two lengths, I, of integer data can be selected by the system which generates the file. The length of single precision data is I$ and the length of double precision data is Id , defined in

Section 2. 4. 2.1.

2. 4. 1.2 Real Numbers. The structure of a real number shall be a sign bit followed by a biased

exponent value of NX bits which is a power of 2 and a binary fraction of NF bits. (NX and NF

are defined in Section 2. 4. 2.1.) The value of the number is the sign applied to the fractional part,

multiplied by two raised to the power specified by the exponent part. The sign field consists of one bit. A sign of 0 indicates a positive number and a sign of 1 indicates a negative number. The

exponent field consists of NX bits and is interpreted as an unsigned integer, BX, often referred to

as the biased exponent. The value of the exponent is its unbiased value X which is obtained by

deducting the bias B=2**(NX-1).

44
2.4 BINARY FORM

« \ V- \ f r- k * 0 V \ f r 1 1 bit ” 4 DltS * O Dl tS P/A REPETITION FORMAT

P/A = 0 If only the first of a set of repeated values is physically present = 1 If all expected values are physically present

REPETITION = (Number of following values - 1) to wdiich this control byte applies

FORMAT = 0 If default value is to be used = 1 If single length integer = 2 If double length integer = 3 If single precision floating point = 4 If double precision floating point = 5 If pointer = 6 If text string

Figure 7. Format of the Control Byte Used in the Binary Form

t i u : 4-^ a xt T L : + o bits 1 bit ^ 1-1 bits ^ oN-l bits

CONTROL BYTE SIGN VALUE PAD*

*The PAD of zeroes from 1 to 7 bits is included only if the length I of the

integer number is not a multiple of 8 bits

Figure 8. Format of an Integer Number in the Binary Form

45
2.4

BINARY FORM

The fraction field consists of NF bits interpreted as the low order bits of a normalized (NF+1)-

bit fraction part, F. The fraction lies between 0.5 (inclusive) and 1.0 (exclusive). Since the most

significant bit of a normalized fraction is always 1, it is not explicitly represented.

Numbers with a non-zero biased exponent have a value given by:

(_1)S/gat

+ 2(bx-B)* f

The structure of a real number is shown in Figure 9. Two lengths of real data can be selected by specifying the length of each exponent (NX) and the

length of each fractional portion (NF).

2. 4. 1.3 String Constants. Following the control byte will be a character count with a length

of I3 , defined in Section 2. 4. 2.1. Where the character count exceeds the capability of an Is length

integer, the string is broken up into substrings. In order to indicate that another substring follows

the current string, a negative character count is used. The number of characters in the substring is the absolute value of the character count. A positive character count indicates the last substring.

The structure of the string constant is shown in Figure 10.

2. 4. 1.4 Pointers. The structure of a pointer shall be a 32 bit integer. The pointer shall contain

the relative byte position of the entity byte count of the DE or PD entity to which it is pointing. A

pointer to the first, DE entity will have a value of 1. A pointer to the second DE entity will have a

value equal to the number of bytes of the first DE entity plus one. A pointer to the first PD entity

will have a value of 1. Pointers with values of zero or negative are not actual pointers but may have

a default meaning depending upon the context. For example, a defining matrix value of zero would

imply that the identity rotation matrix and zero translation vector are used. This case might also

be handled by using the control byte to indicate a default value.

2. 4.

1.5

Language Constants. Language constants are the string constants of the Macro Definition Entity which, in the ASCII Form, are not preceded by nH and are terminated with a record

delimiter. In the Binary Form, the format of language constants will be identical to string constants.

Each language constant (Macro Statement) will be an individual string constant.

8 1 NX NF 8N-(NX+NF+1)

bits bit bits bits bits

CONTROL

BYTE

SIGN EXPONENT BINARY

FRACTION

! PAD*

*The PAD of zeroes from 1 to 7 bits is included only if the length NX+NF-j-1

of the floating point number is not a multiple of 8 bits

Figure 9. Format of a Real Number in the Binary Form

46
2.4 BINARY FORM

For Ni > 0

8

bits

Is

bits

8

bits

8

bits

8

bits

CONTROL

BYTE

NUMBER OF

CHARS (NO

ASCII

CHAR 1 ASCII

CHAR 2

ASCII

CHAR Ni

For Ni < 0, . .

. , N# < 0, N/?>0

8

bits

K

^(8|Nm| + Is) bits

M= 1 CONTROL NUMBER OF ASCII ASCII << ASCII

BYTE CHARS (Nm ) CHAR 1 CHAR 2 >> CHAR |Nm |

Repeat for Nm < 0 (1 < M < K)

Is 8NR

bits bits

NUMBER OF ASCII ASCII

CHARS (NR ) CHAR 1 CHAR 2

ASCII

CHAR Nr

Figure 10. Structure of a String Constant in the Binary Form

BINARY FLAG SECTION

START SECTION

GLOBAL SECTION

DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION

PARAMETER DATA SECTION

TERMINATE SECTION

Figure 11. General File Structure in the Binary Form

47
2.4 BINARY FORM

2.4.2 File Structure. The general file structure is shown in Figure 11 and comprises the fol- lowing six sections:

• Binary Flag Section

• Start Section

® Global Section

• Directory Entry Section

• Parameter Data Section

• Terminate Section

Following each section is zero, one or many 8-bit null padding characters. These characters do not

belong to the section and have no meaning. They are provided to assist the creator of a file with

physical system limitations such as word or sector boundaries.

Following the Terminate Section of the file shall be zero, one, or many null padding characters

followed by an 8-bit end of information designator, the ASCII letter E. Any information following

the letter E shall be ignored.

2.4.2. 1 Binary Flag Section. The format of the Binary Flag Section is shown in Figure 12.

The Binary Flag Section contains a letter code indicating that the file is in Binary Form and also

contains information required by a postprocessor to decode the file. (In previous versions of this

Specification, this section was called the Binary Information Section.) The Binary Flag Section

comprises the following data items, all of which are integers unless otherwise specified:

• Binary Flag Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter B.

• Binary Flag Section byte count. This byte count (a 32 bit unsigned integer) excludes the 5

bytes required for the section identifier and section byte count. This byte count also excludes

any null padding characters. The value of this byte count will be 75.

• Length Is of single length integer primitives.

• Length Id of double length integer primitives.

• Length NXS of exponent of single precision real primitives.

• Length N

F

s of binary fraction of single precision real primitives.

• Length NXd of exponent of double precision real primitives.

® Length NFd of binary fraction of double precision real primitives.

• ASCII letter B.

• Binary Flag Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Binary

Flag Section including all null padding characters. This length is the actual length from the

initial B of the Binary Flag Section up to but not including the S of the Start Section.

• ASCII letter S.

48
2.4 BINARY FORM

8

bits

32

bits

8

bits

32

bits

8

bits

32

bits

D

DIRECTORY

ENTRY SECTION

DISPLACEMENT

P

PARAMETER

DATA SECTION

DISPLACEMENT

T

TERMINATE/

SECTION ^

DISPLACEMENT

NOTE: No fields in the Binary Flag Section have control bytes

Figure 12. Format of the Binary Flag Section in the Binary Form

49
2.4 BINARY FORM

• Start Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Start Section

including all control bytes and null padding characters. This length is the actual length from

the initial S of the Start Section up to but not including the G of the Global Section.

• ASCII letter G.

• Global Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Global Section

including all control bytes and null padding characters. This length is the actual length from

the initial G of the Global Section up to but not including the D of the Directory Entry Section.

• ASCII letter D.

• Directory Entry Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Directory

Entry Section including all control bytes and null padding characters. The length is the actual

length from the initial D of the Directory Entry Section up to but not including the P of the

Parameter Data Section.

• ASCII letter P.

• Parameter Data Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Parameter Data Section including all control bytes and null padding characters. This length is the actual length from the initial P of the Parameter Data Section up to but not including the

T of the Terminate Section.

• ASCII letter T.

• Terminate Section displacement. This is the byte count of the total length of the Terminate

Section including all null padding characters. This length is the actual length from the initial

T of the Terminate Section up to but not including the letter E of the end of information

designator.

• 31 unassigned bytes.

• ASCII letter B.

® 6 ASCII blanks or zeroes.

® ASCII character 1.

No control bytes are applied to this section. Thus the characters in the equivalent of Columns 73

through 80 of the Binary Flag Section are similar in format to the section identification of the ASCII

Form and can be used to determine if a file is ASCII or binary. If the file contains an S in Column

73 of its first 80 bytes, it is ASCII (or compressed ASCII if a C). If it contains a B, it is binary.

2. 4. 2. 2 Start Section. The format of the start section is shown in Figure 13. It comprises the

following data items:

® A Start Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter S.

© Byte count for the Start Section. The byte count excludes the 5 bytes required for the Start

Section identifier and section byte count. This byte count also excludes any null padding

characters.

50
2.4 BINARY FORM

o

bits

06

bits

S*

START SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

LANGUAGE/TEXT PRIMITIVES

*These fields do not have control bytes

Figure 13. Format of the Start Section in the Binary Form

® One or more language or text primitives which are logically equivalent to Columns 1 through

72 of the ASCII Form. There is no required physical correspondence between the ASCII Form

and language/text primitives. One language/text primitive may contain the equivalent of

several complete or partial ASCII records. Carriage return characters may be embedded in

the language/text primitives. Control bytes only apply to the language and text primitives.

No control bytes precede the section identifier and byte count.

2.4. 2, 3 Global Section. The format of the Global Section is shown in Figure 14. The Global

Section comprises the following data items:

® Global Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter G.

® Global Section byte count. This byte count excludes the 5 bytes required for the Global

Section identifier and the section byte count. This byte count also excludes any null padding

characters.

e 24 global parameters.

Control bytes apply to only the 24 global parameters.

The global parameters have the same sequence and meaning as the ASCII Form Global Parameters

with the exception that Global Parameters 1 (parameter delimiter character), 2 (record delimiter),

7 (number of bits for integer representation), 8 (single precision magnitude), 9 (single precision

significance), 10 (double precision magnitude), and 11 (double precision significance) shall be ignored

in binary form. The Binary Flag Section shall supersede these global parameters.

8 32

bits bits

G*

GLOBAL

SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

GLOBAL

PARAMETER

1

GLOBAL

PARAMETER

2 _/ /

GLOBAL

PARAMETER

24

*These fields do not have control bytes

Figure 14. Format of the Global Section in the Binary Form

51
2.4 BINARY FORM

2. 4. 2. 4 Directory Entry Section. The format of the Directory Entry Section is shown in

Figure 15. The Directory Entry Section comprises the following data items:

• Directory Entry Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter D.

• Directory Entry Section byte count. This byte count excludes the 5 bytes required for the

section identifier and section byte count. This byte count also excludes any null padding

characters.

• For each directory entry, the following 17 data fields are present:

• entity byte count, which is the length in bytes including control bytes, of the subsequent

16 data fields

• entity type number

• parameter data

• structure

• line font pattern

• level

• view

• transformation matrix

• label display associativity

status number

• line weight number

• color number

• form number

• reserved field 1

• reserved field 2

• entity label

• entity subscript number

Control bytes apply only to the last 16 data fields.

The Directory Entry data fields, except for the entity byte count, are identical to and have the same

sequence as fields in the ASCII Form. Within a single file, the length of the DE record for each

entity (in bytes) shall be consistent. If in the future additional fields are required, it is preferable to

increase the number of fields for each Directory Entry and add any new fields subsequent to existing

fields.

2. 4. 2. 5 Parameter Data Section. The format of the Parameter Data Section is shown in

Figure 16. The Parameter Data Section comprises the following data items:

* Parameter Data Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter P.

® Parameter Data Section byte count. This byte count excludes the 5 bytes required for the

section identifier and section byte count. This byte count also excludes any null padding

characters.

52
2.4 BINARY FORM

o

bits bits

D*

DIRECTORY

ENTRY SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

Repeat

for

each

Entity

Figure 15. Format of the Directory Entry (DE) Section in the Binary Form

53
2.4 BINARY FORM

bits bits

P*

PARAMETER

DATA SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

Repeat

for

each

Entity

-<

24

bits

ENTITY

BYTE COUNT*

ENTITY

TYPE

NUMBER

DIRECTORY

ENTRY

POINTER

PARAMETER

DATA

*These fields do not have control bytes

Figure 16. Format of the Parameter Data (PD) Section in the Binary Form

• For each Parameter Data entry, the following data fields are required:

• entity byte count, which is composed of the lengths, including control bytes, of all subsequent data fields for this entity

• entity type

• Directory Entry pointer (relative to Directory Entry section)

• Parameter Data.

Control bytes apply only to the entity type, Directory Entry pointer and Parameter Data fields.

The Parameter Data entry fields, except for the entity byte count, are identical to and have the

same sequence as the ASCII Form.

2. 4. 2. 6 Terminate Section. The format of the Terminate Section is shown in Figure 17. The

Terminate Section comprises the following data items:

• Terminate Section identifier consisting of the ASCII letter T

• Terminate Section byte count. This byte count excludes the 5 bytes required for the section

identifier and section byte count. This byte count also excludes any null padding characters.

• ASCII letter B.

• Binary Flag Section byte count, including the section identifier, and section byte count, but

excluding any null padding characters.

• ASCII letter S.

• Start Section byte count, including the section identifier, section byte count, and all control

bytes but excluding any null padding characters.

54
2.4 BINARY FORM

• ASCII letter G.

• Global Section byte count, including the section identifier, section byte count, and all control

bytes but excluding any null padding characters.

• ASCII letter D.

• Directory Entry Section byte count, including the section identifier, section byte count, and

all control bytes but excluding any null padding characters.

• ASCII letter P.

• Parameter Data Section byte count, including the section identifier, section byte count, and

all control bytes but excluding any null padding characters.

8 32 8 32 8 32

bits bits bits bits bits bits

'p*

TERMINATE

SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

B*

BINARY

SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

S*

START /

SECTION

^

BYTE COUNT*

8 32 8 32 8 32

bits bits bits bits bits bits

G*

GLOBAL

SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

D*

DIRECTORY

ENTRY SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

p*

PARAMETER

DATA SECTION

BYTE COUNT*

*These fields do not have control bytes

Figure 17. Format of the Terminate Section in the Binary Form

55
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

2.5 Specific File Structures

Individual entities of the file structure are described in Chapters 3 and 4 of this document. Complete

files of these entities must be structured uniformly to convey specialized information between applications. Some of the ways in which those entities tie together to form relationships are described in

this Section.

2.5.1 Subfigures. Subfigures have been provided to enable the use of a collection of entities

many times within the model at various locations, orientations, and scales. In some cases, the

collection itself is specified by a Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308) and each placement of the

collection is specified by a Singular Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 408). The Network Subfigure

Definition (Type 320) and Instance (Type 420) Entity pair is similar in concept but has some special

features to accommodate the notion of connect point in a network. (Section 2.5.2 provides additional

information about network subfigures.) In other cases, a Rectangular Array (Type 412) or a Circular

Array (Type 414) Subfigure Instance Entity specifies a base entity to be copied according to one of

these two overall patterns.

Subfigures may be nested. For example, a Subfigure Definition Entity may include a Singular

Subfigure Instance Entity as one entity in its collection. The notion of Depth of the Subfigure

Definition Entity is used to convey nesting information. Figure 18 illustrates two instances of a

Subfigure Definition having a Depth value of N. That Subfigure Definition Entity consists of two

geometry entities and one Subfigure Instance Entity. The Subfigure Definition Entity corresponding

to this instance entity then has a Depth value of N-l. A similar interpretation of Depth applies also

to the Network Subfigure Definition and Instance Entity pair. In these cases, the X,Y,Z location

and the scale factor(s) in the Subfigure Instance Entity help locate the Subfigure Definition Entity

into the definition space of the referring Subfigure Definition Entity instead of into model space.

Thus, the processing sequence in these cases is as follows: Each entity in the Subfigure Definition is operated upon by its defining matrix and translation vector. Each entity is now located within the

definition space of the Subfigure Definition Entity. Then, the defining matrix and translation vector

of the Subfigure Definition Entity are applied. The entity collection of the Subfigure Definition

Entity is now located in the definition space of the Subfigure Instance Entity. Next, the scale

factor(s) located in the parameter data of the Subfigure Instance Entity is (are) applied. This

results in a scaling about the origin of the definition space of the Subfigure Instance Entity. Next,

the defining matrix and translation vector of the Subfigure Instance Entity are applied. This locates

the scaled entities either in model space or in the definition space of another Subfigure Definition

Entity. Finally, the X,Y,Z translation data located in the parameter data of the Subfigure Instance

Entity is applied. Note that this translation data can be relative to either model space or to the

definition space of a Subfigure Definition Entity. It will be relative to a definition space exactly when

the Subfigure Instance Entity is pointed to by another entity to which it is physically subordinate.

2.5.2 Connectivity. The following file structure shall be used to define logical (and the location

for physical) connections between objects.

A formed connection between two or more objects requires the data to represent the following:

1. the exact location of each connection point

2. the flow path formed and its identification (if any)

3. the physical connection between the objects (if any).

56
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

/ v

N /

Figure 18. Subfigure Structures

57
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

These objects may include electrical or mechanical components such as transistors, pipes and valves,

and air conditioning ductwork. Each connection formed defines a flow path between the objects,

allowing a fluid (electricity, water, or air) to flow from one object to another. The Network Subfigure

(Definition and Instance) Entities are used to represent the objects to be connected. The Connect

Point Entity (Type 132) is used to represent the exact location of connection. The term “link” will

refer to the logical representation of the flow path (signal) formed, and “flow-name” will refer to

the flow path identifier. The term “join” will refer to the file entity or entities which represent the

physical connection (geometries between the items).

2.5.2. 1 Connectivity Entities. The entities used to implement connectivity include the Network Subfigure Definition (Type 320) and Network Subfigure Instance (Type 420) Entities, the Flow

Associativity (Type 402, Form 18), the Connect Point Entity (Type 132), and the Text Display Template (Type 312; absolute = Form 0, incremental = Form 1).

2. 5. 2. 2 Entity Relationsliips. A flow path (signal) may be formed between items by a link

which references the items’ connect points (entities) to be related. This creates an associativity

among the connect points and thus the entities connected. The flow-name may be used to uniquely

identify the particular signal formed. The join may be used to provide a graphical representation

of the flow path. In electrical applications the join will be represented by geometric entities such as

line, arc, subfigure, copious data, etc. In a piping application, an example of a join represented might

be the section of pipe between a valve and a tank. The logical constructs (link and flow-name) shall

be implemented by the Flow Associativity Entity which in turn identifies (by pointer) the entities

which form the join.

In electrical applications, for example, the items to be connected are components (be., resistor,

16-pin dual in-line package, etc.), or integrated circuit cells, represented and instanced by Network

Subfigures. Each pin (or signal port) is a potential connection point in a flow path, thus each

Network Subfigure has a Connect Point for each pin (or port). When such a subfigure is instanced,

its connect points must also be instanced. An instanced Connect Point, when added to a flow path,

is different from its definition which shall not be a member of any flow path. See Figure 19 for the

basic entity relationships. For more information see Appendix B.

2. 5. 2. 3 Information Display. The Network Subfigures, representing electrical components for

example, often contain text describing the component and its pins. The Text Display Template

(Type 312) allows text embedded in another entity to be displayed without redundant specification

of the text string. The Text Display Template may be used to display reference designators and

pin numbers. The absolute form, within a network subfigure, is recommended for the reference

designator text. Each instance of the subfigure need only supply the text string. The pin number

can be represented in the incremental form. All the pin numbers on a given side of a package outline

having the same X, Y, and Z offsets relative to the pin whose number is to be displayed may use

the same Text Display Template definition.

2. 5. 2. 4 Additional Considerations. The situation is exactly the same for both logical and

physical product representations. The only differences arise in the subfigure and join entities used.

One file may contain both schematic and physical representations of a product. The Flow Associativity Entity (Type 402, Form 18) contains a type flag to indicate the connection type (logical or

physical). In this case, one Flow Associativity would represent the logical connection and a second

the physical connection. The two associativities would be related by the pointers provided in the

Flow Associativity.

58
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

Figure 19. General Connectivity Pointer Diagram
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

2.5.3 Macro. A Macro capability is provided for defining new entities in terms of other entities.

See Section 4.3.6. Two specific applications for the macro capability are parametric designs and

standard parts. The structure consists of Macro Definition Entities (Type 306) which are pointed

to by Macro Instance Entities (Types 600-699 or 10000-99999) as shown in Figure 20. Each macro

definition is assigned a unique macro entity type number. Macro Instance Entities use this number

as their entity type number. Macro Instance Entities also use the third field of their directory entry

to point to the directory entry of the macro definition (or to an external reference entity which points

to a library file containing the macro definition).

2.5.4 External Reference Linkage. Linkages between entities can occur not only within a

file, but also between entities in different files. Two entities shall be used in a referencing file to

establish this linkage: the External Reference Entity (Type 416) which provides the actual linkage to

the referenced file, and the External Reference File List Property Entity (Type 406, Form 12) which

provides a list of the names of all the files referenced. Further, only directly referenced files shall be

in this property’s parameter list. Each file name listed in the parameter data of this property must

match the name in the fourth global parameter of a referenced file. An External Reference File Index Associativity (Type 402, Form 12) is required in the referenced

file when the Type 416, Form 0 or 2 is used (be., more than one referenced entity in the referenced

file).

This associativity provides a directory to the referenced entities within its file, and both relate a symbolic name to the directory entry of an entity within the file (see Figure 21). All symbolic names

used within a set of files linked by references must be unique. Definitions may be nested, and a symbolic name used need be unique only on the nesting level on which it is used.

Because of the intricacy of the linkages, an example follows (refer to Figure 21). Consider a file containing a Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 408). The first item in its parameter data record is a

pointer to the subfigure definition entry in the DE Section of the file. In the case that the Subfigure

Definition Entity (Type 308) is to be contained in a library file, this first parameter is a pointer to an External Reference Entity (Type 416). That External Reference Entity will have in its parameter

data record the name of the file which is to contain the definition and the symbolic name of the

definition itself. The file name is the fourth global parameter in the referenced file. The symbolic

name is a string which identifies the appropriate referenced definition.

In the case of a library file which contains several definitions, each of which are expected to be

referenced by other files, the External Reference Associativity (Type 402, Form 12) provides a “table

of contents” of the available definitions in the file. The parameter data record of this associativity

contains pairs of data: the symbolic name associated with the definition (the same one used in the

Type 416 entity’s parameter data record), and a pointer to the directory entry record which contains

the desired definition.

In the case that the entire external file is to be included (be., a super-subfigure), Form 1 of the

Type 416 entity is used which does not contain a symbolic name in the parameter data record. In a similar manner, the referenced file does not contain an associativity Type 402, Form 12 entity; it

is unneeded since the entire file is to be used.

In either case, the External Reference File Index Property (Type 406, Form 12) will be found in the

referencing file. The parameter data record contains a simple list of the file names of the various

external files referenced by this file. Once again, the file name used is that in the fourth global

parameter of the referenced file. Note that this list contains only those file names that are directly

referenced; it gives no information about files which may be referenced in turn by those files used

by this file.

60
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION

306

601

< 1

MACRO DEFINITION

MACRO INSTANCE

601

MACRO INSTANCE

parameter data section

306.MACR0.60I.XC.YC.ZC....

LET... SET...

e'ndm;

MACRO DEFINITION

60I.0..0..0 : MACRO INSTANCE

601. 1.75. 40. .0 s MACRO INSTANCE

Figure 20. Macro Definition and Instance Structure

61
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

Figure 21. External Linkages

62
2.5

SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

A limitation of external referencing is that the backpointers (in the “backpointers to associativities”

addition to an entity’s parameters) cannot be used. If a pointer is required in each direction, separate

external reference mechanisms must exist in each file

( e.g ., the double linkage between files A and

B in Figure 21).

A preprocessor implementor should use the external reference mechanism with care because of the

burden 2.5.5 placed on the postprocessor.

Drawings and Views. This Specification provides a mechanism for associating models

and drawings so that there is consistency between them. The mechanism is based on the existing

practices of some CAD/CAM graphic systems to define the views of a part on a drawing in terms

of a single 3-dimensional (3-D) model.

The Drawing Entity (Type 404) specifies a drawing of a given size within a special drawing space

coordinate system. This entity can refer to one or more View Entities (Type 410) which will specify

the projection from 3-D model space to the two-dimensional drawing space. Annotation Entities

such as dimensioning can be defined directly in the drawing coordinate system, or can be defined in

the 3-D model space and then be included in individual views. More than one drawing entity may

be included in a file.

In addition to being used in conjunction with the Drawing Entity, the view-specific display of parts

of the model can be used to communicate hidden lines, phantom lines, etc.

Graphic systems which do not have the ability to define drawing and views of models in this manner

are not required to preprocess this construct into a file, but all systems with postprocessors must be

able to process the drawing and View Entities in received files.

2.5.6

Finite Element Modeling. This section defines the entities and their relationships (pointers) required to support the Finite Element Modeling (FEM) application and to display results of

analysis on those systems which support finite element analysis postprocessing.

The entities available for exchanging FEM data are illustrated in Figures 22 and 23. The left side

of Figure 22 illustrates the relationships between the entities that define the model’s parametric

attributes. The right side illustrates the addition of the analysis results. Figure 23 illustrates the

FEM entities used to define an example beam structure with accompanying material properties, a

load, and a constraint. The entities defined in support of such analysis are the Element Entity (Type

136), Node Entity (Type 134), Load/Constraint Entity (Type 418), Tabular Data Property Entity

(Type 406, Form 11), Nodal Results Entity (Type 146) and Element Results Entity (Type 148). The

Nodal Results Entity is intended to supercede the Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity (Type

138).

Element (Type 136) defines a finite element to be used in the finite element model. Several finite

elements are defined in the specification. Examples of an element are: BEAM, CTRIA, and DAMP.

Specifically, the element entity specifies the topology type, number of nodes, and the element type

name. Pointers locate the defining nodes and the material properties of the element. The connectivity of the nodes is implied in the order of the contained pointers and topology type.

Node (Type 134) defines the grid points or nodes of the element. It contains the spatial values that

define the node and a pointer to the coordinate system upon which it is defined.

Load/Constraint (Type 418) is an entity that points to a node. It defines either a load or a constraint

as applied to that node. It also contains a pointer to General Note Entities that define the load

case. Property pointers point to the Tabular Data Entity that contains the values of the load or constraint vector.

63
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

r

k_ j k ;

LEGEND

EXPLICIT POINTERS DEFINED IN ENTITY

PROPERTY POINTERS

ENTITY NANE I TYPE »l

Figure 22. Finite Element Modeling File Structure

64
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

( 212 ) ( 212 )

Figure 23. Finite Element Modeling Logical Structure

65
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

Tabular Data Property Entity (Type 406, Form 11) contains the material property data of the

elements and the load/constraint data as required.

The Nodal Results Entity is used to communicate nodal finite element analysis results data. It contains analysis results at FEM nodes that are independent of the FEM elements that are attached

to them. (The Element Results Entity should be used if the analysis results data are dependent on

FEM elements.) It is intended to supercede the old Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity, as it permits far greater flexibility in the transfer of nodal results.

The Element Results Entity is used to communicate FEM element results that vary within a FEM

element. The data communicated may be results at various layers within the FEM element: at the

FEM element/nodes, at the FEM centroid, at the FEM element gauss points, or any combination

of these locations.

For example, consider the extrapolated stress values at the nodes of several quadratic, plane-stress

FEM elements. There is no guarantee that the nodal values of stress will be identical for adjacent

FEM elements at common nodes. There are at least as many possible FEM element result values

as there are finite elements that contain common nodes in their topologies. These data are different

from the results data expressed at the same node in the Nodal Results Entity.

2.5.7 Multiple Transformation Entities. There are only two cases in which entities can be

operated on by multiple transformation entities. The first is the explicit case in which an entity

points to a transformation entity through its Directory Entry Field 7, and that transformation

entity, in turn, points to an additional transformation entity through its Directory Entry Field 7. This structure is illustrated in Figure 24(a).

The other case is an implicit one in which two entities are in a parent/child relationship, and each

points to a transformation entity through its respective Directory Entry Field 7. A parent/child

relationship occurs when one entity (the parent) is pointing to another entity (the child). This

structure is illustrated in Figure 24(b).

In the case illustrated by Figure 24(b) the points represented by entity XXX are operated upon by

matrix 2 and from that point on are transformed like the points in entity YYY, using matrix 1. A parent/child relationship between entities may also be created with a Single Parent Associativity

Instance Entity (Type 402, Form 9).

When the specific parent/child relationships shown in Table 4 occur the implicit relation rule shall

apply. Each of the relationships in Table 4 ordinarily results in the subordinate entity switch of the

child entity being set to 01 (physically dependent). The exception is the case in which a preprocessor

wishes to actually instance the child entity. In this case the child’s subordinate entity switch is set to 02 (logically dependent), and the matrix pointed to by the parent has no effect on the location

of the child (see Section 2. 2.4. 3. 9.2).

2.5.8 Attribute Tables. An attribute table (see Appendix J) is a collection of attribute definitions and values in the form of a single row or table. The structure consists of an Attribute Table

Definition Entity (Type 322), where each attribute is defined by a name, a data-type, and a count.

The attribute values are either supplied immediately after the attribute definition, or “instanced”

via the Attribute Table Instance Entity (Type 422). One or more Attribute Table Instance Entities

may point to the Attribute Table Definition Entity using the third field of their Directory Entry.

Three types of Attribute Table Definition Entities and two types of Attribute Table Instance Entities are defined. The Attribute Table Definition Entity can have: (1) attribute definitions only, (2)

66
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

DE FIELD 7 DE FIELD 7

CHILD

ENTITY

TRANSFORMATION

MATRIX

TRANSFORMATION

MATRIX

a) EXPLICIT CASE

DE FIELD 7

CHILD TRANSFORMATION

ENTITY MATRIX

b) PARENT-CHILD

IMPLICIT CASE

Figure 24. Multiple Transformation Cases

67
2.5 SPECIFIC FILE STRUCTURES

attribute definitions followed immediately by the attribute values, or (3) attribute definitions followed

by attribute values with each value followed by a Text Display Template. The Attribute Table

Instance Entity can store: (1) a single row of attribute values, or (2) a table of rows of attribute

values, stored in row-major order.

Table 4. Examples of Physical Parent-Child Relationships

Parent Child

Composite Curve all constituents

Plane bounding curve

Point display symbol

Ruled Surface rail curves Flash defining entity

Surface of Revolution axis, generatrix

Tabulated Cylinder directrix

Offset Curve base curve

Offset Surface surface

Trimmed Surface surface

Angular Dimension all subordinate entities

Diameter Dimension all subordinate entities

Flag Note all subordinate entities

General Label all subordinate entities

Linear Dimension all subordinate entities

Ordinate Dimension all subordinate entities

Point Dimension all subordinate entities

Radius Dimension all subordinate entities

General Symbol all subordinate entities

Sectioned Area all boundary curves Entity Label Display all leaders

Connect Point display symbol, Text Display Templates

Drawing all annotation entities

Subfigure Definition all associated entities

Network Subfigure Definition all associated entities, Text Display Templates and Connect Points

Nodal Display and Rotation all General Notes and Nodes

Any entity with Entity Use

Flag = 00 or 01

all General Notes in text pointer field

68
3. Geometry

3.1 General

This Chapter gives information concerning the geometry entity types available to be used in the

entity-based product definition file. Descriptions of the various Directory Entry fields were given in

Section 2. 2.4. 3. The meanings of these fields remain the same across all entities. In this section,

those entities making extended use of Field 15 in the Directory Entry (Form Number) are indicated

and the various options are listed. The Parameter Data record for each entity is also described in

this section. The fields for this record vary from entity to entity.

3.1.1 Coordinate Systems. This section introduces a model space concept and a definition

space concept. Model space is three-dimensional Euclidean space, the space in which the “model”

(or product) being represented resides. The model space X, Y, Z coordinate system is a right-handed

Cartesian coordinate system. It is fixed relative to the model.

Definition space is also three-dimensional Euclidean space, but has its own right-handed Cartesian

XT, YT, ZT coordinate system. In contrast to model space where a single fixed coordinate system

exists, the definition space coordinate system may vary from entity to entity. The origin of a

definition space coordinate system may be any point in model space, and the orientation may be

arbitrary with respect to model space. It is assumed that the unit of length is always the same in

both the model space and the definition space coordinate systems.

The definition space concept allows the use of a temporary coordinate system in positioning certain

geometric entities into model space. This concept plays a simplifying role that is most apparent in

connection with those entities which can be contained within a single plane. Use of definition space

entails initially describing an entity in definition space, and then converting this to a model space

description. Thus, an orthogonal matrix and a translation vector are used to generate model space

coordinates from definition space coordinates. The orthogonal matrix used for this purpose is called

the defining matrix; both it and the translation vector are treated within the Transformation Matrix

Entity.

The value of the determinant of an orthogonal matrix is always plus or minus one. In case the

determinant is one, there are two equivalent points of view that can be taken concerning how the

geometric entity is related to model space from its definition space description. In order to simplify

the discussion of these that follows, the translation vector is assumed to be the zero vector. This

implies that the origin of the definition space coordinate system coincides with the origin in the

model space coordinate system.

The first point of view imagines that the two coordinate systems are initially coincident (that is, X

axis to XT axis, etc .), but that the XT, YT, ZT coordinate frame is free to rotate relative to the X,

Y, Z frame. The geometry entity is then considered to be defined relative to the XT, YT, ZT frame,

and the defining matrix then rotates this frame, geometry included, so that the geometry entity is positioned as desired relative to the X, Y, Z frame.

69
3.1 GENERAL

The second point of view imagines that the XT, YT, ZT frame is initially situated so that the

geometry entity within definition space is positioned in the desired manner relative to model space.

The defining matrix then leaves the geometry entity fixed, but rotates the XT, YT, ZT frame. At

the completion of the rotation, the XT, YT, ZT frame becomes the X, Y, Z frame. The result is that the geometry entity is then positioned as desired relative to the X, Y, Z frame.

It is to be emphasized that the discussion here pertains to a single defining matrix whose action

in transforming coordinates can be viewed intuitively in two ways. Each point of view stresses

the temporary nature of the XT, YT, ZT system, insofar as what is ultimately of interest is the

relationship of the geometry entity to the X, Y, Z frame.

In a case when the geometry entity to be located within model space can be contained within a single

plane, it can be seen that the definition space concept can be used in such a way that the geometry

entity as initially described in definition space can be considered to lie in the XT, YT-plane ( i.e ., the plane ZT=0). From this, it is then convenient to also allow entities to be situated in definition

space in any plane parallel to the XT, YT plane (i.e., ZT=arbitrary constant).

As indicated in Section 1.6.5, each entity in this section is acted upon by a transformation matrix.

This implies that each entity makes use of the definition space concept, i.e., is defined initially

in definition space, and then transformed into model space. Thus the complete definition of a geometry entity, with respect to model space, involves the Transformation Matrix Entity. However,

in some instances, it may very well be that the transformation matrix will leave all coordinates

unchanged. This will be the case exactly when the defining matrix is the identity rotation matrix

and the translation vector is the zero vector. (In this situation, a convention is provided to prevent

unnecessary processing. See the explanation given in Section 2. 2.4. 3. 7 for Field 7 of the directory

entry.)

3.1.2 Directionality. Within model space, all curves are directed. Such curves have associated

end points; i.e., start point and terminate point. For each entity type, the manner of assigning

direction is discussed within the description of each individual entity.

Within the entity descriptions that follow, some refer to a “counterclockwise direction” with respect

to a sense of rotation in the XT, YT plane. Since the XT, YT plane is located within three

dimensional XT, YT, ZT space, this phrase is ambiguous unless a viewing direction is specified from

which to view the rotation within the plane. The viewing direction is taken to be from the positive

ZT axis looking “down” upon the XT, YT plane. Then, if a clock were imagined to be lying “face

up” in the XT, YT plane, i.e., so as to be readable from the chosen viewing direction along the ZT

axis - the phrase “counterclockwise direction” refers to the sense of rotation which is opposite the

sense of rotation of the hands of the clock. This same notion of the meaning of counterclockwise

carries over to any plane that is parallel to the XT, YT plane.

70
3.1 GENERAL

3.1.3 Geometry Entities. Entity numbers from 100 through 199 are reserved for geometry

entities. The following entity type numbers have been assigned:

Entity

Type Number Entity Type

100 Circular Arc

102 Composite Curve

104 Conic Arc

106 Copious Data

Centerline Simple Closed Area

Linear Path Witness Line

Section Line

108 Plane

110 Line

112 Parametric Spline Curve

114 Parametric Spline Surface

116 Point

118 Ruled Surface

120 Surface of Revolution

122 Tabulated Cylinder

124 Transformation Matrix

125 Flash

126 Rational B-Spline Curve

128 Rational B-Spline Surface

130 Offset Curve

132 Connect Point

134 Node

136 Finite Element

138 Nodal Displacement and Rotation

140 Offset Surface

142 Curve on a Parametric Surface

144 Trimmed Parametric Surface

146 Nodal Results (see Appendix J)

148 Element Results (see Appendix J)

150 Block

152 Right Angular Wedge

154 Right Circular Cylinder

156 Right Circular Cone Frustum

158 Sphere

160 Torus

162 Solid of Revolution

164 Solid of Linear Extrusion

168 Ellipsoid

180 Boolean Tree

184 Solid Assembly

430 Solid Instance

71
3.2 CIRCULAR ARC ENTITY (TYPE 100)

3.2 Circular Arc Entity (Type 100)

A circular arc is a connected portion of a parent circle which consists of more than one point. The

definition space coordinate system is always chosen so that the circular arc lies in a plane either

coincident with or parallel to the XT, YT plane.

A circular arc determines unique arc end points and an arc center point (the center of the parent

circle). By considering the arc end points to be enumerated and listed in an ordered manner,

start point first, followed by terminate point, a direction with respect to definition space can be

associated with the arc. The ordering of the end points corresponds to the ordering necessary for

the arc to be traced out in a counterclockwise manner. This convention serves to distinguish the

desired circular arc from its complementary arc (complementary with respect to the parent circle).

Refer to Section 3.1.2 for information relating to use of the term counterclockwise.

The direction of the arc with respect to model space is determined by the original counterclockwise

direction of the arc within definition space, in conjunction with the action of the transformation

matrix on the arc.

In the event that a parameterization is required but not given, the default parameterization is:

C(t ) = (X\ + R * cos t, Yi -f R * sin ZT)

for *2 < t < *3

where, for i = 2 and 3,

(•) R = ^(x.-x,)

2 + (y,-F,)2

(u) t{ is such that (

R

* cos ti, R * sin U) = ( Xi — X\, Yt — Yi)

and

0 < *2 < 2 * 7T Q</3 -/2 <2*7r

Examples of the Circular Arc Entity are shown in Figure 25. In Example 2 of Figure 25, the solid arc

is defined using point A as the start point and point B as the terminate point. If the complementary

dashed arc were desired, the start point listed in the parameter data entry would be B, and the

terminate point would be A.

72
3.2 CIRCULAR ARC ENTITY (TYPE 100)

3.2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 100

3.2.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 ZT Real Parallel ZT displacement of arc from XT, YT plane

2 XI Real Arc center abscissa

3 Y1 Real Arc center ordinate

4 X2 Real Start point abscissa

5 Y2 Real Start point ordinate

6 X3 Real Terminate point abscissa

7 Y3 Real Terminate point ordinate

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

YT

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 2

Figure 25. Examples Defined Using the Circular Arc Entity

73
3.3 COMPOSITE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 102)

3.3 Composite Curve Entity (Type 102)

A composite curve is a continuous curve that results from the grouping of certain individual constituent entities into a logical unit.

A composite curve is defined as an ordered list of entities of the following types: point, line, circular

arc, conic arc, parametric spline, rational B-spline, and connect point. The list of entities appears

in the parameter data entry. There, each entity to appear in the defining list is indicated by means

of a pointer to the directory entry of that entity. The order within the defining list is derived from

the order of the listing of these pointers.

Each constituent entity has its own transformation matrix and display attributes. Each constituent

entity may have text or properties associated with it. Because the constituent entities are subordinate

to the composite entity, the Subordinate Entity Switch (digits 3-4 in Directory Entry Field 9) of

each constituent entity should indicate a physical dependency.

A composite curve is a directed curve, having a start point and a terminate point. The direction of the

composite curve is induced by the direction of the constituent curve entities (?.e., those constituent

entities other than the point entity) in the following way: The start point for the composite curve

is the start point of the first curve entity appearing in the defining list. The terminate point for the

composite curve is the terminate point of the last curve entity appearing in the defining list. Within

the defining list itself, the terminate point of each constituent curve entity has the same coordinates

as the start point of the succeeding curve entity.

The Point and Connect Point Entites are included as allowable entity types so that properties or general notes can be attached to either the start point or the terminate point of any constituent curve entities in the defining list. A logical connection relationship can be indicated by having two composite curves or a composite

curve and a network subfigure reference the Connect Point Entity. For the special case of the logical

connection of a connect point on one subfigure instance to a connect point on another subfigure

instance, a composite curve is allowed whose list contains only two Connect Point Entities with no

intervening curve entity. There are certain restrictions regarding the use of the point entity in a composite entity. They are:

1. Two Point or Connect Point Entities cannot appear consecutively in the defining list unless

they are the only entities in the composite curve.

2. If a Point or Connect Point Entity and a curve entity are adjacent in the defining list, then

the coordinates of the point or connect point entity must agree with the coordinates of the

terminate point of the curve entity whenever the curve entity precedes the Point or Connect

Point Entity, and must agree with the coordinates of the start point of the curve entity whenever

the curve entity follows the Point or Connect Point Entity.

3. A composite curve cannot consist of a Point Entity alone or a single connect point.

In the event that a parameterization is required but not given, the default parameterization of the

composite curve is obtained from the parameterization of the constituent curves as defined below.

As point and connect point entities do not contribute to the parameterization of a composite curve,

they are not considered in this definition.

74
3.3 COMPOSITE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 102)

Let

C be the composite curve; N be the number of constituent curves (N >1);

CC(i) be the i-th constituent curve, for each i such that 1 < i < N;

PS(i) be the parametric value of the start of CC(i);

PE(i) be the parametric value of the end of CC(i);

T(0) be 0.0;

T(i) be Z) = l ( pEU)-PSU)),

for each i such that 1 < i < N

Then

1. The parametric values of C range from T(0) to T(N) ; and

2. C{u) — CC(i)(u — T(i— 1 ) +PS(i)) where u is a parametric value such that T(i— 1) < u < T(i).

A composite curve consisting solely of Point and/or Connect Point Entities will not be given a parameterization

.

As an example of a parameterization of a composite curve entity, let N = 3, and for each i such that

1 < * < 3, let CC(i) be the z-th constituent curve of the composite curve C

.

Assume the parametric

values of the start and end points of each CC(i) are given by the table:

i PS(i) PE(i)

1 0.0 0.4

2 3.3 3.5

3 0.0 0.3

Then T(0) = 0.0, T(l) — 0.4, T(2) = 0.6, T(3) = 0.9, and the composite curve C is defined from

0.0 to 0.9. This situation is illustrated in Figure 26.

The curve combining CC(1), CC(2), and CC(3) represents the composite curve C.

An example of a composite curve and its parameterization is shown in Figure 27.

75
3.3 COMPOSITE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 102)

Figure 26. Parameterization of the Composite Curve

76
3.3 COMPOSITE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 102)

3.3.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 102

3.3.2 Parameter Data

Index

12

Name

N

DEI

Type Description

Integer Number of entities

Pointer Pointers to directory entries for the constituent entities

N+l DEN Pointer

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

\

I

I 1

Figure 27. Example Defined Using the Composite Curve Entity

77
3.4 CONIC ARC ENTITY (TYPE 104)

3.4 Conic Arc Entity (Type 104)

A conic arc is a bounded connected portion of a parent conic curve which consists of more than one

point. The parent conic curve is either an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. The definition space

coordinate system is always chosen so that the conic arc lies in a plane either coincident with or

parallel to the XT, YT plane. Within such a plane, a conic is defined by the six coefficients in the

following equation.

A * XT2 + B * XT *YT + C * YT2 + D*XT+E*YT + F = 0

Each coefficient is a real number. The definitions of ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola in terms of

these six coefficients are given below.

A conic arc determines unique arc endpoints. A conic arc is defined within definition space by the six

coefficients above and the two endpoints. By considering the conic arc endpoints to be enumerated

and listed in an ordered manner, start point followed by terminate point, a direction with respect

to definition space can be associated with the arc. In order for the desired elliptical arc to be

distinguished from its complementary elliptical arc, the direction of the desired elliptical arc must

be counterclockwise. In the case of a parabola or hyperbola, the parameters given in the parameter

data section uniquely define a portion of the parabola or a portion of a branch of the hyperbola;

therefore, the concept of a counterclockwise direction is not applied. (Refer to Section 3.1.2 for

information concerning use of the term “counterclockwise.”)

The direction of the conic arc with respect to model space is determined by the original direction of

the arc within definition space, in conjunction with the action of the transformation matrix on the

arc. The definitions of the terms ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are given in terms of the quantities Ql,

Q2, and Q3. These quantities are:

A 5/2 D/2

Ql = determinant of 5/2 C E/2

D/2 E/2 F

Q2 = determinant of

A

5/2

5/2

’ C

Q3 = A + C

A parent conic curve is:

An ellipse if Q2 > 0 and Ql * Q3 < 0. A hyperbola if Q2 < 0 and Ql ^ 0. A parabola if Q2 — 0 and Ql ^ 0.

An example of each type of conic arc is shown in Figure 28.

78
3.4 CONIC ARC ENTITY (TYPE 104)

Those entities which can be represented as various degenerate forms of a conic equation (Point and

Line) must not be put into the Entity Type 104, more appropriate entity types exist for these forms.

Because of the numerical sensitivity of the implicit form of the conic description, a receiving system

not using that form as its internal representation for conics need not be expected to correctly process

conics in this form unless they are put into a standard position in definition space. A Conic Arc

Entity is said to be in a standard position in definition space provided each of its axes is parallel

to either the XT axis or YT axis and provided it is centered about the ZT axis. For a parabola,

use the vertex as the origin. The conic is moved from this position in definition space to the desired

position in space with a transformation matrix (Entity Type 124).

The form number is regarded as purely informational by such a postprocessor.

Further details may be found in Appendix F.

HYPERBOLA PARABOLA

Figure 28. Examples Defined Using the Conic Arc Entity

79
3.4 CONIC ARC ENTITY (TYPE 104)

In the event that a parameterization is required but not given, the default parameterization i

Parabola

case A and E / 0.0

if Xx < X2 C(t) = (t, ~(A/E) * t 2

, ZT) for t x <

where, for i — 1 and 2, ti = X{.

if X2 < X!

C(t) = (-*, -(A/E) * t 2

, ZT) for t x <

where, for i = 1 and 2, ^ = —X,-.

case C and D / 0.0

if Ei < Y2 C(t) = (-(C/D) * t 2

, t, ZT)

where, for i = 1 and 2, ti = Y{.

if Y2 < Y\

C(t) = ( — (C/D) * t 2

, -t, ZT)

where, for i = 1 and 2, ti --- —Y{.

Ellipse

C(t) = (a* cost, 6*sinf, ZT) for t\ <

where

a = ^FjA

b = x/^TTc

and, for i = 1 and 2, ti is such that

(i) (a* cost;, 6*sint;, ZT) — (X{, Y{, ZT)

(ii) 0 < < 2 * 7T

(iii) 0 < t 2 — t\ < 2*7t

for <

for ii <

t < t 2

t < t 2

t < t2

t < t 2

t < t 2

80
3.4 CONIC ARC ENTITY (TYPE 104)

Hyperbola

case F * A < 0.0 and F * C > 0.0

let a =

6 = -/FjC

and, for i = 1, 2,

t{ is such that

(i) (

a

* sec /*•, 6 * tan Z*-, ZT) = (X;, Y;, ZT)

(ii) -7r/2 < Z X ,Z2 < 7r /2

if Zi < Z 2 for Zi < Z < Z 2

for — t\ <t < —t2

C(t ) = (a*secZ, 6* tan/, ZT)

if Z 2 < *i C(t) = (a * sec( — Z), 6 * ta.n( — Z), ZT)

case F * A > 0.0 and F * C < 0.0

a = \/F/A

b = sj-^Fjc

and, for i = 1,2

t{ is such that

(i) (a * tan/;, 6 * see/;, ZT) = (X;, Y;, ZT)

(ii) -7r/2 < Zi,Z 2 < tt/2

if Zi < t 2 C(t) = (a * tan /, 6 * sec Z, ZT) for Zi < Z < Z 2

if Z 2 < Zi C(Z) = (a * tan(— Z), b * sec(— Z), ZT) for — Zi < Z < —

Z

2

81
3.4 CONIC ARC ENTITY (TYPE 104)

Field 15 of the directory entry accommodates a form number. For this entity, the options are as

follows:

Form Meaning

0 Form of parent conic curve must be determined from the general equation

1 Parent conic curve is an ellipse (See Figure 28)

2 Parent conic curve is a hyperbola (See Figure 28)

3 Parent conic curve is a parabola (See Figure 28)

3.4.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number:

3.4.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 A Real

2 B Real

3 C Real

4 D Real

5 S Real

8 F Real

7 ZT Real

8 XI Real

9 Y

1

Real

10 X2 Real

11 Y2 Real

104

Description

Conic Coefficient

Conic Coefficient

Conic Coefficient

Conic Coefficient

Conic Coefficient

Conic Coefficient

ZT Coordinate of plane of definition

Start Point Abscissa

Start Point Ordinate

Terminate Point Abscissa

Terminate Point Ordinate

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.5 COPIOUS DATA ENTITY (TYPE 106)

3.5 Copious Data Entity (Type 106)

This entity stores data points in the form of pairs, triples, or sextuples. An interpretation flag value

signifies which of these forms is being used. This value is one of the parameter data entries. The

interpretation flag is abbreviated below by the letters IP. Data points within definition space which lie within a single plane are specified in the form of XT,

YT coordinate pairs. In this case, the common ZT value is also needed. Data points arbitrarily

located within definition space are specified in the form of XT, YT, ZT coordinate triples. Data

points within definition space which have an associated vector are specified in the form of sextuples;

the XT, YT, ZT coordinates are specified first, followed bv the i, j, k coordinates of the vector

associated with the point. (Note that, for an associated vector, no special meaning is implicit.)

Field 15 of the Directory Entry accommodates a Form Number. For this entity, the options are as

follows:

Form Meaning

1 Data points in the form of coordinate pairs. All data points lie in a plane ZT= constant.

(ip=i)

2 Data points in the form of coordinate triples. (IP=2)

3 Data points in the form of sextuples. (1P=3)

11 Data points in the form of coordinate pairs which represent the vertices of a planar,

piecewise linear curve (piecewise linear string is sometimes used). All data points lie in a plane ZT=constant. (IP=1)

12 Data points in the form of coordinate triples which represent the vertices of a piecewise

linear curve (piecewise linear string is sometimes used). (IP=2)

13 Data points in the form of sextuples. The first triple of each sextuple represents the

vertices of a piecewise linear curve (piecewise linear string is sometimes used). The

second triple is an associated vector. (IP=3)

20 Centerline Entity through points. (IP=1)

21 Centerline Entity through circle centers. (1P=1)

31 Section Entity Form 31. (IP=1)

32 Section Entity Form 32. (IP=1)

33 Section Entity Form 33. (IP=1)

34 Section Entity Form 34. (IP=1)

35 Section Entity Form 35. (IP=1)

36 Section Entity Form 36. (1P=1)

37 Section Entity Form 37. (IP=1)

38 Section Entity Form 38. (IP— 1

)

40 Witness Line Entity. (1P=1)

63 Simple Closed Area Entity. (IP— 1)

The linear path is an ordered set of points in either 2- or 3-dimensional space. These points define a series of linear segments along the consecutive points of the path. The segments may cross or be

coincident with each other. Paths may close, i.e., the first path point may be identical to the last.

83
3.5 COPIOUS DATA ENTITY (TYPE 106)

The linear path is implemented as two forms of the Copious Data Entity (Type 106). Form 11 is for

2-dimensional paths and Form 12 is for 3-dimensional paths. This entity will be closely associated

with properties indicating functionality and fabrication parameters, such as Line Widening.

Refer to the Centerline and Witness Line Entities in Section 4 of this Specification for examples

of Form Numbers 20, 21 and 40. Each of these annotation entities contains a description of how

the associated copious data are to be interpreted. Forms 31-38 provide for the transfer of graphical

information and are defined here for compatibility with previous versions of this Specification. The

Sectioned Area Entity (Type 230) provides a more compact method for transferring this information.

A simple closed area is a bounded region of XY coordinate space represented by a set of points that

forms a series of connected linear segments. These segments must form a closed loop, i.e., the first point of the boundary of the area and the last point must be identical. No segments of this entity are allowed to intersect or be coincident except for the closing of the entity at the initial and final

points. This entity will be closely related to properties that indicate functionality of closed regions,

such as Region Restriction.

The simple closed area is implemented as Form 63 of the Copious Data Entity (Type 106).

3.5.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 106

3.5.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 IP Integer Interpretation Flag

IP= 1 x,y pairs, commc

IP=2 x,y,z coordinates

IP=3 x,y,z coordinates

2 N

1

Integer Number of n-tuples

For IP=1 (x,y pairs, common z), e.g ., Forms 1, 11, 20-63

3 ZT Real Common z displacement

4 XI Real First data point abscissa

5 Y

1

Real First data point ordinate

3+2N YN Real Last data point ordinate

For IP=2 (x,y,z trip! es), e.g., Forms 2, 12

3 XI Real First data point x value

4 Y1 Real First data point y value

5 Z1 Real First data point z value

84
3.5 COPIOUS DATA ENTITY (TYPE 106)

2+3N ZN Real Last data point z value

For IP:=3 (x,y,z, i J,k sextuples), e.g., Forms 3, 13

3 XI Real First data point x value

4 Y1 Real First data point y value

5 Z1 Real First data point z value

6 11 Real First data point i value

7 J1 Real First data point j value

8 K1 Real First data point k value

2+6N KN Real Last data point k value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

85
3.6 PLANE ENTITY (TYPE 108)

3.6 Plane Entity (Type 108)

The plane entity can be used to represent an unbounded plane, as well as a bounded portion of a

plane. In either of the above cases, the plane is defined within definition space by means of the

coefficients A, B, C, D, where at least one of A, B, and C is non-zero and

A * XT + B * YT + C * ZT = D

for each point lying in the plane, and having definition space coordinates (XT,YT, ZT).

The definition space coordinates of a point, as well as a size parameter, can be specified in order

to assist in defining a system-dependent display symbol. These values are parameter data entries

six through nine, respectively. This information, together with the four coefficients defining the

plane, provides sufficient information relative to definition space in order to be able to position the

display symbol. (In the unbounded plane example of Figure 29, the curves and the crosshair together

constitute the display symbol.) Setting the size parameter to zero indicates that a display symbol

is not intended.

The case of a bounded portion of a fixed plane is indicated by the existence of a pointer to a closed curve lying in the plane. This is parameter five. The only allowed coincident points for this curve

are the start point and the terminate point. Setting this value to zero indicates the case of an unbounded plane.

The case of a bounded portion of a fixed plane minus some portion(s) of that plane, such as those

shown in Figure 30, are expressed through the use of the Single Parent Associativity (Type 402, Form

9), where the outer closed curve defines the parent bounded plane and each internal closed curve

defines some child bounded plane to be subtracted from the parent. Each of these planes (parent

and child) is a separate plane entity in the file and has a backpointer to the associativity structure.

The child plane entity will have a subordinate entity switch class of 01 (Physically Dependent).

Field 15 of the Directory Entry accommodates a form number. For this entity, the options are as

follows:

Form Meaning

+ 1 Bounded planar portion is considered positive.

PTR must not be zero.

0 Plane is unbounded. PTR must be zero.

-1 Bounded planar portion is considered negative (hole).

PTR must not be zero.

86
3.6 PLANE ENTITY (TYPE 108)

(UNBOUNDED) (BOUNDED)

Figure 29. Examples Defined Using the Plane Entity

PLANES

PARENT

BOUNDED

PLANE

Figure 30. Single Parent Associativity Used with a Collection of Bounded Planes

87
3.6 PLANE ENTITY (TYPE 108)

3.6.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 108

3.6.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 A Real Coefficients of Plane

2 B Real Coefficients of Plane

3 C Real Coefficients of Plane

4 D Real Coefficients of Plane

5 PTR Pointer Pointer to directory entry of closed curve entity or zero

6 X Real XT coordinate of location point for display symbol

7 Y Real YT coordinate of location point for display symbol

8 Z Real ZT coordinate of location point for display symbol

9 SIZE Real Size parameter for display symbol

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.7 LINE ENTITY (TYPE 110)

3.7 Line Entity (Type 110)

A line is a bounded, connected portion of a parent straight line which consists of more than one

point.

A line is defined by its end points. Each end point is specified relative to definition space by triple

coordinates. With respect to definition space, a direction is associated with the line by considering

the start point to be listed first and the terminate point second.

The direction of the line with respect to model space is determined by the original direction of the

line within definition space, in conjunction with the action of the transformation matrix on the line.

Examples of the line entity are shown in Figure 31.

In the event that a parameterization is required, the default parameterization is:

C(t) — Pi + t * ( P2 — P\) for 0 < t < 1

3.7.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 110

3.7.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 XI Real Start Point PI

2 Y

1

Real

3 Z1 Real

4 X2 Real Terminate Point P2

5 Y2 Real

6 Z2 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

89
3.7 LINE ENTITY (TYPE 110)

Figure 31. Examples Defined Using the Line Entity
3.8 PARAMETRIC SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 112)

3.8 Parametric Spline Curve Entity (Type 112)

The parametric spline curve is a sequence of parametric polynomial segments. The CTYPE value in

Parameter 1 indicates the type of curve as it was represented in the sending (preprocessing) system

before conversion to this entity.

The N polynomial segments are delimited by the breakpoints T(l), T(2), ...,T(N + 1). The coor- dinates of the points in the i-th segment of the curve are given by the following cubic polynomials

(the coefficients D, or C and D will be zero if the polynomials are of degrees 2 or 1, respectively):

A(u) = AX(i) + BX(i) *s + CX(i) * s

2 + DX(i) * s

3

Y(u) = AY{i) + BY(i)*s + CY(i)*s2 + DY{i)*s3

Z(u) = AZ(i) + BZ(i) * s + CZ(i) * s

2 + DZ(i) * s3

where

T(i) < u < T(i-l-l), i = l,...,Ar

s — u — T(i)

In order to avoid degeneracy, for each i at least one of the following nine real coefficients must be

zero: BX(i), CX(i), DX(i), BY(i), CY(i), DY(i), BZ(i), CZ(i), and DZ(i).

If the spline is planar, it must be parameterized in terms of the X and Y polynomials only. The

coefficient of the Z- polynomial will then be zero except, for each i , the AZ(i) term which indicates

the Z-depth in definition space.

The parameter H is used as an indicator of the smoothness of the curve. If H=0, the curve is continuous at all breakpoints. If H=l, the curve is continuous and has slope continuity (see Section

6.3 of [FAUX79]) at all breakpoints. If II— 2, the curve is continuous and has both slope and curvature

continuity at all breakpoints (see Section 6.3 of [FAUX79]).

To enable determination of the terminate point and derivatives without computing the polynomials,

the N- th polynomials and their derivatives are evaluated at u = T(N + 1). These data are divided

by appropriate factorials and stored following the polynomial coefficients. For example, the name

TPY3 will be used to designate 1/3! times the third derivative of the Y-polynomial for the N- th

segment evaluated at u = T(N 1) , the parameter value corresponding to the terminate point.

Note that these data are redundant as they are derived from the data defining the iV-th polynomial

segment.

Examples of a parametric spline are shown in Figure 32 and Figure 33; see Appendix E for additional

mathematical details.

91
3.8 PARAMETRIC SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 112)

CURVE = ( X(U). Y(U). Z(U) ). FOR T(l) SU £ T(N + I)

N = 3 SEGMENTS

U= T(2)

PI = ( AX(I), A Y ( I ) , AZ(I) ) P 2 = ( AX(2) , AY (2) . AZ( 2) ) P 3 = ( AX(3). AY ( 3 ), AZ( 3 ) ) P4 = TPO = ( TPXO, TPYO, TPZO ) FIRST DERIVATIVE AT P4 = TP I = ( TPXI. TPYI, TPZI )

Figure 32. Parameters of the Parametric Spline Curve Entity

Figure 33. Examples Defined Using the Parametric Spline Curve Entity

92
3.8 PARAMETRIC SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 112)

3.8.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 112

3.8.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CTYPE Integer Spline Type

l=Linear

2=Quadratic

3=Cubic

4=Wilson-Fowler

5=Modified Wilson-Fowler

6=B Spline

2 H Integer Degree of continuity with respect to arc length

3 NDIM Integer Number of dimensions

2=planar

3=non-planar

4 N Integer Number of segments

5 T( 1) Real Break points of piecewise polynomial

5+N T(N+1)

6+N AX(l) Real X coordinate polynomial

7+N BX( 1)

8+N CX(1)

9+N DX(1)

10+N AY( 1) Y coordinate polynomial

11+N BY(1)

12+N CY(1)

13+N DY( 1)

14+N AZ(1) Z coordinate polynomial

15+N BZ(1)

16+N CZ(1)

17+N DZ(1)

. • Subsequent X, Y, Z polynomials concluding with the twelve

• •

coefficients of the Nth polynomial segment.

93
3.8 PARAMETRIC SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 112)

The parameters that follow comprise the evaluations of the polynomials of the N- th segment and their

derivatives at the parameter value u = T(Ar + l) corresponding to the terminate point. Subsequently,

these evaluations are divided by appropriate factorials.

Index

6+13+N

Name Type

TPXO Real

TPX1

TPX2

TPX3

TPYO

TPY

1

TPY2

TPY3

TPZO

TPZ1

TPZ2

TPZ3

Description

X value

X first derivative

X second derivative/2!

X third derivative/3!

Y value

Z value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.9 PARAMETRIC SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 114)

3.9 Parametric Spline Surface Entity (Type 114)

The parametric spline surface is a grid of parametric polynomial patches. PTYPE in the Parameter

Data Section indicates the type of patch under consideration.

The M x N grid of patches is defined by the u breakpoints TU( 1), ..., TU(M -f 1) and the v breakpoints TV(1), . .

.

,

TV(N + 1). The coordinates of the points in each of the patches are given

by the general bicubic polynomials (given here for the (i, j ) patch).

X(u, v) = AX(i, j) + BX(i,j) * s + CX(iJ) * s

2 + DX(iJ) * s3

4- EX(i,j) * t + FX(i,j) *t * s + GX(i,j) * t * s

2 + HX(i,j) *t * s3 + I\X(i, j) * t 2 + LX(i, j) * t 2 * s MX(i, j) * t

2 * s2 + NX(i, j) *t 2 * s3 + PX(i,j) * t 3 + QX(i,j ) * t 3 * s + RX(i,j) *t 3 * s

2 + SX(i,j ) *t 3 * s

3 Y(u,v) = ... Z(u,v) =

where

TU(i) <u< TU(i +1), 2=1, ..., M

s — u — TU{i)

and

TV(j)<v<TV(j+ 1), j = 1 JV

t = v - TV(j)

Postprocessors shall ignore parameters with the indices 7+M+N+48*(k*N+(k-l)) through 6+M+N+48*

(k* (N+l) ) , where k=l , 2 ,3 ,

. . . , M (i.e., the (N+l)-th row of patches) as well as 7+M+N+48* (M* (N+l)

)

through 6+M+N+ 48*(M+l)*(N+l) ( i.e ., the (M+l)-th column of patches).

To maintain upward compatibility with previous versions of this Specification, the preprocessors

must either enter a real number for each of these parameters or a series of parameter delimiters

(see Section 2.2.3). These values act as placeholders in the parameter list. These parameters were

intended to handle first, second, and third partial derivatives of the N- th row and M-th column

of patches along the outer edge or boundary. However, these parameters can be computed by the

receiving system, as needed, from the other parameter values contained in this entity, and therefore

are not needed.

An example of the bicubic surface is shown in Figure 34; consult Appendix E for additional details.

95
3.9 PARAMETRIC SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 114)

SURFACE^ (X(U.V), Y(U.V). Z(U.V))

M= 6

N= 5

U= TU(M+I)

V = TV(N + I

)

X( U . V) = AX( 2, 3 ) + . . Y ( U . V ) = AY(2,3) + . . Z(U,V)=AZ(2.3) + . .

Figure 34. Parameters of the Parametric Spline Surface Entity

96
3.9 PARAMETRIC SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 114)

3.9.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 114

3.9.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CTYPE Integer Spline Boundary Type

2 PTYPE Integer

l =Linear

2=Quadratic

3=Cubic

4=Wilson-Fowler

5=Modified Wilson-Fowler

6 = B-spline

Patch Type

3 M Integer

l=Cartesian Product

0=Unspecified

Number of u segments

4 N Integer Number of v segments

5 TU( 1

)

Real Breakpoints in u (u values of grid lines)

5+M TU(M+1)

6+M TV( 1

)

Real Breakpoints in v (v values of grid lines)

6+M+N TV (N+l)

7+M+N AX( 1 , 1) Real X Coefficients of (1,1) Patch

22+M+N SX(1,1)

23+M+N AY(1,1) Real Y Coefficients of (1,1) Patch

38+M+N SY(1,1)

39+M+N AZ(1,1) Real Z Coefficients of (1,1) Patch

54+M+N SZ(1,1) Real

55+M+N AX(1,2) Real Coefficients of (1,2) Patch

102+M+N SZ(1 ,2) Real

7+M+N+48* (N— 1

)

AX(1 ,N) Real Coefficients of (1,N) Patch

6+M+N+48+N SZ(1 , N) Real

7+M+N+48+N • Real Arbitrary Values

6+M+N+48* (N+l

)

Real

7+M+N+48* (N+l) AX(2,1) Real Coefficients of (2,1) Patch

97
3.9 PARAMETRIC SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 114)

Index Name

6+M+N+48* (N+2) SZ(2,1)

Type

Real

Description

7+M+N+48* (2*N) AX(2 , N) Real Coefficients of (2,N) Patch

6+M+N+48*(2*N+i)

7+M+N+48* (2*N+l)

SZ(2 , N) Real

Real Arbitrary Values

6+M+N+48* (2*N+2) • Real

7+M+N+48* [( J-1)*(N+1)+K-1] AX(J,K) Real Coefficients of (J,K) Patch

6+M+N+48*[(J-l)*(N+l)+K] SZ(J,K) Real

7+M+N+48* [(M-l)*(N+l)+N-i] AX(M,N) Real Coefficients of (M,N) Patch

6+M+N+48* C(M-1)*(W+1)+N]

7+M+N+48*[(M-l)*(N+l)+N]

SZ(M,N) Real

Real Arbitrary Values

6+M+N+48* [(M-l)*(N+l)+(N+l)]

7+M+N+48* [M* (N+l)] •

Real

Real Arbitrary Values

6+M+N+48* [M*(M+1)+(N+1)] Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.10 POINT ENTITY (TYPE 116)

3.10 Point Entity (Type 116)

A point is defined by its coordinates in definition space. Examples of the point entity are shown in

Figure 35.

3.10.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 116

3.10.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 X Real

2 Y Real

3 Z Real

4 PTR Pointer

Description

Coordinates of point

Pointer to directory entry of subfigure instance specifying the

display symbol. If zero, no display symbol specified.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

4

-

Figure 35. Examples Defined Using the Point Entity

99
3.11 RULED SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 118)

3.11 Ruled Surface Entity (Type 118)

A ruled surface is formed by moving a line connecting points of equal relative arc length (Form 0) or equal relative parametric value (Form 1) on two parametric curves from a start point to a terminate

point on the curves. The parametric curves may be points, lines, circles, conics, parametric splines,

rational B-splines, composite curves, or any parametric curves defined in this specification (both

planar and nonplanar).

Form 0: In this case, DEI and DE2 specify the defining rail curves, but their given

parameterizations are not the ones used to generate the ruled surface. In- stead, their arc length reparameterizations, Cl and C2 (respectively), are

used.

Form 1: In this case, DEI and DE2 specify the defining rail curves, Cl and C2

(respectively). Moreover, their given parameterizations are the ones used

to generate the ruled surface.

Both Forms: In either case, if two curves are expressed parameterically by the functions

(Cl x (t), Cl y(t), Cl z (t)) and (C2r (s), C2y (s), C2z (s)), where a < t < b and

c < s < d, then the coordinates of the points on the ruled surface can be

written as:

(1 - v) * Clx (t) + v * C2x (s)

(1 — v) * Cly (t) -f v * C2y (s)

(1 - v)*Clz (t) + v*C2z (s)

0 < u < 1, 0 < v < 1,

t — a + u * (b — a)

s = c+u*(d-c), if DIRFLG = 0

s = d + u*{c-d), if DIRFLG = 1

Cl(t) and C2(s) are said to be of equal relative parametric value if t and s are evaluated at the same

u value.

In case DIRFLG=0, then the first point of curve 1 is joined to the first point of curve 2 and the last

point of curve 1 to last point of curve 2. If DIRFLG^l, then the first point of curve 1 is joined to

the last point of curve 2, the last point of curve 1 to the first point of curve 2.

If DEVFLG=1, then the surface is a developable surface (see [DOCA76]); if DEVFLG=:0, the surface

may or may not be a developable surface.

Field 15 of the directory entry accommodates a form number. For this entity, the options are as

follows:

Form Meaning

0 Equal relative arc length.

1 Equal relative parametric values.

The default is Form 0. Examples of the Ruled Surface Entity are shown in Figures 36 and 37.

X(u,v) =

Y(u, v) =

Z(u,v) --

where

100
3.11 RULED SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 118)

Figure 36. Examples Defined Using the Ruled Surface Entity

101
3.11 RULED SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 118)

u

V

Figure 37. Parameters of the Ruled Surface Entity

102
3.11 RULED SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 118)

3.11.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 118

3.11.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DEI Pointer Pointer to first curve

2 DE2 Pointer Pointer to second curve

3 DIRFLG Integer Direction flag

0=join first to first, last to last

l=join first to last, last to first 4 DEVFLG Integer Developable surface flag

lrrDevelopable

0=Possibly not

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

103
3.12 SURFACE OF REVOLUTION ENTITY (TYPE 120)

3.12 Surface of Revolution Entity (Type 120)

A surface of revolution is defined by an axis of rotation (which must be a Line Entity), a generatrix,

and start and terminate rotation angles. The surface is created by rotating the generatrix about the

axis of rotation through the start and terminating angles. Since the axis of rotation is a Line Entity

(Type 110), it contains in its parameter data section the coordinates of its start point first, followed

by the coordinates of its terminate point. The angles of rotation are measured counterclockwise

while looking in the direction of the start point of the Line Entity defining the axis of revolution

from the terminate point of this line. The generatrix curve may be any curve entity to which a parameterization has been assigned. Examples of surfaces of revolution are given in Figure 38.

The various parameters defining the Surface of Revolution Entity are illustrated in Figure 39. The

Line Entity L defines a unique straight line. This straight line defines the axis of revolution. The axis

is given the same direction as the direction assigned to the Line Entity L . Let Rg be the unique rigid

motion leaving each point of the axis of revolution fixed and rotating each point in three dimensional

Euclidean space, 9 radians counterclockwise about the axis of revolution. Rg assigns to each element

of three dimensional Euclidean space another element of three dimensional Euclidean space.

The curve C is the generatrix of the surface of revolution. For each real number in the interval [a,b]

that defines its domain, C assigns an element of three dimensional Euclidean space.

SA and TA denote the start angle and terminate angle, measured in radians, of the surface of

revolution to be defined. SA and TA are constrained so that 0 < TA — SA < 27r. The surface of revolution S defined by this entity is the surface that is swept by rotating the generatrix curve C from the angle SA to the angle TA, counterclockwise about the directed axis of revolution.

The default parameterization for the surface of revolution S shall be given by

S(x,6) = Re (C(x))

for each pair of real numbers ( x,9 ) such that a < x < b and SA < 6 <TA.

3.12.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 120

3.12.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 L Pointer Pointer to a Line Entity (axis of revolution)

2 C Pointer Pointer to generatrix

3 SA Real Start angle in radians

4 TA Real Terminate angle in radians

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

104
3.12 SURFACE OF REVOLUTION ENTITY (TYPE 120)

Figure 38. Examples Defined Using the Surface of Revolution Entity

105
3.12 SURFACE OF REVOLUTION ENTITY (TYPE 120)

AXIS OF

Figure 39. Parameters of the Surface of Revolution Entity

106
3.13 TABULATED CYLINDER ENTITY (TYPE 122)

3.13 Tabulated Cylinder Entity (Type 122)

A tabulated cylinder is a surface formed by moving a line segment called the generatrix parallel to

itself along a curve called the directrix. This curve may be a line, circular arc, conic arc, parametric

spline curve, rational B-spline curve, or composite curve.

It must be pointed out that different parameterizations of the generating curves will produce different parameterized surfaces, but the underlying point set surface will still be the same. Assuming a parameterization u on the directrix and v on the generatrix, both of which run from 0 to 1, we can

express the points on the surface by:

X(u,v) = CX(u) + v*(LX -CX(0))

Y(u,v) = CY(u) + v*(LY -CY(0))

Z(u,v) = CZ(u) + v*(LZ -CZ(0))

where 0 < u < 1, 0<t><l

and CX, CY, CZ represent the X, Y, Z components, respectively, along the directrix curve, while (CY(0), CY(0), CZ(0)) and (LX, LY, LZ) represent

the coordinates of the start and terminate points, respectively, of the generatrix.

An example of the tabulated cylinder is shown in Figure 40.

3.13.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 122

3.13.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DE Pointer Pointer to directrix curve

2 LX Real Coordinates of the terminate point of the generatrix. The start point of the generatrix is identical with the start point of the

directrix.

3 LY Real

4 LZ Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

107
3.13 TABULATED CYLINDER ENTITY (TYPE 122)

Figure 40. Parameters of the Tabulated Cylinder Entity

108
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

3.14 Transformation Matrix Entity (Type 124)

The Transformation Matrix Entity transforms three-row column vectors by means of a matrix multiplication and then a vector addition. The notation for this transformation is:

Rn R\2 -Rl 3

' XINPUT' Ti

' ‘ XOUTPUT '

R21 R22 R23 YINPUT 4

- t2 ~ YOUTPUT

R31 R32 R33 ZINPUT t3 ZOUTPUT

Here, col [ XINPUT, YINPUT, ZINPUT ] (i.e., the column vector) is the vector being transformed,

and col [ XOUTPUT, YOUTPUT, ZOUTPUT ] is the column vector resulting from this transformation. R = [Rij] is a 3 row by 3 column matrix of real numbers, and T = col [ T1,T2,T3 ] is a three-row column vector of real numbers. Thus, 12 real numbers are required for a Transformation

Matrix Entity. This entity can be considered to be an “operator” entity in that it starts with the

input vector, operates on it els described above, and produces the output vector.

Frequently, the input vector lists the coordinates of some point in one coordinate system, and the

output vector lists the coordinates of that same point in a second coordinate system. The matrix R

and the translation vector T then express a general relationship between the two coordinate systems.

By considering special input vectors such as col [ 1,0,0 ], col [ 0,1,0 ], and col [ 0,0,1 ] and computing

the corresponding output results, a geometric appreciation of the spatial relationship between the

two coordinate systems can be gained.

For example, for

0 0 1

' 0

‘ R = 0 1 0 , T = 0

-1 0 0 0

the spatial relationship of the input and output coordinate systems is given in Figure 41.

All coordinate systems are assumed to be orthogonal, Cartesian, and right-handed unless specifically

noted otherwise.

Following are three specific areas where the Transformation Matrix Entity is used to transform

coordinates between coordinate systems. Each example area illustrates a specific choice of input

and output coordinate systems. Other choices of coordinate systems may be appropriate in other

application areas. The usual situation for this type of use of the Transformation Matrix Entity is when the input vector

refers to the definition space coordinate system for a certain entity, and the output vector refers to

the model space coordinate system (See Section 3.1.1). In this case, the matrix R is referred to as the defining matrix, and the Transformation Matrix Entity defining R and T is pointed to in field seven (transformation matrix field) of the directory entry of the entity (See Section 2. 2.4. 3. 7). In

this use of the Transformation Matrix Entity, the matrix R is subject to the restrictions given in

Form 0 and Form 1 below.

A second situation is the case when the input vector refers to the model space coordinate system

and the output vector refers to a viewing coordinate system. In this case, the matrix R is referred to

as a view matrix, and is subject to the restrictions given in Form 0 below. Note that when a planar

entity is viewed at true length (i.e., the viewing plane is parallel to the plane containing the entity)

then the rotation matrix pointed to by DE Field 7 of the Planar Entity will be the inverse (^matrix

transpose) of the matrix pointed to by DE Field 7 of the View Entity (See Section 4.3.11).

109
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

A third situation involves finite element modeling applications. Here, it may be the case that an

input coordinate system is related to an output coordinate system by a particular R and T, and, in

turn, the output coordinate system is then taken as an input coordinate system for a second R and

T combination, and so on. These coordinate systems are frequently called local coordinate systems.

Model space is frequently called the reference system. For example, the location of a finite element

node may be given in one local coordinate system, which may serve as the input coordinate system

for a second local coordinate system, which in turn serves as the input coordinate system for the

model space coordinate system which is the reference system. Allowable forms of the matrix R for

these applications are detailed in Forms 10, 11, and 12 below.

Whenever coordinate systems are related successively to each other as described above, a basic result

is that the combined effect of the individual coordinate system changes can be expressed in terms of a single matrix R and a single translation vector T. For example, if the coordinate system change

involving the matrix R2 and the translation vector T2 is to be applied following the coordinate

system change involving the matrix R1 and the translation vector 7T, then the matrix R and the

translation vector T expressing the combined changes are R={R2) {Rl) and T = (R2) (Tl) 4- T2.

Here, (R2) {Rl) denotes matrix multiplication of 3x3 matrices, where multiplication order is important. The matrix R and the translation vector T are computed similarly whenever more than two

coordinate system changes are to be applied successively.

Successive coordinate system changes are specified by allowing a Transformation Matrix Entity to

reference another Transformation Matrix Entity through Field 7 of the directory entry. In the ex- ample above, the Transformation Matrix Entity containing Rl and Tl would contain in its directory

entry field 7 a pointer to the Transformation Matrix Entity containing R2 and T2. The general rule

is that Transformation Matrix Entities applied earlier in a succession will reference Transformation

Matrix Entities applied later. Note that the matrix product (T2) {Rl) in the example above does

not appear explicitly in the data, but, if needed, must be computed according to the usual rules of

matrix multiplication.

A second example of coordinate systems being related successively (or “concatenated” or “stacked”),

in addition to the finite element example mentioned above, involves one manner of locating into

YINPUT

YOUTPUT

ZINPUT

XOUTPUT

ZOUTPUT

Figure 41. Example of the Transformation Matrix Coordinate Systems

110
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

model space a conic arc that is in standard position in definition space. In this case, R1 and T1

move the conic arc from its standard position to an arbitrary location in any plane in definition space

satisfying ZT=constant. (Therefore, RI33 = 1.0, RI 31 = RI 32 = RI 13 = RI 23 = 0.0. T1 can be

an arbitrary translation vector.) R2 and T2 then position the relocated conic arc into model space.

(R2 can be an arbitrary defining matrix and T2 can be an arbitrary translation vector.) Note that

for Rl and Tl, both the input vector and the output vector refer to the same coordinate system,

namely, the definition space for the conic arc. A 3x3 matrix R is called orthogonal provided its transpose, R}

,

yields a matrix inverse for R. The

columns of an orthogonal matrix considered as vectors form an orthogonal collection of unit vectors.

As (Rty = R, the transpose of an orthogonal matrix is again an orthogonal matrix. The determinant

of an orthogonal matrix is equal to either plus one or minus one. In the event R is an orthogonal

matrix with determinant equal to positive one, R can be expressed as a rotation about an axis

passing through the origin. In this event, R is referred to as a rotation matrix. In the event R is an

orthogonal matrix with determinant equal to negative one, R can be expressed as a rotation about

an axis passing through the origin followed by a reflection about a plane passing through the origin

perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Allowable Form Numbers The defining matrix of an entity must use either Form 0 or Form 1. A defining matrix associated with a View Entity (Type 410) must use Form 0. Special matrices

representing Node Entity (Type 134) local coordinate systems must use Forms 10, 11, or 12.

Form 0: (default) R is an orthogonal matrix with determinant equal to positive one. T is arbitrary. The columns of R taken in order form a right-handed triple in the output

coordinate system.

Form 1: R is an orthogonal matrix with determinant equal to negative one. T is arbitrary.

The columns of R taken in order form a left-handed triple in the output coordinate

system.

Form 10: This form number conveys special information when used in conjunction with the

Node Entity (Type 134) in Finite Element Applications.

Refer to Figure 42(a) for notation. The matrix R and the vector T are used to

transform coordinate data from the ul, u2, u3 coordinate system to the x,y,z local

system.

The ul,u2,u3 coordinate system has its origin at an arbitrary fixed point col [XOFFSET, YOFFSET, ZOFFSET] in the x,y,z coordinate system and is assumed to be

displaced parallel to that reference coordinate system. Thus,

' 1 0 0

" ’ XOFFSET

' R = 0 1 0 , T = YOFFSET

0 0 1 ZOFFSET

so that

‘ 1 0 0

' ul ' XOFFSET

' XLOCAL "

0 1 0 u2 + YOFFSET ZH YLOCAL

0 0 1 u3 ZOFFSET ZLOCAL

111
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

Note that the orientation of the two coordinate systems can be described by saying

that the ul,u2,u3 coordinate system is the system obtained by imposing orthogonal curvilinear coordinates onto the x,y,z space and then constructing unit tangent

vectors to the three curvilinear coordinate curves at the given fixed point to serve

as basis vectors. In this special case of parallel displacement, the curvilinear coor- dinates imposed are identical to the existing x,y,z coordinates.

Form 11: This form number conveys special information when used in conjunction with the

Node Entity (Type 134) in Finite Element applications.

Refer to Figure 42(b) for notation. The matrix R and the vector T are used to

transform coordinate data from the ul, u2, u3 (node point) coordinate system to

the x,y,z (local system) coordinate system.

The ul, u2, u3 coordinate system has its origin at an arbitrary fixed point

XOFFSET = r0 cos 90 YOFFSET = r0 sin 0O ZOFFSET = z0

ro > 0

0 < d0 < 360° —OO < Zq < oo

for ro — 0 , take 0 = 0°

in the x,y,z coordinate system. The ul,u2,u3 system is the system obtained by imposing orthogonal curvilinear coordinates onto the x,y,z space which are the cylindrical coordinates (r,0,z) with

x — r cos 9

y — rs'm9

2 = Z,

and then constructing unit tangent vectors to the three curvilinear coordinate curves

at the given fixed point to serve as basis vectors.

Thus, the relationship between the ul, u2, u3 and the x,y,z local coordinate system

is given by:

cos 9o — sin 90 0 ul ' XOFFSET ' ’ XLOCAL '

sin 9q cos 9o 0 u2 + YOFFSET zzz YLOCAL

_ 0 0 1 u3 ZOFFSET ZLOCAL

112
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

Form 12: This form number conveys special information when used in conjunction with the

Node Entity (Type 134) in Finite Element applications.

Refer to Figure 42(c) for notation. The matrix R and the vector T are used to

transform coordinate data from the ul, u2, u3 coordinate system to the x,y,z local

system.

The ul, u2, u3 coordinate system has its origin at an arbitrary fixed point

XOFFSET = YOFFSET = ZOFFSET =

r0 sin 90 sin 0o

ro sin 9o cos 0

o

rg cos #o

r0 > 0

0 < 90 < 180°

0 < 0O < 360°

for r0 = 0, take #0=00 = 0°

for 9q = 0° or 180°, take 0o = 0°

in the x,y,z coordinate system. The ul, u2, u3 system is the system obtained

by imposing orthogonal curvilinear coordinates onto the x,y,z space which are the

spherical coordinates (r ,0,0) with

x — r sin 9 cos 0

y — r sin# sin 0

z — r cos 9

and then constructing unit tangent vectors to the three curvilinear coordinate curves

at the given fixed point to serve as basis vectors.

Thus, the relationship between the ul, u2, u3 and the x,y,z local coordinate systems

is given by:

sin #o * cos 0o cos #o * cos 0o — sin 0o ul ' XOFFSET * " XLOCAL '

sin #0 * sin 0o cos #o * sin 0o COS 0o u2 + YOFFSET — YLOCAL

cos #o — sin #0 0 u3 ZOFFSET ZLOCAL

See, Kaplan [KAPL52] or Hildebrand [HILD76] for a discussion of orthogonal curvilinear coordinate

systems.

113
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

3.14.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 124

3.14.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 Rll Real Top Row

2 R12 Real

3 R13 Real

4 T1 Real

5 R21 Real Second Row

6 R22 Real

7 R23 Real

8 T2 Real

9 R31 Real Third Row

10 R32 Real

11 R33 Real

12 T3 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

114
3.14 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY (TYPE 124)

z

Ul = X DIRECTION

U2 = Y DIRECTION

U 3 = Z DIRECTION

NODE POINT

Y

(b) CYLINDR ICAL

LOCAL SYSTEM

(c)

R DIRECTION

<t> DIRECTION

9 DIRECTION

POINT

Figure 42. Notation for FEM-specific Forms of the Transformation Matrix Entity

115
3.15 FLASH ENTITY (TYPE 125)

3.15 Flash Entity (Type 125)

A Flash Entity is a point in the ZT=0 plane that locates a specific instance of a particular closed

area. That closed area can be defined in one of two ways. First, it can be an arbitrary closed area

defined by any entity capable of defining a closed area. The points of this entity must all lie in the

ZT—0 plane. Second, it can be a member of a predefined set of flash shapes.

In the latter case, Parameters 3 through 5 of the Flash Entity control the final size of the flash.

Figure 43 indicates the usage of those parameters for the specific flash forms. Parameters 3 through

5 are ignored for Form 0.

3.15.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 125

Form Meaning

0 Defined by referenced entity

1 Circular

2 Rectangle

3 Donut

4 Canoe

3.15.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 X Real X reference of flash

2 Y Real Y reference of flash

3 DIM1 Real First flash sizing parameter

4 DIM2 Real Second flash sizing parameter

5 ROT Real Rotation of flash about reference point in radians

6 DE Pointer DE of referenced entity or zero

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.15 FLASH ENTITY (TYPE 125)

T~

DIM I

FORM I - CIRCULAR

DIMENSION I = DIAMETER OF CIRCLE

DIMENSION 2 = NULL OR ZERO

ROTATION = NULL OR ZERO

REFERENCE POINT IS CIRCLE CENTER

FORM 3 - DONUT

DIMENSION I = DIAMETER OF OUTER CIRCLE

DIMENSION 2 = DIAMETER OF INNER CIRCLE

ROTATION = NULL OR ZERO

REFERENCE POINT IS CIRCLE CENTER

FORM 2 - RECTANGLE

DIMENSION I = X AXIS LENGTH BEFORE ROTATION

DIMENSION 2 = Y AXIS LENGTH BEFORE ROTATION

ROTATION = ANGLE IN RADIANS COUNTERCLOCKWISE

FROM X AXIS TO DIMENSION I REFERENCE POINT IS CENTER OF RECTANGLE

-•—DIM I —*-

FORM 4 - CANOE

DIMENSION I = OVERALL LENGTH

DIMENSION 2 = OVERALL WIDTH

ROTATION = ANGLE IN RADIANS CCW

FROM X AXIS TO DIMENSION I REFERENCE POINT IS CENTER OF CANOE

Figure 43. Definition of Shapes for the Flash Entity

117
3.16 RATIONAL B-SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 126)

3.16 Rational B-Spline Curve Entity (Type 126)

The rational B-spline curve may represent analytic curves of general interest. This information

is important to both the sending and receiving systems. The Directory Entry Form Number Parameter is provided to communicate this information. It should be emphasized that use of this curve form should be restricted to communications between systems operating directly on rational

B-spline curves and not used as a replacement for the analytic forms for communication. For a brief

description of rational B-spline curves, see Appendix E.

If the rational B-spline curve represents a preferred curve type, the form number corresponds to the

most preferred type. The preference order is from 1 through 5 followed by 0. For example, if the curve is a circle or circular arc, the form number is set to 2. If the curve is an ellipse with unequal

major and minor axis lengths, the form number is set to 3. If the curve is not one of the preferred

types, the form number is set to 0.

If the curve lies entirely within a unique plane, the planar flag (PROP1) is set to 1, otherwise it is set to 0. If it is set to 1, the plane normal (Parameters 14+A+4K through 16-4- A+4K) contain a

unit vector normal to the plane containing the curve. These fields exist but are ignored if the curve

is nonplanar.

If the beginning and ending points on the curve are identical, PROP2 is set to 1. If they are not

equal, PROP2 is set to 0.

If the curve is rational (does not have all weights equal), PROPS is set to 0. If all weights are equal

to each other, the curve is polynomial and PROP3 is set to 1. The curve is polynomial since in

this case all weights cancel and the denominator sums to 1 (see Appendix E). The weights must be

positive real numbers.

If the curve is periodic with respect to its parametric variable, set PROP4 to 1; otherwise set PROP4

to 0. The periodic flag is to be interpreted as purely informational. The curves which are flagged to

be periodic are to be evaluated exactly the same as in the nonperiodic case.

3.16.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 126

Form Meaning

0 Form of curve must be determined from

the rational B-spline parameters

1 Line

2 Circular arc

3 Elliptical arc 4 Parabolic arc

5 Hyperbolic arc

3.16.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 K Integer Upper index of sum. See Appendix E

2 M Integer Degree of basis functions

3 PR0P1 Integer = 0 - nonplanar = 1 - planar

4 PR0P2 Integer = 0 - open curve

118
3.16 RATIONAL B-SPLINE CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 126)

= 1 - closed curve

5 PR0P3 Integer = 0 - rational = 1 - polynomial

6 PR0P4 Integer = 0 - nonperiodic = 1 - periodic

Let N=K-M+1 and A==N+2*M

7 T(-M) Real Knot Sequence

7+A T(N+M)

8+A v(o) Real Weights

8+A+K W(K)

9+A+K xo Real Control Points

10+A+K YO

11+A+K ZO

9+A+4+K XK

10+A+4+K YK

11+A+4+K ZK

12+A+4+K V(0) Real Starting parameter value

13+A+4+K V(l) Real Ending parameter value

14+A+4+K XNORM Real Unit Normal (if curve is planar)

15+A+4+K YNORM

16+A+4+K ZNORM

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

119
3.17 RATIONAL B-SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 128)

3.17 Rational B-Spline Surface Entity (Type 128)

The rational B-spline surface represents various analytical surfaces of general interest. This information is important to both the generating and receiving system. The Directory Entry Form Number

Parameter is provided to communicate such information. For a brief description of rational B-spline

surfaces, see Appendix E.

If the rational B-spline surface represents a preferred surface type, the form number corresponds to

the most preferred type. The preference order is from 1 through 9 followed by 0. For example, if the surface is a right circular cylinder, the form number is set to 2. If the surface is a surface of

revolution and also a torus, the form number is set to 5. If the surface is not one of the preferred

types, the form number is set to 0.

If, for each fixed value of the second parametric variable the resulting curves which are functions of

the first parametric variable are closed, set PROP1 to 1; otherwise, set PROP1 to 0. Similarly, if for each fixed value of the first parametric variable the resulting curves which are functions of the

second parametric variable are closed, set PROP2 to 1; otherwise, set PROP2 to 0.

If the surface is rational (does not have all weights equal), set PROP3 to 0. If all weights are equal

to each other, the surface is polynomial and PROP3 is set to 1. The surface is polynomial since in

this case all weights cancel and the denominator sums to one (see Appendix E). The weights must

be positive real numbers.

If the surface is periodic with respect to the first parametric variable, set PROP4 to 1; otherwise, set PROP4 to 0. If the surface is periodic with respect to the second parametric variable, set PROP5 to

1; otherwise, set PROP5 to 0. The periodic flags are to be interpreted as purely informational. The

surfaces which are flagged to be periodic are to be evaluated exactly the same as in the non-periodic

case.

3.17.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 128

Form Meaning

0 Form of the surface must be determined

from the rational B-spline parameters

1 Plane

2 Right circular cylinder

3 Cone

4 Sphere

5 Torus

6 Surface of revolution

7 Tabulated cylinder

8 Ruled surface

9 General quadric surface

3.17.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 K1 Integer Upper index of first sum. See Appendix E

2 K2 Integer Upper index of second sum. See Appendix E

3 Ml Integer Degree of first set of basis functions

120
3.17 RATIONAL B-SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 128)

4 M2 Integer Degree of second set of basis functions

5 PR0P1 Integer 1 = Closed in first parametric variable direction

0 = Not closed

6 PR0P2 Integer 1 = Closed in second parametric variable direction

0 — Not closed

7 PROPS Integer 0 = Rational

1 — Polynomial

8 PR0P4 Integer 0 = Non-periodic in first parametric variable direction

1 = Periodic in first parametric variable direction

9 PROPS Integer 0 = Non-periodic in second parametric variable direction

1 = Periodic in second parametric variable direction

Let N1 = K1 - Ml + 1,

N2 = K2 - M2 + 1,

A = N 1 + 2*M1

,

B = N2 + 2*M2

,

C = (K1 + 1)*(K2 + 1)

10 S(-Ml) Real First knot sequence

10+A S(N1+M1)

11+A T(-M2) Real Second knot sequence

11+A+B T(N2+M2)

12+A+B w(o,o) Real Weights

13+A+B W(1,0)

1 1+A+B+C W(K1,K2) . 12+A+B+C X(0,0) Real Control Points

13+A+B+C Y(0,0)

14+A+B+C Z(0,0)

15+A+B+C X(1,0)

16+A+B+C Y( 1 , 0) Real Control Points

17+A+B+C Z(1,0)

9+A+B+4+C X(K1 ,K2)

10+A+B+4+C Y(K1,K2)

11+A+B+4*C Z(K1 ,K2)

12+A+B+4+C U(0) Real Starting value for first parametric direction

13+A+B+4+C U(l) Real Ending value for first parametric direction

14+A+B+4+C V( 0) Real Starting value for second parametric direction

15+A+B+4+C V(l) Real Ending value for second parametric direction

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

121
3.18 OFFSET CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 130)

3.18 Offset Curve Entity (Type 130)

The Offset Curve Entity contains the data necessary to determine the offset of a given curve C. This

entity points to the base curve to be offset and contains the offset distance and additional pertinent

information. No restriction is placed on the entity types of curves. Any parametric curve may be

offset.

It is the intent of this Specification to limit the applicability of offsets to curves which are planar

and slope continuous. The offset curve lies in the plane which contains the base curve as follows:

Let C denote a curve in definition space which is defined by r = r(t).

Let T(t) denote the unit tangent at r(t ) (See [FAUX79]).

Let V be a unit vector normal to the plane which contains C.

Then the offset curve is a curve defined as:

0{t) = r(t) + f(s) * (V x T(t)); TT1 < t < TT2

a) if FLAG = 1, a uniform offset distance, f(s) = D1

b) if FLAG = 2, an offset distance varying linearly,

f(s) = Dl + ( D2 - Dl) * (s - TDl)/(TD2 - TDl) with

Case (i) PTYPE = 1

s = arc length along r from r(TTl) to r(t),

Dl = the offset at arc length value TDl , D2 = the offset at arc length value TD2

Case (ii) PTYPE = 2

s = t, Dl — the offset at parametric value TDl,

D2 = the offset at parametric value TD2

c) if FLAG = 3, an offset distance defined by a function, f(s) is the NDIM-th coordinate function

of the curve pointed to by DE2, with

Case (i) PTYPE = 1

s = arc length along r from r(TTl) to r(<),

Case (ii) PTYPE = 2

s — t

Note that TT1 and TT2 must be chosen to be in the domain of the base curve r(t).

122
3.18 OFFSET CURVE ENTITY (TYPE 130)

3.18.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 130

3.18.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DEI Pointer Pointer to curve entity to be offset.

2 FLAG Integer Offset distance flag:

1 = Single value offset, uniform distance

2 = Offset distance varying linearly

3 = Offset distance as a specified function.

3 DE2 Pointer

or 0

Pointer to curve, one coordinate of which describes the

offset as a function of its parameter. (0 unless FLAG = 3)

4 NDIM Integer Pointer of particular coordinate of DE2 which describes offset as a function of its parameter, (only used if FLAG = 3)

5 PTYPE Integer Tapered offset type flag:

1 = Function of arc length

2 = Function of parameter

6 D1 Real

(only used if FLAG=2 or 3)

First offset distance, (only used if FLAG=1 or 2)

7 TD1 Real Arc length or parameter value, depending on PTYPE, of first

8 D2 Real

offset distance, (only used if FLAG=2)

Second offset distance.

9 TD2 Real Arc length or parameter value, depending on PTYPE, of second

10 VX Real

offset distance, (only used if FLAG=2)

X-component of unit vector normal to plane containing curve

11 VY Real

to be offset.

Y-component of unit vector normal to plane containing curve

12 VZ Real

to be offset.

Z-component of unit vector normal to plane containing curve

13 HI Real

to be offset.

Offset curve starting parameter value.

14 TT2 Real Offset curve ending parameter value.

Additional Pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

Parameter data not required for a particular case should be given zero values. For example, if the

value of Parameter 2 is not 3, then Parameters 3 and 4 should be given zero values.

123
3.19 CONNECT POINT ENTITY (TYPE 132)

3.19 Connect Point Entity (Type 132)

A Connect Point Entity describes a point of connection for zero, one or more entities. These entities

include those required in piping diagrams, electrical and electronic schematics, and physical designs

( e.g., printed wiring boards). The Connect Point Entity is referenced from either the Network

Subfigure Definition (Type 320), Network Subfigure Instance (Type 420), or the Flow Associativity

Instance (Type 402, Form 18); or it may stand alone in a file. The connect point may be displayed

by the receiving system using default display parameters and/or symbols. Also see Section 2.5.2.

3.19.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 132

3.19.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 X Real X coordinate of the connection point

2 Y Real Y coordinate of the connection point

3 Z Real Z coordinate of the connection point

4 PTR Pointer Pointer to directory entry of the display symbol geometry

5 IF Integer Type flag

0 =' not specified

1 = logical

2 = physical

6 FF Integer Function Flag:

0 = not specified

1 = electrical signal

2 = fluid flow path

7 CID String Connect Point Function Identifier (e.g., Pin Number or Nozzle

Label)

8 PTTCID Pointer Pointer to Text Display Template Entity for CID.

9 CFN String Connection Point Function Name

10 PTTCFN Pointer Pointer to Text Display Template Entity for CFN

11 CPID Integer Unique Connect Point Identifier

12 FC Integer Connect Point Function Code:

0 = Unspecified (default)

1 = Input

2 = Output

3 = Bidirectional

4 = Power

5 = Ground

13 SF Integer Swap Flag

0 = Connect point may be swapped (default)

1 = Connect point may not be swapped

14 PSFI Pointer Pointer to “owner” Network Subfigure Instance, or Network

Subfigure Definition, or zero.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

124
3.20 NODE ENTITY (TYPE 134)

3.20 Node Entity (Type 134)

The Node Entity is a geometric point used in the definition of a finite element. Directory Entry field

7 points to a labeled definition coordinate system Transformation Matrix. The form number of the

Transformation Matrix indicates the definition coordinate system type. Coordinate angles for the

cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems are specified in degrees.

Every node has a nodal displacement coordinate system associated with it. This is Form 10, 11, or 12 of the Transformation Matrix Entity which locates translational and rotational directions for

load, restraint and displacement results. Again, the form number of the Transformation Matrix

indicates the coordinate system type.

The origin of the nodal displacement coordinate system is always the location of the node. However,

the orientation of the nodal displacement axes depends on the location of the node and the type of

displacement coordinate system being referenced. Cartesian (Rectangular), cylindrical, and spherical are the three possible types. Figure 44 illustrates the definition of a node in the three coordinate

systems.

If the displacement coordinate system is Cartesian, then the nodal displacement axes are parallel to

the respective referenced coordinate system. This is illustrated in Figure 44(a) Cartesian.

For the cylindrical type displacement coordinate system, the orientation of the nodal displacement

axes depends on the coordinate value of the node as defined in the referenced displacement coordinate

system. The nodal displacement axes are respectively in the radial, tangential and axial directions

as illustrated in Figure 44(b) Cylindrical.

Finally, for spherical, the orientation of the nodal displacement axes depend on both the 0 and (f> coordinates of the node as defined in the referenced displacement coordinate system. The nodal

displacement axes are respectively in the radial, meridional, and azimuthal directions as indicated

in Figure 44(c) Spherical.

If a node lies on the polar axis of either the cylindrical or spherical coordinate system, the nodal

displacement axes are defined parallel to the referenced displacement coordinate system axes. For a cylindrical system the first axis is the 0 = 0 axis and the third axis is the z axis. For a spherical

system the first axis is the <f> = 0 axis while the third axis is the 0 = 0 axis. The remaining axis of

both systems is defined by the appropriate cross product of the previously defined axes.

125
3.20 NODE ENTITY (TYPE 134)

(a) CARTESIAN (b) CYLINDRICAL

z

(c) SPHERICAL

Figure 44. Nodal Displacement Coordinate Systems

126
3.20 NODE ENTITY (TYPE 134)

3.20.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 134

Entity Label: Node Label (Optional)

Entity Subscript: Node Number (Required)

3.20.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 X/R/R Real First nodal coordinate

2 Y/e/e Real Second nodal coordinate

3 Z/Z/<f> Real Third nodal coordinate

4 NDCSP Pointer Pointer to the Transformation Matrix form 10, 11 or 12 which

defines the Nodal Displacement Coordinate System Entity. Default (zero) is Global Cartesian Coordinate System.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

127
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

3.21 Finite Element Entity (Type 136)

A finite element is defined by an element topology (j.e., node connectivity) along with physical and

material properties.

Table 5 lists the data to define the element topology. Figure 45 illustrates the node connectivity for

each element topology.

In Table 5 the element name is an English abbreviation or acronym describing the element. The

element topology type is an integer number which will appear as the first parameter of the parameter

data. The order is an integer identifying the order of an edge where:

Value Order of Edge

0 Not applicable

1 Linear

2 Parabolic

3 Cubic

The number of nodes from Table 5 will appear as the second parameter of the finite element parameter data. A missing node in the connectivity sequence will have its corresponding pointer value

equal to zero.

3.21.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 136

Entity Label: Element Label (Optional)

Entity Subscript: Element Number (Required)

3.21.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 ITOP Integer Topology type

2 N Integer Number of nodes defining element (See Section 3.20).

3 DEI Pointer Pointer to first node defining element (See Section 3.20)

N+2 DEN Pointer Pointer to last node defining element

N+3 ETYP String Element type name

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

128
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

Table 5. Finite Element Topology Set

Element

Name

Element

Topology

Type

Order Number

of Nodes

Number

of Edges

Number

of Faces

BEAM 1 1 2 1 0

LTRIA 2 1 3 3 1 PTRIA 3 2 6 3 1 CTRIA 4 3 9 3 1 LQUAD 5 1 4 4 1 PQUAD 6 2 8 4 1 CQUAD 7 3 12 4 1 PTSW 8 2 12 9 5

CTSW 9 3 18 9 5

PTS 10 2 16 12 6

CTS 11 3 24 12 6

LSOT 12 1 4 6 4

PSOT 13 2 10 6 4

LSOW 14 1 6 9 5

PSOW 15 2 15 9 5

CSOW 16 3 24 9 5

LSO 17 1 8 12 6

PSO 18 2 20 12 6

CSO 19 3 32 12 6

ALLIN 20 1 2 1 0

APLIN 21 2 3 1 0

ACLIN 22 3 4 1 0

ALTRIA 23 1 3 3 0

APTRIA 24 2 6 3 0

ALQUAD 25 1 4 4 0

APQUAD 26 2 8 4 0

SPR 27 0 2 0 0

GSPR 28 0 1 0 0

DAMP 29 0 2 0 0

GDAMP 30 0 1 0 0

MASS 31 0 1 0 0

RBDY 32 0 2 0 0

TBEAM 33 1 3 1 0

129
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 13G)

1.

BEAM

El=l ,

2

2.

LTRIA - Linear Triangle

El=l ,2 Fl=l , 2 ,

3

E2=2 ,

3

E3=3 ,

1

3.

PTRIA - Parabolic Triangle

El=l ,2,3 Fl=l , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ,

6

E2=3 ,4 ,

5

E3=5,6,l

4.

CTRIA - Cubic Triangle

El=l ,2,3,4 Fl=l,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

E2=4 ,5,6,7

E3=7 ,8,9,1

5. LQUAD - Linear Quadrilateral

E 1- 1 , 2 Fl=l , 2 , 3 „4

E2=2 ,

3

E3=3»4

E4=4 ,

1

6 . PQUAD - Parabolic Quadrilateral

El=i ,2,3 Fl=l ,2, 3 ,4, 5, 6,7,

8

E2=3 ,4,5

E3=5 ,6,7

E4=7,8,

1

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set

130
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

I. BEAM

2 3

4. CUBIC

TRIANGLE

2. LINEAR 5 . LINEAR

TRIANGLE QUADRILATERAL

5

3. PARABOLIC

TRIANGLE

7 6 5

2 3

6 . PARABOLIC

QUADRILATERAL

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

131
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

7. CQUAD - Cubic Quadrilateral

El=l ,2,3,4

E2=4 ,5,6,7

E3=7 ,8,9,10

E4=10 , 11,12,1

Fl=l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

8. PTSW - Parabolic Thick Shell Wedge

El=l ,2,3 E4=7,8,9 E7=l,7

E2=3 ,4,5 E5=9 ,10,11 E8=3,9

E3=5 ,6,1 E6=l 1 ,12,7 E9=5,ll

Fl=l ,2, 3, 4, 5,

6

F2=7 ,8,9,10,11,12

F3=l ,2, 3, 9, 8,

7

F4=3 ,4, 5 ,11,10,9

F5=5,6, 1,7,12,11

9. CTSW - Cubic Thick Shell Wedge

El=l , 2 , 3 , 4 E4=10 ,11,12,13 E7=l,10

E2=4 ,5,6,7 E5=13 ,14,15,16 E8=4,13

E3=7 ,8,9,1 E6=16 , 17,18, 10 E9=7,16

Fl=l,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

F2=10 ,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18

F3=l ,2,3,4,13,12,11,10

F4=4 ,5,6,7,16,15,14,13

F5=7 ,8,9,1,10,18,17,16

10. PTS - Parabolic Thick Shell

El=l ,2,3 E5=9 ,10,11 E9=l ,

9

E2=3 ,4 , 5 E6=l 1 ,12,13 E10=3,ll

E3=5 ,6,7 E7=13 ,14,15 Ell=5,13

E4=7 ,8,1 £8=15,16,9 E12=7,15

Fl=l,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

F2=9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

F3=l , 2 , 3 , 1 1 , 10 , 9 F5=5 ,6,7,15,14,13

F4=3 ,4 , 5,13,12,11 F6=7 , 8 , 1 , 9, 16 , 15

11. CTS - Cubic Thick Shell

El=l ,2,3,4 E5=13, 14,15, 16 E9=l,13

E2=4 ,5,6,7 E6=16, 17,18, 19 E10=4,16

E3=7 ,8,9,10 E7=19 , 20 ,21 , 22 Ell=7,19

E4=10 ,11,12,1 E8=22 ,23,24,13 E12=10,22

Fl=l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

F2=13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

F3=l ,2,3,4,16,15,14,13

F4=4,5,6,7, 19,18,17,16

F5=7, 8, 9, 10, 22, 21, 20, 19

F6= 10, 11 ,12, 1 , 13,24,23,22

132
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

E3

E4

El

7. CUBIC

QUADRILATERAL

10. PARABOLIC

THICK SHELL

9. CUBIC THICK

SHELL WEDGE

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

)

133
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

12.

LSOT - Linear Solid Tetrahedron

El = l , 2 E4=l ,4

E2=2 ,

3

E5=2 ,4

E3=3 ,

1

E6=3 ,4

Fl=l ,2,3

F2=l ,2,4

F3=2 ,3,4

F4=3 ,1,4

13.

PSOT - Parabolic Solid Tetrahedron

El=l ,2,3 E4=l ,7,10

E2=3,4,5 E5=3 ,8,10

E3=5 ,6,1 E6=5 ,9,10

Fl = l , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ,

6

F2=l ,2,3,8,10,7

F3=3 ,4 , 5,9,10,8

F4=5,6, 1,7, 10,9

14.

LS0W - Linear Solid Wedge

El=l ,2 E4=4 , 5 E7=l ,4

E2=2 , 3 E5=5 , 6 E8=2,5

E3=3 , 1 E6=6 ,4 E9=3,6

Fl=l ,2,3

F2=4 ,5,6

F3=l ,2,5,4

F4=2 ,3,6,5

F5=3 ,1,4,6

15.

PS0W - Parabolic Solid Wedge

El=l ,2,3 E4=10 , 11 , 12 E7=l ,7,10

E2=3 ,4 » 5 E5=12 ,13,14 E8=3,8,12

E3=5 ,6,1 E6=14 ,15,10 E9=5,9,14

Fl=l ,2, 3, 4, 5,

6

F2=10 ,11,12,13,14,15

F3=l ,2,3,8,12,11,10,7

F4=3 ,4 , 5,9,14,13,12,8

F5=5, 6, 1,7,10, 15, 14,

9

16.

CS0W - Cubic Solid Wedge

El=l ,2,3,4 E4=16 ,17,18,19 E7=l , 10, 13, 16

E2=4 ,5,6,7 E5=19,20,21 ,22 E8=4, 11 , 14, 19

E3=7 ,8,9,1 E6=22 ,23 ,24,16 E9=7, 12, 15,22

Fl=l,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

F2=16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

F3=l, 2, 3, 4, 11, 14, 19, 18, 17, 16, 13, 10

F4=4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 22, 21, 20, 19, 14, 11

F5=7, 8, 9, 1,10, 13, 16, 24, 23, 22, 15, 12

134
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

4 14

12. LINEAR SOLID

TETRAHEDRON

15. PARABOLIC SOLID

WEDGE

5

13. PARABOLIC SOLID

TETRAHEDRON

16. CUBIC SOLID

WEDGE

6

14. LINEAR SOLID

WEDGE

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

135
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

17. LSO - Linear Solid

El = 1,2 E5=5,6 E9=l , 5

E2=2,3 E6=6,7 E10=2 ,6

E3=3,4 E7=7,8 Ell=3,7

E4=4,1 E8=8,5 E12=4,8

Fl = 1,2 ,3 ,4

tin CN it 5,6 ,7 ,8

F3= 1.2 ,6 ,5

ii Uh 2,3 ,7 .6

F5=3,4 ,8 .7

F6=4,1 ,5 ,8

PSO - :Parabolic Solid

El = 1,2 ,3 E7= 17, 18,19

E2=3,4 ,5 E8= 19, 20,13

E3=5,6 ,7 E9= 1,9 ,13

E4=7,8 ,1 E10=3, 10,15

E5= 13, 14 ,15 Ell =5, 11,17

E6= 15, 16 ,17 E12=7, 12,19

Fl= 1,2 ,3 ,4,5 ,6,7, 8

F2= 13, 14 ,15, 16,17 ,18 ,19,20

F3= 1,2 ,3 ,10, 15,14 ,13 ,9

fJU ii 3,4 ,5 .11, 17,16 ,15 ,10

F5= 5,6 ,7 ,12. 19,18 ,17 ,11

F6= 7,8 ,1 ,9,13,20, 19, 12

19. CSO - Cubic Solid

El=l,2,3,4

E2=4,5,6,7

E3=7,8,9,10

E4=10 ,11,12,1

E5=21, 22,23, 24

E6=24,25,26,27

E7=27,28,29,30

E8=30,31 ,32,21

E9=l ,13,17,21

E10=4, 14,18,24

Ell=7 , 15 , 19, 27

E12=10, 16,20,30

Fl=l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

F2=21 ,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32

F3=l, 2, 3, 4, 14, 18, 24, 23, 22, 21, 17, 13

F4=4 ,5,6,7,15,19,27,26,25,24,18,14

F5=7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 20, 30, 29, 28, 27, 19, 15

F6=10, 11, 12, 1,13, 17, 21, 32, 31, 30, 20, 16

136
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

19. CUBIC SOLID

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

137
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 13G)

20.

ALLIN - Axisynunetric Linear Line

El=l,2 No Faces

21.

APLIN - Axisynunetric Parabolic Line

El=l,2,3 No Faces 22.

ACLIN - Axisynunetric Cubic Line

El=l,2,3,4 No Faces

23.

ALTRIA - Axisynunetric Linear Triangle

El=l ,

2

E2=2 , 3 No Faces

E3=3 ,

1

24.

APTRIA - Axisynunetric Parabolic Triangle

El=l ,2 ,3

E2=3,4,5 No Faces

E3=5 ,6,1

25.

ALQUAD - Axisynunetric Linear Quadrilateral

El = l , 2

E2=2 ,

3

E3-3 , 4 No Faces

E4=4 ,

1

26.

APQUAD - Axisynunetric Parabolic Quadrilateral

El=l ,2,3

E2=3,4,5

E3=5 ,6,7 No Faces

E4=7 ,8,1

138
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

O I

21. AXISYMMETRIC

PARABOLIC LINE

22. AXISYMMETRIC

CUBIC LINE

24.

AXISYMMETRIC

PARABOLIC TRIANGLE

dr :--4 9

-

3

2

25.

AXISYMMETRIC

LINEAR QUADRILATERAL

5

4

3

26.

AXISYMMETRIC

PARABOLIC

QUADRILATERAL

23. AXISYMMETRIC

LINEAR TRIANGLE

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

139
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

27.

SPR - Spring

No edges or laces

28.

GSPR - Grounded Spring

29.

DAMP - Damper

30

.

GDAMP - Grounded damper

31.

MASS - Mass

32.

RBDY - Rigid Body

33.

TBEAM - three noded beam

(no faces)

El = 1,2

140
3.21 FINITE ELEMENT ENTITY (TYPE 136)

°—OODOT—° r^"

27. SPRING

31. MASS

nonor D

28. GROUNDED

SPRING

32. RIGID BODY

29. DAMPER 3

o o 2

30. GROUNDED

DAMPER

El

33. THREE NODED

BODY

Figure 45. Finite Element Topology Set (continued)

1

141
3.22 NODAL DISPLACEMENT AND ROTATION ENTITY (TYPE 138)

3.22 Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity (Type 138)

The Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity is used to communicate finite element postprocessing

data. It contains the incremental displacements and rotations (expressed in radians) for each load

case and each node in the model. It also contains a pointer to a General Note Entity (Type 212) for a description of the load cases. For each node it contains the node number identifier and the node

DE pointer. The node number identifier is equivalent to the node number in the Directory Entry

subscript field of the Node Entity (Type 134).

3.22.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 138

3.22.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NC Integer Number of analysis cases

2 GP1 Pointer Pointer to general note that describes the

first analysis case

1 + NC GPNC Pointer Pointer to general note that describes the

last analysis case 2 + NC NN Integer Number of nodes

3 + NC N01 Integer Node number identifier for first node

4 + NC NP1 Pointer Pointer to Node Directory Entry

5 + NC XU Real X-Incr. translation, first analysis case

6 + NC YU Real Y-Incr. translation

7 + NC ZU Real Z-Incr. translation

8 + NC RX1

1

Real RX-Incr. rotation

9 + NC RYU Real RY-Incr. rotation

10 + NC RZ1

1

Real RZ-Incr. rotation

7*NC - 1 X1NC Real X-Incr. translation, last analysis case Y INC Real Y-Incr. translation

. ZINC Real Z-Incr. translation

. RX1NC Real RX-Incr. rotation

3+NC+ (NN-1) * (6+NC+2) NONN Integer Node number identifier for NNth node

. NPNN Pointer Pointer to Node Directory Entry

. XNN1 Real X-Incr. translation, first analysis case

. YNN1 Real Y_ ” »

# ZNN1 Real Z-

. RXNN1 Real RX-Incr. rotation, first analysis case

0 RYNN1 Real RY10+NC+(NN-l)*(6*NC+2) RZNN1 Real RZi

142
3.22 NODAL DISPLACEMENT AND ROTATION ENTITY (TYPE 138)

Index Name Type Description

XNNNC Real X-Incremental translation, last analysis case YNNNC Real Y- ” ” ZNNNC Real ZRXNNNC Real RX-Incremental rotation, last analysis case RYNNNC Real RY2+NC+NN* (6+NC+2) RZNNNC Real RZAdditional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4.4. 2).

143
3.23 OFFSET SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 140)

3.23 Offset Surface Entity (Type 140)

The offset surface is a surface defined in terms of an already existing surface.

1. Let S = S(u,v) be a regular surface defined by this specification parameterized and oriented

by N(u,v), a differentiable field of unit normal vectors defined on the whole surface, and d a fixed non-zero real number. An offset surface to S is a parameterized surface S(u,v) given by:

0(u, u) = S(u, v) d * N(u, u); ul < u < u2

vl < v < v2.

The base surface S(u,v) is referenced by a pointer in the parameter data section, while N(u,v)

is found from S(u,v) as defined below. The value of d is provided as a parameter value in the

parameter data section.

2. To determine which one of the two orientations of the orientable regular surface S(u, u) the offset

surface will be used to define O, define

dS/du x dS/dv ~ \\as/du x as/dv\\'

In order to avoid confusion connecting the orientation of the base surface S(u,v), an additional

offset indicator is included. That indicator, shown in Figure 46, consists of the vector (Nx, Ny, Nz)

defined by:

(Nx, Ny, Nz) = N(Um,Vm)/\\N(U m, Vm)||.

(This is the unit normal vector at the parameter values ( Um, Vm).)

where, if the surface is bounded,

Um — (ul + u2)/2 and Vm — (ul -f u2)/2

or, if the surface is unbounded,

Um — 0.0 and Vm — 0.0.

This indicates the direction in which the offset distance, d, is measured positive at (Um, Vm).

CAUTION: The vector (Nx, Ny, Nz) is just an indicator of the direction with respect to the base

surface S(u,v) where the offset distance, d, is measured positively. This vector does not participate

in the evaluation of the offset surface as is evident from the formula for O that defines the offset

surface.

144
3.23 OFFSET SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 140)

3.23.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 140

3.23.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NX Real The x-coordinate of the offset indicator N(U

m

, Vm)

2 NY Real The y-coordinate of the offset indicator N(U m, Vm)

3 NZ Real The z-coordinate of the offset indicator N(Um, Vm)

4 D Real The distance by which the surface is normally offset on

of the offset indicator if d > 0 and on the opposite side

5 DE Pointer Pointer to the surface entity to be offset

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

POSITION

Figure 46. Offset Surface in 3-D Euclidean Space

145
3.24 CURVE ON A PARAMETRIC SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 142)

3.24 Curve On A Parametric Surface Entity (Type 142)

The Curve on a Parametric Surface Entity associates a given curve with a surface and identifies the curve as lying on the surface.

Let 5 = S(u,v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v) )

be a regular parameterized surface whose domain is a rectangle defined by

D — {(it, v) I ul < u < u2 and vl < v < v2).

Let B = B(t) be a curve defined by

B(t) = (u(t),v(t)) for a <t <b

taking its values in D.

A curve C(t) on the surface S(u,v) is the composition of two mappings, S and B defined as follows:

C(t) = SoB{t) = S(B(t)) = S(u(t),v(t)) = (x(u(t),v(t)), y(u(t),v(t)), z(u(t),v(t)) ) a <t < b.

The curve B lies in the two dimensional space which is the domain of the surface S. Therefore, the

representation used for B which has been derived from a curve defined in this Specification must be

two dimensional: the X and Y coordinates of this curve pointed to by BPTR are used.

The “Entity Use Flag” (DE Field 9) of the entity B is set to 05, indicating that B is in the parameter

space of the surface. As a consequence of that, B cannot be scaled and if a transformation matrix

is to be applied on B it has to map it within the parameter space D in which it resides.

Hence, a curve on a parametric surface is given by:

(a) the mapping C and an indication that the curve lies on the surface S(u , v),

(b) the mappings B and 5 whose composition gives the curve C.

A curve on a surface may have been created in one of a number of various ways:

(a) as the projection on the surface of a given curve in model space in a prescribed

way, for example, parallel to a given fixed vector

(b) as the intersection of two given surfaces

(c) by a prescribed functional relation between the surface parameters “it” and “v”

146
3.24 CURVE ON A PARAMETRIC SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 142)

(d) by a special curve, such as a geodesic, emanating from a given point in a certain

direction, a principal curve (line of curvature) emanating from a certain point, an asymptotic curve emanation from a certain point, an isoparametric curve for a given value, or any other kind of special curve.

The Parameter Data section contains three pointers:

\

( a) a pointer to the curve from which B(t) is derived

(b) a pointer to the surface S(u, v)

(c) a pointer to the mapping C(t).

It also contains:

(d) a flag to indicate how the curve was created

(e) a flag to indicate which of the two alternate representations was preferred by

the sending system.

3.24.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 142

3.24.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CRTN Integer Indicates the way the curve on the surface has been created:

0 = Unspecified

1 = Projection of a given curve on the surface

2 = Intersection of two surfaces

3 — Isoparametric curve, i.e., either a u-parametric or a r-parametric curve

2 SPTR Pointer Pointer to the surface on which the curve lies

3 BPTR Pointer Pointer to the entity that contains the definition of the curve B

in the parametric space (u,v) of the surface S

4 CPTR Pointer Pointer to the curve C

5 PREF Integer Indicates preferred representation in the sending system:

0 = Unspecified

1 = S o B is preferred

2 = C is preferred

3 — C and S o B are equally preferred

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

I

147
3.25 TRIMMED (PARAMETRIC) SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 144)

3.25 Trimmed (Parametric) Surface Entity (Type 144)

A simple closed curve in the Euclidean plane divides the plane into two disjoint open connected

components; one bounded and one unbounded. The bounded one is called the interior region to the curve (herein called ‘interior’). The unbounded component is called the exterior region to the curve

(herein called ‘exterior’).

The domain of the trimmed surface is defined as the common region of the interior of the outer

boundary and the exterior of each of the inner boundaries and includes the boundary curves. Note

that the trimmed surface has the same mapping S(u , u) as the original (untrimmed surface) but

different domain. The curves that delineate either the outer or the inner boundary of the trimmed

surface are curves on the surface S, and are to be exchanged by means of the Curve on a Parametric

Surface Entity (Type 142).

Let 5(u, v) be a regular parameterized surface, whose untrimmed domain is a rectangle D consisting

of those points (u, u) such that a < u < b and c < v < d for given constants a, b, c, and d with a < b

and c < d. Assume that 5 takes its values in three dimensional Euclidean space so that it can be

expressed as:

5 S(u, v)

x(u, v)

y(u,v)

z(u , V

)

for each ordered pair (u,v) in D.

Also let the mapping S be subject to the following regularity conditions:

- It has continuous normal vector in the interior of D.

- It is one-to-one in D.

- There are no singular points in D, i.e., the vectors of the first partial

derivatives of S at any point in D are linearly independent.

Two types of simple closed curves are utilized to define the domain of the trimmed (parametric)

surface.

1. Outer boundary: there is exactly one. It lies in D, and in particular, it can be the boundary

curve of D.

2. Inner boundary: there can be any number of them including zero. The set of inner boundaries

satisfies two criteria:

(a) The curves as well as their interiors are mutually disjoint.

(b) Each curve lies in the interior of the outer boundary.

If the outer boundary of the surface being defined is the boundary of D and there are no inner

boundaries, the trimmed surface being defined is untrimmed.

148
3.25 TRIMMED (PARAMETRIC) SURFACE ENTITY (TYPE 144)

3.25.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 144

3.25.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 PTS Pointer Pointer to the surface entity that is to be trimmed

2 N1 Integer =0, if the outer boundary is the boundary of D. = 1, otherwise.

3 N2 Integer This number indicates the number of simple closed curves which

constitute the inner boundary of the trimmed surface. In case no inner boundary is introduced, this is set equal to zero. 4 PTO Pointer Pointer to the simple closed curve (Curve on a Parametric

Surface Entity), that constitutes the outer boundary of the

trimmed surface or zero. 5 PTI1 Pointer Pointer to the first simple closed inner boundary curve (Curve

on a Parametric Surface Entity) according to some arbitrary

• • ordering of these entities.

4+N2 PTIN2 Pointer Pointer to the last simple closed inner boundary curve (Curve

on a Parametric Surface Entity).

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

149
3.26 NODAL RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 146)

3.26 Nodal Results Entity (Type 146)

The definition of this entity can be found in Appendix J (see Section J.3).

150
3.27 ELEMENT RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 148)

3.27 Element Results Entity (Type 148)

The definition of this entity can be found in Appendix J (see Section J.4).

151
3.28 CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY MODELS

3.28 Constructive Solid Geometry Models

The Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) section contains standard formats for one of the two mostly

widely used solid model representations—CSG. The other widely used representation, boundary

representation (B-REP), is the subject of current definition effort.

The entities in this section can be thought of as being one of two types—geometric or structural. The

geometric entities are volumetric primitives. These primitives include a block, wedge, cylinder, cone,

sphere, torus, ellipsoid, solid of revolution and solid of linear extrusion. The model information for a primitive contains dimensions that define the shape of the primitive, point and vector coordinates

that define the local coordinate system of the primitive, and an optional Directory Entry pointer to a transformation matrix which may be used to further position the primitive. If the point and vector

coordinates defining the local coordinate system are not given values, the local coordinate system

defaults to the global coordinate system. For the Solid of Revolution and Solid of Linear Extrusion

Entities, the shape is partly defined indirectly, via a pointer to a planar boundary curve. The structural entities are the Boolean Tree, Solid Instance, and Solid Assembly Entities. The

Boolean Tree Entity contains pointers to the elements of the tree, and operations such as union,

difference, and intersection to be performed on these elements. Elements may be primitives, other

boolean trees or solid instances. There may also be a Directory Entry pointer to a transformation

matrix to relocate the entire boolean resultant.

The Solid Instance Entity contains a pointer to an entity representing a solid and a Directory Entry

pointer to a transformation matrix by which the entity is to be transformed. It is a copy of the solid

entity relocated in global space. The solid entity may be a primitive, boolean tree, another solid

instance, or an assembly.

A solid assembly is a collection of items that share a fixed geometric relationship. The relationship

is a logical one and is not to be confused with a boolean union. If the faces of different items in an

assembly touch, they are not removed, as they would be in a boolean union. The items of an assembly

may include primitives, boolean trees, other assemblies, and solid instances. Corresponding to each

item pointed to by the assembly is an optional pointer to a transformation matrix to be applied to

that item. Thus, each item of the assembly can be moved independently. There is also an optional

directory entry pointer to a global transformation matrix to be applied to the entire assembly of

items. This global transformation matrix is applied after each of the individual transformation

matrices are applied.

The description of a solid model is an acyclic directed graph. The nodes in the graph are the various

geometric and structural entities. This type of graph is like a tree structure, except that the branches

of this graph may reconvene as a move is made down the graph, where down is the general direction

from root to terminal node. There may be any number of root nodes, which represent the actual

solid models. A root may even be within the branches of another root’s graph.

The terminal nodes are the primitives—the geometric entities. All the other nodes are structural

entities. The structural entities are all able to point to each of the other structural entities as well

as to primitives, with one exception. The boolean tree cannot point to an assembly.

A CSG solid model is thus represented by appropriately combining geometric entities with structural

entities to create a graph structure.

152
3.28 CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY MODELS

The CSG Primitive Entities are a defined set of solid modeling primitive constructs to be used in

all solid modelers—either directly in CSG modelers or in other types of modelers after conversion.

CSG primitive entities include the following:

Entity

Type Number Entity Type

150 Block

152 Right Angular Wedge

154 Right Circular Cylinder

156 Right Circular Cone Frustum

158 Sphere

160 Torus

162 Solid of Revolution

164 Solid of Linear Extrusion

168 Ellipsoid

These primitive entities can be combined into more complex CSG solids using the following entities:

Entity

Type Number Entity Type

180 Boolean Tree

430 Solid Instance

184 Solid Assembly

153
3.28.1 BLOCK ENTITY (TYPE 150)

3.28.1 Block Entity (Type 150). The block is a rectangular parallelepiped, defined with one

vertex at (X1,Y1,Z1) and three edges lying along the local +X, +Y, and 4-Z axes. The local X-axis

is defined by the unit vector (I1,J1,K1) and the local Z-axis by (I2,J2,K2). The local Y-axis is derived by taking the cross product of Z into X. The resulting local system must be orthogonal, with

(1 1

, J 1 ,K 1) values having the highest accuracy precedence. The block is specified by the positive

lengths (LX,LY,LZ) along these axes as shown in Figure 47.

3.28.1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 150

3.28.1.2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 LX Real Length in the local X-direction

2 LY Real Length in the local Y-direction

3 LZ Real Length in the local Z-direction

4 XI Real Corner point coordinates (default (0,0,0))

5 Y1 Real

6 Z1 Real

7 11 Real Unit vector defining local X-axis (default (1,0,0))

8 J1 Real

9 K1 Real

10 12 Real Unit vector defining local Z-axis (default (0,0,1))

11 J2 Real

12 K2 Real Must be orthogonal (see above) to (I1,J1,K1)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
3.28.1 BLOCK ENTITY (TYPE 150)

Figure 47. Parameters of the CSG Block Entity

155
3.28.2 RIGHT ANGULAR WEDGE ENTITY (TYPE 152)

3.28.2 Right Angular Wedge Entity (Type 152). The right angular wedge is defined with one vertex at (X1,Y1,Z1) and three orthogonal edges lying along the local +X, +Y, and -fZ axes. Figure 48 shows one example. A triangular/trapezoidal face lies in the local XY-plane. The local

X-axis is defined by the unit vector (I1,J1,K1) and the local Z-axis by (I2,J2,K2). The local Y-axis is derived by taking the cross product of Z into X. The resulting local system must be orthogonal, with

(I1,J1,K1) values having the highest accuracy precedence. The wedge is specified by the positive

lengths LX, LY, LZ along these axes and the length LTX (where LTX<LX) in the local positive

X-direction at a distance LY (in the local Y-direction) from the local X-axis. If LTX=0, the wedge

has five faces. Otherwise, it has six faces.

3.28.2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 152

3.28.2.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 LX Real Length in the local X-direction at Y=0

2 LY Real Length in the local Y-direction

3 LZ Real Length in the local Z-direction

4 LTX Real Length in the local X-direction at distance LY from local X-axis

5 XI Real Corner point coordinates (default (0,0,0))

6 Y1 Real

7 Z1 Real

8 11 Real Unit vector defining local X-axis (default (1,0,0))

9 J1 Real

10 K1 Real

11 12 Real Unit vector defining local Z-axis (default (0,0,1))

12 J2 Real

13 K2 Real Must be orthogonal (see above) to (I1,J1,K1)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

156
3.28.2 RIGHT ANGULAR WEDGE ENTITY (TYPE 152)

(12. J2.K2)

Figure 48. Parameters of the CSG Right Angular Wedge Entity

157
3.28.3 RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER ENTITY (TYPE 154)

3.28.3 Right Circular Cylinder Entity (Type 154). The right circular cylinder is defined

by the center of one circular cylinder face, a unit vector, a height, and a radius as shown in Figure 49.

The faces are perpendicular to the unit vector in the axis direction (I1,J1,K1) and are circular discs

with the specified radius R (where R>0). The height H (where H> 0) is the distance from the first circular face center in the positive direction of the unit vector to the second circular face center.

3.28.3.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 154

3.28.3.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 H Real Cylinder height

2 R Real Cylinder radius

3 XI Real First face center coordinates (default (0,0,0))

4 Y

1

Real

5 Z1 Real

6 11 Real Unit vector in axis direction (default (0,0,1))

7 J1 Real

8 K1 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Figure 49. Parameters of the CSG Right Circular Cylinder Entity

158
3.28.4 RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE FRUSTUM ENTITY (TYPE 156)

3.28.4 Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity (Type 156). The right circular cone frustum

is defined by the center of the larger circular face of the frustum (X1,Y1,Z1), its radius Rl, a unit

vector in the axis direction (I1,J1,K1), a height H in this direction, and a second circular face

with radius R2, where Rl > R2 > 0 and H > 0. As shown by Figure 50, the circular faces are perpendicular to the unit vector (II ,J 1 ,K1).

3.28.4.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 156

3.28.4.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 H Real Height

2 Rl Real Larger face radius

3 R2 Real Smaller face radius (zero for cone apex - default)

4 XI Real Larger face center coordinates (default (0,0,0))

5 Y1 Real

6 Z1 Real

7 11 Real Unit vector in axis direction (default (0,0,1))

8 J1 Real

9 K1 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

159
3.28.4 RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE FRUSTUM ENTITY (TYPE 156)

(II.JI.KI)

—

(II. JUKI)

Figure 50. Parameters of the CSG Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity

160
3.28.5 SPHERE ENTITY (TYPE 158)

3.28.5 Sphere Entity (Type 158). The sphere is defined with its center coordinates at (X1,Y1,Z1)

and a radius R, where R > 0. Figure 51 shows one example.

3.28.5.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 158

3.28.5.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 R Real

2 XI Real

3 Y

1

Real

4 Z1 Real

Description

Radius

Center coordinates (default (0,0,0))

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

(XI.YI.Z

R

Figure 51. Parameters of the CSG Sphere Entity

161
3.28.6 TORUS ENTITY (TYPE 160)

3.28.6 Torus Entity (Type 160). The torus is the solid formed by revolving a circular disc

about a specified coplanar axis. R1 is the distance from the axis to the center of the defining disc

and R2 is the radius of the defining disc, where R1 > R2 > 0. The torus is located with its center

at (XI, Y1,Z1), and its axis is oriented in the (1 1 , J 1 ,K 1 ) direction, as shown in Figure 52.

3.28.6.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 160

3.28.6.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 Rl Real Distance from center of torus to center of circular disc to be

revolved (perpendicular to axis)

2 R2 Real Radius of circular disc

3 XI Real Torus center coordinates (default (0,0,0))

4 Y

1

Real

5 Z1 Real

6 11 Real Unit vector in axis direction (default (0,0,1))

7 J1 Real

8 K1 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Figure 52. Parameters of the CSG Torus Entity

162
3.28.7 SOLID OF REVOLUTION ENTITY (TYPE 162)

3.28.7 Solid of Revolution Entity (Type 162). The solid of revolution is defined by revolving the area determined by a planar curve about a specified axis (which must be in the same plane)

through a given fraction of full rotation F, (0 < F < 1) using the right hand rule (counterclockwise

when viewed from the positive direction). The curve must not intersect itself. It must not cross the

axis but may touch it. Figure 53 shows one example.

Two form numbers are used to indicate how the area is determined from the curve. If the curve is closed, the form number shall be set to 1, and the area enclosed by the curve is used. If the curve is not closed and the form number = 0, projections are made from the ends of the curve to the rotation

axis and the area enclosed by the curve, the projections, and the axis is used. In this case, the curve must be such that it does not intersect the projections, except at the end points. If the curve is not

closed and the form number = 1, the curve is closed by adding a line connecting its end points and

the area enclosed by the curve and the added line is used. In this case, the curve must not intersect

the added line, except at the end points.

3.28.7.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 162

Form Meaning

0 Curve closed to axis

1 Curve closed to itself

3.28.7.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 PTR Pointer DE Sequence Number of curve entity to be revolved. Must be

coplanar with rotation axis.

2 F Real Fraction of full rotation through which the curve entity will be

revolved (0 < F < 1) - counterclockwise when viewed from the

positive direction; default 1 3 XI Real Coordinates of point on axis (default (0,0,0))

4 Y1 Real

5 Z1 Real

6 11 Real Unit vector in axis direction (default (0,0,1))

7 J1 Real

8 K1 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

163
3.28.7 SOLID OF REVOLUTION ENTITY (TYPE 162)

( 1 I. JUKI)

(XI.YI.ZI)

Figure 53. Parameters of the CSG Solid of Revolution Entity

164
3.28.8 SOLID OF LINEAR EXTRUSION ENTITY (TYPE 164)

3.28.8 Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity (Type 164). The solid of linear extrusion is defined

by translating an area determined by a planar curve. The curve as indicated by PTR in Figure 54

must be closed and non-intersecting. The direction of the translation is defined by a unit vector

(I1,J1,K1) and the length of the translation is defined by L, where L > 0. The vector (I1,J1,K1)

must not be coplanar with the closed curve.

3.28.8.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 164

3.28.8.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 PTR Pointer Pointer to closed curve entity

2 L Real Length of extrusion along the vector positive direction

3 11 Real Unit vector specifying direction of extrusion (default (0,0,1))

4 J1 Real

5 K1 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

Figure 54. Parameters of the CSG Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity

165
3.28.9 ELLIPSOID ENTITY (TYPE 168)

3.28.9 Ellipsoid Entity (Type 168). The ellipsoid is a solid bounded by the surface defined

by:

X2 Y

2 Z2 LX2 +

LY2 + LZ2

when centered at the origin and aligned with its major axis (LX) in the X direction and with the

minor axis (LZ) in the Z direction. A major axis of an ellipsoid can be found by choosing a point on

the surface farthest from the center and constructing the line from that point through the center.

The plane through the center perpendicular to this major axis intersects the surface of the ellipsoid

in an ellipse. The other two axes of the ellipsoid are the axes of this ellipse.

The ellipsoid is defined with its center at (X1,Y1,Z1) and its three axes coincident with the local

X, Y, Z axes, as shown in Figure 55. The local X-axis is defined by the unit vector (I1,J1,K1) and

the local Z-axis by (I2,J2,K2). The local Y-axis is derived by taking the cross product of Z into X.

The resulting local system must be orthogonal, with (I1,J1,K1) values having the highest accuracy

precedence. The ellipsoid is specified by positive lengths (LX, LY, and LZ respectively, where LX >

LY ^ LZ 0) from the local origin to the surface along the local -1-X, -1-Y, -|-Z axes.

3.28.9.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 168

3.28.9.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 LX Real Length in the local X-direction

2 LY Real Length in the local Y-direction

3 LZ Real Length in the local Z-direction

4 XI Real Coordinates of point in center of ellipsoid

5 Y1 Real (default (0,0,0))

6 Z1 Real

7 11 Real Unit vector defining local X-axis (Ellipsoid major

8 J1 Real (default (1,0,0))

9 K1 Real

10 12 Real Unit vector defining local Z-axis (Ellipsoid minor

11 J2 Real (default (0,0,1)) Must be orthogonal (see above)

12 K2 Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

166
3.28.9 ELLIPSOID ENTITY (TYPE 168)

LY

( I 2. J2.K2)

Figure 55. Parameters of the CSG Ellipsoid Entity

167
3.28.10 BOOLEAN TREE ENTITY (TYPE 180)

3.28.10 Boolean Tree Entity (Type 180). The Boolean tree describes a binary tree structure composed of regularized Boolean operations and operands, in postorder notation. A regularized

Boolean operation is defined as the closure of the interior of the result of a Boolean set operation.

Specifically, denote the interior of a set X by X0 , the closure of A by A, and use U*, fl*, and —

to denote the regularized Boolean operations union, intersection, and difference, respectively. Then:

XUm Y = (XU Y) 0 x n* Y = (X n Y) 0 X -* Y = (X - Y ) 0

Since the topological space under consideration is a 3-dimensional space, all lower dimensional entities resulting from these operations will disappear. A discussion of regularized Boolean operations can be found in [TILO80].

All operations are assigned integers as follows:

Integer Operation

1 Union

2 Intersection

3 Difference

Allowable operands are:

• Primitive entities

• Boolean Tree Entities

• Solid Instance Entities

The parameter data entries for the Boolean Tree Entity can be operation codes (integers) or pointers

to operands. A positive (or unsigned) value in a parameter data entry implies an operation code; a

negative value implies the absolute value is to be taken as a pointer to an operand.

A transformation matrix may be pointed to by Field 7 of the DE to position the resulting solid in

any desired manner.

168
3.28.10 BOOLEAN TREE ENTITY (TYPE 180)

3.28.10.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 180

3.28.10.2 Parameter Data

Index

1

2

3

4

Name Type Description

N Integer Length of post-order notation, including operations and

operands (N > 2)

PTR(l) Pointer Negated pointer to the first operand

PTR(2) Pointer Negated pointer to the second operand

PTR(3) Pointer Negated pointer for the third operand

or or or I0P(1) Integer Integer for the first operation

N

N+l

PTR(H) Pointer or or IOP(L-l) Integer

I0P(L) Integer

Negated pointer for last operand

or Integer for next-to-last operation

Integer for last operation

Notes: Parameters 2 and 3 will always be operands and thus will be negative numbers.

As L is the number of operations, and M is the number of operands, N = L+M.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

The following is an example of a Boolean tree composed of five operands and four operations.

U*

A U* D E

B C

Parameters: 9ABC13DE21

Ordinary infix notation:

(A -* (BU*C))U* (DH* E)

Postorder notation:

ABC U* -* D E IT U*

(A, B, C, D, &; E are negative values representing pointers to operands.)

169
3.28.10 BOOLEAN TREE ENTITY (TYPE 180)

For the preceding example, the values are:

PARAMETER VALUE

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

9

PTRA (negative)

PTRB (negative)

PTRC (negative)

13

PTRD (negative)

PTRE (negative)

2

1

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2)

170
3.28.11 SOLID INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 430)

3.28.11 Solid Instance Entity (Type 430). The Solid Instance Entity provides a mechanism

for replicating a solid representation. The solid pointed to in this entity is allowed to be:

• Primitive Entity

• Boolean Tree Entity

• Solid Assembly Entity

• Solid Instance Entity

Note that a transformation matrix may be pointed to by Field 7 of the DE to position this instance

in any desired manner.

3.28.11.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 430

3.28.11.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 PTR Pointer Pointer to solid

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

171
3.28.12 SOLID ASSEMBLY ENTITY (TYPE 184)

3.28.12 Solid Assembly Entity (Type 184). A solid assembly is a collection of items which

possess a shared fixed geometric relationship. It differs from a union of the items in that each item

retains its own structure, even if the items touch.

The transformation matrices are applied to the items individually before a matrix pointed to in Field

7 of the DE is applied to the collection. A value of zero in the pointer field indicates the identity

matrix.

3.28.12.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 184

3.28.12.2 Parameter Data

Index

12

Name

N

PTR1

Type Description

Integer Number of items

Pointer Pointer to item 1

N+l

N+2

PTRN Pointer Pointer to item N

PTRM1 Pointer Pointer to Transformation Matrix for item 1

2N+1 PTRMN Pointer Pointer to Transformation Matrix for item N

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4. Non-geometry

4.1 General

This Chapter contains capabilities for representing non-geometry and includes:

• Annotation Entities

• Structure Entities

Entity numbers from 200 through 499 are reserved for this Section. In addition, some non-geometric

entities make use of the Copious Data Entity (Type 106).

173
4.2

ANNOTATION ENTITIES

4.2

Annotation Entities.

4.2.1 Entity Type/Type Number. The following entities are defined in this section:

Entity

Type Number Entity Type

106 Copious Data

Centerline

Section

Witness Line

202 Angular Dimension

206 Diameter Dimension

208 Flag Note

210 General Label

212 General Note

214 Leader (Arrow)

216 Linear Dimension

218 Ordinate Dimension

220 Point Dimension

222 Radius Dimension

228 General Symbol

230 Sectioned Area

4.2.2

Construction. Many annotation entities are constructed by using other entities. For

example, the dimension entities may have 0, 1, or 2 pointers to Witness Line Entities (a form of

Copious Data), 0, 1, or 2 pointers to Leader (Arrow) Entities and a pointer to a General Note Entity.

For some annotation entities, a witness line or leader, although allowed, may not exist. For these

cases the Parameter Data field pointer value can be set zero. If any constructive entity exists, but

its display is suppressed, it can be set to blank status or, if allowed, the pointer value can be set to

zero.

4.2.3

Definition Space. An annotation entity may be defined in XT, YT, ZT definition space

(see the discussion in Section 3.1) or in a two-dimensional space associated with a Drawing Entity

(Type 404). In the case of XT, YT, ZT definition space, a transformation matrix is applied to locate

the annotation entity within model space.

Within the XT, YT, ZT definition space, subordinate entities to an annotation entity may have

different ZT displacements. For example, within the Linear Dimension, a different ZT value may

be found in each of: General Note, Leader, and Witness Lines (which are pointed to in the Linear

Dimension Parameter Data). An example showing the use of ZT displacement (DEPTH) is shown

in Figure 56.

While the option of having dimensions occupy different planes exists, it is expected that only a single

plane will be used. The reason for its existence is due to the structure of annotation entities. As

each dimension may comprise several subordinate entities, each subordinate entity by its definition

has the ability to stand alone and may require its own ZT displacement; it is likely, though not

necessary, that each ZT displacement is identical.

174
4.2 ANNOTATION ENTITIES

DEPTH

Figure 56. Interpretation of ZT Displacement (Depth) for Annotation Entities

175
4.2.4 ANGULAR DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 202)

4.2.4 Angular Dimension Entity (Type 202). An Angular Dimension Entity consists of a

general note; zero, one, or two witness lines; two leaders; and an angle vertex point. Figure 57

indicates the construction used. Refer to Figure 58 for examples of angular dimensions. If two

witness lines are used, each is contained in its own Copious Data Entity. Each leader consists of

at least one circular arc segment with an arrowhead at one end. The leader pointers are ordered

such that the first circular arc segment of the first leader is defined in a counterclockwise manner

from arrowhead to terminate point, and the first circular arc segment of the second leader is defined

in a clockwise manner. (Refer to Section 3.1.2 for information relating to the use of the term

counterclockwise).

Section 4.2.10 contains a discussion of multi-segment leaders. For those leaders in Angular Dimension

Entities consisting of more than one segment, the first two segments are circular arcs with a center

at the vertex point. The second circular arc segment is defined in the opposite direction from the

first circular arc segment. Remaining segments, if any, are straight lines. Any leader segment in

which the start point is the same as the terminate point is to be ignored. This convention arises to

facilitate the definition of the second circular arc segment such as in the bottom leader in Figure 57.

The first example in Figure 58 illustrates a leader with three segments.

4.2.4. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 202

4. 2.4.

2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

2 DEWIT1 Pointer Pointer to first Witness Line Directory Entry or 0

3 DEWIT2 Pointer Pointer to second Witness Line Directory Entry or 0

4 XT Real Coordinates of vertex point

5 YT Real

6 R Real Radius of Leader arcs 7 DEARRW1 Pointer Pointer to 1st Leader Directory Entry

8 DEARRW2 Pointer Pointer to 2nd Leader Directory Entry

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

<

176
4.2.4 ANGULAR DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 202)

VERTEX

Figure 57. Construction of Leaders for the Angular Dimension Entity. The radius of the arc in the

leader must be calculated between the vertex point and the start point of the leader.

46

Figure 58. Examples Defined Using the Angular Dimension Entity

177
4.2.5 CENTERLINE ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORM 20-21)

4.2.5 Centerline Entity (Type 106, Form 20-21). The Centerline Entity takes one of two

forms. The first, as illustrated in Example 1 of Figure 59 appears as crosshairs and is normally used

in conjunction with circles. The second type (Example 2) is a construction between 2 positions.

The Centerline entities are defined as Form 20 or 21 of the Copious Data Entity. The associated

matrix transforms the XT-YT plane of the centerline into model space. The coordinates of the

centerline points describe the centerline display symbol. The display symbol is described by line

segments where each line is from

(Xn , Y„,Z„) to (Xn+ i, Yn +i, Zn+ i) where n = 1,3,5 ,

N

- 1.

See Section 3.5 for parameters of the Centerline Entity.
4.2.5 CENTERLINE ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORM 20-21)

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE 2

Figure 59. Examples Defined Using the Centerline Entity

I

179
4.2.6 DIAMETER DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 206)

4.2.6 Diameter Dimension Entity (Type 206). A Diameter Dimension Entity consists of a

general note, one or two leaders, and an arc center point. Refer to Figure 60 for examples of the

Diameter Dimension Entity. The arc center coordinates are used as reference in constructing the

diameter dimension but have no effect on the dimension components.

4. 2. 6.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 206

4. 2. 6.

2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

2 DEARRW1 Pointer Pointer to first Leader Directory Entry

3 DEARRW2 Pointer Pointer to second Leader Directory Entry or zero 4 XT Real Arc center coordinates

5 YT Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

I

180
4.2.6 DIAMETER DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 206)

Figure 60. Examples Defined Using the Diameter Dimension Entity

181
4.2.7 FLAG NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 208)

4.2.7 Flag Note Entity (Type 208). A Flag Note Entity is label information formatted as shown in Figure 61. The rotation angle and location of the lower left corner coordinate in the Flag

Note Entity override the General Note Entity (Type 212) rotation angle and placement.

The Flag Note Entity may be defined with or without leaders.

The flag note is constructed from information defined in the General Note Entity. This data is the

character box height and character box width. For this reason, no geometric definition is explicit

within the definition of the Flag Note Entity. The box containing the text (as defined in the General

Note Entity) shall be centered in the flag note box of size (H x L).

The general note may consist of multiple text strings; however, they must share a common baseline.

The number of characters shall not be greater than 10.

Variables: H = Height

CH = Character Height (from General Note)

L = Length

TW = Text Width (from General Note)

T = Tip Length

A = Rotation Angle (in radians)

Formulas: H = 2 * CH

L = TW + 0.4 * CH

T = 0.5 * H / tan 35°

Restrictions: H shall never be less than 0.3 in.

L shall never be less than 0.6 in.

Examples defined using the Flag Note Entity are shown in Figure 62.

4.2.7.1Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 208

4. 2. 7.

2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 XT Real Lower left corner coordinate of the Flag

2 YT Real

3 ZT Real

4 A Real Rotation angle in radians

5 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

6 N Integer Number of Arrows (Leaders) or zero

7 DEARRW1 Pointer Pointers to associated Leaders

6+N DEARRWN Pointer Pointer to last Leader

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

182
4.2.7 FLAG NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 208)

NOTE: BOX OUTLINED Wl THI N FLAG

I LLUSTRATES BOUNDS OF TEXT

AND SHOULD NOT BE I NTERPRETED

AS A SUB-SYMBOL.

Figure 61. Parameters of the Flag Note Entity. Note that the box outlined within the flag illustrates

the bounds of the text and is not a subsymbol.

Figure 62. Examples Defined Using the Flag Note Entity
4.2.8 GENERAL LABEL ENTITY (TYPE 210)

4.2.8 General Label Entity (Type 210). A General Label Entity consists of a general note

with one or more associated leaders. Examples of general labels are shown in Figure 63.

4.2.8. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 210

4. 2. 8. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 DENOTE Pointer

2 N Integer

3 DEARRW1 Pointer

N+2 DEARRWN Pointer

Description

Pointer to associated General Note

Number of Leaders

Pointers to associated Leaders

Pointer to last Leader

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Figure 63. Examples Defined Using the General Label Entity

184
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

4.2.9 General Note Entity (Type 212). A General Note Entity consists of one or more text

strings. Each text string contains text, a starting point, a text size, and an angle of rotation of the

text. Examples of general notes are shown in Figure 64. The FC value indicates the font number

and is an integer. Positive values are pre-defined fonts. Negative values point to user defined fonts

or modifications to a pre-defined font.

The following fonts are defined:

Font Description

0 Symbol Font (no longer recommended)

1 Standard Block

2 LeRoy

3 Futura

6 Comp 80

12 News Gothic

13 Lightline Gothic

14 Simplex Roman

17 Century Schoolbook

18 Helvetica

19 OCR-B [I S 0 1 0 7 3] (see Appendix J)

1001 Symbol Font 1 1002 Symbol Font 2

1003 Drafting Font (see Appendix J)

Font 0 is an old symbol font and should no longer be used. Figure II in Appendix I is a mapping

symbol definition for Font 0.

Font 1 does not have a defined display. Use of Font 1 implies the receiving system may use any font

which displays the appropriate ASCII format characters. The intent of this font is for usage when

the actual display of the characters is not critical for the application.

Font 19 is shown in Figure 65 and is defined in Appendix J (see Section J.5).

Fonts in the 1000 series display symbols mapped onto ASCII characters as shown in Figures 66, 67

and 68. They do not specify a character display font. Font 1003 is defined in Appendix J (see

Section J.5).

Table 6 provides names for the graphical characters generated for each valid code.

If the FC numoer is not sufficient to describe the font, a text font definition entity may be used

to define the font. If a text font definition is being used, the negative of the pointer value for the

directory entry of the text font definition entity is placed in the FC parameter. The use of the values

WT, I1T, SL, A, and text start point are shown in Figure 69.

Within definition space, the parameters for the text block are applied in the following order (See

Figure 70).

1. Define the box height (HT) and box width (WT).

The rotate internal text flag indicates whether the text box is filled with horizontal text or

vertical text. The box width is measured from the start of the left-most (first) text character/symbol in the positive XT direction along the text base line, and extends to the end of the

185
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

right-most (last) character/symbol, extending N characters/syrnbols and N-l intercharacter

spaces. The box height is measured in the positive YT direction and is the height of capital

letters. It is equivalent to the symbol “h” used in Appendix C of [ANSI82]. Special symbols,

such as those appearing in Appendix C of [ANSI82], which exceed “h” in height are centered

vertically. Descenders and portions of symbols exceeding “h” extend outside the lower and/or

upper borders of the box. The box height and width are measured before the rotation angle (A)

is applied. The text start point is defined as the lower left corner of the first character/symbol

box.

When a receiving system cannot fit a text string inside its defined text box, it shall give

precedence to maintaining the full original character height, as defined by the text box height.

2. The slant angle is then applied to each individual character. For horizontal text, it is measured

from the XT axis in a counterclockwise direction. For vertical text, the slant angle is measured

from the YT axis.

3. The rotation angle is then applied to the text block. This rotation is applied in a counterclockwise direction about the text start point. The plane of rotation is the XT, YT plane at

the depth ZSn (where ZSn is the value given for the text start point).

4. The mirror operation is performed next. The value 1 indicates the mirror axis is the (rotated)

line perpendicular to the text base line and through the text start point. The value 2 indicates

the mirror axis is the (rotated) text base line.

Finally, the Transformation Matrix entity is used to specify the relative position of definition space

within model space.

The number of characters (NCn) must always be equal to the character count in its corresponding

text string (TEXTn).
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

A SINGLE LINE OF TEXT

A GENERAL NOTE \ WITH TWO LINES ^

v

TX3T Q3H0HRIM

Figure 64. Examples of the General Note Entity

>

187
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

The definition of this font can be found

in Appendix J (see Section J.5).

Figure 65. General Note Font 19

188
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

BL 0 0 <D p p

< \ p ©

i

! i 1 A A Q Q a z q <L

• 1 n 2 2 B B R R b $ r ©

# # 3 3 C C s S c n s ©

$ $ 4 4 D D T T d t

X % 5 5 E E U U e o u o

& & 6 6 F F V V f // V A

) / 7 7 G G W W g

w o

( ( 8 8 H H X X h X 4

) ) 9 9 I I Y Y i -E- y X

* • J J Z Z j z Y

+ + 1 r K K c

[ k ry { {

) i < < L L \ \ 1 ± 1 1

- - = — M M ]

i m @ } }

• > > N N

- A n 0

-

/ /

? ? 0 0 - - 0 0

Figure 66. General Note Font 1001

189
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

BL 0 0 <B 0 p P

( \ P T

! ! 1 1 A A Q Q a X q 1

II it 2 2 B B R R b -T- r -

# ± 3 3 C C S S c < s -

$

© 4 4 D D T T d > t 4>

*/. % 5 5 E E U U e A u 0

& & 6 6 F F V V f 7 V 7

> / 7 7 G G W W g X w

( ( 8 8 H H X X h = X CO

) ) 9 9 I I Y Y i y A

* * : J J Z Z j I

z a

+ + 1 t K K [

[ k D { 6

9 i < < L L \ \ 1 V 1 A

- - = — M M ] ] m A }

7

T

• > > N N

- A n

- —

/ /

? ? 0 0 - - 0 E

Figure 67. General Note Font 1002

190
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

The definition of this font can be found

in Appendix J (see Section J.5).

Figure 68. General Note Font 1003

191
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Table 6. Character Names for the Symbol and Drafting Fonts

Name Symbol

?ontf

1 1001 1002 1003

Space 32 32 32 see Exclamation mark i 33 33 33 App. J Quotation marks 91 34 34 34 for this

Pound sign # 35 35 Font

Plus/minus ± 35

Dollar sign $ 36 36

Degree symbol 0 36

Percent sign % 37 37 37

Ampersand & 38 38 38

Apostrophe > 39 39 39

Left parenthesis ( 40 40 40

Right parenthesis ) 41 41 41

Asterisk * 42 42 42

Plus sign + 43 43 43

Comma 5 44 44 44

Minus sign/hyphen - 45 45 45

Period 46 46 46

Slash / 47 47 47

Numeric 0 0 48 48 48

Numeric 1 1 49 49 49

Numeric 2 2 50 50 50

Numeric 3 3 51 51 51

Numeric 4 4 52 52 52

Numeric 5 5 53 53 53

Numeric 6 6 54 54 54

Numeric 7 7 55 55 55

Numeric 8 8 56 56 56

Numeric 9 9 57 57 57

Colon 58 58 58

Semi-colon 59 59 59

Less than < 60 60 60

Equal sign — 61 61 61

Greater than > 62 62 62

Question mark ? 63 63 63

Commercial at @ 64 64 64

Upper case letter A A 65 65 65

Upper case letter B B 66 66 66

Upper case letter C C 67 67 67

Upper case letter D D 68 68 68

Upper case letter E E 69 69 69

Upper case letter F F 70 70 70

Upper case letter G G 71 71 71

Upper case letter H H 72 72 72

fEntries for each Font are decimal ASCII equivalent

192
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Table 6. Character Names for the Symbol and Drafting Fonts (continued)

Name Symbol

Fontf

1 1001 1002 1003

Upper case letter I I 73 73 73 see Upper case letter J J 74 74 74 App. J Upper case letter K K 75 75 75 for this

Upper case letter L L 76 76 76 Font

Upper case letter M M 77 77 77

Upper case letter N N 78 78 78

Upper case letter 0 0 79 79 79

Upper case letter P P 80 80 80

Upper case letter Q Q 81 81 81

Upper case letter R R 82 82 82

Upper case letter S S 83 83 83

Upper case letter T T 84 84 84

Upper case letter U U 85 85 85

Upper case letter V V 86 86 86

Upper case letter W w 87 87 87

Upper case letter X X 88 88 88

Upper case letter Y Y 89 89 89

Upper case letter Z Z 90 90 90

Left bracket [ 91 91 91

Backward slash \ 92 92 92

Right bracket ] 93 93 93

Caret 94 94 94

Underscore 95 95 95

Reverse quote t 96 96 96

Lower case letter a a 97

Angularity Z 97

Marker/symbol X 97

Lower case letter b b 98

Marker/symbol 98

Division symbol -T- 98

Lower case letter c c 99

Flatness O 99

Less than or equal < 99

Lower case letter d d 100

Profile of a surface 100

Greater than or equal > 100

Lower case letter e e 101

Circularity o 101

Marker/symbol A 101

Lower case letter f f 102

Parallelism // 102

Radical V 102

fEntries for each Font are decimal ASCII equivalent

193
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Table 6. Character Names for the Symbol and Drafting Fonts (continued)

Name Symbol

Fontf

1 1001 1002 1003

Lower case letter g g 103 see Cylindricity /y 103 App. J

Cross product X 103 for this

Lower case letter h h 104 Font

Runout / 104

Congruence — 104

Lower case letter i i 105

Symmetry -E- 105

Not equal 105

Lower case letter j j 106

Position 106

Integral I

106

Lower case letter k k 107

Profde of a line 107

Implication D 107

Lower case letter 1 1 108

Perpendicularity _L 108

Union V 108

Lower case letter m m 109

Maximum material condition © 109

Intersection A 109

Lower case letter n n 110

Diameter 0 110

Approximately equal 110

Lower case letter o o 111

All around applicability 0 111

Greek letter sigma (Sum) E 111

Lower case letter p P 112

Projected tolerance zone ® 112

Up arrow T 112

Lower case letter q q 113

Centerline <L 113

Down arrow I 113

Lower case letter r r 114

Concentricity © 114

Right arrow 114

Lower case letter s s 115

Regardless of feature side © 115

Left arrow 115

Lower case letter t t 116

Marker/symbol 116

Greek letter phi <f> 116

fEntries for Each Font are decimal ASCII equivalent

194
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Table 6. Character Names for the Symbol and Drafting Fonts (continued)

Name Symbol

Fontf

1 1001 1002 1003

Lower case letter u u 117 see Marker/symbol o 117 App. J Greek letter theta e 117 for this

Lower case letter v V 118 Font

Marker/symbol A 118

Greek letter gamma 7 118

Lower case letter w w 119

Marker/symbol <!> 119

Greek letter psi 119

Lower case letter x X 120

Marker/symbol 4 120

Greek letter omega UJ 120

Lower case letter y y 121

Marker/symbol X 121

Greek letter lambda A 121

Lower case letter z z 122

Marker/symbol Y 122

Greek letter alpha a 122

Left brace { 123 123

Greek letter delta 6 123

Vertical bar 1 124 124

Greek letter mu 124

Right brace ) 125 125

Greek letter pi 7T 125

Tilde 126 126

Overscore — 126

{Entries for each Font are decimal ASCII equivalent

195
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Figure 69. General Note Text Construction

I

196
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

TEXT TEXT

DEFINE BOX

SLANT ANGLE

(60 DEGREES)

(TT/3 RADIANS)

4BC

ROTATION

(270 DEGREES)

((3 TT)/2 RADIANS)

1j> o otV

CDO

MIRROR

ABOUT

Y-AXIS

08AFigure 70. General Note Example of Text Operations

197
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

The graphical representation and recreation of notes with a special structure are handled by the use

of the Form Number in Field 15 of the Directory Entry for this entity. A system to accommodate

these notes is outlined below. Any strings after those specified by the form number are considered additional, appended strings that are not related in any particular manner to the previously

referenced strings.

In the event that a string necessary for the defined structure is not present in the originating system’s

note, a null string shall be inserted in the General Note Entity to take the place of the non-existent

string to maintain the structure of the data.

Notes that contain fractional notation will be represented as mixed numerals. This is done through

the use of four consecutive strings representing the whole number, the numerator, the denominator,

and the divisor bar. These are examples of the divisor bar string:

1H/ 1H- 2H— 1H_

The following form numbers for the general note are used to maintain the graphical representation

of the originating system’s note:

Form 0: Simple Note (default) - A general note of one or more strings such that a text string is not related in any manner to another string in the same General Note Entity.

Form 1: Dual Stack - A general note of two or more strings where the first two are related in a manner such that they are both left justified and the second string is displayed “below”

the first.

xxxxxx

yyyyy

Form 2: Imbedded Font Change - A general note of two or more strings that is intended as a single

string but was divided to accommodate a font change in the string.

xxxxxxxxxx

Form 3: Superscript - A general note of two or more strings where the second string is a superscript

of the first string.

x^txyyy

Form 4: Subscript - A general note of two or more strings where the second string is a subscript

of the first string.

XXXyyy

198
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

Form 5: Super-/Sub-script - A general note of three or more strings where the second string is a superscript of the first string and the third string is a subscript of the first string.

xxxyyy

zzz

Form 6: Multiple Stack/Left Justified - A general note where all strings are left justified to a common margin. These strings originated as a “paragraphed” note.

xxxxxxxxxx

yyyyyyy

zzzzzzzzzzz

Form 7: Multiple Stack/Center Justified - A general note where all strings are center justified to a common axis.

xxxxxxxx

yyyy

zzzzzzzz

Form 8: Multiple Stack/Right Justified - A general note where all strings are right justified to a common margin.

xxxxxxxxxx

yyyyy

zzzzzzzz

Form 100: Simple Fraction - A general note of four or more strings where the first four strings define a mixed numeral as defined previously.

yy

xx —

zz

Form 101: Dual Stack Fraction - A general note of eight or more strings which represent two mixed

numerals as defined previously. These mixed numerals are related such that the fifth

through the eighth strings are displayed below the first, through the fourth strings respectively.

199
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

yy

xx —

zz

jj

ii —

kk

Form 102: Imbedded Font Change/Double Fraction - This general note originated as a single string

but was split to accommodate a font change for a special character in the fifth string.

This is a general note of nine or more strings where the first and sixth strings represent

the whole number string of a mixed numeral as defined previously. The fifth string is a character (or characters) that was set apart to accommodate the font change.

yy jj xx — - ii —

zz kk

Form 105: Super-/Subscript Fraction - A general note of twelve or more strings where the first,

fifth, and ninth strings represent the whole number string of a mixed numeral as defined

previously. The second and third mixed numerals are the superscript and subscript

respectively of the first mixed numeral.

Note: The large parentheses are added to help convey the intent of Form 105. They are not part of

the General Note.

200
4.2.9 GENERAL NOTE ENTITY (TYPE 212)

4.2.9. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 212

4. 2. 9. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NS Integer Number of text strings in General Note

2 NCI Integer Number of characters in first string (TEXT1) or zero. The number of characters (NCn) must always be equal to the character

count of its corresponding text string (TEXTn)

3 WT1 Real Box width

4 HT1 Real Box height

5 FC1 Integer

orPointer

Font characteristic (default = 1)

6 SL1 Real Slant angle of TEXT1 in radians ( 7r/2 is the value for no slant

angle and is the default value)

7 A1 Real Rotation angle in radians for TEXT1

8 Ml Integer Mirror flag

0 - no mirroring

1 - mirror axis is perpendicular to text base line

2 - mirror axis is text base line

9 VH1 Integer Rotate internal text flag

(0-text horizontal, 1-text vertical)

10 XS1 Real First text start point

11 YS1 Real

12 ZS1 Real Z depth from XT, YT plane

13 TEXT1 String First text string

14 NC2 Integer Number of characters in second text string

NS*12-10 NCNS Integer Number of characters in last text string

l+NS+12 TEXTNS String Last text string

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

201
4.2.10 LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (TYPE 214)

4.2.10 Leader (Arrow) Entity (Type 214). A Leader (Arrow) Entity consists of one or more

line segments except when the leader is part of an angular dimension (see Section 4.2.4). The first segment begins with an arrowhead. Remaining segments successively link to a presumed text item.

An individual segment is assumed to extend from the end point of its predecessor in the segment

list to its defined end point. Examples of leaders are shown in Figure 71.

In the use of angular, diameter, and linear dimension, there are instances where the text is exterior

to the line or arc lying between the two arrows. In these situations, it remains the case that the

appearance of two arrows implies the use of two leaders. These are formed by dividing the line or

arc lying between the two arrows into two non-overlapping segments. Refer to Figure 72.

Some leaders (for example, the leader involved with the radius dimension in Figure 72) give the

appearance of locating an arrow interior to a segment. There are two overlapping segments. The

first segment begins at the arrow and, in the radius dimension example, ends at the center of the

arc or circle being dimensioned. The second segment then retraces the first in the opposite direction

and extends it. Leaders of this type for other types of dimensions are constructed similarly. For

cases involving angular dimension, the first two segments are arcs. There are eleven arrowhead types defined (see Figure 73) and selection is made by entering the form

number in Directory Entry Field 15.

4.2.10.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 214

4.2.10.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of segments

2 ADI Real Arrowhead height

3 AD2 Real Arrowhead width

4 ZT Real Z depth

5 XH Real Arrowhead coordinates

6 YH Real

7 XI Real Segment tail coordinate pairs

• Y1 Real

6+2N YN Real Last segment coordinate

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

202
4.2.10 LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (TYPE 214)

Figure 71. Examples Defined Using the Leader Entity

203
4.2.10 LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (TYPE 214)

DISPLAY OF LEADER

-6**

THE LEADER WILL BE DIVIDED AS SHOWN BELOW

B B

-E3*-

A - FIRST POINT OF INDIVIDUAL LEADERS

B - SECOND POINT (SAME COORDINATES FOR BOTH LEADERS)

C - THIRD POINT OF LEADER (FOLLOWED

BY OTHER POINTS AS NECESSARY)

Figure 72. Structure of Leaders Internal to a Dimension
4.2.10 LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (TYPE 214)

FORM I: WEDGE

FORM 2: TRIANGLE

FORM 3= FILLED TRIANGLE

FORM 4: NO ARROWHEAD

FORM 5 : CIRCLE

FORM 6 : FILLED CIRCLE

FORM 7: RECTANGLE

FORM 8= FILLED RECTANGLE

FORM 9: SLASH

FORM 1

0

: INTEGRAL SIGN

FORM II: OPEN TRIANGLE

n

r.

AD2

L

r

ADI, AD2

3D

AD2

r

PH

AD2

74

74

ADI

ADI

<c

Figure 73. Definition of Arrowhead Types for the Leader (Arrow) Entity

205
4.2.11 LINEAR DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 216)

4.2.11 Linear Dimension Entity (Type 216). A Linear Dimension Entity consists of a general note; two leaders; and zero, one or two witness lines. Refer to Figure 74 for examples of linear

dimensions.

4.2.11.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 216

4.2.11.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

2 DEARRW1 Pointer Pointer to first Leader Directory Entry

3 DEARRW2 Pointer Pointer to second Leader Directory Entry

4 DEWXT1 Pointer Pointer to Witness Line Directory Entry; 0 if not defined

5 DEWIT2 Pointer Pointer to Witness Line Directory Entry; 0 if not defined

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Figure 74. Examples Defined Using the Linear Dimension Entity

206
4.2.12 ORDINATE DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 218)

4.2.12 Ordinate Dimension Entity (Type 218). The Ordinate Dimension Entity is used to

indicate dimensions from a common base line. Dimensioning is only permitted along the XT or YT

axis.

An Ordinate Dimension Entity consists of a general note and a witness line or leader. The values

stored are pointers to the Directory Entry for the associated General Note and Witness Line or Leader Entities. Examples of ordinate dimensions are shown in Figure 75.

4.2.12.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 218

4.2.12.2 Parameter Data

Index

12

Name

DENOTE

DEWIT

Type Description

Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

Pointer Pointer to Witness Line Directory Entry or Leader Directory

Entry

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

1.2208

o CO

o '\L

—S3-

o CM

o O

.0000

Figure 75. Examples Defined Using the Ordinate Dimension Entity

207
4.2.13 POINT DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 220)

4.2.13 Point Dimension Entity (Type 220). A Point Dimension Entity consists of a leader,

text, and an optional circle or hexagon enclosing the text. The leader will always contain three segments, and its first and last segments are always horizontal

or vertical. If a hexagon encloses the text, it will be described by a Composite Curve Entity (Type

102). If a circle or hexagon does not enclose the text, the last segment of the leader will be horizontal

and it will underline the text. Examples are shown in Figure 76.

4.2.13.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 220

4.2.13.2 Parameter Data

Index

12

3

Name

DENOTE

DEARRW

DEGEOM

Type Description

Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

Pointer Pointer to Leader Directory Entry

Pointer Pointer to Circular Arc, Composite Curve, or 0.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Figure 76. Examples Defined Using the Point Dimension Entity

208
4.2.14 RADIUS DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 222)

4.2.14 Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222). A Radius Dimension Entity consists of a general note, a leader, and an arc center point, (XT, YT). Refer to Figure 77 for examples of radius

dimensions. A second form of this entity accounts for the occasional need to have two Leader (Arrow)

Entities referenced. The definition of this second form can be found in Appendix J (see Section J.6).

The arc center coordinates are used as reference in constructing the radius dimension but have no

effect on the dimension components.

4.2.14.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 222

Form Number: 0 Single Leader Format

4.2.14.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

2 DEARRW Pointer Pointer to Leader Directory Entry

3 XT Real Arc center coordinates

4 YT Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

Figure 77. Examples Defined Using the Radius Dimension Entity

209
4.2.15 GENERAL SYMBOL ENTITY (TYPE 228)

4.2.15 General Symbol Entity (Type 228). A General Symbol Entity consists of a general

note, one or more geometric entities which define a symbol, and zero, one or more associated leaders.

Examples of general symbols are shown in Figure 78.

Any geometric entity used to create the symbol will have a Subordinate Entity Switch of 01 and an

Entity Use Flag of 01 in Field 9 of its Directory Entry Section.

Field 15 of the Directory Entry Section accommodates a form number. For this entity, it is used to

maintain the nature of the symbol on the originating system. The definition of the form numbers

can be found in Appendix J (see Section J.7).

4.2.15.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 228

4.2.15.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 DENOTE Pointer

2 N Integer

3 DEGE0M1 Pointer

N+2 DEGEOMN Pointer

N+3 L Integer

N+4 DEARRW1 Pointer

N+3+L DEARRWL Pointer

Description

Pointer to associated General Note

Number of pointers to geometry

Pointer to defining geometry

Number of Leaders or zero Pointers to associated Leaders

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.2.15 GENERAL SYMBOL ENTITY (TYPE 228)

FORM I FORM I (WITH LEADER)

// .001 A B

FORM 2 FORM 3

(WITH LEADER)

// .001 A B

FORM 3

// .001 A B

FORM 3

(WITH WITNESS)

Figure 78. Examples Defined Using the General Symbol Entity (Form Numbers Defined in Appendix J)

211
4.2.16 SECTIONED AREA ENTITY (TYPE 230)

4.2.16 Sectioned Area Entity (Type 230). A sectioned area is a portion of a design which

is to be filled with a pattern of lines. The Sectioned Area Entity consists of a pointer to a boundary

curve, a specification of the pattern of lines, the coordinates of a point on the lines, the distance

between lines, the angle between the lines and the X-axis of the definition space, and the specification

of any enclosed boundary curves (islands).

The XT and YT coordinates, which may be specified, indicate a location which is on one of the

lines. This point allows applications which require specific placements of the lines to constrain them

appropriately. If not specified, i.e., indicated by default, the lines need only be within the bounding

curve. The angle of the lines has a default value of 7t/ 4, measured in radians.

The fill pattern is specified according to predefined definitions illustrated in Figure 79.

For the fill pattern 0 and 19, the values for indexes 3 through 7 are defaulted to 0.0 because they do

not apply to the specified fill patterns.

4.2.16.1Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 230

4.2.16.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 BNDP Pointer Pointer to a boundary curve - a single closed curve or a composite curve

2 PATRN Integer Fill pattern code

3 XT Real X coordinate through which a line should pass

4 YT Real Y coordinate through which a line should pass

5 ZT Real Z depth of lines

6 DIST Real Normal distance between adjacent lines

7 ANGLE Real Angle measured in radians from the XT axis to the lines of the

sectioning. Default = 7t/4

8 N Integer Number of island curves or zero

9 ISLPT1 Pointer Pointer to a boundary curve for an island

8 + N ISLPTN Pointer Pointer to last boundary curve for an island

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

212
4.2.16 SECTIONED AREA ENTITY (TYPE 230)

CODE 0 CODE 2 CODE 3

CODE 5

CODE 8 CODE 9 CODE 10 CODE

yy/yyy

v/yy/V/ /y/y /v / ////y y/y

y y/y y*y

—7-7— / 7—

// ^ // '//'///'

// // // S' ///////

// // // /

'/ </' // //

// S' // S'

s y/_ /y / /

//'

'// s/s///

//s /// //

/// //////

// //////.

' /// /// /,

/// / / s / /,

'// s/s ///

y /// a CODE 12 CODE 13 CODE 14 CODE 15

CODE 16 CODE 17 CODE 18 CODE 19

Figure 79. Predefined Fill Patterns for the Sectioned Area Entity

213
4.2.17 SECTION ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORMS 31-38)

4.2.17 Section Entity (Type 106, Forms 31-38). A Section Entity is defined as a Copi- ous Data Entity (Type 106, Forms 31 to 38). The form number describes how the data are to be

interpreted. These descriptions are included for compatibility with previous versions of the Specification. The Sectioned Area Entity (Type 230) provides a more compact method for transferring

this information.

The point data contains a list of points (Xn, Yn), n=l, 2, . .

. , N, (The Z value is constant and N

is an even integer.)

The display of the lines consists of solid line segments between the points (Xn,Yn,Z) and (Xn-f l,Yn+l,Z)

where n = 1,3,5, ... N-l.

A portion of collinear line segments which appear to be a dashed line shall consist of point pairs for

each dash.

The defined line patterns are described below and illustrated in Figure 80.

Form Description (see [ANSI79])

31 Parallel line segments from section edge to edge. (Cast or malleable iron and general use

for all materials)

32 Parallel line segments in pairs with a gap between pairs. (Steel)

33 Alternating pattern of a solid line and a set of collinear dash segments. (Bronze, brass,

copper, and compositions)

34 Parallel lines in quadruples with a gap between groups. (Rubber, plastic, and electrical

insulation)

35 Triples of parallel lines consisting of two solid lines and a set of collinear dash segments

between them with a gap between triples. (Titanium and refractory material)

36 Parallel sets of collinear dash segments. (Marble, slate, glass, porcelain)

37 Two perpendicular sets of parallel lines. (White metal, zinc, lead, babbitt, and alloys)

38 Two perpendicular sets of lines with the principal set solid from edge to edge and the

second set consisting of collinear dash segments alternating on the solid lines. (Magnesium,

aluminum, and aluminum alloys)

See Section 3.5 for parameters of the Section Entity.
4.2.17 SECTION ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORMS 31-38)

FORM 33

Figure 80. Definition of Patterns for the Section Entity

215
4.2.18 WITNESS LINE ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORM 40)

4.2.18 Witness Line Entity (Type 106, Form 40). A Witness Line Entity is a Form Number

40 of a Copious Data Entity that contains one or more straight line segments associated with drafting

entities of various types. Each line segment may be visible or invisible. Refer to Figure 81 for

examples.

Within the copious data, there will be the location from which the witness line gap must be maintained. This point is indicated in the figure as PI. The location will be the first point in the copious

data. PI will be coincident with the geometry being dimensioned or equal to P2 when the location

of the geometry is unknown. (Note: for those annotation methods that do not allow drafting entities

to be displaced from the plane of annotation, “coincident with the geometry” indicates that a line

normal to the plane of annotation connects PI and the point on the geometry being dimensioned.

Note that all points must be collinear, and that the number of points will be odd and at least 3 (3,

5, 7, . .. ), with alternating blank and displayed segments. The examples in Figure 81 show the

blanking of segments and the order of points stored in the copious data.)

See Section 3.5 for parameters of the Witness Line Entity.
4.2.18 WITNESS LINE ENTITY (TYPE 106, FORM 40)

VISIBLE SEGMENT

OF WITNESS LINE

PI IS NOT

DISPLAYED

WITNESS LINE GAP

Figure 81. Examples Defined Using the Witness Line Entity

I

217
4.3 STRUCTURE ENTITIES

4.3 Structure Entities

4.3.1 Entity Type/Type Number. The following entities are defined in this section:

Entity

Type Number Entity Type

0 Null (see Appendix J)

302 Associativity Definition

304 Line Font Definition

306 MACRO Definition

308 Subfigure Definition

310 Text Font Definition

312 Text Display Template

314 Color Definition

320 Network Subfigure Definition

322 Attribute Table Definition (see Appendix J)

402 Associativity Instance

404 Drawing

406 Property

408 Singular Subfigure Instance

410 View

412 Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance

414 Circular Array Subfigure Instance

416 External Reference

418 Nodal Load/Constraint

420 Network Subfigure Instance

422 Attribute Table Instance (see Appendix J)

600-699 User specified MACRO Instance

10000-99999 User specified MACRO Instance
4.3.2 ASSOCIATIVITY DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 302)

4.3.2 Associativity Definition Entity (Type 302). The Associativity Definition Entity permits the preprocessor to define an associativity schema. That is, by using the associativity definition,

the preprocessor defines the type of relationship. It is important to note that this mechanism specifies

the syntax of such a relationship and not the semantics.

The definition schema allows the specification of multiple groups of data which are called classes. A

class is considered to be a separate list, and the existence of several classes implies an association

among the classes as well as among the contents of each class.

For each class, the schema has provision to specify whether or not back pointers are required. A

back pointer being required implies that an entity which is a member of this associativity (when it

is instanced) has a pointer to the directory entry of the associativity instance in its back pointer

parameter section.

The provision in the schema to specify whether or not a class is ordered indicates if the order of

appearance of entries in the class is significant .

In the schema, “ENTRIES” are the members of the class. However, each entry could be composed

of several items. If multiple items are required, they wdll be ordered. For example, if the entries were locations, each entry might have three items to specify X, Y, and Z values.

The associativity definition will fix the number of classes for an associativity and the number of items

per entry in a particular class. Each associativity instance will have a variable number of entries per

class. In order to help decode instances of the definition, each item is specified as a pointer (to an

entity directory entry) or a data value.

Two kinds of associativity are permitted within the file. Pre-defined associativities wdll have form

numbers in the range of 1 to 5000 and are defined in Section 4. 3.3. 3. (These definitions do not

appear in the file). The second kind of associativity is defined in the file by a preprocessor (Form

Numbers 5001-9999). These definitions appear once in the file for each form of associativity defined

and allow the preprocessor to fill in the definition according to a schema wT hich defines the details

of the associativity.

The definition includes the associativity form, the number of class definitions, the number and type

of items in each entry, and wTether back pointers (from the entity to the associativity) are required.

Each set of values (BP, Order, N, and Item Type) is considered a class. See Figure 82 for a complete

example of associativity.

219
4.3.2 ASSOCIATIVITY DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 302)

4.3.2. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 302

4. 3. 2. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 K Integer

2 BP1 Integer

3 0R1 Integer

4 N1 Integer

5 IT1(1) Integer

4+N1

Description

Number of class definitions

1 - back pointers required

2 - back pointers not required

1 - ordered class

2 - unordered class

Number of items per entry

1 - pointer to a directory entry

2 - value

3 - parameter is a value or a pointer

if parameter > 0, it is a value

if parameter < 0, it is a pointer

The items in parameters 2 through 4-fNl are repeated for each of the K classes.
4.3.2 ASSOCIATIVITY DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 302)

Figure 82. Relationships between Entities in an Associativity

221
4.3.3 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402)

4.3.3 Associativity Instance Entity (Type 402). Each time an associativity relation is needed in the file an Associativity Instance Entity is used.

The form number of the associativity instance will identify the meaning of the entity. If the form

number is between 1 and 5000, the definition is specified as described in Section 4.3.2. If the form

number is between 5001 and 9999, an associativity definition will occur in the file, and the structure

field of the instance (DE Field 3) will contain a pointer to the directory entry of the associativity

definition.

Each entity that is a member of an associativity instance can contain a back pointer to the associativity instance (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

The parameters K and Nl, N2, ...NK are specified in the associativity definition (see Section 4.3.2).

4.3.3. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

4. 3. 3. 2 Parameter Data

Index

12

Name

NE1

NE2

Type Description

Integer Number of class one entries

Integer Number of class two entries

K NEK Integer Number of class K entries

For K classes with (NE1,...,NEK) entries with (Nl, . . . , NK) items per entry

1(1, 1,1) Variable

Variable

1(1,1, Ml)

1(1,2, 1)

Variable

Variable

1(1, 2, Nl) Variable

1(1, NE1 , 1) Variable

1(1 ,NE1 ,N1)

1(2, 1,1)

Variable

Variable

1(2,1 ,N2)

1(2,2, 1)

Variable

Variable

Class 1, Entry 1, Item 1 Class 1, Entry 1, Item 2

Class 1, Entry 1, Item Nl

Class 1, Entry 2, Item 1

Class 1, Entry 2, Item Nl

Class 1, Entry NE1, Item 1

Class 1, Entry NE1, Item Nl

Class 2, Entry 1, Item 1

Class 2, Entry 1, Item N2

Class 2, Entry 2, Item 1

222
4.3.3 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402)

I(2,2,N2) Variable Class 2, Entry 2, Item N2

I(2,NE2,N2) Variable Class 2, Entry NE2, Item N2

I(K,1,1) Variable Class K, Entry 1, Item 1

X I(K,NEK,NK) Variable Class K, Entry NEK, Item NK

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

223
4.3. 3. 3.1 (TYPE 402, FORM 1) - GROUP

4. 3. 3. 3 Pre-defined Associativities. As defined in Section 4.3.2, the Associativity Definition

Entity (Type 302) will only occur in the file for Form Numbers 5001 through 9999. The following

paragraphs contain the definitions of the pre-defined associativities as they would appear if they were defined by a user. Also included in this Section are the descriptions of each associativity’s

parameters in a manner similar to other entities in this specification.

4. 3. 3. 3.1 FORM NUMBER: 1 Group

The Group Associativity allows a collection of a set of entities to be maintained as a single, logical

entity. Figure 82 is an example.

There are four form numbers which specify group associativities:

Form Meaning

1 Unordered group with backpointers required

7 Unordered group with backpointers not required

14 Ordered group with backpointers required

15 Ordered group with backpointers not required

The first (Form=l) is defined here; the others are defined in Sections 4. 3. 3.3. 6 (Form=7), 4.3.3.3.10

(Form=14), and 4.3.3.3.11 (Form=T5), respectively.

DEFINITION

Index

12

3

4

5

Set Value

1

12

1

1

Meaning

One class

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item per entry

The item is a pointer
4. 3. 3. 3.1 (TYPE 402, FORM 1) - GROUP

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 1

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of entries

2 DEI Pointer Pointer to entity 1 3 DE2 Pointer Pointer to entity 2

N+l DEN Pointer Pointer to entity N

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

225
4.3. 3. 3. 2 (TYPE 402, FORM 2) - EXTERNAL LOGICAL REFERENCE FILE INDEX

4. 3. 3. 3. 2 FORM NUMBER: 2 External Logical Reference File Index

The External Logical Reference File Index Entity appears in one file which contains references from

another file. It contains a list of the symbolic names used by the referencing files and the DE pointers to the corresponding definitions within the referenced file. See Section 2.5.4 and the External

Reference Entity (Type 416) for more detail.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value

1 1 2 2

3 2

4 2

5 2

6 1

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of Index Entries

2 NAME1 String External Reference Entity Symbolic Name

3 PTR1 Pointer Internal Entity DE Pointer

2N NAMEN String Last External Reference Entity Symbolic Name

2N+1 PTRN Pointer Last Internal Entity DE Pointer

Meaning

One class (externally referenced entities)

Backpointers not required

Unordered list of entries in a class

Number of items in an entry

First item is a value (External Reference Entity Symbolic Name)

Second item is a pointer (Internal Entity DE Pointer)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

226
4. 3. 3. 3. 3 (TYPE 402, FORM 3) - VIEWS VISIBLE

4. 3. 3. 3. 3 FORM NUMBER: 3 Views Visible

When an entity is to be displayed in a single view, a pointer to that View Entity is entered in

Parameter 6 of the entity’s DE.

If an entity is to be displayed in more than one view but not all views, Parameter 6 of its DE contains a pointer to an instance of a Form 3 associativity. This form of the associativity contains two classes

of information. The first class contains the number of views visible followed by pointers to each of

the view entities visible in the specific associativity instance. The second class contains the number

of entities whose display is specified by this instance, followed by pointers to each of the entities.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value

2

Class 1

12

1

1Class 2

2

2

1

1

Meaning

Two classes

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item per entry

Item is a pointer (to view entity)

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry

Item is a pointer (to other entity)

227
4.3. 3. 3. 3 (TYPE 402, FORM 3) - VIEWS VISIBLE

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 3

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N1 Integer Number of views visible

2 N2 Integer Number of entities displayed in these views

3 DEVI Pointer Pointer to first View Entity

Nl+2 DEVN1 Pointer Pointer to last View Entity

Nl+3 DEI Pointer Pointer to first entity whose display is being specified by this

associativity instance

N1+N2+2 DEN2 Pointer Pointer to last entity whose display is being specified by this

associativity instance

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.3. 3. 3.4 (TYPE 402, FORM 4) - VIEWS VISIBLE, COLOR, LINE WEIGHT

4. 3. 3. 3. 4 FORM NUMBER: 4 Views Visible, Color, Line Weight

This associativity is an extension of Form Number 3. For those entities that are visible in multiple

views, but must have a different line font, color number, or line weight in each view, there will be an occurrence of the associativity instance Form Number 4.

In the parameter data portion of the associativity instance, the Parameter N1 will indicate the

number of blocks containing the view visible, line font, color number, and line weight specifications.

Each block will contain a pointer to the View Entity (Type 410), a line font value or 0, a pointer to a Line Font Definition Entity (Type 304) if the line font value was 0, a color value or pointer to a Color Definition Entity (Type 314), and a line weight value. Parameter N2 will contain the number

of entities which are members of this associativity (i.e., entities which have this particular display

characteristic).

Note that N2 may often be 1. If more than one entity appears in Class 2 the complete set of display

characteristics in Class 1 apply to each entity in Class 2.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value Meaning

1 2 Two classes

Class 1 (View)

2 1 Back pointers required

3 2 Unordered

4 5 Five items per entry

(Entry template)

5 1 Pointer to View Entity

6 2 Line Font value

7 1 Pointer to Line Font Definition E 8 3 Color Number (value) or pointer

9 2 Line Weight (value)

Class 2 (Entity)

10 2 Back pointers not required

11 2 Unordered

12 1 One item per entry

13 1 Item is a pointer (to entity)

229
4.3. 3. 3.4 (TYPE 402, FORM 4) - VIEWS VISIBLE, COLOR, LINE WEIGHT

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 4

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N1 Integer Number of blocks containing the view visible, line font, color

number, and line weight information

2 N2 Integer Number of entities which have this particular set of display

characteristics

3 DEVI Pointer Pointer to View Entity 1 4 LF1 Integer Line font value or 0

5 DEF1 Pointer If parameter 4 = 0, pointer to a Line Font Definition Entity.

Otherwise = 0

6 CN1 Integer

orPointer

Color number value 1 or pointer to Color Definition Entity

7 LW1 Integer Line weight value 1 8 DEV2 Pointer Pointer to View Entity 2

5*Nl+2 LWN1 Integer Line weight value N1

5+N1+3 DEI Pointer Pointer to entity 1

5+N1+N2+2 DEN2 Pointer Pointer to entity N2

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4. 3. 3. 3. 5 (TYPE 402, FORM 5) - ENTITY LABEL DISPLAY

4. 3. 3. 3. 5 FORM NUMBER: 5 Entity Label Display

Some entities may have one or more possible displays for their entity labels, depending on the view

in which they are being displayed. For those entities, Parameter 8 of its DE contains a pointer to an instance of a Form Number 5 associativity.

In the parameter data portion of the associativity instance, the parameter N will indicate the number of blocks containing label placement information. Each block will contain a pointer to a view

entity which specifies the view of visibility. The remaining information (text location, leader, and

level number) applies to the label for that view.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value Meaning

1 1 One class

2 2 Back pointers not required

3 1 Ordered

4 7 Seven items per entry

5 1 Pointer to View Entity

6 2 XT of text location

7 2 YT of text location

8 2 ZT of text location

9 1 Pointer to Leader Entity

10 2 Entity label level number

11 1 Pointer to entity

231
4.3. 3. 3.5 (TYPE 402, FORM 5) - ENTITY LABEL DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 5

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of label placements

2 DEVI Pointer Pointer to a first View Entity

3 XT1 Real XT coordinate of text location in first view

4 YT1 Real YT coordinate of text location in first view

5 ZT1 Real ZT coordinate of text location in first view

6 DEARR1 Pointer Pointer to Leader Entity in first view

7 LLN1 Integer Entity label level number in first view

8 DEI Pointer Pointer to first entity being displayed

9 DEV2 Pointer Pointer to second View Entity

15 DE2 Pointer Pointer to second entity being displayed

7*N-5 DEVN Pointer Pointer to N-th View Entity

XTN Real XT coordinate of text location in N-th view

YTN Real YT coordinate of text location in N-th view

ZTN Real ZT coordinate of text location in N-th view

DEARRWN Pointer Pointer to Leader Entity in N-th view

LLNN Integer Entity label level number in N-th view

7+N+l DEN Pointer Pointer to N-th entity being displayed

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

232
4.3. 3. 3. 6 (TYPE 402, FORM 7) - GROUP W/O BACK POINTERS

4. 3. 3. 3. 6 FORM NUMBER: 7 Group Without Back Pointers

DEFINITION

Index Set Value

1 1 2 2

3 2

4 1 5 1

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 7

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of entries

2 DEI Pointer Pointer to entity 1

N+l DEN Pointer Pointer to entity N

Meaning

One class

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry

The item is a pointer

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

233
4.3. 3. 3. 7 (TYPE 402, FORM 9) - SINGLE PARENT ASSOCIATIVITY

4. 3. 3. 3. 7 FORM NUMBER: 9 Single Parent Associativity

This associativity defines a logical structure of one independent (parent) entity and one or more

subordinate (children) entities.

Both parent and child entities require back pointers to this instance. Any necessary display parameters are governed by the parent entity.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value

2

Class 1

12

1

1Class 2

1

1

1

1

Meaning

Two classes

(parent)

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item per entry

Item is pointer to parent entity

(children)

Back pointers required

Ordered

One item per entry

Item is pointer to child entity

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 9

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 KP Integer Number of parent entities (NP=1 is required)

2 NC Integer Number of children

3 DE Pointer Pointer to parent entity

4 DEI Pointer Pointer to child entity 1

2+NC DENC Pointer Pointer to child entity NC

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

234
4.3. 3. 3. 8 (TYPE 402, FORM 12) - EXTERNAL REFERENCE FILE INDEX

4. 3. 3. 3. 8 FORM NUMBER: 12 External Reference File Index

The External Reference File Index Entity appears in one file which contains definitions referenced

by another file. It contains a list of the symbolic names used by the referencing files and the DE

pointers to the corresponding definitions within the referenced file. See Section 2.5.4 and the External Reference Entity (Type 416) for more detail.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value Meaning

1 1 One class (externally referenced entities)

2 2 Backpointers not required

3 2 Unordered list of entries in a class

4 2 Number of items in an entry

5 2 First item is a value (External Reference Entity symbolic

6 1 Second item is a pointer (internal entity DE pointer)

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 12

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of index entries

2 NAME1 String External Reference Entity symbolic name

3 PTR1 Pointer Internal entity DE pointer

2N NAKEN String Last External Reference Entity symbolic name

2N+1 PTRN Pointer Last internal entity DE pointer

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

235
4.3. 3. 3. 9 (TYPE 402, FORM 13) - DIMENSIONED GEOMETRY ASSOCIATIVITY

4. 3. 3. 3. 9 FORM NUMBER: 13 Dimensioned Geometry Associativity

This associativity links a dimension entity with the geometry entities it is dimensioning. The pointers to the entities being dimensioned have interpretations related to the type of dimension entity.

See Figure 83.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value

2

Class 1

12

1

1Class 2

2

2

1

1

Meaning

Two classes

(Dimension Entity)

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item (pointer to dimension)

Item is pointer

(Related Geometry)

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry (pointers to geometry)

Item is pointer

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 13

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 ND Integer Number of dimensions (ND=1 is required)

2 NG Integer Number of associated geometry entities

3 DIMPTR Pointer Pointer to dimension entity

4 GE0M1 Pointer Pointer to geometry entity 1

3+NG GEOMNG Pointer Pointer to geometry entity NG

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

236
4. 3. 3. 3. 9 (TYPE 402, FORM 13) - DIMENSIONED GEOMETRY ASSOCIATIVITY

ANGULAR DIMENSION LINEAR DIMENSION

DIAMETER DIMENSION RADIUS DIMENSION

POINT DIMENSION ORDINATE DIMENSION

Figure 83. Dimensioned Geometry Associativity

I

237
4.3.3.3.10 (TYPE 402, FORM 14) - ORDERED GROUP W/ BACK POINTERS

4.3.3.3.10 FORM NUMBER: 14 Ordered Group with Back Pointers

DEFINITION

Index Set Value

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 14

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of entries

2 DEI Pointer Pointer to entity 1 3 DE2 Pointer Pointer to entity 2

N+l DEN Pointer Pointer to entity N

Meaning

One class

Back pointers required

Ordered

One item per entry

The item is a pointer

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.3.3.3.11 (TYPE 402, FORM 15) - ORDERED GROUP W/O BACK POINTERS

4.3.3.3.11 FORM NUMBER: 15 Ordered Group without Back Pointers

DEFINITION

Index

12

3

4

5

Set Value

12

1

1

1

Meaning

One class

Back pointers not required

Ordered

One item per entry

The item is a pointer

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 15

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of entries

2 DEI Pointer Pointer to entity 1 3 DE2 Pointer Pointer to entity 2

N+l DEN Pointer Pointer to entity N

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).
4.3.3.3.12 (TYPE 402, FORM 16) - PLANAR ASSOCIATIVITY

4.3.3.3.12 FORM NUMBER: 16 Planar Associativity

This associativity is used to indicate that a collection of entities is coplanar. They may be geometric,

annotative, and/or structural. In the case of an entity containing subordinate entities, these must

also be coplanar.

The first class contains the pointer to the Transformation Matrix indicating the plane the entities

have been moved to. The plane in question is the image under this transformation of the XY

plane. As noted in the description for DE Field 7, the value 0 may be used to indicate the identity

transformation matrix. This matrix is informational only for the associativity; the constituent

entities must properly position themselves in model space.

The second class contains the pointers to the coplanar entities.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value Meaning

2 Two classes

Class 1 (Transformation Matrix)

2 Back pointers not required

1 Ordered class

1 Number of items per entry

1 Pointer

Class 2 (Coplanar Entities)

2 Back pointers not required

2 Unordered class

1 Number of items per entry

1 Pointer

240
4.3.3.3.12 (TYPE 402, FORM 16) - PLANAR ASSOCIATIVITY

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 16

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NTR Integer Number of Transformation Matrices (NTR=1 is required)

2 N Integer Number of entities in this plane pointed to by this associativity

3 DETR Pointer Pointer to Transformation Matrix moving data from XY plane

into space or zero 4 DEI Pointer Pointer to first entity on plane specified

N+3 DEN Pointer Pointer to last entity on plane specified

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

241
4.3.3.3.13 (TYPE 402, FORM 18) - FLOW

4.3.3.3.13 FORM NUMBER: 18 Flow

The Flow Associativity represents a single signal or a single fluid flow path. The associativity

contains seven classes.

Class one contains the type and function flags:

Type Flag Meaning

0 Not specified (Default)

1 Logical

2 Physical

The use of the Type Flag is mandatory when both the logical (e.</., schematic) and physical ( e.g., printed board) product definitions are in the same file. In such a file, the Type Flag shall not be

zero. The Function Flag differentiates between a fluid path and an electrical conductor:

Function Flag Meaning

0 Not specified (Default)

i Electrical signal

2 Fluid flow path

A fluid flow path is a single path from a starting Connect Point Entity. The path may include

additional intermediate connect points, but separate Flow Entities will be required to describe the

branch flow paths. Class four, the Join, lists the elements of the path. For fluid flow paths, the

elements are ordered as they occur along the flow path, and the Connect Point Entities (class three)

list the connect points in the same sense as the order of the Join. That is, the start of the fluid flow

path is the one listed first; the end of the fluid flow path is listed last.

Class two contains pointers to other associated Flow Associativities. These other associativities may

implement alternative flow representations. The obvious example of this is the file containing both

the schematic and physical product definitions. The corresponding Flow Associativities of each type

would be paired.

Class three is the Link, which contains the list of pointers to the Connect Point Entities involved in

the signal/flow.

Class four is the Join, which contains the list of pointers to the entities representing the graphical

implementation of the signal/flow.

Class five contains the flow names which are associated with the signal/flow.

Class six contains a list of pointers to the Text Display Template Entities which are to be used to

display the first flow name listed in class five. The Text Display Templates provide the locations

and attributes for the signal name display.

The text string for display is obtained from the first flow name listed in class five.

Class seven contains a list of pointers to flow paths w hich branch from the current flow' path. This is an ordered list, and the “main” continuation of the path, if any, is always listed last. A null pointer

is used if there is no continuation of the main path.

242
4.3.3.3.13 (TYPE 402, FORM 18) - FLOW

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Set Value

7

Class 1 2

1

12

Class 2

2

2

1

1Class 3

1

1

1

1Class 4

1

1

1

1Class 5

2

2

12

Class 6

2

2

1

1Class 7

1

1

1

1

Meaning

Seven classes

(Context Flag)

Back pointers not required

Ordered

One item per entry

Item is value

(Associated Flows)

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry

Pointer to Flow Associativity

(Connect Points (Link))

Back pointers required

Ordered

One item per entry

Pointer to Connect Point Entity

(Join)

Back pointers required

Ordered

One item per entry

Pointer to geometry or Subfigure Instance Entity

(Flow Name)

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry

Item is value

(Flow Name Display)

Back pointers not required

Unordered

One item per entry

Pointer to Text Display Template Entity

(Flow Continuations)

Back pointers required

Ordered

One item per entry

Item is a pointer

243
4.3.3.3.13 (TYPE 402, FORM 18) - FLOW

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 18

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NCF Integer Count of context flags (NCF=2 is required)

2 NF Integer Count of associated Flow Associativities

3 NC Integer Count of Connect Point Entities

4 NJ Integer Count of Join entities (geometry of subfigure)

5 NN Integer Count of flow names

6 NT Integer Count of Text Display Templates for

flow name display

7 NP Integer Count of continuation flow associativities

8 IF Integer Type of flow

0 — not specified (Default)

1 = logical

2 = physical

9 FF Integer Function flag:

0 = not specified (Default)

1 = electrical signal

2 — fluid flow path

10 SPTR1 Pointer Pointer to DE for Flow Associativity 1

NF+9 SPTRNF Pointer Pointer to DE for Flow Associativity NF

NF+10 CPTR1 Pointer Pointer to DE for Connect Point 1

NF+NC+9 CPTRNC Pointer Pointer to DE for Connect Point NC

NF+NC+10 JPTR1 Pointer Pointer to Join 1

NF+NC+NJ+9 JPTRNJ Pointer Pointer to Join NJ

NF+NC+NJ+10 NAME1 String Flow name 1

NF+NC+NJ+NN+9 NAMENN String Flow name NN

NF+NC+NJ+NN+10 GPTR1 Pointer Pointer to DE for Text Display Template 1

NF+NC+N J+NN+NT+9 GPTRNT Pointer Pointer to DE for Text Display Template NT

NF+NC+N J+NN+NT+ 10 CFPTR1 Pointer Pointer to continuation Flow Associativity

Entity 1 NF+NC+N J+NN+NT+NP+9 CFPTRNP Pointer Pointer to continuation Flow Associativity

Entity NP (the “main” continuation)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

244
4.3.4 DRAWING ENTITY (TYPE 404)

4.3.4 Drawing Entity (Type 404). The Drawing Entity specifies a drawing as a collection of

annotation entities (he., any entity with use flag set to 01 ) defined in drawing space, and views (i.e.,

projections of model space data in view space) which, together, constitute a single representation

of a part, in the sense that an engineering drawing constitutes a single representation of a part in

standard drafting practice. Views are specified by referring to a View Entity (Type 410). If desired,

multiple drawings can be included in a single file, referring to the same model space.

Drawings are located in drawing space as illustrated in Figure 84, with sides coincident with the

drawing coordinate system axes and with the lower left corner at the origin (0,0). The drawing

space coordinate system (XD, YD) is a special 2-dimensional coordinate system used for view origin

locations in the Drawing Entity and for annotation entities referenced by the Drawing Entity. Any

Z coordinates are ignored in the referenced annotation entities, and any transformation matrix from

definition space to drawing space must be 2-dimensional (i.e., in Entity 124, T3 = R13 = R31 =

R32 — R23 — 0.0 and R33 = 1 . 0 ). Annotation entities can be defined in drawing space and be referenced by the Drawing Entity directly, or can be defined in model space and appear in individual views. When defined in drawing space,

the subordinate entity switch should be set to physically dependent (01). The subordinate entity

switch for a View Entity referenced by the Drawing Entity should be set to logically dependent (02).

The transformation of a view from view space to drawing space is controlled by the view scale factor

S, specified in the View Entity, and the view origin drawing locations, specified in the Drawing

Entity. In the case of orthographic parallel projection the transformation is:

’ XV '

' XD ' ' S 0 0

YD —

_ 0 5 0

YV +

ZV

XOR1GIN

YORIGIN

denotes the view space coordinates

where

XV

YV

ZV

and

XORIGIN

YORIGIN

denotes the drawing space coordinates of the origin of the transformed view (see Section 4.3.11).

The name of the drawing may be provided by using the Name Property (Type 406, Form 15). If not provided, a receiving system may default the name of the drawing.

The size of the drawing may be specified by using the Drawing Size Property (Type 406, Form 16).

The units for drawing space may be set differently from the model space units specified in the Global

Section. This is accomplished by use of the Drawing Units Property (Type 406, Form 17). When

this property is not provided, the drawing units will be the same as the model units.

245
4.3.4 DRAWING ENTITY (TYPE 404)

<

The following values are given in drawing units:

• view origin drawing locations

• drawing size

• coordinates of annotation entities referenced directly

Refer to Figures 84 and 85 for examples of the use of the Drawing Entity.

4.3.4. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 404

4.3.4.Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 N Integer Number of View pointers

2 VPTR1 Pointer Pointer to Directory Entry of first View Entity

3 XQRIGIN1 Real Drawing space coordinate of the origin of the first transformed

4 YORIGIN

Real

View

Drawing space coordinate of the origin of the first transformed

5 VPTR2 Pointer

View

Pointer to directory entry of second View Entity

3N+2 M Integer Number of Annotation Entities (may be zero)

3N+3 DPTR1 Pointer Pointer to first Annotation Entity in this Drawing

3N+M+2 DPTRM Pointer Pointer to Mth Annotation Entity in this Drawing

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

i

246
4.3.4 DRAWING ENTITY (TYPE 404)

Figure 84. Using Clipping Planes with a View in a Drawing

247
4.3.4 DRAWING ENTITY (TYPE 404)

VIEW

VIEW

ORIGIN OF

VIEW I COORDINATE

THESE LINES ARE

NOT DISPLAYED

IN VIEW I

Figure 85. Parameters of the Drawing Entity

248
4.3.5 LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 304)

4.3.5 Line Font Definition Entity (Type 304) Two types of line fonts may be defined. One

type considers a line font as a repetition of a basic pattern of visible-blank (or, on-off) segments

superimposed on a line or a curve. The line or curve is then displayed according to the basic pattern.

The other type considers a line font as a repetition of a template figure that is displayed at regularly

spaced locations along a planar anchoring curve. The anchoring curve itself has no visual purpose.

Any line or curve geometry entity type may reference a Line Font Definition Entity by inserting a pointer to that entity in its Directory Entry Field 4, the line font pattern field. The type of line font

being specified is then indicated by a form number in the Line Font Definition Entity.

The preprocessor must select one of the line font patterns (see Section 2. 2. 4. 3. 4) and place the value

in Directory Entry Field 4 of the Line Font Definition Entity. This value should be the closest

functional equivalent, or the most visually similar. The value will be used by postprocessors which

cannot support the Line Font Definition Entity.

Setting the Form Number to 1 in a Line Font Definition Entity specifies that the line font type is to be a repetition of template figure displays along the referencing anchoring curve. The template

figure is specified as a Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308). In this case, four values specify the

entity as follows:

The first parameter specifies the orientation of the template displays. This may remain constant, or

it may vary with the direction of the anchoring curve at the point of each template figure display

location. The second parameter is a pointer to the Subfigure Definition Entity containing the

template display. The third parameter specifies display locations on the anchoring curve by giving

the common arc length distance between corresponding points on successive template figure displays.

The fourth parameter gives a scale factor to be applied to the template subfigure at each display

location.

Figure 86 illustrates two examples of a line font with Form Number equal 1. In each case, the

anchoring curve is a straight line.

Setting the Form Number to 2 in a Line Font Definition Entity specifies that the line font type is to

be a repetition of a basic visible-blank pattern superimposed on the referencing line or curve. An

arbitrary number M of segments may be used in the basic pattern. When the basic pattern is laid

out horizontally, the “first” segment is the leftmost one, the “M-th” segment is the rightmost one. The length (in the units of the curve on which the pattern is being superimposed) of each segment

of the pattern may be specified individually. This allows the visible-blank sequence of the pattern

to alternate between “visible” and “blank” regardless of the lengths of the segments but does not

prohibit adjacent segments from being either both visible or both blanked when unequal lengths are employed. Another option for some patterns is to hold the length constant across segments, and

achieve variation in the lengths of the visible and blanked segments by making the “visible” and/or

the “blank” segments be adjacent as required.

For example, a basic pattern whose left two-thirds is visible and whose right third is blanked, may

be described either by the sequence “visible-blank” with the length of the first segment twice that

of the second, or else by the sequence “visible-visible-blank”, with the lengths of all three segments

equal.

The visible-blank sequence is specified by correlating it with the rightmost M bits in the binary

representation of a string of hexadecimal digits, the Mth segment being associated with the units

bit of the binary representation of the rightmost hexadecimal digit. A “0” represents a “blank”, or

“off” segment, a “1” represents a “visible”, or “on” segment.

For this line font type, the first parameter is the positive integer M giving the number of segments

in the basic pattern. Then, parameter values 2 through M-fl give the lengths of the M segments.

Finally, parameter value M-f2 is the minimal string of hexadecimal digits whose significance has

249
4.3.5 LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 304)

been described above.

Figure 87 shows an example of the Form Number 2. Shown is a font made up of five segments of

unequal length. Two repetitions of the basic font are illustrated.

Form Meaning

1 Line font specified by a repeating template subfigure

2 Line font specified by a repeating visible-blank pattern
4.3.5 LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 304)

4.3.5.

1

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 304

Form Number: 1

4.

3.5.2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 M Integer M~G: Each template display is oriented by aligning the axes

of the subfigure definition coordinate system with the axes of

the definition space of the anchoring curve. M=l: Each template display is oriented by aligning the X axis

of the subfigure definition coordinate system with the tangent

vector of the anchoring curve at the point of incidence of the curve and the origin of the subfigure, and the Z axis of the

subfigure definition coordinate system with the Z axis of the

definition space of the anchoring curve. 2 LI Pointer Pointer to the subfigure definition for the template displays

3 L2 Real Common arc length distance between corresponding points on

successive template figure displays

4 L3 Real Scale factor to be applied to the subfigure

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

4. 3. 5.

3

Directory Data

Entity' Type Number: 304

Form Number: 2

4. 3. 5.

4

Parameter Data

Index Name Type

i M Integer

2 LI Real

3 L2 Real

4 L3 Real

M+l LM Real

M+2 B Strin

Description

Number of segments in the basic pattern of visible-blank segments

Length of the first segment of the basic pattern

Length of the second segment of the basic pattern

Length of the third segment of the basic pattern

Length of the M-th segment of the basic pattern

(((M-l)/4) -f 1) hexadecimal digits indicating which segments

of the basic pattern are visible and which are blanked, where

the expression represents the greatest integer result. E.g., “5”

indicates that segments 1 and 3 are visible. Bits are right justified.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

251
4.3.5 LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 304)

M = 0

LI = POINTER TO SUBFIGURE DEFINITION

L2 = LENGTH OF SEPARATION

L3 = 0.5 (SCALE)

SUBFIGURE DEFINITION

START OF CURVE

END OF CURVE

ANCHORING CURVE SHOWN WITH DASHED LINE FONT

START OF CURVE

§ 5 §

CURVE SHOWN WITH RESULTING LINE FONT

FROM SUBFIGURE REFERENCE

Figure 86. Line Font Definition Using Form Number 1 (Template Subfigure)

252
4.3.5 LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 304)

M = 5

LI = L3 = L4 = L5 = 2.0

L 2 = 1.0

BIT PATTERN = 1 0 1 1 0

HEXADECIMAL STRING = 2HI6

RESULTING LINE FONT:

(2 CYCLES)

0

7 —]

0

LI L2 L3 L4 L5

Oil i I iO

LI L2 L3 L4 L5

Figure 87. Line Font Definition Using Form Number 2 (Visible-Blank Pattern)

253
4.3.6 MACRO CAPABILITY

4.3.6 MACRO Capability

4. 3. 6.1 General. This Specification provides a means for communicating 3-dimensional and 2-

dimensional geometric models and drawings. The Specification, however, does not provide a format

for every geometric or drafting entity available on all currently used CAD/CAM systems, and is thus a common subset of such entities. To allow exchange of a larger subset of entities - a subset

containing some of the entities not defined in this Specification but which can be defined in terms

of the basic entities, the MACRO capability is provided. This capability allows the use of the

Specification to be extended beyond the common entity subset, utilizing a formal mechanism which

is a part of the Specification.

The MACRO capability provides for the definition of a “new” entity in terms of other entities. The

“new” entity schema is provided in a MACRO definition which occurs once for every “new” entity

in the file. Instances of these “new” entities are replaced during the MACRO processing by the

constituent entities specified in the corresponding MACRO definition.

A MACRO definition is written using the MACRO Definition Entity (Type 306). The Parameter

Data section of the entity contains the MACRO body. In the MACRO body, eleven types of language

statements are usable. The statements are LET, SET, REPEAT, CONTINUE, BREAK, IF, LABEL, GOTO,

MACRO, ENDM, MREF. The details of the MACRO syntax are given in Section 4. 3.6. 2. Each of the

statements in a MACRO Definition Entity is terminated by a record delimiter.

In order to use a “new” entity defined by the MACRO definition, a MACRO instance is placed in

the file. The Directory Entry portion of an instance specifies the new entity type number in Field

1 and 11 of the Directory Entry record and refers to the definition by a pointer in the Structure

Field (DE Field 3). The parameters for the instance are placed in the Parameter Data record of the

instance.

The Directory Entry record of a MACRO definition has a standard form.

The attributes 4 through 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, and 19 have no significance. The default values for

these attributes are taken from the Directory Entry record of the MACRO instance (described in

Section 4. 3. 6.4).

The Parameter Data records of a MACRO definition consist of MACRO language statements. The

statements are not in Hollerith form, i.e., they have no preceding “H” specification. The statements

are free format and may branch over record boundaries (see Section 2.2.3). Every statement is terminated by a record delimiter.

4. 3. 6. 2 MACRO Syntax

Constants. Constants may be integer, real, double precision real, pointer or string (See Section 2.2.2).

Variables. The significant part of a variable name is from one to six characters in length. The first character must be one of the characters listed below. This character determines the variable type. It

is not possible to override the conventions. The six character limitation includes the first character.

Upper and lower case letters are recognized as distinct, i.e., X is different from x. Variable names

longer than six characters may be used; however, only the first six characters will be significant.

Variable names may contain imbedded blanks. These blanks are NOT taken as part of the name;

therefore “A B” is equivalent to “AB.” Except for the first character, as outlined below, all characters

must be alphabetic (A —Z or a—z), or numeric (0 —9).

254
4.3.6 MACRO CAPABILITY

Variable Naming Convention

Variable Type First Character

Integer I-N, i-n

Real A-H, 0-Z a-h, o-z Double precision real ! String $

Pointer #

Label &

Examples of valid variable names.

Variable Type Valid Names

Integer IJK ICOUNT K101 NTIMES max

Real XYZ XI y2 QrsTul

Double precision real ! h ! xi !Y2 ! 12341

String $str $TITLE $label

Pointer #line #note #REF #XYZ1

Some examples of invalid variable names are:

$ $ $ $ $ not permitted after first character

1X43B 1 may not be first character

A.BC . is illegal

Note that there are no “reserved” words. Thus a variable name such as MACRO, which is identical

to a statement keyword (described below), will not confuse the interpreter, although it may confuse

the user of such a MACRO. It is suggested that these words be avoided.

Functions. Functions similar to FORTRAN library functions are provided. The rules for mixed

mode have been relaxed so that it is not necessary to use SQRT(2.) instead of SQRT(2). While

this assists the preprocessor writer in preparing MACROs, it places a responsibility on the writer

of a processor for the MACRO language in handling the mixed mode. While the arguments can be mixed mode, the functions do have a specific type of value that they return, i.e., integer, real,

double precision real, or string. The functions are listed here by the type of value returned. The

type of argument usually used is also noted for clarity. For example, either IDINT( !d) or INT( !d)

will work equally well, although the meaning might be a little clearer with IDINT(!d). Functions

are only recognized in upper case.

Functions Returning Integer Values:

Function Value Returned

IABS(i)

IDINT ( ! d)

IFIX(x)

INT(x)

ISIGN(i)

Absolute value of i

Integer part of !d

Integer part of x Integer part of x

1 if i is positive, or

0 if it is zero, or

-1 if it is negative

255
4.3.6 MACRO CAPABILITY

Functions Returning Real Values:

Function Value Returned

ABS(x) Absolute value of x AINT(x) Integer part of x, in real form

ALOG(x) Natural logarithm of x AL0G10(x) Common (base 10) logarithm of x ATAN(x) Arctangent of x; angle returned in radians

COS(x) Cosine of angle x; angle in radians

EXP(x) Natural anti-logarithm of x (i.e., e to the x)

FLOAT (i) Real (floated) value for i, e.g., FL0AT(2) returns 2.

SIGN(x) 1. if x is positive, or 0. if x is zero, or -1. if x is negative

SIN (x) Sine of angle x; angle in radians

SNGL( ! d) Single precision (real) value of double precision variable !d. As many

significant digits of !d as possible are used in the returned value

SQRT(x) Square root of x TAN(x) Tangent of angle x; angle in radians

Functions Returning Double Precision Real Values:

Function Value Returned

DABS( ! d) Absolute value of !d

DATAN( !d) Arctangent of !d; value returned in radians

DBLE(x) Returns double precision real value of x. Note that this is merely conversion, not an extension. Thus,

DBL( .333333333) will return . 333333333D0, but not

. 333333333333333333333333D0. Thus, DBLE(l./3.)

is not necessarily equal to 1D0/3D0

DC0S( !d) Cosine of angle ! d; angle in radians

DEXP ( ! d) Natural anti-logarithm of !d (i.e., e to the !d)

DL0G( !d) Natural logarithm of !d

DL0G10( !d) Common (base 10) logarithm of !d

DSIGN ( ! d) IDO if ! d is positive, or 0D0 if zero, or -IDO if negative

DSIN ( ! d) Sine of angle !d; angle in radians

DSQRT( !d) Square root of !d

DTAN ( ! d) Tangent of angle ! d; angle in radians

Functions Returning String Values:

Function Value Returned

STRING(expression, format) Character representation of the argument

“expression”. See Section 4. 3. 6.3. 3 for a

description of the argument “format”.

256
4.3.6 MACRO CAPABILITY

Expressions. Expressions may be formed using the above functions, variables and constants, and

the following operators:

Function Symbol

addition + subtraction - multiplication * division /

exponentiation **

The operators are evaluated in normal algebraic order, i.e., first exponentiation, then unary negation,

then multiplication or division, then addition or subtraction. Within any one hierarchy, operators

evaluate left to right. Parentheses may be used to override the normal evaluation order, as in the ex- pression “A*(B+C),” which is different from “A*B+C.” Extra parentheses do not alter the value of the

expression; it is a good idea to use them, even if not truly necessary. Examples of expressions include:

X+1.0

-B+SQRT(B**2 - 4*A*C)

I + 1 3.14159/2.

-X

! BEL* (! ALPHA-! BETA)

Except for the ** operator, it is never permissable to have two operators next to each other, i.e.,

not 2*-2, but -2*2 or 2*(-2). Multiplication may not be implied by parentheses, e.g., (A+B)(C+D)

is invalid, and AB does not imply A*B, but rather the separate variable AB.

Mode of expression evaluation. Mixed mode (integer mixed with real, etc.) is permitted. Whenever two different types are to be operated upon, the calculation is performed in the “higher” type.

Integer is the lowest type, real is next, and double precision real is the highest. Note, however, that

this decision is made for each operation, not once for the entire expression. Thus 1/3 + 1.0 evaluates to 1.0, because the “1/3” is done first, and it is done in integer mode. Integer mode truncates

fractions, and does not round. Therefore, the expression “2/3+2/3-f2/3” has a value of zero.

Conditional expressions. Conditional expressions may be formed using functions, variables and

constants, and the following six standard relational operators:

Function Symbol

less than or equal .LE.

less than .LT.

equal .EQ.

greater than or equal .GE.

greater than .GT.

not equal .NE.

257
4.3. 6.

MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 30G)

Examples of conditional expressions include:

X.GT.3

SQRT( A+B) . NE . 1+1

( ! A- ! B) . GE . 3 . 14159

4. 3. 6.MACRO Definition Entity (Type 306). The MACRO Definition Entity specifies

the action of a specific MACRO. After having been specified in a definition entity, the MACRO can

be used as often as necessary by means of the MACRO Instance Entity.

The MACRO Definition Entity differs from other entity structures in this specification by consisting

of only language statements in the parameter data. The character strings constituting the language

statements in the MACRO definition are not set off by means of the nil structure of string constants but rather consist of only the actual character string terminated by a record delimiter (see

Section 2. 2. 2.5).

4. 3. 6. 3.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

4. 3. 6. 3. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 ID Literal MACRO

2 NE Integer Entity Type ID

3 TEXT Language

statement

First statement

4 TEXT Language

statement

Second statement

N+2 TEXT Language

statement

Last statement

N+3 T Literal ENDM

Additional parameters as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

4. 3. 6. 3. 3 There are eleven language statements that can be used. They are:

BREAK IF MREF

CONTINUE LABEL REPEAT

ENDM LET SET

GOTO MACRO

258
4.3.6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

These “keywords” are recognized only in upper case, and every statement must begin with one of

these keywords. Statements are free format; blanks and tabs are ignored except within strings.

Statements may extend over several lines, or more than one statement may be present on a line. All

statements are terminated by a record delimiter which must be present.

LET Statement (Arithmetic)

This is the assignment statement and is equivalent to the LET statement of BASIC. The format of a LET statement is:

LET variable = expression;

The expression and the variable may be integer, real, or double precision; they need not be of the

same type. Note that this is an assignment statement and not an algebraic equality. All of the

variables on the right hand side of the expression must have been previously defined; it cannot be

assumed that variables will default to zero if they are undefined. Some examples of valid LET state- ments:

LET HYPOT = SQRT(A**2+B**2);

LET X = X + 1;

LET RQ0T1 = -B + SQRT(B*B - 4*A*C)

;

LET I = i;

LET ! XYZ = I * 2;

LET START = 0;

LET Statement (String)

String variables allow characters to be manipulated. String variables may be used in statements

almost anywhere that any other variable type may be used; exceptions are noted below.

String variables may be used in LET statements. Note that they shall not be mixed with any other

type of variable in a LET statement. Also note that arithmetic operations (i.e., +, -, *, /, **) are not possible with string variables. Two forms of LET statements for string variables are possible:

LET $str = 23Hstring of 23 characters;

or LET $stri = $str2

;

In the first case, the 23 characters following the H are assigned to the string variable $str. In the

second case, the string u $str2” is copied into “$strl.” Examples of these statements include:

LET $t itle = 3HBox

;

259
4.3.6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

LET $subti = 6HBottom;

LET $x = $subti;

Note that if a string variable appears on the right hand side of the statement, it must have been

previously defined. Spaces are not ignored within a string constant; they become part of the string.

Any printable ASCII character may be part of a string.

There is one other form for setting up a string. It involves the STRING function. The STRING function

may only appear in this form. Specifically, it shall not appear in SET statement argument lists, MACRO

statements, or MREF statements. However, string constants, such as “6Hstring,” and variables, such

as “$x,” may appear in SET statements and MACRO statements.

The form of a LET statement including string function is:

LET $str = STRING(expression, format);

where “expression” is any normal integer, real or double precision real expression, “$str” is a

string variable name, and “format” is a format specification as used in a FORTRAN FORMAT

statement. The allowable format specifications are:

Iw

Fw . d

Ew . d

Dw.d

The effect of this statement is to convert the numeric value of the expression into characters, be.,

the statement:

LET $PI = STRING (3 . 14159 ,F7 . 5)

will result in the same thing as

LET $PI = 7H3. 14159;

Of course, the usefulness of the STRING function is that expressions can be converted, rather than

constants. Thus:

LET x = 1;

LET y

= 2;

LET $xyz = STRING (x+y+1 ,F5 . 0)

260
4. 3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

will result in the same thing as

LET $xyz = 5H 4.;

The rules for the format specifications follow the standard FORTRAN convention. “Iw” causes

integer conversion, resulting in “w” characters. “Fw.d” causes real conversion, resulting in “w” characters, with “d” characters after the decimal point. “Ew.d” results in real conversion, but using an exponent form. “Dw.d” is the same as “E” but for double precision real values. Note that this is one place where mixed mode is not allowed. The type of format specification and the type of the

expression’s result must be identical.

LET Statements (Attributes)

Attributes (those appearing in the directory entry record for the MACRO instance) may be set using

the LET statement. The format is:

LET /attribute name = expression;

orLET /attribute name = /HDR;

The first form allows an attribute to be set to any constant value, including numeric expressions.

Attributes may also be set to string constants or string variables but not to the result of a STRING

function. Examples include:

LET /LEV = 1;

LET /VIEW = 3;

LET /LABEL = 6HBottom;

LET /LABEL = $X;

The second form allows restoring an attribute to its default value. Examples include:

LET /LEV = /HDR;

LET /LABEL = /HDR;

The word “/HDR” is the only non-constant that is allowed on the right side of an attribute assignment

statement. The effect is to restore the value of the attribute to what it was in the directory entry

for the instance or, in some cases, to a specified default value. The defaults are described below.

Attributes may not be mixed with any other variable type nor may they appear anywhere but in

the above two forms of LET statements.

The allowable attribute names and their defaults are given here. A default of /HDR indicates that

the attribute defaults to the value in the directory entry of the instance.

261
4.3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

Attribute Name Default

Line font pattern /LFP /HDR

Level /LEV /HDR

View /VIEW /HDR

Transformation matrix /MTX /HDR

Label display associativity /CE 0

Blank status /BS /HDR

Subordinate entity /SE /HDR

Entity use /ET /HDR

Hierarchy /HF /HDR

Line weight /LW /HDR

Color /PN /HDR

Form /FORM 0

Entity label /LABEL blanks

Entity subscript /SUB 0

SET Statement

The SET statement establishes directory and parameter data entries for the specified entity. The

form is:

SET #ptr = entity type number, argument list;

“#ptr” is a pointer variable, such as “#XYZ”; “entity type number” is an IGES entity type number, such as “110”; and “argument list” is a group of variables which is the parameter data of the

entity. Examples of this type of SET statement include:

SET #LINE = 110,X1,Y1,Z,X2,Y2,Z,0,0;

SET #ABC = 828 , Z , A+B/C , Y1 , X2.Y2+1 ,0,0;

SET #qwe = 864 , 15Hstrings allowed, X,Y,$this2;

The argument list may contain expressions and may spread over more than one line. At least one argument must be present, i. e., the argument list may not be null. The entity type number may not

be an expression; i.e., it must be an integer constant. The pointer variable will be assigned a value

corresponding to the sequence number of the directory entry of the entity created.

“Forward referencing” of pointers is valid in the argument list of a SET statement. A pointer may

appear in the argument list of a SET statement that comes before the SET statement defining the

pointer. The only restriction is that any pointer so referenced must appear on the left hand side of one SET statement.

Pointers which appear on the left hand side of more than one SET statement or those which are located inside of REPEAT loops should not be forward referenced.

Note that the STRING function is not allowable in a SET statement - use a separate LET statement

with a string variable instead.

262
4.3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

REPEAT Statement

The REPEAT statement causes a group of statements terminated by a CONTINUE statement to be

repeated a specified number of times. The form of a REPEAT statement is:

REPEAT expression;

The expression is evaluated, and the resulting value is the number of times the statements will be

repeated. The expression may be of integer, real or double precision real type; in the case of real or double precision real expressions, the result is truncated to determine the repeat count. If the

repeat count is zero or negative, the group of statements is still executed one time. Examples of

REPEAT statements are:

REPEAT 3;

REPEAT N+l

;

REPEAT 0;

REPEAT X+Y;

REPEAT statements may be nested only to a depth of ten.

After a REPEAT statement, such as REPEAT N, it is valid to alter the value of N. This does not affect

the repeat count. Also note that REPEAT is unlike a FORTRAN DO statement because there is no

variable being incremented on every pass.

CONTINUE Statement

The CONTINUE statement marks the end of a REPEAT group. The form of a CONTINUE statement is:

CONTINUE;

When a CONTINUE statement is encountered, the repeat count is decremented by one and checked to

see if it is greater than zero. If it is, the interpreter goes back to the first statement after the most

recent REPEAT. If not, then the next statement is processed. The number of REPEAT statements and

CONTINUE statements in a MACRO shall be the same. A CONTINUE statement(s) is not implied by ENDM.

BREAK Statement

A BREAK statement may be used within a REPEAT construct to terminate the processing of state- ments of the REPEAT construct before the completion of the specified number of loops, such as upon

detection of a condition during the processing. The form of a BREAK statement is:

263
4. 3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

BREAK;

or

IF conditional expression, BREAK;

When a BREAK statement is encountered, processing of MACRO statements resumes with the statement immediately following the CONTINUE statement marking the end of the affected REPEAT construct.

IF Statement

The IF statement causes a single language statement to be executed if a certain condition is true.

The form of an IF statement is:

IF conditional expression, language statement;

1 ;

> where “conditional expression” is a conditional expression as described in Section 4. 3. 6. 2, “language

statement” can be any statement allowed in a MACRO except:

MACRO

ENDM

IF

LABEL

Examples of IF statements:

IF A . LT . 3 , LET A=3;

IF B.EQ.O.SET #LIN1=110 , . .

.

IF SWITCH. EQ.l, GOTO &A;

LABEL Statement

, y / The LABEL statement is used to mark a position in a MACRO where the execution control is transferred to using a GOTO statement. The form of a LABEL statement is:

LABEL label name;

264
4. 3.6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

where “label name” is any character string beginning with an ampersand (ft). It should be from

one to six characters long (including the ft). Within a single MACRO definition, all label names

must be unique. Examples are:

LABEL ftloop;

LABEL ftend;

GOTO Statement

This statement is used to transfer the execution control to a particular point which is marked by a LABEL statement. The form of a GOTO statement is:

GOTO label name;

where “label name” is any label name specified in a LABEL statement.

The GOTO statement can be used to jump both forward and backward, but both the GOTO statement

and the target LABEL must be at the same nesting level and within the same REPEAT construct.

Examples are:

GOTO ftstart;

GOTO ftend;

MACRO Statement

The MACRO statement is used to signify the start of a MACRO definition. The first statement in

every MACRO definition must be a MACRO statement. The form of a MACRO statement is:

306, MACRO, entity type number, argument list;

where “entity type number” is the assigned entity number of the MACRO, and “argument list”

is a list of parameters that are to be assigned values at execution time. Entity type numbers in the

range of 600 to 699 and 10000 to 99999 will be used.

The argument list may not be null. The parameters in the argument list take the form of the

variables described in Section 4. 3.6. 2. Note that the argument list may not contain expressions, only

symbolic variable names. One additional type of variable, the “class variable” can be used in an argument list. The class

variable takes the form:

265
4. 3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

size_variable (class_var_l , class_var_2 class_var_n)

where size-variable precedes the occurrence of the class variable in the argument list and class_var_i

members are referenced in the MACRO body by means of a subscript:

class_var_i (J)

In the MACRO statement, the size-variable is used to identify the class variable collection being

defined. In the MACRO body, the size-variable indicates the number of sets of class variable

members that are included (be., the number of times the class variable collection is to be repeated).

A simple class variable example is:

NCITEM1, ITEM2 , ITEMS, ITEM4)

which specifies a class variable collection with four members. For an instance of the MACRO, using

the example class variable with N equal to 3, three sets of class variable data for the collection are

available to the macro body statements. The parameter list for the associated MACRO instance is:

ITEMl(l), ITEM2(1), ITEM3(1), ITEM4(1) .... ,ITEM3(3) , ITEM4(3)

Each value for each member of the class variable may be referenced individually:

ITEMi(l), ITEM1 (2) , ITEM1(3), ITEM1(4), etc.

in any order, or implicitly, by using an index variable, be., J:

ITEM3 (J) with J ranging from 1 to 3

Use of the class variable to represent a MACRO with a parameter list identical to the Views Visible

Associativity, Form 4, would be specified as:

306, MACRO, 681 , N1 , N2 ,N1 (#DEV ,LF, #DEF , IPN.LW)

N2(#DE) ,N,N( #DEA ) , M , M(#DEP)

where:

266
4.3. 6. 3 MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 306)

N1(#DEV,LF,#DEF,ICN,LW)

N2(#DE)

N(#DEA)

M(#DEP)

indicates the blocks of views visible, line font, color number,

and line weight information

contains the pointers to the entities included in the view

contains the back pointers/text pointers

contains the pointers to properties

Note that zero is a valid value for a size.vaxiable in a MACRO instance.

ENDM Statement

ENDM signifies the end of a MACRO. The form of an ENDM statement is:

ENDM;

All MACROs must have an ENDM statement as their last statement. ENDM is not implied by the end

of the parameter data section.

MREF Statement

The MREF statement is used to reference another MACRO from inside a MACRO definition. The

form of an MREF statement is:

MREF, ptr, entity type number, argument list;

where “ptr” may be either a pointer variable or an integer expression. The value is the sequence

number of the Directory Entry record of the MACRO definition being referenced. “Entity type

number” is the assigned entity number of the MACRO being referenced. “Argument list” is exactly

like that of a SET statement. The effect of the argument list is to replace the symbolic names found

in the MACRO definition with the values of the expressions contained in the MREF statement, so that execution of the referenced MACRO will start with the appropriate values. Note that MREF

does not start expansion of the referenced MACRO. Rather it creates an entity entry which may

later be expanded. It is thus not possible for a MACRO being referenced to have access to any of

those values except for those in the argument list. (All variables not in the argument list are treated

as local variables.) Even then, it is not possible for the occurrence of a MREF statement to alter any

of those values.

Examples of MREF statements:

MREF , #macl , 600 ,X1 ,Y1 , Z1 , X2 ,Y2 , 3 . 1

;

MREF , 33 ,62 1 , A , B , 3+X/W+l , 6*W, 3 . , 0 , 6Hstr ing , $x

;

267
4. 3. 6. 4 MACRO INSTANCE ENTITY

It is not strictly necessary for the values in a MREF statement to be of the same type as the values

in the definition MACRO, within certain limitations. Integer, real, and double precision real values

may be freely mixed, although it might be considered a good idea not to do so. String values may

only appear where string variables appear in the definition.

4. 3. 6. 4 MACRO Instance Entity. A MACRO Instance Entity is used to invoke a MACRO.

The Parameter Data records of the instance contain values for the arguments to the MACRO. This

is similar to a standard entity entry.

The Directory Entry for a MACRO Instance Entity contains the attribute values that are to be used

as the default values during the expansion of the MACRO. The only special field is the structure

field (Directory Entry Field 3), which contains a pointer to the Directory Entry of the MACRO

definition. The pointer is preceded by a minus sign.

4. 3. 6. 4.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: As defined for each MACRO in the range 600 to 699 or 10000 to

99999.

Pointer to Directory Entry of MACRO definition, preceded by a minus sign.

Default values to be used during expansion of the MACRO. Attributes listed as defaulting to /HDR obtain their values from here.

(See discussion of LET statement (attributes)).

Structure Field:

Other Attributes:

4. 3. 6. 4. 2 Parameter Data. The parameter data section for an instance has the following form:

With all parameter data entities, the first record begins with the entity type number as defined in

the MACRO.

Index Name Type Description

As appropriate Values for the arguments to the MACRO must agree in format

and number with the arguments in the MACRO statement of

the definition.

Additional pointers as required (See Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

268
4.3. 6.5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

4. 3. 6. 5 Examples of MACRO Usage. Five examples are given to illustrate some of the ca- pabilities of a MACRO.

1. Isosceles Triangle

2. Repeated Parallelograms

3. Concentric Circles

4. Ground Symbol

5. Useful Features

Example 1: Isosceles Triangle

The following MACRO definition creates an isosceles triangle, given a vertex point, a height, a base

width and a scale.

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

Parameter Data

306, MACRO, 621, XI, Yl, Al, A2, K;

LET Z = 0;

SET #Linel = 110,X1,Y1,Z,X1+(K*A1),Y1+(K*A2/2.),Z,0,0;

SET #Line2 = 110,X1+(K*A1) ,Yl+(K*A2/2.) ,Z,

X1+(K*A1) ,Yl-(K*A2/2.) ,Z,0,0;

SET #Line3 = 110,X1+(K*A1) , Yl-(K*A2/2 . ) ,Z,

XI ,Y1 ,Z,0,0;

ENDM;

The MACRO can be used to create a triangle by using a MACRO instance which supplies the needed

values for XI, Yl, Al, A2, and K. The parameter data section for the MACRO instance would have

the following format:

Index Name Type Description

1 XI Real X coordinate of vertex

2 Yl Real Y coordinate of vertex

3 Al Real Height of triangle

4 A2 Real Base of triangle

5 K Integer Scaling factor

In particular, to create a triangle shown in Figure 88 with a base of 5. and a height of 17., a vertex

at (0,0), and a scale factor 1, the following instance could be placed into the file:

269
4.3. 6.5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 621

Structure: -nnn, where “nnn” is the sequence number of the directory entry of the definition.

Other attributes: As desired for default values during MACRO expansion.

Parameter Data

621, 0. , 0. , 17. , 5. , 1;

vigure 88. Parameters of the Isoceles Triangle Macro in Example 1 in Text

270
4. 3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Example 2: Repeated parallelograms

The following MACRO takes the coordinates of three points and a repetition number as arguments

and creates a pattern of repeated parallelograms as shown in Figure 89. The three points represent

the vertices of the initial parallelogram. The repetition number argument (NTANG) controls how

many additional parallelograms will be drawn offset in the positive X and Y direction from the ini- tial one. For simplicity, the points have been constrained to all lie in a plane parallel to the X-Y plane.

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

Parameter Data

306, MACRO, 600, XI, Yl, X2 , Y2, X3, Y3 , Z, NTANG;

IF NTANG. EQ.O, GOTO &END

;

LET XDEL = (X2-X1)/NTANG;

LET YDEL = (Y3-Y1 ) /NTANG

;

LET K = 0;

REPEAT NTANG +1;

SET #VLINE = 110,X1+K*XDEL,Y1+K*YDEL,Z,

X2+K+XDEL, Y2+K+YDEL, Z ,0,0;

SET #HLINE = 110 , Xl+K+XDEL , Y1+K*YDEL , Z

,

X3+K*XDEL, Y3+K+YDEL, Z ,0,0;

SET #VLINE = 110 , X3+K+XDEL, Y3+K+YDEL , Z

,

X3+ (X2-X1)+K*XDEL , Y2+ (Y3-Y 1

) +K+YDEL

,

Z.0,0;

SET #HLINE = 110, X2+K+XDEL , Y2+K+YDEL , Z,

X3+(X2-X1)+K*XDEL,Y2+(Y3-Y1)+K*YDEL,

Z.0,0;

LET K = K+l

;

CONTINUE;

LABEL &END;

ENDM;

Parameter Data for an instance of this MACRO looks like this:

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 600

Parameter Data

600, 1 2. , 5. , 5. 1., 3;

271
4. 3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Figure 89. Repeated Parallelograms Created by Macro Example 2 in Text

272
4.3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Example 3: Concentric circles

The following MACRO, given a coordinate, a radius, and a number, creates concentric circles out

to the radius. A point is put into the center. Figure 90 shows the result.

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

Parameter Data

306 , MACRO , 60 1

, XC , YC , ZC , R , NCIRC

;

IF NCIRC .Eq. 0, GOTO &END;

LET DELTR = R/NCIRC;

REPEAT NCIRC;

SET #CIR = 100 , ZC , XC , YC , XC, YC+R , XC , YC+R ,0,0;

LET R = R - DELTR;

CONTINUE;

SET #PT = 116, XC, YC, ZC, 0, 0, 0;

LABEL &END

;

ENDM;

Parameter Data for an instance of the MACRO which would create four concentric circles around

the origin out to a radius of 20 looks like this:

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 601

Parameter Data

601, 0. , 0. , 0. , 20. , 4;

273
4. 3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Figure 90. Concentric Circles Created by Macro Example 3 in Text

274
4.3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Example 4: Electrical ground symbol

This MACRO takes a point and a base length and constructs a ground symbol (horizontally) at that

point. Figure 91 shows the result.

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

Parameter Data

306, MACRO, 602, X, Y, Z, B; IF B.EQ.O, GOTO &A;

LET DELY = B/6;

LET DELX = DELY;

SET #LINE1 = 110, X, Y, Z, X+B, Y, Z, 0, 0;

SET #LINE2 = 110, X+DELX , Y-DELY, Z, X+B-DELX, Y-DELY, Z, 0, 0;

SET #LINE3 = 110, X+2+DELX, Y-2*DELY , Z, X+B-2*DELX , Y-2*DELY

,

Z, 0 , 0

;

LABEL &A;

ENDM

;

Parameter Data for an instance of this MACRO looks like this:

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 602

Parameter Data

602, 1. , 6. , 2. , 1.3;

Figure 91. Ground Symbol Created by Macro Example 4 in Text

275
4.3. 6. 5 EXAMPLES OF MACRO USAGE

Example 5: Useful features

This last example demonstrates the use of various MACRO features. It is not meant as an example

of a “useful” MACRO.

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 306

Parameter Data

306 , MACRO ,613, NROW , NCOL , VDIST , HDIST , ! ANGLE

LET/LABEL = 6HP0INTS

LET !SIN=DSIN( ! ANGLE) ; LET ! C0S=DC0S (! ANGLE)

LET YHD=HDIST* ! SIN

LET XHD=HDIST* ! COS

LET YVD=VDIST* ! COS

LET XVD=VDIST*(- ! SIN)

LET IRC=0; LET ICC=0;

REPEAT NROW;

LET XC0L=IRC*XVD

LET YC0L=IRC*YVD

REPEAT NCOL;

LET X = XCOL + ICC+XHD

LET Y = YCOL + ICC+YHD;

SET #PT = 116, X, Y, 0. , 0,0,0;

LET ICC = ICC + 1;

CONTINUE;

LET IRC = ICC +1;

CONTINUE;

LET $NPTS = STRING(NR0W*NCQL, 17)

LET/LABEL = $NPTS;

SET #LINE = 110, 0., 0., 0., 10., 0., 0.;

SET #CIRC = 100, 0., 0., 0., 10., 0., 10., 0.;

HREF, 22, 601, 0. , 0. , 0. , 10. , 5;

ENDM;

Parameter Data for an instance of this MACRO looks like this:

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 613

Parameter Data

613, 4, 5, 0.2, 0.1, 7 . 85398D-01

276
4.3.7 PROPERTY ENTITY (TYPE 406)

4.3.7 Property Entity (Type 406). The Property Entity contains numerical or textual data.

It also has a form number to indicate its meaning. Certain generic property form numbers are described in the following sections and are expected to be augmented by others in future versions of

this specification. Form numbers in the range 5001-9999 are left undefined for users. Note that properties can also point to other properties, participate in associativities, point to related

general notes, or display text by pointing to a Text Display Template.

Property instances are usually referenced by the presence of a pointer to the instance in the second

group of additional pointers as described in Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2; however, as stated in Section 1.6.1,

when an instance is independent it applies to all entities on the same level as the instance.

4. 3. 7.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 406

4.3. 7.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values

2 VI Variable Property values

NP+1 VNP

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

277
4.3. 7.3.1 (TYPE 406, FORM 1) - DEFINITION LEVELS

4. 3. 7. 3 Defined Properties

4. 3. 7. 3.1 FORM NUMBER: 1 Definition levels

For one or more entities in the file that are defined on a set of multiple levels, there will be an

occurrence of the Property Instance (Form 1). In the parameter data portion of the property

instance, the first parameter, NP, will contain the number of multiple levels followed by a list of

those levels. Each entity that is defined on this set of levels will contain a pointer (in the level field

of the directory entry) to this property instance. A different set of multiple levels will result in a

different property instance.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values

2 LI Integer Level number

NP+1 LNP

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

278
4. 3. 7.3. 2 (TYPE 406, FORM 2) - REGION RESTRICTION

4. 3. 7. 3. 2 FORM NUMBER: 2 Region Restriction

This property allows entities that can define regions to set an applications restriction over that re- gion. The restrictions will indicate whether a given applications item must lie completely within

regions with this property or completely outside such regions. The restriction applies to all points of

entities used to represent the applications item and to all points within the effect of the item when

all properties, such as line widening, are applied.

Each of the property values in this property will have one of three values indicating the region re- striction relevant to the application’s item.

Property Value Description

0 No Restriction

1 Item must be inside region

2 Item must be outside region

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=3)

2 EVR Integer Electrical vias restriction (EVR=0,1 or 2)

3 ECPR Integer Electrical components restriction (ECPR=0,1 or 2)

4 ECRR Integer Electrical circuitry restriction (ECRR=0,1 or 2)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

279
4.3. 7.3. 3 (TYPE 406, FORM 3) - LEVEL FUNCTION

4. 3. 7. 3. 3 FORM NUMBER: 3 Level Function

This property is used to transfer the meaning or intended use of a level in the sending system. An

instance of this property shall apply to all entities in the same file with the same DE level value

(Field 5), without the requirement of a pointer to it (see Section 1.6.1). Parameter 2 is used to

record an integer code number when the sending system uses a level-use index or table. Parameter 3 is used to record the level-use text, whether such text is obtained from the index which

provided Parameter 2, or exists independently. Either Parameter 2 or Parameter 3 may have a

default value. This property may be readily added to a file (by edit or data merge) when level-use

information is required by the receiving system or archive. The Parameter (2 and 3) values of an

instance of this property shall apply to multiple levels if the instance’s level value is a pointer to an instance of Property Form 1. Note that Parameter 3 was an integer value for “source level” in

Version 2. The source level (for this Version) shall be the level value for the instance of this property.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=2)

2 FC Integer Function description code (Default = 0)

3 FD String Function description (Default = null string)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

280
4. 3. 7. 3.4 (TYPE 406, FORM 5) - LINE WIDENING

4.3. 7.3.4 FORM NUMBER: 5 Line Widening

This property defines the characteristics of entities when they are used to define the location of items

such as strips of metalization on printed wiring boards.

The justification flag terminology is interpreted as follows: right justified means that a defining line

segment forms the right edge of the widened line in the direction from first defining point to second.

Left justified is the opposite while center justified indicates that the defining line segment splits the

widening exactly in half. Figure 92 indicates the measurement of the property values.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=5)

2 WM Real Width of metalization

3 CC Integer Cornering codes

0 = rounded

1 = squared

4 EF Integer Extension flag

0 = No extension

1 = One-half width extension

2 = Extension set by Parameter 6

5 JF Integer Justification flag

0 = center justified

1 = left justified

2 = right justified

6 E Real Extension value, if Parameter 4=2

(Note: this value may be negative)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

281
4. 3. 7. 3.4 (TYPE 406, FORM 5) - LINE WIDENING

XI

X2Y2

-EZZZZZ3-

LEFT JUSTIFIED CENTER JUSTIFIED RIGHT JUSTIFIED

NO EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS

NO EXTENSION NO EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS SQUARE CORNERS

LEFT JUSTIFIED

EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS

E 41

CENTER JUSTIFIED

EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS

RIGHT JUSTIFIED

EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS

j Hr 3r L

LEFT JUSTIFIED CENTER JUSTIFIED RIGHT JUSTIFIED

NO EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS

NO EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS

NO EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS

V^

-3 Cl lJ LEFT JUSTIFIED CENTER JUSTIFIED

H r

RIGHT JUSTIFIED

EXTENSION EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS ROUND CORNERS

EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS

X3Y3 X4Y4

*2Y2

XI Yl

RIGHT JUSTIFIED

NO EXTENSION

SQUARE CORNERS

CENTER JUSTIFIED

NO EXTENSION

ROUND CORNERS

Figure 92. Measurement of the Line Widening Property Values

282
4. 3. 7. 3. 5 (TYPE 406, FORM 6) - DRILLED HOLE

4.3. 7.3. 5 FORM NUMBER: 6 Drilled Hole ;

V; The Drilled Hole Property identifies an entity representing a drilled hole through a printed circuit

board. The parameters of the property define the characteristics of the hole necessary for actual

machining. The layer range indicated by Parameters 5 and 6 refers to physical layers of the assembled printed circuit board.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 NP Integer

2 DDS Real

3 FDS Real

4 PF Integer

5 LNL Integer

6 HNL Integer

Description

Number of property values (NP=5)

Drill diameter size

Finish diameter size

Plating indication flag (0=no, l=yes)

Lower numbered layer

Higher numbered layer

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

283
4. 3. 7. 3. 6 (TYPE 406, FORM 7) - REFERENCE DESIGNATOR

4. 3. 7. 3. 6 FORM NUMBER: 7 Reference Designator

The Reference Designator Property attaches a text string containing the value of a component ref- erence designator to an entity being used to represent a component. This property is not to be

used for the primary reference designator when a component is represented by a Network Subfigure

Instance Entity (Type 420) as that value is included in the subfigure parameters.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=1)

2 RD String Reference designator text

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

284
4.3. 7.3.7 (TYPE 406, FORM 8) - PIN NUMBER

4.3. 7.3. 7 FORM NUMBER: 8 Pin Number

The Pin Number Property attaches a text string representing a component pin number to an entity

being used to represent an electrical component’s pin. This property is not to be used when a pin

is represented by a Connect Point Entity (Type 132) as the pin number is included in one of the

Connect Point parameters.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=1)

2 PN String Pin Number Value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

285
4.3. 7.3. 8 (TYPE 406, FORM 9) - PART NUMBER

4.3. 7.3. 8 FORM NUMBER: 9 Part Number

The Part Number Property attaches a set of text strings that define the common part numbers to an entity being used to represent a physical component. Defaulted strings in any parameter will

imply that the missing value is not relevant to the transferred data.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=4)

2 GPN String Generic part number or name

3 MPN String Military Standard (MIL-STD) part number

4 VPN String Vendor part number or name

5 IPN String Internal part number

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.3. 7. 3. 9 (TYPE 406, FORM 10) - HIERARCHY

4. 3. 7. 3. 9 FORM NUMBER: 10 Hierarchy

The Hierarchy Property provides the ability to control the hierarchy of each directory entry attribute.

This property is referenced when the directory entry status digits 7 and 8 are 02.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP

2 LF Integer Line font

3 VU Integer View

4 LAB Integer Entity level

5 BL Integer Blank status

6 LW Integer Line weight

7 CO Integer Color number

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2.24.4.2).

Acceptable values for Parameters 2 through 7 are 0 and 1. (See definition in Section 2.24.3.9.4).

287
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

4.3.7.3.10 FORM NUMBER: 11 Tabular Data

The Tabular Data Property provides a structure to accommodate point form data. The basic

structure is a two-dimensional array organized in column row order. In the simplified form this

structure can contain a single list of values. The more complex forms contain multiple lists of

independent and dependent variables.

The Property Type is the key used to define the dependent variable data values.

Property Types 1 to 5000 are reserved for defining finite element material properties.

The units used for this property shall follow the International System of Units (SI) practice for base

units and derived units (IEEE76). Typical units are as follows:

Base Units Unit Symbol

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s Electric Current Ampere A

Derived Units Unit Symbol Formula

Force Newton N (kg*m/s)/s

Energy Joule J N*m

Parameter Data

Index Name

1 NP

2 PTYPE

Type Description

Integer Number of Property values

Integer Property Type

1 = Young’s Modulus ND=3

2 = Poisson’s Ratio ND=3

3 = Shear Modulus ND=3

4 = Material Matrix ND=21

5 = Mass Density ND=1

6 = Thermal Expansion Coefficient ND=3

7 = Laminate Material Stiffness Matrix ND—

8 = Bending Material Stiffness Matrix ND=6

9 = Transverse Shear Material Stiffness Matrix ND=3

10 = Bending Coupling Material Stiffness Matrix

ND=6
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

Index Name

2 cont. PTYPE

3 ND

4 NI

5 TYPI1

Type Description

Integer Property Type

11 = Material Coordinate System ND=3

12 = Nodal Load/Constraint Data ND=Number of Degrees of Freedom

13 = Sectional Properties for Beam Elements ND=8 if the properties are the same at both ends of the

beam otherwise, ND=16

14 = Beam End Releases ND= 12

15 = Offsets ND=9 or 18

16 = Stress Recovery Information ND=12 or 24

17 = Element Thickness ND=1 or n

18 = Non-Structural Mass ND=1

19 = Thermal Conductivity ND=3

20 = Heat Capacity ND=1

21 = Convective Film Coefficient ND=1

22 = Radiation Parameters ND=4

Integer Number of dependent variables

Integer Number of independent variables

Integer Type of first independent variable

1 — Temperature

2 = Pressure

3 = Relative humidity

4 = Rate of Strain

5 = Velocity

6 = Acceleration

7 = Time

8 — Strain

5+NI TYPINI Integer

6+NI NVALI1 Integer

6+2*NI NVALINI Integer

7+2*NI VALI(l.l) Real

VALI ( 1 , NVALIl) Real

• VALICNI, NVALINI) Real

VALD(1,1) Real

VALD( J,K) Real

N VALD(ND, NVALINI) Real

Type of the last independent variable

Number of different values of the first independent variable

Number of different values of the last independent variable

First value of the first independent variable

Last value of the first independent variable

Last value of the last independent variable

Value of the first dependent variable at the first data point

Value of the j-th dependent variable at the k-th data point

Value of the last dependent variable at the last data point

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

289
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

MATERIAL PROPERTY TYPE DEFINITIONS:

PTYPE = 1 Young’s Modulus

Young’s modulus relates stress to strain in materials. In the simple case:

a = E c

Where a

l

E

Stress vector (row of elements ax , o y , c^ ^ ) Strain vector (row of elements e

y , e*)

Young’s Modulus matrix of diagonal elements Exx , Eyy , Ezz

The modulus is a vector with three principal values Exx , Eyy , and Ezz . This

implies that ND (Number of Dependent Variables) is equal to three.

In matrix form:

G

Exx 0 0 €x = 0 Eyy 0

0 0 Ezz L*.

4

iM

d;

%

*

290
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 2 Poisson’s Ratio

Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of transverse strain in the j-direction when stressed in

the i-direction, i.e.,

VU

Where v — Poisson’s Ratio

e = Strain

i — One orthogonal direction

j = Another orthogonal direction

The Poisson’s Ratio is a vector consisting of matrix elements with the three principal values, vXy t ^yz> zx

•

The off diagonal matrix values are reciprocals of the principal values, i.e.:

Vxy

This implies that ND (Number of Dependent Variables) is equal to three.

In matrix form for an orthotropic material:

1 1 /

FjXX Vyx/ Eyy VZX ! EZZ &X

€y = ^xy / Exx 1 / Eyy VZ y j Ezz Gy

. ^XZ ! EXX Vyz j Eyy \j Ezz . .

291
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 3 Shear Modulus

Shear Modulus - The ratio of shear stress to shear strain.

G = 7

Where G

rs 7

is the Shear Modulus

is the Shear Stress

is the Shear Strain

The Shear Modulus is a vector with three principal values:

Gxy i Gyzi tind Gzx .

This implies that the ND (Number of Dependent Variables) is equal to three.

In matrix form for orthotropic materials:

7xy

7yz —

7zx

1 / Gxy

0

0

o o 1 1 H

1 lGyZ 0 ^Sy z

1

T—

—

O . TSzx .

292
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 4 Material Matrix

Material matrix defines the tensor qualities of the material. For example:

G = [C] t

Where a is the Stress Vector

€ is the Strain Vector, and

[C] is the Material Matrix

Because of symmetry, the elements Cji = C,y. Therefore, 21 elements define the

material matrix:

Cn C44 C46

C12 Cl 5 C56

C22 C25 C66

Cl3 C35

C23 C45

C33 ^55

C14 Cl 6 C*24 C*26 C34 C36

This implies that ND = 21.

In Matrix form:

G

X

Cn C\2 C13 C\4 Cl 5 C\§ £-x Gy C21 C22 C23 C24 C*25 C26 ty

°z C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 €-Z Try C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 Ixy

Tyz C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 Cse lyz

Tzr Cq\ Cq2 Cq3 Cq4 C&3 Cq6 ‘Ifzx

293
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 5 Mass Density

Mass density is the Mass/Unit Volume.

This implies that ND = 1. Mass Density = p.

294
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 6 Thermal Expansion Coefficient

The Thermal Expansion Coefficient is a material property that computes the strain

given a temperature differential, i.e.,

e = a AT or a = e/AT

Where e = strain

a = thermal expansion coefficient

AT = the temperature differential

The Thermal Expansion Coefficient may be represented as a vector with three

principal values:

Qxxi ^yy and Oi ZZ'

This implies that ND (number of Dependent Variables) is equal to three.

295
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPES 7-11 Composite Materials

Composite materials will be represented with linkages to Tabular Data Property 11 as described in Figure 93. PTYPES required are:

PTYPE Description

7 Laminate material stiffness matrix

8 Bending material stiffness matrix

9 Transverse shear material stiffness matrix

10 Bending coupling material stiffness matrix

11 Material Coordinate System

APPLICABLE TYPES

Figure 93. Relationship Between Properties Used to Represent a Composite Material

296
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 7 Laminate Material Stiffness Matrix

The membrane material stiffness matrix defines anisotropic material properties for

shell membrane action. For example:

I = t [M] l

Where f

t [M]

Forces per unit length (row of elements fx , fy , fxy ) Midplane strains (row of elements ex , ey , e xy ) Shell thickness - see element property

Membrane material stiffness matrix

/ and e are defined in the shell

material coordinate system, PTYPE = 11.

Because of symmetry, the elements Mji = M,y. Therefore, six elements define the

membrane material stiffness matrix (this implies ND = 6):

Mn

M12 M13 M22

A/23

M33

The matrix [M] is a laminate material stiffness matrix which is calculated from

lamina stress strain matrices [G] n . One method for calculating [M] for a laminate

containing m plies is:

1 m

[Mij] = 7 E [G«]» Atn

1 n - 1

Where At n is thickness of n

ih ply

t is total thickness of laminate

Where [G] n is stress strain matrix for n

th ply of laminate, defined in the material

coordinate system.

297
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 8 Bending Material Stiffness Matrix

The bending material stiffness matrix defines the anisotropic material properties

for shell bending. For example:_ 1 , m = — t 12

[B] X

Where m

X

t[B]

— Shell bending moments per unit length (row of elements

AfX , A/y , A/X y) = Shell curvature (row of elements \x, Xy> Xxy) — Shell thickness - see element property = Bending material stiffness matrix

M and \ are defined in shell material coordinate system, PTYPE=11

Because of symmetry, the elements Therefore, six elements define the

bending stress strain matrix (this implies ND = 6):

Bii Bl2

Bl3

B22

B23

B33

The matrix [B] is a laminate matrix for bending which is calculated from lamina

matrices [G] n . One method for calculating [B] for a laminate containing m plies is:

[Bij] = 12 r

3 ]T (Zl [G«]„ A/„)

n = 1

Where [G]n is the stress strain matrix for the n

th ply of laminate

At n is thickness of n

th ply

t is total thickness of laminate

Zn is the normal distance from midplane of shell to the centroid of the

ply

298
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 9 Transverse Shear Material Stiffness Matrix

The transverse shear material stiffness matrix defines anisotropic material properties

for transverse shear flexibility in shell structure. For example:

V = t

.

[5] 7

Where V

1

t.

[ 5]

Transverse shear force per unit length (row of elements Vx , Vy ) Transverse shear strains, dimensionless (row of elements yx , jy ) 5/6 of effective transverse shear thickness

Transverse shear material stiffness matrix

V and 7 are defined in the material coordinate system

Because of symmetry, the elements Sij — Sj{. Therefore, three elements define the

transverse shear material stiffness matrix (this implies ND = 3.):

Sn

Sl2

S22

The matrix [S] is a laminate material stiffness matrix for transverse shear flexibility. If the matrix is not defined, deflections normal to the shell do not include

contributions from transverse shear strain.

299
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 10 Bending Coupling Material Stiffness Matrix

The membrane - bending coupling material stiffness matrix defines the anisotropic

material properties for shell structure with the neutral axis for bending offset from

the midplane of the shell. For example:

/ = ( 2 [Cl s

and

m — t l [C]

T

e

Where /

m

X

€

t

Forces per unit length (row of elements fx , fy , fxy ) Bending moments per unit length (row of elements mx , my , mxy ) Curvature (measurement of bending strain, (meter) -1

) (row of elements

Xxi Xy i Xxy

Midplane strain (row of elements ex , e y , cxy ) shell thickness

/, m, X) and e are defined in the shell material coordinate system

Because of symmetry, the elements Cij = Cji, Therefore, six elements define the

membrane bending coupling material matrix (This implies ND = 6):

Cn

C\ 2 C\3

C22

C23

C33

The matrix [C] is a laminate matrix for membrane bending coupling, which is calculated from lamina stress strain matrices [G] n . One method for calculating [C]

for a laminate containing m plies is:

m

[Cij] = r2 J2 (Z» [Gjjln A<„)

fl = l

Where [G]» = stress strain matrix for n

th ply, defined in shell material coordinate system

At n — thickness of n

th ply

Zn = the normal distance from midplane of the shell to centroid of n

th ply

t = thickness of shell

300
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 11 Material Coordinate System

The orientation of the element material coordinate system is specified by a set of

direction cosines defining a vector D. The use of the vector D depends upon the

element type.

For Element Topology Type 1 and 33 of the Finite Element Entity (Type 136),

Figure 94 illustrates the use of the vector D to define the element material coordinate

system. For Topology Type 33 the vector D is defined by the Reference Node 3.

The cosines for vector D are translated to the location of the shear center offset to

establish the reference planes for material property definition (vector DT).

For Element Topology Types 2 through 26 of the Finite Element Entity (Type

136), the following paragraphs discuss the use of vector D to define the material

coordinate system.

Figure 94. Use of the Vector D to Define the Element Material Coordinate System

301
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

The projection of D on the plane of the element face (FI) (outward normal N) defines a vector in the X direction of the material coordinate system.

X = N x D x N

N = positive outward normal of the element face (FI) and is defined by nodal

connection of the element, i.e.: N = Si x S2 51 = vector from first to second corner of element face (FI)

52 = vector from second to third corner of element face (FI)

Three direction cosines are required to define the Vector D in the global coordinate

system (therefore, ND = 3):

Di D2 d3

The Vectors D and N define the element material X and Z axes, respectively. The

internal load and strain sign conventions must be described to ensure consistent

definition of Material Types 7-10. See Figure 95.

Internal Load Sign Convention:

Where x, y, z are material coordinate system axes

u, v, w are displacements of a point in the material coordinate system.

h

)

fy = / forces per unit length

fxy )

e midplane strains

f Mx] My > = M moments per unit length

\ MXy J l Xxy

X bending curvatures

V,

V transverse shear forces

unit length = 7 transverse shear strains

302
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406. FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

Strain Displacement Relationships:

^x

du

dx -xy du

| du

dy dx

Xx

d

2 U d2 x Xy

d

2 v d2 w Xxy

ry d

2 w

dxdy

Xx

dw

dx Xy

idw

dy

N

Figure 95. Internal Load and Strain Sign Convention

303
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 12 Nodal Loads/Constraints Data

The nodal load/constraint data will be stored in the Tabular Data Form of the

Property Entity in the following manner:

PTYPE = 12

ND = Number of degrees of freedom.

For example, if the load vector has X, Y, Z, Mx , My , and Mz components, then

ND=6. (Note Mx , My , Mz refer to moments). If the load vector has X and Y

components, then ND=2. If the load vector has only a Z-component, then ND=3.

In other words the X-component is the 1st degree, the Y-component is the 2nd

degree, and the Z-component is the 3rd degree. Other components are treated in a

similar manner starting with the 4th degree for the rotation X component.

The constraint vector has X, Y, Z, Mx , My , and Mz constraints. These constraints

are represented by 0 (= No Constraint) and 1 (= Constraint). ND = 6 always for

constraints.

304
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 13 Sectional Properties for Beam Elements

Sectional properties for beam elements define the structural characteristics of the

beam. These properties are:

Property

Name Units Description

AREA M2 Area of section

IX M4 Area moment of inertia

about the element x-axis

IY M4 Area moment of inertia

about the element y-axis

IXY M4 Product of inertia

J M4 Torsional stiffness parameter

SRXY Unitless Shear stiffness ratio

SRXZ Unitless Shear stiffness ratio

WC M6 Warping coefficient.

If the properties are the same at both ends of the beam then ND=8, otherwise

ND=16. If ND=16, two sets of section properties are specified. They are stated in

order of the topology set grid number scheme.

305
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 14 Beam End Releases

Beam end releases specify whether the ends of the beam are constrained or free to

move. If free to move then both translation and rotational freedoms of the end are considered.

Property

Name Description

X X direction translation freedom/constraint

Y Y direction translation freedom/constraint

For

Each

End

Z Z direction translation freedom/constraint

< MX X direction rotational freedom/constraint

MY Y direction rotational freedom/constraint

MZ Z direction rotational freedom/constraint

The value for each property X, Y, Z, Mx , My , and Mz is a 0 (= unconstrained);

+ 1 (= constrained to the global coordinate system); or -1 (= constrained to the

element coordinate system).

The beam release must be specified at both ends. Therefore, ND=12.

The beam ends are defined by the topology set grid number scheme.

306
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 15 Offsets

Offsets are global x,y,z values used to define the location of the shear center axis,

neutral axis, and non-structural center of mass relative to the element end nodes.

Figure 94 shows the Shear Center Offset, SCO, the Neutral Axis Offset, NAO, and

the Non-Structural Mass Offset, NSMO.

These offsets are vectors in the global coordinate system (model space) relative to

the end of the beam.

Property

Name Description

r scox Shear Center Offset in global x direction

SCOY Shear Center Offset in global y direction

SCOZ Shear Center Offset in global z direction

NAOX Neutral Axis Offset in global x direction

For

Each < NAOY Neutral Axis Offset in global y direction

End

NAQZ Neutral Axis Offset in global z direction

NSMQX Non — Structural Mass Offset in global x direction

NSMGY Non — Structural Mass Offset in global y direction

NSMQZ Non — Structural Mass Offset in global z direction

ND=9 or ND=18 depending on whether or not both ends must be specified. They

are stated in order of the topology set grid number scheme.

307
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 16 Stress Recovery Information

Stress Recovery Information is used to define up to four offset points at each beam

end at which stress levels will be recovered from the finite element analysis program.

These offset points are described as global x, y, z offsets from each end node. All

offset points are in a plane which is normal to the beam element axis. These points occur in pairs from one end of the beam to the other.

Property

Name Description

END1

first pair

offsets

END2

first pair

offsets

' SRI 1X1

< SRI1Y1

SRI1Z1

' SRI2X1

SRI2Y1

< SRI2Z1

Stress Recovery Information beam end lx — direction pair 1

Stress Recovery Information beam end 1 y — direction pair 1

Stress Recovery Information beam end 1 z — direction pair 1

Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 x — direction pair 1

Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 y — direction pair 1

Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 z — direction pair 1 (for the first pair of offsets)

END1

fourth pair

offsets

' SRI 1X4

< SRI1Y4

SRI1Z4

Stress

Stress

Stress

Recovery

Recovery

Recovery

Information beam end

Information beam end

Information beam end

lx — direction pair 4

1 y — direction pair 4

1 z — direction pair 4

SRI2X4 Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 x — direction pair 4

END2

fourth pair

offsets

SRI2Y4 Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 y — direction pair 4

SRI2Z4 Stress Recovery Information beam end 2 z — direction pair 4

(for the fourth pair of offsets)

308
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 17 Element Thickness

Element Thickness defines the net section thickness for a homogeneous element or individual plate thickness for a laminate or sandwich plate. ND=1 or n and is defined as follows:

ND Description

1 Scalar thickness of element

n Thickness of the n

th plate of a sandwich or laminate

The thickness is ordered from 1 to n.

The thicknesses are measured in the positive z direction in order of increasing z in

local element coordinate system.

Property

Name Description

T1 Thickness for homogeneous plate or the

thickness for the first lamina of the plate

Tn Thickness for the nth lamina of the plate

309
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 18 Non-Structural Mass

Non-Structural Mass is defined as the mass not accounted for in volume and density

information for the structural elements. Thus, ND=1.

Property

Name Description

NSM Mass/unit length or Mass/unit area or Mass/unit volume

Where the description depends on the type of element.

310
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 19 Thermal Conductivity

Thermal Conductivity relates heat flow across a surface as a function of temperature. The heat balance equation shows this relationship:

d

[, 9T] d

i \ t

9T] d dT

dx

kX oox m dy [ ' 9y\

+

Yz

kz

dz . Qi

Where ftIc

'

n

c„

p

T

t Qi

Thermal conductivity coefficient where n = x,y,z

Heat capacity at constant pressure

Material density

Temperature

Time

Rate that energy is converted to internal heat

x , y, , z are defined in the local element coordinate system

If we consider k (thermal conductivity coefficient) as independent of direction, then

k can be represented as constant in the x, y, z directions: i.e.,

d_

dn — kn

d

2 T

dn2

Where n is x , y, or z.

Therefore, the thermal conductivity is a vector with three principal values,

kx , ky , and kz. This implies that ND (Number of Dependent Variables) is equal to

three. In matrix form the heat balance equation is:

\kx ky k

%

dir

dx 2

d

z T

dy 2

L dz 2 J

dT

dt — P Cp Qi

Now assume that there are no internal heat sources Qi and the heat flow is steady

state, ( dT/dt — 0 ). Then, integrating the above equation in one dimension yields

n — u a dZ

X "'X - 1 Qx

where Qx is the heat flux in the x direction across a surface of area A normal to

the x direction. Likewise, solutions may be found in the y and z directions.

311
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

Property

Name Description

KX Thermal Conductivity coefficient x direction

KY Thermal Conductivity coefficient y direction

KZ Thermal Conductivity coefficient z direction
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 20 Heat Capacity

Heat Capacity is a material’s ability to store heat. The heat balance equation

shows the relationship of heat capacity to the spatial variation and time variation

of temperature.

d dT

1 d i [, dr] d 1

' dT'

dx

*

X

rv OX dy r dy\ z dz m Ql

Where

Cp P

T

tQi

Thermal conductivity coefficient where n = x,y,z

Heat capacity at constant pressure

Material density

Temperature

Time

Rate that energy is converted to internal heat

If we consider constant pressure, the heat capacity can be considered a constant.

Consequently, ND=1 to define the constant.

Property

Name Description

CP Heat capacity at constant pressure

313
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 21 Convective Film Coefficient

Convective film coefficient relates to the amount of heat flux that is convected to

adjacent materials at the interface boundary of a heat source.

Q = —hc A AT

Where Q

K

A

AT

the heat flux

the convective film coefficient

the surface area through which the heat flows

the temperature differential between the materials

The convective film coefficient may be represented as a constant. This implies that

ND=1.

Property

Name Description

HC Convective Film Coefficient

314
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

PTYPE = 22 Electromagnetic Radiation Parameters

Properties for Absorptivity, Transmissivity, Reflectivity, and Emissivity are defined

for structural elements using four values. Thus, ND=4.

Property

Name Description

A Absorptivity Constant

T Transmissivity Constant

R Reflectivity Constant

E Emissivity Constant

315
4.3.7.3.10 (TYPE 406, FORM 11) - TABULAR DATA

Examples of the use of the Tabular Data Form of the Property Entity:

Consider the representation of the mass density (PTYPE = 5) as a function of pressure. In this case, there is one independent variable. Suppose the density is known for two values of pressure.

The Parameter Data Section would contain:

Index Name Recorded Value

1 NP 9

2 PTYPE 5

3 ND 1 4 NI 1 5 TYPI 2

6 NVALI 2

7 VALI1 50

8 VALI2 25

9 VALD(1,1) 33

10 VALD( 1 ,2) 46

as well as additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

Consider the representation of Young’s modulus (PTYPE = 1) for a linear, static, independent

case. In this case, there is no independent variable. The Parameter Data Section would contain:

Index Name Recorded Value

1 NP 6

2 PTYPE 1 3 ND 3

4 NI 0

5 Exx 30.0E6

6 Eyy 30.0E6

7 Ezz 30.0E6

As well as additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

316
4.3.7.3.11 (TYPE 406, FORM 12) - EXTERNAL REFERENCE FILE

4.3.7.3.11 FORM NUMBER: 12 External Reference File List

Description

The External Reference File List appears in a file which references definitions that reside in another

file. It contains a list of the names of the files directly referenced by entities within this file. See

Section 2.5.4 and the External Reference Entity (Type 416) for more detail.

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of List Entries

2 NAME1 String First External Reference File Name

NP+1 NAMENP String Last External Reference File Name

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

317
4.3.7.3.12 (TYPE 406, FORM 13) - NOMINAL SIZE

4.3.7.3.12 FORM NUMBER: 13 Nominal Size

Description

A Nominal Size consists of a value, a name and optionally a reference to an engineering standard.

The nominal size value is a real value in the units appropriate for the specified name. The name is a string constant, but the following names have predefined meanings:

Nominal Size Name Predefined Meaning

3HAWG American Wire Gauge

3HIPS Iron Pipe Size

2H0D Outside Diameter schedule, i. e., tubing.

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=2 or 3)

2 SZ Real Nominal size value

3 NM String Nominal size name

4 SP String Name of relevant engineering standard (optional)

Additional pointers as required l(see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.3.7.3.13 (TYPE 406, FORM 14) - FLOW LINE SPECIFICATION

4.3.7.3.13 FORM NUMBER: 14 Flow Line Specification

Description

The Flow Line Specification Property attaches one or more text strings to entities being used to

represent a flow line.

Index Name Type

1 NP Integer

2 LI String

3 L2 String

NP+1 LNP String

Description

Number of property values

Primary flow line specification name

Modifier (optional)

Modifier (optional)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).
4.3.7.3.14 (TYPE 406, FORM 15) - NAME

4.3.7.3.14 FORM NUMBER: 15 Name

Description

This property contains a string which specifies a user-defined name. It can be used for any entity

that does not have a name explicitly specified in the parameter data for the entity.

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP=1)

2 NAME String Entity Name

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

320
4.3.7.3.15 (TYPE 406, FORM 16) - DRAWING SIZE

4.3.7.3.15 FORM NUMBER: 16 Drawing Size

Description

This property specifies the size of the drawing in drawing units. The origin of the drawing is defined

to be (0,0) in drawing space.

Index Name Type

1 NP Integer

2 XS Real

3 YS Real

Description

Number of property values (NP=2)

X Size (Extent of Drawing along positive XD axis)

Y Size (Extent of Drawing along positive YD axis)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

321
4.3.7.3.16 (TYPE 406, FORM 17) - DRAWING UNITS

4.3.7.3.16 FORM NUMBER: 17 Drawing Units

Description

This property specifies the drawing space units as outlined in the Drawing Entity (Type 404). The

drawing units are given in the same form as the model space units in the Global Section (see Section

2.2.4.2.15).

Index Name Type

1 NP Integer

2 FLAG Integer

3 UNIT String

Description

Number of property values (NP=2)

Units Flag

Units Name

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).
4.3.7.3.17 (TYPE 406, FORM 18) - INTERCHARACTER SPACING

4.3.7.3.17 FORM NUMBER: 18

Description

Intercliaracter Spacing

The definition of this property can be found in Appendix J (see Section J.10).
4. 3. 8.1 SUBFIGURE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 308)

4.3.8 Subfigure Definitions. The following definition entities are used to provide a “template”

for the instances of subfigures (see Section 2.5.1).

4.3.8. 1 Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308). The Subfigure Definition Entity is designed

to support the concept of a subpicture (if one equates drawing creation with graphics picture processing). This entity permits a single definition of a detail to be utilized in multiple instances in the

creation of the whole picture. The contents of the subfigure include a set of pointers to any combination of entities and other subfigures. DEPTH indicates the actual nesting of the subfigures. If DEPTH^O, the subfigure has no references to any subfigure instances. A subfigure cannot reference a subfigure instance that has equal or greater depth. A DEPTH=N indicates there is a reference to an instance of a subfigure definition with DEPTH N-l.

4. 3. 8. 1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 308

4.3. 8. 1.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DEPTH Integer Depth of subfigure (indicating the amount of nesting)

2 NAME String Subfigure name

3 N Integer Number of entities in the subfigure

4 DEI Pointer Pointer to the first Directory Entry for the associated entities

N+3 DEN Pointer Pointer to the last Directory Entry for the associated entities

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

324
4.3. 8. 2 NETWORK SUBFIGURE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 320)

4. 3. 8. 2 Network Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 320). The Network Subfigure Definition Entity permits a single definition of a detail to be used in many instances in the file, similar

to the Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308). It differs from the ordinary subfigure definition in

that it defines a specialized subfigure, one whose instances may participate in networks. To participate in a network, points of connection (Connect Point Entity (Type 132)) must be defined (see

indices NA+7 and following) and instanced along with the subfigure. Often, products which contain

networks are designed first as schematics (showing the logical connections or relationships), which

are then converted into the designs of the physical products. Whenever both a logical design and a

physical design are present in the same file, the processor needs a way to determine which entities

belong in which design. The Type Flag field (index NA+4) implements this distinction. Other fields,

such as NAME and DEPTH, function in exactly the same manner as in the Subfigure Definition

Entity (Type 308).

Note: The depth of the subfigure is inclusive of both the Network Subfigure Definition Entity (Type

320) and the ordinary Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 308). Thus, the two may be nested but

must indicate that in the depth parameter.

4. 3. 8. 2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 320

4.3. 8. 2.

2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DEPTH Integer Depth of subfigure (indicating the amount of nesting)

2 NAME String Subfigure name

3 NA Integer Number of associated (child) entities in the subfigure exclusive

of primary reference designator and Connect Points.

4 APTR1 Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry of the first associated entity.

NA+3 APTRNA Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry for the associated entity NA.

NA+4 IF Integer Type Flag:

0 = not specified

1 = logical

2 = physical

NA+5 PRD String Primary reference designator

NA+6 DPTR Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry of the primary reference designator Text Display Template

NA+7 NC Integer Number of associated (child) Connect Point Entities

NA+8 CPTR1 Pointer Pointer to Directory Entry for associated Connect Point 1

NA+NC+7 CPTRNC Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry for associated Connect Point NC

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

325
4.3.9. 1 SINGULAR SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 408)

4.3.9 Subfigure Instances

4. 3. 9.1 Singular Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 408). This entity defines the occurrence

of a single instance of the defined subfigure (Type 308). See Figure 96 and Section 2.5.1.

4. 3. 9. 1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 408

4.3.9. 1.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DE Pointer Pointer to Subfigure Definition Entity

2 X Real Translation data relative to either model space or to the defini

3 Y Real

tion space of a referring entity

4 Z Real

5 S Real Scale factor (default = 1.0)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

326
4.3.9. 1 SINGULAR SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 408)

SUBFIGURE

DEFINITION

ENTITIES

MODEL SPACE

ORIGIN

RESULTANT PLACEMENT

OF SUBFIGURE

C X, Y, Z ) INSERTION ORIGIN

Figure 96. Relationship Between Subfigure Definition and Subfigure Instance

327
4. 3. 9. 2 RECTANGULAR ARRAY SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 412)

4. 3. 9. 2 Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 412). The Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance Entity produces copies of an object called the base entity, arranging them

in equally spaced rows and columns. The following types of entities are valid for use as a base

entity: Group Associativity, Point, Line, Circular Arc, Conic Arc, Parametric Spline Curve, Rational B-spline Curve, any annotation entity, Rectangular Array Instance, Circular Array Instance, or Subfigure Definition. The number of columns and rows of the rectangular array together with their

respective horizontal and vertical displacements are given. Also, the coordinates of the lower left hand corner for the entire array are given. This is where the first entity in the reproduction process

is placed and is called position Number 1. The successive positions are counted vertically up the

first column, then vertically up the second column to the right, and so on. The array of instance locations for the base entity is rotated about the line through the point (X,Y),

parallel to the ZT-axis. The angle of rotation is specified in radians counterclockwise from the

positive XT-axis. The instances of the base entity are not rotated from their original orientation.

A DO-DON’T flag enables one to display only a portion of the array. If the DO value is chosen, half

or fewer of the elements of the rectangular array are to be defined. If the DON’T value is chosen,

half or more of the elements of the rectangular array are to be defined.

4. 3. 9. 2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 412

4.3. 9. 2.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DE Pointer Pointer to base entity

2 S Real Scale factor (default = 1.0)

3 X Real Coordinates of point to be used as lower left corner of array

4 Y Real

5 Z Real

6 NC Integer Number of columns

7 NR Integer Number of rows

8 DX Real Horizontal distance between columns

9 DY Real Vertical distance between rows

10 AX Real Rotation angle in radians

11 LC Integer DO-DON’T list count (LC=0 indicates all to be displayed.)

12 DDF Integer DO-DON’T flag (DO=0; DON’T=l)

13 N1 Integer Number of first position to be processed (DO), or not to be

processed (DON’T)

12+LC NLC Integer Number of last position

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

328
4.3.9. 3 CIRCULAR ARRAY SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 414)

4. 3. 9. 3 Circular Array Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 414). The Circular Array Entity

produces copies of an object called the base entity, arranging them around the edge of an imaginary

circle whose center and radius are specified. The following types of entities are valid for use as a base entity: Group Associativity, Point, Line, Circular Arc, Conic Arc, Parametric Spline Curve,

Rational B-spline Curve, any annotation entity, Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance, Circular

Array Instance, or Subfigure Definition. The number of possible instance locations for the base

entity is specified, and the location of the first instance position is specified in terms of a radius

and a start angle measured positive, counterclockwise in radians from the line through the point

(X,Y), parallel to the ZT-axis. The successive positions follow a counterclockwise direction around

the imaginary circle and are distributed according to a given delta angle.

A DO-DON’T flag enables one to display only a portion of the array. If the DO value is chosen, half

or fewer of the elements of the circular array are to be defined. If the DON’T value is chosen, half

or more of the elements of the circular array are to be defined.

4. 3. 9. 3.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 414

4. 3. 9. 3.

2

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DE Pointer Pointer to base entity

2 NE Integer Total number of possible instance locations

3 X Real Coordinates of center of imaginary circle

4 Y Real

5 Z Real

6 R Real Radius of imaginary circle

7 AS Real Start angle in radians

8 AD Real Delta angle in radians

9 LC Integer DO-DON’T list count (LC=0 indicates all replicated entities to

be displayed)

10 DDF Integer DO-DON’T Flag (DO=0; DON’T=l)

11 N

1

Number of first position to be processed (DO), or to be not

processed (DON’T)

10+LC NLC Integer Number of last position

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

329
4. 3. 9. 4 NETWORK SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 420)

4. 3. 9. 4 Network Subfigure Instance Entity (Type 420). Each instance of a Network Subfigure Definition Entity (Type 320) is specified by a Network Subfigure Instance Entity. It functions

and may be used as described in Section 2.5.1.

In addition though, the points of connection (Connect Point Entity (Type 132)) specified by the

Network Subfigure Definition Entity must be instanced and associated with each Network Subfigure

Instance (see indices 11 and 12).

The Type Flag Field (Index 8) implements the distinction between logical design and physical design

data, and is required if both are present in the file. The Network Subfigure Instance Entity allows different scale factors in the x, y, and z directions.

This scaling is performed before the translation from X, Y, and Z and before the Transformation

Matrix Entity pointed to in the directory entry (if any) is applied. The scaling does not apply to

the model space placement coordinates (X, Y, Z).

4. 3. 9. 4.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 420

4. 3. 9.4.Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DE Pointer Pointer to Network Subfigure Definition Entry

2 X Real Translation data relative to either model space or to the defini

tion space of a referring entity

3 Y Real

4 Z Real

5 XS Real Scale factor in definition space x axis (default 1.0)

6 YS Real Scale factor in definition space y axis (default XS)

7 ZS Real Scale factor in definition space z axis (default XS)

8 IF Integer Type flag:

0 - not specified (default)

1 - logical

2 - physical

9 PRD String Primary reference designator

10 DPTR Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry of the primary reference designator Text Display Template

11 NC Integer Number of associated (child) Connect Point entities

12 CPTR1 Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry for associated Connect Point 1

NC+11 CPTRNC Pointer Pointer to the Directory Entry for associated Connect Point NC

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

330
4.3.10 TEXT FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 310)

4.3.10

Text Font Definition Entity (Type 310). This entity defines the appearance of characters in a text font. The data describing the appearance of a character may be located by the Font

Code (FC) and the ASCII character code (AC). This entity may describe any or all the characters

in a character set. Thus, this entity may be used to describe a complete font or a modification to a

subset of characters in another font. Font Number and Font Name are the number and name used

to reference the font on the originating system. When this entity is a modification to another font,

the Supersedes Font value (Parameter 3) indicates which font the entity modifies. This value is an

integer which indicates the font number to be modified or, if negative, is the pointer value to the

Directory Entry of another Text Font Definition Entity. When this entity modifies another font,

i.e., Parameter 3 references another font, the definitions in this entity supersede the definition in

the original font. For example, a complete set of characters may have their font definition specified

by this entity. Another Text Font Definition Entity could reference the first definition and modify a subset of the characters.

Each character is defined by overlaying an equally spaced square grid over the character. The character is decomposed into straight line segments which connect grid points. Grid points are referenced

by standard Cartesian coordinates. The position of the character relative to the grid is defined by

two points. The character's origin point is placed at the origin (0,0) of the grid and defines the

position of the character relative to the text origin of that character. The second point defines the

origin point of the character following the character being defined. This allows the spacing between

characters to be specified. Construction of text strings consists of placing the character origin of

the first character at the text string origin and placing subsequent character origins at the location

specified in the previous character as the location of the next character’s origin.

The parameterization of the character appearance is described by the motion of an imaginary pen

moving between grid points. Commands to move the pen reference the grid location to which the

pen is to move. The pen may be “lifted” such that its movement is not displayed. The representation

of the movement of the pen is a sequence of pen commands and grid locations. Each movement

of the pen is represented by a pen up/down flag and a pair of integer grid coordinates. The pen

up/down flag defaults to pen down. A flag value of 1 means the pen is to be lifted (i.e., display off)

and moved to the next location in the sequence. Upon arrival at this location the pen is returned

to a “down” position (i.e., display on).

The grid size is related to the text height through the scale parameter. This parameter defines how

many grid units equal one text height unit.

4.3,10

1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 310

4.3.10.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 FC Integer Font Number

2 FNAME String Font Name

3 SF Integer

orPointer

Number of the font which this definition supersedes

331
4.3.10 TEXT FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 310)

4 SCALE Integer Number of grid units which equal one text height unit

5 N Integer Number of characters in this definition

6 AC1 Integer ASCII code for first character

7 NX1 Integer Grid location of the next character’s origin

8 NY1 Integer

9 NM1 Integer Number of pen motions for first character

10 PF1(1) Integer Pen up/down flag: 0 — Down (default), 1 = Up

11 Xl(l) Integer Grid location to which the pen is to move

12 Y 1 ( 1 ) Integer

8+NM1+3 Yl(NMl) Integer Last grid location of first character

9+NMl*3 AC2 Integer ASCII code for second character

10+NM1+3 NX2 Integer Grid location of the next character origin

1 1+NM1*3 NY2 Integer

12+NM1+3 NM2 Integer Number of pen motions for second character

5+4N+

3*X>Mi

YN(NMN) Integer Last grid location of last character

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

Examples of character definitions are shown in Figures 97 and 98. The parameters for the first example are:

FC 1 FNAME 8H

SF

SCALE 8

N 60

AC1 65

NX1 11

NY1 0

NM1 4

PF1 0

XI 4

Y8

PF2 0

X2 8

Y2 0

PF3 1 X3 2

Y3 4

PF4 0

X4 6

Y4 4

8HSTANDARD

In the Parameter Data Section of the file, this definition would look like:

1 , 8HSTANDARD ,

, 8 , 60 , 65 , 1 1 , 0 ,4 ,, 4 , 8 ,, 8 ,0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , ,8 , 4
4.3.10 TEXT FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 310)

k

SCALE

w

( 4 , 8 )

Figure 97. Example of a Character Definition

333
4.3.10 TEXT FONT DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 310)

(I

SCALE

ORIGIN OF

NEXT CHARACTER

. 2 )

• O)

,-n

2 )

( 9 . 0 )

Figure 98. Example of a Character Definition Including Descenders

334
4.3.11 VIEW ENTITY (TYPE 410)

4.3.11 View Entity (Type 410). View Entity (Type 410) The View Entity defines a framework for specifying a viewing orientation of an object in three dimensional model space (X,Y,Z).

The framework is also used to support the projection of all or part of model space onto a view plane.

One type of projection, an orthographic parallel projection, can be specified.

Orthographic Parallel Projection. An orthographic parallel projection onto a view plane of an

object in model space is formed by passing rays normal to the view plane through each point of the

object and finding the intersection with the view plane as shown in Figure 99.

View Coordinate System. The view plane can be described by introducing a right-handed view

coordinate system, (XV, YV, ZV) into model space. The view plane is the XV, YV plane, i.e., the

plane ZV=0. The view direction is along the positive ZV axis toward the view plane, i.e., in the

direction of the vector ( 0,0,- 1

) . The positive YV axis points in the “up" direction in the resulting

view. The point (0,0,0) in the view coordinate system as shown in Figure 100 is called the view

origin. Thus, a complete viewing orientation is specified by a view coordinate system.

View Coordinates Obtained from Model Coordinates. View coordinates are obtained from

model coordinates through translation and rotation. There are several ways that systems specify

the data required to transfer from model to view coordinates. However, in each case, the data can be recorded using Form 0 of the Transformation Matrix Entity such that the model coordinates are taken as input and the view coordinates are produced as output, as follows, where R denotes the

rotation matrix and T the translation vector (see Section 3.14).

z

Figure 99. Orthographic Parallel Projection of AB on a View Plane

335
4.3.11 VIEW ENTITY (TYPE 410)

XV

' #n #12 #13 ' X

' YV — #21 #22 #23 Y + #2

ZV #31 R32 #33 Z #3

In this situation, R is called the view matrix.

The View Entity specifies the view matrix and the translation vector by use of a pointer to a Transformation Matrix Entity in DE Field 7. In the special case when the view matrix is the identity

matrix and there is zero translation, a zero value in DE Field 7 may be used.

Example 1: (View coordinates obtained from model coordinates by a translation and then a

rotation.)

The system defines a viewing orientation by specifying a view origin (XO, YO, ZO) in model space

and a rotation matrix so that:

" XV ' '3x3'

(

' X

"

' XO

YV — Rotation Y — YO

ZV Matrix \ Z ZO

YV

Figure 100. View Coordinate System (View Origin at XV=YV=ZV=0)

336
4.3.11 VIEW ENTITY (TYPE 410)

or,

' XV

' 3x3 ' X '

CO X CO 1 ' XO ' YV zz Rotation Y — Rotation YO

ZV Matrix Z Matrix ZO

Therefore, the rotation matrix is the view matrix, and in the Transformation Matrix Entity,

"3x3" "3x3" " XO '

Rotation T = - Rotation YO

Matrix Matrix ZO

Example 2: (View coordinates obtained from model coordinates by a rotation and then a translation.)

The system defines a viewing orientation by specifying a rotation matrix and a translate or pan

vector (XL, YL, ZL) expressed in the rotated coordinate system, so that

XV ' 3x3 " X ' ' XL ' YV — Rotation Y — YL

ZV Matrix Z ZL

Therefore, the rotation matrix is the view matrix, and in the Transformation Matrix Entity,

i

CO X CO 1 ' XL

' R = Rotation T = - YL

Matrix ZL

Simple Form of the View Entity. The View Entity provides a view number for the purpose

of identifying differing view orientations. However, no standard indexing scheme is presumed to exist.

In its simplest form, the View Entity consists of a pointer to the Transformation Matrix Entity (in

DE Field 7), and a view number. The Transformation Matrix Entity specifies a view matrix R and

a translation vector T as given in the preceding section.

Projection of a View Volume. In some cases, a view volume and a scale factor may be required

to control the projection of the view into a two-dimensional drawing space specified by a Drawing

Entity (see Section 4.3.4).

The view volume bounds that portion of the data which will be projected after clipping is performed.

The view volume is a rectangular parallelepiped with limits specified by Plane entities defined in the

model coordinate system. The absence of a clipping in a particular direction may be indicated by

setting the pointer for the appropriate Plane Entity equal to zero.

The Plane Entities used to define the view volume shall not be arbitrary planar definitions (see Fig- ure 101). After the transformation from model coordinates to view coordinates, each plane must be

perpendicular to the appropriate view coordinate system axis ( e.g ., the left side of the view volume

337
4.3.11 VIEW ENTITY (TYPE 410)

ZV = ZVMIN

BACK OF

VIEW VOLUME

Figure 101. Planes Defining the View Volume

338
4.3.11 VIEW ENTITY (TYPE 410)

must transform into a plane XV^constant). In addition, only the coefficients of the Plane Entity

are required, i.e., the bounding curve and display symbol are not used.

Projection Operations. The order of operations for the View Entity is as follows:

1. Transform from model to view space.

2. Perform clipping (if included).

3. Perforin projection onto the view plane.

4. Transform from view space to drawing space.

The projection onto the view plane and the transform from view space to drawing space can be

controlled by the following equation in the case of orthographic parallel projection, where S is the

scale factor and XORIGIN and YORIGIN are defined in the Drawing Entity (see Section 4.3.4).

XD

YD

S 0 0

0 5 0

XV

YV

ZV

XORIGIN

YORIGIN

Entity Display. The display of an entity in a particular view is controlled by the use of the

view value in Field 6 of the Directory Entry for the entity. If this value is zero or undefined, the

entity is displayed with its own characteristics in all views unless display is controlled by other parameters (e.g., pointed to by another entity such as Subfigure Definition or Drawing). If this value

is a pointer to a View Entity, the entity is displayed with its own characteristics in only the one view.

The selection of multiple views and/or display characteristics for an entity may be made by using one of the Views Visible Associativity entities (Type 402, Form 3 or 4). The view value for the

entity then is a pointer to this associativity instead of to a View Entity.

4.3.11.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 410

4.3.11.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 VNO Integer

2 SCALE Real

3 XVMINP Pointer

4 YVMAXP Pointer

5 XVMAXP Pointer

6 YVMINP Pointer

7 ZVMINP Pointer

8 ZVMAXP Pointer

Description

View number

Scale factor (Default = 1.0)

Pointer to left side of view volume (XVMIN plane) or zero Pointer to top of view volume (YVMAX plane) or zero Pointer to right side of view volume (XVMAX plane) or zero Pointer to bottom of view volume (YVMIN plane) or zero Pointer to back of view volume (ZVMIN plane) or zero Pointer to front of view volume (ZVMAX plane) or zero

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

339
4.3.12 EXTERNAL REFERENCE ENTITY (TYPE 416)

4.3.12 External Reference Entity (Type 416). The External Reference Entity provides a

link between an entity in a referencing file and the definition of a logically related entity in a ref- erenced file. Further, in keeping with the concept of treating this entity as the definition which it replaces, the subordinate entity switch should be set as it would be on the definition replaced. See

Section 2.5.4 for the entities used in the linkage.

Three forms of the External Reference Entity are defined. Two of these forms are used to reference a definition and one form is a logical reference. Form 0 is used when a single definition from the

referenced file is desired. This would be the case where the referenced file contained a collection of

definitions. Form 1 is used when the entire file is to be instanced. This would be the case where

the referenced file contained a complete sub-assembly. Form 2 is used for external logical references

where an entity in one file relates to an entity in a separate file ( e.g., when each sheet of a drawing

is a separate file, and a flange on one sheet is also depicted on, or mates with, a flange on another

sheet). Forms 0 and 2 require an entity-unique symbolic name. The following entities and the

parameter which supplies the symbolic name are identified for use.

Entity

Type

Number

Entity

Name

Parameter

Index Description

132 Connect Point 9 CP Function Name (unique)

302 Associativity Definition () Implementor assigned

304 Line Font Definition ( ) Implementor assigned

306 MACRO Definition 2 Entity Type Identification

308 Subfigure Definition 2 Subfigure name (unique)

310 Text Font Definition 2 Font name

312 Text Display Template ( ) Implementor assigned

314 Color Definition ( ) Implementor assigned

320 Network Subfigure Def. 2 Subfigure name (unique)

Possible alternatives for the entity-unique symbolic name for those entities marked “Implementor

assigned” could be: (1) the property Reference Designator (Type 406, Form 7), or (2) the Entity

Label, Entity Subscript (Directory Entry Fields 18 and 19).

4.3.12.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 416

4.3.12.2 Parameter Data (Form 0 and 2)

Index Name Type Description

1 EXTFID String External Reference File Identifier (contained as Global Parameter Number 4 in the referenced file)

2 EXTNAM String External Reference Entity Symbolic Name

Additional Pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

340
4.3.12 EXTERNAL REFERENCE ENTITY (TYPE 416)

Parameter Data (Form 1)

Name Type Description

EXTFID String External Reference File Identifier (contained as Global Parameter Number 4 in the referenced file)

Additional Pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

4.3.12.3

Index

1

341
4.3.13 NODAL LOAD/CONSTRAINT ENTITY (TYPE 418)

4.3.13 Nodal Load/Constraint Entity (Type 418). This entity relates loads and/or constraints to specific nodes in the Finite Element Model. This is accomplished by creating a relation

between Node Entities and the Tabular Data Property that contains the load or constraint data.

Each load and constraint case will require a Nodal Load/Constraint Entity and a Tabular Data

Property Form 11 with PTYPE=12.

Figure 102 shows the relationship or linkage between the Nodal Load/Constraint Entity and the

Tabular Data Property which carries the load or constraint vector. The relationship or linkage is also shown on the General Note Entity which describes the load/constraint test case being performed. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the load case description and the General

Note Entity and the pointer to the Tabular Data Property containing the load case magnitudes (see

also Section 2.5.6).

4.3.13.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 418

4.3.13.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NC Integer Total number of cases 2 TYPE Integer 1 = Loads

2 = Constraints

3 DE Pointer Pointer to Node

4 PTR1 Pointer Pointer to definition of each load case stored in General Note

Entity

NC+3 PTRNC Pointer

•

Additional Pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).
4.3.13 NODAL LOAD/CONSTRAINT ENTITY (TYPE 418)

Figure 102. Relationship Between the Nodal Load/Constraint Entity and Tabular Data Properties
4.3.14 TEXT DISPLAY TEMPLATE ENTITY (TYPE 312)

4.3.14 Text Display Template Entity (Type 312). The Text Display Template is used to

set parameters for display of information which has been logically included in another entity as a parameter value. The text to be displayed is derived from the indicated parameter value of the entity

which is pointing to the Text Display Template. In addition to string constants, the parameter val- ues to be displayed may be integer, real or logical constants. The parameter value shall be processed

into text as defined in Section 2.2.2 and according to the processing rules presented in the following.

Furthermore, the pointer to the Text Display Template may be explicitly defined in the pointing

entity description or it may be an implicitly defined additional pointer available with all entities (see

Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2). When the pointer is explicitly defined ( e.g., Class 6 of the Flow Associativity

(Type 402, Form 18)), the specified explicit parameter shall be processed for display. (In the example

cited, the parameter to be displayed is the first flow name listed in Class 5.) When, on the other

hand, the pointer to the template is one of the additional pointers (as defined in Section 2. 2.4, 4. 2)

the parameter to be processed for display is the first information value in the pointing entity. (The

information value to be displayed shall be data as opposed to meta-data. For example, if the first parameter of the pointing entity is the number of property values, that should be skipped and the

first actual property value should be processed and displayed.) For a more detailed description of

the parameters, see the General Note Entity (Type 212).

Processing Rules for Text Display

The following rules are provided for the sake of uniformity in case postprocessed files are to be tested

for identical textual presentation of Integer, Real, and Logical values. Strict application of these

rules may lead to overwriting other entities, impaired legibility, and reduced visual association with

pertinent nearby structures. Consequently, local site standards and conventions may supersede these

rules whenever identical textual presentation is not required.

Integer Values. All integers shall be processed such that the resultant text string contains only

the valid decimal digits (0-9) and a sign. A leading minus sign shall denote negative values.

A leading plus sign shall be provided for positive values.

Real Values. All reals shall be processed so that the resulting string represents a valid approximation of the number in scientific notation. The decimal point shall appear immediately to the

left of the most significant digit. The decimal point shall be preceded by a zero. A leading

minus sign shall denote negative values. A leading plus sign shall be provided for positive

values.

Logical Values. The logical value .TRUE, (indicated by a 1 in the file) shall be processed as if the

string constant “4HTRUE” was to be displayed. The logical value .FALSE, (indicated by a 0

in the file) shall be processed as if the string constant “5IIFALSE” was to be displayed.

344
4.3.14 TEXT DISPLAY TEMPLATE ENTITY (TYPE 312)

4.3.14.1 Absolute Text Display Template (Form 0). This form of the Text Display Template specifies the parameters for the text block at the specified starting point.

4.3.14.1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 312

Form Number: 0

4.3.14.1.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CBW Real Character box width

2 CBH Real Character box height

3 FC Integer Font characteristic (Default = 1) or or Pointer Pointer to Text Font Definition if negative

4 SL Real Slant angle (Radians) (Default = 7r/2)

5 A Real Rotation angle (Radians)

6 M Integer Mirror Flag

7 VH Integer Rotate internal text flag

8 XS Real Coordinates of lower left corner of first character box

9 YS Real

10 ZS Real

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

345
4.3.14 TEXT DISPLAY TEMPLATE ENTITY (TYPE 312)

4.3.14.2 Incremental Text Display Template (Form 1). This form of the Text Display

Template specifies the parameters for the text block at a starting point specified incrementally from

one taken from the entity point to the given instance of the Text Display Template.

4.3.14.2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 312

Form Number: 1

4.3.14.2.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CBW Real Character box width

2 CBH Real Character box height

3 FC Integer Font characteristic (Default =1)

or or Pointer Pointer if negative

4 SL Real Slant angle (Radians) (Default = 7t/2)

5 A Real Rotation angle (Radians)

6 M Integer Mirror Flag

7 VH Integer Rotate internal text flag

8 DXS Real Increment in X from X coordinate found in parent entity

9 DYS Real Increment in Y from Y coordinate found in parent entity

10 DZS Real Increment in Z from Z coordinate found in parent entity

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4.4. 2).

346
4.3.15 COLOR DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 314)

4.3.15 Color Definition Entity (Type 314). The Color Definition Entity is used to communicate the relationship of the primary (red, green, and blue) colors to the intensity level of the

respective graphics devices as a percent of the full intensity range.

These red, green, blue coordinates (RGB) can be readily transformed to cyan, magenta, yellow

(CMY) and to hue, lightness, saturation (HLS) using transformations that are given in Appendix G.

The preprocessor must select one of the Color Numbers (see Section 2.2.4.3.13} and place the value in

Directory Entry Field 13 of the Color Definition Entity. This value should be the closest functional

equivalent, or the most visually similar. The value will be used by postprocessors which cannot

support the Color Definition Entity.

4.3.15.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 314

4.3.15.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 CC1 Real First color coordinate (red) as a percent of full intensity (range

0. to 100.)

2 CC2 Real Second color coordinate (green) as a percent of full intensity

(range 0. to 100.)

3 CC3 Real Third color coordinate (blue) as a percent of full intensity (range

0. to 100.)

4 CNAME String Color name; this is an optional character string which may contain some verbal description of the color. If the color name is not provided and additional pointers are required, a placekeeper

must be supplied between CC3 and the first additional pointer.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

347
4.3.16 ATTRIBUTE TABLE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 322)

4.3.16 Attribute Table Definition Entity (Type 322). The definition of this entity can be

found in Appendix J (see Section J.8).

348
4.3.17 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

4.3.17 Attribute Table Instance Entity (Type 422). The definition of this entity can be

found in Appendix J (see Section J.9).

349

Appendix A. Part File Examples

This appendix contains three sample parts encoded in the ASCII Form. These files are included

to provide a guide to the usage of IGES and, as such, do not represent all design application uses. The files are a two-dimensional application using structure entities, a two-dimensional drawing of a mechanical part with dimensioning, and a three-dimensional part with two-dimensional drawing

views defined.

Example file 1 is an integrated circuit (IC) cell. The IC application was selected because of the

predominance of two-dimensional geometry used in electrical designs. The geometry used in the

cell in Figure A1 consists of simple closed area, linear path entities and line widening property.

The structure entities are nested subfigures using a Network Subfigure Definition Entity and Array

Subfigure Instance Entities. A Connect Point Entity is included to identify the signal port. The

geometry is on five different levels, each representing a process mask. The entity label field of each

Directory Entry record contains (optional) text included to describe the entity’s use. The entities

in this file would be typical of those used in an IC application to transfer either cell libraries or a complete design between design systems. The file of a design prepared for pattern generation, with

subfigures resolved and the geometry fractured, would use the Flash Entity exclusively. The cell file was adapted from a cell library in [IION80] with kind permission from the author.

Example file 2 is a two-dimensional drawing of a mechanical part containing geometry entities and

annotation entities typically found on engineering drawings. Included as geometry are points, lines,

circular arcs and conics. For annotation, the file includes linear dimensions, angular dimensions,

radius dimensions, ordinate dimensions, a general label and general notes. Figure A2 shows the

mechanical part, which was used during one of the early public demonstrations of intersystem data

exchange.

Example file 3 is included to show the use of View Entities and Drawing Entities in conjunction with

a three-dimensional part model to convey a drawing to the receiving system. Figure A3 shows the

example drawing. In this way, model geometry and viewing parameters are logically separate. A

three-dimensional model, as well as the drawing, is received enabling additional views to be created

if necessary, and changes to the part model are reflected in all views.

351
APPENDIX A. ELECTRICAL PART EXAMPLE

fli

Figure Al. Electrical Part Example

352
APPENDIX A. ELECTRICAL PART EXAMPLE

Example 1 Electrical Part

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SEMICUSTOM CELL (ONE PART OF A LIBRARY FILE) S

USED IN APPENDIX A OF IGES VERSION 3.0 AND MODIFIED FOR VERSION 4.0 S

1H, , 1H ;, 10H5MICR0NLIB , 5HPADIN, 9HEXAMPLE 1 , 4HIGES , 16 , 38 , 06 ,38 , 13 , G

10HIC . LIBRARY ,1.0, 9 ,2HUM , 1 ,, 13H880616 . 090000 ,0.01,265.0, 9HBILL LOYE , G

33HELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS COMMITTEE , 5 , 0 ; G

308 01 1 0 0 00020201D

308 0 1 SUBFIG1 D

106 02 1 1 0 00020200D

106 0 4 1 63 VDDPORT D

106 03 1 1 0 00020200D

106 0 4 1 63 GNDPORT D

106 04 1 1 0 00020200D

106 0 4 1 63 BONDPAD D

106 05 1 7 0 00020200D

106 0 5 1 63 GLASSBOX D

320 06 1 0 0 00010201D

320 0 1 CELLFIG D

408 07 1 0 0 00030200D

408 0 1 INST1 D

106 08 1 3 0 00020200D

106 0 3 2 63 ACTBOX D

106 10 1 3 0 00020200D

106 0 3 1 63 ACTBOX D

106 11 1 3 0 00020200D

106 0 3 1 11 ACTSTG D

106 12 1 3 0 00020200D

106 0 3 2 63 ACTBOX D

132 14 1 3 0 00020400D

132 0 1 SIGPORT D

106 15 1 6 0 00020200D

106 0 8 2 63 CUT D

106 17 1 6 0 00020200D

106 0 8 2 63 CUT D

308 19 1 0 0 00020201D

308 0 1 SUBFIG2 D

106 20 1 6 0 00030200D

106 0 8 1 63 CUTDEF D

412 21 1 0 0 00030201D

412 0 1 CUTARR D

106 22 1 2 0 00020200D

106 0 2 2 11 GATESTG D

106 24 1 2 0 00020200D

106 0 2 2 63 GATEBOX D

106 26 1 1 0 00020200D

106 0 4 1 63 GATEBOX D

406 27 1 0 0 00010200D

406 0 1 5 LINWIDTH D

12

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353
APPENDIX A. ELECTRICAL PART EXAMPLE

308.0.

6,PADBLK ,4 ,03 ,05,07,09; 01P

106.

1.5.0.

.0. .0. .265. .0. .265. ,-20. , 0 . , -20 . 106.1.5.0. , 0 . ,0 . ; 03P

106.1.5.0. .30. ,-245. ,245. ,-245. ,245. ,-265. ,30., -265. ,30., -245. ; 05P

106.1.5.0. .65. ,-65. ,200. ,-65. ,200. ,-200. ,65. ,-200. ,65. ,-65. ; 07P

.75. ,-75. ,190. ,-75. ,190. ,-190. ,75. ,-190. ,75. ,-75. ; 09P

320 , 1 , 5HPADIN ,11,13,15,17,19,21,25,27,33,35,37,39,2, , ,1,23; IIP 408.01.0.

.0. .0, ; 13P 106.1.5.0.

.30. ,-210. ,222.5,-210. ,222.5,-255. ,30. ,-255. ,30. , 15P

-210.; 15P

106.1.5.0.

.65. ,-25. ,75. ,-25. ,75. ,-45. ,65. ,-45. ,65. ,-25. ; 17P

106.1.3.0.

.77.5,-27.5,240. ,-27 . 5 , 240 . , -262 . 5 , 0, 1 ,41 ; 19P

106.1.5.0.

.222.5,-215. ,237.5,-215. ,237.5,-247.5,222.5,-247.5, 21P

222.5,

-215.; 21P

132.240.

-265. , 0 . ,

, 2 , 1 , , , , ,01 , 2 , 1 , 1 1 ; 23P

106 . 1 . 5 . 0

. 67 . 5

, -32 . 5 , 72 . 5 ,-32 . 5 , 72 . 5, -42 . 5 , 67 . 5, -42 . 5 , 67 . 5 , 25P

-32.5; 25P

106 . 1 . 5 . 0

. 227 . 5

, -252 .5,232.5, -252 .5,232.5, -257 .5,227.5, -257 . 5 , 27P

227.5,

-252.5; 27P

308.

0.

7,C0NTACT, 1,31; 29P

106.1.5.0.

, -5. ,2.5,5. ,2.5,5, ,-2.5, -5. ,-2.5, -5. ,2.5; 31P

412.29.1.0.

37.5,-250. , 0 . , 8 , 1 , 25 . , 0 . , 0. , 0 ; 33P

106.1.6.0.

.232.5,-212.5,232.5,-222.5,50. ,-222.5,50. ,-240. , 35P

232.5,

-240. ,232.5,-247.5,0,1,41; 35P

106.1.5.0.

.225. ,-250. ,235. ,-250. ,235. ,-260. ,225. ,-260. ,225. , 37P

-250.; 37P

106.1.5.0.

.65. ,-30. ,75. ,-30. ,75. ,-65. ,65. ,-65. ,65. ,-30. ; 39P

406.5.5.0.

1.1.0.0, 41P

S 2G 3D 42P 27 T

01

02

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09

10

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1
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

<

O

N"

o

i— o o <

m OJ — o

Figure A2. Mechanical Part Example

355
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

Example 2 Mechanical Part Example

PLATE. 001 SAMPLE MECHANICAL PART WITH ANNOTATION S

USED AT AUTOFACT - OCTOBER 1982 AND IN VERSION 3.0 APPENDIX A S

AUTHOR: Dave Briggs, Boeing s ENTITY CONTENT: POINT, LINE, ARC and CONIC s LINEAR, ANGULAR, RADIUS, POINT and ORDINATE DIMENSION S

GENERAL NOTE , GENERAL, LABEL s CHANGE LOG: s

, , 8HPANEL123 , 10HPANEL . IGES ,4HEX 2 .4HIGES, 16,38 ,7, 38,14, 8HPANEL123 ,

.0, G

1 , 4HINCH, 1 ,

. 028 .13H880516. 144004 ,0.0005, 100.0 , 9HD . BRIGGS, 6HB0EING ,4,0;G

124 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 OD

124 0 0 2 0 OD

212 3 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D

212 0 0 2 0 OD

214 5 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 OD

210 6 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D

210 0 0 1 0 OD

110 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

110 0 0 1 0 OD

110 8 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

110 0 0 1 0 OD

110 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

110 0 0 1 0 OD

110 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

110 0 0 1 0 OD

100 11 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

100 0 0 1 0 OD

100 12 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

100 0 0 1 0 OD

100 13 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

100 0 0 1 0 OD

100 14 1 1 1 0 0 0 OD

100 0 0 1 0 OD

116 15 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

116 16 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

116 17 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

116 18 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

104 19 1 1 3 0 1 0 OD

104 0 0 2 1 OD

116 21 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

116 22 1 1 2 0 0 0 OD

116 0 0 1 0 OD

12

3

4

5

6

7

12

12

3

4

5

6

7

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9

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212

212

214

214

214

214

106

106

106

106

216

216

212

212

214

214

214

214

106

106

106

106

216

216

212

212

106

106

218

218

212

212

106

106

218

218

212

212

106

106

218

218

212

212

106

106

218

218

212

212

106

APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

23 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 39

0 0 1 0 0D 40

24 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 41

0 0 1 2 0D 42

25 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 43

0 0 1 2 OD 44

26 1 1 4 0 0 0 1Q100D 45

0 0 1 40 OD 46

27 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 47

0 0 1 40 OD 48

28 1 1 4 0 0 0 100D 49

0 0 1 0 OD 50

29 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 51

0 0 1 0 OD 52

30 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 53

0 0 1 2 OD 54

31 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 55

0 0 1 2 OD 56

32 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 57

0 0 1 40 OD 58

33 1 1 4 0 0 0 10100D 59

0 0 1 40 OD 60

34 1 1 4 0 0 0 100D 61

0 0 1 0 OD 62

35 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 63

0 0 1 0 OD 64

36 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 65

0 0 1 40 OD 66

37 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 67

0 0 1 0 OD 68

38 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 69

0 0 1 0 OD 70

39 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 71

0 0 1 40 OD 72

40 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 73

0 0 1 0 OD 74

41 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 75

0 0 1 0 OD 76

42 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 77

0 0 1 40 OD 78

43 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 79

0 0 1 0 OD 80

44 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 81

0 0 1 0 OD 82

45 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 83

0 0 1 40 OD 84

46 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 85

0 0 1 0 OD 86

47 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 87

0 0 1 0 OD 88

48 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 89

357
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

106 0 0 1 40 0D 90

218 49 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 91

218 0 0 1 0 0D 92

212 50 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 93

212 0 0 1 0 0D 94

106 51 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 95

106 0 0 1 40 OD 96

218 52 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 97

218 0 0 1 0 OD 98

212 53 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 99

212 0 0 2 0 OD 100

106 55 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 101

106 0 0 1 40 OD 102

218 56 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 103

218 0 0 1 0 OD 104

212 57 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 105

212 0 0 2 0 OD 106

106 59 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 107

106 0 0 1 40 OD 108

218 60 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 109

218 0 0 1 0 OD 110

212 61 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 111

212 0 0 2 0 OD 112

214 63 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 113

214 0 0 1 2 OD 114

222 64 1 1 5 0 0 0 100D 115

222 0 0 1 0 OD 116

212 65 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 117

212 0 0 1 0 OD 118

214 66 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 119

214 0 0 1 2 OD 120

214 67 1 1 6 0 0 0 1Q100D 121

214 0 0 1 2 OD 122

106 68 1 1 6 0 0 0 1010100D 123

106 0 0 1 40 OD 124

106 69 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 125

106 0 0 1 40 OD 126

216 70 1 1 6 0 0 0 100D 127

216 0 0 1 0 OD 128

212 71 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 129

212 0 0 1 0 OD 130

214 72 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 131

214 0 0 1 2 OD 132

214 73 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 133

214 0 0 1 2 OD 134

106 74 1 1 6 0 0 0 101Q0D 135

106 0 0 1 40 OD 136

106 75 1 1 6 0 0 0 1010100D 137

106 0 0 1 40 OD 138

216 76 1 1 6 0 0 0 100D 139

216 0 0 1 0 OD 140

358
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

212 77 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

212 0 0 1 0 0D

214 78 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 0D

214 79 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 0D

106 80 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

106 0 0 1 40 0D

106 81 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

106 0 0 1 40 0D

216 82 1 1 6 0 0 0 100D

216 0 0 1 0 0D

212 83 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

212 0 0 1 0 OD

214 84 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 OD

214 85 1 1 6 0 0 0 1Q100D

214 0 0 1 2 OD

106 86 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

106 0 0 1 40 OD

106 87 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

106 0 0 1 40 OD

216 88 1 1 6 0 0 0 100D

216 0 0 1 0 OD

110 89 1 4 6 0 0 0 100D

110 0 0 1 0 OD

110 90 1 4 6 0 0 0 100D

110 0 0 1 0 OD

212 91 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

212 0 0 1 0 OD

214 92 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 OD

214 93 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D

214 0 0 1 2 OD

106 94 1 1 6 0 0 0 1010100D

106 0 0 1 40 OD

106 95 1 1 6 0 0 0 1010100D

106 0 0 1 40 OD

202 96 1 1 6 0 0 0 100D

202 0 0 1 0 OD

1.70710678,-0 .70710678,0.0 ,1.0 , 0.70710678,0.'70710678,0.0, IP

'.0,0.0,

1

.0,0 .0,0 ,0; IP

:, 10,0. 98 ,0.1 .1,1 .571,0.0, o o 3.21,1.656 o o .10HDRILL .010 ) 3P

02,0.1,1 ,1.571,0 o o o co 210, 1.506,0.0, 10H(6 PLACES), 0,0; 3P

214.2.0.

150.0.050.0.0.4.800.2.000.4.562.1.546.4.262.1.546.0.0; 5P

210.3.1.5.0.

0; 7P

110.0.

0.0.200.0.0.0.0.3.000.0.0.0.0; 9P

110.0.

200.0.0.0.0.4.800.0.0.0.0.0.0; IIP

110.5.000.

0.200.0.0.5.000.3.000.0.0.0.0; 13P

110.0.

200.3.200.0.0.4.800.3.200.0.0.0.0; 15P

100.0.

0.4.800.3.000.5.000.3.000.4.800.3.200.0.0; 17P

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

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154

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156

157

158

159

160

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175

176

177

178

179

180

12

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11

359
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

100,0.0,0. 200 ,3.000,0.200,3.200,0.0,3.000,0,0; 19P 12

100,0.0,0. 200 ,0.200,0.0,0.200,0.200,0.00,0,0; 21P 13

100,0.0,4. 800 ,0.200,4.800,0.0,5.000,0.200,0,0; 23P 14

116,4.000,3.000,0.0,0,0,0; 25P 15

116,3.000,3.000,0.0,0,0,0; 27P 16

116,2.000,3.000,0.0,0,0,0; 29P 17

116,1.000,3.000,0.0,0,0,0; 31P 18

104,4.000,0.0,16.000,0.0,0.0,-1.000,0.0,0.500,0.0,0. 500,0.0, 33P 19

o o 33P 20

116,4.800,1.000,0.0,0,0,0; 35P 21

116,4.800,2.000,0.0,0,0,0; 37P 22

212,1,3,0.421,0.156,1,1.571,0.0,0,0,-0.639,1.614,0.0 ,3H3.2,0,0; 39P 23

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,-0.454,3.200,-0.454,1.870,0,0; 41P 24

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,-0.454,0.0,-0.454,1.514,0,0; 43P 25

106,1,3,0.0,0.0,3. 200 ,-0.094,3.200,-0.579,3.200,0,0; 45P 26

106,1,3,0.0,0.0,0.0,-0.094,0.0,-0.579,0.0,0,0; 47P 27

216,39,41,43,45,47,0,0; 49P 28

212,1,3,0.437,0.156,1,1.571,0.0,0,0,2.032,-0.447,0.0 ,3H5. 0,0,0; 51P 29

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,0.0,-0.369,1.932,-0.369,0,0; 53P 30

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,5.000,-0.369,2.519,-0.369,0,0; 55P 31

106,1,3,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,-0.094,0.0,-0.494,0,0; 57P 32

106,1,3,0.0,5.000,0.0,5.000,-0.094,5.000,-0.494,0,0; 59P 33

216,51,53,55,57,59,0,0; 61P 34

212,1,3,0.374,0.156,1,1.571,1.571,0,0,4.078,4.181,0. 0,3H1. 0,0,0; 63P 35

106,1,3,0.0,4.000,3.094,4.000,3.188,4.000,3.993,0,0; 65P 36

218,63,65,0,0; 67P 37

212,1,3,0.421,0.156,1,1.571,1.571,0,0,3.078,4.183,0. 0,3H2. 0,0,0; 69P 38

106,1,3,0.0,3. 000 , 3 . 094 ,3.000,3.188,3.000,3.996,0,0; 71P 39

218,69,71,0,0; 73P 40

212,1,3,0.437,0.156,1,1.571,1.571,0,0,2.078,4.177,0. 0.3H3. 0,0,0; 75P 41

106,1,3,0.0,2.000,3.094,2.000,3.188,2.000,3.989,0,0; 77P 42

218,75,77,0,0; 79P 43

212,1,3,0.437,0.156,1,1.571,1.571,0,0,1.078,4.177,0. 0,3H4. 0,0,0; 81P 44

106,1,3,0.0,1.000,3.094,1.000,3.188,1.000,3.989,0,0; 83P 45

218,81,83,0,0; 85P 46

212,1,3,0.374,0.156,1,1.571,0.0,0,0,6.211,0.922,0.0, 3H1. 0,0,0; 87P 47

106,1,3,0.0,4. 894 , 1 . 000 ,4.988,1. 000 ,6.024,1.000,0,0; 89P 48

218,87,89,0,0; 91P 49

212,1,3,0.421,0.156,1,1.571,0.0,0,0,6.211,1.922,0.0, 3H2. 0,0,0; 93P 50

106,1,3,0.0,4.894,2.000,4.988,2.000,6.024,2.000,0,0; 95P 51

218,93,95,0,0; 97P 52

212,1,7,1.248,0.156,1,1.571,0. , 0 , 0 , 6 . 23 , -0 . 078, 0 . 0 , 7HDATUM B,0, 99P 53

0; 99P 54

106,1,3,0.0,5.094,0.0,5.188,0.0,6.042,0.0,0,0; 101P 55

218,99,101,0,0; 103P 56

212,1,7,1.232,0.156,1,1.571,1.571,0,0,5.078,4.193,0. , 7HDATUM A, 105P 57

o o 105P 58

106,1,3,0.0,5.000,3.094,5.000,3.187,5.000,4.006,0,0; 107P 59

218,105,107,0,0; 109P 60

212,2,4,0.35,0.100,1,1.571,0. ,0,0,4.029,2.611,0. ,4H. 2 R, 5, 0.500, 111P 61

0 . 100 , 1 , 1 . 57 1 , 0 . 0 , 0 , 0 , 4 . 029 , 2 . 461 , 0 . 0 , 5H (TYP) ,0 , 0

111P 62

360
APPENDIX A. MECHANICAL PART EXAMPLE

214,2,0.150,0.050,0.0,4.877,3.185,4.862,2.511,4.562,2.511,0,0; 113P 63

222,111,113,4.800,3.000,0,0; 115P 64

2 12 , 1 , 3 , 0 . 240 , 0 . 100 , 1 , 1 . 57 1 , 0 . 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 . 559 , 0 . 602 , 0 . 0 , 3H1 o o o 117P 65

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,1.663,0.0,1.663,0.538,0,0; 119P 66

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,1.663,1.000,1.663,0.766,0,0; 121P 67

106,1,3,0.0,0.200,0.0,0.294,0.0,1.788,0.0,0,0; 123P 68

106,1,3,0.0,1.000,1.000,1.094,1.000,1.788,1.000,0,0; 125P 69

216,117,119,121,123,125,0,0; 127P 70

212,1,3,0.240,0. 100, 1,1. 571, 0.0, 0,0, 0.537, 0.275, 0.0, 3H1 o o o 129P 71

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,1.000,0.325,0.809,0.325,0,0; 131P 72

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,0.0,0.325,0.473,0.325,0,0; 133P 73

106,1,3,0.0,1.000,1.000,1.000,0.906,1.000,0.200,0,0; 135P 74

106,1,3,0.0,0.0,0.012,0.0,0.106,0.0,0.200,0,0; 137P 75

216,129,131,133,135,137,0,0; 139P 76

212,1,3,0.240,0. 100, 1,1. 571, 0.0, 0,0, 0.470, 1.289, 0.0, 3H1 o o o 141P 77

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,0.971,1.736,0.688,1.453,0,0; 143P 78

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,0.264,1.029,0.459,1.225,0,0; 145P 79

106,1,3,0.0,1.354,1.354,1.287,1.420,0.882,1.825,0,0; 147P 80

106,1,3,0.0,0.646,0.646,0.580,0.713,0.175,1.118,0,0; 149P 81

216,141,143,145,147,149,0,0; 151P 82

212,1,2,0.170,0. 100, 1,1. 571, 0.0, 0,0, 1.631, 1.622, 0.0, 2H. 5,0,0; 153P 83

214,1,0. 150,0.050,0.0, 1.863, 1.509,2. 146, 1.226,0,0; 155P 84

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,1.509,1.863,1.226,2.146,0,0; 157P 85

106,1,3,0.0,1.177,0.823,1.243,0.890,1.951,1.598,0,0; 159P 86

106,1,3,0.0,0.823,1.177,0.890,1.243,1.598,1.951,0,0; 161P 87

216,153,155,157,159,161,0,0; 163P 88

110,0.500,0.500,0.0,1.500,1.500,0.0,0,0; 165P 89

110,1.225,0.775,0.0,0.775,1.225,0.0,0,0; 167P 90

212,1,2,0.220,0. 100,1, 1. 571, 0.0, 0,0, 2. 566, 0.786, 0.0, 2H45, 0,0; 169P 91

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,2.847,0.0,2.754,0.722,0,0; 17 IP 92

214,1,0.150,0.050,0.0,2.013,2.013,2.683,0.951,0,0; 173P 93

106,1,3,0.0,4.988,0.0,4.894,0.0,2.972,0.0,0,0; 175P 94

106,1,3,0.0,2.000,2.000,2.066,2.066,2.101,2.101,0,0; 177P 95

202,169,175,177,0.0,0.0,2.847,171,173,0,0; 179P 96

S 7G 2D 180P 96 T 1

361
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

9.00

ZO.OO

2.50 6.50

IN VIEW

Figure A3. Drawing and View Example

362
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

Example 3 Drawing and View Example

Test file of model with VIEW (410) and DRAWING (404) entities s

c This file demonstrates annotation attached to the VIEWS,

ijs

i . e . , the dimension entities are flagged as INDEPENDENT, s and their DE field 6 points to a VIEW entity. The coordinates s of the dimensions are in MODEL space, and they have a s transformation matrix which is the inverse of the VIEW matrix • s

c This file was submitted by:

o

s

c Dennette A. Harrod, Jr.

J

s Computervision Corporat:ion s 14 Crosby Drive / Bldg. 5-1 s Bedford, MA 01730 s 617'-275-1800 ext .5172 s

1H, , 1H ;, 8HVIEWDWG2

,

12HVIEWDWG2 . IGS

,

13H<unspecif ied> , 13H<unspecif ied>, 32 ,

G

38,6,38, 1£>, 8HVIEWDWG2 , 1 . , 1 , 2HIN ,8,1 . , 13H8709301. 151125, i.E-06, 71.. G

13H<unspecif ied> , 13H<unspecif ied> ,4 ,0; G

406 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D

406 0 0 1 15 0D

124 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D

124 0 0 2 0 0D

108 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 2 1 0D

108 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 2 1 0D

108 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 2 1 0D

108 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 2 1 0D

410 12 1 0 0 0 3 0 201D

410 0 0 1 0 0D

406 13 41 0 0 0 0 0 10300D

406 0 0 1 15 0D

124 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D

124 0 0 1 0 0D

108 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 1 1 0D

108 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 1 1 0D

108 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 1 1 0D

108 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D

108 0 0 1 1 0D

410 19 1 0 0 0 17 0 201D

410 0 0 1 0 0D

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

12

3

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

363
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

406 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D 29

406 0 0 1 15 0D 30

124 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D 31

124 0 0 1 0 0D 32

108 22 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 33

108 0 0 1 1 0D 34

108 23 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 35

108 0 0 1 1 0D 36

108 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 37

108 0 0 1 1 0D 38

108 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 39

108 0 0 1 1 0D 40

410 26 1 0 0 0 31 0 201D 41

410 0 0 1 0 0D 42

406 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D 43

406 0 0 1 15 0D 44

108 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 45

108 0 0 1 1 OD 46

108 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 47

108 0 0 1 1 OD 48

108 30 1 0 0 0 0 0 10201D 49

108 0 0 1 1 OD 50

108 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 102Q1D 51

108 0 0 1 1 OD 52

410 32 1 0 0 0 0 0 201D 53

410 0 0 1 0 OD 54

110 33 1 1 5 0 0 0 101Q0D 55

110 1 4 1 0 OD 56

110 34 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 57

110 1 4 1 0 OD 58

110 35 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 59

110 1 4 1 0 OD 60

110 36 1 1 5 0 0 0 101Q0D 61

110 1 4 1 0 OD 62

110 37 1 1 5 0 0 0 10100D 63

110 1 4 1 0 OD 64

110 38 1 1 6 0 0 0 101QQD 65

110 1 4 1 0 OD 66

110 39 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 67

110 1 4 1 0 OD 68

110 40 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 69

110 1 4 1 0 OD 70

110 41 1 1 6 0 0 0 10100D 71

110 1 4 1 0 OD 72

406 42 1 1 0 0 0 0 10300D 73

406 0 0 1 15 OD 74

404 43 1 1 0 0 0 0 20 ID 75

404 0 0 2 0 OD 76

110 45 1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 77

110 1 2 1 0 OD 7$

364
110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

106

106

214

214

212

212

214

214

106

106

216

216

106

106

214

214

APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

46

1 47

1 48

1 49

1 50

1 51

1 52

1 53

1 54

1 55

1 56

1 57

1 58

1 59

1 60

1 61

1 62

1 63

1 64

1 65

1 66

1 67

1 68

1 69

1 70

1

1 1 5 0 0 0 0D 79

2 1 0 0D 80

1 1 5 0 0 0 0D 81

2 1 0 0D 82

1 1 5 0 0 0 0D 83

2 1 0 0D 84

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 85

2 1 0 OD 86

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 87

2 1 0 OD 88

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 89

2 1 0 OD 90

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 91

2 1 0

ft OD 92

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 93

2 1 0 OD 94

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 95

2 1 0 OD 96

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 97

2 1 0 OD 98

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 99

2 1 0 OD 100

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 101

2 1 0 OD 102

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 103

2 1 0 OD 104

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 105

2 1 0 OD 106

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 107

2 1 0 OD 108

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 109

2 1 0 OD 110

1 1 5 0 0 0 OD 111

2 1 0 OD 112

1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 113

3 1 40 OD 114

1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 115

3 1 2 OD 116

1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 117

3 1 0 OD 118

1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 119

3 1 2 OD 120

1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 121

3 1 40 OD 122

1 1 5 53 0 0 100D 123

3 1 0 OD 124

1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 125

3 1 40 OD 126

1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 127

3 1 2 OD 128

365
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

212 71 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 129

212 1 3 1 0 0D 130

214 72 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 131

214 1 3 1 2 0D 132

106 73 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 133

106 1 3 1 40 0D 134

216 74 1 1 5 27 211 0 100D 135

216 1 3 1 0 OD 136

106 75 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 137

106 1 3 1 40 OD 138

214 76 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 139

214 1 3 1 2 OD 140

212 77 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 141

212 1 3 1 0 OD 142

214 78 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 143

214 1 3 1 2 OD 144

106 79 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 145

106 1 3 1 40 OD 146

216 80 1 1 5 41 213 0 100D 147

216 1 3 1 0 OD 148

106 81 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 149

106 1 3 1 40 OD 150

214 82 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 151

214 1 3 1 2 OD 152

212 83 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 153

212 1 3 1 0 OD 154

214 84 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 155

214 1 3 1 2 OD 156

106 85 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 157

106 1 3 1 40 OD 158

216 86 1 1 5 41 213 0 100D 159

216 1 3 1 0 OD 160

106 87 1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 161

106 1 3 1 40 OD 162

214 88 1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 163

214 1 3 1 2 OD 164

212 89 1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 165

212 1 3 1 0 OD 166

214 90 1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 167

214 1 3 1 2 OD 168

106 91 1 1 5 53 0 0 10101D 169

106 1 3 1 40 OD 170

216 92 1 1 5 53 0 0 100D 171

216 1 3 1 0 OD 172

106 93 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 173

106 1 3 1 40 OD 174

214 94 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 175

214 1 3 1 2 OD 176

212 95 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 177

212 1 3 1 0 OD 178

366
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

214 96 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 179

214 1 3 1 2 0D 180

106 97 1 1 5 41 0 0 10101D 181

106 1 3 1 40 0D 182

216 98 1 1 5 41 213 0 100D 183

216 1 3 1 0 0D 184

106 99 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 185

106 1 3 1 40 0D 186

214 100 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 187

214 1 3 1 2 0D 188

212 101 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 189

212 1 3 1 0 0D 190

214 102 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 191

214 1 3 1 2 OD 192

106 103 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 193

106 1 3 1 40 OD 194

216 104 1 1 5 27 211 0 100D 195

216 1 3 1 0 OD 196

106 105 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 197

106 1 3 1 40 OD 198

214 106 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 199

214 1 3 1 2 OD 200

212 107 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 201

212 1 3 1 0 OD 202

214 108 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 203

214 1 3 1 2 OD 204

106 109 1 1 5 27 0 0 10101D 205

106 1 3 1 40 OD 206

216 110 1 1 5 27 211 0 100D 207

216 1 3 1 0 OD 208

212 111 1 1 5 0 0 0 10101D 209

212 1 3 2 0 OD 210

124 113 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D 211

124 0 0 1 0 OD 212

124 114 1 0 0 0 0 0 10300D 213

124 0 0 1 0 OD 214

406 115 1 1 0 0 0 0 10300D 215

406 0 0 1 16 OD 216

406 , 1 , 7HCLIPPED , 0

,

0; IP 1 124,-0.67499, -0.171,0.71774,1 .00728, -0.24401,0.96977,0.00157, 3P 2

-0.821391,-0. 69631 ,-0.17408,-0.69631 ,4.613057,0,0; 3P 3

108,0.67499,0 .171, -0.71774,5. 0055,0, 6 . 390347 , 2 . 455541 , -0 . 379235

,

5P 4

o o o 5P 5

108,-0.24401,0.96977,0.00157, 3.55308 ,0,3 .025032,4. 420965, 7P 6

2.494731,0. ,0 ,0; 7P 7

108,-0.67499, -0.171,0.71774,2 .99094, 0,0.992841,1.088152, 9P 8

5.360119,0. ,0 ,0; 9P 9

108,0.24401,-0.96977,-0.00157 ,1.9103 ,0,4 .358156,-0 .877273, UP 10

2.486153,0. ,0 ,0; UP 11

410,4,1. ,5,7, 9,11, 0,0, 0,1,1; 13P 12

367
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

406 , 1 , 5HRIGHT ,0,0; 124.0.

.0. , -1 . ,0. ,0. ,1. ,0. ,0. ,1. ,0. ,0.,0.

108.0.

.0. .1. .36. .0.0. .0. .36. .0. .0.0;

108.0.

.1. .0. .24.59627.0.0. .24.59627.0. .0.

108.0.

.0. ,-l. ,36. ,0,0. ,0. ,-36. ,0. ,0,0;

108.0.

,-l. ,0. ,24.59627,0,0. ,-24.59627,0.

410.3.1.

19.21.23.25.0.0.0.1.15;

406 , 1 , 3HT0P ,0,0;

124.1.0. .0. .0. .0. .0. , -1 . ,0. ,0. ,1. ,0. ,0.

108,-1. ,0. ,0. ,36. ,0,-36. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0,0;

108.0.

.0. ,-l. ,24.59627,0,0. ,0. ,-24.59627

108.1 .

0. .0. .36. .0.36. .0. .0. .0. .0.0;

108.0.

.0. .1. .24.59627.0.0. .0. .24.59627.0.

410.2.1.

33.35.37.39.0.0.0.1.29;

406 , 1 , 5HFR0NT ,0,0;

108,-1 . ,0. ,0. ,36. ,0,-36. ,0.,0.,0.,0 5 0;

108.0.

.1. .0. .24.59627.0.0. .24.59627.0. .0.

108.1 .

0. .0. .36. .0.36. .0. .0. .0. .0.0;

108.0.

,-l. ,0. ,24.59627,0,0. ,-24.59627,0.

410.1.1.

45.47.49.51.0.0.0.1.43;

110.67.

0. .0. .67. .2. .0. .0.0;

110.60.

4. .0. .60. .2. .0. .0.0;

110.57.4. .0. .57. .0. .0. .0.0;

110.70.

4. .0. .57. .4. .0. .0.0;

110.70.

2. .0. .57. .2. .0. .0.0;

110.0.

.40. .0. .0. .0. .0. .0.0;

110.70.

40. .0. .0. .40. .0. .0.0;

110.70.

0. .0. .70. .40. .0. .0.0;

110.0.

.0. .0. .70. .0. .0. .0.0;

406, 1 ,7HDRAWING,0,0;

404.4.13.51.29. .27.46. .8. .41.7. .24. ,53,

65.67.69.71.209.0.

2.73.215;

110.0.

.9. .0. .0. .9. , -9 . ,0,0;

110.2.5.9.

0. .2.5.9. , -9. ,0,0;

110.2.5.2.5.0.

.2. 5. 2. 5, -9. ,0,0;

110.20.2.5.0. .20. .2. 5, -9. ,0,0;

110.20.

0. .0. .20. .0. , -9. ,0,0;

110 . 0

.

. 0 .

0 .0 .0 . ,9 .

0 , 0 ;

110.0.

.9. , -9. ,0. ,0. , -9. ,0,0;

110. 2. 5.

9.,

-9., 0., 9., -9., 0,0;

110,2.5,2.5,-9. ,2.5,9. , -9. ,0,0;

110.20.

2. 5 ,-9. ,2. 5, 2. 5, -9. ,0,0;

110.20.

0. , -9. ,20. ,2. 5,-9. ,0,0;

110.0.

.0. , -9. ,20. ,0. , -9. ,0,0;

110.0.

.9. .0. .0. .0. .0. .0.0;

110.2.5.9.

0. .0. .9. .0. .0.0;

1 10. 2. 5. 2. 5.

0.

. 2. 5. 9.. 0.. 0.0;

110.

20..

2. 5.0.. 2. 5. 2. 5.0.. 0.0;

110.20.

0. .0. .20. .2.5.0. .0.0;

110 . 0

.

. 0 .

0 .20 .0 .0 .0 . 0 ;

15P 13

0,0; 17P 14

19P 15

,0,0; 21P 16

23P 17

o o o 25P 18

27P 19

29P 20

0,0; 31P 21

33P 22

0. ,0,0; 35P 23

37P 24

o o 39P 25

41P 26

43P 27

45P 28

,0,0; 47P 29

49P 30

o o o 51? 31

53P 32

55P 33

57P 34

59P 35

61P 36

63P 37

65P 38

67P 39

69P 40

71P 41

73P 42

. ,8. ,10,55,57,59,61,63, 75P 43

75P 44

77P 45

79P 46

81P 47

83P 48

85P 49

87P 50

89P 51

91P 52

93P 53

95P 54

97P 55

99P 56

101P 57

103P 58

105P 59

107P 60

109P 61

111P 62

368
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

106.1.3.0.

.0. .0. .0. ,-0.5,0. , -4. ,0,0;

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .0. ,-3.5,7. 625 , -3 . 5 , 0 , 0

;

212. 1 .5.3.75. 1 .

.

1.1.57079632679489.0. .0,

214.1.1.

.

106.1.3.0.0.5.0. .20. ,-3.5,12.125,-3.5,0,0

.20. .0. .20. ,-0.5,20. , -4. ,0,0; 216.117.115.119.113.121.0.

0, 106.1.3.0.

.0. .0. .0. ,-0.5,0. ,-3.5, 0,0;

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .0. , -3. ,2.125,-3. ,0,0;

212.1.4.3.

.

1. .1.1.57079632679489.0. .0.0,

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .9. , -3. ,5.875,-3. ,0,0;

106.1.3.0.

.9. .0. .9. ,-0.5,9. ,-3.5, 0,0; 216.129.127.131.125.133.0.

0,

106.

1.3.0.

. 2. 5.0.. 2. 5, -0.5, 2. 5, -4., 0,0;

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .2. 5, -3. 5, 8. 625, -3. 5, 0,0;

212.1.5.3.75.1.

.

1.1.57079632679489.0. .0,

214,1,1.

,0.5,0. ,20. ,-3.5,13. 125,-3.5,0,0

106.1.3.0.

.20. .0. .20. ,-0.5,20. , 216.141.139.143.137.145.0. -4. ,0,0;

0,

106.1.3.0.

. 0.. 9.. 0.. 9. 5.0.. 12. 5. 0.0,

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .0. .12. , -3. ,12. ,0,0;

212.1.4.3.,

!. ,1,1.57079632679489,0. ,0,0,

214.

1.1..

0.5.0.. 2. 5. 12.. 5. 5. 12.. 0.0,

106.

1.3.0.

216.153.151.155.149.157.0. . 2. 5. 9.. 2. 5. 9. 5. 2. 5. 12. 5. 0.0,

0,

106.1.3.0.

.0. .0. ,-0.5,0. ,-3.5,0. ,0,0;

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. , -3. ,0. , -3. ,3. 5 ,0,0;

212.1.4.3.

.

1. .1.1.57079632679489.0. .0.0,

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. , -3. ,9. , -3. ,5. 5, 0,0;

106.1.3.0.

.0. .9. ,-0,5,9. ,-3.5,9. ,0,0; 216.165.163.167.161.169.0.

0,

106.1.3.0.

.0. .0. ,-0.5,0. ,-3.5,0. ,0,0;

214,1,1.

,0.5,0. ,-3. ,0. ,-3. ,3. 5, 0,0;

212. 1 .4.3.

.

1 . .1.1.57079632679489.0. .0.0,

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. , -3. ,9. , -3. ,5. 5, 0,0;

106.1.3.0.

.0. .9. ,-0.5,9. ,-3.5,9. ,0,0;

216.177.175.179.173.181.0.

0,

106.1.3.0.

.0. .0. ,-0.5,0. , -3. ,0. ,0,0;

214,1,1.

,0.5,0. ,-2.5,0. ,-2.5, -2. ,0,0;

212.1.4.3.

.

1. .1.1.57079632679489.0. .0.0,

214,1,1.

,0.5,0. ,-2.5, 2. 5, -2. 5, 4. 5, 0,0;

106. 1. 3.

0.

.0. . 2. 5, -0.5, 2. 5, -3., 2. 5, 0,0;

216.189.187.191.185.193.0.

0,

106.

1.3.0.

.9. .2. 5. 9. 5. 2. 5. 13. .2. 5. 0.0,

214.1.1 .

.

0.5.0. .12.5.2.5.12.5.4.5.0.0,

212.1.4.3.

.

1. .1.1.57079632679489.0. .0.0,

214.1.1.

.

0.5.0. .12.5.9. .12.5.6.5.0.0,

106.

1.3.0.

. 9.. 9.. 9. 5. 9.. 13.. 9.. 0.0,

216.201.199.203.197.205.0.

0,

212.1.7.8.25.1.

.

1.1.57079632679489.0. .0,

0 , 0 ;

1 13P 63

1 15P 64

0,8. , -4 . ,0. , 5H20 .00,0,0; 1 17P 65

1 19P 66

121P 67

123P 68

125P 69

127P 70

2. 5, -3. 5,0. , 4H9.00,0,0; 129P 71

13 IP 72

133P 73

135P 74

137P 75

139P 76

0,9. , -4 . ,0. ,5H17. 50,0,0; 141P 77

143P 78

145P 79

147P 80

149P 81

151P 82

6. ,11.5,0. , 4H2 .50,0,0; 153P 83

155P 84

157P 85

159P 86

161P 87

163P 88

-4.5,4. ,0. ,4H9. 00,0,0; 165P 89

167P 90

169P 91

17 IP 92

173P 93

175P 94

-4.5,4. ,0. ,4H9. 00,0,0; 177P 95

179P 96

181P 97

183P 98

185P 99

187P 100

-4. ,5. ,0. ,4H2.50,0,0; 189P 101

191P 102

193P 103

195P 104

197P 105

199P 106

11 . ,5. ,0. ,4H6.50,0,0; 201P 107

203P 108

205P 109

207P 110

0,58. ,0.5,0. , 7HIN VIEW, 209P 111

209P 112

369
APPENDIX A. DRAWING AND VIEW EXAMPLE

124.0.

.0. .1. .0. .0. .1. .0. .0. ,-l. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0,0; 211P

124.1.0. .0. .0. .0. .0. .1. .0..0. ,-l . ,0.,0. ,0,0; 213P

406.2.70.40. .0.0, 215P

S 16G 3D 216P 115 T
Appendix B. Electrical/Electronic Product Representation

ELI Introduction

B.1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to provide implementors and users with a roadmap to the representation of electrical/electronic product designs using this Specification. The

topics of discussion will include (but are not limited to) design, engineering, manufacturing, testing,

and inspection.

B.1.2 Assumptions. The reader should have a basic understanding of electrical/electronic

product design using CAD/CAM and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools, including (but

not limited to) connectivity, component descriptions, placement and routing, and the manufacturing interface. Each topic will be discussed in general, but these discussions are not intended to

provide a tutorial on the subject.

B,2 Connectivity

B.2.1 General. Forming a connection between two or more items requires the ability to represent the following:

1. the exact location of each connection point,

2. the signal formed and its identification (if any), and

3. the physical connection between the items (if any).

The term “connect node” will refer to a database entity which represents the exact location of

connection. The term “link” will refer to the representation of the signal formed, and “signal name”

will refer to the signal identifier. The term “join” will refer to the database entity or entities which

represent the physical connection between the items.

Each item to be connected requires a connect node to represent each possible connection point of the

item. A signal may be formed between any such items by a link which references the connect nodes

to be connected. This creates an associativity between the connect nodes, and thus the connected

items. The signal name may be used to uniquely identify the particular signal formed. The join

may be used to provide a graphical representation of the signal. In electrical applications, the join

will most often be represented by a line (schematic) or a widened line (printed wiring board).

In electrical applications, the items to be connected are typically electrical components (be., resistor,

16-pin DIP, etc.). Most often, these components are represented by subfigures which are defined

once, then referenced (instanced) in the database for each occurrence of the component. Each pin

of the component is a potential connection point in a signal; thus each subfigure has a connect node

371
APPENDIX B.2 CONNECTIVITY

defined for each pin. When such a subfigure is instanced, its connect nodes must also be instanced.

This allows each connect node to participate in the unique signal to which it belongs. An instanced

connect node, when added to a signal, is different from its definition which is not a member of any

signal.

These subfigures, representing electrical components, often contain text describing the component

and its pins. In some cases ( e.g ., part number), this text is fixed and unchanging. In other cases ( e.g., reference designator), the text may be variable, and thus may not be filled in until the subfigure is instanced. This text (sometimes called a “text node”), like the connect node, is instanced along with

its parent subfigure. In some cases, a connect node and a text node are related (e.g., the connect

node represents a component pin and the text node represents the pin number).

B.2. 2 Representation. The connect node is represented by the Connect Point Entity. The text

node is represented by the Text Display Template Entity. The Flow Associativity Entity represents a signal and contains the link, signal name, and pointers to the join entities. The Network Subfigure

Definition and Instance represent electrical components which participate in signals. A number of

Property Entities will also be used.

B.2. 2.1 Network Subfigure Construction. A component is constructed using the Network

Subfigure Definition Entity. The entities representing the component geometry are referenced in

the same manner as the Subfigure Definition Entity. In addition, a separate set of pointers to

defining Connect Point Entities is provided. These Connect Point Entities define the locations and

characteristics of the component’s pins. Properties, for example the Part Name Property, may be

attached to the Network Subfigure Definition Entity.

B.2. 2. 2 Connect Points. A component pin (or surface mounted device pad, IC I/O port, lead

frame, schematic symbol lead, etc.) is represented by the Connect Point Entity. The Connect Point

Entity is used in both logical and physical product designs. The exact location in model space

is specified, along with several characteristic flags (connection type, function type, I/O direction).

There is a pointer to the parent Network Subfigure Entity (definition or instance), which provides

a association needed for signal processing. An additional Subfigure Instance pointer is provided for

Connect Point display. This allows a graphical symbol to be displayed, representing the Connect

Point. The pin number is provided in the Function Connect Point Identifier field, along with a

pointer to a Text Display Template for pin number display. A pin function name is provided in the

Connect Point Function Name Field, along with a pointer to a Text Display Template for its display.

B.2. 2. 3 Signal Construction. A signal, representing one set of electrically common Connect

Points, is constructed using the Flow Associativity Entity. It contains pointers to other associated

Flow Associativity Entities, the Connect Point Entities participating in the signal (this is the Link),

and the Join entities representing the geometry of the signal (either logical or physical). Also

contained is a list of signal names which may be used to identify the signal, along with a set of

pointers to Text Display Template Entities which may be used to display the first signal name in a number of locations. Two characteristic flags determine the signal type (logical or physical), and

the function type (fluid flow or electrical signal).

A signal is represented by one Flow Associativity Entity pointing to a set of electrically common

Connect Points. This is the link. The Join entities represent the physical display geometry of

the signal. For a schematic (logical), a line without width is typically used. For a printed board

(physical), a line with the Line Widening Property is typically used. A number of signal names may

be associated with the signal. Multiple displays of the first, or primary, name are possible.

372
APPENDIX B.2 CONNECTIVITY

The components participating in a signal are represented by the Network Subfigure Instance Entity.

Note that the Connect Point Entities “belonging” to a component are instanced along with the

subfigure. This is necessary to allow a subfigure to participate in a number of different signals, while

retaining unique component/pin identification. Each component is usually identified by a reference

designator. This is supplied by the Primary Reference Designator Field of the Network Subfigure.

Any alternate reference designators may be designated with the Reference Designator Property,

attached through the normal property pointer mechanism (see Section 2. 2. 4. 4. 2).

B.2. 2. 4 Information Display. Throughout the above discussion, references to the Text Display

Template Entity have been made. This entity allows text, embedded in an entity, to be displayed

without the redundant specification of the text string. There are two reasons for this feature. First,

it eliminates a possible source of error by allowing the information to be specified in only one place.

Second, it reduces the file size overhead. This entity exists in two forms, absolute and incremental.

The absolute form provides an exact location for display of the information, as in the display of a

reference designator. The incremental form provides an offset to be applied to the parent entity’s

location to provide the exact location for display of information like pin numbers. When a direct

pointer for information display is provided, the base location is readily determined from the parent

entity’s location such as when displaying a pin number. In the case of property value display, the

base location must be determined by “remembering” the location of the property entity’s parent

entity. This would occur when displaying the Part Name. Also in this case, the pointer to the

Text Display Template Entity is located in the additional pointers section of the property entity

parameters.

B.2. 2. 5 Additional Considerations. The situation is exactly the same for both logical and

physical representations. The only differences arise in the Subfigure and Join entities used. In fact, a file may contain representations for both the schematic and the board. The Flow Associativity

Entity contains a type flag to indicate the connection type (logical or physical). In this case, one Flow Associativity would represent the logical connection and a second would represent the

physical connection. The two associativities would be related by the pointers provided in the Flow

Associativity.

B.2. 2. 6 Figures. The following figures illustrate certain aspects of the above discussions. Fig- ure B1 illustrates the basic entity relationships. Figure B2 and Table B1 illustrate the usage of

the Text Display Template. Figure B3 illustrates an actual implementation. Figure B4 shows an example of logical and physical signals and their relationships in the same file.

373
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

Table Bl. Text Display Template Values for Sample Schematic

Pins using

the text

templates

TEMPLATE TLEFT TRIGHT TTOP TBOT

WIDTH .10 .10 .10 .10

HEIGHT .13 .13 .13 .13

SLANT ANGLE (default) (default) (default) (default)

ROT’N. ANGLE 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . MIRROR FLAG 0 0 0 0

VRT./HORIZ. 0 0 0 0

DE FORM NO. 1 1 1 1 X (DX) -.09 -.03 + .03 + .03

Y (DY) + .03 +.03 -.15 + .1 Z (DZ) 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

U1 P1-P8 P9-P16 — —

U2 P1-P8 P9-P16 — —

U3 P1-P4 P9-P12 P13-P16 P5-P8

B.3 Electrical Entity Descriptions

The following entities (in entity number order) are the subset of entities which have particular

meanings when used for electrical product data.

100 Circular Arc Entity

The electrical use of this entity is in the geometric representation of component parts and their

symbolic representations. In such usage, it is generally part of a subfigure. It may be used as a join

entity. Its use may be defined by a Level Function Property or DE Level Pield.

102 Composite Curve Entity

The electrical use of this entity is in the geometric representation of component parts and their

symbolic representations. In such usage, it is generally part of a subfigure. It may be used as a join

entity. Its use may be defined by a Level Function Property or DE Level Field.

106 Copious Data Entity

Forms 11, 12, and 13 of this entity may be used to implement the electrical join (i.e., schematic or wiring diagram circuit connection lines). Any of these forms may point to a Line Widening Property.

Examples of this entity property combination are circuit paths on a printed circuit (PC) board or integrated circuit (IC) metalization, or as a bus in a schematic. Form 63, Simple Closed Area,

may be used to define an auto-router restriction area or a PC (or IC) defined area having special

attributes.

374
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

108 Plane Entity

Certain layers of PC design are designated as “ground” , “power” , or “heat sink” , and as such are

large conductive areas. These layers, as well as larger curved or rounded conductive areas on other

layers, are best defined by the Plane Entity. Note that the form number indicates whether the

bounded region is positive or void (be., copper clad area or cutout).

110 Line Entity

The Line Entity has several important uses in the electrical application. It may be used to construct

component outlines, and to represent both logical and physical connections (as a join entity). As a

physical join entity, the Line Widening Property will most often be attached, giving the width of

metalization to be etched on the board. As a logical join entity, the line will most typically be used

without the Line Widening Property.

116 Point Entity

The Point Entity is used to locate features that do not participate in electrical connectivity, for

example, a mounting hole.

124 Transformation Matrix Entity

A Transformation Matrix Entity may be used to rotate subfigures to other than normal (top up)

positions. Generally, rotations are about the Z axis for PC and IC constructs, but may be about

any axis for three-dimensional cabling files.

125 Flash Entity

The Flash Entity may be used to represent a repetitive artwork feature which is usually produced

by photo-optical means. Examples include PC pads, targets, clearances, and IC features.

132 Connect Point Entity

The Connect Point Entity is used to represent a point of connection. A subfigure defining an electrical

component typically uses the Connect Point Entity to represent a pin of the logical or physical

component or symbol. A Connect Point may also be used in a “stand-alone” mode, representing a

via hole, for example.

212 General Note Entity

A General Note Entity is used to display constant text. Design notes would require a General Note

Entity.

375
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

302 Associativity Definition Entity

When the originating system provides a relationship not included among the predefined associativities, this entity is required. Possible uses are to relate subfigures to entities in other databases ( i.e ., circuit analysis or text requirements) or for back-annotation purposes.

312 Text Display Template Entity

Form 0: absolute; Form 1: incremental

The Text Display Template may be used to display text which may be unique in each instance of

the defined entity (i.e., a pin number).

320 Network Subfigure Definition Entity

For printed circuit and cable usage, a subfigure usually represents a component and its required PC

constructs. This entity is normally a library physical or logical figure in the originating system.

402 Associativity Instance Entity

This entity relates other entities within a file to provide a “set” with a common meaning. Those

associativities which are predefined are identified by form numbers (i.e., Form 18: Flow). The user defined associativities are defined by Entity 302 and its form number.

406 Property Entity

The use of a property to indicate the meaning or purpose of a geometric entity applies to electrical

constructs as well as general graphics. A Connect Point Entity may point to the Drilled Hole Property. A Plane Entity or Simple Closed Area Entity may point to the Region Restriction Property.

Any property, however, may point to the Text Display Template with the text string specified in

the property. In this case, the Text Display Template locates the text display. This entity is an open-ended list allowing for expansion to address future needs such as simulation, testing, inspection

applications, and extensions into electrical/electronic systems hierarchical design.

412 Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance Entity

414 Circular Array Subfigure Instance Entity

These entities may be used to instance multiple Network Subfigure Instances, but must not be used

for instancing Connect Points.

420 Network Subfigure Instance Entity

This entity allows an electrical component to be instanced in a number of unique locations. Note

that “owned” Connect Point Entities must be instanced with this entity.

376
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

LOGICAL WITH PHYSICAL DATA

Figure Bl. General Pointer and Entity Model

377
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

Figure B2. Sample Schematic

378
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

Figure B3. Entity Relations Chart for Sample Schematic

379
APPENDIX B.3 ELECTRICAL ENTITY DESCRIPTIONS

"DECLARATION"

"DEFINITION" "SCHEMATIC" "PHYSICAL”

NOTE: "DECLARATION" ENTITIES ARE POINTED TO BY ANY OTHER ENTITIES.

Figure B4. Schematic/Physical Diagram for Sample Schematic

380
Appendix C. Plant Flowsheet Representation

C.l Flowsheet Characteristics

Process flowsheets carry several important types of information which determine what data structures must be present. They must show:

1. The identity of the process streams or lines flowing through the plant. Process and instrumentation diagrams typically show line designation, size, specification, and stream direction.

2. The identity of “nozzles” on equipment to which line connections are made, and into and out

of which process streams flow.

3. The identity of equipment (i.e., valves, tanks, columns, pumps) which control, mix, pump, and

process the stream.

4. The association of “nozzles” with the equipment to which they belong.

5. The association of the beginning and end of each stream with unique nozzles.

6. Indication of a line that is too large for a single sheet and is continued on another flowsheet.

C.2 Support for Flowsheets

The graphics of a piping and instrument diagram will typically be composed of lines, arcs, and text. Components will consist of symbols (subfigure definitions) which are defined once by a set of lines

and arcs and then referenced (as subfigure instances) as many times as needed.

A piping or instrument line is described by a Path Associativity Entity which lists the from- and to- nozzles (i.e., points to their Connect Point Entities) and then lists the in-line components. Properties can be attached to any entity and Nominal Size and Flow Line Specification Property Entities would

be attached to pipe line path entities.

C.3 Plant Flowsheet Example

A simple flowsheet is shown in Figures Cl and C2. The way the flowsheet would appear on paper

is shown in Figure Cl. The recommended assignment of connection points is shown in Figure C2.

A view of the flowsheet showing the conceptual entities to be used to describe the flowsheet is given

in Figure C3. These include two subfigures, “tank” and “valve,” and four connect points belonging

to them. Subfigures are defined at one time in the file for multiple use. When subfigures are used,

each use is an “instance” of previously defined subfigure definitions. Two additional connect points

381
C.3 PLANT FLOWSHEET EXAMPLE

are also shown to permit flow paths to begin and end properly. Five lines appear to visually indicate

how things are connected.

Logically the process designer has assigned these entities to pipelines or streams depending on what is being described. The logical flow paths for two process streams “A” and “B” are shown in Figure C4.

Pipelines and streams are ordered sequences of equipment. When the line or stream reaches a point

where two continuing paths are possible, it must be told how to proceed. In some practical cases, both continuing paths may belong logically to the line or stream. A mechanism to indicate these

continuations is provided by the Flow Associativity Entity.

Describing how to encode a flowsheet involves:

1. How to define the subfigure,

2. How to instance the subfigure and the connect points it owns,

3. How to define graphic lines which give pipelines and streams their appearance, and

4. How to define the pipelines and streams themselves.

382
APPENDIX C.4 NETWORK SUBFIGURE DEFINITIONS

The entities which encode this flowsheet are given in Table Cl. The entity numbers given in the

table are the sequence number in field 10 of the Directory Entry for each entity in the example file shown in Table C2.

C.4 Network Subfigure Definitions

The definitions of the tank and valve subfigures are shown in Figures C5 and C6. Each subfigure

consists of the Network Subfigure Definition Entity, geometry entities, and Connect Point Entities.

The tank is defined by entities Dl, D5, D7, D9, Dll, D13, and D15. The Network Subfigure

Definition Entity Dl points to the geometry entities (D9, Dll, D13, and D15) and to the Connect

Point Entities D5 and D7. This is merely a definition which is “instanced” when actually needed.

The valve has a similar form. The Network Subfigure Definition Entity D3 points to geometric

entities D21 through D33 and to Connect Point Entities D17 and D19.

/

f

fV 7

\ /

\ X

Figure C2. Required Connection Points

383
APPENDIX C.4 NETWORK SUBFIGURE DEFINITIONS

Table Cl. Entities in

Entity Type

D1 Network Subfigure Def

D3 Network Subfigure Def

D5, D7 Connect Point

D9, D13 Line

Dll, D15 Circular Arc

D17, D19 Connect Point

D21-D33 Line

D35 General Note

D37 Network Subfigure Inst

D39 Network Subfigure Inst

D41, D43 Connect Point

D45, D47 Connect Point

D49 Connect Point

D51 Connect Point

D53-D61 Line

D63, D65, D67 Nominal Size Property

D69 Part Number Property

D71 Flow Line Specification

Property

D73, D75 Flow Associativity

D77, D79 Text Display Template

D81 Text Display Template

D83 Text Display Template

D85 Text Display Template

D87-D91 Line

D97 External Reference

D99 External Reference File

D101 External Reference File

Flowsheet Example

Remarks

Tank

Valve

Tank nozzle

Tank geometry

Tank geometry

Valve nozzle

Valve geometry

Miscellaneous drawing text

Instance of column

Instance of valve

Instance of tank nozzles

Instance of valve nozzles

Branch point

Flow path end

Geometry of connecting paths

12 IPS, etc. “98021”

“A 100”

Display the subfigure name

reference designators

Displays the nozzle names

Displays the flow path name

Displays the connect point

function designator

Continuation symbol geometry

Continuation of flow path

List

Index

384
APPENDIX C.5 NETWORK SUBFIGURE INSTANCES

C.5 Network Subfigure Instances

When the tank and valve network subfigures are instanced, the subfigure’s connect points will

be duplicated and associated with the instance. The geometric entities will not be duplicated.

Figure C7 shows the subfigures as instanced in the flowsheet with instance entities D37 (“tank”)

and D39 (“valve”). Note that the subfigures may be scaled when they are instanced. Independent

x and y axis scaling is often used by CAD vendors to “fit” their symbols to the drawing. Network

Subfigure Instance Entity D37 points to Subfigure Definition Entity D1 and to the new duplicated

Connect Point Entities D41 and D43. Similarly, Network Subfigure Instance Entity D39 points to

Subfigure Definition Entity D3 and to the duplicated Connect Point Entitiess D45 and D47.

C.6 Geometric Entities for Pipeline or Stream

Lines will appear on the drawing to indicate graphically how symbols are connected into pipelines

and streams. These geometric entities alone do not logically connect symbols. This is done by Flow

Associativity Instance Entities. The geometric entities are lines D53 through D61.

/ \

Figure C3. Conceptual Entities in the Flowsheet Example

385
APPENDIX C.8 FLOW PATHS

C.7 Attributes

Three specific properties (attributes) are provided for flowsheets. These are part number, nominal

size, and (flow) line specification. Figure C8 shows the properties used for the flowsheet example.

These are implemented by three forms of the Property Entity. The entities in the example are D63

through D71.

C.8 Flow Paths

Figure C9 shows an assignment of flow paths. Two Flow Associativity Entities are required, D73 and

D75. Each Flow Associativity Entity contains an ordered list of the connect points along the path

and a separate list of the geometry entities representing the path. Where a branch occurs, one path

may point to one or more other paths. In the example, Flow Associativity Entity D73 lists Flow

Associativity Entity D75 as a continuation. These points are bi-directional, so Flow Associativity

Entity D75 contains a list of the entities (D73) which point to it. The Flow Associativity is also

the entity to which the Line Specification Property Entity is attached. Note that a rather arbitrary

386
APPENDIX C.9 TEXT DISPLAY TEMPLATES

flow path assignment was made by the process engineer. Other assignments are possible and could

be encoded.

C.9 Text Display Templates

Text templates are used to control display of the text which is actually contained in the Subfigure

Instance Entities and Connect Point Entities. There are two uses of Text Display Template Entities

in this example. The first type of use is to control display of the names (reference designators) of

the tank and valve instances as well as the name of the primary flow path. Absolute Text Display

template Entities D77, D79, and D85 are used for this. The tank nozzles (Connect Point Entities

D41 and D43) both have their nozzle names (connect point function identifier) displayed with the

same text size and location offset relative to the connect point location. Both Connect Point Entities

point to the same Incremental Text Display Template Entity D81. In addition, the Connect Point

Entity for the flow path end. D51, points to an Incremental Text Display Template Entity D83, for

control of the display of its name.

C.10 External References

Flow path D73 continues offpage, i.e., the path is logically continued on another flowsheet. Three

pieces of information must be matched to make this continuation:

J

—

1

n

j

Figure C5. Definition of Tank Subfigure Entity D1

387
APPENDIX C.10 EXTERNAL REFERENCES

1. Line designation or number,

2. Drawing on which the path is continued, and

3. “Incoming” or “outgoing” connectors which match to the start or end of the path on the page.

This is handled by two mechanisms:

1. The External Reference Entity which points (using a unique symbolic name) to the next

Connect Point Entity of the path upon which continuation is made, and to the file in which

the drawing is contained. The Function Flag parameter of the Connect Point Entity is used to

carry the drawing name and a Text Display Template Entity is used to display it. File names

are recommended to be constructed from the drawing name by the preprocessor.

2. The position of the Connect Point Entity within a Flow Associativity Entity to the external flow

path on the external flowsheet will determine whether it is logically “incoming” or “outcoming.”

We will now implement these pointer structures for the example (see Figure CIO).

Flow path D73 ends at External Reference Entity D97. It points by a unique name ‘1834-6”-

C121’ to a connect point in file ‘XYZOIL. PROCESS.5678’. These external reference names must be

unique. Typical CAD systems that do not maintain a globally unique name for a connect point may

construct one using some set of conventions. The unique name ‘I834-6”-C12r is typical of what can

be constructed by a preprocessor using ‘I’ for incoming and ‘834-6”-C121’, the line number, size,

I I I I I

Figure C6. Definition of Valve Subfigure Entity D3

388
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

and specification. The file name ‘XYZOIL. PROCESS.5678’ is constructed from the connect point

function identifier string ‘5678’ using the root string file name entry in the External Reference Entity.

The External Reference File List Entity D99 carries this file name in the referencing file also.

In the external flowsheet, an External Reference File Index Entity will list the symbolic name ‘1834-

6”-C121’, and reciprocal entities will also exist to allow the external flowsheet to continue back into

the referencing flowsheet. The flow path begins with an External Reference Entity ‘0834-6”-C12r

in file ‘XYZOIL. PROCESS. 1234’. It will also contain an external reference file list repeating this

file name. There will also be an External Reference File Index Entity containing the symbolic name

‘1834-6” -C 121’, a pointer to connect point D51.

C.ll Encoded Flowsheet

The encoded flowsheet is shown in Table C2.

/ \

/ \

D51

D37

\ /

\ /

Figure C7. Geometry Entities

389
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

Figure C8. Attributes

390
APPENDIX C.I1 ENCODED FLOWSHEET

\

/

Figure C9. Flow Paths
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

FILE: XYZ0IL.PR0CESS.1 234 FILE: XYZOIL. PROCESS. 5678

Figure CIO. External References for the Flowsheet Example

392
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

Table C2. Encoded Flowsheet Example for Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

FLOWSHEET EXAMPLE — PIPING t INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM S

1H, , 1H; , 12HXYZ OIL P&ID , 19HXYZ0IL .PROCESS . 1234 , 10HHYBRID 1 . 0 , 1H2 , 32 , 38 , G

7,308, 15, 12HXYZ OIL P&ID , 0 . 100000E+01 , 1 ,4HINCH , 3 ,0 . 06 , 13H880308 . 235959 , G

0.0001,10000. , 19HP

.

, W. ROURKE/K.. A . REED , 3H0RG ,

4

,0; G

320 1 1 0 1 0 0 00010200D

320 0 1 1 0 TANK DEF ID

320 2 1 0 1 0 0 00010200D

320 0 1 1 0 VALVEDEF 3D

132 3 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 TANK-CP 5D

132 4 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 TANK-CP 7D

110 5 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 TANKLINE 9D

100 6 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

100 2 1 1 0 TANK ARC 1 ID

110 7 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 TANKLINE 13D

100 8 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

100 2 1 1 0 TANK-ARC 15D

132 9 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 VALVE-CP 17D

132 10 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 VALVE-CP 19D

110 11 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 21D

110 12 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 23D

110 13 1 1 1 0 0 C0010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 25D

110 14 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 27D

110 15 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 29D

110 16 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 31D

110 17 1 1 1 0 0 00010000D

110 2 1 1 0 VALVLINE 33D

212 18 1 1 1 0 0 00000100D

212 2 1 2 0 GEN-NOTE 35D

420 20 1 1 1 0 0 00000300D

420 2 1 1 0 TANKINST 37D

420 21 1 1 1 0 0 00000300D

420 2 1 1 0 VALVINST 39D

132 22 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 41D

132 23 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 43D

1

12

3

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

393
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

132 24 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D 45

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 45D 46

132 25 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D 47

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 47D 48

132 26 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D 49

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 49D 50

132 27 1 1 1 0 0 00020400D 51

132 2 1 1 0 CONECTPT 51D 52

110 28 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 53

110 2 1 1 0 PATHLINE 53D 54

110 29 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 55

110 2 1 1 0 PATHLINE 55D 56

110 30 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 57

110 2 1 1 0 PATHLINE 57D 58

110 31 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 59

110 2 1 1 0 PATHLINE 59D 60

110 32 1 i 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 61

110 2 1 1 0 PATHLINE 61D 62

406 33 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 63

406 2 1 1 13 SIZEPR.0P 63D 64

406 34 1 i 1 0 0 01000000D 65

406 2 1 1 13 SIZEPROP 65D 66

406 35 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 67

406 2 1 1 13 SIZEPROP 67D 68

406 36 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 69

406 2 1 1 9 PN-PROP 69D 70

406 37 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 71

406 2 1 1 14 SPECPROP 7 ID 72

402 38 1 1 1 0 0 01000300D 73

402 2

AA 2 18 FLOWASSO 73D 74

402 40 1 1 1 0 0 01000300D 75

402 2 1 1 18 FLOWASSO 75D 76

312 41 1 1 1 0 0 Q0010201D 77

312 2 1 1 0 TEXTTEMP 77D 78

312 42 1 1 1 0 0 00010201D 79

312 2 1 1 0 TEXTTEMP 79D 80

312 43 1 1 1 0 0 0Q010201D 81

312 2 1 1 1 TEXTTEMP 81D 82

312 44 1 1 1 0 0 00010201D 83

312 2 1 1 1 TEXTTEMP 83D 84

312 45 1 1 1 0 0 00010201D 85

312 2 1 1 0 TEXTTEMP 85D 86

110 46 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 87

110 2 1 1 0 SYM-LINE 87D 88

110 47 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 89

110 2 1 1 0 SYM-LINE 89D 90

110 48 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 91

110 2 1 1 0 SYM-LINE 91D 92

110 49 1 1 1 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 93

110 2 1 1 0 SYM-LINE 93D 94

394
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

110 50 1 1 1 0 0 00000000D 95

110 2 1 1 0 SYM-LIEE 95D 96

416 51 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 97

416 2 1 1 2 EXT-REF 97D 98

406 52 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 99

406 2 1 1 12 XREFLIST 99D 100

402 53 1 1 1 0 0 01000000D 101

402 2 1 1 12 XREFINDX 101D 102

320 , 0 , 4HTANK ,

4

,9,11,13,15,1,,, 2,5,7; IP 1 320,0,5HVALVE, 7,21,23,25,27,29 ,31,33 ,1,, ,2 ,17, 19; 3P 2

132, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, ,1,2, 1HA, ,

,

i » 1

1 1

1

5P 3

132, 0.5, 2.0, 0.0, ,1 ,2,1HB, ,

,

S J » 1 1 > 7P 4

110,-0.5, 2.5, 0.0, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0; 9P 5

100, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0 • 0; IIP 6

110, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 2.5, 0.0; 13P 7

100, 0.0, 0.0, 2.5, 0.5, 2.5,- 0.5, 2 .5; 15P 8

132,-2.0, 0.0, 0.0, ,1,2,1HA, ,

,

> » » » 3

;

17P 9

132, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0, ,1,2, 1HB , ,

,

3 > > » » " » 19P 10

110, 2.0, 0.5, 0.0, -2. 0,-0. 5, 0.0; 21P 11

110, 2.0, -0.5, 0.0, -2.0, 0.5, 0.0; 23P 12

110,-2.0, 0.5, 0.0, -2. 0,-0. 5, 0.0; 25P 13

110, 2.0, 0.5, 0.0, 2. 0,-0. 5, 0.0; 27P 14

110, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 0.0; 29P 15

110, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.0; 31P 16

110, 1.0, 2.0, 0.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.0; 33P 17

212,1,12, 0 . 200000E+01 , 0.164063,1,, 0.0 ,0 ,0, 35P 18

0 . 400000E+01

,

0 . 800000E+01 , 0. 0 , 12HXYZ OIL P&ID

;

35P 19

420,1, 2. 0, 2. 0, 0.0, 2.0, ,,1, 6HTANK 5,77, 2,41 ,43 1 37P 20

420,3, 5. 5, 3. 0, 0.0, 0.25, , ,1 ,4HV107,79 ,2 ,45, 47, 1,73,2 ,63,69; 39P 21

132, 3.0, 6.0, 0.0, ,1,2,5HINLET,81,

,

) ) ) ) 37 } 41P 22

132, 3.0, 3.0, 0.0, ,1,2,6H0UTLET,81, » > > > ,37; 43P 23

132, 5.0, 3.0, 0.0,, 1,2,,,,,,, ,39; 45P 24

132, 6.0, 3.0, 0.0, ,1,2,,,,,,, ,39; 47P 25

132, 8.0, 3.0, O.o, ,1,2; 49P 26

132, 10.0 , 3.0 , 0.0, ,1,2,4H5678,83; 51P 27

110, 3.0, 3.0, 0.0, 5.0, 3.0, 0.0, 1 ,73, 1 ,63; 53P 28

110, 6.0, 3.0, 0.0, 8.0, 3.0, 0.0, 1 ,73, 1 ,63; 55P 29

110, 8.0, 3.0, 0.0, 10.0, 3.0, 0.0, 1,73 > 1,651 J 57P 30

110, 3.0, 6.0, 0.0, 8.0, 6.0, 0.0, 1 ,75, 1 ,67; 59P 31

110, 8.0, 3.0, 0.0, 8.0, 6.0, 0.0, 1 ,75, 1 ,67; 61P 32

406,2,12. , 3HIPS

;

63P 33

406,2,10. , 3HIPS

;

65P 34

406,2,4.

,

3HIPS 1 67P 35

406,4, 5H98021 , > ) ) 69P 36

406 , 1 , 4HA100 ; 71P 37

402 ,2,0,5 ,4,1, 1,1,1,2,43,45,47 ,49,51 ,53, 39 ,55, 57, 73P 38

11E834-6"-C121, 85,75,0,1,71; 73P 39

402,2,0,2 ,2,0, 0,0,1,2,49,41,59'.61,1, 73*, 1 ,71; 75P 40

312, 1.0, 0.164063,,, 0.0, 0,0, 1.5, 4.5, 0 .0; 77P 41

312, 0.6, 0.164063,,, 0.0, 0,0, 5.2, 3.7, 0 .0; 79P 42

395
APPENDIX C.ll ENCODED FLOWSHEET

312, 1.0, 0.164063,,, 0.0, 0,0, 0.164063, 0.164063, 0.0; 81P 43

312, 0.6, 0.164063,,, 0.0, 0,0, 0.1, 0.1675, 0.0; 83P 44

312, 1.6, 0.164063,,, 0.0, 0,0, 7.2, 2.670, 0.0; 85P 45

110, 10.0, 2.75, 0.0, 10.75, 2.75, 0.0; 87P 46

110, 10.75, 2.75, 0.0, 11.0, 3.0, 0.0; 89P 47

110, 11.0, 3.0, 0.0, 10.75, 3.25, 0.0; 91P 48

110, 10.75, 3.25, 0.0, 10.0, 3.25, 0.0; 93P 49

110, 10.0, 3.25, 0.0, 10.0, 2.75, 0.0; 95P 50

416, 19HXYZ0IL. PROCESS . 5678, 12H0834-6M -C121

97P 51

406, 1 , 19HXYZ0IL . PROCESS . 5678

99P 52

402, 1 , 12HI834-6"-C121 ,51

101P 53

1G 3D 102P 53 T 1
Appendix D. Piping Model Example

D.l Piping Model Characteristics

Process piping models carry several important types of information which determine what data

structures must be present. Process piping models carry:

1. The identity of the lines in the piping model.

2. The identity of nozzles on equipment to which line connections are made and into and out of

which process streams flow.

3. The identity of equipment and piping components which control, mix, pump, and process the

stream.

4. The association of lines, nozzles, equipment, and piping components with one another in the

piping model.

5. Indication of a line that extends beyond the piping model and is continued elsewhere (be., in

another model).

6. Geometric and coordinate information for lines, nozzles, equipment, and piping components.

D.2 Entity Support for Piping Models

Figure D1 illustrates the general entity structure for representing piping and tubing models.

Pipes and tubes are represented by a Composite Curve Entity defining their centerline and a Property

Entity defining their diameter. Component types are defined once (Network Subfigure Definition

Entity) using whatever geometric representation is appropriate and then are referenced as many

times as needed (Network Subfigure Instance Entity).

Logical connectivity is communicated by Connect Point and Composite Curve Entities. Every pipe or tube starts and ends at connect points and has intermediate connect points if there are branches off of

the pipe or tube. Every component instance has a connect point at each port. The logical connection

of pipes to pipes, pipes to components and components to components is communicated through

null Composite Curve Entities which point to pairs of Connect Point Entities. This mechanism is used instead of shared connect points so that user defined end preparation and joint type properties

could be associated with the component or pipe ends and with the joints respectively.

If the Connect Point Entity points to a Transformation Matrix Entity, the Z axis of that matrix

defines the outward normal vector of the pipe end/nozzle.

A pipe line is described by a Flow Associativity Entity which lists the from- and to- nozzles (points

to their Connect Point Entities) and then lists the in-line components.

397
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Figure Dl. Piping Model Structure

398
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Process plant piping is typically broken into multiple interconnected models, each of which would be

transmittable by a separate file. The External Reference Entity is then used to tie the files together.

The geometry of process plant components is commonly maintained in a separate parts catalog. A

parts catalog either may be copied into files that need it or may be transmitted as a separate file and referenced with the External Reference Entity.

D.3 Piping Model Example

A simple piping model is shown in Figure D2. Figure D3 indicates where network subfigure instances

are used for the tank, tank nozzles, a valve, and two flanges. Figure D4 identifies the connect points

required for the model, and Figure D5 shows the logical flow paths that the piping designer has

assigned.

D.4 Component Definitions

Each instance of a component or piece of equipment is recorded in the file with a Network Subfig- ure Instance Entity. The geometry of components and equipment is defined once with a Network

Subfigure Definition Entity. These Network Subfigure Definition Entities may be in the same file as the Network Subfigure Instance Entities or may be in a separate file. The latter case is illustrated

in this appendix.

The level of completeness of component definition depends on the intended use of the piping model.

A 3-D wire frame representation may be used for arrangement design for example.

Piping component catalogs typically contain tens of thousands of components. Plant interference

analysis requires solid geometry models for components. CAD systems supporting 3-D plant design

routinely use parametric representation to condense the catalog and ease user input. This specification supports the exchange of parametric component models by having Network Subfigure Definition

Entities point to Macro Instance Entities, as shown in Figure D6.

In the example catalog file, the tank is defined as a subfigure which generates a (non-parametric)

constructive solid geometry object consisting of a cylinder with a cone on top. The remaining parts

required are tank nozzles, flanges, and a valve. Three parametric macro families are defined in the

catalog file: nozzle, flange, and valve. A normal catalog file would have thousands of subfigure

definitions, each with an appropriate part number. For this example, only the pieces required by

the example model are listed, i.e., a 2 inch tank nozzle, a 4 inch tank nozzle, a 4 inch flange, and a 4

inch valve. Note that the 2 and 4 inch nozzles referenced the same macro definition but use different

dimensions in the macro instances. Each subfigure definition points to a companion Macro Instance

Entity which contains the part macro dimensions and points to the macro definition.

D.5 Attributes

Three specific properties (attributes) are supported for piping models. These are Part Number,

Nominal Size, and Flow Line Specification Property Entities.

399
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Figure D2. Simple Piping Model

400
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Figure D3. Subfigure Instances

Figure D4. Required Connection Points

401
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Figure D5. Logical Flow Path for Fluids

Figure D6. Macro Parametric Catalog Structure

402
APPENDIX D, PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

D.6 Flow Paths

Each Flow Associativity Entity contains an ordered list of the Connect Point Entities along the path

and a separate list of the geometry entities representing the path. Where a branch occurs, one path

may point to another path. In the example (see Figure D5), the Flow Associativity Entity defining

the flow path containing connect points 1 through 4 lists the Flow Associativity Entity containing

connect points 15 through 12 as a continuation. This Flow Associativity Entity is also the entity

to which the Flow Line Specification Property Entity is attached. Note that a rather arbitrary flow

path assignment was made by the process engineer. Ocher assignments are possible and could be

encoded.

D.7 Connectivity Across Piping Models

The flow path from connect point 77 continues in another piping model, in this case connect node

0834-4'’C121 in model XYZOIL.PROCESS.5678. Both model files must contain external reference

pointers to each other and must contain external reference indices.

The logical structure is the same as that used for two-dimensional piping diagrams and flow sheets

as described in Appendix C.

D.8 Encoded Piping Model Example

The encoded piping model example is shown in Table D1 and Table D2.

403
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Table Dl. Encoded Piping Model Example

(This example file contains constructs which have not been implemented in any IGES translators. It may contain both semantic and syntactic errors in addition to known violations of the Specification.

It is included in this version of the Specification because it illustrates the general entity support for

piping and tubing models.)

3D PLANT PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE S 1 1H ,

, 1H ;

, 12HPIPE EXAMPLE , 19HXYZ0IL . PROCESS . 1234 , 9H<unknown> , 3E5 . 0 , 32 , 38 , G 1 6,308, 15, 12HPIPE EXAMPLE.0.. 100000E+01 , 2 , 2HMM ,3,0. 06 , 13H870623

112300, G 2

0.0001 , 10000. , 9HG .E. SCOTT, 3H0RG, 5,0; G 3

420 1 0 0 3 000000300D 1 420 1 0 0D 2

124 2 0 00000000D 3

124 3 0 0D 4

132 5 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 5

132 1 0 D 6

132 6 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 7

132 1 0 D 8

416 7 1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 9

416 1 0 D 10

420 8 0 0 13 000000300D 11

420 1 0 0D 12

124 9 0 00000000D 13

124 3 0 0D 14

132 12 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 15

132 1 0 D 16

132 13 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 17

132 1 0 D 18

416 14 1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 19

416 1 0 D 20

420 15 0 0 23 000000300D 21

420 1 0 0D 22

124 16 0 00000000D 23

124 3 0 0D 24

132 19 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 25

132 1 0 D 26

132 20 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 27

132 1 0 D 28

416 21 1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 29

416 1 0 D 30

132 22 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 31

132 1 0 D 32

110 23 1 0 0 0 000010000D 33

110 0 0 2 0 0D 34

132 25 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 35

132 1 0 D 36

110 26 1 0 0 0 000010000D 37

110 0 0 2 0 OD 38

132 28 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 39

132 1 0 D 40

404
102

102

420

420

124

124

132

132

132

132

416

416

420

420

124

124

132

132

132

132

416

416

420

420

124

124

132

132

132

132

416

416

132

132

110

110

132

132

102

102

132

132

110

110

124

124

100

100

110

110

APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

29

0

30

31

34

35

36

37

38

41

42

43

44

45

48

49

50

51

52

0

54

55

0

56

57

0

59

62

0

63

0

1 0 0 0 00000000D 41

0 1 0 0D 42

0 0 45 000000300D 43

1 0 0D 44

0 00000000D 45

3 0 0D 46

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 47

1 0 D 48

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 49

1 0 D 50

1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 51

1 0 D 52

0 0 55 000000300D 53

1 0 0D 54

00000000D 55

3 0 D 56

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 57

1 0 D 58

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 59

1 0 D 60

1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 61

1 0 D 62

0 0 65 000000300D 63

1 0 OD 64

0 00000000D 65

3 0 OD 66

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 67

1 0 D 68

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 69

1 0 D 70

1 1 0 0 0 00000200D 71

1 0 D 72

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 73

1 0 D 74

1 0 0 0 000010000D 75

0 2 0 OD 76

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 77

1 0 D 78

1 0 0 0 00000000D 79

0 1 0 OD 80

1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 81

1 0 D 82

1 0 0 0 000010000D 83

0 2 0 OD 84

0 00000000D 85

3 0 OD 86

1 0 0 85 000010000D 87

0 1 0 OD 88

1 0 0 0 000010000D 89

0 2 0 OD 90

405
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

132 65 1 1 0 0 0 00020400D 91

132 1 0 D 92

102 66 1 0 0 0 00000000D 93

102 0 0 1 0 0D 94

102 67 1 0 0 0 00000000D 95

102 0 0 1 0 0D 96

102 68 1 0 0 0 00000000D 97

102 0 0 1 0 OD 98

102 69 1 0 0 0 00000000D 99

102 0 0 1 0 OD 100

102 70 1 0 0 0 00000000D 101

102 0 0 1 0 OD 102

102 71 1 0 0 0 00000000D 103

102 0 0 1 0 OD 104

102 72 1 0 0 0 00000000D 105

102 0 0 1 0 OD 106

102 73 1 0 0 0 00000000D 107

102 0 0 1 0 OD 108

102 74 1 0 0 0 00000000D 109

102 0 0 1 0 OD 110

102 75 1 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOD 111

102 0 0 1 0 OD 112

406 76 1 00020000D 113

406 1 13 OD 114

406 77 2 00020000D 115

406 1 13 OD 116

402 78 1 00000300D 117

402 2 18 D 118

402 80 1 00020300D 119

402 1 18 D 120

416 81 1 1 0 0 0 01000000D 121

416 1 2 D 122

406 82 2 00020000D 123

406 1 12 OD 124

402 83 1 00020000D 125

402 1 12 OD 126

420. 9.

..1.0.1. 0.1-0, ,,,2,5,7; IP 1 124, 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.20000E+05, 3P 2

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, 3P 3

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.10000E+01, 0.00000E+00; 3P 4

132.0.

18500E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 25000E+04 , ,2 , 2 , 5HINLET , , , , , , ,1,1,119; 5P 5

132.0.

18500E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 , ,2,2, 6H0UTLET , , , , , , ,1,1,117; 7P 6

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 4HTANK ; 9P 7

420.19.

. .1.0. 1.0.1. 0. .. .2.15.17.1.117; UP 8

124, 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.18300E+05, 13P 9

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, 13P 10

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.10000E+01, 0.77500E+03; 13P 11

132.

18500E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 , ,2,2,6H0UTLET, ,,,,,, 11 , 1 , 117; 15P 12

132.

18300E+05 , 0 .0E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 , ,2,2, 6H0UTLET , ,,,,,, 11 , 1 , 1 17 ; 17P 13

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 7HN0ZZLE2 ; 19P 14

420.29.

. .1.0.1. 0.1.0. .. .2.25.27.1.119; 21P 15

406
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

124, 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.18300E+05,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.10000E+01, 0.25000E+04;

132.0.

18500E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 250E+04 ,, 2 , 2 .5HINLET , , , , , , ,21 , 1 ,119;

132.0.

18300E+05,0.0E+00,0.250E+04, ,2,2, 5HINLET, ,,,,,, 21 , 1 , 1 19

;

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 7HN0ZZLE4

;

132.0.

18300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0. 77500E+03, , 2 , 2 ,,,,,,,,, 1 , 1 17;

110, 0 . 18300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03,

0 . 16500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

1650E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 7750E+03 ,, 2 , 2 ,,,,,,,,, 1 , 1 17

;

110, 0 . 16500E+05 , 0 . 00Q00E+00 , 0.77500E+03,

0 . 15200E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

15200E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 , ,2,2, , , , ,, , , ,1,117;

102,5,31,33,35,37,39,1,117,1,113;

420.

51..

.. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0.... 2. 47. 49. 1.117;

124, - . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.15000E+05,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , -.10000E+01, 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

15200E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 ,, 2,2, 1HA, , , , , , ,43 , 1 , 117;

132.0.

15000E+05 , 0 . 0E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03 , , 2 ,2 , 1HB , , , , , , ,43, 1 , 117;

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 6HFLANGE

;

420.61. , , ,1.0, 1.0, 1.0, , , ,2, 57,59, 1,1 17;

124, - . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.14750E+05,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 31398E-06 , 0.10000E+01, 0.00000E+00,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , -.31398E-06, 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

15000E+05 ,0 . 00000E+00 ,0. 77500E+03, , 2 , 2 , 1HA , , , , , ,, 53 , 1 , 1 17

;

132.0.

14500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0. 77500E+03, ,2,2, 1HB ,,,,,,,53,1,117;

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 5HVALVE

;

420.

71..

.. 1.0. 1.0 .1.0.... 2. 67. 69. 1.117;

124, 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.14500E+05,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.10000E+01, 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

14500E+05 ,0 . 00000E+00 ,0. 77500E+03, ,2,2, 1HB, , , , , ,, 63 , 1 , 117

;

132.0.

14300E+05,0.00000E+00,0.77500E+03, ,2,2, 1HA, , , ,,, ,63,1 , 117;

416 , 7HCATAL0G , 6HFLANGE

;

132.0.

14300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03, ,2,2, ,,,,,, , ,1,117;

110, 0 . 14300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03,

0 . 12500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03;

132.0.

12500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 77500E+03, ,2,2, ,,,,,, , ,1,117;

102, 3, 73, 75, 77,1,117,1,113;

132.0.

16500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 ,0. 77500E+03, ,2,2, ,,,,,,,, 1 , 119;

110, 0 . 16500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.77500E+03,

0 . 16500E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.22500E+04;

124, - . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.16750E+05,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.10000E+01, 0.00000E+00,

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0.00000E+00, 0.22500E+04;

100.0.

.0. .0. . 0 . 25000E+03 , 0 . ,0. , 0 . 25000E+03

;

110, 0 . 16750E+05 , 0.00000E+00, 0.25000E+04,

0 . 18300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.25000E+04;

132.0.

18300E+05 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0. 25000E+04, ,2,2, ,,,,,,, ,1,119;

102,5,81,83,87,89,91,1,119,1,115;

23P 16

23P 17

23P 18

25P 19

27P 20

29P 21

31P 22

33P 23

33P 24

35P 25

37P 26

37P 27

39P 28

41P 29

43P 30

45P 31

45P 32

45P 33

47P 34

49P 35

51P 36

53P 37

55P 38

55P 39

55P 40

57P 41

59P 42

61P 43

63P 44

65P 45

65P 46

65P 47

67P 48

69P 49

71P 50

73P 51

75P 52

75P 53

77P 54

79P 55

81P 56

83P 57

83P 58

85P 59

85P 60

85P 61

87P 62

89P 63

89P 64

91P 65

93P 66

407
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

102, 2, 5, 25 95P 67

102, 2, 27, 91 97P 68

102, 2, 39, 47 99P 69

102, 2, 49, 57 101P 70

102, 2, 59, 67 103P 71

102, 2, 69, 73 105P 72

102, 2, 7, 15 107P 73

102, 2, 17, 31 109P 74

102, 2, 81, 35 111P 75

406,2,4. , 3HIPS; 113P 76

406,2,2. , 3HIPS; 115P 77

402,2,0,15,6,1,0,1,2 2 7 ,15,17,31,35,39,47,49,57,59,67,69, 117P 78

73,77,121,11,41, 43,53,63, 79, llH834-4"-C121 ,119; 117P 79

402,2,0,5,2,1,0,0,2, 2,81 ,91,27,25,5,93,21, llH834-2*'-C121 ,1,117; 119P 80

416 , 19HXYZ0IL . PROCESS . 5678,1 1H0834-4M C121

121P 81

406,2, 19HXYZ0IL .PROCESS . 5678 , 7HCATAL0G

123P 82

402 , 1 , 11H0834-2"C121 77- > • » 125P 83

S 1G 3D 126P 83 T0000001
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

Table D2. Encoded Piping Catalog for Piping Model Example

(This example file contains constructs which have not been implemented in any IGES translators. It may contain both semantic and syntactic errors in addition to known violations of the Specification.

It is included in this version of the Specification because it illustrates the general entity support for

piping and tubing models.)

3D PLAIT PIPING CATALOG FOR PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE S 1 1H ,

, 1H ; , 7HCATAL0G , 7HCATAL0G , 9H<unknown> , 3H5

.

0,32,38, G 1 6,308,15, 7HCATAL0G , 0 . 100QQ0E+01 ,

2

,2HMM,3, .06 , 13H870621

.

091200, G 2

0.0001, 10000 . , 9HG . E . SCOTT , 3H0RG ,

5

.0; G 3

320 1 0 0 000000200D 1 320 0 0 1 0 0D 2

154 2 1 0 1 0 0 00010200D 3

154 1 0 D 4

156 3 1 0 1 0 7 00010200D 5

156 1 0 D 6

124 4 0 00000000D 7

124 3 0 0D 8

320 7 0 0 000000200D 9

320 0 0 1 0 0D 10

10001 8 -25 0 1 0 0 00010200D 11

10001 1 0 D 12

320 9 0 0 000000200D 13

320 0 0 1 0 0D 14

10001 10 -25 0 1 0 0 00010200D 15

10001 1 0 D 16

320 11 0 0 000000200D 17

320 0 0 1 0 0D 18

10002 12 -27 0 1 0 0 00010200D 19

10002 1 0 D 20

320 13 0 0 000000200D 21

320 0 0 1 0 0D 22

10003 14 -29 0 1 0 0 00010200D 23

10003 1 0 D 24

306 15 00000200D 25

306 6 0 0D 26

306 21 00000200D 27

306 18 0 0D 28

306 39 00000200D 29

306 47 0 0D 30

402 86 1 00000G00D 31

402 1 12 OD 32

320 , 0 , 4HTANK

,

2 , 3 , 5 , 2

;

IP 1 154,3000. ,1500.; 3P 2

156,1000. ,1500. ,25. ; 5P 3

124, 0 . 10Q00E+01 , 0 . Q0000E+00 , o. 0000GE+00, 0 . 00Q00E+0Q

,

7P 4

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 000Q0E+00

,

0 . 00000E+0Q

,

7P 5

0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0 . 10000E+01

,

0 . 30000E+04

;

7P 6

320,0, 7HN0ZZLE4 ,1,11,2; 9P 7

409
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

10001,101.6, 200; IIP 8

320,0, 7HN0ZZLE2 ,1,15,2; 13P 9

10001,50.8, 200; 15P 10

320,0,6HFLANGE, 1,19,2; 17P 11

10002,100.100. ,190.

19P 12

320, 0.5HVALVE, 1,23,2; 21P 13

10003,100.100. ,250. ,250. ,250. ,40. ,250; 23P 14

306, MACRO, 10001 ,RAD,BT; 25P 15

SET #SUBFIG =320 , 0 , 6HMACRO , 1 , #CYL , 2 , , , 2 , #CP 1 , #CP2

25P 16

SET #CP1 = 132,0. ,0.,0., ,2,0, #SUBFIG; 25P 17

SET #CP2 =132 ,HT , 0 . , 0 . , ,2,0, , , , , , ,,#SUBFIG; 25P 18

SET #CYL =154 ,HT , RAD , 0 . ,0 . ,0 . , 1 . , 0. ,0 .25P 19

ENDM; 25P 20

306, MACRO, 10002, PI, P2,P6; 27P 21

SET #SUBFIG=320 , 0 , 6HFMACR0 , 2 , #CYL , #CQNE , 2 , , ,2,#CP1 ,#CP2; 27P 22

SET #CP1 =132 , -P6-10 . ,0.,0.,,2,0,,,, , ,, ,#SUBFIG; 27P 23

SET #CP2 =132,0. ,0.,0., ,2, 0, ,,,,,,, #SUBFIG; 27P 24

SET #XFM1 = 27P 25

124, 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.10000E+01, 0.00000E+00, 27P 26

0.00000E+00, 0 . 10000E+01 , O.OOOOOE+OO, 0.000Q0E+Q0, 27P 27

-0 . 10000E+01 , 0 . 00000E+00 , 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00; 27P 28

LET /MTX =#XFM1

27P 29

SET #CYL =154,10. , 1 . 25*P1 , 0 . , 0 . ,0. ,0. ,0. ,-l.

27P 30

LET /MTX =/HDR; 27P 31

SET #XFM2 = 27P 32

124, 0 . OGQQOE+OO , O.OOOOOE+OO, 0 . 10000E+01 , -0 . 10000E+02

27P 33

O.OOOOOE+OO, 0 . 1QG00E+01 , O.OOOOOE+OO, O.OOOOOE+OO, 27P 34

-0. 10000E+01, O.OOOOOE+OO, O.OOOOOE+OO, O.OOOOOE+OO; 27P 35

LET /MTX =#XFM2; 27P 36

SET #CONE =156, P6, .5*P1 , . 5*P2, G . ,0 . ,0. ,0. ,0. ,-l .

27P 37

ENDM; 27P 38

306 , MACRO , 10003 , PI , P2 , PS , P7 , P8 , P9 , P 10

29P 39

SET #SUBFIG=320 ,, 6HVMACR0 , 6 , #CYL1 , #CYL2 ,#CYL3 , #SP , #CYL4 , #CYL5

29P 40

2, , ,2,#CP1 ,#CP2; 29P 41

SET #CP1 =132 , -?6 ,0 . ,0. , ,2,0, ,,,,,, ,#SUBFIG; 29P 42

SET #CP2 =132,P7,0. ,0.,, 2,0, ,,,,,, , #SUBFIG

29P 43

SET #XFM1 - 29P 44

124, 0., 0., 1., -P6, 29P 45

0., *# o o 29P 46

-1., o o o 29P 47

LET /MTX =#XFM1

29P 48

SET #CYL1 =154 ,P7+P8 , .5*P1; 29P 49

LET /MTX =/HDR

29P 50

SET #XFM2 -- 29P 51

124, 1., 0., 0., 0., 29P 52

o., 0., 1., P8

29P 53

0., i M- O o 29P 54

LET /MTX =#XFM2; 29P 55

SET #CYL2 =154, P9, .5*P10; 29P 56

LET /MTX =/HDR; 29P 57

410
APPENDIX D. PIPING MODEL EXAMPLE

SET #XFM3 = 29P 58

124, 1., 0., o.. o.. 29P 59

o., 0., 1., o.. 29P 60

0., -1., 0., o.; 29P 61

LET /MTX =#XFM3; 29P 62

SET #CYL3 =154, P8, .5*P1; 29P 63

LET /MTX =/HDR; 29P 64

SET #XFM4 = 29P 65

124 , 1., o., o., . 5*P1

,

29P 66

0., 1.. 0., - . 25*P1

,

29P 67

0., o., 1.. o.; 29P 68

LET /MTX =#XFM4; 29P 69

SET #SP = 158, .6*P1; 29P 70

LET /MTX =/HDR; 29P 71

SET #XFM5 = 29P 72

124, 0., 0., 1.. -P6, 29P 73

o.. 1.. o.. o.. 29P 74

-1., o o o.. 29P 75

LET /MTX =#XFM5; 29P 76

SET #CYL4 =154,10. , 1 ,25+Pl; 29P 77

LET /MTX =/HDR; 29P 78

SET #XFM6 = 29P 79

124, 0., 0.. 1., P7-10, 29P 80

o.. 1., 0., o., 29P 81

-1., 0., o.. o.; 29P 82

LET /MTX =#XFM6

;

29P 83

SET #CYL5 =154,10. , 1 . 25*P1

;

29P 84

ENDM; 29P 85

402,5, 4HTANK

,

1 , 7HN0ZZLE4 , 9 , 7HN0ZZLE2 , 13 , 6HFLANGE, 17 , 5HVALVE , 21

;

31P 86

; 1G 3D 32P 86 T0000001

411
I

-

- . , ,w

- V - -
Appendix E. Spline Curves and Surfaces

E.l Introduction

Chapter 3 of this Specification includes four different types of spline representations:

1. A parametric piecewise cubic polynomial curve,

2. A rational B-spline curve,

3. A grid of bicubic patches (for surfaces), and

4. A rational B-spline surface.

Most of the spline types used in CAD/CAM systems can be mapped into these representations

without change in shape. Spline types supported in Chapter 3 include parametric cubics, piecewise

linear, Wilson-Fowler, modified Wilson-Fowler, rational and nonrational B-splines, and rational and

nonrational Cartesian product B-spline surfaces. Spline types not supported include splines under

tension and extended Coons patches.

Software to convert between parametric spline curves or surfaces and the corresponding rational

B-spline curves or surfaces is available from the IGES office at the National Bureau of Standards.

Materials provided include a magnetic tape of Pascal source code, a listing of the code, and accompanying documentation.

E.2 Spline Functions

In Section 3.8, spline curves are represented by a number of cubic spline functions, one for each of

the X,Y,Z coordinates. Each cubic spline function S(u) is defined by:

1. N: The number of segments,

2. T(l), . .

. ,T(N -f 1): The endpoints and the breakpoints separating the cubic polynomial segments,

3. A(i), B(i), C(i), D(i), i = 1, . .

.

,

N: The coefficients of the polynomials representing the spline

in each of the N segments,

4. CTYPE: The spline type (l=linear, 2=quadratic, 3=cubic, 4=Wilson-Fowler, 5=Modified

Wilson-Fowler, 6=B-spline) of the originating system. See Section 3.8.

5. H: Degree of continuity. See Section 3.8.

413
APPENDIX E.3 SPLINE CURVES

To evaluate the spline at a point “it”, first determine the segment containing “it”, be., the segment

“i” such that T{i) < it < T(i+ 1), then evaluate the cubic polynomial in that segment, be., compute,

S(u) = A{i) + B(i) * (itit) + C(i) * (ittt) 2 + D(t) * (itit) 3

where uu — u — T(i).

The polynomial is written in terms of the relative displacement uu (rather than it) so that the

values of the spline at the breakpoints can be read directly out of the representation (t.e., S(T(i)) =

A(i),i = 1 and S(T(N *f 1)) = TP0). Computations using the relative displacement also

have less floating-point roundoff error.

This particular “piecewise polynomial” form is only one of many used to represent the spline segments

in CAD/CAM systems. Other representations employed include:

1. End points 51,52 and end slopes 51,52: The spline can be evaluated using the “Hermite”

basis (see [DEB078], p. 59).

2. Values at four points: The spline value can be computed from the Lagrange or Newton interpolation formulae (see [DEB078]).

3. End points and “control” points: There are a number of schemes for computing splines from

control points which will not be described here.

DeBoor [DEB078] gives techniques for conversion between these representations.

Splines can also be represented as a linear combination of the B-spline basis functions. In CAD/CAM

systems, B-splines have been used directly in curve fitting ( e.g., the B-spline Bezier polygon (see

[GORD74])) and indirectly in various spline calculations ( e.g ., computing a cubic spline interpolate). For every set of breakpoints 5(1), . .

. ,T(N -f 1) and degree of continuity H

a set of B-spline

functions B(l, u), 5(2, it), . . . , B{n* , u) can be constructed (see [DEB078]). Then, for any piecewise polynomial S(u) with these breakpoints and continuity there is a set of B-spline coefficients

a(l), . . . ,a(n*) such that S(u) can be represented as a linear combination of these B-splines,

S(u) = a(l) * 5(1, u) 4- a(2)*5(2,u) + ...-(- a(n*) * B(n* ,u)

where n* = (

— 1) * (3 — II) -f 4.

B-splines can be computed from piecewise polynomials and vice versa (see [DEB078], p. 116).

E.3 Spline Curves

The comments in this section pertain primarily to Section 3.8.

The most common approach to curve fitting is to parameterize the curves, i.e., to represent each

curve as either two or three spline functions (one for each coordinate),

X(u) = Sx (u ), Y(u) = Sy (u), and

Z(u) = Sz (u)

which sketch out the curve as the parameter u varies from 5(1) to T(N -1- 1).

414
APPENDIX E.4 RATIONAL B-SPLINE CURVES

All of the spline function representations of the previous section can be generalized to parametric

curves, and the algorithms for converting spline curves from one representation to the other follow

easily from multiple applications of the corresponding function conversion algorithms.

Wilson-Fowler Curves: In the early sixties, the Wilson-Fowler spline (a special case of parametric

cubics) was developed for curve fitting (see [IITR68]). It is still used in many turnkey drafting

systems. In the Wilson-Fowler representation, each spline segment is defined in a separate coordinate

system whose X-axis begins at one endpoint of the segment and passes through the other. Each

spline segment is then defined by a cubic spline function Swf(x) and the coordinates of the two

endpoints. These Wilson-Fowler splines can be converted to splines defined in Section 3.8 by rotating

the parametric spline (u,Swf(u)) back into the current coordinate system; however, most types of

splines defined in Section 3.8 cannot be converted to Wilson-Fowler splines.

E.4 Rational B-spline Curves

The comments in this section pertain primarily to Section 3.16.

A rational B-spline curve is expressed parametrically in the form,

G(t) = ZL W(i)P(i)b,(t)

ZL w'(i)MO

where the notation is interpreted as follows:

The W(i) are the weights (positive real numbers).

The P(i) are the control points (points in R

3

).

The b{ are the B-spline basis functions.

These are defined as soon as their degree, M, and underlying knot sequence, T, are specified. This

is done as follows:

Let N — I\ — M + 1. Then, the knot sequence consists of the non-decreasing set of real numbers;

T(-M), . .

. ,T(0), . .. ,T(V), . .

.

,T(N 4- M).

The curve itself is parameterized for U(0) < t < U(l) where T(0) < V(0) < V(l) < T(N).

The B-spline basis functions 6; are each non-negative piecewise polynomials of degree M. The

function &, is supported by the interval [T(i — M),T(i 4- 1)]. Between any two adjacent knot values

T(j), T(j + 1) the function can be expressed as a single polynomial of degree M

.

For any parameter value t between T(0) and T(N), the basis functions satisfy the identity

K

X mo = ii = 0

As the weights are all positive, the curve G(t ) is contained within the convex hull of its control

points.

415
APPENDIX E.5 SPLINE SURFACES

There are a number of ways to precisely define the B-spline basis functions. A recursive approach

proceeds as follows.

Let N(t\ti-M,

.

.

, <,+i) denote the B-spline basis function of degree M supported by the interval

[L — Mi +

With this notation, the degree 0 functions are simply characteristic functions of a half-open interval.

1 if a < t < b

N(t\a,b) = 0 otherwise

The degree k functions are defined in terms of those of degree k — 1.

\t/±\ „ „ N (*- s0 )N(t\s0t , {sk -t)N(t\s1 ,...,sk )

. .

. ,s k ) - +

Sk-l — So Sk — s 1

Since some of the denominators will be 0 in the case of multiple knots, the convention 0/0 = 0 is adopted in the above definition.

Rational Bezier curves can be expressed exactly as rational B-spline curves. An unpublished paper

by Fuhr on this subject is available from the IGES Office at the National Bureau of Standards.

E.5 Spline Surfaces

The spline surface defined in Section 3.9 is the analog of the spline curve defined in Section 3.8, i.e.,

it is also pieced together out of other primitive functions. The surface is a grid of parametric bicubic

patches defined by:

1. M: The number of grid lines in it,

2. 777(1), . .

. , TU(M + 1): The breakpoints in u ( u values of grid lines),

3. N: The number of grid lines in v,

4. XV(1), . .

. , TV(N -f 1): The breakpoints in v (

values of grid lines),

5. Ax(i,j),Bx(i,j),...,Ay(i, ;'),..., Az(i,j),..., for i = 1 = 1 The M * N sets of 3 * 16 coefficients defining the bicubic polynomial for each of the three

coordinates of the patch,

6. CTYPE: The spline type. (l=!inear, 2=quadratic, 3=cubic, 4—Wilson- Fowler, 5=Modified

Wilson- Fowler, 6 = B-spline), and

7. PTYPE: The patch type. (l=Cartesian product, 0=unspecified).

To evaluate the spline at a point “u,v”, first determine the patch containing the point “u,?;

1” in the

parameter grid, i.e., the patch u i,j” such that TU(i) < u < TU(i+ 1) and TV(j) < v < TV{j 4r 1),

then evaluate the bicubic polynomial in that patch, i.e., compute:

416
APPENDIX E.6 RATIONAL B-SPLINE SURFACES

X(u,i;) = Ax(i, j) * vv° * uu° + Bx(i, j) * vv° * uu

1 -1- Cx(i, j) * vv° * uu

2 + Dx(i, j) * vv° * uu3

+Ex(i,j) * vv

1 * uu° -f Fx(i,j ) * vv

1 * uu1 4- Gx(i, j) * vv1 * uu2 4- Hx(i,j) * vv1 * uu

3 +Kx{i,j) * vv

2 * uu° *f Lx(i,j ) * vv

2 * uu1 + Mx(i,j ) * vv

2 * uu2 4- Nx(i,j) * vv2 * uu

3

4-Px(i,j) * vv

3 * uu° 4- Qx(i,j ) * vv

3 * uu1 4- Rx(i,j) * vv3 * uu2 4- Sx(i,j) * vv3 * uu

3

Y{u, v) = Ay(i, j) . . . Z(u,v) = Az(i,j )

. . .

where uu = u — TU(i) and vv = v — TV(j).

The patches in the spline surface are equivalent to the bicubic surface patch (see [ROGE76], p. 170)

for the conversion details). The parameters of the bicubic surface patch are given as the corner points, corner slopes, and twist vectors (similar in spirit to the point/slope representation for curves).

However, because the Specification spline is more general than splines found in many CAD/CAM

systems (i.e., the APT Wilson-Fowler spline), shape-preserving transformations out of the Specification spline format may not be possible. Difficulties encountered include restrictions such as uniform breakpoint spacing and smooth second derivatives. In these cases, the conversion must be

accomplished by an interpolation or smoothing process.

E.6 Rational B-spline Surfaces

The comments in this section pertain primarily to Section 3.17.

A rational B-spline surface is expressed parametrically in the form,

r . _ E,

A

=o Efio W{i,j)P{i,j)bi {s)bj {t) "

£f=o Efio W(iJMs)bj(t)

where the notation is analogous to that used for rational B-spline curves. The W(i, j) are the weights (positive real numbers).

The P(i,j ) are the control points (points in R

3

). The b{ are the B-spline basis functions of degree Ml determined by the knot sequence S(— Ml), ..., S(7VT4-M1). The bj are the B-spline basis functions of degree M2 determined by the knot sequence

T(— M2), ..., T(N2 + M2). Here, N1 = A'l - Ml + 1 and N2 = I< 2 - M2 -f 1. The surface itself is parameterized for U(0) < s < U{ 1) and for U(0) < t < U(l) where 5(0) <

U(0) <U{1) < S(N 1) and T(0) < U(0) < U(l) < T(N2). Rational Bezier surfaces can be expressed

exactly as rational B-spline surfaces. An unpublished paper by Fuhr on this subject is available from

the IGES Office at the National Bureau of Standards.

If the surface is periodic with respect to the first parametric variable, set PROP4 to 1; otherwise set PROP4 to 0. If the surface is periodic with respect to the second parametric variable, set PROP5 to

1; otherwise set PROP5 to 0. The periodic flags are to be interpreted as purely informational. The

surfaces which are flagged to be periodic are to be evaluated exactly the same as in the non-periodic

case.

417
APPENDIX E.6 RATIONAL B-SPLINE SURFACES

Software to convert between parametric spline curves or surfaces and the corresponding rational

B-spline curves or surfaces is available from the IGES Office at the National Bureau of Standards.

Materials provided include a magnetic tape of Pascal source code, a listing of the code, and accompanying documentation.
Appendix F. Conic Arcs

Conic arcs as specified are extremely sensitive to the data in two distinct ways:

Accuracy. It is numerically sensitive; small changes in the coefficients can cause large changes in

the locations of the points satisfying the conic equation.

Stability. The determination of the conic type depends upon whether certain invariants are positive, zero or negative. Working in floating point arithmetic, a machine value of 0.0 is unlikely to

be encountered. Furthermore, small changes in coefficient values can easily result in positive

values when negative ones are intended and conversely.

It is assumed that data is put into a Conic Arc Entity with the intent of preserving the geometric

properties of the data (major and minor semi-axes, asymptotes, directrices, etc.) in addition to

describing the points on the curve.

If the geometric properties are desired, the Conic Arc Entity (Type 104) should be used as described

below.

This method primarily addresses the stability problem, though the accuracy of the conic should

improve because the range of coefficient values will decrease. While the geometric properties are not

explicitly defined in this representation, they can be obtained from it in a direct and arithmetically

stable manner.

If both the sending and intended receiving system are known to use the A-F form of the Conic Arc

Entity in their own databases, the preprocessor may put the data into the unchanged form. This

minimizes the loss of information caused by truncation and roundoff errors as no changes are made

to the data. The stability problem is presumably not of concern in this case. The following are suggested sets of values for the cases of an ellipse, a hyperbola, and a parabola:

Ellipse

A = AXISY2 B = 0

C = AXISX2 D — 0

E = 0 F = -A * C

where AXISY' and AXISX are the lengths

of the major and

essarily in order).

minor semi-axes (not nec419
APPENDIX F. CONIC ARCS

Hyperbola

A = -AXISY2 (or +AXISY2

) B = 0

C = +AXISX2 (or -AXISX2

, if A > 0) o Q II E = 0 F = -A * C.

where AXISY and AXISX are the lengths of the major and minor

semi- axes (not necessarily in order).

Parabola

A = 0 (or 1 ) B = 0

C = 1 (or 0, if A = 1) D = 4 * DIST (or

0, if A=l)

E = 0 (or 4 * DIST, if A=l) F = 0

where DIST is the distance of the vertex from the focus.

Preprocessor Conic Handling

The conic arc must be put into standard form, parallel to the X or Y axis and centered about the

origin. A Transformation Matrix (Type 124) must be used to move the conic arc into its desired

position in space. In this form, the coefficients in the format that should be 0.0 will be exactly so. In particular, for the ellipse and hyperbola B, D, and E must be 0.0, and for the parabola B and F

and either A and E or C and D must be 0.0.

Determination of the conic type from the equations becomes straight forward for the postprocessor.

For further mathematical details, see [THOM60].
Appendix G. Color Space Mappings

It is often more convenient to operate in some color space other than RGB. The relationship between

RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) is given by:

R = 100.0 - c R = red C = cyan

G = 100.0 - M where: G = green M = magenta

B = 100.0-

Y

B = blue Y = yellow

The HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) color space can be defined in terms of RGB in several ways

with subtle variations. A typical approach is given by the following transformation:

H = £ tan ~' (vhtwi)

S = y/R? + G2 + B2 - RG - RB - BG

L = l(R + G + B)

where:

H = Hue

S = Saturation

L = Lightness

Variations on this transformation are given in [JOBL78] and [SMIT78].

421

Appendix H. ASCII Form Conversion Utility

This appendix gives details of a utility program to convert a file in the ASCII Form from the regular

(fixed line length) ASCII Format to the Compressed ASCII Format and back again. The program

is written in FORTRAN 77 code. The program is known to fail to convert a file from Compressed

ASCII Format to regular ASCII Format if the file contains any string constant compressed such that an ASCII character “D” falls into column one. The source code is available from the IGES Office at

the National Bureau of Standards.

C********** ********** ******* ** *****i(ii(t* ********** ******************* ********

C THIS PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN VAX 4.2 FORTRAN 77 SOURCE. ITS PURPOSE IS

C TO CONVERT BETWEEN REGULAR ASCII FORMAT AND COMPRESSED ASCII FORMAT.

C

PROGRAM IGES

C

C PROGRAM ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY J. M. SPAETH 7-24-84

C GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP. RE. & DEV.

C RE-WRITTEN BY LEE KLEIN 9-20-84

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 7-28-86

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-1-86

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-7-86

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

C IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

C

C PURPOSE:

C TO CONVERT NEW FORM OF IGES OUTPUT TO OLD FORM AND

C OLD FORM TO NEW.

C

C INPUT:

C YOU MUST GIVE THE NAME (INCLUDING DIRECTORY IF DIFFERENT) OF

C THE FILE CONTAINING THE NEW FORM OF OUTPUT. YOU MUST ALSO

C GIVE THE NAME OF THE FILE TO CONTAIN THE CONVERTED OUTPUT.

C

C******** ********************************************************** ********

C SPECIAL NOTES:

C

C 1. THE DOLLAR SIGN IN I/O FORMAT STATEMENTS IS THERE TO SUPPRESS

C THE CARRIAGE RETURN AT THE END OF THE PROMPT LINE.

423
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C 2. IN COMPILERS THAT DO NOT ACCEPT A VARIABLE LENGTH OUTPUT FORMAT,

C SOME MEANS OF COMPRESSING BLANK PADDED LINES MUST BE USED.

C 3. SEE CHANGE NOTES THROUGHOUT THE CODE

C

C****** ********************************************************** ********** CHARACTER * 80 LINE1

CHARACTER * 60 INFILE, OUTFIL

C

C PROMPT AND GET FILE NAMES...

C

GOTO 1010

1000 WRITE(* , 1900)

1010 WRITE(* , 1910)

WRITE(*, 1920)

READ(* , 1930) INFILE

WRITE(*, 1940)

READ(*,1930)0UTFIL

C

C READ THE FIRST LINE. .

C

OPEN (UNIT= 10 , FILE=INFILE , STATUS= ' OLD ' , ERR= 1000)

READ (10, 1950)LINE1

CLOSE(IO)

C

C CHECK TO SEE WHICH FORM THE INPUT IS IN...

C

C ONLY A 'C'OMPRESS RECORD CAN OCCUR AT BEGINNING OF ’NEW* FILE

C ONLY A 'S' TART RECORD CAN OCCUR AT BEGINNING OF ’OLD* FILE

C

IF (LINE1(73:73) .EQ. 'C' ) THEN

CALL OLDFRM( INFILE, OUTFIL)

ELSE IF (LINE1(73:73) .EQ. ’S') THEN

CALL NEWFRMC INFILE, OUTFIL)

ELSE

WRITE(* , 1960) ' File contains ILLEGAL record format ' CLOSE(IO)

STOP

ENDIF

WRITE(*, 1960) ' ' WRITE(*, 1960) * IGES conversion complete'

WRITE(* , 1960) ' ' C

C FORMATS

C

1900 FORMAT (/IX, 'Error in filename. Try again.')

1910 F0RMAT(/1X, '*** IGES FILE CONVERSION PROGRAM ***'/)

1920 FORMAT($,' Enter input file name: ')

1930 FORMAT (A60)

1940 FORMAT($,' Enter output file name: ')

1950 F0RMAT(A80)

424
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

1960 FORMAT(A)

C

END

C* j*************************************************************************

c SUBROUTINE OLDFRM ( INFILE , OUTFIL)

C

C OLD FORM CONVERSION

C

C PROGRAM ORIGANALLY WRITTEN BY J. M. SPAETH 7-24-84

C GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP. RE. & DEV.

C RE-WRITTEN BY LEE KLEIN 9-20-84

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

C IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

C

C PURPOSE:

C TO CONVERT NEW FORM OF IGES OUTPUT TO OLD FORM...

C

C VARIABLE DECLARATIONS. .

.

C

CHARACTER * (*) INFILE .OUTFIL

CHARACTER * 8 BLNK , INARR(20) , NEWARR(20)

CHARACTER * 80 INLINE

CHARACTER * 160 OUTARR

INTEGER ICNT1 , ICNT2 , ICNT3 , IA , IB , IC

INTEGER I J , IK , IL , IT

C

C INITIALIZE OUTARR TO BLANKS...

C

OUTARR( 1:160)=' ' C

C OPEN INPUT AND TEMP FILES...

C

OPEN (UNIT= 1 , FILE= » FILE1 . TMP *

, STATUS= ' NEW ' , CARRI AGECONTROL= » LIST ’

)

OPEN (UNIT=2 , FILE= ’ FILE2 . TMP *

,

STATUS= » NEW », CARRI AGECONTROL= » LIST ’

)

OPEN (UNIT=3 , FILE= ' FILE3 . TMP '

, STATUS= » NEW ', CARRI AGECONTROL= ' LIST '

)

OPEN (UNIT=4 , FILE= ’ FILE4 . TMP *

, STATUS= * NEW ’

, CARRI AGECONTROL= » LIST '

)

OPEN (UNIT=9 , FILE=OUTFIL , STATUS= J NEW '

, CARRI AGECONTROL= ; LIST O

OPEN (UNIT=10 , FILE=INFILE , STATUS = 1 OLD '

)

C

C INITIALIZE COUNTERS. .

.

C

ICNT1 = -1

ICNT2 = 1 ICNT3 = 0

C

C READ THE FILE AND SEPARATE INTO PARTS...

C

425
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

2000 READ ( 10 , 2900 , END=2090) INLINE

IF ((INLINE(73:73) . EQ. ’S’) -OR. (INLINE (73: 73) .EQ. * G’)) GOTO 2010

IF (INLINE (73 :73) .EQ. *T' ) GOTO 2020

IF ( (INLINE(1 : 1) . EQ. ) -OR. ( INLINE (1 : 1) .EQ. 'D ’ ) ) GOTO 2040

C

C IF IT IS AN C THAN DELETE IT OFF BY READING THE NEXT LINE

C

IF ( INLINE (73 : 73) .EQ. 'C') GOTO 2000

C

C PUT THE PARAMETER DATA INTO FILE4.TMP. .

C

WRITE(4, 2910) (INLINE(1 : 64) , ICNT1 ,*P\ ICNT2)

ICNT2 = ICNT2 + 1 GOTO 2000

C

C WRITE HEADER LINES INTO FILE1.TMP...

C

2010 WRITE ( 1 , 2900) INLINE

GOTO 2000

C

C WRITE TERMINATION LINE INTO FILE2.TMP. .

C

2020 WRITE (2, 2900) INLINE

GOTO 2000

C

C WRITE DIRECTORY ENTRY LINES INTO FILE3.TMP...

C

2030 WRITE(3,2920) (OUTARR( 1 : 8) , ICNT2 , QUTARR(17 : 80)

)

WRITE(3, 2900) 0UTARR(81 : 160)

ICNT1 = ICNT1 + 2

GOTO 2000

C

C REWRITE TO DE LINES IN THE NEW FORM...

C

C GO THRU INLINE ONE CHAR. AT A TIME LOOKING FOR THE

C DELIMETER («, ,_)...

C

2040 IL = 1 2050 IF (IL. GT. 80) GOTO 2000

IF ( INLINE ( IL : IL) .EQ . *

5 ) GOTO 2030

IF ( INLINE (IL: IL) .NE. ’S' ) GOTO 2080

C

C DETERMINE IF THE FIELD IS ONE OR TWO CHARACTERS...

C

IF ( INLINE ( IL+2: IL+2) .EQ. '_') THEN

IC=ICHAR(INLINE(IL+l:IL+l))-48

IL=IL+2

ELSE

I A=ICHAR ( INLINE (IL+1 : IL+l))-48

IB=ICHAR( INLINE (IL+2 : IL+2)) -48

426
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

IC=10*XA+IB

IL=IL+3

ENDIF

C

C AT THIS POINT IC IS THE NUMBER OF THE RECORD FIELD BEING

C PROCESSED, AND INLINE(IL)=USCORE

C

IT=Q

IK=0

I J=(IC-1 )*8+l

C

C RESET THE FIELD TO BE CHANGED TO ALL BLANKS IN ORDER TO CREATE

C A COMPLETELY NEW FILED . .

.

C

OUTARRCIJ: 11+7)=’ » C

C WE WILL NOW CONTINUE THRU THE LINE PICKING OFF THE CHAR.

C OF THE RECORD FIELD ONE AT A TIME UNTIL A DELIMETER IS HIT...

C

2060 IK=IK+1

IF ( INLINE ( IL+IK : IL+IK) . EQ. ’<8* ) GOTO 2070

IF (INLINE(IL+ IK: IL+IK). EQ. » ») THEN

IF (INLINE(IL+IK+i : IL+IK+1) . EQ .

») GOTO 2070

ENDIF

IF (INLINE(IL+IK: IL+IK) .EQ. »; ») GOTO 2070

IT=IT+1

IJ=(IC-1)*8+IT

OUTARRCIJ: I J)=INLINE(IL+IK : IL+IK)

IF (IC . EQ. 1) THEN

0UTARRCIJ+80 : I J+80)=INLINE(IL+IK : IL+IK)

ENDIF

GOTO 2060

2070 IL=IL+IT

2080 IL = IL + 1 GOTO 2050

C

C REWIND ALL FILES BEFORE WE WRITE THEM TO OUTPUT...

C

2090 REWIND 1 REWIND 2

REWIND 3

REWIND 4

C

C WRITE START AND GLOBAL RECORDS TO OUTPUT FILE...

C

2100 READ (1, 2900, END=21 10) INLINE

WRITE(9 , 2900) INLINE

GOTO 2100

427
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C WRITE THE DE RECORDS TO OUTPUT FILE. THEY NOW BECOME RE-FORMATTED..

C

2110 READ (3 ,2930 , END=2140) (INARR(I) , 1=1 , 10)

READ (3 ,2930) (INARR(I) ,1=11 ,20)

DO 2130 IP=1 , 20

IF ((IP.NE.9) .AND. (IP.NE. 18)) GOTO 2120

NEWARR(IP)=INARR(IP)

GOTO 2130

C

C CHANGE THOSE FIELDS THAT MUST BE RIGHT JUSTIFIED

C

2120 NEWARR(IP)=BLNK(INARR(IP))

2130 CONTINUE

ICNT3=ICNT3+1

WRITE(9,294Q) ((NEWARR( J) , J=1 ,9) , ’D '

, ICNT3)

ICNT3=ICNT3+1

WRITE(9, 2940) ((NEWARR( J) , J=ll ,19) , ’D '

, ICNT3)

GOTO 2110

C

C WRITE THE PD LINES TO THE OUTPUT FILE. .

C

2140 READ (4 ,2900 , END=2150) INLINE

WRITE(9 , 2900) INLINE

GOTO 2140

C

C WRITE THE TERMINATE LINES TO THE OUTPUT FILE...

C

2150 READ (2 ,2900 ,END=2160) INLINE

WRITE(9, 2900) INLINE

GOTO 2150

C

C NOW CLOSE THE FILES AND DELETE THE TEMP ONES...

C

2160 CONTINUE

CLOSE (UNIT= 1 , STATUS=DELETE '

CLOSE (UNIT=2 , STATUS= ' DELETE J ) CLOSE (UNIT=3 , STATUS

J DELETE ’

)

CL0SE(UNIT=4 , STATUS= ’ DELETE *

CL0SE(9)

CLOSE(IO)

RETURN

C

C FORMATS

C

2900 FORMAT (A80)

2910 F0RMAT(A64, 118, 1A1 , 117)

2920 F0RMAT(A8 , 18 , A64)

2930 FQRMAT(10A8)

2940 FORMAT (9A8 , A , 17)

428
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C

END

C********** ******************************************************** ********

c CHARACTER* (*) FUNCTION BLNK(BUF)

C

C START FUNCTION BLNK HERE

C

C WRITTEN BY P. R. KENNICOTT 9-29-83.

C GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP. RE. & DEV.

C RE-WRITTEN BY LEE KLEIN 9-2-84.

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-7-88

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

C IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

C

C PURPOSE:

C TO REMOVE BLANKS FROM END OF A CHARACTER STRING (RIGHT JUSTIFY)

C

C INPUT:

C BUF STRING WITH TRAILING BLANKS

C

C OUTPUT:

C BLNK STRING WITH TRAILING BLANKS REMOVED

C

C METHOD:

C FIND FIRST BLANK, THEN TRANSLATE OUTPUT STRING

C

C RESTRICTIONS:

C 1. BUF <= 512 CHARACTERS.

C 2. LENGTHS OF BUF & BLNK MUST BE =. C 3. FIRST CHARACTER MUST NOT BE BLANK OR NO CONVERSION.

C

cC VARIABLE DECLARATIONS. .

.

C

CHARACTER* (*) BUF

INTEGER I CHARACTER+512 IBUF

C

C SET UP COUNTERS . .

.

C

N=INDEX(BUF(1:) , ' ')-l

M=LEN (BUF)

C

C CHECK FOR SIZE TOO BIG. .

.

C

IF (M.GT.512) STOP 'Buffer too big at function BLNK’

C

429
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C CHECK FOR FIRST CHAR A BLANK...

C

IF (BUF(1:1).EQ. *

’

. OR . BUF(M : M) . NE . » ») THEN

BLNK=BUF

RETURN

ENDIF

C

C OK PROCESS STRING. .

C

DO 3000 1=1,

3000 IBUF(M-I+1 :M-I+1)=BUF(N-I+1 : N-I+l)

IBUF( 1 :M-N)= ’ » BLNK=IBUF

RETURN

END

£***************** ************** + *********** 4; ******************** **********

C

SUBROUTINE NEWFRM ( INFILE , OUTFIL)

C

C START NEW SUBROUTINE HERE

C

C PROGRAM ORIGANALLY WRITTEN BY J. M. SPAETH 7-24-84

C GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP . RE. & DEV.

C RE-WRITTEN BY LEE KLEIN 9-20-84

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-7-86

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

C IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

C

C PURPOSE:

C TO CONVERT OLD FORM OF IGES OUTPUT TO NEW FORM. .

C

C VARIABLE DECLARATIONS. .

C

INTEGER PDRCD

CHARACTER * 80 INLINE

CHARACTER * (*) INFILE , OUTFIL

C

C OPEN THE INPUT AND TEMP FILES...

C

OPEN (UNIT= 10 , FILE=INFILE , STATUS= ’ OLD ’

OPEN (UNIT= 1 , FILE= ’ TEST . TMP ’ , STATUS= ' NEW », CARRIAGECONTROL= » LIST '

)

OPEN (UNIT=2 , FILE= » FILE2 . TMP ', STATUS= ’ NEW », RECL=80

+ ACCESS= 'DIRECT ' ,FORM= ' FORMATTED *

)

OPEN (UNIT=3 , FILE= ' FILES .TMP * , STATUS= ' NEW *

)

OPEN (UNIT=7 , FILE= » FILES . TMP ' , STATUS= J NEW 1 ) C

C WRITE THE HEADER WITH A "C" TO SHOW COMPRESSED ASCII FORM...

430
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C

WRITE (1 ,4900) * C’ , 1 C

C SEPERATE THE PD AND DE RECORDS , WHILE WRITING G,S, &T LINES

C TO THE OUTPUT FILE. .

.

C

4000 READ (10,4910, END=4040) INLINE

IF (INLINE (73 : 73) . EQ . ' D ’ ) GOTO 4010

IF ( INLINE (73 : 73) .EQ. 'P') GOTO 4020

IF (INLINE (73 :73) .EQ . ’T* ) GOTO 4030

C

C WRITE HEADER LINES INTO A TEST.TMP. .

.

C

WRITE (1,4910) INLINE

GOTO 4000

C

C WRITE DIRECTORY LINES INTO FILE3.TMP...

C

4010 WRITE (3,4910) INLINE

GOTO 4000

C

C WRITE PARAMETER DATA INTO FILE2.TMP...

C

4020 READ (INLINE(74: 80) ,4920) PDRCD

WRITE (2 ,REC=PDRCD ,FMT=4910) INLINE

GOTO 4000

C

C WRITE TERMINATE RECORD INTO FILE5.TMP...

C

4030 WRITE (7,4910) INLINE

4040 CALL XPD

REWIND 7

4050 READ (7 , 4910 , END=4060) INLINE

WRITE (1,4910) INLINE

GOTO 4050

4060 CALL CMPRES(OUTFIL)

C

C CLOSE FILES AND DELETE TEMP ONES...

C

CL0SE(UNIT=1 , STATUS= J DELETE »

)

CL0SE(UNIT=2 , STATUS= ' DELETE '

)

CLOSE (UNIT=3 , STATUS= ' DELETE »

)

CL0SE(UNIT=4)

CLOSE (UNIT=7 , STATUS= * DELETE ’

)

CL0SE(UNIT=10)

RETURN

C

C FORMATS

C

431
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

4900 FORMAT (72X , A , 17)

4910 F0RMAT(A80)

4920 F0RMAT(I7)

C

END

C****** ************************************************ ********************

c SUBROUTINE XPD

C

C PROGRAM ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY J. M. SPAETH 7-24-84

C GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP. RE. & DEV.

C REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-7-86

C GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

C REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

C IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

C

C PURPOSE:

C TO TRANSFER ALL PD & DE RECORDS FORM TEMPORY FILES TO

C OUTPUT FILE IN MERGED FORM...

C

C VARIABLE DECLARATIONS. .

C

CHARACTER * 1 SCOLN/ ,

;

> /

CHARACTER * 8 BLNK , LSTDAT(20) , NEWDAT(2Q) , NUDAT

CHARACTER * 80 PDLINE .DELINl .DELIN2

CHARACTER * 160 NEWDE

INTEGER LFLD(20) ,FLDNUM,FLDBEG,FLDEND

INTEGER CHRPTR , NEWPTR , PDPTR , PDCNT

C

C REWIND THE FILES. .

C

REWIND 3

C

C INITIALIZE LAST DATA SO AS NOT TO EQUAL NEXT DATA...

C

DO 5000 FLDNUM=1 , 20

LSTDAT(FLDNUM) = 'XXXXXXXX'

5000 CONTINUE

C

C GET NEW DE RECORD

C

5010 READ (3 ,5900 , END=5100) DELINl

READ(3 ,5900) DELIN2

READ (DELINl (9: 16) ,5910) PDPTR

READ(DELIN2(25:32) ,5910) PDCNT

DELIN 1 (73 : 73) = ’ ’ DELIN2 (73 : 73) = ' » C

C CLEAR OUT THE DE RECORD BUFFER...

C

NEWDE( 1:160) = * *

432
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C

C GET THE DATA FROM EACH FIELD OF THE DE RECORD SET. .

.

C

FLDBEG = -7

FLDEND = 0

DO 5020 FLDNUM=1 , 10

FLDBEG=FLDBEG + 8

FLDEND=FLDEND + 8

READ (DELIN 1 (FLDBEG : FLDEND) ,5920) NEWDAT (FLDNUM)

READ (DELI N2 (FLDBEG : FLDEND ) ,5920) NEWDAT ( FLDNUM+ 10)

5020 CONTINUE

C

C FIELD 9 MUST BE ZERO FILLED

C

DO 5030 I = 1,8

IF (NEWDAT(9)(I:I).EQ. ' ’ )NEWDAT(9) (I : I) = 'O’

5030 CONTINUE

C

C FIELD 18 MUST BE RIGHT JUSTIFIED...

C

NEWDAT (18) =BLNK (NEWDAT ( 18)

)

C

C DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF THE DATA WITHIN EACH FIELD

C

DO 5050 FLDNUM=1 , 20

DO 5040 1=1,8

IF (NEWDAT(FLDNUM) (1:1) .NE. * ’) THEN

LFLD (FLDNUM) = 9-1

GOTO 5050

ENDIF

5040 CONTINUE

5050 CONTINUE

C

C WRITE THE DE SEQUENCE NUMBER AT THE BEGINNING OF THE OUTPUT DE RECORD

C

NUDAT=NEWDAT (10)

ENCODE (LFLD( 10)+ 1 , 5930 , NEWDE( 1 : LFLD ( 10) +1 ) ) NUDAT(9-LFLD ( 10) : 8)

CHRPTR = LFLD (10) + 2

C

C SEARCH NEW DE RECORD SET FOR CHANGED DATA; WHEN FOUND WRITE CHANGED

C DATA TO OUTPUT DE RECORD...

C

DO 5060 FLDNUM=1,20

C

C SKIP FIELDS THAT NO LONGER NEED PROCESSING...

C

IF ( (FLDNUM . EQ . 2). OR.

+ (FLDNUM. EQ. 10). OR.

+ (FLDNUM. EQ. 11) .OR.

+ (FLDNUM. EQ. 20)) GOTO 5060

433
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

IF (NEWDAT(FLDNUM) . NE . LSTDAT(FLDNUM) ) THEN

IF (FLDNUM.GT.9) THEN

ENCODE (4 , 5940 , NEWDE (CHRPTR : CHRPTR+3 ) ) FLDNUM

CHRPTR=CHRPTR+4

ELSE

ENC0DE(3, 5950 , NEWDE (CHRPTR : CHRPTR+2) ) FLDNUM

CHRPTR=CHRPTR+3

ENDIF

IF (LFLD (FLDNUM) .NE.O) THEN

IF (FLDNUM. NE. 9) THEN

READ (NEWDAT( FLDNUM) (9-LFLD (FLDNUM) : 8) ,5960)

+ NEWDE ( CHRPTR : CHRPTR- 1+LFLD (FLDNUM )

)

CHRPTR=CHRPTR+LFLD (FLDNUM)

ELSE

C

C FIELD 9 IS A SPECIAL CASE...

C

READ (NEWDAT (9) (1:8), 5960) NEWDE (CHRPTR : CHRPTR+7)

CHRPTR=CHRPTR+8

ENDIF

ENDIF

ENDIF

C

C STORE DATA FROM CURRENT DE RECORD SET TO COMPARE WITH NEXT SET

C

LSTDAT(FLDNUM)=NEWDAT (FLDNUM)

5060 CONTINUE

NEWDE (CHRPTR: CHRPTR) = SCOLN

C

C IF OUTPUT DE RECORD > 80 CHAR’S, WRITE 2 LINES...

C

IF (CHRPTR. GT. 80) THEN

DO 5070 1=1,11

IF (NEWDE(82-I : 82-1) .EQ. ’O’) GOTO 5080

5070 CONTINUE

5080 WRITE (1 , 5970) NEWDE ( 1 : 81~I)

NEWDE(1 :80)=NEWDE(82-I : 161-1)

ENDIF

WRITE( 1 , 5900) NEWDE( 1 : 80)

C

C ERASE UNNECESSARY DATA FROM PD RECORD AND WRITE TO OUTPUT FILE;

C

DO 5090 IL=1 , PDCNT

READ (2 , 5900 , REC=PDPTR) PDLINE

PDPTR = PDPTR+1

PDLINE(65 : 80) = ’ » WRITE( 1 , 5900) PDLINE

5090 PDLINE(1 : 80) = * » C

C END OF LOOP GET NEXT DE RECORD . .

434
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

C

GOTO 5010

5100 CONTINUE

RETURN

C

c FORMATS

c5900 FORMAT (A80)

5910 FORMAT (18)

5920 FORMAT(AS)

5930 FORMAT ( 'D ’

, A)

5940 FQRMAT('©' ,12,

5950 FQRMAT('©' ,11,

5960 FORMAT (A)

5970 FORMAT (A<81-I>)

c END

C***** *************************************************** ******************

c

cc

c

c

c

cc

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

cc

cc

c

SUBROUTINE CMPRES(OUTFIL)

START OF SUBROUTINE

PROGRAM ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY J. M. SPAETH 7-24-84

GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP. RE. & DEV.

REVISED BY LEE KLEIN 8-7-86

GENERAL DYNAMICS CAD/CAM POMONA DIV.

REVISED BY ROBERT COLSHER 22 AUG 1986

IGES DATA ANALYSIS COMPANY

PURPOSE:

TO CLEAR AWAY ALL TRAILING BLANKS FROM THE OUTPUT FILE

VARIABLE DECLARATIONS. .

.

CHARACTER * 80 TEXT

CHARACTER * (*) OUTFIL

INTEGER LENGTH

REWIND THE INPUT FILE AND OPEN THE OUTPUT FILE

REWIND 1 OPEN (UNIT=4 , NAME=OUTFIL , STATUS= 'NEW '

, CARRIAGECONTROL= 'LIST ’

,

+ ERR=6000)

GOTO 6010

GETS HERE IF THERE IS AN ERROR IN THE OUTPUT FILE NAME...

435
APPENDIX H. ASCII FORM CONVERSION UTILITY

6000 WRITE(*, 6900) 'Error in OUTPUT file name. Output written to file',

+ » IGES.0UT’

OPEN (UNIT=4 , NAME= » IGES . OUT ', STATUS= ' NEW’ , CARRIAGECONTROL= 1 LIST *

)

C

C READ RECORD LINES INTO BUFFER ONE AT A TIME...

C

6010 READ ( 1 ,6910 , END=6999) TEXT

LENGTH = 80

C

C GO THRU EACH LINE DELETING TRAILING BLANKS

C

6020 IF (TEXT(LENGTH : LENGTH) .NE. ' ») GOTO 6030

LENGTH=LENGTH-1

IF (LENGTH. GT. 1) GOTO 6020

C

C WRITE PROCESSED LINES TO THE OUTPUT FILE

C

6030 WRITE(4, 6920) TEXT( 1 :LENGTH)

C

GOTO 6010

C

6999 CONTINUE

RETURN

C

C FORMATS

C

6900 F0RMAT(1X, A, A)

6910 F0RMAT(A80)

6920 FORMAT (A<LENGTH>)

C

END
Appendix I. Obsolete Entities

1.1 General

The addition of new entities and forms which^greatly increase the capability for transfer of specific

data constructs has given cause to deprecate other entities and forms published in previous versions

of this Specification. The parameter lists for these entities and forms are included herein to provide

for interpretation of files created under an earlier version. The new entities or forms which are valid

for the previous forms are as follows:

Obsolete Entity/Form Valid Entity/Form

402/6

402/8

402/10

402/11

406/4

View List

Signal String

Text Node

Connect Node

Region Fill Property

402/3

402/18

312

132

230

Views Visible

Flow

Text Template

Connect Point

Sectioned Area

In addition, Font Zero for the General Note Entity (Type 212) is obsolete.

The parameter lists for these following entities may have additional parameters as specified in Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2.

437
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 6)

1.2 Associativity Instance Entity (Type 402)

(See Section 4.3.3 for additional details about this entity.)

FORM NUMBER: 6 View List

This associativity has two classes. The first class has only one entry which is a pointer to the

directory entry of a specific view. The second class is a list of entities (pointers to their respective

directory entries) which are visible in the view referenced in Class 1. Back pointers are required in

both classes; the view as well as all entities visible in the view must have pointers to this associativity

instance.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value

2

Class 1

12

1

1Class 2

12

1

1

Meaning

Two classes

(View)

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item per entry

Pointer to view Directory Entry

(Entities)

Back pointers required

Unordered

One item per entry

Pointer to Directory Entry of entity visible in view

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 6

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 1 Integer Single entry in first class

2 N1 Integer Number of entities in second class

3 DEV Pointer Pointer to View Entity

4 DEI Pointer Pointers to entities visible in view specified in Parameter 3

Nl+3 DENI Pointer

438
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 8)

FORM NUMBER: 8 Signal String

This associativity has four classes and is intended to represent a single signal string. Class one

provides all names of the signal in an order that should be preserved. Class two collects together a

set of connection nodes in the string and thus can be considered as specifying the connections for

the signal. Class three relates the signal string to a set of geometric entities on a schematic drawing,

while class four accomplishes the same thing with respect to the implemented board or chip.

The geometric entities which may be members of classes 2 and 3 include composite, copious (Forms

11 or 12), or any of the entities which may be members of composite.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value Meaning

1 4 Four classes

Class 1 (Signal Names)

2 2 Back pointers not required

3 1 Ordered

4 1 One item per entry

5 2 Item is value

Class 2 (Connections)

6 1 Back pointers required

7 2 Unordered

8 1 One item per entry

9 1 Pointer to Connect Node

Class 3 (Schematic)

10 1 Back pointers required

11 1 Ordered

12 1 One item per entry

13 1 Pointer to geometry

Class 4 (Physical Layout)

14 1 Back pointers required

15 1 Ordered

16 1 One item per entry

17 1 Pointer to geometry

439
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 8)

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 8

Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 NS Integer

2 N1 Integer

3 N2 Integer

4 N3 Integer

5 SIGi String

NS+4 SIGNS String

NS+5 PCI Pointer

NS+N1+4 PCN1 Pointer

NS+N1+5 PS1 Pointer

NS+N2+N1+4 PSN2 Pointer

NS+N2+N1+5 PP1 Pointer

NS+N3+N2+N1+4 PPN3 Pointer

Description

Number of signal names

Number of Connection Nodes

Number of entities in schematic signal string

Number of entities in physical signal string

Signal name

Signal name

Pointer to Connect Nodes

Pointer to entity in schematic logical signal string

Pointer to entity in physical signal string

440
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 10)

FORM NUMBER: 10 Text Node

The purpose of the text node is to act as a template for future addition of text. It is defined as an

associativity to allow it to refer to multiple instances of itself in those cases in which it is instanced

as part of a subfigure definition.

In accordance wdth the general rule of multiple-instanced entities, digits 5-6 of Directory Entry Field

9 have the value 04, and Class 1 consists of a pointer to a point representing its original location

followed by pointers to multiple instances, if these exist.

Class 2 consists of those parameters of the General Note which are pertinent to the definition of a text template, as opposed to text itself. In general, these consist of all parameters but the text

string. The location is omitted because it is included in Class 1 as a pointer to a point representing

the geometric location of the text node.

An instance of a text node consists of this Associativity, a point indicating the position of the

instance, and one or more General Notes attached to the node through the text pointers of the

geometric entities. If parameters in the General Notes are null, the value of the same parameter in

Class 2 of the associativity is taken as the default; non-null parameters over-ride the defaults. In the

cases of multiple instances from a subfigure, the General Notes representing text will be attached to

the instance point (pointers 2, 3,... in Class 1).

As a text-type entity, the Text Node can be pointed to by the back pointer/text pointer field in each

entity.

Note that the associativity definition has an unusual value for Parameter 11 (Font Characteristic).

The value 3 implies either a pointer or a data item. A positive value implies a data item; a negative

value implies the absolute value is to be taken as a pointer.

DEFINITION

Index Set Value Meaning

1 2 Two classes

Class 1 (Geometry Pointers)

2 1 Back pointers required

3 1 Ordered class

4 1 One item per entry

5 1 Item is pointer (to Point Entity)

Class 2 (Text Description)

6 2 Back pointers not required

7 1 Ordered class

8 7 Seven items/entry

9 2 Box length

10 2 Box height

11 3 Font characteristic

12 2 Slant angle

13 2 Rotation angle

14 2 Mirror flag

15 2 Rotate internal flag

441
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 10)

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 10

Parameter Data

Index Name

1 NP

2 NTD

3 GPi

4 GP2

NP+2 GPNP

NP+3 WT

NP+4 HT

NP+5 FC

NP+6 SL

NP+7 A

NP+8 M

NP+3 VK

Type Description

Integer Number of geometry pointers

Integer Number of Text Descriptions (NTD=1)

Pointer Pointer to point (original location)

Pointer Pointer to instance point (first instance)

Pointer

Real

Real

Integer

Real

Real

Integer

Integer

Pointer to instance point (NP-1 instance)

Box length

Box height

Font characteristic (default = 1) or pointer

Slant angle of text in radians. 7r/2 is the value for no slant angle

and is the default value.

Rotation angle in radians for text. Mirror flag (0—no mirror, 1=YT mirror axis, 2—XT mirror

axis.)

Rotate internal text flag (0=text horizontal, l=text vertical)
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 11)

FORM NUMBER: 11 Connect Node

The purpose of the Connect Node is to imply a logical connection between one or more entities. In

the case of an electrical application, this logical connectivity would mean an electrical connection,

but the Connect Node has applicability in other applications such as piping.

The Connect Node is defined as a 2-class associativity with the second class undefined.

In accordance with the general rule of multiple-instanced entities, digits 5-6 of directory entry field 9

have the value 04, and class 1 consists of a pointer to the geometry representing the original location

of the Connect Node, followed by pointers to multiple instances, if these exist. Each of the geometry

entities is the Point Entity. In the case of a singly-instanced Connect Node, the point represents the

position of the Connect Node. In the case of a multiply-instanced Connect Node (*.e., a Connect

Node in a Subfigure Definition), the first point in the class represents the defining location (in the

Subfigure Definition), while the remaining points represent instance locations of the Connect Node.

The second class is intended to describe the properties of the Connect Node such as physical con- nection constraints. Its definition will be developed in the future when these requirements become

more clear.

The name of a Connect Node is found in its entity label. If the name is longer than 8 characters,

the entity label is blank, and the name is found in a Name Property attached to the entity. In the

case of multiply-instanced Connect Nodes, separate names can be attached to the instance points

by the same means.

DEFINITION

Index

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

Set Value Meaning

2 Two classes

Class 1 (Geometry Pointers)

1 Back pointers required

1 One item per entry

1 Pointer (to Point Entity)

Class 2 (Connection entities)

2 Back pointers not required

2 Unordered class

1 One item per entry

2 Item is value

443
APPENDIX 1.2 ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 402, FORM 11)

DESCRIPTION

Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 402

Form Number: 11

Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NC Integer Number of pointers (to points)

2 NP Integer Number of entries in second class

3 PT1 Pointer Pointer to defining point (original location)

4 PT2 Pointer Pointer to instance point (first instance)

NC+2

NC+3

PTNC

DTI

Pointer

Data

Pointer to last instance point (NC-1 instance)

First data entry

NC+NP+2 DTNP Data Last data entry

444
APPENDIX 1.3 PROPERTY ENTITY (TYPE 406, FORM 4)

1.3 Property Entity (Type 406)

(See Section 4.3.7 for additional details about this entity.)

FORM NUMBER: 4 Region Fill Property

DESCRIPTION

This property helps define the functional value of any closed region. It classifies the region as to its “filled” status. It will be used most often to identify which region-defining entities are defining a

functional region (or a gap in that region) and which have other purposes. The actual function of

the region will likely be determined in conjunction with level or subfigure membership.

Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 NP Integer

2 FC Integer

Description

Number of property values (NP=2)

Fill code:

0=solid fill l=unfill (i.e., a gap in solid fill) 2 —meshed fill

Use of Fill Code = 2 indicates that an associativity is used to

link the fill area with its fill mesh description. Using the associativity will allow the implementation of this obsolete method.

The recommended method of mesh fill is to use the Type 230

Sectioned Area Entity.

3 0 Pointer Obsolete. Note: a previous erroneous implementation of this

parameter was as a pointer to the DE of a Section Entity defining linear segments of meshed fill. This previous implementation would be indicated by a non-zero value.

445
APPENDIX 1.4 GENERAL NOTE FONT ZERO

1.4 General Note Font Zero

Font Zero is an obsolete symbol font for the General Note Entity (Type 212) and should not be

used. It is included here (see Figure II) for reference in processing files written in accordance with

Version 1.0 of the Specification.

446
APPENDIX 1.4 GENERAL NOTE FONT ZERO

0 X 30 A 60 0 110 H 140

\ 170 4

1 -F 31 a 61 1 in 1 141 Z 171 X

2 < 32 S 62 2 112 J 142 172 Y

3 > 33 A 63 3 113 K 143 Z7 173 {

4 A 34 7

T

64 4 114 L 144 174 I

5 Z 35 — 65 5 115 M 145 o 175 }

6 X 36 ± 66 6 116 N 146 // 176

7 — 37

e 67 7 117 0 147 /y 177 Z

10 40 70 8 120 P 150 /

11 I41 I 71 9 121 Q 151 -Er

12 D 42 11 72 122 R 152 &

13 V 43 # 73 » 123 S 153 rx

14 A 44 $ 74 < 124 T 154 ±

15 45 % 75 = 125 U 155 @

16 X 46 & 76 > 126 V 156 0

17 T 47

/ 77 ? 127 W 157 0

20 1 50 ( 100 0 130 W 160 ©

21 - 51 ) 101 A 131 Y 161 <L 22 <- 52 * 102 B 132 Z 162 O

23 <t> 53 + 103 C 133 [ 163 ©

24 0 54 t 104 D 134 \ 164

25 7 55 - 105 E 135 ] 165 ©

26 56 106 F 136

/V 166 A

27 UJ 57 / 107 G 137 - 167 <3>

Figure II. Obsolete General Note Font Zero

447
.

.

'
Appendix J. Untested Entities

J.l Introduction

This appendix contains extensions to Version 3.0 of this Specification [NBS86] which have been

approved by the IGES/PDES Organization but have not been sufficiently tested to be included in

the main body of the Specification. Implementors should be cautioned that the entities may not

work and may be significantly changed based on implementation experience.

When the IGES/PDES Organization deems that sufficient implementation experience has been

obtained on a specific extension, it will be moved to its appropriate place in the main body of the

Specification.

This appendix serves the same function as “gray pages” in other specifications.

The following entities or entity forms are included in this appendix:

Entity

Type Number Form Entity Type

0 0 Null

146 0-34 Nodal Results

148 0-34 Element Results

212 All General Note

(OCR-B Text Font)

(Drafting Font)

222 1 Radius Dimension (Multiple Leader)

228 1-3 General Symbol (Form Numbers)

322 0-2 Attribute Table Definition

422 0-1 Attribute Table Instance

406 18 Intercharacter Spacing Property

449
APPENDIX J.2 NULL ENTITY (TYPE 0)

J.2 Null Entity (Type 0)

The Null Entity (Type 0) is intended to be ignored by a processor. It may contain an arbitrary

amount of data in its PD data. When encountered by a processor, this entity should be skipped

over and not processed.

This entity is useful when editing a file. By changing the entity type number of an entity in a file to

0, one ensures that the entity will not be processed. Thus, the replacement of an entity in a file can

easily be done by adding the replacement entity to the end of the DE and PD Sections and changing

the replaced entity type number to 0. When editing a file to create a Null Entity, care should be taken to change both Entity Type Number

Fields in the DE Section, as well as the first field of the first PD line.
APPENDIX J.3 NODAL RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 148)

J.3 Nodal Results Entity (Type 146)

The number of analysis results data values per FEM node and their physical interpretation depends

upon specified values of the form number (TYPE) and NV (see Table Jl). Also, the node number

identifier is equivalent to the node number in the directory entry subscript field of the node entity.

J.3.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 146

Entity Label: Analysis Label (Optional)

Entity Subscript: Analysis Case Number (Required)

Form Number: TYPE

The value of TYPE (see Table Jl) indicates the physical interpretation of the finite element analysis

result data. For a specific TYPE of data, multiple values are positioned within the Parameter Data

record in the order in which they appear in the parenthetical expression in the description column

of the table.

J.3.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 GNOTE Pointer Pointer to a General Note that describes the analysis case. 2 SCN Integer Analysis Subcase number. If there is no subcase, then the value

of this parameter should be zero. 3 TIME Real Analysis time value used for this subcase. (This time value is not the time that the analysis was executed, nor does it have

anything to do with the amount of time that a computer took

to execute the job. It is the time at which transient analysis

results occur in the mathematical FEM model.)

4 NV Integer Number of real values in array V for a FEM node. (The value of

NV must agree with the form number specified in the Directory

Data, see Table Jl.)

5 NN Integer Number of FEM nodes for which data is to be read.

6 N0DE(1) Integer FEM node number identifier for first node.

7 NP(l) Pointer Pointer to FEM node Directory Entry.

8 V(i) Real Values of the finite element analysis result data array for the

first FEM node. There are NV data values in array V.

(loop over number of nodes, NN)

In subsequent index equations, let NNV — (NV+2)*(NN-1)

6+NNV NODE(NN) Integer FEM node number identifier for last node.

7+NNV NP(NN) Pointer Pointer to FEM node Directory Entry.

8+NNV V(i) Real Values of the finite element analysis result data array for the

last FEM node. There are NV data values in array V.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

451
APPENDIX J.3 NODAL RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 146)

Table Jl. Description of TYPE Numbers for the Nodal and Element Results Entities

Type NV Description

0 nv Unknown/Miscellaneous (The number of values, nv, is not predefined for

form type 0. The value of nv must always be positive.)

1 1 Temperature

2 1 Pressure

3 3 Total Displacement (xx, yy, zz - consistent with the Nodal Displacement

Coordinate System)

4 6 Total Displacement and Rotation (Dxx, Dyy, Dzz, Rxx, Ryy, Rzz - consistent with the Nodal Displacement Coordinate System)

5 3 Velocity

6 3 Velocity Gradient

7 3 Acceleration

8 3 Flux

9 3 Elemental Force

10 1 Strain Energy

11 1 Strain Energy Density

12 3 Reaction Force

13 1 Kinetic Energy

14 1 Kinetic Energy Density

15 3 Hydrostatic Pressure

16 1 Coefficient of Pressure

17 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Elastic Stress Tensor (xx, yy, xy)

18 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Total Stress Tensor (xx, yy, xy)

19 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Elastic Strain Tensor (xx, yy, xy)

20 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Plastic Strain Tensor (xx, yy, xy)

21 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Total Strain Tensor (xx, yy, xy)

22 3 Symmetric 2-Dimensional Thermal Strain (xx, yy, xy)

23 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Elastic Stress Tensor (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

24 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Total Stress Tensor (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

25 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Elastic Strain Tensor (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

26 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Plastic Strain Tensor (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

27 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Total Strain Tensor (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

28 6 Symmetric 3-Dimensional Thermal Strain (xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx)

29 9 General Elastic Stress Tensor (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

30 9 General Total Stress Tensor (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

31 9 General Elastic Strain Tensor (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

32 9 General Plastic Strain Tensor (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

33 9 General Total Strain Tensor (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

34 9 General Thermal Strain (xx, yx, zx, xy, yy, zy, xz, yz, zz)

452
APPENDIX J.4 ELEMENT RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 148)

J.4 Element Results Entity (Type 148)

The number of result data values depends upon: (1) NV, the number of results data values per

reporting location; (2) NRL, the number of result data reporting locations in a FEM element per

layer; and (3) NL, the number of layers in the FEM element. The physical interpretation and location

of the results data depends upon: (1) TYPE, the type of results data which is specified by using the

form number in the Directory Data section (see Table Jl); (2) RRF, the results reporting flag which

associates results data with FEM element location; and (3) DLF, the data layer flag which specifies

the FEM element layer location of the results data.

J.4.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 148

Entity Label: Analysis Label (Optional)

Entity Subscript: Analysis Case Number (Required)

Form Number: TYPE

The value of TYPE (see Table Jl) indicates the physical interpretation of the finite element analysis

result data. For a specific TYPE of data, multiple values are positioned within the Parameter Data

record in the order in which they appear in the parenthetical expression in the description column

of the table.

J.4. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type

1 GNOTE Pointer

2 SCN Integer

3 TIME Real

4 NV Integer

5 RRF Integer

6 NE Integer

7 EN(1) Integer

8 EP ( 1) Pointer

9 ITOP(l) Integer

Description

Pointer to a General Note that describes the analysis case. Analysis Subcase number. If there is no subcase, then the value

of this parameter should be zero. Analysis time value used for this subcase. (This time value is not the time that the analysis was executed, nor does it have

anything to do with the amount of time that a computer took

to execute the job. It is the time at which transient analysis

results occur in the mathematical model.)

Number of result values per FEM element reporting location.

(The value of NV must agree with the form number specified

in the Directory Data, see Table Jl.)

Results Reporting Flag. This flag is used to associate the data

with a FEM location. The following values are possible:

0 - Indicates that the results data pertains to the FEM ele- ment’s nodes.

1 - Indicates that the results data pertains to the FEM ele- ment’s centroid.

2 - Indicates that the results data is constant on all faces

and throughout the entire volume of the FEM element.

3 - Indicates that the results data pertains to the FEM ele- ment’s Gauss points (reserved for future definition).

Number of FEM elements defined in this entity.

FEM element number identifier for first element.

Pointer to FEM element Directory Entry.

Element Topology type of first FEM element.

453
APPENDIX J.4 ELEMENT RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 148)

10

11

12

13

13+NRL

14+NRL

NL( 1

)

DLF(l)

NRL(l)

RDRL(I)

NUMV(l)

VCJ.K.L)

Integer Number of layers per result data report location. This parameter along with the form number indicates the total number of

result values to be read for a particular FEM element.

Integer Data Layer Flag. This flag indicates other information neces- sary to interpret the actual layer position of the data. Five

values are possible. They are: 0 - Indicates that a layer is not special. (NL must be 1 for

this case.)

1 - Indicates the layer is the top surface of a FEM plate

element. (NL must be 1 for this case.)

2 - Indicates the layer is the middle surface of a FEM plate

element. (NL must be 1 for this case.)

3 - Indicates the layer is the bottom surface of a FEM plate

element. (NL must be 1 for this case.)

4 - Indicates the layers are an ordered set of values from the

top to the bottom surface of a FEM element. There are NL individual layers.

Integer Number of result data report locations for first FEM element.

Integers The result data report locations for the FEM element. The

values of RDRL depends on the results reporting flag, RRF. If RRF is: 0 - These are the node numbers for this FEM element at

which result values are reported. There are NRL of them.

1 - This is FEM element centroidal results data. NRL should

be 1 and this value should be zero. 2 - This is FEM element constant results data. NRL should

be 1 and this value should be zero. 3 - These are a topologically ordered list of gauss points (reserved for future definition).

There are NRL values for RDRL.

Integer This value represents the total number of results contained in

the following V array. It is the product of NV, NL, and NRL

for this FEM element; i.e., for FEM element number one. NUMV(l) = NV*NL(1)*NRL(1)

Reals The result data values of the FEM analysis for the first FEM

element. The result data values are arranged in column major

order; i.e., the leftmost subscript changes most rapidly. The

subscripts are: (1) J is the value number that is incremented

from 1 to NV (see Table J 1 ) ; (2) K is the layer number that

is incremented from 1 to NL(I); and (3) L is the results data

report location index that is incremented from 1 to NRL(I).

(The subscript I indicates that these values are dependent upon

a particular FEM element.) The loop through the V array is done by using the following FORTRAN code fragment.

DO 10 L = 1, NRL(I)

DO 20 K = 1, NL(I)

DO 30 J = 1, NV

READ(unit,*) V(J,K,L)

30 CONTINUE

20 CONTINUE

10 CONTINUE

454
APPENDIX J.4 ELEMENT RESULTS ENTITY (TYPE 148)

There are NUMV values for array V.

(loop over number of elements)

In subsequent index equations, let NLS = ^(7+(NL*NV+l)*NRL(I)); where I = 1 to NE-1

and NE represents the number of elements. Also, let NLSE = NLS + NRL(NE).

7+NLS EN(NE) Integer

8+NLS EP(NE) Pointer

9+NLS ITOP(NE) Integer

10+NLS NL(NE) Integer

11+NLS DLF(NE) Integer

12+NLS NRL(NE) Integer

13+NLS RDRL(I) Integers

13+NLSE NUMV(NE) Integer

14+NLSE V(J,K,L) Reals

FEM element number identifier for last element.

Pointer to FEM element Directory Entry.

Element Topology type of last FEM element.

Number of layers per result data report location for last FEM

element.

Data Layer Flag of last FEM element.

Number of result data report locations for the last FEM ele- ment.

The result data location list for the last FEM element.

This value represents the total number of results contained in

the V array for the last FEM element.

The result data values of the FEM element analysis for the last

FEM element.

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

455
APPENDIX J.5 ADDITIONAL GENERAL NOTE FONTS

J.5 Additional General Note Fonts

Two additional fonts—Font 19 (OCR-B) and Font 1003 (Drafting Font)—axe defined for use by the

General Note Entity (Type 212). See Section 4.2.9 for more detail.

Font 19 (OCR-B) [ISO1073] is defined in Figure Jl.

Font 1003 (Drafting Font) is defined in Figure J2 and Table J2.

BL 0 0 <D 0 p P

< \ P p

i

! 1 1 A A Q Q a a q q

If

tt 2 2 B B R R b b r r

# # 3 3 C C S S c c s s

$ $ 4 4 D D T T d d t t % 5 5 E E U U e e u u

& & 6 6 F F V V f f V V

) / 7 7 G G W W g g

w w

( ( 8 8 H H X X h h X X

) ) 9 9 I I Y Y i i y y

* * : J J Z Z j j z z

+ + l 9 K K [

[ k k { {

> 9 < < L L \ \ 1 1

1

1

- - - = M M ] ] m m } }

• • > > N N

- A n n

-

/ /

? ? 0 0 - - 0 o

Figure Jl. General Note Font 19 (OCR-B)

456
APPENDIX J,5 ADDITIONAL GENERAL NOTE FONTS

BL 0 0 © Q p p

( ± P ©

i

1 1 1 A A Q Q a z q <L

It FF 2 2 B B R R b r ©

# # 3 3 C C S S c o s ©

$ $ 4 4 D D T T d t U

*/. % 5 5 E E U U e o u —

& & 6 6 F F V V f // V i i

) / 7 7 G G w w g w V

( ( 8 8 H H X X h X T

) ) 9 9 I I Y Y i -E- y

* * • J J z Z j z z

+ + > F K K [

[ k r\ { {

> F < < L L \ \ 1 © 1 1

- - = = M M ]

i m © } }

• > > N N

- — n 0

- o

/ /

? 7 0 0 - - 0

Figure J2. General Note Font 1003 (Drafting Font)

457
APPENDIX J.5 ADDITIONAL GENERAL NOTE FONTS

Table J2. Character Names for the Drafting Font

Name Symbol

Fontf

1003

Space 32

Exclamation mark ! 33

Quotation marks H 34

Pound sign # 35

Dollar sign $ 36

Percent sign % 37

Ampersand Sz 38

Apostrophe ) 39

Left parenthesis ( 40

Right parenthesis ) 41

Asterisk * 42

Plus sign + 43

Comma 44

Minus sign/hyphen - 45

Period 46

Slash / 47

Numeric 0 0 48

Numeric 1 1 49

Numeric 2 2 50

Numeric 3 3 51

Numeric 4 4 52

Numeric 5 5 53

Numeric 6 6 54

Numeric 7 7 55

Numeric 8 8 56

Numeric 9 9 57

Colon 58

Semi-colon 5 59

Less than < 60

Equal sign 61

Greater than > 62

Question mark ? 63

Commercial at @ 64

Upper case letter A A 65

Upper case letter B B 66

Upper case letter C C 67

Upper case letter D D 68

Upper case letter E E 69

Upper case letter F F 70

Upper case letter G G 71

Upper case letter H II 72

Upper case letter I I 73

Upper case letter J J 74

fEntries are decimal ASCII equivalent

458
APPENDIX J.5 ADDITIONAL GENERAL NOTE FONTS

Table J2. Character Names for the Drafting Font (continued)

Name Symbol

Fontf

1003

Upper case letter K K 75

Upper case letter L L 76

Upper case letter M M 77

Upper case letter N N 78

Upper case letter 0 0 79

Upper case letter P P 80

Upper case letter Q Q 81

Upper case letter R R 82

Upper case letter S S 83

Upper case letter T T 84

Upper case letter U U 85

Upper case letter V V 86

Upper case letter W w 87

Upper case letter X X 88

Upper case letter Y Y 89

Upper case letter Z Z 90

Left bracket [ 91

Backward slash \ 92

Right bracket ] 93

Arc length — 94

Underscore 95

Plus/minus ± 96

Angularity Z 97

Perpendicularity _L 98

Flatness D 99

Profile of a surface Oh 100

Circularity o 101

Parallelism // 102

Cylindricity 103

Runout / 104

Symmetry 105

Position 106

Profile of a line 107

Least material condition © 108

Maximum material condition © 109

Diameter 0 110

Square 111

Projected tolerance zone ® 112

Centerline <L 113

Concentricity © 114

Regardless of feature side © 115

fEntries are decimal ASCII equivalent

459
APPENDIX J.5 ADDITIONAL GENERAL NOTE FONTS

Table J2. Character Names for the Drafting Font (continued)

Name Symbol

Fontf

1003

Total runout u 116

Straightness — 117

Counterbore L_J 118

Countersink V 119

Depth T 120

Conical taper 121

Slope 122

Left brace { 123

Vertical bar i 124

Right brace } 125

Degree symbol o 126

(Entries are decimal ASCII equivalent
APPENDIX J.6 RADIUS DIMENSION ENTITY (TYPE 222. FORM 1)

J.6 Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222, Form 1)

This second form of the existing Radius Dimension Entity (Type 222) accounts for the occasional

need to have two Leader (Arrow) Entities referenced. An example is shown in Figure J3. See

Section 4.2.14 for more detail.

J.6.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 222

Form Number: 1 Multiple Leader Format

J.6. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 DENOTE Pointer Pointer to General Note Directory Entry

2 DEARRW1 Pointer Pointer to first Leader (Arrow) Directory Entry;

the arrow head should touch the arc

3 XT Real Arc center coordinates

4 YT Real

5 DEARRW2 Pointer Pointer to second Leader (Arrow) Directory Entry or zero

Additional pointers as required ( see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

Figure J3. Example Defined Using the Radius Dimension Entity

461
APPENDIX J.7 GENERAL SYMBOL ENTITY (TYPE 228, FORMS 1,2,3)

J.7 General Symbol Entity (Type 228, Forms 1,2,3)

Three additional forms—Form Numbers 1,2, and 3of the General Symbol Entity are defined below.

See Section 4.2.16 for more detail.

Form Meaning (see [ANSI82])

0 General Symbol - Originated as a symbol which was not necessarily a standard

symbol.

1 Datum Feature Symbol - the included data originated as a datum feature symbol

consisting of a frame containing the datum identifying letter preceded and followed

by a dash. The identifying letter is a letter of the alphabet (except I, 0, and Q).

Where datum features are so numerous as to exhaust the single alpha series, the

double alpha series is used - AA through AZ, BA through BZ, etc. 2 Datum Target Symbol - The included data originated as a datum target symbol

consisting of a circle divided horizontally into two halves. The lower half contains

a letter identifying the associated datum, followed by the target number assigned

sequentially starting with one for each datum. Where the target is an area, the area

size may be entered into the upper half of the symbol; otherwise, the upper half is blank. A radial line attached to the symbol is directed to the target point, line, or

area, as applicable.

3 Feature Control Frame - The included data originated as a feature control frame

consisting of a frame divided into compartments containing the geometric characteristic symbol followed by the tolerance. The tolerance may be preceded by a diameter symbol or followed by a material condition symbol.

462
APPENDIX J.8 ATTRIBUTE TABLE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 322)

J.8 Attribute Table Definition Entity (Type 322)

The Attribute Table Definition Entity is designed to support the concept of a well-defined collection

of attributes (Section 2.5.8), whether it is a table or a single row of attributes. The entity provides a template for the instance of attribute tables (see Section J.9), or for the combination of template

and instance (see Section J.8. 2 and Section J.8. 3). The entity includes a table name (NAME), and

for each attribute, an attribute type (AT), data type (AVDT), and a count (AVC).

Definitions. The following definitions and abbreviations are used in the entity description.

Attribute List Type (ALT). The designated attribute list contains the names (or descriptors) of

each attribute type appearing in the attribute table. Within each attribute list the integer numbers

representing the attributes must be unique. As an aid to implementors and users, the attribute

list also may contain useful supporting information such as suggested units, suggested data types, a footnote for reference, or a range of acceptable values.

Value Designated List

0 See Property Entity Form 15 for the name

of the specific engineering standard

that defines the attribute list

1 General attribute list 2 Electrical attribute list (see Table J3)

3 AEC attribute list (see Table J4)

4 Process plant attribute list (see Table J5)

5-5000 other application areas 5001-9999 user defined lists

Attribute Type (AT). Each integer number designates an attribute type defined in the designated

attribute list. The number must exist in the list. Attribute Value Data Type (AVDT). Each attribute has one or more associated value types

which may be presented in this entity using one of the following data type indicators (there is no

default - a value must be specified):

Value Data Type

0 No value

1 Integer

2 Real

3 Character string

4 Pointer

5 Not used

6 Logical

Note that these are the same types and are in the same order as the constants described in Section 2.2.2.

Attribute Value Count (AVC). The number of values (Form=0,l) or pairs of values and pointers

(Form=2) which follow. The default count is 1. A count of zero implies that values exist and will

be recorded at some future time but are currently unknown. In this special case, no values or pairs

of values and pointers are required.

Attribute Value (AV). Each attribute contains zero, one or more values as counted by the AVC

field. Each AV is specified in the data type field indicated by the current AVDT.

463
APPENDIX J.8 ATTRIBUTE TABLE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 322)

Attribute Value Pointer (AVP). A pointer to a Text Display Template Entity (Type 312) can

be associated with each AV. If the pointer contains a non-null value, the AV is displayed by the Text

Display Template at either the absolute location given (Form 0), or by combining the increment given

(Form 1) with the location of the parent entity (to which this entity is attached, if it is dependent).

J.8.1 Attribute Table Definition (Form 0). This form of the entity is for the definition only

of a group of attributes (name, type, and count). It is to be used for the one-to-many case where

there will be many instances of a single attribute table definition (the file will contain one or more

attribute table instance entities referencing the Attribute Table Definition Entity).

J.8. 1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 322

Form Number: 0

J.8. 1.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NAME String Attribute Table name, or comment (default = blank, no name

2 ALT Integer Attribute list type

3 NA Integer Number of attributes

(first attribute definition)

4 AT(1) Integer First attribute type

5 AVDT(l) Integer First attribute value data type

6 AVC(l) Integer First attribute value count

Let M = 3*NA

(last attribute definition)

M+l AT(NA) Integer Last attribute type

M+2 AVDT(NA) Integer Last attribute value data type

M+3 AVC(NA) Integer Last attribute value count

)

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

464
APPENDIX J.8 ATTRIBUTE TABLE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 322)

J.8. 2 Attribute Table Definition (Form 1). This form of the entity is to be used for the one- to-one case where there will be few, or only one, instance of the group of attributes (the attribute

values will follow immediately after the attribute definition).

J.8. 2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 322

Form Number: 1

J.8. 2. 1.1 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NAME String Attribute Table name, or comment

(default=blank, no name)

2 ALT Integer Attribute list type

3 NA Integer Number of attributes

(first attribute definition and val ues)

4 AT(1) Integer First attribute type

5 AVDT(l) Integer First attribute value data type

6 AVC(l) Integer First attribute value count

7 AV(1,1) Variable First attribute value

6+AVC(l) AV(1,AVC(1)) Variable Last attribute value

Let M = 3*NA + AVC(l) + ••• + AVC(NA-l)

(last attribute definition and values)

M+l AT(NA) Integer Last attribute type

M+2 AVDT(NA) Integer Last attribute value data type

M+3 AVC(NA) Integer Last attribute value count

M+4 AV(NA.l) Variable First attribute value

M+4+AVC(NA) AV(NA , AVC(NA)

)

Variable Last attribute value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

465
APPENDIX J.8 ATTRIBUTE TABLE DEFINITION ENTITY (TYPE 322)

J.8.3 Attribute Table Definition (Form 2). This form is similar to Form 1 with the addition

of a pointer to a Text Display Template Entity following each attribute value.

J.8.3. 1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 322

Form Number: 2

J.8. 3. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

1 NAME String Attribute Table name, or comment

(default=blank, no name)

2 ALT Integer Attribute list type

3 NA Integer Number of attributes

(first attribute definition)

4 AT( 1) Integer First attribute type

5 AVDT(l) Integer First attribute value data type

6 AVC(l) Integer First attribute value count

7 AV(1,1) Variable First attribute value

8 AVP(1 ,1) Pointer Pointer to Text Display Template

6+AVC( 1) AV(1 , AVC(l)) Variable Last attribute value

7+AVC ( 1

)

AVP( 1 , AVC(l)

)

Variable Pointer to Text Display Template

Let M = 3*NA + 2*(AVC(1) + ••• + AVC(NA-l))

(last attribute definition)

M+l AT(NA) Integer Last attribute type

M+2 AVDT(NA) Integer Last attribute value data type

M+3 AVC(NA) Integer Last attribute value count

M+4 AV(NA , 1

)

Variable First attribute value

M+5 AVP(NA, 1) Pointer Pointer to Text Display Template

M+4+AVC (NA) AV(NA , AVC(NA)

)

Variable Last attribute value

M+5+AVC(NA) AVP(NA, AVC(NA)) Variable Pointer to Text Display Template

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

466
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

J.9 Attribute Table Instance Entity (Type 422)

Each occurrence of an Attribute Table (Type 322, Form 0) is represented by an Attribute Table

Instance Entity (Type 422). Directory Entry Field 3 (Structure) of each instance contains a negated

pointer to the Directory Entry of its corresponding Attribute Table Definition Entity. All forms of

this entity may be independent (not necessarily attached to another entity), or dependent (“pointed

at” by other entities as a property would be) See Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2 for more details.

3.9.1 Attribute Table Instance (Form 0). This form of the entity is for a an instance of a

single row or tuple.

J.9. 1.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 422

Form Number: 0

J.9. 1.2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

(first attribute instance)

1 AV(1 , 1) Variable First attribute value

2 AV(l ,2) Variable Second attribute value

AVC(l) AV( 1 , AVC(l)

)

Variable Last attribute value

Let M = AVC(l) + ••• + AVC(NA-l)

(last attribute instance)

M+l AV(NA I 1) Variable First attribute value

M+2 AV(NA , 2) Variable Second attribute value

M+AVC(NA) AV(NA , AVC(NA)

)

Variable Last attribute value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2.4. 4. 2).

467
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

J.9.2 Attribute Table Instance (Form 1). This form of the entity is for a table of attributes

in row-major order; that is, the values for the first attribute through the last attribute for the first row are followed by the values for the first attribute through the last attribute for the second row,

etc.

J.9. 2.1 Directory Data

Entity Type Number: 422

Form Number: 1

J.9. 2. 2 Parameter Data

Index Name Type Description

(attributes, first row , first column)

1 NR Integer Number of rows

2 AV(1,1,1) Variable First attribute value

3 AV( 1 , 1 » 2) Variable Second attribute value

1+AVC(1) AV(1,1,AVC(1)) Variable Last attribute value

Let M = 1+ AVC(l) + ••• + AVC (NA--D)

(attributes, first row , last column)

M+l AV(1 ,NA, 1) Variable First attribute value

M+2 AV( 1 , NA , 2) Variable Second attribute value

M+AVC (NA) AV( 1 , NA , AVC(NA)

)

Variable Last attribute value

Let M = 1 + NR* (AVC (1) + ••• + AVC(NA) ) - AVC(NA)

(attributes, last row., last column)

M+l AV(NR ,NA , 1

)

Variable First attribute value

M+2 AV(NR ,NA , 2) Variable Second attribute value

M+AVC (NA) AV(NR,NA,AVC(NA)) Variable Last attribute value

Additional pointers as required (see Section 2. 2. 4.4. 2).

468
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

1 Access time, memory second Real [IEEE84]

2 Accuracy (percent of full scale) Real [IEEE84]

3 Ambient air temperature T C Real [MIL195]

4 Amplification A Real [IEEE84]

5 Amplification Factor Aj Real [IEEE84]

6 Angle (of a waveform) degree Real [IEEE84]

7 Anode voltage Va volt Real [IEEE84]

8 Async. input pulse width, minimum Apw second Real [MIL133]

9 Automatic gain control AGC Real [MIL133]

10 Average forward-current rating ampere Real [MIL 195]

11 Average gate power dissipation wgpd watt Real [MIL195]

12 Average gate-power-dissipation rating watt Real [MIL195]

13 Backlash degree Real [IEEE84]

14 Bandwidth BW hertz Real [MIL133]

15 Base resistance Rb ohm Real [IEEE84]

16 Base current Ib ampere Real [MIL 195]

17 Base current, instantaneous total 1b ampere Real [MIL195]

18 Base spreading resistance n ohm Real [MIL195]

19 Base supply voltage Vbb volt Real [MIL195]

20 Base to emitter voltage Vb volt Real [MIL195]

21 Board thickness inch Real [IPCT85]

22 Breakdown voltage Vbr volt Real [MIL 133]

23 Capacitance C farad Real [IEEE84]

24 Carrier frequency C, hertz Real [IEEE84]

25 Case temperature Tc C Real [MIL195]

26 Cathode current Ic ampere Real [IEEE84]

27 Circuit commutated turn-off time second Real [MIL 195]

28 Clearance inch Real [IEEE84]

29 Clock level transition time ire second Real [MIL 133]

30 Clock pulse width, minimum Cpw second Real [MIL 133]

31 Clock repetition rate Crr hertz Real [MIL133]

32 Collector current Ic ampere Real [MIL195]

33 Collector current, instantaneous total ic ampere Real [MIL 195]

34 Collector cut-off current IcEX ampere Real [MIL133]

35 Collector efficiency (percent) Real [MIL195]

36 Collector power dissipation Pc watt Real [MIL195]

37 Collector to base voltage VcB volt Real [MIL195]

38 Collector to emitter voltage VcE volt Real [MIL195]

39 Common-mode input voltage VlCR volt Real [MIL133]

40 Common-mode output voltage Voc volt Real [MIL 133]

469
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

41 Common-mode rejection ratio Cmrr Real [MIL133]

42 Common-mode voltage amplification Avc Real [MIL133]

43 Conductance G siemens Real [IEEE84]

44 Conductor spacing inch Real [IPCT85]

45 Conductor width inch Real [IPCT85]

46 Conversion efficiency (percent) Real [MIL195]

47 Conversion time, analog-to-digital second Real [IEEE84]

48 Coupling coefficient Real [IEEE84]

49 Critical anode voltage volt Real [IEEE84]

50 Current I ampere Real [IEEE84]

51 Current capacity Ic ampere Real [IEEE84]

52 Current limit h ampere Real [IEEE84]

53 Current rating Ir ampere Real [IEEE84]

54 Cut-off grid voltage Vgc(off) volt Real [IEEE84]

55 Cutoff current Ic ampere Real [MIL195]

56 Data rate hertz Real [IEEE84]

57 Delay time id second Real [MIL 195]

58 Dielectric constant I< Real [IEEE84]

59 Dielectric strength volt/inch Real [IEEE84]

60 Differential control voltage volt Real [IEEE84]

61 Differential input impedance Zid ohm Real [MIL133]

62 Differential output impedance Z0d ohm Real [MIL 133]

63 Differential output voltage volt Real [IEEE84]

64 Differential voltage amplification Ayd Real [MIL133]

65 Distortion (percent) Real [IEEE84]

66 Drain currrent Id ampere Real [MIL 195]

67 Drain cutoff current off ) ampere Real [MIL195]

68 Drain supply voltage Vdd volt Real [MIL195]

69 Drain to gate voltage Vdg volt Real [MIL 195]

70 Drain to source voltage Vds volt Real [MIL195]

71 Drain to substrate voltage Vd* volt Real [MIL195]

72 Drift (percent of full scale) Real [IEEE84]

73 Driving point impedance zdp ohm Real [IEEE84]

74 Dynamic impedance Zd ohm Real [MIL195]

75 Efficiency (percent) Real [IEEE84]

76 Emission current It ampere Real [IEEE84]

77 Emission efficiency (percent) Real [IEEE84]

78 Emitter current Ie ampere Real [MIL195]

79 Emitter current, instantaneous total iis ampere Real [MIL195]

80 Emitter supply voltage Vee volt Real [MIL195]

470
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

81 Emitter to base voltage Veb volt Real [MIL 195]

82 Emitter to collector voltage Vec volt Real [MIL195]

83 External base resistance Rb ohm Real [MIL 195]

84 External collector resistance Rc ohm Real [MIL195]

85 External emitter resistance Re ohm Real [MIL 195]

86 Extrapolated unity gain frequency fr hertz Real [MIL195]

87 Failure rate Real [IEEE84]

88 Fall time l ! second Real [MIL 195]

89 Field emission [IEEE84]

90 Figure of merit [IEEE84]

91 Filament voltage Vf volt Real [IEEE84]

92 Floating potential Vfp volt Real [MIL 195]

93 Forward blocking voltage Vfbo volt Real [MIL 195]

94 Forward breakover current Ifbr ampere Real [MIL195]

95 Forward breakover voltage Vfbr volt Real [MIL 195]

96 Forward current If ampere Real [MIL 195]

97 Forward current, overload If(ov) ampere Real [MIL 195]

98 Forward current, surge peak Ifsm ampere Real [MIL195]

99 Forward gate current Igf ampere Real [MIL 195]

100 Forward gate-to-source breakdown voltage Vfbrgs volt Real [MIL195]

101 Forward gate-to-source voltage Vfgs volt Real [MIL 195]

102 Forward power dissipation Pf watt Real [MIL 195]

103 Forward recovery time t fr second Real [MIL195]

104 Forward voltage Vf volt Real [MIL195]

105 Frequency F hertz Real [IEEE84]

106 Gain Real [IEEE84]

107 Gate controlled turn-off time ^Sc(off) second Real [MIL 195]

108 Gate current Ig ampere Real [MIL 195]

109 Gate supply voltage Vgg volt Real [MIL195]

110 Gate to source voltage Vgs volt Real [MIL195]

111 Gate trigger current ampere Real [MIL 195]

112 Gate trigger voltage Vgt volt Real [MIL195]

113 Gate turn-off current IgKoff) ampere Real [MIL195]

114 Gate turn-off voltage Vgt(off) volt Real [MIL 195]

115 Gate voltage v9 volt Real [MIL195]

116 Gate-to-source cutoff voltage Vgs (of f) volt Real [MIL 195]

117 Gate-to-source threshold voltage Vgst volt Real [MIL 195]

118 Gate-to-source voltage Vgs volt Real [MIL195]

119 Grid control ratio Real [IEEE84]

120 Grid current hampere Real [IEEE84]

471
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

121 Grid voltage K volt Real [IEEE84]

122 High clock level VcH volt Real [MIL133]

123 High level input current IlH ampere Real [MIL133]

124 High level node input current IlNH ampere Real [MIL 133]

125 High level node input voltage VlNH volt Real [MIL 133]

126 High level output current IoH ampere Real [MIL133]

127 High level output voltage V(DH volt Real [MIL133]

128 High level supply current drain ICCH ampere Real [MIL133]

129 Holding current Ih ampere Real [MIL195]

130 Impedance Z ohm Real [IEEE84]

131 Incremental resistance Rinc ohm Real [IEEE84]

132 Inductance L henry Real [IEEE84]

133 Input bias current IlB ampere Real [MIL 133]

134 Input bias current temp, sensitivity IlB/T amp/deg C Real [MIL133]

135 Input impedance Zi ohm Real [IEEE84]

136 Input offset current ho ampere Real [MIL133]

137 Input offset current temp, sensitivity ho/r amp/deg C Real [MIL133]

138 Input offset voltage Vio volt Real [MIL133]

139 Input offset voltage temp, sensitivity Vio/t volt/deg C Real [MIL133]

140 Input signals timing relationships Itr Real [MIL133]

141 Insulation resistance Ri ohm Real [IEEE84]

142 Interelectrode capacitance ClE farad Real [IEEE84]

143 Interrupting current Ii ampere Real [IEEE84]

144 Ionization time second Real [IEEE84]

145 Junction temperature Tj deg C Real [MIL 195]

146 Knee impedance zk ohm Real [MIL195]

147 Knee voltage VK volt Real [MIL195]

148 Latching current h ampere Real [MIL 195]

149 Leakage current hk ampere Real [IEEE84]

150 Limiting current II ampere Real [MIL195]

151 Limiting voltage Vl volt Real [MIL195]

152 Load immittance Real [MIL195]

153 Logic level high H Real [IEEE84]

154 Logic level low L Real [IEEE84]

155 Low clock level Vcl volt Real [MIL133]

156 Low level input current IlL ampere Real [MIL133]

157 Low level node input current IlNL ampere Real [MIL133]

158 Low level node input voltage VlNL volt Real [MIL133]

159 Low level output current IoL ampere Real [MIL 133]

160 Low level output voltage VOL volt Real [MIL133]

472
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

161 Low level supply current drain IcCL ampere Real [MIL133]

162 Luminous energy Cd Real [MIL195]

163 Material String [IEEE84]

164 Maximum frequency of oscillation fmax hertz Real [MIL 195]

165 Maximum surge current, nonrepetitive Ismax ampere Real [MIL 195]

166 Max. surge-current rating, non-repetitive ampere Real [MIL195]

167 Minimum on- voltage Irain volt Real [MIL195]

168 Mode of operation String [IEEE84]

169 Moisture-resistant Logical [IEEE84]

170 Mutual impedance Zm ohm Real [IEEE84]

171 Mutual conductance Gm siemens Real [IEEE84]

172 N-channel field-effect transistor Nj et Real [MIL 195]

173 Negative logic Logical [IEEE84]

174 Noise figure nf dB Real [MIL 133]

175 Noise margin VN volt Real [MIL133]

176 Noise temperature Tn deg C Real [MIL195]

177 Nonlinearity (percent of full scale) Real [IEEE84]

178 Nonrepetitive peak off-state voltage Vdsm volt Real [MIL195]

179 Nonrepetitive peak reverse current Irsm ampere Real [MIL 195]

180 Nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage Vrsm volt Real [MIL195]

181 Off-state current Id ampere Real [MIL195]

182 Off-state voltage Vd volt Real [MIL 195]

183 Offset error (percent of full range) Real [IEEE84]

184 On-state current It ampere Real [MIL195]

185 On-state drain current ID(on) ampere Real [MIL195]

186 On-state drain-to-source voltage VDS(on) volt Real [MIL195]

187 On-state voltage Vt volt Real [MIL195]

188 Open loop gain Ay Real [IEEE84]

189 Operating temperature Top deg C Real [MIL195]

190 Operator (the person’s name or initials) String [IEEE84]

191 Orientation String [IEEE84]

192 Output impedance Z0 ohm Real [IEEE84]

193 Output leakage current high iozh ampere Real [IEEE84]

194 Output current ampere Real [IEEE84]

195 Output frequency F0 hertz Real [IEEE84]

196 Output frequency high F0h hertz Real [IEEE84]

197 Output frequency low F0i hertz Real [IEEE84]

198 Output leakage current low iozi ampere Real [IEEE84]

199 Output offset voltage Voo volt Real [MIL133]

200 Output polarity String [IEEE84]

473
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

201 Output pulse duration Up second Real [IEEE84]

202 Output pulse duration high Up/» second Real [IEEE84]

203 Output pulse duration low Up/ second Real [IEEE84]

204 Output short, circuit current los ampere Real [MIL 133]

205 Output swing bandwidth, maximum Bom hertz Real [MIL133]

206 Output type String [IEEE84]

207 Output voltage Vo volt Real [IEEE84]

208 Output voltage high Voh volt Real [IEEE84]

209 Output voltage low Vo, volt Real [IEEE84]

210 Output voltage regulation Real [IEEE84]

((high-low)/nominal, percent)

211 Output voltage sensitivity to temperature (degC)- 1 Real [IEEE84]

212 Output voltage swing, maximum Vopp volt Real [MIL133]

213 Outputs String [IEEE84]

214 Over-voltage sense String [IEEE84]

215 Overall average noise figure Nf oa Real [MIL195]

216 Overload recovery time Ur second Real [MIL133]

217 P-channel field-effect transistor Pfet Real [MIL 195]

218 Parallel entry String [IEEE84]

219 Parametric electrical test required Logical [IEEE84]

220 Peak current rating ampere Real [1EEE84]

221 Peak forward-blocking voltage rating volt Real [MIL195]

222 Peak forward-current rating, repetitive volt Real [MIL195]

223 Peak forward-voltage rating volt Real [MIL 195]

224 Peak gate current Igp ampere Real [MIL 195]

225 Peak gate power dissipation Wgp watt Real [MIL195]

226 Peak gate voltage Vqp volt Real [MIL195]

227 Peak gate-current rating ampere Real [MIL195]

228 Peak gate-power-dissipation rating watt Real [MIL195]

229 Peak gate-voltage rating volt Real [MIL195]

230 Peak repetitive on-state current h ampere Real [MIL195]

231 Phase margin degree Real [MIL133]

232 Phase shift <U degree Real [IEEE84]

233 Photoelectric current h ampere Real [IEEE84]

234 Pin size inch Real [IEEE84]

235 Plate efficiency (percent) Real [IEEE84]

236 Polarity String [IEEE84]

237 Polarity on stud String [IEEE84]

238 Positive logic Logical [IEEE84]

239 Power w watt Real [IEEE84]

240 Power dissipation Pd watt Real [MIL 133]

474
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ibef.

241 Power gain GP dB Real [MIL133]

242 Power per diode WD watt Real [IEEE84]

243 Power rating watt Real [IEEE84]

244 Power supply high wsh volt Real [IEEE84]

245 Power supply low wsl volt Real [IEEE84]

246 Power supply rejection ratio PSRR Real [MIL133]

247 Procurement spec # 1 MIL-M-38510/xxx String [IEEE84]

248 Procurement spec # 2 desc xxxxx String [IEEE84]

249 Programmable Logical [IEEE84]

250 Programmable gain Real [IEEE84]

251 Propagation delay time second Real [IEEE84]

252 Propagation delay time, high to low level tpHL second Real [MIL133]

253 Propagation delay time, low to high level tpLH second Real [MIL 133]

254 Propagation delay to output high tpdh second Real [IEEE84]

255 Propagation delay to output low tpdl second Real [IEEE84]

256 Protocol String [IEEE84]

257 Pulse storage time tps second Real [MIL 195]

258 Pulse time tp second Real [MIL195]

259 Pulse width iw second Real [IEEE84]

260 Quiescent input voltage Vj volt Real [MIL 133]

261 Quiescent output voltage Vo volt Real [MIL133]

262 Radiant energy Ju> joule Real [MIL195]

263 Radiation hardened Logical [IEEE84]

264 Reach-through voltage volt Real [MIL 195]

265 Reactance X ohm Real [IEEE84]

266 Receiver input impedance Zi ohm Real [IEEE84]

267 Rectification efficiency (percent) Real [MIL195]

268 Rectified voltage Vrect volt Real [IEEE84]

269 Register number String [IEEE84]

270 Register types String [IEEE84]

271 Regulator current Is ampere Real [MIL 195]

272 Regulator voltage Vs volt Real [MIL195]

273 Regulator impedance Zs ohm Real [MIL195]

274 Repetitive peak reverse voltage Vrrm volt Real [MIL195]

275 Repetitive peak off-state current Idrm ampere Real [MIL195]

276 Repetitive peak off-state voltage Vdrm volt Real [MIL 195]

277 Repetitive peak on-state current Itrm ampere Real [MIL 195]

278 Repetitive peak reverse voltage Vrrm volt Real [MIL 195]

279 Repetitive peak-reverse voltage rating volt Real [MIL 195]

280 Resettable Logical [IEEE84]

475
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

281 Resistance R ohm Real [IEEE84]

282 Resistance tolerance, high (percent) Real [IEEE84]

283 Resistance tolerance, low (percent) Real [IEEE84]

284 Resistance value (measured) ohm Real [IEEE84]

285 Resistivity (in ohms/square) Q ohm Real [IEEE84]

286 Resistor construction class String [IEEE84]

287 Resolution in bits Integer [IEEE84]

288 Response time U second Real [IEEE84]

289 Resultant carry String [IEEE84]

290 Reverse blocking current Irbo ampere Real [MIL195]

291 Reverse breakdown current Rb ampere Real [MIL195]

292 Reverse breakdown voltage Vrb volt Real [MIL195]

293 Reverse current Ir ampere Real [MIL 195]

294 Reverse current, repetitive peak Irrm ampere Real [MIL 195]

295 Reverse current, surge peak Irsm ampere Real [MIL 195]

296 Reverse gate current Igr ampere Real [MIL195]

297 Reverse gate-to-source voltage VsG volt Real [MIL 195]

298 Reverse power dissipation Pr watt Real [MIL 195]

299 Reverse recovery current IrM(REC) ampere Real [MIL195]

300 Reverse recovery time t rr second Real [MIL 195]

301 Reverse voltage Vr volt Real [MIL195]

302 Rise time t r second Real [MIL195]

303 Saturation current Rat ampere Real [IEEE84]

304 Saturation resistance Rsat ohm Real [MIL 195]

305 Saturation voltage Vsai volt Real [MIL 195]

306 Screening test String [IEEE84]

307 Sealed String [IEEE84]

308 Settling time t s second Real [IEEE84]

309 Settling time high Rh second Real [IEEE84]

310 Settling time low tsl second Real [IEEE84]

311 Settling time to p-percent of final max. tpmax second Real [IEEE84]

312 Settling time to p-percent of final min. tpmin second Real [IEEE84]

313 Shaft diameter inch Real [IEEE84]

314 Shift direction (e.g. 4Hleft) String [IEEE84]

315 Shift out clock frequency Pshift hertz Real [IEEE84]

316 Short circuit String [MIL195]

317 Signal to noise ratio SNR dB Real [IEEE84]

318 Single-ended input impedance Zis ohm Real [MIL133]

319 Single-ended input voltage Vi sr volt Real [MIL133]

320 Single-ended output impedance Z0s ohm Real [MIL133]

476
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

321 Single-ended voltage amplification Ays Real [MIL133]

322 Slew rate Sr volt/second Real [MIL133]

323 Small-signal breakdown impedance *br ohm Real [MIL 195]

324 Small-signal forward impedance zi ohm Real [MIL195]

325 Small-signal resistance r ohm Real [MIL 195]

326 Soft start String [IEEE84]

327 Solderability Logical [IEEE84]

328 Source current Is ampere Real [MIL195]

329 Source cutoff current 75 ( o//) ampere Real [MIL195]

330 Source supply voltage Kss volt Real [MIL 195]

331 Source terminal Real [MIL 195]

332 Source-to-substrate voltage v» volt Real [MIL195]

333 Space charge density Real [IEEE84]

334 Standard reference Real [MIL 195]

335 Standing wave ratio SWR Real [MIL 195]

336 Static drain-to-source on-state resistance I^sds(on ) ohm Real [MIL 195]

337 Static forward current transfer-ratio Isft Real [MIL195]

338 Static input resistance Rin ohm Real [MIL195]

339 Static transconductance Gm siemens Real [MIL195]

340 Storage temperature Tstg deg C Real [MIL 195]

341 Storage time ts second Real [MIL195]

342 Stored charge Qs coulomb Real [MIL 195]

343 Strip force lbf Real [IEEE84]

344 Strobing input currents ht ampere Real [IEEE84]

345 Strobing pulse width Ut hertz Real [IEEE84]

346 Stud torque inch-lbf Real [IEEE84]

347 Subcarrier Real [IEEE84]

348 Substrate size length inch Real [IEEE84]

349 Substrate size width inch Real [IEEE84]

350 Substrate terminal Real [MIL 195]

351 Supply voltage Vcc volt Real [MIL133]

352 Surge current Is ampere Real [MIL195]

353 Surge, on-state current Itsm ampere Real [MIL195]

354 Symbol function String [IEEE84]

355 Temperature T deg C Real [IEEE84]

356 Temperature coefficient Real [IEEE84]

357 Terminal type String [IEEE84]

358 Thermal equilibrium Real [MIL195]

359 Thermal noise Real

360 Thermal resistance Re ohm Real [MIL195]

477
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

361 Thermal resistance, case to ambient Fleea ohm Real [MIL195]

362 Thermal resistance, junction to ambient Roja ohm Real [MIL 195]

363 Thermal resistance, junction to case Rojc ohm Real [MIL195]

364 Thermal resistance, junction to lead Roji ohm Real [MIL195]

365 Thermal resistance, junction to reference Rqjr ohm Real [MIL195]

366 Threshold current Uh ampere Real [IEEE84]

367 Threshold current high Uhh ampere Real [IEEE84]

368 Threshold current low Uhl ampere Real [IEEE84]

369 Threshold voltage Vth volt Real [IEEE84]

370 Threshold voltage high Vthh volt Real [IEEE84]

371 Threshold voltage low Vihi volt Real [IEEE84]

372 Tolerance Real [IEEE84]

373 Tolerance at d deg C (percent) Real [IEEE84]

374 Total duration Ud second Real [IEEE84]

375 Total harmonic distortion (percent) THD Real [MIL 133]

376 Total power dissipation, all terminals Pt watt Real [MIL195]

377 Transducer power gain Gt dB Real [MIL133]

378 Transient response Tr second Real [MIL133]

379 Transition duration second Real [IEEE84]

380 Transition time, high to low level tTHL second Real [MIL133]

381 Transition time, low to high level tTLH second Real [MIL133]

382 Turn off time toff second Real [MIL 195]

383 Turn on time ton second Real [MIL195]

384 Turn-off delay time td(off) second Real [MIL195]

385 Turn-on delay time td(on) second Real [MIL195]

386 Unbalance voltage Vou volt Real [MIL133]

387 Under-voltage protection String [IEEE84]

388 Under-voltage release String [IEEE84]

389 Units String [IEEE84]

390 Unity gain bandwidth Gb hertz Real [IEEE84]

391 Unity gain bandwidth, maximum Gbmax hertz Real [IEEE84]

392 Unity gain bandwidth, minimum Gbmin hertz Real [IEEE84]

393 Update time String [IEEE84]

394 Utilization factor (maximum demand/rated

capacity)

Real [IEEE84]

395 Value String [IEEE84]

396 Voltage V volt Real [IEEE84]

397 Voltage control vc volt Real [IEEE84]

398 Voltage control oscillator frequency 1Fvco hertz Real [IEEE84]

399 Voltage control oscillator frequency, high Pvcoh hertz Real [IEEE84]

400 Voltage control oscillator frequency, low Pvcol hertz Real [IEEE84]

478
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J3. Electrical Attribute List (ALT=2) (continued)

No. Definition Symbol Unit Type Ref.

401 Voltage control, maximum kcmaa

r

volt Real [IEEE84]

402 Voltage control, minimum VC min volt Real [IEEE84]

403 Voltage rating volt Real [IEEE84]

404 Voltage reference Vrej volt Real [IEEE84]

405 Voltage-temperature coefficient volt/deg C Real [MIL195]

406 Wavelength hertz Real [IEEE84]

407 Width inch Real [IEEE84]

408 Wire diameter inch Real [IEEE84]

409 Working peak off-state voltage Vwp(off) volt Real [MIL 195]

410 Working peak reverse voltage Vrwm volt Real [MIL195]

411 Working peak off-state voltage Vdwm volt Real [MIL195]

412 Working peak-reverse voltage rating volt Real [MIL195]

413 Write pulse width Tw second Real [IEEE84]

414 Write pulse width, maximum Txvmax ampere Real [IEEE84]

415 Write pulse width, minimum T-L wmin ampere Real [IEEE84]

416 Zero gate voltage drain current Idds ampere Real [MIL195]

417 Zero gate voltage source current ISDS ampere Real [MIL195]

418 Zero power resistance at T deg C rT ohm Real [IEEE84]

479
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J4. AEC Attribute List (ALT=3)

No. Definition Unitf Data Type

1 Air changes per hour hour-1 Real

2 Area of glazing foot2 Real

3 Bearing wall Logical

4 Bearing wall capacity pound /foot Real

5 Building name String

6 Building occupancy type String

7 Capacity per unit of egress width Integer

8 Ceiling cavity depth inch Real

9 Ceiling type String

10 Combustible Logical

11 Concentrated dead load pound Real

12 Concentrated live load pound Real

13 Cooled Logical

14 Cost per square foot dollar(US) Real

15 Finish color String

16 Finish type String

17 Finished floor elevation foot Real

18 Finished opening height inch Real

19 Finished opening width inch Real

20 Fire door Logical

21 Fire protection Logical

22 Fire rating hour Real

23 Fire suppression system Logical

24 Fire wall Logical

25 Floor name String

26 Floor to ceiling height foot Real

27 Floor to floor height foot Real

28 Floor type String

29 Frame type String

30 Gross area foot 2 Real

31 Gross floor area per occupant foot2 Real

32 Hardware type String

33 Heated Logical

34 Hydrostatic pressure pound/foot2 Real

35 Illumination level foot-candle Real

36 Infiltration foot3 /minute Real

37 Latent heat gain BTU/hour Real

38 Light reflectance (percent) Real

39 Lintel height inch Real

40 Live load reduction (percent) Real

41 Means of egress Logical

fThe use of English rather than SI units follows the current practice of the AEC industry.

480
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J4. AEC Attribute list (ALT=3)

No. Definition Unitf Data Type

42 Net area foot 2 Real

43 Net floor area per occupant foot 2 Real

44 Number of stories Integer

45 Occupant load Integer

46 Opening type String

47 Operable Logical

48 Relative humidity (percent) Real

49 Riser height inch Real

50 Riser height, maximum inch Real

51 Riser height, minimum inch Real

52 Room activity String

53 Room name String

54 Rough opening height inch Real

55 Rough opening width inch Real

56 Sensible heat gain BTU/hour Real

57 Shading coefficient (percent) Real

58 Shear wall Logical

59 Shear wall capacity pound/foot Real

60 Sill height inch Real

61 Slope (percent) Real

62 Smoke door Logical

63 Smoke rating hour Real

64 Smoke wall Logical

65 Snow load pound/foot2 Real

66 Soil bearing capacity pound/foot2 Real

67 Soil density pound/foot3 Real

68 Soil type String

69 Sound level dB Real

70 Sound reflectance (percent) Real

71 Sound transmission class Integer

72 Temperature deg F Real

73 Thermal transmittance BTU/hour/foot Real

74 Tread width inch Real

75 Tread width, maximum inch Real

76 Tread width, minimum inch Real

77 Uniform dead load pound/foot2 Real

78 Uniform live load pound/foot2 Real

79 Unit of egress width inch Real

80 Ventilation foot3 /minute Real

81 Wall type String

82 Wind pressure pound/foot2 Real

83 Work plane height inch Real

fThe use of English rather than SI units follows the current practice of the AEC industry.

481
APPENDIX J.9 ATTRIBUTE TABLE INSTANCE ENTITY (TYPE 422)

Table J5. Process Plant Attribute list (ALT=4)

No. Definition Data Type

1 Nominal IPS Real

2 Material name String

3 End preparation String

4 Wall thickness Real

5 User part number String

6 Joint identification number String

7 Configuration non-deviation code Integer

8 Material non-deviation code Integer

9 Specification body String

10 Material control level String

11 Criticality class String

12 Joint type String

13 Weight/mass value Real

14 Weight/mass units String

15 Pipe spool/detail name String

16 Functional group code String

17 Part type String
APPENDIX .1.10 INTERCHARACTER SPACING PROPERTY

J.10 Intercharacter Spacing Property

This additional form of the Property Entity (Type 406) is defined below. See Section 4.3.7 for more

details.

FORM NUMBER: 18 Intercharacter Spacing

The intercharacter spacing is used to specify the gap between letters when fixed-pitch spacing is used. It is applicable to text generated by the General Note and Text Template Entities. The gap

is specified as a percentage of the text height.

Index Name Type Description

1 NP Integer Number of property values (NP = 1)

2 ISPACE Real Intercharacter Space in percent of text height (Range 0. to 100.)

483

Appendix K. List of References

[ANSI68] Code for Information Interchange (X3.4-1968), American National Standards Institute, 1968.

[ANSI74] Code Extension Techniques for Use with the 7-Bit Coded Character Set of American

National Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), X3. 4-1968 (X3.41-

1974), American National Standards Institute, 1974.

[ANSI77] Code for Information Interchange (X3. 4-1977), American National Standards Institute, 1977.

[ANSI78] Programming Language FORTRAN (X3. 9-1978), American National Standards Institute, 1978.

[ANSI79] Line Conventions and Lettering (Y14. 2-1979), American National Standards Institute, 1979.

[ANSI81] Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, Parts 1,2,

and 3, (Y14.26M-1981), American National Standards Institute, 1981. Permanently

out of print.

[ANSI82] Dimensioning and Tolerancing, (ANSI Y14.5M-1982), American National Standards Institute, 1982.

[ANSI88] Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, (Y14.26M1988), American National Standards Institute, in publication.

[DEB078] deBoor, C., A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer-Verlag, 1978.

[DOCA76] DoCarmo, M. P., Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice Hall, 1976.

[FAUX79] Faux, I., and M. J. Pratt, Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture,

John Wiley and Sons, 1979.

[GORD74] Gordon, W. J. and R. F. Riesenfeld, “B-Spline Curves and Surfaces”, published

in Barnhill, R. E. and R. F. Riesenfeld, ed., Computer Aided Geometric Design,

Academic Press, 1974.

[HILD76] Hildebrand, F., Advanced Calculus for Applications, Prentice Hall, 1976.

[HON80] Hon, R. W., and C. H. Sequin, A Guide to LSI Implementation, SSL 79-7, Xerox

Palo Alto Research Center, January 1980.

[IEEE75] Reference Designators for Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equipment, (IEEE

Std 200-1975), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1975.

485

extra
APPENDIX K. LIST OF REFERENCES

[IEEE76] An American National Standard ASTM/IEEE Standard Metric Practice (IEEE Std

268-1976), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1976.

[IEEE84] Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, (ANSI/IEEE Standard

100-1984), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1984.

[IEEE85] Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1985.

[IEEE260] IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (ANSI/IEEE Std 260),

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1978.

[IITR68] APT Computer System Manual: Volume 2 - Subroutine Library, Illinois Institute

of Technology Research Institute, 1968.

[IPCT85] Terms and Definitions for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits

(ANSI/IPC-T-50C), Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits, Revision C, March 1985.

[ISO1073] Alphanumeric Character Sets for Optical Recognition - Part II: Character Set OCRB - Shapes and Dimensions of the Printed Image, (ISO 1073/11) , International Organization for Standardization, 1976.

[JOBL78] Joblove, G. H. and D. Greenberg, “Color Spaces for Computer Graphics”, SIGGRAPH Proceedings, 1978.

[KAPL52] Kaplan, W., Advanced Calculus, Addison-Wesley, 1952.

[MIL12] Abbreviations for Use on Drawings, Specifications, Standards, and in Technical Documents (MIL-STD-12D), U.S. Department of Defense, May 1981.

[MIL133] Parameters to be Controlled for the Specification of Microcircuits (MIL-STD-1331),

U.S. Department of Defense, August 1970.

[MIL195] General Specification for Semiconductors (MIL-STD-19500G), U.S. Department of

Defense, August 1987.

[NBS80] Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), Version 1.0, NBSIR 80-1978 (R),

U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1980. Out of print.

[NBS83] Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), Version 2.0, NBSIR 82-2631 (AF),

U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1982. Available from the National Technical

Information Service (NTIS) as PB83-137448.

[NBS86] Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), Version 3.0, NBSIR 86-3359, U.S.

National Bureau of Standards, 1986. Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) as PB86-199759.

[ROGE76] Rogers, D. F. and J. A. Adams, Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics,

McGraw-Hill, 1976.

[SMIT78] Smith, A. R., “Color Gamut Transformation Pairs”, Computer Graphics, 1978.

[THOM60] Thomas, G., Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Addison-Wesley, 1960.

[TILO80] Tilove, R. B., and Requicha, A. A. G., “Closure of Boolean Operations on Geometric

Entities”, Computer Aided Design, Vol. 12, No. 5, September 1980.

486
Appendix L. Glossary

The spirit of this Glossary is to provide general, sometimes intuitive information pertaining to certain

phrases and concepts either appearing in or alluded to by this document. The spirit is not to provide

detailed mathematical definitions such as may be found within the document itself.

ANGULAR DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity designating the measurement of the angle between two geometric lines.

ANNOTATION

Text or symbols, not part of the geometric model, which provide information.

ASSEMBLY ([IEEE75])

A number of basic parts or subassemblies, or any combination thereof, joined together to

perform a specific function.

ASSOCIATIVITY

A structure entity which defines a logical link or relationship between different entities.

ASSOCIATIVITY DEFINITION ENTITY

A structure entity which designates the type (link structure) and generic meaning of a relationship. (See PRE-DEFINED ASSOCIATIVITIES)

ASSOCIATIVITY INSTANCE ENTITY

A structure entity formed by assigning specific values to the data items defining an associativity.

ATTRIBUTE

Information, provided in specific fields within the directory entry of an entity, which serves to

qualify the entity definition.

AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION

A projection in which only one plane is used, the object being turned so that three faces show.

The main axonometric positions are isometric, dimetric, and trimetric.

BACK ANNOTATION

In electrical engineering, the practice of changing the unique identifier for components noted

by symbols on a schematic to match those assigned actual components when the circuit is packaged.

BACK POINTER

A pointer in the parameter data section of an entity pointing to an associativity instance of

which it is a member.

487
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

BASIC PART ([IEEE75])

One piece, or two or more pieces joined together, which are not normally subject to disassembly

without destruction of designed use. BLANK STATUS FLAG

A portion of the status number field of the directory entry of an entity designating whether a data item is to be displayed on the output device.

BOUNDED PLANE

A finite region defined in a plane.

BREAKPOINT

A member of an increasing sequence of real numbers which is a subsequence of the knot

sequence used to specify parametric spline curves. B-SPLINE BASIS

A set of functions which form a basis for the set of splines of specified degree on a specified

knot sequence. B-spline basis functions are characterized by being splines of minimal support.

See Appendix E for more details.

CENTERLINE ENTITY

An annotation entity for representing the axis of symmetry for all symmetric views or portions

of views, such as the axis of a cylinder or a cone. CIRCULAR ARC ENTITY

A geometric entity which is a connected portion of a circle or the entire circle.

CLASS

A group of data items pertinent to a common logical relationship in an associativity definition.

CLIP

To abbreviate or terminate the intended display of an entity along an intersecting curve or

surface.

CLIPPING BOX

A bounding set of surfaces which abbreviate the intended display of data to that portion which

lies within the box.

CLIPPING PLANE

A bounding plane surface which abbreviates the intended display of data to that portion which

lies on one or the other side of the plane.

CLOSED CURVE

A curve with coincident start and terminate points.

COMPLEMENTARY ARC

Either of the two connected components of a closed, connected, nonintersecting curve which

has been divided by two distinct points lying on the curve. COMPONENT

Typically a synonym for part ( e.g ., resistor, capacitor, microcircuit, etc.), but also may refer

to a subassembly being treated as a part. The IGES representation of a component may be a

collection of entities, associativities, and properties.

488
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

COMPOSITE CURVE

A connected curve which is formed by concatenating one or more curve segments.

CONIC ARC ENTITY

A geometric entity which is a finite connected portion of an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola.

CONNECTED CURVE

A curve such that for any two points PI and P2, one can travel from PI to P2 without leaving

the curve. CONNECT POINT ENTITY

A geometric entity giving the XYZ location and other information ( e.g ., text labels) of a point

of connection. May be independent or subordinate to a Network Subfigure Definition and/or

Instance. Used for netlist information.

CONSTITUENT

A member of a set. CONTROL POINT

A point in definition space which appears in the numerator of the expression for a rational

B-spline curve or surface. As the weights must all be positive, the resulting curve or surface

lies within the convex hull of the control points. Its shape resembles that of the polygon or polyhedron whose vertices are the control points. A control point is sometimes referred to as a B-spline coefficient. See Appendix E for more details.

COONS PATCH

A three dimensional surface.

COPIOUS DATA ENTITY

A geometric entity sometimes used as an annotation entity, containing arrays of tuples of real

numbers to which a specific meaning has been assigned. Each form number corresponds to one special meaning.

DEFINITION LEVEL (or DISPLAY LEVEL)

The graphics display level (or layer) on which one or more entities have been defined.

DEFINITION MATRIX

The matrix which transforms the coordinates represented in the definition space into the

coordinates represented in the model space.

DEFINITION SPACE

A local Cartesian coordinate system chosen to represent a geometric entity for the purpose of

mathematical simplicity.

DEFINITION SPACE SCALE

A scale factor applied within an entity definition space.

DEVELOPABLE SURFACE

A surface which can be unrolled onto a plane.

DIAMETER DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity designating the measurement of a diameter of a circular arc.

489
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

DIRECTED CURVE

A curve with an associated direction.

DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION

The section of an IGES file, consisting of fixed field data items, that forms an index and

attribute list of all entities in the file. DIRECTRIX

The curve entity used in the definition of a tabulated cylinder entity.

DISPLAY SYMBOL

A method for graphically representing certain entities (plane, point, section) for identification

purposes.

DRAWING ENTITY

A structure entity which specifies the projection(s) of a model onto a plane, with any required

annotation and/or dimension.

DRILLED HOLE PROPERTY

A predefined property that assigns the physical attribute of a hole that can be made by a drill. May be used in electrical applications to 1) define a via from one printed circuit board, PCB,

layer to another, 2) define a plated via hole, and 3) give the first physical drill diameter and/or

the finished hole diameters. It is usually attached to a point, circle, subfigure definition, or subfigure instance.

EDGE VERTEX

A method of geometric modeling in which a two- or three-dimensional object is represented by

curve segments (edges of the object) connected to points or vertices of the object. A higher level

of topological information can be contained in such a model than is implied by a ‘wire-frame’

terminology, but in the context of this specification the terms are used interchangeably.

ENTITY

The basic unit of information in a file. The term applies to single items which may be individual

elements of geometry, collections of annotation to form dimensions, or collections of entities to

form structured entities.

ENTITY LABEL

A one to eight character identifier for an entity. This term may implicitly include the entity

subscript, providing for additional characters.

ENTITY SUBSCRIPT

A one to eight digit unsigned integer associated with the entity label. The label and subscript

specify a unique instance of an entity within an array of entities.

ENTITY TYPE NUMBER

An integer used to specify the kind of the entity. For example, the Circular Arc Entity has an

entity type number of 100.

ENTITY USE FLAG

A portion of the status number field of the directory entry of an entity to designate whether

the entity is used as geometry, annotation, structure, logical, or other. For example, a circle

used as part of a point dimension would have an entity use flag which designates annotation.

490
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

EXTERNAL REFERENCE ENTITY

A mechanism for referencing definitions which do not reside in the same IGES file as the

instances of those definitions.

FINITE ELEMENT

A small part of a structure defined by the connection of nodes, material, and physical properties. FLAG NOTE ENTITY

An annotation entity which takes label information and formats it such that the text is cir- cumscribed by a flag symbol.

FLASH ENTITY

A geometric entity used for photo-plotting apertures and other filled areas. May be used for

representing metallic conductive material on a printed circuit board such as pads and traces. Also, may be used in integrated circuit (IC) chip masks.

FLEXIBLE PRINTED CIRCUIT

An arrangement of printed circuit and components utilizing flexible base materials with or without flexible cover layers.

FLOW ASSOCIATIVITY ENTITY

A predefined associativity that represents a flow path. In electrical applications such as schematics and physical descriptions for Printed Wiring Boards, PWB, Printed Circuit Boards,

PCB, PCB assemblies, ICs, etc., it presents a common electrical signal ( e.g ., voltage). In piping applications, it represents a flow path between only one source and sink, but branching is allowed to other Flow Associativities. It provides netlist information for a single flow.

FONT CHARACTERISTIC

An integer which is used to identify a text font. Font characteristic numbers may be positive

which indicate an IGES-defined text font or may be negative which is interpreted as a text

font definition entity.

FORM NUMBER

An integer which is used when needed to further define a specific entity. This becomes necessary

when there are several interpretations of an entity type. For example, the form number of the

conic arc entity indicates whether the curve is an ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, or unspecified.

The form number is also used when necessary to supply sufficient information in the directory

entry of an entity to allow the structure of the parameters in the parameter data entry to be

decoded.

GENERAL LABEL ENTITY

An annotation entity consisting of a general note with one or more associated leaders.

GENERAL NOTE ENTITY

An annotation which consists of text which is to be displayed in some specific size and at some

specific location and orientation.

GENERATRIX

The defining curve which is to be swept to generate a tabulated cylinder, or revolved to generate a surface of revolution.

491
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

GEOMETRIC

Having to do with the shape information (points, curves, surfaces, and volumes), necessary to

represent some object.

GLOBAL SECTION

The section of an IGES file consisting of general information describing the file, the file generator (pre-processor), and information needed by the file reader (post-processor).

GRID

The set of (ui,vj) where u,- and Vj are the breakpoints on the u and v coordinates respectively

used to specify a parametric spline or rational B-spline surface. The term grid is also applied

to the projected image on the spline surface.

GROUND PLANE

A conductor layer, or portion of a conductor layer (usually a continuous sheet of metal with

suitable clearances), used as a common reference point for circuit returns, shieldings, or heat

sinking.

GROUP ASSOCIATIVITY

A predefined associativity for forming any collection of entities.

HIERARCHY

A tree structure consisting of a root and one or more dependents. In general, the root may

have any number of dependents, each of which may have any number of lower-level dependents,

and so on, to any number of levels.

INSTANCE

A particular occurrance of some item or relationship. Several instances may reference the same

item.

KNOT SEQUENCE

A nondecreasing sequence of real numbers used to specify parametric spline curves. LABEL DISPLAY ASSOCIATIVITY

A pre-defined associativity that is used by those entities that have one or more possible displays

for their entity label. Entities requiring this associativity will have pointers in their directory

entry to a label display associativity instance entity.

LEADER ENTITY

An annotation entity, also referred to as arrow, which consists of an arrowhead and one or more line segments. In the case of an angular dimension entity, the line segment is replaced by

a circular arc segment. In general, these entities are used in connection with other annotation

entities to link text with some location.

LEVEL

An entity attribute which defines a graphic display level to be associated with the entity.

LEVEL FUNCTION PROPERTY

A predefined property that assigns an “application data base defined functionality” to a level.

This property may stand alone ( e.g ., DE status is independent), that is no other entity points

to it. Also, see the level field in directory entry.

492
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

LINE FONT

A pattern for the appearance of a curve. The pattern is a repeating sequence of blanked and

unblanked line segments, or of subfigure instances.

LINE FONT DEFINITION ENTITY

A structure entity which defines a line font.

LINE WEIGHT

An entity attribute which is used to determine the line display thickness for that entity.

LINE WIDENING PROPERTY

A predefined property that overrides the line weight given in the directory entry of an entity

by providing a physical value for the actual width. May be used in electrical applications to

describe metallization on a printed circuit board such as traces and off board connections.

Also, see the FLASH and SECTION entities and the Region Fill property.

LINEAR DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity used to represent a distance between two locations.

LINEAR PATH ENTITY

A geometric entity that defines a collection of linear segments that form a path. Also, see Copious Data Entity Forms 11 and 12.

MACRO BODY

The portion of a macro definition containing statements which define the action of the macro. MACRO DEFINITION ENTITY

The structure entity, containing the macro body within its parameter data section, used to

define a specific macro. MACRO INSTANCE ENTITY

A structure entity which will invoke a macro which has been defined using a macro definition

entity.

MIRROR

To reflect about an axis.

MODEL

A particular collection of data in an IGES file that describes a product.

MODEL SPACE

A right-handed three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate space in which the product is represented.

NEGATIVE BOUNDED PLANAR PORTION

A hole.

NETWORK SUBFIGURE DEFINITION ENTITY

A structure entity used to define a schematic symbol, component or pipe in electrical and

piping applications. Shall be used whenever associated Connect Point Entities need to be

instanced with the Network Subfigure Instance Entity. For physical components, it may have

subordinate entities (copious data, simple closed area, subfigure definition or instance, etc.)

493

mmmrnmwmmnmaBBBiBBBiaammm "WMW-SNl
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

that have attached a Region Restriction Property giving design rules for auto routing a Printed

Circuit Board, PCB. Also, 2-D component outlines and 3-D physical descriptions may be

defined.

NETWORK SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY

A structure entity used to specify an occurrence of a schematic symbol, component or pipe in

electrical and piping applications. It has associated “instanced” Connect Point Entities that

give the XYZ model space point of connections. Used in netlist information and part lists. NODAL DISPLACEMENT and ROTATIONAL ENTITY

This entity is used to communicate finite element post processing data. It contains the node

identifier, original node coordinates, and incremental displacements and rotations for each node

for each load case. NODAL LOAD/CONSTRAINT ENTITY

An entity used in a finite element model to apply a force, moment, or other loading or constraints at a specific node.

NODE

A point in space used to define a finite element topology.

NULL ENTITY

The Null Entity (Type 0) is intended to be ignored by a processor. A processor should skip over all DE and PD data associated with this entity.

ORDINATE DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity used to indicate dimensions from a common reference line in the direction

of the XT or YT axis.

ORTHONORMAL

A term describing two vectors which are orthogonal and of unit length.

PARAMETER DATA SECTION

A section of an IGES file consisting of specific geometric or annotative information about the

entities or pointers to related entities.

PARAMETRIC SPLINE CURVE ENTITY

A geometric entity consisting of polynomial segments subject to certain continuity conditions.

PARAMETRIC SPLINE SURFACE ENTITY

A geometric entity which is a surface made from a grid of patches. The patches are regions

between the component parametric curves. PARENT CURVE

The full curve on which a segment curve lies. PART NUMBER PROPERTY

A predefined property that provides one or more text strings giving one to four distinct part

numbers (Generic, MIL-STD, Vendor, and/or Internal) to an entity representing a physical

part. May be used in electrical, piping or other applications. Usually, it is attached to a

subfigure definition and/or instance that represents the part. May be used for part lists.

494
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

PATCH

A surface represented by parametric functions of two parameters which can be viewed as blendings of four given boundary curves. PIN NUMBER PROPERTY

A predefined property that provides a text string giving a component pin number value to an

entity representing an electrical component. Also, see the CONNECT POINT Entity.

PLANE ENTITY

A geometric entity consisting of all or a portion of a plane.

PLATED-THROUGH HOLE ([IPCT85])

A hole in which electrical connection is made between internal or external conductive patterns,

or both, by the deposition of metal on the wall of the hole.

POINT ENTITY

A geometric entity which has no size but possesses a location in space.

POINT DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity consisting of a leader, text, and an optional circle or hexagon enclosing

the text. POINTER

A number that indicates the location of an entity within an IGES file. POSITIVE BOUNDED PLANAR PORTION

The top of a peg.

POST-PROCESSOR

A program which translates a file of product definition data from the form defined by this

Specification into the data base form of a specific CAD/CAM system.

PRE-DEFINED ASSOCIATIVITIES

Associativities which are defined within this standard.

PRE-PROCESSOR

A program which translates a file of product defintiion data from the data base form of a

specific CAD/CAM system into the form defined by this Specification.

PRINTED BOARD ([IPCT85])

The general term for completely processed printed circuit or printed wiring configurations. It includes rigid or flexible, single, double, or multilayer boards.

PRINTED CIRCUIT ([IPCT85])

A conductive pattern comprised of printed components, printed wiring, or a combination

thereof, all formed in a predetermined design and intended to be attached to a common base.

(In addition, this is a generic term used to describe a printed board produced by any of a number of techniques.)

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD ([IPCT85])

A part manufactured from rigid base material upon which a completely processed printed

circuit has been formed.

495
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

PRINTED WIRING ([IPCT85])

The conductive pattern intended to be formed on a common base, to provide point-to-point

connection of discrete components, but not to contain printed components.

PRODUCT DEFINITION

Data required to describe and communicate the characteristics of physical objects as manufactured products.

PROPERTY ENTITY

A structure entity which allows numeric or text information to be related to other entities.

RADIUS DIMENSION ENTITY

An annotation entity which is a measurement of the radius of a circular arc. RATIONAL B-SPLINE CURVE

A parametric curve which is expressed as the ratio of two linear combinations of B-spline basis

functions. Each basis function in the numerator is multiplied by a scalar weight and a vector

B-spline coefficient. Each corresponding basis function in the denominator is just multiplied

by the corresponding weight.

RATIONAL B-SPLINE SURFACE

A parametric surface which is expressed as the ratio of two linear combinations of products

of pairs of B-spline basis functions. Each product of basis functions in the numerator is multiplied by a scalar weight and a vector B-spline coefficient. Each corresponding product of

basis functions in the denominator is multiplied by the corresponding weight.

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR PROPERTY

A predefined property that provides a text string giving a component reference designator value

to an entity representing an electrical component. Also, see the Network Subfigure entity.

REGION

The bounded area enclosed by a closed curve or a combination of curves. REGION FILL PROPERTY

A predefined property that is used to solid fill or unfill (nested) a closed area. May be used

for cross-section material representations (?.e., concrete, steel, etc.) and artwork. Also, see the SECTION entity. Also, see the FLASH and SECTION entities and the Line Widening

property.

REGION RESTRICTION PROPERTY

A predefined property that provides design rules in electrical applications. Especially, region

restrictions regarding Printed Circuit Board, PCB routing rules for prohibiting or permitting

vias and traces under component outlines and placement of components on the printed circuit

board.

RELATION

An aspect or quality that connects two or more things or parts as being or belonging or working

together or as being of the same kind.

REPEATING PATTERN

An ordered sequence of items (elements) which, after a certain point, repeats itself.

496
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

RIGHT-HANDED CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

A coordinate system in which the axes are mutually perpendicular and are positioned in such

a way that, when viewed along the positive Z axis toward the origin, the positive X axis can be made to coincide with the positive Y axis by rotating the X axis 90 degrees in the

counterclockwise direction.

RULED SURFACE ENTITY

A surface generated by connecting corresponding points on twro space curves by a set of lines.

SECTION ENTITY

A pattern used to distinguish a closed region in a diagram. It is represented as a form of the

copious data entity.

SECTION DISPLAY SYMBOL

An arrangement of fonted straight lines in a repetitive planar pattern at a specified spacing

and angle.

SIMPLE CLOSED AREA ENTITY

A geometric entity used to give a 2-D mathematically simple closed area (no holes or boundary

intersections). See Copious Data entity Form 63. May be used for electrical design rules in

conjunction with the Region Restriction property.

SINGLE PARENT ASSOCIATIVITY ENTITY

A predefined associativity that provides logical grouping of a single parent entity to its many

children entities.

SPLINE

A piecewise continuous polynomial.

START SECTION

The section of an IGES file containing a himan-readable file prologue.

SUBASSEMBLY ([IEEE75])

Two or more basic parts which form a portion of an assembly or a unit, replaceable as a whole,

but having a part or parts which are individually replaceable.

SUBFIGURE DEFINITION ENTITY

A structure entity which permits a single definition of a detail to be utilized in multiple

instances.

SUBFIGURE INSTANCE ENTITY

A structure entity which specifies an occurrence of the subfigure definition.

SUBORDINATE ENTITY SWITCH

A portion of the status number field of the directory entry of an entity. An entity is subordinate if it is an element of a geometric or annotative entity structure or is a member of a

logical relationship structure. The terms subordinate and dependent are equivalent within this

document.

SURFACE OF REVOLUTION ENTITY

A geometric entity which is a surface generated by rotating a curve, called the generatrix,

about an axis, called the axis of rotation.

497
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

SYSTEM ([IEEE75])

A combination of two or more sets, generally physically separated when in operation, and

other such units, assemblies, and basic parts necessary to perform an operational function or

functions.

TABULAR DATA PROPERTY

The tabular data property provides a structure to accommodate point form data. The basic structure is a two-dimensional array containing data list for dependent and independent

variable.

TABULATED CYLINDER ENTITY

A geometric entity which is a surface generated by moving a line segment called the generatrix

parallel to itself along a space curve called the directrix.

TERMINATE SECTION

The final section of an IGES file, indicating the sizes of each of the preceding file sections.

TEXT DISPLAY TEMPLATE ENTITY

An annotation entity used to define the display iocation of a text string. In electrical applications, it gives a “relative” mode of location dependent on a connect point for pin number

and/or pin function of components (e.g., Integrated Circuit, IC, chip pins). For electrical

schematic symbols and physical components, it may give the display location of the reference

designator text and/or part number.

TEXT FONT

The specification of the appearance of the characters.

TEXT FONT DEFINITION ENTITY

The entity used to define the appearance of characters in a text font. A character is defined

by pairing its character code with a sequence of display strokes and positional information.

TRANSFORMATION MATRIX ENTITY

An entity which allows translation and rotation to be applied to other entities. This is used

to define alternate coordinate systems for definition and viewing.

TRANSLATION VECTOR

A three element vector which specifies the offsets (along the coordinate axes) required to move

an entity linearly in space.

UNIT ([IEEE75])

A major building block for a set or system, consisting of a combination of basic parts, subassemblies, and assemblies packaged together as a physically independent entity.

VERSION NUMBER

A means for uniquely designating one specification definition or translator implementation

from a preceding or subsequent one. VIA HOLE ([IPCT85])

A plated-through hole used as a through connection, but in which there is no intention to

insert a component lead or other reinforcing material.

498
APPENDIX L. GLOSSARY

VIEW ENTITY

A structure entity used to provide the definition of a human-readable representation of a twodimensional projection of a selected subset of the model and/or non- geometry information.

VIEWING BOX

The clipping box used to define a view.

WEIGHT

A positive real number which appears in the numerator and denominator of the expression

for a rational B-spline curve or surface. Increasing the weight associated with a particular

control point will tend to draw the resulting curve or surface toward that control point. See

Appendix E for details.

WIRE-FRAME

A method of geometric modeling in which a two- or three-dimensional object is represented

by curve segments which are edges of the object. In the context of this specification, ‘wireframe’ and ‘edge-vertex’ models are considered as the same technique and the terms are used

interchangeably.

499

Appendix M. Index of Topics

Angular Dimension Entity, 176

Annotation, 1, 174

Annotation Entities, 174 fF. Angular Dimension, 176

Centerline, 178

Diameter Dimension, 180

Flag Note, 182

General Label, 184

General Note, 185

General Symbol, 210, 462

Leader (Arrow), 202

Linear Dimension, 206

Ordinate Dimension, 207

Point Dimension, 208

Radius Dimension, 209, 461

Section, 214

Sectioned Area, 212

Witness Line, 216

Arc Center Point, 72, 180, 209, 461

Arc Length, 93, 100, 122

Arrowhead Type, 202, 205

ASCII, 7 IF. ASCII Form Conversion Utility, 423

Associativity, 3, 4, 219 IF. Connect Node, 443

Dimensioned Geometry, 236

Entity Label Display, 231

External Logical Reference File Index, 226

External ReFerence File Index, 60, 235

Flow, 242

Group, 224

Group Without Back Pointers, 233

Ordered Group with Back Pointers, 238

Ordered Group without Back Pointers, 239

Planar, 240

Pre-defined, 224 fF. Signal String, 439

Single Parent, 234

Text Node, 441

View List, 438

Views Visible, 227

501
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Views Visible, Color, Line Weight, 229

Associativity Definition Entity, 4, 219

Associativity Instance Entity, 4, 222 ff. Associativity Schema, 219

Attribute, 66

Attribute Table Definition Entity, 66, 348, 463

Attribute Table Instance Entity, 66, 349, 467

Attributes, Directory Entry, 17 ff. Blank Status, 17, 18, 20

Color Number, 17, 19, 23

Entity Label, 17, 19, 24

Entity Subscript Number, 17, 19, 24

Entity Type Number, 17, 18, 19

Entity Use Flag, 17, 18, 22

Form Number, 17, 19, 24

Hierarchy, 17, 18, 22

Label Display Associativity, 17, 18, 20

Level, 17, 18, 19

Line Font Pattern, 17, 18, 19

Line Weight Number, 17, 19, 23

Parameter Data, 17, 18, 19

Parameter Line Count Number, 17, 19, 24

Sequence Number, 17, 18, 19, 23

Status Number, 17, 18, 20

Structure, 17, 18, 19

Subordinate Entity Switch, 17, 18, 20

Transformation Matrix, 17, 18, 20

View, 17, 18, 20

B-spline, 118, 413 ff. Back Pointer, 219

Bicubic Polynomial, 95

Binary Representation, 7, 44 ff. Binary Flag Section, 48

Directory Entry Section, 52

Global Section, 51

Parameter Data Section, 52

Start Section, 50

Terminate Section, 54

Blank Status, 17, 18, 20

Block Entity, 154

Boolean Tree Entity, 168

Bounded Plane, 86

Breakpoints, 91, 413 ff.

Centerline Entity, 83, 178

Character Appearance, 185, 331

Circle, 72, 118

Circular Arc Entity, 72

Circular Array Subfigure Instance Entity, 329

502
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Classes, 219

Clipping, 4, 245, 335

Clipping Box, 335

Color Definition, 347

Color Number, 23

Color Space Mappings, 421

Composite Curve Entity, 74

Composite Materials, 296

Compressed ASCII, 7, 42

Cone, 120

Conic Arc Entity, 78

Conic Arcs, 419

Connect Node Associativity, 443

Connect Point Entity, 58, 124

Connectivity, 56, 58, 371 ff. Constants, 8 ff., 44 ff. Integer, 8, 45

Language Statement, 9, 46

Logical, 9, 10

Pointer, 8, 9, 46

Real, 8, 45

String, 8, 9, 46

Constituent Entity, 74

Construction, 174

Constructive Solid Geometry, 152 ff. Block Entity, 154

Boolean Tree Entity, 168

Ellipsoid Entity, 166

Right Angular Wedge Entity, 156

Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity, 159

Right Circular Cylinder Entity, 158

Solid Assembly Entity, 172

Solid Instance Entity, 171

Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity, 165

Solid of Revolution Entity, 163

Sphere Entity, 161

Torus Entity, 162

Continuity, 91

Control Points for B-spline, 119, 121, 413 ff. Coordinate System, 69, 109, 335

Copious Data Entity, 83, 178, 214, 216

Cubic Spline, 91, 413 ff. Curve on a Parametric Surface Entity, 146

Cylinder, 120, 158

Data Form, 7

Definition, 69

Definition Level Property, 4, 278

Definition Space, 69, 174

Degree of Continuity, 91, 413 ff. Delimiters, 10, 13, 14

503
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Depth, 174

Developable Surface, 100

Diameter Dimension Entity, 180

Dimensioned Geometry Associativity, 236

Dimensions

Angular Dimension Entity, 176

Diameter Dimension Entity, 180

Linear Dimension Entity, 206

Ordinate Dimension Entity, 207

Point Dimension Entity, 208

Radius Dimension Entity, 209, 461

Directed Curve, 70

Directory Entry Section, 3, 17, 42, 52

Directionality, 70

Directrix, 104

Display Symbol, 86

Drawing and View Example, 362

Drawing Entity, 4, 63, 245

Drawing Size Property, 321

Drawing Units Property, 322

Drilled Hole Property, 283

Edge-Vertex, 1 Electrical Example, 353

Electrical/Electronic Product Representation, 371

Element Results, 63, 151, 453

Element Topology, 128

Ellipse, 78, 118, 419

Ellipsoid Entity, 166

Encoded Files (Examples), 351 ff. Entity

Angular Dimension, 176

Associativity Definition, 4, 219

Associativity Instance, 4, 222 ff. Attribute Table Definition, 348, 463

Attribute Table Instance, 349, 467

Block, 154

Boolean Tree, 168

Centerline, 178

Circular Arc, 72

Circular Array Subfigure Instance, 329

Color Definition, 347

Composite Curve, 74

Conic Arc, 78

Connect Point, 58, 124

Copious Data, 83, 178, 214, 216

Curve on a Parametric Surface, 146

Diameter Dimension, 180

Drawing, 4, 63, 245

Element Results, 63, 151, 453

Ellipsoid, 166

504
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

External Reference, 60, 340

Finite Element Entity, 63, 128

Flag Note, 182

Flash, 116

General Label, 184

General Note, 185 ff. General Symbol, 210, 462

Leader (Arrow), 202

Line, 89

Line Font Definition, 249

Linear Dimension, 206

MACRO Definition, 5, 60, 258

MACRO Instance, 268

Network Subfigure Definition, 56, 58, 325

Network Subfigure Instance, 56, 58, 330

Node, 63, 125

Nodal Displacement and Rotation, 63, 142

Nodal Load/Constraint, 63, 242

Nodal Results, 63, 150, 451

Null, 450

Offset Curve, 122

Offset Surface, 144

Ordinate Dimension, 207

Parametric Spline Curve, 91

Parametric Spline Surface, 95

Plane, 86

Point Dimension, 208

Point, 99

Property, 3, 4, 277 ff. Radius Dimension, 209, 461

Rational B-spline Curve, 118

Rational B-spline Surface, 120

Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance, 328

Right Angular Wedge, 156

Right Circular Cone Frustum, 159

Right Circular Cylinder, 158

Ruled Surface, 100

Section, 214

Sectioned Area, 212

Solid Assembly, 172

Solid Instance, 171

Solid of Linear Extrusion, 165

Solid of Revolution, 163

Sphere, 161

Subfigure Definition, 56, 324

Subfigure Instance, 56, 326

Surface of Revolution, 104

Tabulated Cylinder, 107

Text Display Template, 58, 344

Text Font Definition, 331

Torus, 162

505
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Trimmed (Parametric) Surface, 148

Transformation Matrix, 5, 66, 109

View, 4, 63, 335

Witness Line, 216

Entity Label, 17, 19, 24

Entity Label Display Associativity, 17, 18, 20

Entity Subscript Number, 17, 19, 24

Entity Type Number, 17, 18, 19

Entity Use Flag, 17, 18, 22

External Logical Reference File Index Associativity, 226

External Reference Entity, 60, 340

External Reference File Index Associativity, 60, 235

External Reference File List Property, 60, 317

File Structure, 11, 56 ff. Directory Entry Section, 17, 42, 52

Global Section, 11, 42, 51

Parameter Data Section, 40, 42, 52

Start Section, 11, 42, 50

Terminate Section, 41, 42, 54

Finite Element Entities, 63 ff. Element Entity, 63, 128

Element Results, 63, 151, 453

Node Entity, 63, 125

Materia! Properties (Tabular Data), 63

Nodal Displacement and Rotations, 63, 142

Nodal Load/Constraints, 63, 342

Nodal Results, 63, 150, 451

Flag Note Entity, 182

Flag Section, 3, 48

Flash Entity, 116

Flow Associativity, 58, 242

Flow Line Specification Property, 319

Font Characteristic, 185

Font Number, 185

Form Number, 17, 19, 24

Free Format, 10

General Label Entity, 184

General Note Entity, 185 ff., 446

General Symbol Entity, 210, 462

Generatrix, 104

Geometric, 2, 4

Geometry Entities, 69 ff. Block, 154

Boolean Tree, 168

Circular Arc, 72

Composite Curve, 74

Conic Arc, 78

Connect Point, 58, 124

506
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Copious Data, 83, 178, 214, 216

Curve on a Parametric Surface, 146

Element Results, 63, 151, 453

Ellipsoid, 166

Finite Element, 63, 128

Flash, 116

Line, 89

Nodal Displacement and Rotation, 63, 142

Nodal Results, 63, 150, 451

Node, 63, 125

Offset Curve, 122

Offset Surface, 144

Parametric Spline Curve, 91

Parametric Spline Surface, 95

Plane, 86

Point, 99

Rational B-spline Curve, 118

Rational B-spline Surface, 120

Right Angular Wedge, 156

Right Circular Cone Frustum, 159

Right Circular Cylinder, 158

Ruled Surface, 100

Solid Assembly, 172

Solid Instance, 171

Solid of Linear Extrusion, 165

Solid of Revolution, 163

Sphere, 161

Surface of Revolution, 104

Tabulated Cylinder, 107

Torus, 162

Transformation Matrix, 109

Trimmed (Parametric Surface), 148

Global Section, 3, 11, 42, 51

Glossary, 487 ff. Group Associativity, 224, 233, 238, 239

Hierarchy, 17, 18, 22

Hierarchy Property, 287

Hyperbola, 78, 118, 419

Implementor Defined Entities, 5

Integer Constant, 8, 44

Intercharacter Spacing Property, 323, 483

Internal Load Sign Convention, 302

Knot Sequence for B-spline, 413 ff.

Label Display Associativity, 17, 18, 20, 231

Language Statement Constant, 8, 9, 46

507
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Leader (Arrow) Entity, 202

Level, 17, 18, 19, 278

Level Function Property, 280

Line, 89, 118

Line Entity, 89

Line Font Definition Entity, 249

Line Font Pattern, 17, 18, 19

Line Removal, 4

Line Weight Number, 17, 19, 23

Line Widening Property, 281

Linear Dimension Entity, 206

Linear Spline, 91

List of References, 485 ff. Logical Constant, 9, 10

MACRO, 254 ff. Attributes, 254

Capability Section, 254 ff. Definition Entity, 5, 258

Examples, 269 ff. Instance Entity, 268

Syntax, 254

MACRO Definition Entity, 5, 60, 258

MACRO Instance Entity, 268

Material Properties, 288 ff. Beam Element End Releases, 306

Bending Coupling Material Stiffness Matrix, 300

Bending Material Stiffness Matrix, 298

Convective Film Coefficient, 314

Electromagnetic Radiation Parameters, 315

Element Thickness, 309

Heat Capacity, 313

Laminate Material Stiffness Matrix, 297

Mass Density, 294

Material Coordinate System, 301

Material Matrix, 293

Nodal Loads/Constraint Data, 304

Non-Structural Mass, 310

Offsets, 307

Poisson’s Ratio, 290

Sectional Properties for Beam Elements, 305

Shear Modulus, 292

Stress Recovery Information, 308

Thermal Conductivity, 311

Thermal Expansion Coefficient, 295

Transverse Shear Material Stiffness Matrix, 299

Young’s Modulus, 290

Mechanical Part Example, 355

Mirror Flag, 185, 344

Model, 2, 4

Model Space, 63, 69, 245, 335

508
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Modified Wilson-Fowler Spline, 91, 95, 413 ff.

Name Property, 320

Network Subfigure Definition Entity, 56, 58, 124, 325

Network Subfigure Instance Entity, 56, 58, 124, 330

Node Entity, 63, 125

Nodal Displacement and Rotation Entity, 63, 142

Nodal Load/Constraint Entity, 342

Nodal Results Entity, 63, 150, 451

Nominal Size Property, 318

Non-Geometry, 1, 173 ff. Null Entity, 450

Obsolete Entities, 437 ff. Offset Curve Entity, 122

Offset Surface Entity, 144

Ordered Group Associativity, 238, 239

Ordinate Dimension Entity, 207

Orientation, 4

Parabola, 78, 118, 419

Parameter Data, 17, 18, 19

Parameter Data Section, 3, 40, 42, 52

Parameter Delimiter, 10, 13, 14

Parameter Line Count Number, 7

Parametric Piecewise Cubic Polynomial Curve, 413 ff. Parametric Spline Curve Entity, 91

Parametric Spline Surface Entity, 95

Part File Examples, 351 ff. Part Number Property, 286

Pin Number Property, 285

Piping Model Example, 397

Planar Associativity, 240

Plane, 120

Plane Entity, 86

Plant Flowsheet Example, 381

Point Dimension Entity, 208

Point Entity, 99

Pointer Constant, 9, 46

Pre-defined Associativities, 224 ff. Product Definition, 2

Property, 3, 4, 277 ff. Definition Levels, 278

Drawing Size, 321

Drawing Units, 322

Drilled Hole, 283

External Reference File List, 60, 317

Flow Line Specification, 319

Hierarchy, 287

Intercharacter Spacing, 323, 483

509
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Level Function, 280

Line Widening, 281

Name, 320

Nominal Size, 318

Part Number, 286

Pin Number, 285

Reference Designator, 284

Region Fill, 445

Region Restriction, 279

Tabular Data, 288 ff. Property Entity, 277 ff.

Quadratic Spline, 91

Quadric Surface, 120

Radius Dimension Entity, 209, 461

Rational B-Spline Curve Entity, 118

Rational B-Spline Surface Entity, 120

Real Constant, 8, 44

Record Delimiter, 13, 14

Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance Entity, 328

Reference Designator Property, 284

Region Fill Property, 445

Region Restriction Property, 279

Right Angular Wedge Entity, 156

Right Circular Cone Frustum Entity, 159

Right Circular Cylinder, 120, 158

Right Circular Cylinder Entity, 158

Rotation, 5

Rotation Matrix, 109

Ruled Surface, 100, 120

Ruled Surface Entity, 100

Section Entity, 214

Sectioned Area Entity, 212

Sequence Number, 7

Sextuples, 83

Signal String Associativity, 439

Single Parent Associativity, 234

Slant Angle, 185

Solid Assembly Entity, 172

Solid Instance Entity, 171

Solid of Linear Extrusion Entity, 165

Solid of Revolution Entity, 163

Sphere, 120

Sphere Entity, 161

Spline Curves and Surfaces, 118, 120, 413 ff. Spline Representation, 91, 413 ff. Start Angle, 104

Start Section, 3, 11, 42, 50

510
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Status Number, 17, 18, 20

String Constant, 8, 9, 46

Structure Entities, 218 ff. Associativity Definition, 219

Associativity Instance, 222 ff. Attribute Table Definition, 348, 463

Attribute Table Instance, 349, 467

Circular Array Subfigure Instance, 329

Color Definition, 347

External Reference, 60, 340

External Reference File Index Associativity, 235

External Reference File List Property, 60, 317

Group Associativity, 224

Line Font Definition, 249

MACRO Definition, 5, 60, 258

MACRO Instance, 268

Network Subfigure Definition, 56, 58, 325

Network Subfigure Instance, 56, 58, 330

Nodal Load/Constraint, 342

Null, 450

Pre-defined Associativities, 224 ff. Property, 277 ff. Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance, 328

Subfigure Definition, 56, 324

Subfigure Instance, 56, 326

Text Display Template, 344

Text Font Definition, 331

View, 335

View List Associativity, 324

Views Visible, 227

Views Visible, Color, Line Weight Associativity, 229

Structure, 17, 18, 19

Structures, 56

Subfigure Definition Entity, 56, 324

Subfigure Instance Entity, 56, 326

Subordinate Entity Switch, 17, 18, 20

Surface of Revolution, 104, 120

Surface of Revolution Entity, 104

Surfaces

Offset Surface, 144

Parametric Spline Surface, 95

Rational B-spline Surface, 120

Ruled Surface, 100

Surface of Revolution, 104

Tabulated Cylinder, 107

Trimmed (Parametric) Surface, 148

Tabular Data Property, 288 ff. Tabulated Cylinder, 107, 120

Tabulated Cylinder Entity, 107

Terminate Angle, 104

511
APPENDIX M. INDEX OF TOPICS

Terminate Section, 3, 41, 42, 54

Text Box, 185

Text Display Template Entity, 58, 344

Text Font Definition Entity, 331

Text Node Associativity, 441

Torus, 120

Torus Entity, 162

Transformation Matrix, 17, 18, 20

Transformation Matrix Entity, 5, 66, 109

Translation, 5

Translation Vector, 109

Trimmed (Parametric) Surface Entity, 148

Triples, 83

Unbounded Plane, 86

Untested Entities, 1, 449

Vertex Point, 176

View Entity, 4, 63, 335

View List Associativity, 438

View, 17, 18, 20

View Port, 245, 335

Viewing Direction, 335

Views Visible Associativity, 227

Views Visible, Color, Line Weight Associativity, 229

Wilson- Fowler Spline, 91, 95, 413 ff. Witness Line Entity, 83, 216

ZT Displacement, 174

512
Appendix N. Numerical Index of Entities

Entity

Type Form Entity

Number Number Name Page

0 Null 450

100 Circular Arc 72

102 Composite Curve 74

104 0-3 Conic Arc 78

106 Copious Data 83

1-3 Data Points 83

11-13 Piecewise Linear Curve 83

20-21 Centerline 178

31-38 Section 208

40 Witness Line 216

63 Simple Closed Area 83

108 -1,0, +1 Plane 86

no Line 89

112 Parametric Spline Curve 91

114 Parametric Spline Surface 95

116 Point 99

118 Ruled Surface 100

120 Surface of Revolution 104

122 Tabulated Cylinder 1107

124 0-1, 10-12 Transformation Martrix 109

125 Flash 116

126 0-5 Rational B-Spline Curve 118

128 0-9 Rational B-Spline Surface 120

130 Offset Curve 122

132 Connect Point 124

134 Node 125

136 Finite Element 128

138 Nodal Displacement and Rotation 142

140 Offset Surface 144

142 Curve on a Parametric Surface 146

144 Trimmed (Parametric) Surface 148

146 TYPE Nodal Results 150, 451

148 TYPE Element Results 151, 453

150 Block 154

152 Right Angular Wedge 156

154 Right Circular Cylinder 158

156 Right Circular Cone Frustum 159

158 Sphere 161

513
APPENDIX N. NUMERICAL INDEX OF ENTITIES

Entity

Type Form Entity

Number Number Name Page

160 Torus 162

162 0-1 Solid of Revolution 163

164 Solid of Linear Extrusion 165

168 Ellipsoid 166

180 Boolean Tree 168

184 Solid Assembly 172

202 Angular Dimension 176

206 Diameter Dimension 180

208 Flag Note 182

210 General Label 184

212 General Note 185

0-8 Simple and Stacked

100-105 Fractions

214 Leader (Arrow) 202

216 Linear Dimension 206

218 Ordinate Dimension 207

220 Point Dimension 208

222 0-1 Radius Dimension 209, 461

228 0-3 General Symbol 210, 462

230 Sectioned Area 212

302 5001-9999 Associativity Definition 219

304 1-2 Line Font Definition 249

306 MACRO Definition 258

308 Subfigure Definition 324

310 Text Font Definition 331

312 0-1 Text Display Template 344

314 Color Definition 347

320 Network Subfigure Definition 325

322 0-2 Attribute Table Definition 348, 463

402 Associativity Instance 222

1 Group 224

2 External Logical Reference File Index 226

3 Views Visible 227

4 Views Visible, Color, Line Weight 229

5 Entity Label Display 231

7 Group without Back Pointers 233

9 Single Parent Associativity 234

12 External Reference File Index 235

13 Dimensioned Geometry Associativity 236

14 Ordered Group with Back Pointers 238

15 Ordered Group without Back Pointers 239

16 Planar Associativity 240

18 Flow 242

5001-9999 see Associativity Definition 219

514
APPENDIX N. NUMERICAL INDEX OF ENTITIES

Entity

Type Form Entity

Number Number Name Page

404 Drawing 245

406 Property 277

1 Definition Levels 278

2 Region Restriction 279

3 Level Function 280

5 Line Widening 281

6 Drilled Hole 283

7 Reference Designator 284

8 Pin Number 285

9 Part Number 286

10 Hierarchy 287

11 Tabular Data 288

12 External Reference File List 317

13 Nominal Size 318

14 Flow Line Specification 319

15 Name 320

16 Drawing Size 321

17 Drawing Units 322

18 Intercharacter Spacing 323, 483

5001-9999 Implementor-defined 277

408 Singular Subfigure Instance 326

410 View 335

412 Rectangular Array Subfigure Instance 328

414 Circular Array Subfigure Instance 329

416 1-3 External Reference 340

418 Nodal Load/Constraint 342

420 Network Subfigure Instance 330

422 0-1 Attribute Table Instance 349, 467

430 Solid Instance 171

600-699 MACRO Instance 268

5001-9999 Implementor-Defined 5, 268

10000-99999 MACRO Instance 268

515

NBS-1 14A (REV. 2-80

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

f EPORT NO.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 88-3813 June 1988

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) Version 4.0

5. AUTHOR(S)

Bradford Smith, Gaylen R, Rinaudot, Kent A. Reed, Thomas Wright

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see in struction s) 7. Contract/Grant No.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 Find!

1986 - 1988

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

3 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT ( A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a si gn i fi cant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This document contains Version 4.0 of the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification,

a defined format for the representation and exchange of data found in today's

commercially available CAD/CAM systems.

Newly added capability includes constructive solid geometry and more complete

support for finite element, electrical and drafting applications.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize on ly proper names ; and separate key words by semicolons)

Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM), design drawing,

electrical information, exchange format, finite element modeling, geometries,

graphics

13.

AVAILABILITY

f~X] Uni imited

| ] For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

n Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

[Xj Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

547

15. Price

$ 42.95

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988—2 01 -5 9 7 '92528
' - 1 ' .
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