'101%"

NBSIR 74-498(R)

Zcra aJ

Evaluation of Archival Stability of

Copies From Representative Office

Copying Machines

E. J. Parks and W. K. Wilson

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

April 30, 1974

Interim Report

Prepared for National Archives and Records Service

Washington, D. C. 20408

NBSiR 74-498(R)

EVALUATION OF ARCHIVAL STABILITY OF

COPIES FROM REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE

COPYING MACHINES

E. J. Parks and W. K. Wilson

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

April 30, 1974

Interim Report

Note: This document has been prepared for the use of National Archives and Records Service. Responsibility

for its further use rests with that agency.

Prepared for National Archives and Records Service

Washington, D. C. 20408

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretaiv

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION I DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND EVALUATION

OF STABILITY OF COPIES

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. SAMPLES , 4

3. METHODS OF TESTING 5

3.1 Aging at Elevated Temperature 5

3.2 Light Exposure, 5fenon Arc 5

3.3 Image Evaluation 5

3.4 Erasability 5

3.5 Print Contrast and Reflectance of

Image and Paper 6

3.6 Reflectance ...... 6

3.7 Conventional Tests 7

3.8 .Statistical Treatment of Data 7

3.9 Sampling 8

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10

5. CONCLUSIONS 14

6. i^.EFERENCES 15

SECTION II

SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR COPIES FROM

OFFICE COPYING MACHINES FOR PERMANENT RECORDS

PART 1 - PAPER 1

PART 2 - IMAGED COPY 14

SECTION I

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND EVALUATION

OF STABILITY OF COPIES

1. INTRODUCTION

Technology has been very kind to the office worker, the

scientist, the librarian, the archivist, and the businessman

by providing, over the past 20 years, a plethora of machines

for making copies of originals by pressing a button. This

kindness represents a mixed blessing to those who wish to

retain copies for some time. As indicated by the deterioration of some copies that have been in file several years, it

is obvious that a problem does exist. This problem is especially acute for archivists, librarians, and for county, city,

and state offices that require permanent and/or durable paper.

Three factors must be considered with respect to paper

for permanent records. These are: (1) physical properties

that can be measured in the laboratory, (2) relationship

between durability and these measured physical properties,

and (3) retention of properties with time. Unfortunately,

efforts to start with first principles and build paper structures that satisfy the boundary conditions of permanence

(chemical stability) , durability (resistance to wear) , and

cost in relation to known variables have not been particularly

fruitful. Even alkaline-filled papers may be unstable if

improperly made [1]*. Therefore, the point must be made that

we are working with an incomplete matrix of data, although

recent information obtained on naturally aged papers [1] may

help to fill in some of the voids. Enough empirical information is available to write useful specifications.

An added complication in the use of paper in office

copying machines is that the paper must be capable of being

transported through the copying machine for which it is

intended. Although paper for use in electrostatic copiers,

either plain or coated, may be purchased from sources other

than the suppliers of the copying machines, this is not

frequently done. Properties of the paper in relation to

transport and to imaging may be difficult to specify for

specific machines. It can be done, but the purchaser must

be aware of these potential problems.

Figures in brackets indicate literature references at end

of report.
2

Standards for permanent record papers require the

availability of an accelerated aging method for estimating

relative stability of paper. An accelerated aging method

for paper was developed by Hall [2] in which paper was heated

in an oven at 100°C for various times and then checked for

changes in physical and chemical properties. Rasch [3]

selected 72 hours at 100°C in a circulating oven as a standard accelerated aging test. This test was adopted by TAPPI

[4] and ASTM [5], but somewhere in the process of standardizing

committee activity, the aging temperature was changed from

100°C to 105°C.

The validity of this test for predicting the relative

stability of papers has never been widely accepted by the

paper industry or by independent research laboratories.

Browning and Wink [6] reasoned that the moisture content of

paper should remain constant during aging and that, under

the conditions used, in which the moisture content was maintained constant, accelerated aging was valid for estimating

the relative permanence of paper. They used the Arrhenius

approach, i.e., aging at various temperatures and extrapolating

some function of change due to accelerated aging to room

temperature. Stamm [7], van Royen [8], and Barrow [9] also

have used this approach.

Although it is strictly empirical, one may compare the

data from accelerated aging with that from natural aging.

This approach has been used by the National Bureau of Standards [3, 10, 11, 12] and by van Royen [8]. Others [13, 14]

have tested papers after several years of natural aging.

Work at the Institute of Paper Chemistry (IPC) [6] and

previous work at NBS on the present project on preservation

of records [15, 16] leaned toward a moist aging atmosphere.

It was assumed that paper should contain approximately the

same moisture content during an accelerated aging procedure

as during natural aging. The absolute amount of water vapor

in the aging atmosphere to maintain the same moisture content

in the paper increased with temperature, and so the partial

pressure of oxygen in the aging atmosphere, at constant

moisture content of the paper, decreases. Recent work indicated that oxygen and moisture both play significant roles

in the degradation of paper [17, 18, 19],
3

This work also indicated that (1) moist accelerated

aging may not be superior to dry aging, and (2) that tools

such as wet strength, fiber strength (zero span), and development of acidity may be valuable in the evaluation of naturally aged papers in order to make a selection between moist

accelerated aging and dry aging. Folding endurance decreases

in both types of accelerated aging, but it decreases more

rapidly during moist aging.

The permanence of the "usual" types of printing, such

as letterpress and offset, normally is not considered to be

a problem, but the stability of images formed by quick copy

processes is not known. Therefore, some method, or methods,

of evaluation must be devised. This is not as easily said

as done, for each type of copy may present a different problem

in mechanism of degradation. New processes are continuously

appearing on the market, so a complete evaluation represents

an impossible job.

A very elementary example is provided by the zinc oxide

coated paper that is widely used in direct electrostatic

copying. The zinc oxide coating causes the paper to exhibit

an alkaline reaction with respect to extract pH [20, 21].

The base paper itself may be quite acid, as it must be well

sized to provide the proper hold-out properties in order to

prevent the paper from absorbing some of the coating solvent.

This would give a spotty coating.

Stanciards for manifold papers [22], bond and ledger papers

[23], and file folders [24] have been written based on pH

requirements. These papers are not coated, so a pH value can

be used as a rough indicator of stability. The pH value of

a coated paper, in which the extract pH of the coating may

be radically different from that of the paper, cannot be

used as an indicator of stability.

The only answer is to use an accelerated aging method,

and test the copy before and after aging for retention of

properties. Standard methods are available for the heat

aging of paper [4, 5], for the irradiation of materials by

carbon arc [25] or xenon arc [26], for the erasability of

inked ribbons [27], and for the image evaluation of electrostatic business copies [28] . Until the question of the proper

conditions for the heat aging of paper has been clarified,

it will be necessary to use the present heat aging method

[4, 5] in conjunction with the other tests mentioned above

and to supplement these as necessary in order to provide

interim standards for quick copies of archival quality. As

indicated above, this approach is feasible only because data

(unreported) indicate that dry accelerated aging may be useful.
4

V

2 . SAMPLES

Several manufacturers of office copy machines were

contacted and invited to submit samples of paper, both

unimaged and imaged, for evaluation. Suppliers were requested

to submit only paper and copies that would be expected to

last a minimum of 50 years. The samples received were for

use either in the "plain paper" copiers, or the direct electrostatic copiers that require coated papers.

Data on the unimaged papers are given in Table 1. Nos.

2100 through 2108 are uncoated, and Nos. 2111, 2112, 2113,

and 2127 are coated papers. No. 2100 is an experimental

alkaline-filled paper. The nominal basis weights of most of

the papers are in the 20 lb. class.

Five bond papers that were used in the development of

specifications for bond and ledger papers for permanent

records [29] were included in this study. Data on these

papers are given in Table 2. One alkaline-filled paper and

one paper that apparently is neutral-sized (pH 7.3) are

included.

Suppliers were asked to submit good copy for evaluation

of the effect of light on the printing. These samples are

described in Table 3.

In order to work out a method for evaluating the durability of images produced by office copying machines, both

perfect and imperfect copies were needed. Some of the manufacturers made copies in two or three categories of perfection for this study, and these copies are described in

Table 4.
5

3. METHODS OF TESTING

3 . 1 Aging at Elevated Temperature

ASTM Method D776 [5] was followed using a forced draft

oven with a calibrated thermometer. Only one sample of paper

was placed in the oven during an aging period, as two samples

may interact and give spurious results [30].

3 . 2 Light Exposure^ Xenon Arc

ASTM Standard Recommended Practice G27-70 [26] was

followed for light exposure to the 2500-watt water-cooled

type xenon arc at 25°C and 50 percent relative humidity for

24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The light dosage was monitored

with NBS Light-Sensitive Papers [31], and the output of the

lamp was adjusted to correspond to the required dosage.

3 . 3 Image Evaluation

An ASTM recommended practice for image evaluation of

electrostatic copies is available [28] , but the procedures

essentially are subjective in nature. The density of the

image and the reflectance of the background may be measured,

and this was done by using a special print contrast measuring

instrument described in 3.5.

3 . 4 Erasability

The erasability of imaged copy was evaluated using an

ASTM method of testing for erasability of inked ribbons [27]

.

This method specified a specific apparatus for abrasing the

imaged specimen, a specific abrasion wheel, and the measurement of reflectance of a relatively large area (0.5 in. in

diameter) before and after abrasion. The coefficient of

image removal, C, for a pattern area = (F-I) x 100, where

F = final reflectance and I = initial reflectance. Print

contrast, as described in 3.5, was measured instead of the

reflectance of an area 0.5 in. in diameter (3.6).
6

3 . 5 Print Contrast and Reflectance of Image and Paper

The reflectance of the image and the paper was measured

with a print contrast meter using a tungsten light source

and a specimen area 0.008 in. in diameter. Measurements

were made with the unfiltered light source and with a filter

with a maximum wavelength of 460 nm. By setting the reflectance of the paper at 1.0, the print contrast, which is a function of the reflectance of the image, can be measured

directly. As an infinite number of combinations of image

and paper reflectances can give the same print contrast ratio

value, the reflectances of the ink and paper also were measured, and print contrast ratio was calculated from

PC = (1 - — ) , where

paper

PC = print contrast ratio, R^^^j^ = reflectance of ink, and

R = reflectance of paper, paper ^ The meter was calibrated with a barium sulfate standard

with an absolute reflectance of 99 percent. A secondary opal

glass standard with a reflectance of 98 percent was used as

a working standard.

3 . 6 Reflectance

Many approaches are possible to the measurement of

reflectance, and the approach depends on the requirements

of the job at hand. Print contrast, described in 3.5, is

one approach to the measurement of reflectance, but (1) the

procedure is not standard and (2) a very small specimen area

reduces the precision. ASTM D985 [32] describes the measurement of 45°, 0° directional reflectance of blue light at

457 nm of a specimen area 0.5 in. in diameter. This method

is standard in the paper industry, and was used to obtain the

reflectance of the unimaged paper.
7

3 . 7 Conventional Tests

Folding endurance, bursting strength, tearing resistance,

thickness, basis weight, opacity, and pH were obtained by the

appropriate ASTM methods [33].

3 . 8 Statistical Treatment of Data

The standard deviation, s, is a measure of dispersion

of the data obtained from n measurements (x^, X2 • . . x^^)

of the sample, and is estimated by means of the expression

X is the arithmetic mean of n measurements.

The confidence interval is the range which is expected

to include, with a certain degree of probability, the value

of interest. It is a measure of the component of uncertainty

of the reported average that is due to measurement error and

sampling variabilities.

After the degree of probability is selected, the confidence interval may be calculated from the formula

The value of t is obtained from a statistical table of t

distribution, and depends on the number of observations and

the specified degree of probability.

In order to compare the performance of two materials

(in this report, unaged and aged paper) , we will assume that

the variability in performance of each (A, unaged, and B,

agedl is unknown, but can be assumed to be about the same.

Some information already is available indicating that the

[34-36]

X + [35, page 2-3]
8

difference in variability between test results of unaged and

aged papers is not particularly significant [15]. After x^,

X , S^, and Sg are calculated, a pooled value, Sp, for the

standard deviation is calculated

(n^-l)S^2 ^ (1,3-1)832

Sp = ^/ [35, page 3-24]

n^ + ng - 2

Then a value for u, the test

difference at 95 percent (in

be calculated:

criterion for detecting a this report) confidence, may

u = t Sp / [35, page 3-24]

^A^B

If x^-Xq is larger than u, one can conclude that there is a true difference, with 95 percent confidence of being right,

between the performances of A and B. This procedure may be

used if n^=ng.

3 . 9 Sampling

Sheets were selected at random from the supply of paper

at hand to create the sample. One half of each sheet was

tested (controls) , and the other half was aged and tested.

Of the blank sheets that were run through copying

machines, half of each sheet was tested, and the other half

was aged and tested. Thus, the controls above come from a slightly different statistical population than the sheets

that were processed through copying machines.
9

For evaluating the effect of heat aging and light on

imaged copy, an attempt was made to retest the same area

each time, but several measurements were made in order to

obtain a reasonably small standard deviation.

The imaged copies for measuring the durability of the

image were from a different statistical population than the

sheets for physical testing. This should not cause any

difficulty.
10

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The relation between physical properties of paper that

can be measured in the laboratory and performance often is

elusive. Specifications must be built around products that

are available unless the demand is great enough to justify

a special production run. Most office copies are not destined

for archival use, so it is not to the advantage of either

supplier or purchaser to strive for unneeded quality or

permanence

.

Data on office copy papers and bond papers included in

this study are given in Tables 1 and 2. Further data on

bond papers are given in NBS Report 10 844, Development of

Specifications for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent

Records, in Tables 1-3 [29].

Some broad generalizations may be made about the properties of the papers in Tables 1 and 2. The papers for "plain

paper" copiers, 2100-2108, do not exhibit high fold or tear

values. In comparison, the coated papers have somewhat lower

tear values and much higher fold values. The bond papers

appear to be higher in tear. Although the papers are not

particularly directional with respect to tear, they are very

directional with respect to fold.

Setting minimum values for tear and fold for specification purposes must be somewhat arbitrary. One is not likely

to be able to achieve favorable values in all properties.

For example. No. 2100 is an alkaline-filled paper, but its

tear and fold values are not high. No. 2104 exhibits relatively

good tear and fold values, but the pH is only 4.8, hot extraction. Therefore, a specification document should not be used

too rigidly by the purchaser, as suitable paper may be obtained

by relaxing one of the requirements.

A brightness minimum should be specified. Opacity may

be important for imaging purposes. This, along with other

properties such as curl, moisture content, smoothness, stiffness, etc., may be significant to imaging and transport

through specific machines, but this is beyond the scope of

this report. If a purchaser wishes to buy paper for a particular machine from an independent source, the required

characteristics of the paper must be determined or obtained

from the manufacturer.
11

An alkaline filler can be specified for paper for "plain

paper" copiers, but alkaline-filled coated papers are not

likely to be available except on special order. Although

filler and pH requirements can be given for the various levels

of permanence, they are not significant for coated papers.

One must rely on aging requirements.

Test data for office copy papers after aging for 72 hours

at 105°C are given in Table 5, and data on percent retention

after aging are given in Table 6. Data on selected bond

papers after aging and percent retention are given in Table

7. Retention of fold and tear against hot extraction pH are

plotted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.

The plot in Figure 1 shows that some correlation exists

between hot extraction pH and retention of fold after aging.

The five ledger papers fall on a straight line, but the

office copy papers are very erratic. Three of the four

coated papers show good stability toward accelerated aging.

The other coated paper probably is an acid paper with poor

stability. The "plain paper" copier papers show considerable

variation in pH values (4.1-5.2), and retention of fold after

accelerated aging varies from 16 percent to 109 percent.

Resistance to tear with aging, shown in Figure 2, does

not indicate a wide range in values with aging, as the lowest

retention value is 60 percent. Retention of burst after

aging is not particularly useful, as the lowest retention

value is 78 percent. Retention of brightness was good and

was never less than 90 percent.

As the effect of the processing machine on subsequent

stability of paper cannot be ignored, several papers were

passed through selected copying machines. Some of each

sample were then tested and some were aged for 72 hours at

105°C. The test data are given in Table 8, and data on

retention of properties are given in Tables 9-11. Averages,

standard deviations, and numbers of specimens are given in

Tables 12-14, and data for estimating statistical significance

of the test data are given in Table 15.

Although fold appears to be the most sensitive criterion

of change due to aging, tear next, and burst the least sensitive, the u values are much larger for fold than for tear

or burst. Therefore, one must look at the Xj^-Xg values in

relation to the u values. The latter usually represents

about 20 percent of the fold value, which means that differences of less than about 20 percent in fold may not be significant. This figure can be reduced by making a larger

number of observations. The u values for tear and burst

usually lie within 5-10 percent of the average values.
12

The significance of the data for each test, sample,

and aging condition is indicated in Table 16. If x^^-Xd is

not appreciably greater than u for a specific test, aging

did not produce a measurable difference in the paper with

respect to this particular test. If x^-Xg is appreciably

greater than u, significant change has occurred during the

aging procedure.

It is obvious that Nos . 2100, 2111, 2112, 2127, 233,

and 2 38 are stable toward accelerated aging. There is

little indication that copying processes degrade the paper

or that copy processing enhances the aging process.

Data on the effect of irradiation with a xenon arc,

aging for 72 hours at lOS^'C, and irradiation followed by

heat aging are given in Tables 17-19. Reflectance data

were obtained using (1) a light source with a dominant

wavelength of 460 nm, and (2) an unfiltered incandescent

lamp. It is obvious that none of these aging conditions

appreciably changed the print contrast ratios.

The "light" specimens described in the tables are

readable, although any volume of copy with such a low print

contrast ratio would not be comfortable to read.

Print contrast data obtained at a dominant wavelength

of 460 nm or with an unfiltered incandescent lamp are satisfactory for evaluation of changes due to aging. Reflectance

at 460 nm is more sensitive and, therefore, is preferable,

but not every instrument is fitted with this filter. Print

contrast data obtained by direct reading of the instrument

and by calculation from reflectance data gave essentially

the same results.

Changes in print contrast after various cycles of abrasion for copied material having images that are properly

fused to paper, marginally fused, or poorly fused, are given

in Table 20. An end point of 20 cycles was selected for

comparing resistance to abrasion. The print contrast ratios

for several samples after abrasion for 20 cycles are given

in Table 21.

The effects of aging and of abrasion on print contrast

data on several papers, with various image quality levels,

are given in Table 22. With one exception, print contrast

data placed the image quality in the correct order. Aging

for 72 hours at 105°C did little to the unabraded specimens.

Aging appeared to do little to the properly imaged specimens,

but aging apparently fused the improperly imaged specimens

so that they were changed little by abrasion.
13

Data on differential thermal analysis of the paper

evaluated in this project are given in Table 23. Although

there is some correlation between T2 and and pH, it is

very poor. Previous data have indicated that a good correl

tion between pH and T-^ exists for a homogeneous group of

paper [16]. For a heterogeneous group, the correlation is

not as good [37]

.
14

5. CONCLUSIONS

1. A plot of retention of folding endurance with accelerated

aging against hot extraction pH indicates that, with the

exception of some coated papers, a relationship exists

between these properties.

2. A similar plot of retention of tearing strength with

accelerated aging against hot extraction pH is not as

convincing as the plot for folding endurance, but apparently the less stable papers can be identified.

3. Assuming that accelerated aging for 72 hours at 105°C

is a valid test, it is possible to set arbitrary limits

for retention of fold and tear after aging.

4. As data in the literature have shown that there is a correlation between pH and stability of paper, it is

reasonable to set pH limits for paper for "plain paper"

copiers.

5. Print contrast appears to be an adequate test for measuring the reflectance of office copy images.

6. Print contrast of the samples studied did not change

appreciably with accelerated aging, either after 72

hours at 105°C or by irradiation with a xenon lamp.

7. The abrasion test used in this study appears to be

adequate to distinguish between properly fused and

improperly fused images.
15

6 . REFERENCES

1. Unpublished data, Paper Evaluation Section, NBS

.

2. Hall, Gosta, Permanence of Paper, Paper Trade J . 82 (14):

185 (April 8, 1926) .

3. Rasch, R. H. , A Study of Purified Wood Fibers as a Paper

Making Material, Bureau of Standards Journal of Research

3: 469 (1929) , RP 107.

4. TAPPI Method T453 su-70. Effect of Heating on Folding

Endurance (Relative Stability of Paper) , Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, One Dunwoody

Park, Atlanta, Georgia 30341.

5. ASTM Method D 776, Standard Method of Test for Relative

Stability of Paper (Effect of Heat on Folding Endurance)

,

1973 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 15, American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street,

Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

6. Browning, B. L. and Wink, W. A., Studies on the Permanence and Durability of Paper, Tappi 51 (4) : 156 (1968) .

7. Stamru, A. J., Ind. Eng. Chem. 48 : 413 (1956).

S. van Poyen, A. H., Comparison of the Accelerated Aging

of Cellulose with Normal Aging at Room Temperature,

Assoc. Tech. Ind. Papetiere , Bull. 6, 223 (1957);

Papierwereld 12 : 219 (1958) ; Abstr. Bull. Inst. Paper

Chem. 29_: 92 (1958) .

9. Barrow, W. J., Permanence/Durability of the Book, A

Two-Year Research Program. W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory, Richmond, Va. (1963) .

10. Rasch, R. H. and Scribner, B. W. , Comparison of Natural

Aging of Paper with Accelerated Aging by Heating, Bureau

of Standards Journal of Research 11 : 727 (1933), RP 620.

11. Scribner, B. W. , Comparison of Accelerated Aging of

Record Papers with Normal Aging for 8 Years, J. Research

NBS 23: 405 (1939)

.

12. Wilson, W. K. , Harvey, J. L. , Mandel, J. and Worksman,

T., Accelerated Aging of Record Papers Compared with

Normal Aging, Tappi 38 (9): 543 (1955).
16

Reid, L. S., Paper given before Preservation Symposium,

Chesapeake and Allegheny Paper Club, Washington, D.C.,

(March 25, 1955)

.

Lewis, H. , Institute of Paper Chemistry, private

communication

.

Wilson, W. K. and Hebert, R. L. , Evaluation of the

Stability of Record Papers, Tappi 52 (8): 1523 (1969).

Wilson, W. K, and Hebert, R. L. , Evaluation of the

Stability of Manifold Papers, Tappi 55 (7): 1103 (1972).

Parks, E. J, and Hebert, R. L. , Accelerated Aging of

Laboratory Handsheets: Changes in Acidity, Fiber

Strength, and Viet Strength, NBS Report 10 627 (December

27, 1971)

,

Parks, E. J. and Hebert, R. L., Accelerated Aging of

Laboratory Handsheets: Retention of Folding Endurance,

Internal Tear, Bursting Strength, and Tensile Strength,

NBS Report 10 628 (December 1, 1971).

Parks, E. J. and Hebert, R. L., Accelerated Aging of

Laboratory Handsheets: Reflectance, Moisture Regain,

Sonic Modulus, and Differential Thermal Analysis, NBS

Report 10 687 (February 22, 1972).

TAPPI Method T435 su-68. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

of Paper Extracts —Hot Extraction Method (Related ASTM

Method D 778)

.

TAPPI Method T509 su-68. Hydrogen Ion Concentration

(pH) of Paper Extracts —Cold Extraction Method.

ASTM Method D 3208, Standard Specification for

Manifold Papers for Permanent Records, 1974 Annual Book

of ASTM Standards, Part 20.

ASTM Method D 3290, Standard Specification for Bond and

Ledger Papers for Permanent Records, to be published.

ASTM Method D 3301, Standard Specification for File

Folders for Storage of Permanent Records, to be published.

ASTM G 25, Standard Recommended Practice for Operating

Enclosed Carbon-Arc Type Apparatus for Light Exposure

of Nonmetallic Materials, 1972 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 30

.
17

26. ASTM G 27, Standard Recommended Practice for Operating

Xenon-Arc Type Apparatus for Light Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials, 1972 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Part 30.

27. ASTM F 362-72, Erasability of Inked Ribbons, 1973 Annual

Book of ASTM Standards, Part 15.

28. ASTM F 360-72, Standard Recommended Practice for Image

Evaluation of Electrostatic Business Copies, 1973

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 15.

29. Parks, E. J., Hebert, R. L. , and Limparis, G. H.

,

Development of Specifications for Bond and Ledger

Papers for Permanent Records, NBS Report 10 844

(May 1, 1972) .

30. Wink, W. A., Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,

Wisconsin, private communication.

31. SRM 700b, Light-Sensitive Paper, and SRM 701b, Standard

Faded Strips, NBS Standard Reference Materials.

32. ASTM D 985-50 (reapproved 1969), Standard Method of

Test for 45-Deg. , 0-Deg. Directional Reflectance for

Blue Light (Brightness) of Paper, 1973 Annual Book of

ASTM Standards, Part 15.

33. ASTM Method of Test for Paper in 1973 Annual Book of

ASTM Standards, Part 15:

D 589-65 (1970) , Opacity of Paper

D 645-67, Thickness of Paper and Paperboard

D 646-67, Basis Weight of Paper and Paperboard

D 689-62 (1968) , Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper

D 774-67 (1971) , Bursting Strength of Paper

D 778-50 (1971) , Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) of

Buffered Paper Extracts

D2176-69, Folding Endurance of Paper by the MIT Tester

34. SCAN-G2:63, Statistical Treatment of Test Results,

Scandinavian Pulp, Paper, and Board Testing Committee,

Box 5604, S11486 Stockholm, Sweden.

35. Natrella, Mary G. , Experimental Statistics , National

Bureau of Standards Handbook 91 (1963) . Available

from the Government Printing Office.
18

Davies, 0. L. , Statistical Methods in Research and

Production, 4th edition, published for Imperial

Chemical Industries, Ltd. by Hafner Publishing Co.,

866 3rd Avenue, New York, N.Y. (1972),

Hebert, R. L. , Tryon, M. , and Wilson, W. K. , Differential Thermal Analysis of Some Papers and Carbohydrate

Materials, Tappi 52 (6): 1183 (1969).
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1

00 00 LO ro ro LO LO CO

CO 00 00 CO 00 CTi cu Q

ro ro CO CM

* rn * * * c ,

I *-j

4-* rn 00 LO ro CO W m 00 CO m

* ro„

C -P if) H 0^ 00 CN ^ LO CN CO

4-J C m CN LO CN LO CO CM ^ M Q CM (N CN CO CN ro CN CN ro CM ro

(U D-< CQ CO

in Q LO CM ,—

1

00 00 Q Q

-(H C QJ CM 1—

t

,—

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ro ,—^ ro CO ,—1 00 ro CM •H O 0 CM CN ro

(/I 0 M QJ OJ

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H

0 0

LO CN 1^ 1^ fSJ ro Di 1—1 tij Q ro [-^

•v. DiO 0)

{J Q 00 00 LO CO ro CN lo

fj LO LO LO uo LO ro ro

fO -r-( Q n m _ m rsi 1 ,

1

,

1 ro CXD

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iin iw

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1 1 1 (

,

1 u

d)

tr^

Eh m 00 ro ON 0 .H LO .-1 CO

iH C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-rH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

QJ

m

fN CN ^ CTl CO LO CT\ 1 1 QJ TJ Di QJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0^ o> CM 1—

1

U X 1—1 fN CN CN CN CN CN 1—

I

fH CM CN CM CN

-P <

Cn -P

-rH -H

QJ C

12 D CMe

ro CN CN CM .H LO <y\ .-H

rH \D 00 LO LO CM CM .H

CO a> CO cri

0) QJ au^ a D D D D D D u U u U

>f 0

QJ rH . Oi 0 0 CN ro LO CO rH CN ro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -H rH <-i CM rH .-t rH rH fH iH .-t -H rH .—

1

.—1 CO CM CM CM (N <N CM CM CN CM CN

.H0

OJ TS•H

QJ U)

QJ 0

c £ 0 H M T3 tfi QJ 0 QJ CU-P ^

fTj fO a, 0 -p u

a. ^

11 u D -H

QJ 0 - 13 0 QJ OJ •H 5 -P 13 CO

(0 -H

QJ 0 tn 13 u u QJ

QJ C -P 5 D OJ p 0

,-1 1! U M 0 c < D U D

J-
p in rH CM 0

x: in r-- asa

T) r~i

n ON

rH0 in 00 in U >

+j •HU 00 rH 00 o

nS CO 00 CO o> 0O

U) • wc CM (N (N rH rsi 3 -M P x: CO O <N

(/) Cn 00 CO CO 00 CO H

CnC

m

•H

tr

(tJ C

W

H -p P o in

m

w

C

-a

u •H rH rH og

m 3 O ro ro ro

CQa

rHu

w c CP T)

Q o o O

-H

C 0) rH

U rH ro

•rH

U 0 rH rH

Ti

C tJlMH

(/) i-H (0 O M 0) OJ ti 3 rH rH Oi Tl X!

Q o CM

O o

(tJ Eh

C 3 •a- r~ (N in o H H o rH ro rH s c0 dJU Q o rH O

tji c U tn 00 C <T3 (U H P

1-1 y) CP

u (0 -H

d) 0)

w

Q Ln o

rH Eh 0) S •>*• <U cd

V)o

14-1 -p

Q)

to U)

B CTl r~- ON

+J

m

O rH o o rH ro

OJ <u

M rH rH rH rH rH c O

j<; •H

p

u E

05 •H

x:

H Eh rH (M (Nl in c o o O o o

•H o o o o o

rg o

0) bl

OO- rH o in

Ch <1) Csi

O rH o CM

X CM (N rH CM

-P <s x: rCJi -P rH -H -H

Q)

C S D o a> g

in

C7^ CO

<U rH . a o e z rH ro in 00 CO

TJ ro

n

n ro in

fN (N OJ
Table 3. Imaged samples for evaluation of

resistance to xenon arc.

Sample No • Imaging Process Nature of Image

Base

Paper Sou]

2100 - a radiant dark, uniform 2100

D radiant aarK ana xignt Z lUU A

- C heat and pressure dark, uniform 2100

d heat, pressure dark and light ZIUU

o 1 n 1 Z lU 1 — uD , C f 0. z X u X

Z Lu Z

- a

,

u,D , C f u Z i u z A

Z i U J a

,

D ,

/-• A Z9 J.1 nU -J^

z ± U 4 — a / u /-• A ^ X W T

a

,

t) ,

/~i c A

f a ^ X U J A

Z i U b A ^ X U O

2109 radiant dark and light 2107 B

2110 radiant dark and light 2108 B

2114 radiant dark 2111 C

21] 7 radiant dark 2112 C

2120 radiant dark 2113 c

2128 hot air dark 2127 D
Table 4. Imaged samples for evaluation of

mechanical durability of image.

Sample

No. Imaging Process Nature of Image

Nature of

Fixing

Base

Paper Source

2100 a

c radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2100

2100

A

A

2101 ac radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2101

2101

A

A

2102 a

c radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2102

2102

A

A

2103 a

c radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2103

2103

A

A

2104 a

c radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2104

2104

A

A

2105 a

c radiantheat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2105

2105

A

A

2106 ac radiant

heat and pressure

dark

dark

proper

proper

2106

2106

A

A

2109 radiant dark and light proper 2107 B

2110 radiant dark and light proper 2108 B

2114 radiant dark proper 2111 C

2115 radiant dark and light poor 2111 C

2116 radiant dark and light marginal 2111 C

2117 radiant dark proper 2112 C

2118 radiant dark and light poor 2112 C

2119 radiant dark and light poor 2112 C

2120 radiant dark proper 2113 C

2121 radiant dark proper A

2122 radiant dark and light marginal — A

2123 radiant dark and light poor — A

2124 heat and pressure dark proper A

2125 heat and nre '=5 sure dark and light marginal A

212( heat and pressure dark and light poor A

212r, hot air dark proper 2127 D
00 CD 00 CTi , j vO

00 lO 00

M

ro ro ro in , 1 00 0 00 if) LD LD in in in in

\j ' r*K-i H

U*

lU rnUi

if) 1u ) i M n\\U 00

r-*

>-t 00 1 ^ N r~~l

U ) 00

•4-' +-'

II 1 fi—r'« o LO 00 1—1

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00 00 00 00

Ui Vj 1—1

00

M

m 00 00 00 p-v.

ni

u * ^

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V.O 00

w «

r\i , 1 00 in

M-i •4-* »-4 r" U CNJ r-H 00 00 ro ro p^ , 1 1 1 f \ m U CNJ V N ro I N

rvj CM r\] ro rs.1 ro

r \ V. ' n.

Q) 0 rn

m

\J LT I

•rH

O 11 1 „j U 4-*

U ' (J (—1 nn 1 I I ^ ro ' /r< lO C d) C\l r-i t N —4 u I \J2 •ri ^ , j CsJ \U 0 CO tj^

tlJ I 1 r—1 ((J

rrt

r-* -J (J

H

10

U M-( ^ 1^ r—(

r~i 1 1 I—* /-\ i4 Pi O 00 o O CD CD

nj

r « tr' G

r-< »-> LI } V

J ^ N Ll ) fA\J1

M (xj 0 iH ro iH 00 Q) I 1 /t( 10 O 0 1 \

•+-) /I \ r \ U 00 u) 00 CD Oi /-/->> Oi

ro ro

u ) ro ro

d frt LO -H -P M cn CP

0) rH (D

w rsj LO in 00 o 0) -H

Eh 0) ro ro CsI ro in in ro CN

m CN

<d -H

Eh

W 1

(U -P

<U (D ai o rH r\] ro in >X) 00 rH CN ro r~~ -P C a 0 o O o o o o o o o rH rH iH CN 03 O

rH rH rH rH .H

H rH iH rH rH iH

O c: CN CM CN CM CM (N CN CN CN u

W .-1 CM
Table 6. Retention of properties of office copy

papers after aging for 72 hours at 105°C.

Sample

No.

Initial

pH, hot

Percent Retention After Aging^

Fold"' ' Rn T" c: -i- J-^ UJ_ O I—

2100 8.8 9 5 85 96 9 6

2101 4,9 75 27 79 9 3

2102 4 . 6 78 45 92 93

2103 4.1 60 16 80 94

2104 4.8 8 8 62 88 95

2105 4.8 89 59 90 93

2106 5.1 98 80 99 96

2107 5.2 86 102 94 94

2108 5.2 82 66 9 3 93

2111 7.7 92 87 88 100^ 90''

2112 7.2 93 95 91 98 89

2113 8.3 69 28 107 104 89

2127 6 . 7 92 107 96 98 89

^Percent of value for unaged paper

^Average of machine and cross directions.

^Coated side.

''Uncoated side.
o« CO

(-1 t/5

(J '

4-' 00 LO CO W 1 H

<U1 1 -M

UA

c* rn CN

•r-1

t_i 00 , 1 /—•

\M

Tj d)

f-*

HM rH 00 (*\] CN

r\\J LO 00 CO CP 1 \ r_ C

-H • \U w ' ' I 1 (AJ 1 r^t rH CN

•rH QJ

/I ^ nn

C-j tr' 1 1 ^1 CN

Pi

4-'

if} 4-^ V 1 frt

n

(D rH rH o o

lo CO LO LO

r )

\J 1 1 rj-i « 1 rn U V UJ J U f\ \

*-< ro iT) 00 CO

-4-'

/I ^ f-* Or-' ro 00 , 1 00 00 00 rU^ U 1 r—"

(U 0

4-* Uj o% \ N I o d) CO

U

H *H CN 1 00

n I vU

r-*

r-> \.

N CO CN

rrtV 1

rri 1 1 >4 U U UJ •H

0) tnQ

O o o

-P

u

C rHU rH LO rH

C/) V-l •H

T \ u 1 VJ

1) (U T! c tT'-^-l

rf\ UA

r o r-1O

Em

fdu

A;

D1 1

r\\JH

JJ

U

J

uo t 1^ Eh c I \J 1 ^ N (J H w o rH CN u< (U frt f—1

Si

lO (D Vh r 1 U I—}

CO _. 1 00 VL^ •ri r^ LI ) C (T5 r \ \J •H -M rd M cn e

fdH

(0 £—1O 00 CN 1 1 1 Eh (D

>rr-' CO r\U\ QjU ' OJ

r-Ha.

O ro LO 00 00 6 2 m ro CO ro LO >

CN CM CN <
13 LD ro 1—1

CX> LT) CO CO 1—1

ID IX) CN CO

O oo CM CM

CO d) 1 CO Cn o o o 1—1

cr» 1—1

CTi o o 1 CM CM 00 CO CO CO LO un

(U <; 00 00 CO CO 00 oo 00 00 00 CO CO

-p 13 * tr> dj CO 00 CO CO CN o ro o ro <T\ i—i CM CTi 00 LO

O CO •H tri 1 0 0 M fd f^ ro >X) <D 00 00 iH tH 00 ID ID ro 1 CO o o CN CN CO I

4- tT' (L)

d CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CO CO 00 00 CO UJ CO CO C30

d)C (0

!h !I3

— ft ^ x;

(0

U -p 0 W o tr 13 o o o CN CN CM CO CO 00 1—1 t CN CO 00 VX) LO ro o

CI) (U LD d) X C o (D ro CM ( CM ro o CTi

H CM o o CO 00 LO IX) (U -H rH >H <C CM CN CM 1—1 1—1 1—1

tH ro ro

H (N OM rsj CN CN OM 00 roHH CO 00

+-> CO

>-lO -P

W -P

0) n3 rd --

—

13

4-1 Cfl

C 0 d) <J^ r-H CO 1—1 1—1

CM ^ ^ CO

O LD vf r—\ ^ O CM X) •H £X

-P fd ro

O (N CO CO I CM

H 00 00 cy\ CO o HO CM IX) KD ~ 0 O CO CN CN CM CM CN CM CN CM CO ro CN CM CM CN CN CN CN ro CO CN CN CO OO

1—1 O XI

U

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>^ <N

c/} o r

CU P M

Dj Cr' 0 Q i-H <N LO CO

O CN 1—1

V-D CM CM C3> ID

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>H d)

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00

H LO 1—1

CM 00 CNO CM 00 LD

C Cri •'-) EhU ro ro ro ro ro <N CN ID LD (N IX) <X5 0 C tTi rH fd

t/!) fd -p 13

Q CM CO ,—j

00 1-^ CN ,—1CO 1—1

(V) X) p-^ LO n) LD ^ Cfi >i CO (D CJ LD ID "vT IT) Lf^ LO LD 00 LO LT) 'X) "vf C CD X! Sh -h Cn

tT3

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Q IT) 1—1 [

1—1 O CO C7^ LO 1—1 CO o C3> ^ 1—1

tO J-i (U

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CO «^ ro LT) LT) LT) LT) ID CO LD r~ r-- LT/ IX) <o

^1 Q-i > H

<D ^ O

D-i (D 1—1 M 1— (U n 0 U

CO 14_| 1—t

LO 00 CO

M 1—, 1 1 1 CO CN CM CD

O CD CO

>^

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H

H (N CM 00

H

H 00 LD

H iH

in 13 CM

H 0 U C P i-H d) U di-H tT> 10 C - < C n O 1-H 00 ID 00 CM 00 00 00 o OO CO o O

O tH o c

Q)

wm

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•H M-l

Q o o LOH ro a> ro CO o 00 00

O o OO r- 00 00 o 0 +J 13 CJ CN 00 (N H H iH H H ro H (N 00 CO H CM H H H 00 CN

rd tH (U dJ 00 tH

H

H

M (D J-i 0 Cri 0 Xl <D U-i Xi fd

M-1 -P

CQ CN ro IX) CM CO o O o CTi

OO ONJ o O

O

O CN o o

Eh 0 00 CO LD rsi ro

H LO CO Lf^ CM ro ro LT) CO CN CN

O

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HH U5

HH ro CO

-p ^

(d -P -—

(d

— d) Q) d) dJ d) d) dJ d) d) d) Q) P -H CO U u >H Sh Sh SH U Sh Sh U

CO T!^ CO

(U cd cn (L) CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o

Eh

M td CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0 d) dJ d) dJ d) d) Q) d) dJ dJ d)

!h

u !h Sh Sh Sh Sh !h !h Sh Sh * 00

Q.: D; D- Qj Di a: Di

a D-' Oa

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

QJ c -p c C H-l +j c; jj J_|

C -P 4J

C -PG -P tH -H fd C td fd c fd td C fd c td •H fd c fd n: C fd c

X! fd Id (d Id fd Id fd fd td fd fd fd fd Id -p H -P rH -P -H -P -rH -P •H H H-) •H H-l -H H-l •rH P -H H-l -rH Eh e fd 13 fd 13 fd 13 Id 13 Id 13 fd 13 fd 13 H-) td 13 fd 13 fd 13 fd 13 H fd d; fd CD fd d) Id d; fd dJ td Q) Id O dJ fd dJ fd d) Id dJ td

>H x; in x; iH x: S-i s: Sh

u x:u x;

X Sh x: Sh x; vh x:

u

d) H • a; o e s

fd

C/3 ooH

CM

OH

CN

CNO00O

O

LDO

>X> O

CM

CM ro

CN

00

ro

CN

ID

OO

CM

00

ro

CM o c

CO 00

IX) 00 oc

CN CM C CT< CO CM

LD LD

LO LD

o>O ^ LD O r-H

t-" CT, VX) LD

LO CM

CM rvj o o

00

00 tH

d)

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CO

!0

d)u

0.

13

HJ

fd

C

Id

H-) -rH rd 13

d) td x: u

CO

LD

CM
Table 9. Retention of the internal tearing resistance of quick

copy papers and bond papers (1) after accelerated

aging for 72 hours at 105°C; (2) after exposure to

quick copy process; and (3) after the latter exposure,

followed by aging for 72 hours at 105°C.

Percent Retention^ After:

Quick Copy Processing

Quick Copy Processing

Plus Aging

SairiDle

No. Aging Radiation

Heat and

Pressure

Hot

Air Radiation

Heat and

Pressure

Hot

Air

2100 95 103 105 103 99

2101 75 97 103 74 75

2102 78 100 105 78 81

2103 60 98 97 55 53

2104 88 84 94 79 81

2105 89 97 97 88 86

ri06 98 98 98 88 93

2127 02 108 88

231 87 104 109 92 93

2 33 90 94 96 101 101

235 77 101 98 83 84

238 91 87 88 90 91

258 82 99 99 80 75

^Percent of value for unaged paper, average of

machine and cross directions.
Table 10. Retention of folding endurance of quick copy papers

and bond papers (1) after accelerated aging for 72

hours at 105°C, (2) after exposure to quick copyprocesses, and (3) after the latter exposure followed

by aging for 72 hours at lOS^C.

Percent Retention^ After:

Quick Copy Processing

Quick Copy Processing

Plus Aging

Sample

WO . Aging Radiation

Heat and

Pressure

Hot

Air Radi ation

Heat and

Pressure

Hot

Air

^ X u u c5 D XL) y Q 1 y X y 0

O A o 4

/ ± (J -L 9 7 o X 19 1 X Z X

9 Q z y9 C J D

Z X u z 4 D X119X z y D

/I n 4 U9 O

Z X U J X D

1 n Q 1 u y O QO1 9 1 Z1 9 Iz

Z9 1 n /I X U 1

9 O Z 126 94 66 66

2105 59 114 94 59 54

2106 80 115 97 77 78

2127 107 95 71

231 48 102 97 60 60

2 33 104 103 84 98 70

235 50 96 91 50 48

238 82 104 83 98 74

258 32 101 82 25 29

^T^ercent of value for unaged paper, average of

machine and cross directions.
Table 11. Retention of bursting strength of quick copy papers

and bond papers (1) after accelerated aging for 72

hours at 105°C, (2) after exposure to quick copy

processes, and (3) after the latter exposure followed

by aging for 72 hours at 105°C.

Percent Retention^ After:

Quick Copy Processing

Quick Copy Processing

Plus Aging

No. Aging Radiation

lie: d U dllU

Pressure Air Radiation

neau ana

Pressure

nO L Air

2100 96 101 96 97 97

2101 79 99 109 81 88

2102 92 102 96 89 91

2103 80 102 101 78 75

2104 88 107 98 96 92

2105 90 97 101 91 88

2106 99 104 102 99 98

23 27 96 90 91

231 96 98 100 95 88

2 33 100 100 97 98 97

235 92 103 97 87 87

23R 99 98 97 96 94

258 87 89 93 81

i 83

^P*=?rcent of value for unaged paper
(N CN CN CN CN ^ N ^ N rvi I N rs.1 V N

r; ,

1 ,1 IH ,

1 rH r~n

1 r^ •—-I r~i 1 r**l

CO X UO LO 00 CO LO lO f

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and samples irradiated 96 hours with a xenon arc from reflectance measurements

using unfiltered incandescent lamp.

Unfiltered Incandescent Lamp

Paper

Sample Print Contrast Ratios Reflectance

No (%)

Unaged Aged Unaged Aged

Dark Light Dark Light

Image Image Image Image

2100 a 0 .91 -- 0.91 -- 78 75

b 0 .88 0 . 25 0.88 0.22 80 79

c 0 . 86 0.86 78 77 d 0 . 85 0.34 0. 82 0. 33 81 78

2101 a 0 .94 — 0.94 — 82 72

b 0 . 86 0.44 0.89 0.41 82 81

c 0 .91 0.91 82 83

d 0 . 86 0.47 0. 86 0.49 o o 0 J O 0 O J

2102 a 0 .92 0.92 83 80

b 0 .88 r\ AO 0 . 4 0 n o "7 U . o / U . 4 / 89 87

c 0 .90 0.90 80 80

d 0 . 89 0.63 0. 89 0.63 Q Q o y

2103 a 0 . 96 — 0.94 — 79 78

b 0 , 84 0.37 0.83 0 . 32 77 77

c 0 . 89 0.88 76 75

d 0 .78 0.40 0.78 0. 38 7 8 7 7

2104 a 0 .91 — 0.90 -- 75 76

b 0 . 86 0.27 0.87 0.21 75 76

c 0 .91 0.91 77 76

d 0 . 85 0.45 0 . 86 0.45 77 7 8

2105 a 0 . 95 0 . 94 80 0 1 b 0 .85 0.28 0. 86 0.29 79 79

c 0 . 90 0.90 79 7 8 d 0 .83 0. 45 0. 83 0.45 77 78

2106 a 0 .91 — 0.91 — 78 78

b 0 . 86 0.33 0.85 0 . 30 "7 O

/ O

"7 Q / O c 0 .92 0.91 80 80

d 0 . 86 0.41 0.85 0.41 "7 O / 0

2109 0 . 79 0 . 56 0.77 0.52 / Z / U

2110 0 . 86 0.67 0.84 0.62 O T

2114 0 . 75 0.72 Q A o 4

2115 0 52 0.51 O 1 ol ol

2116 0 75 0.73 78 82

2117 0 76 0. 76 81 83

2118 0 58 0.52 82 84

2119 0 76 0.76 78 78

2120 0 81 0. 80 75 83

2128 0 85 0.21 0. 83 0.19 78 83
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CN CN C^J CN CN CN tN CN CN CM CN
Table 20. Effect of abrasion on print contrast

ratios, using an unfiltered incandescent

lamp, of (a) poorly fused, (b) marginally fused, and (c) properly fused

images on office copies.

No. of

Abras ion

Cycles Imaging Process

Quality of Image Fusion

Poor Marginal Proper

Print Contrast Ratio

0 radiant 0 . 75 0 . 85 0.84

20 radiant 0.28 0.48 0.77

30 radiant 0.28 0.27 0. 73

40 radiant 0. 16 0.4 4 0.73

50 radiant 0.16 0.40 0. 74

60 radiant 0.29 0 . 40 0.62

0 heat, pressure 0. 83 0.84 0. 89

20 heat, pressure 0.24 0.46 0.73

30 heat, pressure 0.41 0.24 0. 71

40 heat, pressure 0. 39 0 . 39 0.60

50 heat, pressure 0.24 0.28 0 . 59

60 heat, pressure 0 . 29 0.21 0.56
Table 21. Print contrast ratios, using unfiltered

incandescent light, of properly fused

office copies before and after abrasion

for 20 cycles with wheel No. CS-IOF at

a total load of 500 g.

Sample

No

Processing Method

Print Contrast Ratio

Before

Abrasion

After

Abrasion

2100 radiation 92 92

heat, pressure 84 57

2101 radiation 93 93

heat, pressure 90 80

2102 radiation 93 92

heat, pressure 90 71

2103 radiation 93 93

heat, pressure 87 55

2104 radiation 94 93

heat, pressure 88 85

2105 radiation 92 92

heat, pressure 90 78

2106 radiation 94 93

heat, pressure 90 78

2109 radiation 80 69

2110 radiation 79 73

2128 hot air 86 49
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u Oi CPu

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(U cu cu cu CU cu o x: t3 4-) 4-) P 4-1 4-1 4-1 (U VI cu CJ cu QJ (U cu cu (d fd (d fd fd fd rH 0) H 4J 4-) 4-1 4-) 4-1 4J 4-> 0 0 0 0 0 0

Xi

a c fd fd fd fd fd fd fd

u

uuu

u

u

fd >i-H o 0 o 0 0 0 0 d

d

dd

dd o o o o u o u p P P P P P

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rH iH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

fd rs) CM CM CN CN (N CM CM CN CN CN CM CM
Table 23. Differential thermal analysis data^ on

office copy papers and bond papers.

Sample pH

T

A 3 4

No. Hot (°C) (°C) (°C)

2100 8.8 258 333 352

2101 4 . 9 214 333 355

2102 4.6 215 325 360

2103 4.1 210 331 354

2104 4.8 237 338 362

2105 4 . 8 230 338 358

2106 5.1 220 349 368

2107 5.2 254 347 364

2108 5.2 240 334 362

2111 7.7 - - 348

2112 7.2 - - 350

2113 8.3 305 343 363

2127 6 . 7 252 333 353

231 4 . 7 238 322 360

233 9 . 5 270 357 375

235 5.1 230 338 358

238 7.2 267 353 374

258 4.4 220 319 355

^ T2 is the temperature at the beginning

of a massive decomposition endotherm,

is the temperature at the peak of

decomposition, and is the temperature

of a small exotherm after the major

decomposition.
i
100

0 07

I 27 0c

33 tn

12 0

80

C

110

38 Q

00 0

O 06

60

008

0 04

O 05

Q35

31(3

02 O

40

Q 58

© 01

c 13 ©

20

6 V

pH/ HOT EXTRACTION

Figure 1. Retention of folding endurance after aging for 72 hours

at 105**C as a function of pH, hot extraction.
100

0 06

90

05 e

04 0

31 Q

.<

tu<

LU

U-P

o

ai

H

UJ

or.

80

Q 58

02 0

G 07

0 08

0 35

0 01

70

00 0

12

27 O

38

110

C

33 Q13 0

60 0 03

6 7

pH. HOT EXTRACTION

Figure 2. Retention of internal tear after aging for 72 hours

at 105*C as a function of pH, hot extraction.
1

SECTION II

SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS [1] FOR COPIES FROM

OFFICE COPYING MACHINES FOR PERMANENT RECORDS

PART 1 - PAPER

1. SCOPE

1.1 This specification covers coated or uncoated papers,

for permanent records, for use in direct or indirect electrostatic copy processes and other types of office or quick copy

processes

1.2 It has been shown [2, 3] that permanence is at

least an approximate function of the pH of an aqueous extract

of the paper. Three pH levels, reflecting three levels of

permanence (for plain paper) are specified.

1.3 It has been shown [3, 4] that a relationship exists

between accelerated aging for 72 hours at 105°C and natural

aging. Retention of properties after accelerated aging is,

therefore, a part of this specification.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 ASTM Documents [5]

D 585, Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper,

Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related Product.

D 589, Test for Opacity of Paper

D 644, Test for Moisture Content of Paper and

Paperboard by Oven Drying

D 645, Test for Thickness of Paper and Paperboard.

D 646, Test for Basis Weight of Paper and Paperboard

D 689, Test for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper

D 776, Test for Relative Stability of Paper (Effect

of Heat on Folding Endurance)
2

D 778, Test for Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) of'

Buffered Paper Extracts.

D 985, Test for 45-deg, 0-deg. Directional Reflectance for Blue Light (Brightness) of Paper.

D 1030, Test for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paperboard .

D 2176, Test for Folding Endurance of Paper by the

MIT Tester.

2.2 Other Documents

U.S. Government Paper Specification Standards [6].

Determination of Fluorescence [7].

3. CLASSIFICATION

3.1 Types. Three types of paper for office copying

machines, according to permanence level, are specified.

These permanence levels are differentiated by (1) pH , (2) type

o-*^ filler or sizing, or both, and (3) an accelerated aging

requirement. For situations where the copies will be handled

frequertly, the grade is described as "high referral." A

higher tearing resistance is specified for this category, a folding endurance requirement is optional, and the purchaser

may wish to specify all or part new cotton or linen.

The coating of coated papers for use in some copying

machines by present technology contains zinc oxide, and the

pH of this type of paper is on the alkaline side.

3.2 Type I, maximum permanence

3.2.1 Grade 1 - Ordinary use.

3.2.2 Grade 2 - High referral.

3.3 Type II, high permanence

3.3.1 Grade 1 - Ordinary use

3.3.2 Grade 2 - High referral.
3

3.4 Type III, medium permanence

3.4.1 Grade 1 - Ordinary use.

3.4.2 Grade 2 - High referral.

4. DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS

4.1 Alkaline-filled paper - A paper containing calcium

or magnesium carbonate or both. Such a paper is alkaline

(pH usually in the range from 7.5 to 9.5) and contains a reserve buffering capacity that can neutralize acidic gases

sorbed from the atmosphere.

4.2 Bond paper - A grade of writing or printing paper

which, historically, was used where permanence, strength,

and durability were required. Now, it is also used for

letterheads and forms, and for many other situations where

permanence and durability are unimportant. Therefore, bond

papers cover a wide spectrum of quality. Most bond papers

receive some printing (for example, letterheads or forms)

before use, so printing properties as well as writing, erasing,

cleanliness, etc., are important.

4.3 Durability - The ability of a paper to resist the

effects of wear and tear in performance situations. For

example, paper currency should be durable, but permanence is

not a problem.

4.4 High referral - The grade that describes situations

where copies are frequently handled (see 3.1).

4.5 Ledger paper - Originally, ledger paper was used

especially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers

today are surface sized. They frequently are subjected to

appreciable wear and must have a high degree of permanence

and durability. They are characterized by high strength,

high tearing resistance, erasability, water and ink resistance, uniformity of surface, and smoothness.

4.6 Paper, neutral-sized - A paper that has been sized

with a rosin-alum system in which sodium aluminate has been

substituted for part of the alum that normally is used, or

with one of the synthetic sizes such as ketene dimer or

acrylic emulsion.
4

4.7 Paper with a minimum pH value - Paper usually is

sized in a slightly acidic medium. The specification of a minimum pH , as practiced by the U.S. Government (2.2)

provides some assurance that the paper will have medium

permanence, as defined in 4.8 of this specification. It has

been shown that the stability of paper is an approximate

function of pH , so a minimum pH is one approach to specifying

a stable paper.

4.8 Permanence - This basically is a function of the

chemical stability of the paper and its ability to maintain

initial properties over a long period of time. Permanence

must be defined with respect to the end use, as one paper

might be expected to last 50 years and another to last

indefinitely. The three levels of permanence covered in

section 3 may be described as follows:

4.8.1 Maximum permanence - The document is

expected to last several hundred years.

4.8.2 High permanence - The document is expected

to last in excess of 100 years.

4.8.3 Medium permanence - The document is expected

to last at least 50 years, and up to 100 years.

4.9 Coated paper - Has been surface treated with clay

or some other pigment and adhesive mixture, or other suitable

material, to improve the finish with respect to printing

performance, color, smoothness, opacity, conductivity, or

other surface properties.

4.10 "Office copies" or "quick copies" - Reproductions

made by direct or indirect electrostatic printing, thermographic processing, etc. , as contrasted to conventional

printing such as letterpress, offset, etc.

5. BASIS OF PURCHASE

5.1 Orders shall specify type and grade, dimensions,

color, and, if necessary, fiber analysis, and printing

requirements. The paper shall perform suitably in the

specific copying machine for which it is intended.
5

6. COMPOSITION AND CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS

6.1 Fiber Analysis. The paper shall be made from

cotton or linen pulp, fully bleached wood pulp, or a mixture

as specified at the time of purchase. The paper shall be

free of unbleached wood pulp or groundwood.

6.2 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) . The pH shall be

as follows:

6.2.1 Type I - 7.5 to 9.5

6.2.2 Type II - minimum 6.5

6.2.3 Type III - minimum of 5.5.

6.3 Filler. Type I paper, if for use in a "plain paper"

copier, shall contain an alkaline filler of calcium or

magnesium carbonate, or both. The minimum shall be 2 percent,

calculated to calcium carbonate, based on the oven-dry weight

of the finished paper. The determination of carbonate filler

shall conform to the method described in 12.4

Coated papers normally are not made with alkaline

fillers, so for this kind of paper one must rely on the

accelerated aging requirement in section 8.

7. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Weight per Unit Area is not a requirement of this

specification, unless agreed to between buyer and seller,

but the nominal weight per unit area may be used to describe

the paper.

Most. copy papers are in the 75 g/m^ class (20 lb, 17 x

22, 500), but some 60 g (16 lb) and 90 g (24 lb) papers are

supplied. If the buyer specifies a weight per unit area,

the variation of test unit averages within a shipment (or

lot) shall be not more than 5 percent above or below the lot

sample average value.
6

7.2 Thickness. Thickness is not a requirement of this

specification unless agreed to between the buyer and the

seller. If specified, thickness shall be expressed as

micrometers (1 x 10"^ m) or as mils (1 x 10"^ in.) , and the

variation of test unit averages within a shipment (or lot)

shall be not more than 5 percent above or below the average

value

7.3 Internal Tearing Resistance. The average internal

tearing resistance in each direction shall be not less than

that given in Table 1.

7.4 Directional Reflectance (Brightness). For white

papers, the average brightness shall be not less than 75 percent with the fluorescence component excluded. The brightness

requirement does not apply to colored papers. Optical

brighteners are not excluded, unless specifically stated at

time of purchase.

7.5 Fluorescence. The fluorescent component of brightness for white papers, if fluorescence is objectionable to

the end use, shall not exceed 2 percent. Fluorescence shall

be determined in accordance with 12.2.

7.6 Opacity. If the paper is to be printed on both

sides, the minimum opacity shall be not less than 85 percent.

For printing on one side only, the opacity requirement may

be rer'uced to 80.

7.7 Folding Endurance. The average folding endurance

for the machine and cross directions shall be not less than

that given in Table 1.

7.8 Color. The paper shall be white, or colored, as

specified at time of purchase.

8. RETENTION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER

ACCELERATED AGING

After accelerated aging, the retention of tearing

strength and folding endurance shall conform to the requirements listed in Table 1.
7

9. DIMENSIONS, GRAIN, AND TRIM

9.1 The paper shall be furnished in the size, or sizes,

specified at time of purchase, to a tolerance of + 1/32 inch

(0.8 mm), and shall be trimmed square.

9.2 Grain. The paper shall be supplied grain long or

grain short at the option of the seller, unless otherwise

specified by the purchaser.

10. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

10.1 Sizing. The paper shall be internally sized and

surface sized so that it shall be suitable for the intended

purpose, as indicated by the purchaser.

10.2 Printing Properties. The paper shall be suitable

for the duplication process for which it is purchased.

10.3 Erasing Quality. This property shall be evaluated

as follows:

Visible feathering shall not be apparent after

the paper has been written on with aqueous ink, erased, and

written on again in the erased area with aqueous ink.

11. SAMPLING

11.1 The paper shall be sampled in accordance with

Method D 585, using Plan II for all properties.

12. METHODS OF TEST

12.1 ASTM Standards - Conduct the tests in accordance

with the following ASTM Standards:

12 . 1.Opacity - Method D 589

12.1.2 Moisture Content - Method D 64 4

12.1.3 Thickness - Method D 645

12.1.4 Basis Weight - Method D 646
8

12.1.5 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (uH) - Method D 778

12.1.6 Directional Reflectance - Method D 985

12.1.7 Internal Tearing Resistance - ^fethod D 689

12.1.8 Fiber Analysis - Method D 1030

12.1.9 Folding Endurance - Method D 2176

12.2 Fluorescence (AB)

12.2.1 Apparatus

12.2.1.1 Filter Ref lectometer , with 0

to 4 5° geometry.

12.2.1.2 Light Source, with a color

temperature of 3100°K.

12.2.1.3 Blue Filter, approximating the

CIE Z function.

12.2.1.4 Ultraviolet-absorbing Filter,

movable, permitting inclusion or exclusion of the ultraviolet

component from the light falling on the test area.

12.2.1.5 Ceramic Tile Calibration Standard, with a known value for the function Z.

12.2.2 Test Specimens - Test two sheets from

each test unit. The test area shall be a circle 57 mm in

diameter. Make measurements at the top and bottom of both

sides of each test sheet.

12.2.3 Procedure

12.2.3.1 With the calibration standard

positioned at the specimen window, adjust the instrument to

give the reflectance value assigned to the standard.

12.2.3.2 With the unknown test specimen

at the window and the ultraviolet filter positioned to

include the ultraviolet component of the incident light,

obtain the reflectance of the specimen.

12.2.3.3 Without moving the test specimen

and with the filter positioned to exclude the ultraviolet

component, obtain the reflectance of the specimen.
9

12.2.3.4 Calculate the difference between

readings, 12.2.3.2 and 12.2.3.3; this is AB.

12.2.4 Report - Report AB for the wire and felt

sides separately, and the average for both sides.

12.3 Carbonate Content of Paper - Qualitative

12.3.1 Procedure - Place approximately 0.5 g of

paper in a test tube of any convenient size. Cover it to a depth of about 10 mm with 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) . A

gentle continuous effervescence (not to be confused with

initial desorption of gases from the surface of the paper)

indicates the presence of carbonate.

12.4 Carbonate Content of Paper - Quantitative

12.4.1 Procedure

12.4.1.1 Weigh out approximately 1 g of

paper to the nearest 1 mg, making a correction for the

moisture content (Note 1) and place it in approximately

25 cm of water in a 125-cm-^ Erlenmeyer flask. Pape 20 cm^

(Note 2) of standardized 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) into

the flask, heat to boiling, and boil for approximately

1 min. Add 3 drops of aqueous methyl red. Cool to room

temperature and titrate to the first lemon yellow with

standardized 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)

Note 1 - The specimen for analysis may be

dried and weighed, or a separate portion may be used for

moisture determination.

Note 2 - For a 1-g specimen, 20 cm^ of

0.1 N HCl is sufficient to neutralize the carbonate in a paper containing approximately 10 percent carbonate.

12.4.1.2 If a trace of pink indicator

remains adsorbed on the surface of the paper, boil the paper

briefly to desorb the pink color. Usually a further drop of

NaOH solution will restore the lemon yellow to the solution.

12.4.2 Calculations - Calculate the carbonate

content of the paper as percent calcium carbonate (CaC03) as

follows:

(cm^ X N)opi - (cm^ x N)NaOH ^ 0.050 x 100

CaC03, % = —

weight of specimen, g
10

where 0.050 is the milliequivalent weight of CaCO^. Duplicate determinations should agree within 0.3 percent CaC03.

12.4.3 Report - Report the carbonate content as

percent CaCO^ of the oven-dry paper to the nearest 0.1 percent .

13. INSPECTION

13.1 Inspection of the paper shall be agreed upon by

the purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract,

14. CERTIFICATION

14.1 Upon request of the purchaser, a manufacturer's

certification that the paper was manufactured and tested in

accordance with this specification, together with a report

of the test results, shall be furnished at the time of

shipment

14.2 Test results obtained by both the seller and the

purchaser shall be made available, upon request, to either

party

15. PACKAGING AND MARKING

15.1 The paper shall be packaged in 500 or 1000 sheet

auantities. These shall be wrapped and securely sealed, or

packaged in boxes or cartons, in order to provide adequate

protection during shipment and storage. Each package shall

be marked to show the type of paper, quantity, color, size,

basis weight (weight per unit area) , and the name of the

manufacturer

15.2 Packaging in exterior containers for shipment

shall be adequate to avoid damage during shipment and

storage
11

APPENDIX

XI. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

XI. 1 As there are many variables in the manufacture of

paper and in the use and storage of records, it is impossible

to place definitive values on the number of years that various

categories of records will endure. It has been established

that the rates of both natural and accelerated aging are

approximate functions of the pH of the paper. The following

information may be used as a guide:

XI. 1.1 Type I Papers - Machine-made papers with

an alkaline filler have existed, apparently with little change,

for at least 70 years. Handmade papers containing an alkaline

filler have survived for almost 400 years. Acid papers have

survived this long, but their condition is, comparatively

speaking, not as good and is an approximate function of acidity.

XI. 1.2 Type II Papers - The probable longevity

of these papers should lie somewhere between Type I and Type III

papers.

XI. 1.3 Type III Papers - The relative condition

of paper in old books and documents has been correlated approximately with pH. Barrow has shown that the condition of

naturally aged paper definitely is a function of pH. Manifold

papers in U.S. Government files with pH values as low as 4.2

have survived almost 50 years, and the physical properties of

these papers are an approximate function of pH. A minimum pH

of 5.5 should indicate longevity greater than 50 years.

XI. 2 Papers containing cotton or linen, or both, are

considered by many people to be more durable than wood pulp

papers. As both rag and wood pulp papers may cover a wide

spectrum of permanence and durability, generalizations are

not possible.

XI. 3 Paper may be procured on the basis of a standard

sample, on the basis of requirements other than those listed

in this specification, or one or more of the requirements may

be waived. In order to obtain the degree of permanence required,

it is very important that the pH requirements of this specification should be met for the type and grade of paper purchased,

and the retention of properties after accelerated aging should

meet or exceed the specification
12

NOTES

1. This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM

Committee D-6, Paper and Paper Products.

2. Barrow, W. J., Deterioration of Book Stock; Causes and

Remedies, The Virginia State Library, Richmond, Va.

(1959) .

3. Wilson, W. K. , Harvey, J. L., Mandel, J., and Worksman, T.,

Accelerated Aging of Record Papers Compared with Normal

Aging, Tappi 38, No. 9, 543 (1955).

4. van Royen, A. H., Comparison of the Accelerated Aging of

Cellulose with Normal Aging at Room Temperature, Assoc . Tech. Ind. Papetiere , Bull. 6, 223 (1957); Papierwereld

12, 219 (1958); Abstr. Bull. Inst. Paper Chem. 29 , 92 ~

TT9 58 ) .

5. 19 74 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 20.

6. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

7. Based on Part 2 of the U.S. Government Paper Specification Standards of the Congressional Joint Committee on

Printing.
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14

PART 2 - IMAGED COPY

1. SCOPE

1.1 This specification covers the permanence and

durability of images made on coated or uncoated paper used

in the direct or indirect electrostatic copy processes and

other types of office or quick copy systems.

1.2 It is limited to those cases where the material

that forms the image is deposited on a paper substrate.

2, APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 ASTM Standards

D 776, Test for Relative Stability of Paper (Effect

of Heat on Folding Endurance)

F 360, Image Evaluation of Electrostatic Business

Copies

F 362, Erasability of Inked Ribbons

G 27 , Standard Recommended Practice for Operating

Xenon-Arc Type Apparatus for Light Exposure of Nonmetallic

Materials

3. CLASSIFICATION

Although many office copy processes are available for

transferring images to plain paper or to coated paper, no

istinctions are made among these processes.
15

4. DESCRIPTION OF TERMS

4.1 Imaged Copy - An imaged copy is a reproduction on

paper of an original by some process, such as electrostatic,

other than some form of conventional printing, such as letterpress or offset.

4.2 Permanence - Permanence is a function of the

chemical stability of the image and its ability to maintain

initial properties over a long period of time.

4.3 Durability - The durability of an image is its

resistance to handling in use situations, and its ability

to stick to the paper.

4.4 Print Contrast Ratio - Print contrast ratio is

defined as (1 - Rink/^paper^ ' ^here ^^^^= reflectance of the

image, and Rnaner ~ reflectance of the paper. An instrument

is available that gives print contrast directly when the

reflectance of the paper is set at 1.0.

5. TEST ORIGINAL

This is covered in general under iSTM F 360. The test

original should have an average print contrast ratio of 0.9T

or greater. It may be made using a typewriter, or it may be

a Test Chart for Copying Machines, both of which are described

in ASTM F 360. Other test originals may be used as long as

the print contrast ratio of part of the test original is 0.90,

or greater.

6. COPY EVALUATION

6.1 Print Contrast - For a series of 50 random measurements, the average print contrast shall be no less than 70.

6.2 Other cooy evaluation techniques, as applicable,

may be used as described in ASTM F 360-72, section 7.
16

7. RETENTION OF PRINT CONTRAST AFTER ACCELERATED AGING

After exposure to the xenon lamp for 96 hours at 25°C

and 50 percent relative humidity (2.1) or to oven aging for

72 hours at 105°C (2.1), the average print contrast ratio

shall not decrease by more than 20 percent of the original

value

8. RETENTION OF PRINT CONTRAST AFTER ABRASION

After abrasion for 20 cycles with wheel No. CS-IOF, the

average print contrast ratio shall not decrease by more than

20 percent of the original value.

9 . SAMPLING

At least 100 sheets of imaged copy shall be obtained

for evaluation either from the supplier or from preparation

of copy on a selected machine. The copy machine should be

in good working order and properly adjusted to produce good

copy. Sheets for evaluation shall be selected at random from

the sample.

10. METHODS OF TEST

10.1 ASTM Standards - Conduct the tests in accordance

with the following ASTM Standards:

10.1.1 Exposure to xenon arc - Method G 27, 25°C

at 50 percent relative humidity.

10.1.2 Image evaluation - Method F 360, using a print contrast ref lectometer capable of measuring the reflectance of an area 0.008 in. in diameter. Reflectance should

preferably be in the blue end of the spectrum around 460 nm,

but unfiltered incandescent light may be used.

10.1.3 Abrasion resistance - Method F 362, 20

cycles with wheel No. CS-IOF with a weight of 500 g.

10.1.4 Reflectance to accelerated aging - Method D 776.
17

Table 1. Summary of print contrast ratio

requirements

.

Imaged copy, minimum 70

Maximum percentage loss after

Exposure to xenon arc 20

Oven aging 20

Abrasion 20
18

11. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Several processes are in use for producing images on

paper in office copying machines. In some cases, the machines

and materials are available only from one manufacturer. In

other cases, one can buy the machine from one supplier, the

paper from another, and the imaging materials from yet another.

In addition, a manufacturer may change composition at any

time, without notice. It is desirable for a purchaser to

establish a reliable source of supply, test the product, and

obtain assurance that significant changes will not be made

without notice.
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. I'THLICATION OR RI-PORT NO. NBSIR 74-498(R)2. Gov't Acccs.>;ion No.

3. Recipient'.s Acccs'iion No.

4. TITLE .A.\D SUBTITLE

Evaluation of Archival Stability of Copies

From Representative Office Copying Machines

5. Publication Date 6/30/74

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

E. J-w Parks

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 74-498 (R)

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proiecr/Task/Work Unit No. 3000442

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Archives and Records Service

Washington, D.C. 20408

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Interim

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Information has been developed on the stability of papers used

in preparing copy on office copying machines as well as stability

of images formed by representative quick copy processes. Retention

of physical properties after accelerated aging according to ASTM

Method D776 was used as one criterion of probable stability.

Acidity as measured by ASTM Method D778 also was used as a criterion

of potential stability. Abrasion resistance of the image after

exposure to a xenon arc and after accelerated aging according to

ASTM D776 was used as a criterion of stability of image. Representative papers made especially for specific copying machines, and

representative copies from these m.achines , were used in the testing

program. Suggested specifications for copies for permanent records,

based on the data developed in this report, are presented.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Aging of paper; office copies; office copies, permanence; paper

permanence; permanence of paper; specifications for office copies;

stability of office copies; stability of paper.

18. AVAILABILITY |

' Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

jof' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCLASSIFIED

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing

Washington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. CI 3 Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

1

' Order From National Technical Information Service

Springfield, Virginia 22151

(NTIS)

UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74
1