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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

 WASHINGTON D.C. 20460

 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND 

 POLLUTION PREVENTION 

PC Code: 124002

DP Barcodes: 385667, 387408, 

387407, and 389832

Date: May 23, 2011

TRANSMITTAL MEMO

SUBJECT: Ecological Risk Assessment to Support the Proposed Section 3 Uses of 

Novaluron to Control Crickets in Residential Areas, and to Control

Mosquito Larvae in Small Water Bodies

TO: John Herbert, Risk Manager

Jennifer Gaines, Risk Manager Reviewer

Registration Division (7505P)

FROM: Alicia Korol, Biologist

Robert A. Miller, Environmental Protection Specialist

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THRU: Dr. Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has revised the environmental fate 

and ecological risk assessment in support of the Section 3 registration decision on the 

insecticide novaluron. This transmittal memorandum accompanies the most recently 

revised version of the novaluron fate and ecological risk assessment, which supersedes 

the original fate and ecological risk assessment issued on May 12, 2011.

EFED has completed the request from the Registration Division to evaluate the 

ecological risk and environment fate of the proposed new uses of the insecticide 

novaluron ((RS)-1-[3-Chloro-4 (1,1,2-trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-

difluorobenzoy1)urea, CAS # 1167-46-6). Novaluron is a non-systemic benzoylphenyl 

urea insect growth regulating insecticide that inhibits chitin biosynthesis and interferes in 

cuticle formation in insects belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera, 
ii

and Diptera. The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as 

formulated in RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide (9.3% a.i.), for the indoor and 

outdoor control of crickets. The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is 

for the control of mosquito larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P (0.12% a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (0.12% a.i.). 

Novaluron’s low water solubility and high soil adsorption coefficient indicate novaluron 

will strongly adsorp to soil and have limited ability to leach into groundwater. 

Novaluron's major route of degradation is microbial degradation. Aerobic soil and 

aqueous degradation half-lives range from 7-32 days and 10-51 days, respectively. 

Novaluron is stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, and soil photodegradation. The 

high lipophilicity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to 

bioaccumulate. 

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites of concern identified by 

the Health Effects Division (HED) for drinking water concern (MARC, 2004). 

Chlorophenyl urea is no more of a concern to aquatic organisms than novaluron based on 

chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to toxicity endpoints. 

Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea toxicity to aquatic organisms was not assessed and 

current aquatic risk analysis is based on the parent alone; however, risk to terrestrial 

organisms was assessed where data were available (i.e. terrestrial invertebrates). 

Environmental exposure and risk quotients were not calculated for chloroaniline because 

there are limited fate data and no terrestrial or aquatic ecotoxicity and/or toxicity data 

available.

Exposure and Risk Conclusions - RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide

EFED calculated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the 

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot 

treatments. Consistent with EFED’s standard scenarios used to model surface water 

runoff (PRZM and EXAMS models), it is conservatively assumed that a 10 ha watershed 

is treated with novaluron in a single day. This assumption is realistic when considering 

the pest management operations for a large retirement community or town home 

association. However, RIMON® SUPRA 10EC is unlikely to always be applied to an 

entire 10 ha surface area (including ground and building foundations) for a single 

application. Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of 

novaluron at 1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 ha) to bound the 

aquatic exposure at estimated high and low use rates. For terrestrial exposure, the 

maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) was modeled.

Based on the screening-level risk assessment, EFED determined that the proposed 

application rate for perimeter and spot treatments is 3 times greater than currently 

registered maximum single application rate of novaluron (0.32 lbs a.i./A). Therefore, 

the potential for ecologically adverse effects from the proposed oudoor perimeter 

and spot treatment use is greater than the uses previously assessed. For the proposed 

use on crickets, chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all herbivorous, 
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insectivorous, and granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39-22.3). Risk quotients 

for chronic dietary exposures to mammals also exceeded the Agency’s LOC for the 

proposed use on crickets (does-based RQs ≤ 1.28). Based on the magnitude of the 

chronic avian RQs, a bird that obtained 5% of its dietary needs from novaluron treated 

areas would still consume a quantity of novaluron that exceeds the Agency’s level of 

concern. For the proposed spray use of novaluron, where applications may not be 

contiguous over dietary items, adverse effects to birds are still expected. Based on the 

magnitude of the chronic mammal RQs, a mammal that obtained less than 100% of its 

dietary needs from novaluron treated areas would be less likely to be at chronic risk from 

the proposed novaluron spray uses. 

There is the potential for adverse effects to beneficial insects (i.e. pollinators) because 

application to flowering plants is not prohibited. EFED recommends the following

protective label language that prohibits applications to blooming plants:

In order to minimize the possibility of developmental effects on pollinator larvae, 

including honey bee brood, do not use RIMON® SUPRA 10EC on blooming 

plants. 

 

Adverse effects to all terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl urea toxicity are 

presumed. Risks of novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants are presumed due to lack of 

data. Due to novaluron’s low solubility limit, acute risks to freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish and chronic risk to freshwater fish are not expected; chronic risk to 

estuarine/marine fish are presumed due to lack of data. At the limit of solubility, all 

aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not expected. 

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications. In 

the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product 

label it is stated that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature 

stages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [hatching eggs (nymphs) for [180 days] 

[26 weeks] [6 months]]." Based on the risk profile as described above, EFED 

recommends that the label be amended to include an enforceable minimum 

application interval consistent with the proposed labelled efficacy claims. This 

minimal application interval would limit the annual usage of the pesticide and reduce 

potential toxicity to sensitive organisms. 

Exposure and Risk Conclusions - MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P & MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 

CRD

At the highest application rates, the calculated surface water environmental 

concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD within the 

contained small water bodies exceeded the limit of solubility; therefore, the limit of 

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21-day and 60 day EECs.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labels restrict application to 

sites that do not drain into natural water bodies. The ecosystem at immediate risk from 
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the control of mosquito larvae would be the treated area. For certain proposed uses, it is 

assumed that there is negligible transport of novaluron from the site of application based 

on the scale of use or the assumption that the potential pathway to natural waterbodies is 

incomplete (e.g. landfill); these uses include:

• tree holes

• bird baths 

• landfills

• flooded roof tops

• abandoned swimming pools

• rain barrels

• gutters

• waste water treatment facilities

• abandoned vehicles

• water holding receptables (e.g. tires, urns, flower pots, cans & other containers)

• potable water containers for both humans and animals 

For the remaining uses, EFED cannot preclude a potentially complete exposure pathway 

to natural water bodies based on ambiguity in the use site (e.g. sewers) and/or on the 

implicit nature of the use sites’ connection with natural water bodies (e.g. ditch). EFED 

recommends the following labeled use sites be accompanied by modifiers or other 

descriptive language that clearly identifies them as sites known not to drain into a 

natural waterbody (e.g. “closed” sewer). EFED also recommends label language 

that clarifies that the following use sites should not drain into combined sewer 

overflow systems. The proposed remaining uses are as follows: 

• sewers

• uncultivated agriculture and non-agricultural non-food areas

• dredging spoil sites

• drainage areas

• ditches

• sewage effluent

• retention ponds

• harvested timber stacks

• swales

• storm water drainage areas

• catch basins

• junk yards

• dairy or poultry lagoons

• other animal waste lagoons

• livestock runoff lagoons

• other natural and manmade depressions 

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses with an incomplete exposure pathway to natural 

water bodies, fish are not expected to be exposed to novaluron; however, fish serve as a 
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surrogate for aquatic-phased herpetafauna. Acute and chronic risks to freshwaterdwelling herpetafauna, based on fish toxicity data, are not expected. Freshwater 

invertebrates are expected to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small, 

contained water bodies, and both pelagic and benthic invertebrates are at risk from 

the proposed novaluron uses up to novaluron’s solubility limit. At the limit of 

solubility, all aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not 

expected. 

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses where a complete exposure pathway to natural 

water bodies cannot be precluded, risk to these natural water bodies cannot be assessed 

quantitatively. Instead, it can be concluded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk 

to organisms in a natural water would be equal to or less than the risk posed by novaluron 

to organisms located in the treated areas. Risk to fish (and species for which fish serve as 

a surrogate) and aquatic plants are not expected. Adverse effects to freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates is presumed. However, as opposed to the localized 

concern in the treated water body, the concern for natural water bodies exposed to 

novaluron is the potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect 

effects at multiple levels of the trophic system. 

Risks to birds and mammals from the proposed pellet and rod novaluron products are 

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are 

anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid (i.e. 

grit used by birds to grind food). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammals are 

not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is 

discountable. Terrestrial plants and terrestrial invertebrates are presumed to have 

negligible exposure to the pellet/rod applications and adverse effects to these taxa are 

expected to be minimal.

The following six toxicity studies are being requested as a result of the conclusions of 

this ecological risk assessment. A detailed description of the data gaps is presented on 

page 11 of the Executive Summary. 

1. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Seedling Emergence (850.4100)

2. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Vegetative Vigor (850.4150)

3. Avian Oral Toxicity (850.2100) 

4. Estuarine/Marine Fish Early Life-Stage Test (850.1400) 

5. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040)

6. Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Test (850.1300) 
vi
Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the New Uses 

of Novaluron for Control of Crickets, and Mosquito Larvae

(ChemBlink, 2011)

ASSOCIATED BARCODES: 

D385667, D387408, and D387407

Team Members

Alicia Korol, Biologist

Robert A. Miller, Chemist

Peer Reviewers

Dr. Sujatha Sankula, Lead Biologist

Dr. Stephen Wente, Biologist

Date of Approval

May 23, 2011
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Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 3

1.1 Summary of Regulatory Action ........................................................................... 3

1.2 Conclusions of Exposure Characterization .......................................................... 3

1.3 Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms............................................................. 4

1.4 Key Data Gaps and Uncertainties ........................................................................ 7

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION.................................................................................... 8

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action..................................................................................... 8

2.2 Stressor Source and Distribution .............................................................................. 9

2.3 Previous Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects Risk Assessments............... 13

2.4 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk ............................................................................... 14

2.5 Assessment Endpoints ............................................................................................ 15

2.6 Conceptual Model................................................................................................... 15

2.7 Analysis Plan .......................................................................................................... 17

3. EXPOSURE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 18

3.1 Use Characterization............................................................................................... 18

3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization .............................................. 20

3.3 Monitoring Data...................................................................................................... 23

3.4 Aquatic Concentration Estimates............................................................................ 23

3.5 Terrestrial Exposure................................................................................................ 27

4. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY..................................................................... 29

5. ECOLOGICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................ 34

5.1 Risk Estimation....................................................................................................... 34

5.2 Risk Description...................................................................................................... 40

6. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERNS .............................. 45

6.1 Listed Species Occurrence Associated with Novaluron Use ............................. 45

7. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 46

APPENDIX A Ecotoxicity Profile for Novaluron and Degradates ............................. 47

APPENDIX B Previous EFED Risk Assessments for Novaluron............................... 50

APPENDIX C Integrate of Exposure and Effects ....................................................... 52

APPENDIX D Calculation of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Application Rates for 

Perimeter and Spot Treatments......................................................................................... 53

APPENDIX E Example PRZM/EXAMS.................................................................... 54

APPENDIX F T-REX Example Output ...................................................................... 58

APPENDIX G LOCATES Threatened and Endangered Species................................ 61
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Summary of Regulatory Action

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in 

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 66222-ERT, 9.3% a.i.), for the 

indoor and outdoor control of crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the ecological risk 

assessment include perimeter treatments of buildings (e.g. building foundation, doors and 

window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees, tree holes, mulched areas, 

and other locations where insects may harbor (e.g. garbage areas). RIMON® SUPRA 

10EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration) liquid to be applied via a 

low-pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1.2 oz of finished spray, or 0.000188 lbs 

a.i., per sq. yard. 

The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is for the control of mosquito 

larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P (EPA 

Reg. No. 66222-EGR ,0.12% a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (EPA Reg. No. 

66222-EGE, 0.12% a.i.). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% CRD 

products, formulated as pellets and control rods, respectively, are to be applied to small 

standing bodies of water which support mosquito larval development, or to dry areas 

prior to flooding. The proposed labels prohibit application of novaluron to pooled water 

that drains into natural water bodies; however, EFED cannot preclude a complete 

exposure pathway to aquatic ecosystems for certain proposed use sites (see Section 2.4

for complete listing). The labels specify that re-treatment should occur every 90 days. 

Based on labeled application rates, novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will 

reach saturation (3 ppm).

Novaluron is a non-systemic benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulating insecticide that 

inhibits chitin biosynthesis and interferes in cuticle formation in developing insects 

belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera, and Diptera. Novaluron has 

no effect on adult insects that have completed all successive molts.

1.2 Conclusions of Exposure Characterization

Novaluron’s low water solubility and high soil adsorption coefficient indicate novaluron

will strongly adsorp to soil and have limited ability to leach into groundwater. 

Novaluron's major route of degradation is microbial degradation. Aerobic soil and 

aqueous degradation half-lives range from 7-32 days and 10-51 days, respectively. 

Novaluron is stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, and soil photodegradation. The 

high lipophilicity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to

bioaccumulate. 

EFED calculated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the 

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot 

treatments. Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) in surface water were 

calculated for RIMON® SUPRA 10EC outdoor perimeter and spot treatments using the 
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Tier II PRZM and EXAMS models. PRZM/EXAMS is based on a standard scenario in 

which a ten-hectare watershed is completely treated and drains into a one-hectare pond. 

This model was used to generate EECs for outdoor perimeter and spot treatments with the 

conservative, but realistic, assumption that a 10 hectare development such as a retirement 

community or town home association, in which pesticide spraying is conducted under the 

auspices of a single landscape maintenance program, is applied with RIMON® SUPRA 

10EC on a single day. However, Rimon is unlikely to be applied to an entire 10 hectare

surface area at a single application (including ground and building applications). 

Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at 

1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 hectare) to bound the aquatic

environmental exposure at estimated high and low use rates. For terrestrial exposure, the 

maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) was modeled. 

For example, the peak EECs for 10% of the treated 10 hectare watershed ranged from 

0.09 μg/L (PA Turf) to 0.001 μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a median of 0.04 μg/L. The 21-

day EECs ranged from 0.03 μg/L (PA Turf) to 0.0007 μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a 

median of 0.015 μg/L. The predicted 60-day average EECs ranged from 0.01 (PA Turf) 

μg/L to 0.0004μg/L (CA Turf RLF), with a median of 0.007 μg/L for all scenarios 

modeled. 

At the highest application rates, the calculated surface water environmental 

concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD within the 

contained small water bodies exceeded the limit of solubility; therefore, the limit of 

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21-day and 60 day EECs. For those proposed 

mosquito larvae uses where a complete exposure pathway to natural water bodies cannot 

be precluded, the magnitude of runoff from the treated water body into natural 

ecosystems cannot be modeled quantitatively; however, it can be conservatively assumed 

that concentrations at the point of discharge into a natural water body are equal to or less 

than the concentrations in the treated water body.

 

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites of concern identified by 

the Health Effects Division (HED) for drinking water concern (MARC, 2004). 

Chlorophenyl urea is less of a concern to aquatic organisms than novaluron based on 

chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to toxicity endpoints. 

Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea toxicity to aquatic organisms will not be assessed

and current risk analysis is based on the parent alone; however, risk to terrestrial 

organisms will be assessed where data are available (i.e. terrestrial invertebrates). 

Environmental exposure and risk quotients were not calculated for chloroaniline because 

there are limited fate data and no terrestrial or aquatic ecotoxicity and/or toxicity data 

available.

1.3 Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms

Proposed Use on Crickets

Due to novaluron’s low solubility limit, acute risks to freshwater and estuarine/marine 
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fish and chronic risk to freshwater fish are not expected; chronic risk to estuarine/marine 

fish are presumed due to lack of data. Chronic toxicity endpoints were used to derive risk 

quotients (acute/chronic) for aquatic invertebrates due to novaluron’s mode of action (as 

discussed in the Risk Estimation Section, 6.1). There is the potential for adverse effects 

to aquatic freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates at applications to treated areas 

equal to or greater than 10% of the modeled 10 hectare watershed. At the limit of 

solubility, all aquatic plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not 

expected. 

Acute risk from dietary exposure to novaluron is not expected for birds or mammals 

based on acute toxicity data; however no data exists on passeriforms, a potentially more 

sensitive taxon than the surrogate species tested, and thus acute risk to birds is presumed. 

Chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all herbivorous, insectivorous, and 

granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39-22.3). Chronic adverse effects from 

dietary exposures are also expected to mammals based on LOC exceedances (does-based 

RQs ≤ 1.28). There is the potential for adverse effects to beneficial insects (i.e.

pollinators) because application to flowering plants is not prohibited. Adverse effects to 

all terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl urea toxicity are presumed. Risks of 

novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants are presumed due to lack of data. 

Proposed Use on Mosquito Larvae

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses with an incomplete exposure pathway to natural 

water bodies, fish are not expected to be exposed to novaluron; however, fish serve as a 

surrogate for aquatic-phased herpetafauna. Acute and chronic risks to freshwaterdwelling herpetafauna, based on fish toxicity data, are not expected. Freshwater 

invertebrates are expected to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small, contained 

water bodies, and both pelagic and benthic invertebrates are at risk from the proposed 

novaluron uses up to novaluron’s solubility limit. At the limit of solubility, all aquatic 

plant RQs were below the LOC and adverse effects to plants are not expected. 

For those proposed mosquito larvae uses where a complete exposure pathway to natural 

water bodies cannot be precluded, risk to these natural water bodies cannot be assessed 

quantitatively. Instead, it can be concluded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk 

to organisms in a natural water would be no greater than the risk posed by novaluron to 

organisms located in the treated areas. Risk to fish (and species for which fish serve as a 

surrogate) and aquatic plants are not expected. Adverse effects to freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates is presumed. However, as opposed to the localized 

concern in the treated water body, the concern for natural water bodies exposed to 

novaluron is the potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect effects at 

multiple levels of the trophic system. 

Risks to birds and mammals from the proposed pellet and rod novaluron products are 

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are 

anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid (i.e. 

grit used by birds to grind food). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammals are 
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not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is 

discountable. Terrestrial plants and terrestrial invertebrates are presumed to have 

negligible exposure to the pellet/rod applications and adverse effects to these taxa are 

expected to be minimal.

Bioaccumulation Assessment

All RQs for birds and mammals that consume aquatic organisms are below concern 

levels at novaluron’s solubility limit. Therefore, although the BCF value of novaluron is 

consistent with highly bioaccumulative chemicals, it does not appear that risk exceeds 

concern levels to non-target birds or mammals that consume contaminated aquatic 

organisms. 

Threatened and Endangered Species

Federally listed species co-located in states, districts, or commonwealths, known to 

produce the crops upon which the pesticide will be used were identified using the 

LOCATES database (query performed on 4/11/11). Species on which direct and indirect 

effects may occur due to the proposed new uses are presented in Appendix G and 

summarized by taxa in the following Table 1. 

Table 1. Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses of Novaluron

Listed Taxa Direct Effects Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – monocots Yes1 Yes

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – dicots Yes1 Yes

Birds Yes Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians Yes Yes

Reptiles Yes Yes

Mammals Yes Yes

Terrestrial insects Yes Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Yes

Mollusks Yes Yes

Marine/estuarine fish Yes1 Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates Yes Yes

1 Risk to taxon based on direct effects is presumed due to lack of data.
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1.4 Key Data Gaps and Uncertainties

Data gaps

• Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Seedling Emergence (850.4100): 

Since novaluron is proposed for outdoor use, a seedling emergence study is 

required on terrestrial plants. It is noted that this product has been previously 

registered on ornamentals, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica, 

tomato, sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens, 

sorghum, fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry 

bean, swiss chard, and sweet corn, and novaluron may not be lethal to many 

plants up to the previously registered application rates. However, effects on 

terrestrial plant growth (height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are 

unknown. Further, because the proposed spray applications are not limited on a 

spatial or temporal scale, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed from 

the proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC applications. A Tier I terrestrial plant 

toxicity study should be conducted at the maximum labeled rate for novaluron 

(0.91 lbs a.i./A).

• 2. Tier I Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Study on Vegetative Vigor (850.4150): 

Since novaluron is proposed for outdoor use, a vegetative vigor study is required 

on terrestrial plants. It is noted that this product has been previously registered on 

ornamentals, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica, tomato, 

sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens, sorghum, 

fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry bean, swiss 

chard, and sweet corn, and novaluron may not be lethal to many plants up to the 

previously registered application rates. However, effects on terrestrial plant 

growth (height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are unknown. 

Further, because the proposed spray applications are not limited on a spatial or 

temporal scale, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed from the 

proposed Rimon 10EC applications. A Tier I terrestrial plant toxicity study 

should be conducted at the maximum labeled rate for novaluron (0.91 lbs a.i./A). 

• 3. Avian Oral Toxicity (850.2100) Avian acute oral toxicity data are not 

available for a passerine species, which are required under the new 40 CFR Part 

158. Toxicity data on passerines may indicate that risks to passerine species are 

underestimated in this risk assessment.

• 4. Estuarine/Marine Fish Early Life-Stage Test (850.1400) Due to novaluron’s 

persistence in the water, aerobic aquatic metabolism half-lives ranged 9.7-19.7 

days, chronic toxicity data of novaluron exposure is required on estuarine/marine 

fish. Risk to this taxon will be presumed in the absence of data. 

• 5. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040) Previous ecological risk assessments for 

proposed new uses of novaluron identified a field test for pollinators as a data gap 

because the toxicity of novaluron on hive viability was not assessed up to the 
Page 8 of 106

labeled maximum application rate and was not tested on a crop registered or 

proposed for use in the United States. In concurrence with the Office of Pesticide 

Programs, the registrant agreed to modify label language in lieu of conducting a 

field study: improve pollinator advisory and remove label statements that allow 

novaluron to be sprayed on blooms (DP 383269). EFED is still waiting to review 

the label amendment. Because the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide label 

does not limit the spatial or temporal application of novaluron on spray 

applications of crickets, a field study for pollinators is also a data gap for this risk 

assessment. However, protective label language that prohibits applications to 

blooming flowers would obviate the need for a field study.

• 6. Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Test (850.1300) This study is needed for 

both degradates of concern, chlorophenyl urea and chloroanaline. Based on 

previous assessments, toxicity data on chlorophenyl urea indicate that the 

degradate is in some cases more toxic to certain taxa than the parent novaluron. 

However, a direct comparison between the toxicity of the parent and chlorophenyl 

urea on the developmental effects to aquatic invertebrates (a stage very sensitive 

to parent novaluron) cannot be made. For chloroanaline, no ecotoxicity data is 

available to make a comparison of toxicity with the parent. Aquatic invertebrate 

life cycle tests will help establish a baseline comparison of the relative toxicities 

between novaluron and both degradates. 

Uncertainties

The California turf (CA Turf RLF) and California residential (CA Res RLF) California 

Red-legged Frog scenarios were used to model novaluron turf and residential uses. The 

extent to which the CA Turf RLF and CA Res RLF scenarios provide representative 

EECs as compared to standard PRZM/EXAMS scenarios is uncertain. 

The proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual 

applicatons for outdoor perimeter treatments; therefore, EFED assessed the single 

maximum application rate because the yearly maximum application rate is not specified. 

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for the ecological 

risk assessment being conducted for the proposed new uses of the insecticide novaluron. 

As such, it articulates the purpose and objectives of the risk assessment, evaluates the 

nature of the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing the data and characterizing risk 

(US EPA 1998).

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in 

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide (9.3% a.i.), for the indoor and outdoor control of 

roaches and crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the ecological risk assessment include 
Page 9 of 106

perimeter treatments of buildings (e.g. building perimeter and foundation, doors and 

window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees, tree holes, mulched areas, 

and other locations where insects may harbor (e.g. garbage areas). RIMON® SUPRA 

10EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration) liquid to be applied via a 

low-pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1.2 oz of finished spray, or 0.000188 lbs 

a.i., per sq. yard. The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label neither states the maximum 

number of applicatons for outdoor uses nor the possible minimum application interval. 

The second proposed Section 3 registration of novaluron is for the control of mosquito 

larvae in contained, small water bodies, as formulated in MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P (0.12% 

a.i.) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (0.12% a.i.). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% P and 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12% CRD products, formulated as pellets and control rods, 

respectively, are to be applied to small standing bodies of water which support mosquito 

larval development, or to dry areas prior to flooding. The proposed labels prohibit 

application of novaluron to pooled water that drains into natural water bodies. The labels 

specify that re-treatment should occur every 90 days. Based on labeled application rates, 

novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation (3 ppm).

2.2 Stressor Source and Distribution

2.2.1 Nature of Chemical Stressor

Novaluron is an insect growth regulating insecticide in the benzoylphenyl urea family 

which acts on the target pest larval stage by inhibiting chitin biosynthesis blocking cuticle 

formation. Novaluron is a chiral compound containing a racemic mixture of two 

enantiomers (R,S). The available environmental fate and ecological effects data on 

novaluron represents only the racemic mixture. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure 

of novaluron.

Figure 1. Chemical structure of novaluron.

Novaluron has low vapor pressure (1.2 x 10-7 mm Hg), low water solubility (3 ppb), and 

high soil adsorption coefficient (Koc = 6,680 - 11,813). The low water solubility plus 

high soil adsorption coefficient indicates novaluron's strong adsorption to soil and its 

limited ability to leach into groundwater.

Novaluron's major route of degradation is microbial degradation. Soil and aqueous 

degradation half-lives range from 7-32 days and 10-51 days, respectively. Novaluron is 

stable to hydrolysis (T1/2 = 101 days) and soil photodegradation (T1/2 = 257 days) and 

aqueous photolysis (T1/2 = 187 days).
Page 10 of 106

The high lipophilicity (log Kow of 4.3) of novaluron suggests that it has a tendency to

bioaccumulate. A bioconcentration study using bluegill sunfish reported the highest 

mean bioconcentration factor in whole fish of 14,431. The physical and chemical 

properties of novaluron are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Physical-chemical Properties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

Common Name Novaluron

Chemical Name (IUPAC) (RS)-1-[3-Chloro-4 (1,1,2-

trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-

(2,6-difluorobenzoy1)urea

Product Chemistry

Molecular Weight 492.7 Product Chemistry

Molecular Formula C17H9ClF8N204 Product Chemistry

Vapor Pressure 1.2 X 10-7 mm Hg Product Chemistry

Octanol/water Partition Coefficient (Kow) 4.3 MRID 45638405

Water Solubility 3 μg/L @ 25o C Product Chemistry

Henry’s Law Constant 2.0 Pa m3/mol-1 Calculated from vapor 

pressure and water solubility.

Degradates

Chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are novaluron metabolites identified by the Health 

Effects Division (HED) to be of human drinking water concern (MARC, 2004). The 

chloroaniline moiety, thought to be associated with the most pronounced toxicological 

effects of novaluron, is conserved in both metabolites. Figure 2 shows the molecular 

structures of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline.

Figure 2. Chemical structure of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline
Page 11 of 106

Chlorophenyl urea (275-3521) occurred in aerobic soil metabolism at the maximum of 

26.6% of the applied parent at 7 days post treatment. Based on the McCall et al., 1980 

classification system the chlorophenyl urea appears to have low to slight mobility in soil 

(Koc values range from 1,950 to 2,563). Comparisons of toxicity data (DP 340579+) 

show that chlorophenyl urea is orders of magnitude less toxic to aquatic invertebrates. 

Based on a review of the previously assessed toxicity (Appendix A) and fate data for 

chlorophenyl urea, chlorophenyl urea is less of a concern to aquatic organisms than 

novaluron based on chlorophenyl urea’s and novaluron’s low solubility limits relative to 

toxicity endpoints. Therefore, risk of chlorophenyl urea toxicity to aquatic organisms 

will not be assessed; however, risk to terrestrial organisms will be assessed where data 

are available (i.e. terrestrial invertebrates). 

Chloroaniline occurred at a maximum of 8.5% of applied in the aerobic soil metabolism 

study at 120 days posttreatment, the last sampling interval (MRID 44961009). 

Additionally, it is expected that chloroaniline is formed from the further degradation of 

the major degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275-352I) (MRIDs: 45638205 and 45789203). 

In the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study, at the last sampling interval, i.e., 363 days 

posttreatment, the maximum of 32% of the applied occurred in the soil and 49.8% in the 

total system. This includes soil and volatilized chloroaniline. Chloroaniline has the 

potential to be volatile (i.e., its estimated vapor pressure exceeds 10-4 mmHg), more 

mobile (Koc (an estimated value) = 5,899) and more persistent than the parent.

Degradation rates for chloroaniline could not be calculated due to the lack of formation 

and decline data. No ecotoxicity data is available on chloroanaline; chloroanaline is not 

further considered in this ecological risk assessment. 

The physical and chemical properties of chlorophenyl urea and chloroaniline are listed in 

Table 2.

Table 2. Physical-chemical Properties of Chlorophenyl Urea and Chloroaniline 

Parameter Value Reference

Chlorophenyl Urea

Molecular Weight 352.6 g/mole Product Chemistry

Water Solubility 33 ppm Product Chemistry

Chloroaniline

Molecular Weight 310.6 g/mole Product Chemistry

Water Solubility 10.6 ppm Product Chemistry

2.2.2 Mode of Action

Novaluron is a non-systemic benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulating insecticide that 

inhibits chitin biosynthesis and interferes in cuticle formation in insects belonging to the 

orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Herniptera, and Diptera. Novaluron mediated disruption 

of cuticle development in insects leads to abnormal endocuticular deposition, abortive 

molting, and adverse effects on insect growth and development. Novaluron acts 

primarily by ingestion, but also has some contact activity. Novaluron has no effect on 

adult insects that have completed all successive molts.
Page 12 of 106

2.2.3 Proposed Uses

Proposed Section 3 novaluron uses are formulated under three new product labels as 

presented in Table 3. Proposed indoor uses of Rimon Supra 10 EC are not expected to 

result in significant ecological exposure because indoor uses have limited pathways for 

outdoor exposure; and therefore, are not evaluated in this assessment. The proposed 

outdoor uses are relevant to this ecological risk assessment.

Table 3. Proposed New Uses for Novaluron

Product Targeted Areas Target Insects

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC

Insecticide

Outdoor uses: outdoor perimeter and spray spot 

treatments around garbage areas, tree bases, tree 

holes, mulched beds, and other areas harboring 

insects. 

Indoor uses

Crickets

: spot and crack and crevice, warehouses, 

food handling establishments (food and non-food 

areas), spray and general surface application (when 

facility is not in operation or when food is covered) 

and stored food warehouses.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P Outdoor uses: Wet areas including uncultivated Mosquito

agricultural and non-agricultural non-food areas, 

dredging soil sites, drainage areas, ditches, waste 

water treatment facilities, dairy or poultry lagoons, 

other animal waste lagoons, livestock run-off lagoons, 

sewage effluent, retention ponds, harvested timber 

stacks, swales, storm water drainage areas, sewers, 

catch basins, tree holes, bird baths, landfills, rain 

barrels, flooded rooftops, abandoned swimming pools, 

gutters, junk abandoned vehicles, water holding 

receptacles, (e.g., tires, urns, flower pots, cans, & 

other containers) and other natural and manmade 

depressions; Dry areas prior to flooding

larvae in small 

water bodies

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD

The proposed Rimon Supra 10EC label specifies an application rate of 1.2 oz of finished 

spray per square yard of treated area. The finished spray is prepared by adding the 

maximum of 3.1 ounces per gallon of water:

Given that there are 4,840 square yards in an acre, if an entire acre were treated at the 

specified application rate the total application would be 0.91 lbs a.i./A (1.02 kg/ha). 

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label neither restricts the number of applicatons for outdoor 

perimeter and spot treatments nor mentions the possible minimum application interval. 

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications. In 

the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product 
Page 13 of 106

label it is stated that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature 

stages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [hatching eggs (nymphs) for [180 days] 

[26 weeks] [6 months]]." EFED assessed a single maximum application rate because a 

yearly maximum application rate is not specified. Based on the fate and persistence of 

novaluron, a second application roughly six months later would not appreciably alter the

EECs nor the risk conclusions of this assessment. EFED assessed the perimeter and spot 

treatment uses of novaluron at 1.0, 5.0, 10, 25, and 100% of a 10 hectare watershed to 

investigate aquatic exposure and risk at various scales. For terrestrial exposure, the 

maximum application rate (0.091 lbs ai/A) was modeled.

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are formulated into hard, wax

pellets and “rods” (large solid pellets), respectively, for placement in containers of water, 

wet areas, and dry areas prior to flooding, which must not drain into natural water bodies,

that may harbor mosquito larvae. The wax formulations disintegrate slowly and absorb 

to the area being treated, retaining effectiveness through multiple wetting and drying 

events; the labels direct re-treatment every 90 days. Based on labeled application rates, 

novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation (3 ppm) and stay 

saturated until the pellets or rods have completely disintegrated.

2.3 Previous Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects Risk Assessments

Novaluron has previously been registered via six labels for nation-wide insecticidal use 

on ornamentals plants, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head and stem brassica, tomato, 

sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip greens, sorghum, fruiting 

and curcurbit vegetables, low grow berries (crop subgroup), snap and dry bean, Swiss

chard, and sweet corn.1

 Emergency use exemptions of the insecticide have been 

approved for use on strawberry in Florida and California.2

 The single maximum 

application rates for these uses range from 0.078 to 0.32 lbs a.i./A, with the highest 

maximum annual application rate of 0.972 lbs a.i./A registered for stone fruit.

Previous risk assessments in support of these registrations have determined that for some 

novaluron uses, there are potential adverse direct effects to aquatic invertebrates, 

mammals and birds (on a chronic basis), terrestrial insects, and terrestrial plants 

(presumed due to lack of data). A comprehensive list of previous environmental fate and 

ecological risk assessments for novaluron is found in Appendix B. 

In a risk assessment dated November 27th, 2009 (DP364309 and DP364313), novaluron 

was determined to meet the classification criteria for a persistent, bioaccumulative, and 

toxic chemical, although certain properties of novaluron mitigate its ecological risk (e.g.

persistence of novaluron is <60 days is most environments). A bioaccumulation 

assessment evaluated the potential for novaluron bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms to 

affect birds and mammals that consume contaminated aquatic prey. The assessment was 

 1 These actions are associated with the following DP Barcodes: 318619, 285499, 285479, 

287624, 297230, 321545, 358376, 364309, 364313, and 378620. 2 These actions are associated with the DP barcodes 357484 and 364391.
Page 14 of 106

performed using the KABAM model (version 1.0, April 2009) and did not identify 

potential risks at the Agency’s Levels of Concern to birds or mammals that consume 

aquatic organisms.

2.4 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk

The ecosystems at risk are often extensive in scope, and as a result it may not be possible 

to identify specific ecosystems during the development of a baseline risk assessment. 

However, in general terms, terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk from the proposed 

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label to control of crickets could include the area treated and 

naturalized sites immediately adjacent to the treated area that may receive runoff. Spray 

drift as a result of the application of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC via a low pressure sprayer 

is expected to be negligible. Terrestrial areas adjacent to the treated site could include 

cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, meadows, fallow fields or grasslands, 

woodlands, riparian habitats and other uncultivated areas. Aquatic ecosystems 

potentially at risk from applications to control crickets include water bodies adjacent to, 

or down stream from, the treated area and might include impounded bodies such as 

ponds, lakes and reservoirs, or flowing waterways such as streams or rivers. For uses in 

coastal areas, aquatic habitat also includes marine ecosystems, including estuaries. 

 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labels restrict application to 

sites that do not drain into natural water bodies. The ecosystem at immediate risk from 

the control of mosquito larvae would be the treated area. For certain proposed uses, it is 

assumed that there is negligible transport of novaluron from the site of application based 

on the scale of use or the assumption that the potential pathway to natural waterbodies is 

incomplete (e.g. landfill); these uses include tree holes, bird baths, landfills, flooded roof 

tops, abandoned swimming pools, rain barrels, gutters, waste water treatment facilities, 

abandoned vehicles, water holding receptables (e.g. tires, urns, flower pots, cans & other 

containers), and potable water containers for both humans and animals. For the 

remaining uses, EFED cannot preclude a potentially complete exposure pathway to 

natural water bodies based on ambiguity in the use site (e.g. sewers) and/or on the 

implicit nature of the use sites’ connection with natural water bodies (e.g. ditches); these 

proposed use sites include sewers, uncultivated agriculture and non-agricultural non-food 

areas, dedging spoil sites, drainage areas, ditches, sewage effluent, retention ponds, 

harvested timber stacks, swales, storm water drainage areas, catch basins, junk yards, 

dairy or poultry lagoons, other animal waste lagoons, livestock runoff lagoons, and other 

natural and manmade depressions. 

As an example of a complete exposure pathway, Angelune Des Lauriers et al. (2006) 

evaluated concentrations of the biopesticide methoprene for mosquito larvae control in

treated catch basins, areas receiving outflow from storm drainage systems. The study 

also evaluated the concentration of methroprene in water flushed out of the catch basins 

via a storm sewer outfall into the immediate watershed. This study found detectable 

concentrations of methoprene in the storm sewer outfall, demonstrating that at least for 

the proposed novaluron use in catch basins, there is a potentially complete exposure 

pathway to natural waterbodies. It also suggests that novaluron concentrations in water 
Page 15 of 106

running out the treated area may be high enough to cause adverse effects in aquatic 

ecosystems. Natural water bodies are at potential risk from some of the proposed 

novaluron uses to control mosquito larvae; however, risk to these natural water bodies 

cannot be assessed quantitatively. Risk to the ecosystem directly treated with novaluron 

will be assessed quantitatively.

2.5 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected, 

defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute or 

characteristics (EPA, 1998). For novaluron, the ecological entities may include the 

following: birds, mammals, freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and 

invertebrates, terrestrial plants, insects, and aquatic plants and algae. Birds are used as 

surrogates for reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians and freshwater fish are used as 

surrogates for aquatic-phase amphibians. The attributes for each of these entities may

include growth, reproduction, and survival. 

This assessment quantitatively evaluates the potential risk to fish from the proposed 

novaluron control of mosquito larvae; however, fish are not expected to be present in 

contained, small water bodies and as such are used as a surrogate for aquatic-phase 

herpetafauna. Likewise, estuarine/marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants are not 

expected to be present in areas supporting contained, small water bodies and risks to 

these taxa are quantitatively assessed for the proposed spray applications of novaluron 

only. 

2.6 Conceptual Model

2.6.1 Risk Hypotheses

For novaluron, the following ecological risk hypotheses are being employed for 

this baseline risk assessment:

• Terrestrial and aquatic organisms are subject to adverse direct effects such as reduced 

survival, growth, and reproduction when exposed to novaluron residues as a result of 

labeled use of the pesticide. 

• Non-target terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic plants are subject to adverse effects 

such as reductions in vegetative vigor and seedling emergence (terrestrial) or biomass 

and growth rate (aquatic) when exposed to novaluron residues as a result of labeled 

use of the pesticide. 

• Indirect effects, such as food web dynamics, perturbing forage or prey availability, 

and altering the extent and nature of nesting, will potentially occur if residue 

concentrations exceed levels of concern for acute or chronic exposure for terrestrial 

and/or aquatic species. 
Page 16 of 106

• Listed species are subject to adverse effects if calculated risk quotients exceed acute 

Listed or chronic levels of concern. 

2.6.2 Conceptual Diagram

The potential exposure pathways and effects of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC and the 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 formulations in terrestrial and aquatic environments are depicted 

in Figure 3. Solid arrows represent the most likely routes of exposure; dashed lines 

represent potential routes of exposure that are not considered likely for novaluron. 

The source and mechanism of release of novaluron for control of crickets is direct 

deposition and runoff and/or erosion following rainfall events; spray drift as a result of 

applications of novaluron via a low pressure sprayer is expected to be negligible. The 

source and mechanism of release of novaluron for control of mosquito larvae is direct 

application to the water body. For quantitative assessment, it is assumed that novaluron 

will be contained at the treated site, a natural or manmade depression in dry or wet 

conditions, which does not drain into natural water bodies; a qualitative assessment will 

evaluate novaluron runoff/erosion into natural water bodies from the mosquito larvacide

use. The conceptual model and subsequent analysis of exposure and effects are based on 

novaluron and chlorophenyl urea. Surface water runoff from area of application is 

assumed to follow topography. 
Page 17 of 106

Figure 3. Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential 

effects to terrestrial and aquatic organisms from the use of novaluron.

2.7 Analysis Plan

The analysis plan for the proposed new uses of novaluron outlines the basic components 

of the baseline risk assessment. This document characterizes the environmental fate of 

novaluron to assess the extent to which non-target organisms might be exposed through 

the proposed uses of the insecticide. The toxicity of novaluron is characterized based 

primarily on registrant-submitted guideline toxicity tests, but includes additional toxicity 

information from open literature. The majority of open literature is acquired through the 

Agency’s ECOTOX database (http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/). Estimated exposure and 

effects are integrated to calculate risk quotients (RQs) for non-target 

endangered/threatened (listed) and non-listed animals and plants. These RQs are 

compared to pre-determined levels-of-concern (LOCs) to screen out those taxa to which 

novaluron appears not to pose unacceptable risk (See Appendix C). The determination 

Stressor

Source/

Transport

Pathways

Direct

Deposition Runoff/Erosion Leaching

(Infiltration/

Source/

Exposure

Media

Terrestrial Food 

Residues (foliage, 

fruit, insects

Upland

Foliage/Soil

Riparian/

Wetland 

Foliage/Soil

Receiving Water 

Body/ Sediment

Groundwater

Exposure

Route

Ingestion Direct 

contact/Root 

Uptake

Direct 

contact/Root 

Uptake

Gill/Integument 

Uptake

Receptors

Attribute

Changes

Terrestrial 

Vertebrates

Birds, Mammals,

Reptiles, Terrestrial 

Phase Amphibians

Terrestrial

Upland

Plants

Individual Animals

 Reduced 

survival

 Reduced growth

 Reduced

 reproduction

Aquatic 

Invertebrates

Aquatic 

Vertebrates

Wetland/ 

Riparian

Plants

Individual Plants

 Seedling 

emergence

 Vegetative vigor

Individual vertebrates 

and invertebrates

 Reduced

 survival

 Reduced

 growth

 Reduced

 reproduction

Plant 

population

 Reduced

 population

 growth

Aquatic 

Plants

Uptake/ 

Adsorption

Ingestion up the 

Food Chain

Piscivourous 

Vertebrates

Birds, Mammals

Individual Animals

 Reduced

 survival

 Reduced

 growth

 Reduced

 reproduction

Volatilization

Stressors of Concern Applied 

Outdoors and to Contained Small 

Water Bodies
Page 18 of 106

of which non-target organisms may and may not be at risk from novaluron exposure will 

be considered under the requirements of FIFRA and ESA.

3. EXPOSURE SUMMARY

3.1 Use Characterization

The proposed Section 3 registrations include the new use of novaluron, as formulated in 

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 66222-ERT, 9.3% a.i.), for the 

indoor and outdoor control of roaches and crickets. The outdoor uses relevant to the 

ecological risk assessment include perimeter treatments of buildings (e.g. building 

foundation, doors and window frames), and spot treatments, defined as bases of trees, 

tree holes, mulched areas, and other locations where insects may harbor (e.g. garbage 

areas). The proposed indoor uses of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC occur in enclosed 

environments and are assumed by EFED to have no complete exposure pathways to 

ecological receptors; and therefore, are not evaluated in this assessment. 

RIMON® SUPRA 10EC is formulated as a diluted (emulsifiable concentration) liquid to 

be applied via a low-pressure sprayer tank at a maximum rate of 1.2 oz of finished spray, 

or 0.000188 lbs a.i., per sq. yard (see Appendix D for calculation). EFED calculated a 

maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the proposed RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot treatments. 

Consistent with EFED’s standard scenarios used to model surface water runoff (PRZM 

and EXAMS models), it is conservatively assumed that a 10 ha watershed is treated with 

novaluron in a single day. This assumption is realistic when considering the pest 

management operations for a large retirement community or town home association. 

However, RIMON® SUPRA 10EC is unlikely to always be applied to an entire 10 ha 

surface area (including ground and building foundations) for a single application. 

Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at 

1.0, 5.0 10, 25, and 100% of the assumed watershed (10 ha) to bound the environmental 

exposure to aquatic ecosystems at estimated high and low use rates (Table 4). For 

terrestrial exposure modeling, the maximum use rate per acre (0.91 lbs a.i./A) is modeled

assuming more than one acre may be treated with novaluron at one time. 

Table 4. One Outdoor Perimeter and Spot Treatment Application (0.000188 lbs 

a.i./sq. yard) of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Assessed at Various Percentages of a

Treated Hectare for Aquatic Risk Determination

Percent of Watershed

Treated 

Lbs. a.i./A Kg/ha

100% 0.91 1.02

25% 0.23 0.26

10% 0.09 0.10

5.0% 0.05 0.056

1.0% 0.01 0.011
Page 19 of 106

The proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label neither states the maximum number of 

applicatons for outdoor uses nor the possible minimum application interval. 

In the Indoor and Outdoor Applications section on the RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product 

label it is stated that RIMON® SUPRA 10EC “inhibits the development of the immature 

stages of the cricket [preadult (nymphal) cricket] [hatching eggs (nymphs) for [180 days] 

[26 weeks] [6 months]]." EFED assessed a single maximum application rate because a 

yearly maximum application rate is not specified. 

The second proposed Section 3 New Use registration is for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

(EPA Reg. No. 66222-EGR, 0.12%) and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD (EPA Reg. No. 

66222-EGE, 0.12%) for control of mosquito larvae for up to 90 days in small water 

bodies that may harbor mosquito larvae, which do not drain into natural water bodies

(e.g. bird baths, tree holes, and animal waste lagoons). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD work only in the larval stages of mosquitoes; therefore, it is 

best to apply at the beginning of the mosquito season. MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are to be applied every 90 days. 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P is formulated as a 0.2g pellet containing 0.00024 g of 

novaluron. The MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P label directs application of 5-10 ounces per 100 

sq. ft. of surface area; for a water body of 500 gallons, the label recommends roughly 5 

ounces (~150g) of pellets (758 pellets). MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD is formulated as 

rods (larger pellets) of approximately 18 g of 0.0216 g of novaluron and labeled for 

application to larger water bodies; for a water body of 500 gallons, it can be inferred that 

20 rods (363g) containing 0.44 g of novaluron are recommended. Based on these labeled 

application rates, novaluron concentrations in treated water bodies will reach saturation 

(3 ppm) and stay saturated until the pellets or rods have completely disintegrated. The 

proposed 90 day maximum applications rate for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are presented in Table 5. Although the proposed 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD labeled use volumes are lower than for MOSQUIRONTM 

0.12 P, MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD control rods are intended for larger water bodies; 

neither label proposes a maximum water volume for the treated water body.

Table 5. Application Rates for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD at the Maximum Application Rates per 

Water Volume

Water Volume 

(Liters)

Maximum Number of Pellets 

Applied

Maximum 

Application Rate

(Grams)

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P

2.0 2 0.4

7.6 8 1.6

76 76 15.2

379 380 76

1891 758 152

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD
Page 20 of 106

189.5 2 36.3

379 4 72.6

569 6 108.9

758 8 145.2

3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

Novaluron laboratory and field studies indicate runoff of entrained sediments is most 

likely dissipation pathway for off-site movement of novaluron. Novaluron degradation in 

soil and water is controlled by microbial-mediated processes. Novaluron degrades to 

form chlorophenyl urea and 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid. Hydrolysis of degradation products 

leads to the formation of chloroaniline from chlorophenyl urea and 2,6 

difluorobenzamide from 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid.

Novaluron is a chiral compound containing a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R,S). 

The available environmental fate and ecological effects data on novaluron represents only 

the racemic mixture. Additional data on individual enantiomers may be required if the 

registrant chooses to develop isomeric enriched products of novaluron. Based on 

submitted environmental fate data and reported physical-chemical properties novaluron is 

not mobile and should not persist in most environments (Table 6).

Table 6. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

PC Code 124002

CAS Number 1167-46-6 Toxnet

Chemical (CAS) Name [[[3-Chloro-4-[I, 1,2-trifluoro-2-

(trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl] -

amino]carbonyl]-2,6-

difluorobenzamide

IUPAC Name RS)-1-[3-Chloro-4 (1,1,2-

trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-

difluorobenzoy1)urea

Molecular Formula C17H9C1FsN204 Toxnet

Molecular Weight 492.7 Toxnet

Water Solubility (pH 6, 20oC) 3 μg/L at 20o C MRID 45638203

Henry’s law constant (KH) 2.0 Calculated from vapor 

pressure and water solubility.

Melting Point 177.5 Toxnet

Octanol-Water Partition 

Coefficient 

(log Kow, 25°C)

4.3 MRID 45638405

Vapor pressure (20/25°C) 1.2 x 10-7 mm Hg Toxnet

Hydrolysis at 25 "C Stable at pH 5 and 7

Tl/2 = 101 days (at pH 9)

MRID 44961008

Photolysis in Water Tl/2 = 187 days MRID 45638203

Photodegradation on Soil Tl/2 = 257 days MRID 45638204

Aerobic aquatic metabolism Tl/2 = 9.7-19.7 days MRID 45638206

Aerobic soil metabolism Tl/2 = 7- 31.9 days MRID 44961009

MRID 44961010
Page 21 of 106

Table 6. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of Novaluron

Parameter Value Reference

Anaerobic soil metabolism Tl/2 = 49- 51 days MRID 45638205

MRID 45789203

Terrestrial field dissipation Tl/2 = 20 - 178 days (US, Canada, Spain, 

and Germany)

MRID 45638403

Bioaccumulation in fish BCF = 14,431 MRID 45638215

3.2.1 Degradation

Novaluron is not persistent in soil laboratory studies; however, it appears to be more 

persistent in some field studies under actual use conditions. Novaluron persistence in 

field soils may be partially explained by temperature effects on metabolism; greater 

persistence is found in cooler climates. 

Laboratory studies suggest that novaluron’s major route of disappearance is microbiallymediated degradation. Novaluron degradation rates in aerobic soil appear to be 

dependent on temperature. At 20o C, novaluron metabolizes with half-lives ranging from 

7 to 14.5 days to form chlorophenyl urea (275-352I) and chloroaniline (275-

309I)(MRIDs: 44961009 and 44961010). At 10o C, novaluron degrades slower (t1/2= 

31.9 days) (MRID 44961009). In aquatic environments under stratified redox conditions 

(aerobic conditions in water and anaerobic conditions in soil) the chemical metabolizes 

with total system half-lives of 9.7 and 19.7 days (MRID 45638206). Under anaerobic 

conditions in water-soil systems, novaluron degrades slower with total system half-lives 

of 49 and 51 days (MRIDs: 45638205 and 45789203). A proposed transformation 

pathway in aquatic environments indicates novaluron forms 1-[3-chloro-4-(1,1,2-

trifluoro-2-trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl urea (275-352I) and 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid 

(275-158I, DFBA) through amide hydrolysis. Further hydrolysis of 275-352I yields 3-

chloro-4-(1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethoxyethoxy)aniline (275-309I) and hydrolysis of 

275-158I yields 2,6-difluorobenzamide (275-157I) (MRID 5638206). 

Novaluron was stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9 (pH 9 t1/2 = 101 days (25o C) MRID 

44961008) and stable to both soil photodegradation (t1/2 = 257 days, MRID 45638204) 

and aqueous photolysis (t /2 = 187 days, MRID 45638203). At 50o C in pH 9 buffer 

solution, however, novaluron appears to hydrolyze rapidly with a half-life of 1.2 days. 

3.2.2 Dissipation

Novaluron tends to strongly adsorb to soil and sediment, and it is stable to abiotic 

processes. Novaluron has a very low potential to reach ground water. During surface 

runoff conditions, novaluron may reach water bodies as bound to soil particles and will 

likely partition into sediments once in surface water. 

Novaluron tends to adsorb strongly to soil and sediment. The mean Kd values ranged 

from 95 to 247 ml/g, and Koc values from 6,650 to 11,813 (MRID 44961012). There was 

no linear relationship between the soil organic carbon content and the Kd values for 

different soils. Thus, the Koc model may not be appropriate. Because novaluron was 
Page 22 of 106

tested only at one concentration, Freundlich adsorption/desorption coefficients could not 

be calculated.

The high sorptive properties of novaluron indicate a low potential for leaching to ground 

water. In the field dissipation study conducted in North America, sites located in CA, 

LA, NY, WA, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, novaluron residues were not detected above 

0.0851 ppm (Nova Scotia) in the 15-30 cm soil depth and above 0.0606 ppm (Ontario) in 

the 30-45 cm soil depths (MRID 45789204). In all sites, total water inputs (rainfall plus 

irrigation) were greater than the 10-year average rainfall except for the Nova Scotia site. 

Novaluron (RIMON® SUPRA 10EC ) was not detected above the LOQ (10 ppb) at any 

sampling interval or in any replicate sample in the 10-20 cm soil depth when applied to 

bare soil in Spain and Germany (MRID 45638403). In these foreign studies pan 

evaporation data were not reported to assess whether sufficient moisture was present in 

the soil to facilitate leaching of the test substance. Irrigation was not applied to any of the 

test plots during the study trials and monthly rainfall data indicated that in the first 3 to 7 

months rainfall was below historical average.

In a microcosm study, novaluron exhibited water column DT9O values ranging from 12 to 

20 days for three different test concentrations (i.e., 5, 15, and 50 g a.i./ha treatment level; 

MRID 45785801). Only low concentrations of novaluron were detected in sediment, 

demonstrating potential for microbial degradation. This was confirmed by the presence 

of the main degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275-352I), in the water column of three out of 

five tested concentration and in soil of the highest tested concentration. Chlorophenyl 

urea (275-352I) was the only degradate analyzed in water and sediment.

3.2.3 Bioaccumulation

Novaluron appears to accumulate in edible and non-edible fish tissues. In a standard 

bioconcentration study using the bluegill sunfish, the highest mean bioconcentration 

factor (BCF) in whole fish was 14,431 x. The half-life for clearance of residues in the 

bluegill was 3.9 to 7.3 days for whole fish (MRID 45638215), suggesting that, while 

initial bioconcentration is high, changes in fish tissue would closely follow the 

dissipation pattern of novaluron in water.

3.2.4 Degradates of Concern

The Health Effects Division identified novaluron metabolites chlorophenyl urea and 

chloroaniline as residues of concern for drinking water (MARC, 2004). HED believes 

chlorophenyl urea shares similar toxicity as the parent because chlorophenyl urea can 

further degrade to chloroaniline, which is known to cause similar toxicological effects as 

the parent. 

3.2.4.1 Chlorophenyl urea 

The major novaluron degradate, chlorophenyl urea (275-352I), was formed in aerobic 

soil metabolism at a maximum rate of 26.6% of the applied parent at 7 days posttreatment 
Page 23 of 106

(MRID 44961009). Its aerobic soil metabolism half-lives estimated from the formation 

and decline curves (MRID 44961009) are 46.5 and 45.9 days. Based on the McCall et 

al., 1980 classification system the degradate appears to have low to slight mobility in soil 

(Koc values range from 1950 to 2563 L/kg; MRID 45638201). The Freundlich isotherm, 

however, may not adequately represent adsorption of the compound across all 

concentrations (the 1/n values were not within the range of 0.9 to 1.1). Based on a 

laboratory study, novaluron degradates appear to have a very low potential for leaching 

into ground water. Chlorophenyl urea (275-352I) has the potential to reach surface water 

through runoff.

3.3 Monitoring Data

There were no available monitoring data at the time of this assessment (March, 2011).

3.4 Aquatic Concentration Estimates

3.4.1 PRZM/EXAMS Modeling for the Rimon Supra 10 EC Label for 

Outdoor Perimeter and Spot Treatment Uses

Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for aquatic ecosystems assessments for 

Rimon Supra 10 EC were estimated based on EFED’s Tier II aquatic models: PRZM 

(Pesticide Root Zone Model) and EXAMS (EXposure Analysis Modeling System). 

PRZM is used to simulate pesticide transport as a result of runoff and erosion from a 10-

ha agricultural field and EXAMS considers the environmental fate and transport of 

pesticides and predicts EECs in an adjacent small water body (10,000-m2 pond, 2 m deep 

with no outlet), with the assumption that the small field is cropped at 100%. The model 

is designed to estimate pesticide concentrations found in water at the edge of the treated 

field. As such, it provides high-end values of the pesticide concentrations that might be 

found in ecologically sensitive environments following pesticide application. The linked 

PRZM-EXAMS modeling system considers multi-year simulations addressing runoff and 

spray drift from multiple applications. 

The location of the application is simulated using site-specific information on the soils, 

weather and management factors associated with the scenario. These scenarios are 

intended to represent a high-end exposure site. Based on historical rainfall patterns, the 

multiple runoff events to the small water body were simulated during a 30 year period.

Calculations are carried out with the linkage program shell - PE5V01.pl - which 

incorporates the standard scenarios developed by EFED. Additional information on these 

models can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm. 

The input parameters used in this assessment were selected from the environmental fate 

data submitted by the registrant and in accordance with US EPA-OPP EFED water model 

parameter selection guidelines, Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1, 2009. 

The scenarios were developed by EFED to represent nationwide high-end vulnerable 
Page 24 of 106

sites to run-off and erosion; and therefore, pesticide transport. The region specificity of 

the scenarios may require that several regional scenarios be run for pesticide use

depending on the need to capture the most conservative set of results based on the 

differences in precipitation and soil characteristics. The CA Residential RLF, CA Turf 

RLF, FL Turf Std., and PA Turf Std scenarios were modeled for the proposed RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use.

EECs in surface water were calculated for RIMON® SUPRA outdoor perimeter and spot 

treatments using the Tier II PRZM and EXAMS models. PRZM/EXAMS is based on a 

standard scenario in which a ten-hectare watershed is completely treated and drains into a 

one-hectare pond. In order to estimate conservative EECs for outdoor perimeter and spot 

treatments it is assumed that a 10 hectare development such as a retirement community or 

town home association, in which pesticide spraying is conducted under the auspices of a 

single landscape maintenance program, is applied throughout the 10 hectartes on a single 

day. 

EFED calculated a maximum application rate of 0.91 a.i. lbs/A (1.02 kg/ha) from the 

proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC product label for outdoor perimeter and spot 

treatments; however, Rimon is unlikely to be applied over an entire 10 ha watershed. 

Therefore, EFED modeled the outdoor perimeter and spot treatment use of novaluron at 

0.1, 1.0, 10, 25, and 100% of a 10 ha watershed to estimate environmental exposure at 

various scales. 

The RIMON® SUPRA 10EC label does not restrict the number of annual applications.

For this assessment, the single application rate, at different scales, were modeled.

The PRZM/EXAMS model was employed to estimate novaluron concentrations in the 

water column. Water column EECs from spray applications of novaluron are used for 

comparison with toxicity endpoints for fish, invertebrates, and aquatic plants that live in 

the water column. Novaluron input parameters used in PRZM/EXAMS are listed in 

Table 7 and an example PRZM/EXAMS output file is presented in Appendix E. 

Table 7. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Novaluron for Outdoor Perimeter 

and Spot Treatment Uses

Parameter Input Value and Unit Source

Application Rate1 

1.02 kg/ha – 100% of a watershed treated

0.255 kg/ha – 25% of a watershed treated

0.102kg/ha – 10% of a watershed treated

0.05kg/ha – 5% of a watershed treated

0.010kg/ha – 1% of a watershed treated

The maximum application 

rate of 1.02 kg/ha per ha

calculated from product 

label. The other application 

rates are to 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 

25% of a hectare. 

Number of Applications 1 application Product Label

First Application Date

(day-month)

CA Res RLF 01-06

CA Tur RLF 01-06

FL Tuf Std 05-15

PA Turf Std 06-15

Cricket populations peak in 

late spring in North America

Molecular Weight 492.7 g/mole Registrant Data
Page 25 of 106

Table 7. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Novaluron for Outdoor Perimeter 

and Spot Treatment Uses

Water Solubility @ 20° C 0.003 mg/L Registrant Data 

Vapor Pressure 1.2 x 10-7 torr Registrant Data

Soil Partition Co-efficient 

Kd

2 165 ml/g MRID 44961012

Hydrolysis t1⁄2 = 0 days MRID 44961008

Aqueous Photolysis3

Stable MRID 45638203

Aerobic Soil Metabolism4

t1⁄2 = 15.6 days MRIDs 44961009 and 

44961010

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life5

t1⁄2 = 21.9 days MRID 45638206

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life t1⁄2 = 56.9 days MRIDs 45638205 and 

45789203

Application Fraction 

(percent applied)5

Ground – 1.0

Guidance for Selecting Input 

parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and 

Transport of pesticides 

(2009)

Spray Drift Fraction6

Ground – 1.0

Guidance for Selecting Input 

parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and 

Transport of pesticides 

(2009) 1 Calculation for maximum application of diluted RIMON® SUPRA 10EC for outdoor perimeter 

and spot treatments: 

 (0.0201 lbs. a.i. 

 2

 An average soil adsorption constant, Kd, out of four soil adsorption Kd values (133, 247, 184, and 

 95) was used. 

 3

 The aqueous photolysis half-life is assumed stable for modeling purposes. The half-life of 

 photodegradation in water half-life was estimated from extremely variable data within and 

 between labeled study concentration data (r2 ranged from 0.0039 to 0.65). Because novaluron 

 has a very long photodegradation half-life, it is not expected to impact the confidence in 

 estimating environmental concentrations.

 4 

 Upper confidence bound on the mean of the aerobic soil metabolism half-life was used. 

 5 Since n=2 (aerobic t1/2: 15.7 and 9.7 days; anaerobic t1/2: 50.6 and 53.7 days), the upper confidence 

 bound on the mean aquatic metabolism half-life was used.

 6 Novaluron is applied as a spot treatment, 100 per cent application efficiency is assumed. 

The modeled results for all scenarios are presented in Table 8. Peak EEC values were 

used to determine acute risks. The 21-day average EEC values were used to determine 

chronic risks to aquatic invertebrates. The 60-day average EEC values were used to 

determine chronic risks to aquatic fish. An example PRZM/EXAMS output file from the 

PE5 for ecological exposure assessment is presented in Appendix E. 
Page 26 of 106

Table 8. PRZM/EXAMS- Estimated Concentrations of Novaluron in Surface Water 

from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak

μg/L

21-day Average

μg/L

60-Day Average

μg/L

100 % of 10 haWatershed Treated 

CA Res 0.13 0.09 0.06

CA Turf RLF 0.01 0.006 0.004

FL Turf 0.57 0.21 0.12

PA Turf 0.96* 0.36* 0.16*

25 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res RLF 0.03 0.02 0.02

CA Turf RLF 0.003 0.002 0.001

FL Turf 0.14 0.05 0.03

PA Turf 0.24* 0.09* 0.04*

10 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.01 0.009 0.006

CA Turf RLF 0.001 0.0007 0.0004

FL Turf 0.06 0.02 0.01

PA Turf 0.09* 0.03* 0.01*

5 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.006 0.004 0.002

CA Turf RLF 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002

FL Turf 0.03 0.01 0.006

PA Turf 0.05* 0.02* 0.008*

1 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.001 0.001 0.001

CA Turf RLF 0.0001 6.55e-005 4.08e-005

FL Turf 0.006 0.002 0.001

PA Turf 0.009* 0.003* 0.002*

*An asterisk indicates the concentration used for risk estimation

In Table 9, PRZM/EXAMS benthic pore water EECs are presented for the scenarios that 

produced the highest and lowest pore water EECs. All other modeled scenarios produced 

benthic pore water EECs within the range bounded by a ground applications to PA Turf 

and CA Turf.

Table 9. PRZM/EXAMS- Estimated Pore Water Concentrations of Novaluron in 

Surface Water from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak

μg/L

21-day Average

μg/L

60-Day Average

μg/L

100 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.03 0.03 0.03

CA Turf RLF 0.002 0.002 0.002

FL Turf 1 0.14 0.13 0.09

PA Turf 0.13* 0.13* 0.11*

25 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.007 0.006 0.006

CA Turf RLF 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004

FL Turf 1 0.01 0.01 0.01

PA Turf 0.03* 0.03* 0.03*
Page 27 of 106

Table 9. PRZM/EXAMS- Estimated Pore Water Concentrations of Novaluron in 

Surface Water from Outdoor Perimeter Treatments and Spot Treatments

Scenario Peak

μg/L

21-day Average

μg/L

60-Day Average

μg/L

10 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.003 0.003 0.003

CA Turf RLF 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

FL Turf 1 0.006 0.006 0.004

PA Turf 0.01* 0.01* 0.01*

5 % of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.001 0.001 0.001

CA Turf RLF 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

FL Turf 1 0.003 0.003 0.002

PA Turf 0.007* 0.006* 0.005*

1% of 10 haWatershed Treated

CA Res 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

CA Turf RLF 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002

FL Turf 1 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005

PA Turf 0.001* 0.001* 0.001* 1 Two applications made to FL Turf scenario

*An asterisk indicates the concentration is used for risk estimation

3.4.2 Estimated Environmental Concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM

0.12 P MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P and MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD are applied directly to small 

water bodies, or dry areas prior to flooding; therefore, the EECs for these uses were 

calculated by dividing the mass of the active ingredient applied by the volume of water in 

the water body. The EECs for the proposed mosquito larvae use will be compared to 

fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants. At the highest application rates, the 

calculated surface water environmental concentrations for MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 P 

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12 CRD exceed the limit of solubility; therefore, the limit of 

solubility of 3 μg/L is used as the peak, 21-day and 60 day EECs. The pore water EECs 

are assumed to be at the limit of solubility.

3.5 Terrestrial Exposure

The exposure routes of novaluron to terrestrial organisms are direct contact, residues on 

dietary items, pellet/rod consumption, and drinking water. For terrestrial wildlife, residue 

exposures on dietary items are modeled for outdoor control of crickets and exposures via 

pellet/rod consumption are modeled for outdoor control of mosquitoes. The 

concentrations of novaluron in contained bodies of water are also screened to determine 

if drinking water exposure to wildlife is a potential route of concern. Exposures to 

terrestrial plants via direct contact from spray applications are not presented due to lack 

of available terrestrial plant toxicity data; exposure to terrestrial plants via contact with 

pellet and rod formulations is expected to be minimal because a habitat supporting water 

bodies would likely exclude terrestrial plants. EFED does not have a preferred method of 

calculating exposures to terrestrial invertebrates; exposures to this taxon will be discussed 
Page 28 of 106

in the Risk Characterization. 

T-REX v_1.4.1 (Oct. 9, 2008) was used to estimate potential acute and chronic dietary 

exposures to birds and mammals from the proposed outdoor control of. Residues on 

vegetative matter and terrestrial invertebrate prey items from spray applications were 

calculated based on a single application rate of 0.91 lbs a.i./A, assuming a default 35-day 

half-life (based on the work of Willis and McDowell (1987)) in lieu of available data. 

Results for birds and mammals are presented in Tables 10 and 11, respectively. An 

example T-REX output is provided in Appendix F.

Data are not generally available for screening level assessments to assess the terrestrial 

exposure and effects of degradates, as is the case for this assessment of novaluron. Based 

on the fate and toxicity data of chlorophenyl urea, the default 35-day foliar dissipation 

half-life used in the terrestrial modeling may not account for the formation and toxicity of 

chlorophenyl urea to terrestrial wildlife. 

Table 10. T-REX v.1.4.1 Avian Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) for the 

Proposed Outdoor Control of Crickets at a Single Application of 0.91 lbs a.i./A

Feeding Category (application 

rate)

Dietary-Based 

EECs (mg/kgFood item)

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(20 g)

Medium 

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Herbivores/Insectivores1

Short grass 218 248 142 63.5

Tall grass 100 114 65.0 29.1

Broadleaf plants/small insects 123 140 80.0 35.7

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects 13.7 15.6 8.86 3.97

Granivores2

Seeds Only 13.7 3.45 1.97 0.88 1 Percent body weight consumed for a 20, 100, and 1000 gram herbivore/insectivore bird equals 114%, 

65%, and 29%, respectively.

2 Percent body weight consumed for a 20, 100, and 1000 gram granivore bird equals 25%, 14%, and 6%, 

respectively.

Table 11. T-REX v.1.4.1 Mammalian Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) for the 

Proposed Outdoor Control of Crickets at a Single Application of 0.91 lbs a.i./A

Feeding Category (application 

rate)

Dietary-Based 

EECs (mg/kgFood item)

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(15 g)

Medium 

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Herbivores/Insectivores1

Short grass 218 208 144 33.4

Tall grass 100 94.4 66.0 15.3

Broadleaf plants/small insects 123 117 81.0 18.8

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects 13.7 13.0 8.99 2.09

Granivores2

Seeds Only 13.7 2.89 2.00 0.46 1 Percent body weight consumed for a 15, 35, and 1000 gram herbivore/insectivore mammalian equals 

95%, 66%, and 15%, respectively.

2 Percent body weight consumed for a 15, 35, and 1000 gram granivore mammal equals 21%, 15%, and 

3%, respectively.
Page 29 of 106

Direct consumption of the solid pellets/rods by terrestrial organims is a potential 

exposure route of concern. Table 12 provides information on the pellet/rod formulations 

of novaluron. The Table also presents the number of pellets/rods that may be applied to 

a natural or manmade depression up to a fill concentration of 500 gallons (although a fill 

concentration of >500 gallons is possible). Exposure to wildlife via pellet/rod 

consumption is possible because applications can be made to areas prior to flooding (dry 

areas); additionally, birds may pick out the pellets/rods applied to shallow water bodies. 

Table 12. Exposure Concentration Estimates (EECs) to Terrestrial Organisms for 

the Proposed Outdoor Pellet/rod Control of Mosquito Larvae

Formulation

% Active 

Ingredient in 

Product

Weight of 

Pellet/rod1

mg 

a.i./pellet/rod

Number of pellets applied 

(based on volume of 

water)

MOSQUIRONTM 0.12P 0.12 1 pellet = 0.2 

g

0.24 758 pellets for 500 gallons 

(182 mg novaluron)

MOSQUIRONTM 

0.12CRD 0.12 1 rod = 18 g 21.6 20 rods for 500 gallons (432 mg novaluron) 1 Formulated as pellets and rods; weight provided on label

SIP_v.1.0 (June 15, 2010) provides an upper bound estimate of exposure to birds and 

mammals through drinking water alone. Table 13 presents the acute and chronic upper 

bound estimates of exposure to a 1000g mammal and 20g bird. SIP is a screening-level 

model intended to determine whether or not drinking water exposure alone is a potential 

pathway of concern; risk quotients are not generated. SIP employs the conservative 

assumption that the pesticide concentration in drinking water is at the solubility limit. 

Based on labeled use information, novaluron saturation (at 3 ppb) will occur in treated 

water bodies.

Table 13. SIP v.1.0 Upper Bound Exposure Concentration Estimates (Dose) for 

Drinking Water at Novaluron’s Solubility Limit of 3 ppb for Proposed Outdoor 

Control of Mosquito Larvae

Taxa Acute Dose (mg a.i./kg bw) Chronic Dose (mg a.i./kg bw)

Mammal – 1000g 0.0005 0.0005

Bird – 20g 0.0024 0.0024

4. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY

A summary of aquatic and terrestrial organism toxicity data use for risk estimation are 

presented below. Toxicity data for novaluron are available for the technical grade active 

ingredient (TGAI), formulated products, and the degradate chlorophenyl urea. Tables 14

and 15 summarize the most sensitive aquatic organism toxicity endpoints for novaluron. 

Aquatic toxicity data for chlorophenyl urea is not evaluated in this risk assessment and is 

not presented below. Tables 16, 17, and 18 present the most sensitive terrestrial 

organism toxicity endpoints available for novaluron and the degradate, chlorophenyl 

urea. A complete listing of all submitted novaluron toxicity data by MRID number is 
Page 30 of 106

located in Appendix A. Details on the toxicity studies can be accessed from previous 

ecological risk assessments for Novaluron3

.

Table 14. Summary of Aquatic Animal Toxicity Data Used in Risk Estimation for Novaluron

Species

Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity

LC50 / EC50

MRID NOAEC / LOAEC,

Most

Sensitive Endpoint(s)

MRID

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow trout

(Salmo gairdneri)

96-hr LC50 > 980 μg a.i./L

No mortality or sublethal 

effects

45499004 NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.i./L

LOAEC > 6.16 μg a.i./L

none

45638216

Freshwater Pelagic

Invertebrate

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

Estimated EC50 = 

0.15 μg a.i./L1 --

NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i./L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i./L

Parental survival and offspring 

production

45638211

Freshwater Benthic

Invertebrate

Chironomid

(Chironomus riparius)

-- --

NOAEC

15 ug a.i./kg sediment

0.04 ug a.i./L overlying water

0.13 ug a.i./L pore water

LOAEC

30 ug a.i./kg sediment

0.08 ug a.i./L overlying water

0.26 ug a.i./L pore water

47621902

Estuarine/Marine Fish

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinodon 

variegates)

96-hr LC50 > 2 μg a.i./L

No mortality or sublethal 

effects occurred

45638210 -- --

Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrate

Mysid Shrimp

(Americamysis bahia)

96-hr LC50 = 0.13 μg a.i./L

Sublethal effects noted

45638209

NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i./L

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.i./L

Reduction in terminal male body 

length

45638212

1

Calculated based on Acute to Chronic Ratio approach [An estimated acute LC50 of 0.15 ppb was derived for 

freshwater invertebrates using the equation: Acute toxicityfw = Chronic toxicityfw x Acute toxicityest-mar / Chronic 

toxicityest-mar (0.0299 x 0.13 / 0.026 = 0.15)

None of the acute fish (freshwater or estuarine/marine) studies (MRID 45499005 and 

45638216) established definitive endpoints for novaluron (LC50 values were greater than 

the highest concentrations tested). However, no acute effects are expected for fish in 

either media as the reported NOAEC values for sublethal effects in these acute studies 

were close to or greater than the solubility limit for novaluron (3 ppb). The lowest noeffect level derived for fish from chronic toxicity studies was based on observed effects 

on mortality and terminal growth (MRID 45638216); this NOAEC for freshwater fish is 

also close to the solubility limit for novaluron. 

Novaluron is classified highly toxic to both freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates 

on an acute exposure basis. The chronic aquatic invertebrate endpoints were based on 

parental survival and offspring production (in water flea) and a reduction in terminal 

 3 These assessments are associated with the following DP Barcodes: 318619, 285499,

285479, 287624, 297230, 321545, 358376, 364309, 364313, and 378620.
Page 31 of 106

male body length (in mysid shrimp). A prolonged sediment toxicity test with 

Chironomus riparius demonstrates the impact of novaluron on benthic organisms (MRID 

47621902; OECD 218). This study observed significant (p<0.05) reductions in survival 

at 30 ug a.i./kg sediment compared to controls. Percent mortality at 30 ug a.i./kg was 

73% compared to 16% mortality in controls. The NOAEC in this study was 15 ug a.i./kg 

sediment (0.13 ug a.i./L pore water).

A community of selected algae and aquatic invertebrates was evaluated in a microcosm 

study for novaluron (MRID 45885801). The principle objectives of the study were to 

assess the potential biological effects of novaluron in invertebrate communities and 

define the no effect concentration (NOAEC) and ecologically acceptable concentration

(EAC). No fish were included in the community structure. Analyses of benthic

invertebrate populations were conducted primarily at the family level, with subsequent 

analysis to more refined taxonomic levels for those organisms showing definitive 

responses to novaluron treatment. Analysis of benthic invertebrate community response 

(taxonomic response weighting) shows statistically significant (p<0.05) community level 

effects at the 0.15 ug a.i./L concentration level, with a community level response 

NOAEC of 0.05 ug a.i./L (also the EAC). It should be noted that the Gammaridea 

showed statistically adverse response (p<0.01) below that observed for the community as 

whole, with an NOAEC <0.05 ug a.i./L and complete eradication of the family at all dose 

groups by study termination.

Table 15. Summary of Aquatic Plant Toxicity Data Used in Risk Estimation for Novaluron 

Species LC50 or EC50/NOAEC 

(μg ai/L)

MRID

Non-Vascular Plant

Green algae

(Selenastrum capricornutum)

EC50 = 3549 μg a.i./L

NOAEC = 2475 μg a.i./L 456384111

Vascular Plant

Duckweed

(Lemna minor)

EC50 >75.4 μg a.i./L

NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.i./L 456382231

1 Toxicity study conducted with the formulated product RIMON® SUPRA 10EC .

The risk assessment for aquatic plants is based on the vascular duckweed (MRID 

45638223), with an EC50 > 75.4 μg a.i./L and NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.i./L, and the 

nonvascular green algae (45638411), with an EC50 = 3549 μg a.i./L and NOAEC = 2,475 

μg a.i./L (Table 15).
Page 32 of 106

Table 16. Summary of Terrestrial Toxicity Data Used in Risk Estimation for Novaluron

Species

Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity

LD50 / LC50 MRID NOAEC(L)/ 

LOAEC(L)

Affected

Endpoints

(MRID)

Northern 

Bobwhite 

Quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

14-day LD50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg bw

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./kg bw 45476801

-- --

8-day LC50 > 5200 mg/kg diet

NOAEC = 2610 mg a.i./kg diet

45499002

Mallard Duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

-- --

22-wk NOAEC 

= 9.8 mg a.i./kg diet

22-wk LOAEC 

= 30 mg a.i./kg diet

Number of viable 

embryos per pen and 

viable 14-day embryos 

set (45638219)

Laboratory rat 14-day LD50 >5000 mg ai/kg-bw 44961001

NOAEC 

= 1000 mg ai/kg-diet

LOAEC 

= 4000 mg ai/kg-diet

Decreased sperm 

counts in male F1 

generation

(45651505)

Novaluron is classified practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on an acute oral basis 

and non-toxic to birds on subacute dietary basis (Table 16). On a chronic exposure basis, 

significant reduction in the number of viable embryos per pen and viable embryos of eggs 

set were noted in Northern bobwhite quail. Decreased sperm counts in male F1 

generation and increased absolute and relative spleen weights in the parental generation 

were noted in rats. 

Table 17. Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data for Novaluron

Study Type/

Species 

Product Tested 

(% ai)

Toxicity Endpoint Toxicity 

Categories

Study 

Classification

MRID #

Acute

Contact/

Honey bee (Apis 

melifera) Technical grade 

(99.3)

48-hr

LD50 >100 μg 

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 100 μg 

a.i./bee

Practically 

Non-Toxic Acceptable

45638220

Acute Oral/

Honey bee

(Apis melifera)

48-hr

LD50 >100 μg 

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 100 μg 

a.i./bee

n/a Supplemental

Acute

Contact/

Honey bee (Apis 

melifera) Formulated 

product (9.1)

48-hr

LD50 >200 μg 

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 200 μg 

a.i./bee

Practically 

Non-Toxic Acceptable

45638408

Acute Oral/

Honey bee

(Apis melifera)

48-hr

LD50 >200 μg 

a.i./bee

NOAEC = 200 μg 

a.i./bee

n/a Supplemental
Page 33 of 106

Table 17. Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data for Novaluron

Study Type/

Species 

Product Tested 

(% ai)

Toxicity Endpoint Toxicity 

Categories

Study 

Classification

MRID #

Acute Toxicity

Earthworm

(Eisenia foetida)

Technical grade

(99.3)

14-day

LC50 >1000 mg 

a.i./kg soil

NOAEC >1000 mg 

a.i./kg soil

n/a Supplemental 45638224

Novaluron is categorized practically non-toxic to honey bees on a contact basis for the 

TGAI (MRID 45638220) and formulated product, RIMON® SUPRA 10EC (MRID 

45638408) (Table 17). While the Agency does not categorize toxicity for acute oral 

studies, no acute oral effects were observed in honey bees dosed up to 100 μg a.i./bee for 

the TGAI (MRID 45638220) and 200 μg a.i./bee for the formulated product, RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC (MRID 45638408).

In addition to the contact and oral toxicity studies on honey bees, three field studies 

(MRIDs 45638407; 45638409; 45638410) are available which evaluated the formulated 

produect RIMON® SUPRA 10EC on non-target insects. Novaluron exposure to 

beehives via the formulated product was evaluated in two studies (MRID 45638407 and 

45638409), in which adverse effects were observed on honeybee brood development at 

the egg, young larvae, and old larvae developmental stages. Wasp and predatory mite 

populations showed significant adverse effects to exposure of novaluron in a third field 

study (MRID 45638410). 

The following open literature studies are available for novaluron. Hodgeson et al., 2011 

was reviewed for inclusion in risk characterization of the proposed new novaluron uses

because it provides information on the developmental toxicity of novaluron to non-Apis

bees (Section 5.1.2).

• Sfara, V., S.A. De Licastro, H.M. Masuh, E.A., Seccacini, R.A. Alzogaray, and 

E.N. Zerba, 2007. Synergism between cis-permethrin and benzoyl phenyl urea 

insect growth regulators against Aedes aegypti larvae. J. Am. Mosq. Control 

Assoc. 23(1): 24-28. ECOTOX Reference No: 100192.

• Scott-Dupree, C.D., L. Conroy, and C.R. Harris, 2009. Impact of currently used or 

potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on Bombus impatiens

(Hymenoptera: Apidae), Megachile rotundata (Mymenoptera: Megachilidae), and 

Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 102(1): 177-

182. ECOTOX Reference No. 113327.

• Mommaerts, V., G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe, 2006. Hazards and uptake of chitin 

synthesis inhibitors in bumblebees Bombus terrestris. Pest Manag. Sci. 62 (8): 

752-758. ECOTOX Reference No: 94221. 

• Hodgson EW, Pitts-Singer TL, Barbour JD. 2011. Effects of the insect growth 

regulator, novaluron on immature alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata. 

Journal of Insect Science 11:43. Available online: insectscience.org/11.43

The toxicity of both technical grade novaluron and its primary degradate chlorophenyl 
Page 34 of 106

urea to earthworms were evaluated in accordance with OECD guidelines (MRID 

45638224 and 45638225, respectively). The reported LC50 for the technical grade 

product and chlorophenyl urea was >1000 and 447 mg/kg, respectively (Tables 17 and

18). No sub-lethal effects were observed in either study.

Table 18. Summary of Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicity Data for Chlorophenyl Urea

Study Type Product Tested 

(% ai)

Toxicity Endpoint 

(mg a.i./kg soil)

Toxicity 

Category

Study 

Classification

MRID #

Acute Toxicity

Earthworm

(Eisenia foetida)

Chlorophenyl urea

(99.3)

14-day

LC50 = 447

NOAEC = 171

n/a Supplemental 45638224

Toxicity studies on terrestrial plants are not available for novaluron or its degradates.

5. ECOLOGICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION

5.1 Risk Estimation

5.1.1 Aquatic Organisms

Fish

Risk quotients were not calculated for acute risks to freshwater or estuarine/marine fish 

because none of the acute fish studies established definitive endpoints for novaluron. 

However, no acute effects are expected for fish in either media as the reported NOAEC 

values for sublethal effects in these acute studies were close to or greater than the 

solubility limit for novaluron (3 ppb); acute risk to fish is not expected. Chronic RQs for 

freshwater fish are presented in Table 19 for the proposed novaluron uses; RQs for both 

proposed uses are below the Agency’s risk to non-listed and listed species LOC (1.0). 

No toxicity data are available to assess chronic risk of novaluron exposure to 

estuarine/marine fish; risk to estuarine/marine fish on a chronic basis is presumed. 

Although fish are not expected to be present in contained, small water bodies, fish are 

used as a surrogate for aquatic-phase herpetafauna.

Table 19. Chronic RQs* for Freshwater Fish Based on Surface Water EECs of 

Novaluron

For Control of Surface Water EECs (μg a.i./L) Chronic RQ1

Peak 60-day

100% watershed treated3

Crickets

(0.91 lbs a.i./L)

0.96 0.16 0.03

in contained, small water bodies

Mosquito Larvae 3.02 3.02 0.49

*Chronic risk to listed and nonlisted fish LOC is 1.0 1 Based on freshwater fish NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.i./L

2 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility
Page 35 of 106

3 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed

Aquatic Invertebrates

Novaluron is a member of a larger group of insecticides known as benzoylphenyl ureas. 

It is an insect growth regulator that interferes with chitin synthesis and deposition. This 

mode of action is effective in controlling immature insect growth stages. Because 

chitinase inhibitors act primarily in the molting stages, endpoints based on effects to 

adults or non-molting juveniles do not accurately reflect the toxicity of the compound. 

Effects on target (and non-target) organisms are most severe when exposure occurs at 

critical life stages.

Aquatic guideline tests, which typically run for 48 hours for the aquatic invertebrate 

(Daphnia magna), may not capture a molting stage and are not an appropriate “most 

sensitive” acute endpoint for assessments. Endpoints derived from chronic studies more 

appropriately assess the toxicity of this type of chemical. No observed adverse effects 

concentrations (NOAECs) from the chronic guideline tests have been used to evaluate 

both acute and chronic risk in this assessment.

Risk quotients for aquatic invertebrates are presented in Table 20. Toxicity data on D. 

magna and A. bahia are used to derive risk quotients for pelagic invertebrates in 

freshwater and estuarine/marine environments, respectively. The chronic endpoint values 

for both species were identical (NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.i./L), however the NOAEC was 

based on parental survival and offspring production for D. magna and reduction in 

terminal male body length for A. bahia. Toxicity data were available on the freshwater 

benthic chironomid, C. riparius; the chronic NOAEC = 0.13 μg a.i./L (pore water 

concentrations) was based on survival and emergence ratios. Risk quotients for the 

proposed mosquito larvae use exceeded the Agency’s LOC for both pelagic and benthic 

organisms. For pelagic invertebrates exposed to the proposed cricket use, the Agency’s 

LOC (1.0) was exceeded for applications to treated areas of 10-100% of a 10 ha 

watershed. Benthic freshwater RQs for the proposed cricket use exceeded the LOC for 

the scenario in which 100% a 10 ha watershed was treated. 

Table 20. RQs1 for Aquatic Invertebrates Based on Surface Water and Pore Water

EECs of Novaluron

For Control of

Pelagic Freshwater and 

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Benthic Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Surface Water

21-day EEC

Acute/Chronic

RQ1

Pore Water

21-day EEC

Acute/Chronic

RQ1

Crickets

100% watershed treated5

(0.91 lbs a.i./L) 0.36 12.0* 0.13 1*

25% watershed treated5

(0.23 lbs a.i./L) 0.09 3.0* 0.03 0.23

10% watershed treated5

(0.09 lbs a.i./L) 0.03 1.0* 0.01 <0.1

5% watershed treated5

(0.05 lbs a.i./L) 0.02 0.67 <0.01 <0.1
Page 36 of 106

1% watershed treated5

(0.01 lbs a.i./L) 0.003 0.33 <0.01 <0.1

Mosquito Larvae

in contained, small water 

bodies

3.04 100* 3.04 23*

*RQ exceeds the chronic risk to listed and nonlisted freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrate LOC

(1.0) 1 RQs for aquatic invertebrates are based on chronic exposure and toxicity data and represent the risk 

estimation for both acute and chronic effects

2 Based on freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAECs = 0.03 μg a.i./L 3 Based on freshwater invertebrate pore water NOEAC = 0.13 μg a.i./L

4 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility

5 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed

Aquatic Plants

No aquatic plant RQ exceeded the Agency’s listed or non-listed species LOC (1.0) for 

either of the proposed novaluron uses (Table 21). Risk to aquatic plants is expected to be 

negligible. 

Table 21. RQs* for Aquatic Vascular and Nonvascular Plants Based on Surface 

Water EECs of Novaluron

For Control of Peak EEC

(μg a.i./L)

Vascular Plant RQs Non-Vascular Plant 

RQs 

Listed1 Non-Listed2 Listed3 Non-Listed4

100% watershed treated6

Crickets

(0.91 lbs a.i./L)

0.96 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

in contained, small water 

bodies

Mosquito Larvae 

3.05 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

* Risk to listed and nonlisted aquatic plant LOC is 1.0 1 Based on aquatic vascular plant NOAEC = 2475 μg a.i./L

2 Based on aquatic vascular plant EC50 = 3549 μg a.i./L 3 Based on aquatic nonvascular pant NOAEC = 75 μg a.i./L

4 Based on aquatic nonvascular plant EC50 > 75 μg a.i./L 5 EEC based on the functional limit of solubility of novaluron 6 Assessment models a 10 hectare watershed

5.1.2 Terrestrial Organisms

Birds and Mammals

Novaluron was classified as practically non-toxic to birds on an acute oral and acute 

dietary basis and practically non-toxic to mammals on an acute oral basis. Risk quotients 

for acute exposures to birds and mammals were not calculated because the available 

acute endpoints are non-definitive (i.e. greater than values); the lethal dose at which 50% 

mortality occurred was greater than the Agency’s limit doses. Therefore, acute risks to 

nonlisted birds and mammals are not expected. 
Page 37 of 106

Risk quotients were calculated for chronic exposures of novaluron on food items of birds 

and mammals from the proposed novaluron control of crickets (Table 22). The chronic 

avian 22-wk NOAEC=9.8 mg a.i./kg-diet is based on a reduction in the number of viable 

embryos per pen and viable 14-day embryos; the chronic mammalian NOAEC=1000 mg 

a.i./kg-diet (NOAEL=74.2 mg a.i./kg-bw) is based on decreased sperm counts in the male 

F1 generation. The Agency’s LOC was exceeded for avian dietary RQs for all dietary 

items; mammalian dose-based RQs exceeded the Agency’s LOC for 15g and 35g 

mammals consuming short grass. 

Table 22. Chronic Avian and Mammalian RQs for the Proposed Novaluron Control 

of Crickets Derived from T-REX v.1.4.1

Dietary Item Avian 

Dietary RQ

Mammalian 

Dietary RQ

Mammalian Dose-based RQ

15g 35g 1000g

Short Grass 22.3* 0.22 1.28* 1.09* 0.58

Tall Grass 10.2* 0.10 0.59 0.50 0.27

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects

12.5* 0.12 0.72 0.61 0.33

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects

1.39* <0.10 0.08 0.07 0.04

Seeds Only (Granivore) 1.39* <0.10 0.02 0.02 0.01

* RQ exceeds the listed and non-listed avian and mammalian LOC (1.0)

Bird and mammal exposure to pellet and rod formulations of novaluron for control of 

mosquito larvae, via direct consumption, is possible for the proposed pellets/rod 

formulations in dry and wet areas. However, because both mosquito larvae control 

products use wax as a vehicle for the slow release of novaluron, the attractiveness of the 

pellets and rods to mammals and birds is uncertain. Beklova and Pikula (2000), studied 

the attractiveness of rodenticide bait to pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) made of alfalfa, 

sugar, groats, paraffin wax, and other effective substances and dyes. The study authors 

concluded that the paraffin wax coating had a repellent effect on the birds, which might 

otherwise be attracted to the alfalfa, sugar and groats. The study authors noted a repellent 

effect immediately after presenting the birds with fresh bait, but the effect subsided with 

the disintegration of the wax; the birds then found the bait appealing enough to consume. 

Based on this study’s findings, the proposed novaluron pellet and rod products are 

expected to be unattractive to birds and mammals (i.e., pellets/rods are not identified as a 

food source), and consumption of the pellets/rods is expected to be negligible. Thus, 

adverse effects to birds and mammals from acute and chronic exposures to the proposed 

pellets/rods are discountable. 

SIP_v.1.0 was used to determine if chronic drinking water exposure to birds and 

mammals from the control of mosquito larvae in small, contained water bodies (e.g. bird 

bath) was a pathway of concern; based on toxicity data, acute adverse effects to birds and 

mammals from drinking water exposure to novaluron are not expected. SIP_v.1.0 

employs the following assumptions about the exposure to birds and mammals: (1) The 

assessed animals obtain 100% of their daily water needs through drinking water; (2) The 

daily water need is equivalent to the daily water flux rate as calculated by Nagy and 

Peterson (1988); (3) The body weight of the assessed bird is equivalent to the smallest 
Page 38 of 106

generic bird modeled in T-REX (i.e., 20 g), and this assumption results in the highest 

ratio of exposure to toxicity for the 3 assessed avian body weights of T-REX (i.e., 20, 

100, 1000 g); (4) The body weight of the assessed mammal is equivalent to the largest 

generic mammal modeled in T-REX (i.e., 1000 g), and this results in the highest ratio of 

exposure to toxicity for the 3 assessed mammalian body weights of T-REX (i.e., 15, 35, 

1000 g). Based on a ratio of exposure and toxicity (Table 23), it was determined that

drinking water exposure from the proposed control of mosquito larvae in small, contained 

water bodies is not a potential concern for birds or mammals on a chronic basis.

Table 23. SIP_v.1.0 Results of Drinking Water Screen from Proposed Control of 

Mosquito Larvae

Parameter Chronic Avian Concern Chronic Mammalian Concern

Upper Bound Exposure 0.0024 mg a.i./kg-bw 0.0005 mg a.i./kg-bw

Adjusted Toxicity Value 0.4862 mg a.i./kg-bw 57.0717 mg a.i./kg-bw

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.0050 <0.0001

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Currently, EFED does not routinely quantify potential risks from pesticides on terrestrial 

non-target adult insects. However, based on the data already submitted on adult honey 

bee toxicity, novaluron is practically non-toxic to honey bees (LD50 = >100 μg/bee). 

Therefore, the potential risk of novaluron to adult pollinators and other adult beneficial 

insects is expected to be low.

Since novaluron acts through chitin biosynthesis inhibition of the developing insects, 

reliance on adult insect toxicity testing is inadequate to comprehensively address its 

effects on non-target insects. Additional non-guideline non-target insect studies that 

evaluated the effects of novaluron on the developmental stages of honey bee 

demonstrated adverse effects on brood development at all growth stages (MRIDs 

45638407 and 45638409).

MRID 45638407 pertains to a study where honey bee hives, placed in a grass field, were 

fed with sucrose solution dispersed with novaluron at a single concentration of 3.3 ml/L. 

Significant adverse effects included reduction in successful development of eggs and old 

larvae 7 days after treatment and young larvae 2 days after treatment. Overall failure rate 

of eggs, young larvae, and old larvae in treated hives was more than two, three, and four 

times greater than that of the control treatment. Adverse effects persisted throughout the 

duration of the study (21 days). An LC50 (>3.3 ml/L) could not be determined for this 

study as mortality was not observed in any of the developmental stages (due to the 

overall failure rate).

MRID 45638409 refers to a study conducted in Israel where honey bee colony brood 

development was evaluated in commercial orange groves following two spray 

applications of novaluron at flowering at 0.2 lb ai/A (0.225 kg ai/ha) each at 7 day 

intervals. Significant adverse effects were noted on egg development, young larvae, and 

old larvae following the first application of novaluron; however, second generation eggs 

developed normally. Similar to the MRID 45638407, this study did not note any 
Page 39 of 106

mortality of adult bees (LC50= >0.2 lb ai/A). Based on the post-study monitoring results, 

adverse effects on honey bee brood development were transient and no evidence of 

adverse effects was apparent on hive viability, pollination efficiency, or productivity of 

worker bees. It is important to note that the single application rate tested in this study 

(0.2 lb ai/A) does not represent the maximum commercial use rate for novaluron (0.32 lb 

ai/A in orchard fruits).

Adverse effects were also noted on wasp and predatory mite populations following two 

applications of novaluron 7 days apart at the end of flowering to citrus groves in Sicily 

(MRID 45638410). However, complete recovery of wasps and predatory mites occurred 

within two days and 2 months, respectively, after the second application. No other 

effects were observed in any of the other taxa in this study.

In summary, the registrant-submitted studies on brood development of non-target insects 

(honey bees) did not test the maximum commercial application rate for novaluron and is 

likely lower than the potential usage of novaluron for outdoor residential control of 

crickets. 

An open literature study (Hodgeson et al., 2011) evaluated novaluron toxicity, as 

formulated in Rimon 0.83 EC (9.3% w/v), to Megachile rotundata, alfalfa leafcutting 

bees. The second of three experiments studied the effect that adult bees feeding/foraging 

on novaluron had on the subsequent success of mating and reproduction. The experiment 

evaluated one novaluron treatment, 10% sugar-water containing novaluron at 0.08 lbs 

a.i./A using 30 gallons water/acre (3 μl form/mL water) against a control of 10% sugarwater. This experiment was conducted 3 times in total, for three replicates; however, 

nesting in the second and third test was lower due to limited flower availability. In the 

first replication, complete mortality (100%) was observed in the developing larvae from 

the treatment cages compared to 12% and 20% in the control cages; in the second 

replication, 50% and 92% mortality of larvae occurred compared to 0% and 18% in the 

control. In the third replication, 100% percent mortality occurred in larvae from 

treatment cages compared to 0% mortality (complete survivorship) in the control. This 

open literature study demonstrates that novaluron is not toxic to adult M. rotundata adults 

(as expected) but is toxic to the developing larvae. The study provides insight into the 

developmental effects in non-Apis bees. For solitary bees, such as M. rotundata, which 

may have as few as 1-3 generations per year, greater than 50% mortality to developing 

pupae would have significant effects on the reproductive success of the species. 

Based on the studies summarized above, adverse effects on non-target insects are 

expected for the proposed use. 

Available toxicity data on earthworms indicate that chlorophenyl urea is at least slightly

more toxic to earthworms than novaluron. No adverse effects on earthworms were 

observed in a 14-day toxicity study for novaluron, with a resulting NOAEC = 1000 mg 

a.i./kg soil. Mortality and reductions in body weight occurred in the chlorophenyl urea 

toxicity study with earthworms, resulting in an LD50 = 447 mg a.i./kg soil and NOAEC = 

171 mg a.i./kg soil. 
Page 40 of 106

Terrestrial Plants

No available data exists on novaluron toxicity to terrestrial plants. It is noted that this 

product has been previously registered on ornamentals, pome fruit, cotton, potato, head 

and stem brassica, tomato, sugarcane, stone fruit, bushberry, brassica leafy greens, turnip 

greens, sorghum, fruiting and curcurbit vegetables, low growing berries, snap and dry 

bean, swiss chard, and sweet corn, and novaluron may not be lethal to many plants up to

the previously registered application rates. However, effects on terrestrial plant growth 

(height and dry weight) and toxicity to listed species are unknown. Further, because the 

proposed spray applications are not limited on a spatial or temporal scale, adverse effects 

to terrestrial plants are presumed from the proposed RIMON® SUPRA 10EC 

applications. 

5.2 Risk Description 

Natural water bodies are at potential risk from some of the proposed novaluron uses to 

control mosquito larvae; however, risk to these natural water bodies cannot be assessed 

quantitatively. Instead, it can be concluded from a qualitative assessment of risk that risk 

to organisms in a natural water would be no greater than the risk posed by novaluron to 

organism located in the treated areas. Thus, the potential for adverse effects to a species 

(or species used as a surrogate) as determined in the sections below provide a maximum 

level of expected population or community level risk to novaluron concentrations in 

natural water bodies from mosquito larvae use. As opposed to the localized concern in 

the treated water body, the concern for natural water bodies exposed to novaluron is the 

potential for large scale aquatic ecosystem direct and indirect effects at multiple levels of 

the trophic system. 

5.2.1 Risks to Aquatic Organisms

It was determined in the risk estimation that acute risks to fish are not expected for the 

proposed novaluron uses based on acute toxicity data. Chronic adverse effects on 

aquatic-phase herpetofauna, for which fish serve as a surrogate, from proposed novaluron 

use on mosquito larvae is not expected because concentrations of novaluron in small 

water bodies is likely limited by novaluron’s low solubility (3 ppm); the calculated RQ 

(0.49) for mosquito larvae use was below the Agency’s LOC (1.0). A chronic RQ (0.03) 

was calculated for the proposed cricket use assuming an entire 10 ha watershed was 

treated with novaluron and was also below the Agency’s LOC. Although this scenario 

(assuming 100% of the watershed is treated) is believed to be a conservative estimate of 

exposure, chronic risk to freshwater fish will likely be limited by the low solubility limit 

of novaluron. However, novaluron’s persistence in water (aerobic aquatic metabolism 

half-lives ranged 9.7-19.7 days) lends uncertainty to potential chronic risk to 

estuarine/marine fish, for which no data is available. Chronic risk to estuarine/marine 

fish is presumed from the proposed RIMON® 10EC use on crickets.

Chronic toxicity endpoints were used to derive risk quotients (acute/chronic) for aquatic 
Page 41 of 106

invertebrates (as discussed in the Risk Estimation Section). For pelagic freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates exposed to the proposed cricket use, the Agency’s LOC 

(1.0) was exceeded for applications to treated areas of 10-100% of a 10 ha watershed. 

Benthic freshwater RQs for the proposed cricket use exceeded the LOC for the scenario 

in which 100% the waterdshed was treated. Only freshwater invertebrates are expected 

to be exposed to novaluron treatments in small, contained water bodies, and both pelagic 

and benthic invertebrates are at risk from the proposed novaluron uses up to novaluron’s 

solubility limit. The available microcosm study endpoints corroborates with the acute 

and chronic single species toxicity test endpoints and suggests that some aquatic 

invertebrates may be more sensitive to novaluron than the tested surrogate species (i.e.

Gammaridea spp.).

All aquatic plant RQs were <0.1 for the proposed mosquito larvae use; risk quotients 

were also <0.1 for the proposed cricket use assuming 100% treatment of a 10 ha 

watersdhed. Although the assumption of an entire treated acre is conservative, RQs are

explored assuming that EECs rise to the concentration of novaluron’s solubility limit (this 

is equivalent to tripling the current peak EEC). RQs for nonvascular and vascular listed 

and nonlisted plant species would then still be <0.1, the same RQ values calculated for 

the proposed treatment to contained, small water bodies. 

 

5.2.2 Risks to Terrestrial Organisms

Acute risk from dietary exposure to novaluron is not expected for birds or mammals 

based on acute toxicity data. In an available 8-day dietary toxicity study with bobwhite 

quail (MRID 45499002), sublethal effects were observed at the highest concentration 

tested (5200 mg a.i/kg diet). The study NOAEC based of these sublethal effects was 

2610 mg a.i./kg diet. A comparison of this toxicity endpoint to the highest modeled 

dietary EEC for a 20g bird (218 mg a.i./kg dietary item) indicates that the highest 

modeled EEC is less than one tenth of the dietary rate; risk to Federally listed avian 

species is not expected. However no data exists on passeriforms, a potentially more 

sensitive taxon than the surrogate species tested, and thus acute risk to birds is presumed. 

For the proposed use on crickets chronic adverse effects to birds are expected for all 

herbivorous, insectivorous, and granivorous birds (dietary RQs ranged from 1.39-22.3). 

Risk quotients for chronic dietary exposures to mammals also exceeded the Agency’s 

LOC for the proposed use on crickets (does-based RQs ≤ 1.28). Based on the magnitude 

of the chronic avian RQs, a bird that obtained 5% of its dietary needs from novaluron 

treated areas would still consume a quantity of novaluron that exceeds the Agency’s level 

of concern. For the proposed spray use of novaluron, where applications may not be 

contiguous over dietary items, adverse effects to birds are still expected. Based on the 

magnitude of the chronic mammal RQs, a mammal that obtained less than 100% of its 

dietary needs from novaluron treated areas would be less likely to be at chronic risk from 

the propsed novaluron spray uses. 

Risks to birds and mammals from the proposed pellet/rod novaluron products are 

expected to be low. The proposed pellets/rods are composed primarily of wax, which are 
Page 42 of 106

anticipated to be unappealing to terrestrial wildlife as a dietary item or dietary aid (i.e. 

grit used by birds to grind food). Further, acute dietary effects to birds and mammals are 

not expected based on acute toxicity data. Thus, risk from incidental consumption is 

discountable. 

Risks to terrestrial invertebrates and beneficial insects was qualitatively assessed. Based 

on novaluron’s mode of action and the submitted toxicity data on adult honey bees, the 

potential risk of novaluron to adult pollinators and other adult beneficial insects is 

expected to be low. The data on earthworms also suggests that risk of novaluron toxicity

to earthworms and other terrestrial invertebrates at certain life stages is low. Based on 

available field studies, transient effects on brood and adult life stages occurred in insect 

species exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of novaluron. Based on the 

open literature studies with M. rotundata, significant development effects occurred in 

alfalfa leadcutting bee pupae at environmental concentrations expected from the proposed 

new uses of novaluron. For a solitary bee, reproductive effects that effectively prohibit 

development can have significant effects on the long-term success of a species. Because

the proposed outdoor application rate on the RIMON® 10EC label is not limited spatially 

or temporally, potential application may exceed the rate evaluated in these studies; 

further, the RIMON® 10EC label does not restrict application on flowering plants. Thus, 

adverse effects to beneficial insects and all terrestrial invertebrates are expected, but the 

magnitude and spread of the toxicological effects to this taxon are uncertain.

Available toxicity data on earthworms indicate that chlorophenyl urea is at least slightly 

more toxic to earthworms than novaluron. Adverse effects to beneficial insects and all 

terrestrial invertebrates from chlorophenyl urea toxicity are presumed.

As described in the Risk Estimation, adverse effects to terrestrial plants are presumed 

from exposures to the proposed spray applications of novaluron to control crickets; risks 

to terrestrial plants from exposure to the proposed new pellet and rod formulations of 

novaluron were not assessed because exposure is expected to be negligible. However, 

indirect adverse effects to listed terrestrial plants (e.g. seed dispersal) are expected for all 

proposed novaluron uses from the direct adverse effects on invertebrate and vertebrate 

populations. 

5.2.3 Bioaccumulation Assessment

Novaluron has shown to have a high bioaccumulation potential. A bioconcentration 

study (MRID 45638215) using bluegill sunfish reported the highest mean 

bioconcentration factor in whole fish of 14,431 L/kg w.w. Therefore, consumption of 

aquatic organisms that have accumulated novaluron may serve as an additional exposure 

route for higher trophic level organisms. Potential risks to birds and mammals that 

consume aquatic organisms were evaluated using the KABAM model (v 1.0). Inputs to 

the model are summarized below (Tables 24 and 25). 

Table 24. Chemical Characteristics of Novaluron for Input into KABAM_v.1.0

Characteristic Value Comments/Guidance
Page 43 of 106

Pesticide Name Novaluron

Log KOW 4.3 Enter value from acceptable or supplemental study submitted by 

registrant or available in scientific literature.

KOW 19953 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically from 

the Log KOW value entered above.

KOC (L/kg OC) 5899

Input value used in PRZM/EXAMS to derive EECs. Follow 

input parameter guidance for deriving this parameter value 

(USEPA 2002).

Time to steady state (TS; 

days) 8 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically from the Log KOW value entered above.

Pore water EEC (μg/L) 3

Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS benthic file. 

PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved 

concentration of the pesticide in the pore water of the sediment. 

The appropriate averaging period of the EEC is dependent on 

the specific pesticide being modeled and is based on the time it 

takes for the chemical to reach steady state. Select the EEC 

generated by PRZM/EXAMS which has an averaging period 

closest to the time to steady state calculated above. In cases 

where the time to steady state exceeds 365 days, the user should 

select the EEC representing the average of yearly averages. The 

peak EEC should not be used. 

Water Column EEC 

(μg/L) 3

Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS water column file. 

PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved 

concentration of the pesticide in the water column. The 

appropriate averaging period of the EEC is dependent on the 

specific pesticide being modeled and is based on the time it 

takes for the chemical to reach steady state. The averaging 

period used for the water column EEC should be the same as the 

one selected for the pore water EEC (discussed above).

Table 25. Mammalian and Avian Toxicity Data of Novaluron for Input into 

Kabam_v.1.0

Animal

Measure of 

effect (units) Value Species

If selected 

species is 

"other," 

enter body 

weight (in 

kg) here.

Avian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) >2000 mallard duck

LC50 (mg/kgdiet) >5200 Northern bobwhite quail
Page 44 of 106

NOAEC (mg/kgdiet) 9.8 mallard duck

Mineau Scaling 

Factor 1.15

Default value for all species is 

1.15 (for chemical specific 

values, see Mineau et al. 1996).

Mammalian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) >5000 laboratory rat

LC50 (mg/kgdiet) N/A other

Chronic Endpoint 1000 laboratory rat

units of chronic 

endpoint* ppm

*ppm = mg/kg-diet

KABAM Modeling Results

All RQs for birds and mammals that consume aquatic organisms are below concern 

levels at novaluron’s solubility limit (Table 26). Therefore, although the BCF of 

novaluron is consistent with highly bioaccumulative chemicals, it does not appear that 

risk exceeds concern levels to non-target birds or mammals that consume contaminated 

aquatic organisms under labeled use rates. 

Table 26. Calculation of RQ values for mammals and birds 

consuming fish contaminated by Novaluron.

Wildlife Species

Acute Chronic

Dose 

Based

Dietary 

Based

Dose Based Dietary 

Based

Mammalian

fog/water shrew <0.000 N/A 0.013 0.002

rice rat/star-nosed 

mole <0.000 N/A 0.015 0.002

small mink

<0.000 N/A 0.019 0.003

large mink <0.000 N/A 0.022 0.003

small river otter

<0.000 N/A 0.023 0.003

large river otter <0.000 N/A 0.027 0.003

Avian

sandpipers <0.002 <0.000 N/A 0.231

cranes

<0.000 <0.000 N/A 0.235

rails

<0.001 <0.001 N/A 0.269

herons

<0.000 <0.001 N/A 0.275
Page 45 of 106

small osprey <0.000 <0.001 N/A 0.318

white pelican <0.000 <0.001 N/A 0.339

6. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERNS

Based on the endangered species LOC exceedances, concerns for direct effects on a

chronic exposure basis have been identified for all animal taxa except freshwater fish and 

aquatic-phase amphibians; concern for terrestrial plants was identified due to lack of data

(Table 27). There is also a concern for indirect effects to all species that have obligate 

feeding requirements or general dependency on the organisms directly affected as a 

resource.

Table 27. Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses of Novaluron

Listed Taxa Direct Effects Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – monocots Yes1 Yes

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – dicots Yes1 Yes

Birds Yes Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians Yes Yes

Reptiles Yes Yes

Mammals Yes Yes

Terrestrial insects Yes Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Yes

Mollusks Yes Yes

Marine/estuarine fish Yes1 Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates Yes Yes

1 Risk to taxon based on direct effects is presumed due to lack of data.

6.1 Listed Species Occurrence Associated with Novaluron Use

The goal of the co-location analysis is determine whether sites of pesticide use are 

geographically associated with known locations of listed species [following the 

convention of the Services, the word ‘species’ in this assessment may apply to a 

‘species’, ‘subspecies’, or an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU)]. At the screening 

level, this analysis is accomplished using the LOCATES database (version 2.13). The 
Page 46 of 106

database uses location information for listed species at the county level and compares it 

to agricultural census data (from 2007) for crop production at the same county level of 

resolution. The product is a listing of Federally-listed species that are located in counties 

known to produce the crops upon which the pesticide will be used.

Novaluron is proposed for use on uncultivated agriculture and non-agricultural areas. 

Because LOCATES database contains only crop location data, state- and county-level 

summaries from LOCATES are not provided. Based on the extent of proposed uses and 

the potential for direct and indirect effects, all listed species occurring nationwide may be 

potentially affected by a new registration of novaluron. A summary of listed species that

may be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed new uses of novaluron is provided 

in Appendix G. Based the results of the LOCATES database query (performed on 

4/11/2011), there are a total of 1396 listed species from all taxa associated with counties 

where novaluron may potentially be used nationwide for uncultivated-agricultural and 

non-agricultural purposes. 

7. REFERENCES

Des Lauriers, A., J. Li, K. Sze., S.L. Baker, G. Gris, and J. Chan. 2006. A field study of 

the use of methoprene for West Nile virus mosquito control. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 

5: 517-527 (2006). Available on the NRC Research Press Website at 

http://jees.nrc.ca/. 

U.S. EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Volume I of II.

EPA/600/R-93/187a. Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C. 

20460. EPA/600/R-93/187a. 

U.S. EPA. 1998. Guidance for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum. 

EPA/630/R-95/002F, April 1998.

U.S. EPA. 2002. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides Input Parameter Guidance. 

Version II February 28, 2002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

U.S. EPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of 

Pesticide Programs. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. 

Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C. January 23, 2004.

U.S. EPA. 2004. Novaluron. Report of the Metabolism Assessment review Committee 

 (MARC). Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Office 

 of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C. February 3, 2004.

Willis, G.H., and L.L. McDowell. 1987. Pesticide Persistence on Foliage in Reviews of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 100: 23-73.
Page 47 of 106

APPENDIX A Ecotoxicity Profile for Novaluron and Degradates

MRID Species Guideline Test Chemical Classification Endpoints

Fish

45638210 Sheepshead 

minnow

(Cyprinodon 

variegates)

850.1075 96-hr acute Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental 96-hr LC50 > 2 μg a.i

No mortality or sublethal 

45499004 Rainbow trout

(Salmo 

gairdneri)

850.1075 96-hr acute Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental 96-hr LC50 >980 μg a

No mortality or sublethal 

45499005 Bluegill sunfish

(Lepomis 

macrochirus)

850.1075 96-hr acute Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental 96-hr LC50 >960 μg

No mortality or sublethal 

45638216 Rainbow Trout

(Salmo 

gairdneri)

nonguideline28-day 

subchronic

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental NOAEC = 6.16 μg a.

LOAEC > 6.16 μg a.

Terminal growth and mo

45638314 Rainbow Trout

(Salmo 

gairdneri)

850.1075 96-hr acute RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Acceptable 96-hr LC50 = 5,740 μg 

Sublethal effects not

45638406 Rainbow Trout

(Salmo 

gairdneri)

nonguideline28-day 

subchronic

RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Supplemental NOAEC = 111.3 μg a

(NOAEC =1210 μg for

LOAEC = 310 μg a.i

(LOAEC = 3370 μg for

Mortality and 

Sublethal Effects not

45499006 Rainbow Trout

(Salmo 

gairdneri)

850.1075 96-hr acute 275-352 I 

(Chlorophenyl)

Acceptable 96-hr LC50 = 530 μg a

NOAEC = 144 μg a.i

Aquatic Invertebrates

45885801 Multiple species nonguidelineMesocosm 

study

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental

47651902 Chironomus 

riparius

nonguideline28-day 

emergence 

test

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental Pore Water 

NOAEC = 0.13 μg a.

LOAEC = 0.26 μg a.

45628212 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 Life Cycle Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.

Reduction in terminal ma

weight

45638211; 

46581401*

Daphnia magna 850.1010 21-day 

chronic

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable NOAEC = 0.03 μg a.

LOAEC = 0.06 μg a.

Reduction in parental surv

offspring productio

45638209 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 96-hr acute Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable 96-hr LC50 = 0.13 μg a

Sublethal effects not
Page 48 of 106

45638208 Mollusk 

deposition 

Study

850.1035 96-hr acute Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable 96-hr EC50 = 1.5 μg

Sublethal effects not

45499007 Daphnia magna 850.1010 48-hr acute 275-352 I 

(Chlorophenyl)

Supplemental 48-hr EC50 = 1910 μg a

NOAEC = 690 μg a.i

46086203 Mysid Shrimp 850.1025 96-hr acute RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Acceptable 96-hr LC50 = 0.12 μg a

(48-hr EC50 = 1.28 μg fo

Sublethal effects not

45638413 Daphnia magna 850.1010 48-hr Acute RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Acceptable 48-hr EC50 = 0.4 μg a

(48-hr EC50 = 4.31 μg fo

Sublethal effects not

Plants

45638221 Selenastrum 

capriconutum

850.5400 96-hr Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental EC50 >9,680 μg a.i./

NOAEC = 9,680 μg a

45638223 Lemna minor 850.4400 14-day RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Acceptable EC50 >75.4 μg a.i./L

NOAEC = 75.4 μg a.

45638411 Selenastrum 

capricornutum

850.5400 96-hr RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Supplemental EC50 = 3549 μg a.i./

NOAEC = 2475 μg a.

45638222 Selenastrum 

capricornutum

850.5400 96-hr 275-352 I 

(Chlorophenyl)

Supplemental EC50 = 330 μg met/

NOAEC = 105 μg me

Birds

45638219 Mallard Duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

850.2300 1-gen 

Reproduction

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable NOAEC = 9.8 mg a.i./k

LOAEC = 30 mg a.i./kg 

45638218 Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

850.2300 1-gen 

reproduction

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable NOAEC = 301 mg a.i./k

LOAEC = 1013 mg a.i./k

45499003 Mallard Duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

850.2200 Subacute 

Dietary

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable LC50 > 5310 mg a.i./kg 

NOAEC = 5310 mg a.i./

45499002 Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

850.2200 Subacute 

Dietary

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable LC50 > 5200 mg/kg d

NOAEC = 2610 mg a.i./

45499001 Mallard Duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

850.2100 Acute Oral Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental LD50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg 

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./

45476801 Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

850.2100 Acute Oral Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable LD50 > 2000 mg a.i./kg 

NOAEC = 2000 mg a.i./

Mammals

44961001 Laboratory rat

(Rattus 

novegicus)

870.1100 Acute Oral Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient

Acceptable 14-day LD50 >5000 mg ai

45651505 Laboratory rat

(Rattus 

novegicus)

870.3800 2-Generation

Reproduction

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient

Acceptable NOAEC = 1000 mg ai/k

LOAEC = 4000 mg ai/k
Page 49 of 106

Terrestrial Invertebrates

45638409 Honey Bee

(Apis melifera)

850.3040 Field Test RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Supplemental

45638408 Honey Bee

(Apis melifera)

850.3020 Acute contact 

(and acute

oral)

RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Acceptable 

(Supplemental)

CONTACT and ORA

48-hr LD50 >200 μg a.i

NOAEC = 200 μg a.i.

45638407 Honey Bee

(Apis melifera)

850.3040 Field Test RIMON® 

SUPRA 10EC 

Supplemental

45638225 Earthworm

(Eisenia foetida)

850.6200 14-day 

Subchronic

275-352 I 

(Chlorophenyl)

Supplemental LC50 = 447 mg a.i./kg 

NOAEC = 171 mg a.i./k

45638224 Earthworm

(Eisenia foetida)

850.6200 14-day 

Subchronic

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Supplemental LC50 > 1000 mg a.i./kg 

NOAEC = 1000 mg a.i./

45638220 Honey Bee

(Apis melifera)

850.3020 Acute Cont 

act (acute 

oral)

Technical Grade 

Active 

Ingredient 

(Novaluron)

Acceptable 

(Supplemental)

CONTACT and ORA

LD50 > 100 μg a.i./b

NOAEC = 100 μg a.i.
Page 50 of 106

APPENDIX B Previous EFED Risk Assessments for Novaluron

Table 3. Previous Section 3 and Section 18 Ecological Risk Assessment Actions and Assessed Uses for 

Novaluron

Crop Single 

Application 

Rate

(lb ai/A)

Number of 

Applications

(Application 

Interval in 

Days)

Action/DP 

Barcode/Date

Risk Conclusions

Ornamentals and 

Greenhouse

0.17 2 (30) Section 3 New 

Chemical 

Registration

D318619

No risk concerns exist for acute or chronic 

direct effects to listed or non-listed fish in 

freshwater or estuarine/marine environments. 

However, greatest risk from novaluron use is 

to invertebrates in both media. No acute 

effects are expected on birds, mammals, and 

plants. Chronic effects are possible on birds 

and mammals. Adverse impacts are possible 

on developing insects due to the novaluron’s 

mode of action, which is targeted against 

chitin development and cuticle formation of 

insect larvae.

Pome fruit

Cotton

Potato

0.32

0.09

0.08

3 (10 – 14)

3 (7 – 14)

3 (10 – 14)

Section 3 New Use 

Registration

DP285477, 285479, 

287624, 297230

6/14/04

Head and Stem 

Brassica 

0.04 – 0.08 3 (up to 0.16 lb 

ai/A)

(7 – 14)

Section 3 New Use 

Registration

DP321545

2/2/06

Sugarcane 0.08 5 (10 – 14) Section 18 

Emergency Use 

Exemption

DP329703

6/27/06

Head and Stem 

Brassica 

Tomato

Sugarcane

0.08

0.08

0.08

(ground and 

aerial)

3

3

5

(7 – 10)

Section 3 New Use 

Registration for 

tomato and sugarcane 

and increase in 

maximum use rates 

for brassica 

vegetables

DP340579, 340581, 

340583, 340672

2/5/2008

Strawberry 0.08 

(ground)

3

(7 – 10)

Section 18 

Emergency Use 

Exemption in 

Florida 
Page 51 of 106

D357484

10/30/2008

Stone Fruit

Bushberry 

Brassica Leafy 

Greens 

Turnip Greens

0.32

0.20

0.08

3 (7-14)

3 (10-14)

3 (7-14)

Section3 New Use 

Registration 

D358376

04/14/2009

Strawberry 0.078 3 (7-10) Section 18 

Emergency Use 

Exemption in 

California 

D364391

06/02/2009

Novaluron use on strawberry has the 

potential to cause adverse acute and chronic 

impacts to both listed and non-listed 

freshwater and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates. No acute adverse effects 

expected for fish, birds, or mammals. No 

chronic adverse effects expected for fish or 

mammals. Chronic risk expected to birds. 

Novaluron is not expected to cause adverse 

effects to terrestrial aquatic plants. Adverse 

impacts are possible on developing insects. 

Sorghum

Fruiting Veg.

Curcurbit Veg.

Low Growing 

Berry Subgroup

Snap and Dry 

Bean

Swiss Chard 

0.078 3 

(7-14)

Section3 New Use 

Registration 

D364309 & D364313

11/27/2009

Novaluron use has the potential to cause 

adverse acute and chronic impacts to both 

listed and non-listed freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates. No acute 

adverse effects expected for fish, birds, or 

mammals. No chronic adverse effects 

expected for fish or mammals. Chronic risk 

expected to birds. Risk to terrestrial plants is 

assumed. 

Sweet Corn 0.078 5

(7)

Section3 New Use

Registration

D378620

11/18/2010

Novaluron use has the potential to cause 

adverse acute and chronic impacts to both 

listed and non-listed freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates. No acute 

adverse effects expected for fish, birds, or 

mammals. No chronic adverse effects 

expected for fish; chronic risk expected for 

birds and mammals. Risk to aquatic plants 

not expected; risk to terrestrial plants 

presumed due to lack of data.
Page 52 of 106

APPENDIX C Integrate of Exposure and Effects

Table C-1 lists the measures of environmental exposure and ecological effects used to 

assess the potential risks of novaluron to non-target organisms. The risk quotient-based 

approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an 

adverse effect. The methods used to assess the risk are consistent with those outlined in 

the document “Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of 

Pesticide Programs” (USEPA 2004).

Table C-1. Agency Risk Quotient (RQ) Metrics and Levels of Concern (LOC) Per Risk 

Class.

RISK CLASS RISK DESCRIPTION RQ LOC

Aquatic Animals (fish and invertebrates)

Acute Potential for effects to non-listed animals from acute 

exposures

Peak EEC/LC501 0.5

Acute 

Restricted Use

Potential for effects to animals from acute exposures

Risks may be mitigated through restricted use classification Peak EEC/LC501 0.1

Acute Listed 

Species

Listed species may be potentially affected by acute 

exposures

Peak EEC/LC501 0.05

Chronic Potential for effects to non-listed and listed animals from 

chronic exposures

60-day EEC/NOAEC 

(fish) 1

21-day EEC/NOAEC 

(invertebrates)

Aquatic Plants

Non-Listed Potential for effects to non-listed plants from exposures Peak EEC/LC501 1

Listed Potential for effects to listed plants from exposures Peak EEC/NOAEC 1

Terrestrial Animals (mammals and birds)

Acute Potential for effects to non-listed animals from acute 

exposures

EEC/LC50 (Dietary) 0.5

EEC/LD50 (Dose)

Acute 

Restricted Use

Potential for effects to animals from acute exposures

Risks may be mitigated through restricted use classification

EEC/LC50 (Dietary) 0.2

EEC/LD50 (Dose)

Acute Listed 

Species

Listed species may be potentially affected by acute 

exposures

EEC/LC50 (Dietary) 0.1

EEC/LD50 (Dose)

Chronic Potential for effects to non-listed and listed animals from 

chronic exposures EEC/NOAEC 1

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants

Non-Listed Potential for effects to non-target, non-listed plants from 

exposures

EEC/ EC25 1

Listed Plant Potential for effects to non-target, listed plants from 

exposures

EEC/ NOAEC

1

EEC/ EC05

1 LC50 or EC50.
Page 53 of 106

APPENDIX D Calculation of RIMON® SUPRA 10EC Application Rates for 

Perimeter and Spot Treatments

Calculation for the maximum application of diluted RIMON® SUPRA 10EC for outdoor 

perimeter and spot treatments: 
Page 54 of 106

APPENDIX E Example PRZM/EXAMS

PRZM/EXAMS PA Turf Output File (10% of a Watershed Treated)

stored as PATf10.out

Chemical: Novaluron

PRZM environment: PAturfSTD.txt modified Thuday, 23 February 2006 at 17:55:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:08

Metfile: w14751.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day60 Day90 DayYearly

1961 0.04815 0.03743 0.01753 0.008674 0.006347

0.001813

1962 0.01099 0.008603 0.004065 0.002021 0.001646

0.0008223

1963 0.0005617 0.0005561 0.0005427 0.000511 0.0004505

0.0001958

1964 0.00376 0.002905 0.001318 0.0006509 0.0004916

0.0001587

1965 0.001562 0.001213 0.000558 0.0002927 0.0002288

9.107e-005

1966 0.04129 0.03241 0.01534 0.007242 0.005518

0.001492

1967 0.0294 0.02299 0.01077 0.006351 0.004698 0.001896

1968 0.008925 0.007041 0.003359 0.001556 0.001166

0.0005301

1969 0.1339 0.1038 0.06 0.02702 0.01975 0.005747

1970 0.01323 0.01053 0.007153 0.004475 0.00334

0.002023

1971 0.07568 0.05946 0.02992 0.01466 0.01082

0.003154

1972 1.542 1.206 0.5862 0.2652 0.1929 0.05541

1973 0.018 0.01773 0.01671 0.01625 0.01491 0.006071

1974 0.008069 0.006435 0.003333 0.001951 0.001674

0.0006957

1975 0.09818 0.077 0.03627 0.01644 0.01197 0.003779

1976 0.00867 0.006764 0.003186 0.001534 0.001312

0.0008605

1977 0.00039 0.0003883 0.0003797 0.0003579 0.0003131

0.0001277

1978 0.05153 0.04016 0.0265 0.01236 0.008992 0.00257

1979 0.01706 0.01347 0.006519 0.003047 0.002424

0.001044

1980 0.0003414 0.0003379 0.0003253 0.0003152 0.0002893

0.0001251
Page 55 of 106

1981 0.00564 0.004386 0.002398 0.001188 0.0008937

0.0002846

1982 0.02271 0.01819 0.009078 0.004238 0.003115

0.0009555

1983 0.0003041 0.0003003 0.0002847 0.0002528 0.000227

9.469e-005

1984 0.02153 0.01713 0.01065 0.005144 0.003764

0.001089

1985 0.0009828 0.0007845 0.0004028 0.0003898 0.0003478

0.0001733

1986 0.02873 0.02285 0.01125 0.006347 0.004775

0.00143

1987 0.04759 0.03712 0.01721 0.007645 0.005617

0.001934

1988 0.02686 0.02081 0.009509 0.004225 0.003088

0.001074

1989 0.03005 0.02373 0.01185 0.008313 0.00647

0.002073

1990 0.01121 0.008721 0.004047 0.002368 0.001805

0.0007658

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day60 Day90 DayYearly

0.032258064516129 1.542 1.206 0.5862 0.2652 0.1929 0.05541

0.0645161290322581 0.1339 0.1038 0.06 0.02702 0.01975 0.006071

0.0967741935483871 0.09818 0.077 0.03627 0.01644 0.01491

0.005747

0.129032258064516 0.07568 0.05946 0.02992 0.01625

0.01197 0.003779

0.161290322580645 0.05153 0.04016 0.0265 0.01466 0.01082

0.003154

0.193548387096774 0.04815 0.03743 0.01753 0.01236

0.008992 0.00257

0.225806451612903 0.04759 0.03712 0.01721 0.008674

0.00647 0.002073

0.258064516129032 0.04129 0.03241 0.01671 0.008313

0.006347 0.002023

0.290322580645161 0.03005 0.02373 0.01534 0.007645

0.005617 0.001934

0.32258064516129 0.0294 0.02299 0.01185 0.007242 0.005518

0.001896

0.354838709677419 0.02873 0.02285 0.01125 0.006351

0.004775 0.001813

0.387096774193548 0.02686 0.02081 0.01077 0.006347

0.004698 0.001492

0.419354838709677 0.02271 0.01819 0.01065 0.005144
Page 56 of 106

0.003764 0.00143

0.451612903225806 0.02153 0.01773 0.009509 0.004475

0.00334 0.001089

0.483870967741936 0.018 0.01713 0.009078 0.004238 0.003115

0.001074

0.516129032258065 0.01706 0.01347 0.007153 0.004225

0.003088 0.001044

0.548387096774194 0.01323 0.01053 0.006519 0.003047

0.002424 0.0009555

0.580645161290323 0.01121 0.008721 0.004065 0.002368

0.001805 0.0008605

0.612903225806452 0.01099 0.008603 0.004047 0.002021

0.001674 0.0008223

0.645161290322581 0.008925 0.007041 0.003359 0.001951

0.001646 0.0007658

0.67741935483871 0.00867 0.006764 0.003333 0.001556

0.001312 0.0006957

0.709677419354839 0.008069 0.006435 0.003186 0.001534

0.001166 0.0005301

0.741935483870968 0.00564 0.004386 0.002398 0.001188

0.0008937 0.0002846

0.774193548387097 0.00376 0.002905 0.001318 0.0006509

0.0004916 0.0001958

0.806451612903226 0.001562 0.001213 0.000558 0.000511

0.0004505 0.0001733

0.838709677419355 0.0009828 0.0007845 0.0005427 0.0003898

0.0003478 0.0001587

0.870967741935484 0.0005617 0.0005561 0.0004028 0.0003579

0.0003131 0.0001277

0.903225806451613 0.00039 0.0003883 0.0003797 0.0003152

0.0002893 0.0001251

0.935483870967742 0.0003414 0.0003379 0.0003253 0.0002927

0.0002288 9.469e-005

0.967741935483871 0.0003041 0.0003003 0.0002847 0.0002528

0.000227 9.107e-005

0.1 0.09593 0.075246 0.035635 0.016421 0.014616

0.0055502

Average of yearly averages: 0.003282662

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PATf10

Metfile: w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario: PAturfSTD.txt
Page 57 of 106

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Novaluron

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 492.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.2e-7 torr

Solubility sol 0.003 mg/L

Kd Kd 165 mg/L

Koc Koc mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 21.9 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 56.9 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 15.6 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.102 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1.0 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-06 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
Page 58 of 106

APPENDIX F T-REX Example Output

Chemical Identity and Application Information

Chemical Name: Novaluron

 Use: Residential Use

Product name and form:

% A.I. (leading zero must be entered for 

formulations <1% a.i.): 100.00%

Application Rate (lbs/A): 0.91

Half-life (days): 35

Application Interval (days): 0

Number of Applications: 1

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(gram

s)

Adjust

ed

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

EE

C RQ

EE

C RQ

20 0.00

248.

74

#DIV/

0!

114.

00

####

#

139.9

1 #####

15.5

5 #####

3.4

5

###

##

100 0.00

141.

84

#DIV/

0!

65.0

1

####

# 79.78 ##### 8.86 #####

1.9

7

###

##

1000 0.00

63.5

0

#DIV/

0!

29.1

1

####

# 35.72 ##### 3.97 #####

0.8

8

###

##

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk 

Quotients

LC50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 218.40

####

#

100.1

0

####

#

122.

85

#DIV/

0! 13.65

###

##

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 
Page 59 of 106

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk 

Quotients

NOA

EC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

10 218.40

22.2

9

100.1

0

10.2

1

122.

85 12.54 13.65 1.39

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

Size 

Class

(gram

s)

Adjust

ed

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

EE

C RQ

EE

C RQ

15 0.00

208.

23

#DIV/

0!

95.4

4

####

#

117.1

3 #####

13.0

1 #####

2.8

9

###

##

35 0.00

143.

91

#DIV/

0!

65.9

6

####

# 80.95 ##### 8.99 #####

2.0

0

###

##

1000 0.00

33.3

7

#DIV/

0!

15.2

9

####

# 18.77 ##### 2.09 #####

0.4

6

###

##

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dietary Based Risk 

Quotients

LC50 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 218.40

####

#

100.1

0

####

#

122.

85

#DIV/

0! 13.65

###

##

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk 

Quotients

NOA EECs and RQs
Page 60 of 106

EC 

(ppm) Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

1000 218.40 0.22

100.1

0 0.10

122.

85 0.12 13.65 0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(gram

s)

Adjust

ed 

NOAE

L

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

EE

C RQ

EE

C RQ

15 163.08

208.

23 1.28

95.4

4 0.59

117.1

3 0.72

13.0

1 0.08

2.8

9 0.02

35 131.95

143.

91 1.09

65.9

6 0.50 80.95 0.61 8.99 0.07

2.0

0 0.02

1000 57.07

33.3

7 0.58

15.2

9 0.27 18.77 0.33 2.09 0.04

0.4

6 0.01
Page 61 of 106

APPENDIX G LOCATES Threatened and Endangered Species

Common Name Scientific Name Taxon Status

Hawaiian picture-wing Fly Drosophila sharpi Insect E

Damselfly, Flying Earwig Hawaiian Megalagrion nesiotes Insect E

Damselfly, Pacific Hawaiian Megalagrion pacificum Insect E

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis Mammal E

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis Mammal T

Deer, Columbian White-tailed Odocoileus virginianus 

leucurus

Mammal E

Deer, Key Odocoileus virginianus clavium Mammal E

Ferret, Black-footed Mustela nigripes Mammal E

Fox, San Joaquin Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal E

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Mammal E

Panther, Florida Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi Mammal E

Pronghorn, Sonoran Antilocapra americana 

sonoriensis

Mammal E

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal E

Wolf, Gray Canis lupus Mammal E

Wolf, Red Canis rufus Mammal E

Whale, Blue Balaenoptera musculus Mammal E

Whale, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Mammal E

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Mammal E

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus Mammal E

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal E

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. 

australis)

Mammal E

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Mammal E

Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon 

(=macrocephalus)

Mammal E

Bat, Hawaiian Hoary Lasiurus cinereus semotus Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay Dipodomys heermanni 

morroensis

Mammal E

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal E

Jaguar Panthera onca Mammal E

Prairie Dog, Utah Cynomys parvidens Mammal T

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens Mammal E

Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast Herpailurus (=Felis) 

yagouaroundi cacomitli

Mammal E

Jaguarundi, Sinaloan Herpailurus (=Felis) 

yagouaroundi tolteca

Mammal E

Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Mammal E
Page 62 of 106

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis Mammal T

Bat, Ozark Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 

townsendii ingens

Mammal E

Bat, Little Mariana Fruit Pteropus tokudae Mammal E

Bat, Mariana Fruit (=Mariana 

Flying Fox)

Pteropus mariannus 

mariannus

Mammal T

Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 

townsendii virginianus

Mammal E

Vole, Amargosa Microtus californicus 

scirpensis

Mammal E

Rice Rat (=Silver Rice Rat) Oryzomys palustris natator Mammal E

Ocelot Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis Mammal E

Mouse, Key Largo Cotton Peromyscus gossypinus 

allapaticola

Mammal E

Woodrat, Key Largo Neotoma floridana smalli Mammal E

Caribou, Woodland Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal E

Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

allophrys

Mammal E

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

trissyllepsis

Mammal E

Bear, Louisiana Black Ursus americanus luteolus Mammal T

Fox, San Miguel Island Urocyon littoralis littoralis Mammal E

Fox, Santa Catalina Island Urocyon littoralis catalinae Mammal E

Fox, Santa Cruz Island Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mammal E

Fox, Santa Rosa Island Urocyon littoralis santarosae Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Giant Dipodomys ingens Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. 

cascus)

Mammal E

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton Dipodomys nitratoides 

nitratoides

Mammal E

Mouse, Alabama Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

ammobates

Mammal E

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal E

Squirrel, Mount Graham Red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 

grahamensis

Mammal E

Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mammal T

Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Mammal T

Seal, spotted Phoca largha Mammal T

Rabbit, Lower Keys Marsh Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Mammal E

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) LongnosedLeptonycteris curasoae 

yerbabuenae

Mammal E

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal E

Mountain Beaver, Point Arena Aplodontia rufa nigra Mammal E
Page 63 of 106

Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

phasma

Mammal E

Mouse, Pacific Pocket Perognathus longimembris 

pacificus

Mammal E

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei Mammal T

Mouse, Southeastern Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

niveiventris

Mammal T

Mouse, St. Andrew Beach Peromyscus polionotus 

peninsularis

Mammal E

Rabbit, Riparian Brush Sylvilagus bachmani riparius Mammal E

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn Ovis canadensis nelsoni Mammal E

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Ovis canadensis sierrae Mammal E

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate Sorex ornatus relictus Mammal E

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground Spermophilus brunneus 

brunneus

Mammal T

Vole, Florida Salt Marsh Microtus pennsylvanicus 

dukecampbelli

Mammal E

Vole, Hualapai Mexican Microtus mexicanus 

hualpaiensis

Mammal E

Woodrat, Riparian Neotoma fuscipes riparia Mammal E

Sea-lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Mammal E/T

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern Puma (=Felis) concolor (all 

subsp. except coryi)

Mammal E

Bear, American Black Ursus americanus Mammal SAT

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino 

Merriam's

Dipodomys merriami parvus Mammal E

Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus idahoensis Mammal E

Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mammal T

Bear, polar Ursus maritimus Mammal E

Killer whale, Southern Resident 

DPS

Orcinus orca Mammal E

'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus 

procerus)

Hemignathus procerus Bird E

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus 

munroi)

Hemignathus munroi Bird E

Condor, California Gymnogyps californianus Bird E

Crane, Whooping Grus americana Bird E

Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) Corvus hawaiiensis Bird E

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) Anas wyvilliana Bird E

Duck, Laysan Anas laysanensis Bird E

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bird T

Finch, Laysan Telespyza cantans Bird E

Finch, Nihoa Telespyza ultima Bird E

Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) Branta (=Nesochen) Bird E
Page 64 of 106

sandvicensis

Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) Buteo solitarius Bird E

Honeycreeper, Crested 

('Akohekohe)

Palmeria dolei Bird E

Kite, Everglades Snail Rostrhamus sociabilis 

plumbeus

Bird E

Millerbird, Nihoa Acrocephalus familiaris kingi Bird E

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common Gallinula chloropus 

sandvicensis

Bird E

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) Moho braccatus Bird E

'O'u (Honeycreeper) Psittirostra psittacea Bird E

Palila Loxioides bailleui Bird E

Parrot, Puerto Rican Amazona vittata Bird E

Parrotbill, Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys Bird E

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped Pterodroma phaeopygia 

sandwichensis

Bird E

Prairie-chicken, Attwater's 

Greater

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bird E

Rail, Yuma Clapper Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird E

Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside Ammodramus maritimus 

mirabilis

Bird E

Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) Myadestes palmeri Bird E

Megapode, Micronesian (La 

Perouse's)

Megapodius laperouse Bird E

Starling, Ponape Mountain Aplonis pelzelni Bird E

Albatross, Short-tailed Phoebastria (=Diomedea) 

albatrus

Bird E

Bobwhite, Masked Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bird E

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis Bird E

Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii Bird E

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii Bird E

White-eye, Ponape greater Rukia longirostra Bird E

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis Bird E

Tern, California Least Sterna antillarum browni Bird E

Warbler, nightingale reed (old 

world warbler)

Acrocephalus luscinia Bird E

'Akepa, Hawaii Loxops coccineus coccineus Bird E

'Akepa, Maui Loxops coccineus ochraceus Bird E

Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) Paroreomyza maculata Bird E

Nuku Pu'u, Kauai Hemignathus lucidus 

hanapepe

Bird E

Nuku Pu'u, Maui Hemignathus lucidus affinus Bird E

Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain Columba inornata wetmorei Bird E

Rail, California Clapper Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird E
Page 65 of 106

Rail, Light-footed Clapper Rallus longirostris levipes Bird E

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) Himantopus mexicanus 

knudseni

Bird E

Thrush, Large Kauai Myadestes myadestinus Bird E

Thrush, Molokai (Oloma'o) Myadestes lanaiensis rutha Bird E

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis Bird E

Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) Fulica americana alai Bird E

Creeper, Molokai (Kakawahie) Paroreomyza flammea Bird E

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla Bird E

Nightjar, Puerto Rico Caprimulgus noctitherus Bird E

Creeper, Hawaii Oreomystis mana Bird E

Po'ouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Bird E

Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird T

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Bird E

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage Amphispiza belli clementeae Bird T

Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered Agelaius xanthomus Bird E

Crow, Mariana Corvus kubaryi Bird E

Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian Halcyon cinnamomina 

cinnamomina

Bird E

Moorhen, Mariana Common Gallinula chloropus guami Bird E

Rail, Guam Rallus owstoni Bird E

White-eye, Bridled (Nossa) Zosterops conspicillatus 

conspicillatus

Bird E

White-eye, Rota Bridled Zosterops rotensis Bird E

Vireo, Least Bell's Vireo bellii pusillus Bird E

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana Bird E

Caracara, Audubon's Crested Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird T

Falcon, Northern Aplomado Falco femoralis septentrionalis Bird E

Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Buteo platypterus 

brunnescens

Bird E

Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus venator Bird E

Owl, Mexican Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida Bird T

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus Bird E

Plover, Western Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus 

nivosus

Bird T

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum 

floridanus

Bird E

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum Bird E

Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird E

Towhee, Inyo Brown Pipilo crissalis eremophilus Bird T

Vireo, Black-capped Vireo atricapilla Bird E

Warbler (=Wood), GoldencheekedDendroica chrysoparia Bird E
Page 66 of 106

Scrub-Jay, Florida Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird T

Crow, White-necked Corvus leucognaphalus Bird E

Owl, Northern Spotted Strix occidentalis caurina Bird T

Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird T

Gnatcatcher, Coastal California Polioptila californica 

californica

Bird T

Eider, Spectacled Somateria fischeri Bird T

Eider, Steller's Polysticta stelleri Bird T

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray 

(=Vanikoro)

Aerodramus vanikorensis 

bartschi

Bird E

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Empidonax traillii extimus Bird E

Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris Bird E

Kauai creeper Oreomystis bairdi Bird E

Elepaio, Oahu Chasiempis sandwichensis 

ibidis

Bird E

Alligator, American Alligator mississippiensis Reptile T

Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard Gambelia silus Reptile E

Snake, San Francisco Garter Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile E

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile E

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Reptile E

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii Reptile E

Boa, Puerto Rican Epicrates inornatus Reptile E

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Reptile E/T

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Reptile T

Sea turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Reptile T

Lizard, Island Night Xantusia riversiana Reptile T

Anole, Culebra Island Giant Anolis roosevelti Reptile E

Lizard, St. Croix Ground Ameiva polops Reptile E

Boa, Mona Epicrates monensis monensis Reptile T

Iguana, Mona Ground Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Reptile T

Rattlesnake, New Mexican RidgenosedCrotalus willardi obscurus Reptile T

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile T

Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis Reptile E

Turtle, Flattened Musk Sternotherus depressus Reptile T

Turtle, Plymouth Red-bellied Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Reptile E

Turtle, Ringed Map Graptemys oculifera Reptile T

Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map Graptemys flavimaculata Reptile T

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile T

Boa, Virgin Islands Tree Epicrates monensis granti Reptile E

Lizard, Coachella Valley FringetoedUma inornata Reptile T
Page 67 of 106

Crocodile, American Crocodylus acutus Reptile T

Gecko, Monito Sphaerodactylus 

micropithecus

Reptile E

Skink, Blue-tailed Mole Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile T

Skink, Sand Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile T

Snake, Northern Copperbelly 

Water

Nerodia erythrogaster 

neglecta

Reptile T

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus Reptile T

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile T

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), 

Alameda

Masticophis lateralis 

euryxanthus

Reptile T

Snake, Concho Water Nerodia paucimaculata Reptile T

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii Reptile T

Snake, Lake Erie Water Nerodia sipedon insularum Reptile T

Snake, Giant Garter Thamnophis gigas Reptile T

Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed Ambystoma macrodactylum 

croceum

Amphibian E

Salamander, Texas Blind Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian E

Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis Amphibian E

Salamander, Desert Slender Batrachoseps aridus Amphibian E

Salamander, Red Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti Amphibian T

Coqui, Golden Eleutherodactylus jasperi Amphibian T

Salamander, San Marcos Eurycea nana Amphibian T

Toad, Puerto Rican Crested Peltophryne lemur Amphibian T

Guajon Eleutherodactylus cooki Amphibian T

Salamander, Barton Springs Eurycea sosorum Amphibian E

Salamander, Cheat Mountain Plethodon nettingi Amphibian T

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum Amphibian T

Salamander, Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian E

Salamander, Sonora Tiger Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian E

Toad, Wyoming Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys) Amphibian E

Salamander, California Tiger Ambystoma californiense Amphibian E

Toad, Arroyo Southwestern Bufo californicus 

(=microscaphus)

Amphibian E

Frog, California Red-legged Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian T

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian T

Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged Rana muscosa Amphibian E

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi 

DPS)

Rana capito sevosa Amphibian E

Salamander, Reticulated 

flatwoods

Ambystoma bishopi Amphibian E

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha Fish E

Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus Fish E
Page 68 of 106

Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea Fish E

Darter, Maryland Etheostoma sellare Fish E

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei Fish E

Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir Fish E

Squawfish, Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius Fish E

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump 

Killifish)

Empetrichthys latos Fish E

Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans Fish E

Pupfish, Devils Hole Cyprinodon diabolis Fish E

Pupfish, Owens Cyprinodon radiosus Fish E

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Fish E

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish E

Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache Fish T

Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae Fish E

Trout, Greenback Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish T

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris Fish T

Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae Fish E

Chub, Mohave Tui Gila bicolor mohavensis Fish E

Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail Gila robusta jordani Fish E

Dace, Kendall Warm Springs Rhinichthys osculus thermalis Fish E

Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola Fish E

Darter, Watercress Etheostoma nuchale Fish E

Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis Fish E

Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadensis 

pectoralis

Fish E

Stickleback, Unarmored 

Threespine

Gasterosteus aculeatus 

williamsoni

Fish E

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Fish T

Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus Fish E

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi Fish T

Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Fish E

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus Fish T

Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina Fish T

Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi Fish T

Logperch, Roanoke Percina rex Fish E

Sculpin, Pygmy Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus) Fish T

Shiner, Cape Fear Notropis mekistocholas Fish E

Silverside, Waccamaw Menidia extensa Fish T

Darter, Bayou Etheostoma rubrum Fish T

Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani Fish E

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni Fish T

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis Fish T
Page 69 of 106

Trout, Little Kern Golden Oncorhynchus aguabonita 

whitei

Fish T

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans Fish E

Gambusia, San Marcos Gambusia georgei Fish E

Pupfish, Leon Springs Cyprinodon bovinus Fish E

Sturgeon, Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Fish E

Chub, Borax Lake Gila boraxobius Fish E

Chub, Chihuahua Gila nigrescens Fish T

Chub, Sonora Gila ditaenia Fish T

Chub, Virgin River Gila seminuda (=robusta) Fish E

Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae Fish T

Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi Fish E

Catfish, Yaqui Ictalurus pricei Fish T

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae Fish T

Chub, Gila Gila intermedia Fish E

Chub, Hutton Tui Gila bicolor ssp. Fish T

Chub, Owens Tui Gila bicolor snyderi Fish E

Chub, Yaqui Gila purpurea Fish E

Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled Rhinichthys osculus 

nevadensis

Fish E

Dace, Clover Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus Fish E

Dace, Desert Eremichthys acros Fish T

Dace, Foskett Speckled Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Fish T

Dace, Independence Valley 

Speckled

Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus Fish E

Darter, Cherokee Etheostoma scotti Fish T

Madtom, Neosho Noturus placidus Fish T

Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli Fish E

Minnow, Devils River Dionda diaboli Fish T

Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis Fish T

Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa Cyprinodon nevadensis 

mionectes

Fish E

Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius Fish E

Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa Fish T

Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae Fish E

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus Fish E

Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose Notropis simus pecosensis Fish T

Spinedace, Big Spring Lepidomeda mollispinis 

pratensis

Fish T

Spinedace, Little Colorado Lepidomeda vittata Fish T

Spinedace, White River Lepidomeda albivallis Fish E

Springfish, Hiko White River Crenichthys baileyi grandis Fish E
Page 70 of 106

Springfish, Railroad Valley Crenichthys nevadae Fish T

Springfish, White River Crenichthys baileyi baileyi Fish E

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish T

Sucker, June Chasmistes liorus Fish E

Sucker, Lost River Deltistes luxatus Fish E

Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps Fish E

Sucker, Razorback Xyrauchen texanus Fish E

Sucker, Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris Fish E

Sucker, Warner Catostomus warnerensis Fish T

Darter, Amber Percina antesella Fish E

Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi Fish E

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish T

Spikedace Meda fulgida Fish T

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti Fish E

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata Fish T

Shiner, Arkansas River Notropis girardi Fish T

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea Fish T

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus Fish T

Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

tshawytscha

Fish E/T

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus Fish E

Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Fish E

Chub, Oregon Oregonichthys crameri Fish E

Smelt, Delta Hypomesus transpacificus Fish T

Goby, Tidewater Eucyclogobius newberryi Fish E

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. Fish E

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum Fish E

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery Hybognathus amarus Fish E

Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Fish E

Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) Fish E

Sucker, Santa Ana Catostomus santaanae Fish T

Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense Fish E

Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Fish E

Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae Fish E

Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

kisutch

Fish E

Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Fish E

Darter, Vermilion Etheostoma chermocki Fish E

Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Fish T

Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Fish T

Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Fish E

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis Bivalve E
Page 71 of 106

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom Epioblasma torulosa 

gubernaculum

Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom Epioblasma florentina 

florentina

Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata 

obliquata

Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata 

perobliqua

Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus Bivalve E

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Appalachian 

Monkeyface

Quadrula sparsa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Cumberland 

Monkeyface

Quadrula intermedia Bivalve E

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Birdwing Conradilla caelata Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Curtis' Epioblasma florentina curtisii Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus Bivalve E

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus Bivalve E

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum Bivalve E

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus Bivalve E

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick 

Pearly)

Obovaria retusa Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax Bivalve E

Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita 

(=Wheeler's pm)

Arkansia wheeleri Bivalve E

Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Bivalve E

Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon Bivalve E

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri 

(=E. walkeri)

Bivalve E

Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) 

Clubshell

Pleurobema curtum Bivalve E

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent 

mussel)

Epioblasma penita Bivalve E

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's 

Mussel)

Pleurobema marshalli Bivalve E
Page 72 of 106

Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge 

Tait's Mussel)

Pleurobema taitianum Bivalve E

Spinymussel, Tar River Elliptio steinstansana Bivalve E

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens Bivalve E

Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea Bivalve E

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus Bivalve T

Mucket, Orange-nacre Lampsilis perovalis Bivalve T

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis Bivalve E

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata Bivalve E

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri Bivalve E

Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina Bivalve E

Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes Bivalve E

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon Bivalve E

Pearlshell, Louisiana Margaritifera hembeli Bivalve T

Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis Bivalve E

Bankclimber, Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus Bivalve T

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata Bivalve E

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria Bivalve E

Fatmucket, Arkansas Lampsilis powelli Bivalve T

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata Bivalve E

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme Bivalve E

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis Bivalve T

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata Bivalve E

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Bivalve E

Mussel, Fat Threeridge Amblema neislerii Bivalve E

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum Bivalve E

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum Bivalve E

Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum Bivalve E

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii Bivalve E

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus Bivalve T

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus Bivalve E

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum Bivalve E

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum Bivalve E

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus Bivalve E

Mussel, Ochlockonee 

Moccasinshell

Medionidus simpsonianus Bivalve E

Slabshell, Chipola Elliptio chipolaensis Bivalve T

Mussel, Georgia pigtoe Pleurobema hanleyianum Bivalve E

Snail, Morro Shoulderband Helminthoglypta walkeriana Gastropod E

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain Mesodon magazinensis Gastropod T
Page 73 of 106

Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber Succinea chittenangoensis Gastropod T

Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed Triodopsis platysayoides Gastropod T

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Gastropod E

Snail, Noonday Mesodon clarki nantahala Gastropod T

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest Anguispira picta Gastropod T

Snail, Stock Island Tree Orthalicus reses (not incl. 

nesodryas)

Gastropod T

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain Polygyriscus virginianus Gastropod E

Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi Gastropod E

Snail, Bliss Rapids Taylorconcha serpenticola Gastropod T

Snail, Snake River Physa Physa natricina Gastropod E

Ambersnail, Kanab Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Gastropod E

Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe Gastropod E

Snail, Armored Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) 

pachyta

Gastropod E

Snail, Pecos Assiminea Assiminea pecos Gastropod E

Springsnail, Alamosa Tryonia alamosae Gastropod E

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Gastropod E

Springsnail, Roswell Pyrgulopsis roswellensis Gastropod E

Springsnail, Koster's Juturnia kosteri Gastropod E

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri Gastropod E

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Gastropod E

Springsnail, Socorro Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Gastropod E

Limpet, Banbury Springs Lanx sp. Gastropod E

Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella Gastropod T

Hornsnail, rough Pleurocera foremani Gastropod E

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical Lioplax cyclostomaformis Gastropod E

Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri Gastropod E

Rocksnail, Painted Leptoxis taeniata Gastropod T

Rocksnail, Plicate Leptoxis plicata Gastropod E

Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla Gastropod T

Campeloma, Slender Campeloma decampi Gastropod E

Snail, Newcomb's Erinna newcombi Gastropod T

Rocksnail, interrupted Leptoxis foremani Gastropod E

Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Gastropod E

Abalone, Black Haliotis cracherodii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

sowerbyana)

Achatinella sowerbyana Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

livida)

Achatinella livida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

mustelina)

Achatinella mustelina Gastropod E
Page 74 of 106

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

apexfulva)

Achatinella apexfulva Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

fulgens)

Achatinella fulgens Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

concavospira)

Achatinella concavospira Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

stewartii)

Achatinella stewartii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

decipiens)

Achatinella decipiens Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

pulcherrima)

Achatinella pulcherrima Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

fuscobasis)

Achatinella fuscobasis Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

leucorraphe)

Achatinella leucorraphe Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

curta)

Achatinella curta Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

bulimoides)

Achatinella bulimoides Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

byronii)

Achatinella byronii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

caesia)

Achatinella caesia Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

casta)

Achatinella casta Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

decora)

Achatinella decora Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

dimorpha)

Achatinella dimorpha Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

elegans)

Achatinella elegans Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

juncea)

Achatinella juncea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

lehuiensis)

Achatinella lehuiensis Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

papyracea)

Achatinella papyracea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

rosea)

Achatinella rosea Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

spaldingi)

Achatinella spaldingi Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

swiftii)

Achatinella swiftii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

thaanumi)

Achatinella thaahumi Gastropod E
Page 75 of 106

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

valida)

Achatinella valida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

abbreviata)

Achatinella abbreviata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

bellula)

Achatinella bellula Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

buddii)

Achatinella buddii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

cestus)

Achatinella cestus Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

juddii)

Achatinella juddii Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

lorata)

Achatinella lorata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

phaeozona)

Achatinella phaeozona Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

pupukanioe)

Achatinella pupukanioe Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

taeniolata)

Achatinella taeniolata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

turgida)

Achatinella turgida Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

viridans)

Achatinella viridans Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

vittata)

Achatinella vittata Gastropod E

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 

vulpina)

Achatinella vulpina Gastropod E

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue Euphilotes battoides allyni Insect E

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis Insect E

Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark Apodemia mormo langei Insect E

Butterfly, Lotis Blue Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Insect E

Butterfly, Mission Blue Icaricia icarioides missionensis Insect E

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii

mitchellii

Insect E

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot Speyeria zerene myrtleae Insect E

Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot Euphydryas editha quino (=E. 

e. wrighti)

Insect E

Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin Callophrys mossii bayensis Insect E

Butterfly, Smith's Blue Euphilotes enoptes smithi Insect E

Butterfly, Schaus Swallowtail Heraclides aristodemus 

ponceanus

Insect E

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot Speyeria callippe callippe Insect E

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot Speyeria zerene hippolyta Insect T

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus 

palosverdesensis

Insect E
Page 76 of 106

Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx Euproserpinus euterpe Insect T

Skipper, Pawnee Montane Hesperia leonardus montana Insect T

Beetle, Delta Green Ground Elaphrus viridis Insect T

Beetle, Valley Elderberry 

Longhorn

Desmocerus californicus 

dimorphus

Insect T

Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Insect E

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot 

(Wright's euphydryas)

Euphydryas editha bayensis Insect T

Naucorid, Ash Meadows Ambrysus amargosus Insect T

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus Insect E

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling 

Water

Brychius hungerfordi Insect E

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Insect T

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana Insect T

Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot Speyeria zerene behrensii Insect E

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana Insect E

Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx Manduca blackburni Insect E

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold Batrisodes texanus Insect E

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold Texamaurops reddelli Insect E

Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground Rhadine persephone Insect E

Butterfly, Fender's Blue Icaricia icarioides fenderi Insect E

Skipper, Laguna Mountain Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Insect E

Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving Rhaphiomidas terminatus 

abdominalis

Insect E

Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle Heterelmis comalensis Insect E

Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid Stygoparnus comalensis Insect E

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr Neonympha mitchellii francisci Insect E

Beetle, Mount Hermon June Polyphylla barbata Insect E

Beetle, Ohlone Tiger Cicindela ohlone Insect E

Grasshopper, Zayante BandwingedTrimerotropis infantilis Insect E

Rhadine infernalis (ncn) Rhadine infernalis Insect E

Beetle, Helotes Mold Batrisodes venyivi Insect E

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger Cicindela nevadica lincolniana Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila aglaia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila heteroneura Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila montgomeryi Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila mulli Insect T

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila musaphilia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila neoclavisetae Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila obatai Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila substenoptera Insect E
Page 77 of 106

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila tarphytrichia Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila hemipeza Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila ochrobasis Insect E

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila differens Insect E

Rhadine exilis (ncn) Rhadine exilis Insect E

Skipper, Carson Wandering Pseudocopaeodes eunus 

obscurus

Insect E

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf Adelocosa anops Arachnid E

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave Texella reddelli Arachnid E

Harvestman, Bone Cave Texella reyesi Arachnid E

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave Tartarocreagris texana Arachnid E

Spider, Tooth Cave Leptoneta myopica Arachnid E

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss Microhexura montivaga Arachnid E

Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave Texella cokendolpheri Arachnid E

Spider, Government Canyon Bat 

Cave

Neoleptoneta microps Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Madla's Cave Cicurina madla Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave Cicurina baronia Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Government 

Canyon Bat Cave

Cicurina vespera Arachnid E

Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave Cicurina venii Arachnid E

Amphipod, Hay's Spring Stygobromus hayi Crustacean E

Isopod, Madison Cave Antrolana lira Crustacean T

Amphipod, Peck's Cave Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) 

pecki

Crustacean E

Crayfish, Nashville Orconectes shoupi Crustacean E

Crayfish, Shasta Pacifastacus fortis Crustacean E

Shrimp, Alabama Cave Palaemonias alabamae Crustacean E

Shrimp, California Freshwater Syncaris pacifica Crustacean E

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri Crustacean E

Isopod, Socorro Thermosphaeroma 

thermophilus

Crustacean E

Amphipod, Illinois Cave Gammarus acherondytes Crustacean E

Amphipod, Kauai Cave Spelaeorchestia koloana Crustacean E

Amphipod, Noel's Gammarus desperatus Crustacean E

Isopod, Lee County Cave Lirceus usdagalun Crustacean E

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave Palaemonetes cummingi Crustacean T

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus 

zophonastes)

Cambarus zophonastes Crustacean E

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus 

aculabrum)

Cambarus aculabrum Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy Branchinecta conservatio Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn Branchinecta longiantenna Crustacean E
Page 78 of 106

Fairy Shrimp, Riverside Streptocephalus woottoni Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi Crustacean T

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool Lepidurus packardi Crustacean E

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego Branchinecta sandiegonensis Crustacean E

Dugong Dugong dugon Mammal E

Coral, Staghorn Acropora cervicornis Coral T

Coral, Elkhorn Acropora palmata Coral T

Thornmint, San Diego Acanthomintha ilicifolia Dicot T

Achyranthes mutica (ncn) Achyranthes mutica Dicot E

Alopecurus, Sonoma Alopecurus aequalis var. 

sonomensis

Monocot E

Amaranthus brownii (ncn) Amaranthus brownii Dicot E

Ambrosia, San Diego Ambrosia pumila Dicot E

Rock-cress, Hoffmann's Arabis hoffmannii Dicot E

Manzanita, Del Mar Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. 

crassifolia

Dicot E

Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island Arctostaphylos confertiflora Dicot E

Manzanita, Ione Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Dicot T

Manzanita, Pallid Arctostaphylos pallida Dicot T

Sandwort, Bear Valley Arenaria ursina Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Braunton's Astragalus brauntonii Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's Astragalus clarianus Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Deseret Astragalus desereticus Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain Astragalus jaegerianus Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh Astragalus pycnostachyus var. 

lanosissimus

Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes Astragalus tener var. titi Dicot E

Cactus, Star Astrophytum asterias Dicot E

Barberry, Nevin's Berberis nevinii Dicot E

Barberry, Island Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis Dicot E

Brodiaea, Thread-leaved Brodiaea filifolia Monocot T

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp Brodiaea pallida Monocot T

Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) Caesalpinia kavaiense Dicot E

Pussypaws, Mariposa Calyptridium pulchellum Dicot T

Morning-glory, Stebbins Calystegia stebbinsii Dicot E

Sedge, White Carex albida Monocot E

Clover, Fleshy Owl's Castilleja campestris ssp. 

succulenta

Dicot T

Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian Castilleja cinerea Dicot T

Paintbrush, Soft-leaved Castilleja mollis Dicot E

Ceanothus, Pine Hill Ceanothus roderickii Dicot E

Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Cercocarpus traskiae Dicot E
Page 79 of 106

Island

Spurge, Hoover's Chamaesyce hooveri Dicot T

Papala Charpentiera densiflora Dicot E

Amole, Cammatta Canyon Chlorogalum purpureum var. 

reductum

Monocot T

Amole, Purple Chlorogalum purpureum var. 

purpureum

Monocot T

Spineflower, Orcutt's Chorizanthe orcuttiana Dicot E

Thistle, Suisun Cirsium hydrophilum var. 

hydrophilum

Dicot E

Thistle, La Graciosa Cirsium loncholepis Dicot E

Clarkia, Vine Hill Clarkia imbricata Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia 

drepanomorpha)

Clermontia drepanomorpha Dicot E

Bird's-beak, Soft Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) Cyanea humboldtiana Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) Cyrtandra dentata Dicot E

Hiiwale Cyrtandra oenobarba Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea rivularis) Delissea rivularis Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea undulata) Delissea undulata Dicot E

Larkspur, Baker's Delphinium bakeri Dicot E

Larkspur, Yellow Delphinium luteum Dicot E

Na`ena`e Dubautia waialealae Dicot E

Dudleya, Conejo Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva Dicot T

Dudleya, Marcescent Dudleya cymosa ssp. 

marcescens

Dicot T

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island Dudleya nesiotica Dicot T

Liveforever, Laguna Beach Dudleya stolonifera Dicot T

Grass, Fosberg's Love Eragrostis fosbergii Monocot E

Yerba Santa, Lompoc Eriodictyon capitatum Dicot E

Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. 

prostratum)

Dicot E

Buckwheat, Southern Mountain 

Wild

Eriogonum kennedyi var. 

austromontanum

Dicot T

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Euphorbia haeleeleana Dicot E

Flannelbush, Pine Hill Fremontodendron 

californicum ssp. decumbens

Dicot E

Fritillary, Gentner's Fritillaria gentneri Monocot E

Bedstraw, Island Galium buxifolium Dicot E

Bedstraw, El Dorado Galium californicum ssp. 

sierrae

Dicot E

Butterfly Plant, Colorado Gaura neomexicana var. 

coloradensis

Dicot T

Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender- Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii Dicot E
Page 80 of 106

flowered

Stickseed, Showy Hackelia venusta Dicot E

Rush-rose, Island Helianthemum greenei Dicot T

Sunflower, Pecos Helianthus paradoxus Dicot T

Tarplant, Otay Deinandra (=Hemizonia) 

conjugens

Dicot T

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 

giffardianus)

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Dicot E

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 

hualalaiensis)

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Dicot E

Tarplant, Santa Cruz Holocarpha macradenia Dicot T

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) Isodendrion laurifolium Dicot E

Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) Isodendrion longifolium Dicot T

Kamakahala (Labordia triflora) Labordia triflora Dicot E

Goldfields, Contra Costa Lasthenia conjugens Dicot E

'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) Lepidium arbuscula Dicot E

Bladderpod, Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata Dicot E

Bladderpod, Zapata Lesquerella thamnophila Dicot E

Lily, Pitkin Marsh Lilium pardalinum ssp. 

pitkinense

Monocot E

Woodland-star, San Clemente 

Island

Lithophragma maximum Dicot E

'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii 

koolauensis)

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 

koolauensis

Dicot E

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa Lupinus nipomensis Dicot E

Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island Malacothamnus fasciculatus 

var. nesioticus

Dicot E

Alani (Melicope saint-johnii) Melicope saint-johnii Dicot E

Monardella, Willowy Monardella linoides ssp. 

viminea

Dicot E

Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) Myrsine linearifolia Dicot T

Navarretia, Few-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. 

Pauciflora

Dicot E

Navarretia, Many-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. 

plieantha

Dicot E

Grass, Colusa Neostapfia colusana Monocot T

Neraudia ovata (ncn) Neraudia ovata Dicot E

Grass, Hairy Orcutt Orcuttia pilosa Dicot E

Grass, Slender Orcutt Orcuttia tenuis Dicot T

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) Panicum niihauense Monocot E

Stonecrop, Lake County Parvisedum leiocarpum Dicot E

Pentachaeta, Lyon's Pentachaeta lyonii Dicot E

Phacelia, Island Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis Dicot E

Phlox, Yreka Phlox hirsuta Dicot E
Page 81 of 106

Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) Phyllostegia hirsuta Dicot E

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) Phyllostegia knudsenii Dicot E

Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) Phyllostegia parviflora Dicot E

Popcornflower, Rough Plagiobothrys hirtus Dicot E

Allocarya, Calistoga Plagiobothrys strictus Dicot E

Bluegrass, San Bernardino Poa atropurpurea Monocot E

Bluegrass, Napa Poa napensis Monocot E

Potentilla, Hickman's Potentilla hickmanii Dicot E

Wahane (Pritchardia aylmerrobinsonii)Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia remota) Pritchardia remota Monocot E

Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's Pseudobahia bahiifolia Dicot E

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin Pseudobahia peirsonii Dicot T

kopiko Psychotria grandiflora Dicot E

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) Sanicula purpurea Dicot E

Schiedea hookeri (ncn) Schiedea hookeri Dicot E

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) Schiedea kealiae Dicot E

Schiedea membranacea (ncn) Schiedea membranacea Dicot E

Schiedea sarmentosa (ncn) Schiedea sarmentosa Dicot E

Schiedea verticillata (ncn) Schiedea verticillata Dicot E

Reed-mustard, Shrubby Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Dicot E

Butterweed, Layne's Senecio layneae Dicot T

Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island Sibara filifolia Dicot E

Checker-mallow, Keck's Sidalcea keckii Dicot E

Checker-mallow, Wenatchee 

Mountains

Sidalcea oregana var. calva Dicot E

Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida Dicot E

Catchfly, Spalding's Silene spaldingii Dicot T

Taraxacum, California Taraxacum californicum Dicot E

Dogweed, Ashy Thymophylla tephroleuca Dicot E

Abutilon eremitopetalum (ncn) Abutilon eremitopetalum Dicot E

Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) Abutilon menziesii Dicot E

Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) Abutilon sandwicense Dicot E

Liliwai (Acaena exigua) Acaena exigua Dicot E

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense Dicot T

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) Alectryon macrococcus Dicot E

Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) Alsinidendron obovatum Dicot E

Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) Alsinidendron trinerve Dicot E

Ambrosia, South Texas Ambrosia cheiranthifolia Dicot E

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus Dicot T

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered Amsinckia grandiflora Dicot E

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook Ancistrocactus tobuschii Dicot E
Page 82 of 106

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana Dicot T

Rock-cress, McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana Dicot E

Rock-cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun 

var. ampla Rollins

Dicot E

Rock-cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun 

var. perstellata Fernald

Dicot E

Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf Arctomecon humilis Dicot E

Manzanita, Presidio (=Raven's) Arctostaphylos hookeri var. 

ravenii

Dicot E

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly Argemone pleiacantha ssp. 

pinnatisecta

Dicot E

Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium 

kauense)

Argyroxiphium kauense Dicot E

Silversword, Haleakala 

('Ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium sandwicense 

ssp. macrocephalum

Dicot T

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii Dicot T

Pawpaw, Four-petal Asimina tetramera Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Sentry Astragalus cremnophylax var. 

cremnophylax

Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Mancos Astragalus humillimus Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Osterhout Astragalus osterhoutii Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows Astragalus phoenix Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Jesup's Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi Dicot E

Rattleweed, Hairy Baptisia arachnifera Dicot E

Birch, Virginia Round-leaf Betula uber Dicot T

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha 

ssp. kalealaha)

Bidens micrantha ssp. 

kalealaha

Dicot E

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei) Bidens wiebkei Dicot E

Stickyseed, Baker's Blennosperma bakeri Dicot E

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) Bonamia menziesii Dicot E

'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) Brighamia insignis Dicot E

Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) Brighamia rockii Dicot E

Poppy-mallow, Texas Callirhoe scabriuscula Dicot E

Lily, Tiburon Mariposa Calochortus tiburonensis Monocot T

Bellflower, Brooksville Campanula robinsiae Dicot E

'Awikiwiki (Canavalia 

molokaiensis)

Canavalia molokaiensis Dicot E

awikiwiki Canavalia napaliensis Dicot E

Bittercress, Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera Dicot E

Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola Monocot T

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island 

Indian

Castilleja grisea Dicot E

Ceanothus, Coyote Ceanothus ferrisae Dicot E

Kamanomano (Cenchrus Cenchrus agrimonioides Monocot E
Page 83 of 106

agrimonioides)

Centaury, Spring-loving Centaurium namophilum Dicot T

Prickly-apple, Fragrant Cereus eriophorus var. 

fragrans

Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides 

var. kaenana)

Chamaesyce celastroides var. 

kaenana

Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) Chamaesyce deppeana Dicot E

Spurge, Garber's Chamaesyce garberi Dicot T

Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) Chamaesyce halemanui Dicot E

Akoko Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis

Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii 

var. skottsbe

Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. 

kalaeloana

Dicot E

Spineflower, Sonoma Chorizanthe valida Dicot E

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog Cirsium fontinale var. 

obispoense

Dicot E

Thistle, Fountain Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale Dicot E

Clarkia, Presidio Clarkia franciscana Dicot E

Clarkia, Pismo Clarkia speciosa ssp. 

immaculata

Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) Clermontia lindseyana Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) Clermontia peleana Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) Clermontia pyrularia Dicot E

Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) Colubrina oppositifolia Dicot E

Rosemary, Short-leaved Conradina brevifolia Dicot E

Rosemary, Apalachicola Conradina glabra Dicot E

Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata Dicot T

Bird's-beak, salt marsh Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. 

maritimus

Dicot E

Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted Cordylanthus palmatus Dicot E

Cactus, Nellie Cory Coryphantha minima Dicot E

Cactus, Bunched Cory Coryphantha ramillosa Dicot T

Cactus, Lee Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. leei Dicot T

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. 

sneedii

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia 

crispa)

Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 

grimesiana)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 

grimesiana

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Cyanea mceldowneyi Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) Cyanea shipmannii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) 

(=Rollandia St-Johnii)

Cyanea st-johnii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea superba) Cyanea superba Dicot E
Page 84 of 106

Cycladenia, Jones Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis) Dicot T

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) Cyrtandra polyantha Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra 

subumbellata)

Cyrtandra subumbellata Dicot E

Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) Delissea rhytidosperma Dicot E

'Oha (Delissea subcordata) Delissea subcordata Dicot E

Larkspur, San Clemente Island Delphinium variegatum ssp. 

kinkiense

Dicot E

Mint, Scrub Dicerandra frutescens Dicot E

Mint, Lakela's Dicerandra immaculata Dicot E

Dubautia latifolia (ncn) Dubautia latifolia Dicot E

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island Dudleya traskiae Dicot E

Coneflower, Tennessee Purple Echinacea tennesseensis Dicot E

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head Echinocactus horizonthalonius 

var. nicholii

Dicot E

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog Echinocereus fendleri var. 

kuenzleri

Dicot E

Cactus, Black Lace Echinocereus reichenbachii 

var. albertii

Dicot E

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog Echinocereus triglochidiatus 

var. arizonicus

Dicot E

Pitaya, Davis' Green Echinocereus viridiflorus var. 

davisii

Dicot E

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Echinomastus mariposensis Dicot T

Daisy, Maguire Erigeron maguirei Dicot T

Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus Dicot T

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob Eriodictyon altissimum Dicot E

Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum Eriogonum gypsophilum Dicot T

Buckwheat, Cushenbury Eriogonum ovalifolium var. 

vineum

Dicot E

Button-celery, San Diego Eryngium aristulatum var. 

parishii

Dicot E

Wallflower, Contra Costa Erysimum capitatum var. 

angustatum

Dicot E

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen Eutrema penlandii Dicot T

Frankenia, Johnston's Frankenia johnstonii Dicot E

Gahnia Lanaiensis (ncn) Gahnia lanaiensis Monocot E

Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) Gardenia brighamii Dicot E

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum Dicot T

Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered Geranium arboreum Dicot E

Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum Dicot E

Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) Gouania hillebrandii Dicot E

Gouania meyenii (ncn) Gouania meyenii Dicot E

Gouania vitifolia (ncn) Gouania vitifolia Dicot E
Page 85 of 106

Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) Haplostachys haplostachya Dicot E

Beauty, Harper's Harperocallis flava Monocot E

'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) Hedyotis cookiana Dicot E

Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) Hedyotis coriacea Dicot E

Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) Hedyotis degeneri Dicot E

Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) Hedyotis mannii Dicot E

Hedyotis parvula (ncn) Hedyotis parvula Dicot E

Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn) Hedyotis st.-johnii Dicot E

Dwarf-flax, Marin Hesperolinon congestum Dicot T

Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) Hesperomannia arborescens Dicot E

Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) Hesperomannia arbuscula Dicot E

Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) Hesperomannia lydgatei Dicot E

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora Dicot T

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 

distans)

Hibiscadelphus distans Dicot E

Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus 

brackenridgei)

Hibiscus brackenridgei Dicot E

Hibiscus, Clay's Hibiscus clayi Dicot E

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae 

ssp. hannerae)

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 

hannerae

Dicot E

Rush-pea, Slender Hoffmannseggia tenella Dicot E

Hypericum, Highlands Scrub Hypericum cumulicola Dicot E

Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion 

pyrifolium)

Isodendrion pyrifolium Dicot E

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides Monocot T

Ivesia, Ash Meadows Ivesia kingii var. eremica Dicot T

Water-willow, Cooley's Justicia cooleyi Dicot E

Koki'o, Cooke's (Kokia cookei) Kokia cookei Dicot E

Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides Dicot E

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) Kokia kauaiensis Dicot E

Goldfields, Burke's Lasthenia burkei Dicot E

Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), 

Barneby

Lepidium barnebyanum Dicot E

Bladderpod, Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata Dicot T

Bladderpod, Kodachrome Lesquerella tumulosa Dicot E

Blazing Star, Scrub Liatris ohlingerae Dicot E

Lily, Western Lilium occidentale Monocot E

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol Limnanthes vinculans Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei) Lipochaeta fauriei Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. 

leptophylla)

Lipochaeta lobata var. 

leptophylla

Dicot E

Lipochaeta venosa (ncn) Lipochaeta venosa Dicot E

Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) Lobelia niihauensis Dicot E
Page 86 of 106

Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) Lobelia oahuensis Dicot E

Lomatium, Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii Dicot E

Broom, San Clemente Island Lotus dendroideus ssp. 

traskiae

Dicot E

Birds-in-a-nest, White Macbridea alba Dicot T

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island Malacothamnus clementinus Dicot E

Manioc, Walker's Manihot walkerae Dicot E

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii Dicot T

Alani (Melicope balloui) Melicope balloui Dicot E

alani Melicope degeneri Dicot E

Alani (Melicope haupuensis) Melicope haupuensis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) Melicope knudsenii Dicot E

Alani (Melicope lydgatei) Melicope lydgatei Dicot E

Alani (Melicope mucronulata) Melicope mucronulata Dicot E

Alani (Melicope munroi) Melicope munroi Dicot E

Alani (Melicope ovalis) Melicope ovalis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope pallida) Melicope pallida Dicot E

alani Melicope paniculata Dicot E

Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) Melicope quadrangularis Dicot E

Alani (Melicope reflexa) Melicope reflexa Dicot E

Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Melicope zahlbruckneri Dicot E

Blazing Star, Ash Meadows Mentzelia leucophylla Dicot T

Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei Dicot T

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) Munroidendron racemosum Dicot E

Neraudia angulata (ncn) Neraudia angulata Dicot E

Neraudia sericea (ncn) Neraudia sericea Dicot E

'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Nothocestrum breviflorum Dicot E

'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) Nothocestrum peltatum Dicot E

Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) Nototrichium humile Dicot E

Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Oenothera avita ssp. 

eurekensis

Dicot E

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Oenothera deltoides ssp. 

howellii

Dicot E

Grass, California Orcutt Orcuttia californica Monocot E

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt Orcuttia inaequalis Monocot T

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt Orcuttia viscida Dicot E

Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum 

fauriei var.carteri)

Panicum fauriei var. carteri Monocot E

Whitlow-wort, Papery Paronychia chartacea Dicot T

Lousewort, Furbish Pedicularis furbishiae Dicot E

Cactus, Brady Pincushion Pediocactus bradyi Dicot E

Cactus, Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii Dicot E
Page 87 of 106

Cactus, Peebles Navajo Pediocactus peeblesianus 

peeblesianus

Dicot E

Cactus, Siler Pincushion Pediocactus 

(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri

Dicot T

Makou (Peucedanum 

sandwicense)

Peucedanum sandwicense Dicot T

Phacelia, Clay Phacelia argillacea Dicot E

Phacelia, North Park Phacelia formosula Dicot E

Phlox, Texas Trailing Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis Dicot E

Ulihi (Phyllostegia glabra var. 

lanaiensis)

Phyllostegia glabra var. 

lanaiensis

Dicot E

Cactus, Key Tree Pilosocereus robinii Dicot E

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago 

princeps)

Plantago princeps Dicot E

Bluegrass, Hawaiian Poa sandvicensis Monocot E

Mint, San Diego Mesa Pogogyne abramsii Dicot E

Polygala, Lewton's Polygala lewtonii Dicot E

Wireweed Polygonella basiramia Dicot E

Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla Dicot E

Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Portulaca sclerocarpa Dicot E

Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek Potamogeton clystocarpus Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia munroi) Pritchardia munroi Monocot E

Plum, Scrub Prunus geniculata Dicot E

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Pteralyxia kauaiensis Dicot E

Cliffrose, Arizona Purshia (=cowania) subintegra Dicot E

Oak, Hinckley Quercus hinckleyi Dicot T

Buttercup, Autumn Ranunculus aestivalis 

(=acriformis)

Dicot E

Remya kauaiensis (ncn) Remya kauaiensis Dicot E

Remya, Maui Remya mauiensis Dicot E

Rhododendron, Chapman Rhododendron chapmanii Dicot E

Beaked-rush, Knieskern's Rhynchospora knieskernii Monocot T

Gooseberry, Miccosukee Ribes echinellum Dicot T

Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata Monocot E

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila Dicot E

Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola 

coriacea)

Scaevola coriacea Dicot E

Schiedea, Diamond Head 

(Schiedea adamantis)

Schiedea adamantis Dicot E

Schiedea kaalae (ncn) Schiedea kaalae Dicot E

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 

Bristle)

Scirpus ancistrochaetus Monocot E

Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless Sclerocactus wetlandicus Dicot T
Page 88 of 106

Cactus, Mesa Verde Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Dicot T

Cactus, Wright Fishhook Sclerocactus wrightiae Dicot E

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks Senecio franciscanus Dicot T

Checker-mallow, Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana Dicot T

Silene alexandri (ncn) Silene alexandri Dicot E

Silene lanceolata (ncn) Silene lanceolata Dicot E

Campion, Fringed Silene polypetala Dicot E

Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum 

incompletum)

Solanum incompletum Dicot E

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum 

sandwicense)

Solanum sandwicense Dicot E

Goldenrod, White-haired Solidago albopilosa Dicot T

Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii Dicot E

Pinkroot, Gentian Spigelia gentianoides Dicot E

Ladies'-tresses, Navasota Spiranthes parksii Monocot E

Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) Stenogyne angustifolia var. 

angustifolia

Dicot E

Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) Stenogyne kanehoana Dicot E

Wire-lettuce, Malheur Stephanomeria malheurensis Dicot E

Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon Streptanthus albidus ssp. 

albidus

Dicot E

Jewelflower, Tiburon Streptanthus niger Dicot E

Snowbells, Texas Styrax texanus Dicot E

Grass, Eureka Dune Swallenia alexandrae Monocot E

Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) Tetramolopium arenarium Dicot E

Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) Tetramolopium capillare Dicot E

Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) Tetramolopium filiforme Dicot E

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 

lepidotum (ncn)

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 

lepidotum

Dicot E

Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) Tetramolopium remyi Dicot E

Tetramolopium rockii (ncn) Tetramolopium rockii Dicot T

'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra 

gymnocarpa)

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Dicot E

(ncn) Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Dicot E

Meadowrue, Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi Dicot E

Townsendia, Last Chance Townsendia aprica Dicot T

Bluecurls, Hidden Lake Trichostema austromontanum 

ssp. compactum

Dicot T

Clover, Showy Indian Trifolium amoenum Dicot E

Clover, Monterey Trifolium trichocalyx Dicot E

Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens Monocot E

Tuctoria, Green's Tuctoria greenei Dicot E

Grass, Solano Tuctoria mucronata Monocot E
Page 89 of 106

Opuhe (Urera kaalae) Urera kaalae Dicot E

Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) Vicia menziesii Dicot E

Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn) Vigna o-wahuensis Dicot E

Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana 

ssp. chamissoniana)

Viola chamissoniana ssp. 

chamissoniana

Dicot E

Viola helenae (ncn) Viola helenae Dicot E

Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis 

var. wahiawaensis)

Viola kauaiensis var. 

wahiawaensis

Dicot E

Viola lanaiensis (ncn) Viola lanaiensis Dicot E

Viola oahuensis (ncn) Viola oahuensis Dicot E

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) Wilkesia hobdyi Dicot E

A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Dicot E

Wild-rice, Texas Zizania texana Monocot E

Pennyroyal, Todsen's Hedeoma todsenii Dicot E

Sand-verbena, Large-fruited Abronia macrocarpa Dicot E

Thornmint, San Mateo Acanthomintha obovata ssp. 

duttonii

Dicot E

Achyranthes splendens var. 

rotundata (ncn)

Achyranthes splendens var. 

rotundata

Dicot E

Joint-vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica Dicot T

Gerardia, Sandplain Agalinis acuta Dicot E

Blue-star, Kearney's Amsonia kearneyana Dicot E

Manzanita, Morro Arctostaphylos morroensis Dicot T

Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis Dicot E

Sandwort, Marsh Arenaria paludicola Dicot E

Silversword, Mauna Kea 

('Ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium sandwicense 

ssp. sandwicense

Dicot E

Pelos del Diablo Aristida portoricensis Monocot E

Milkweed, Welsh's Asclepias welshii Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Applegate's Astragalus applegatei Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley Astragalus lentiginosus var. 

coachellae

Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Fish Slough Astragalus lentiginosus var. 

piscinensis

Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Heliotrope Astragalus montii Dicot T

Baccharis, Encinitas Baccharis vanessae Dicot T

Palo de Ramon Banara vanderbiltii Dicot E

Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens Dicot T

Bonamia, Florida Bonamia grandiflora Dicot T

Boxwood, Vahl's Buxus vahlii Dicot E

Capa Rosa Callicarpa ampla Dicot E

Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn) Calyptranthes thomasiana Dicot E

Manaca, palma de Calyptronoma rivalis Monocot T
Page 90 of 106

Evening-primrose, San Benito Camissonia benitensis Dicot T

Paintbrush, Tiburon Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta Dicot E

Paintbrush, Golden Castilleja levisecta Dicot T

Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) Chamaecrista glandulosa var. 

mirabilis

Dicot E

Spurge, Deltoid Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. 

deltoidea

Dicot E

Fringe Tree, Pygmy Chionanthus pygmaeus Dicot E

Spineflower, Howell's Chorizanthe howellii Dicot E

Spineflower, Monterey Chorizanthe pungens var. 

pungens

Dicot T

Aster, Florida Golden Chrysopsis floridana Dicot E

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri Dicot T

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains Cirsium vinaceum Dicot T

Wings, Pigeon Clitoria fragrans Dicot T

Cordia bellonis (ncn) Cordia bellonis Dicot E

Palo de Nigua Cornutia obovata Dicot E

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion Coryphantha robbinsorum Dicot T

Cactus, Pima Pineapple Coryphantha scheeri var. 

robustispina

Dicot E

Higuero De Sierra Crescentia portoricensis Dicot E

Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek Cryptantha crassipes Dicot E

Gourd, Okeechobee Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. 

okeechobeensis

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) Cyanea pinnatifida Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) Cyanea platyphylla Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) Cyanea stictophylla Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) Cyrtandra crenata Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) Cyrtandra giffardii Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) Cyrtandra munroi Dicot E

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa Dicot E

Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) Daphnopsis hellerana Dicot E

Pawpaw, Beautiful Deeringothamnus pulchellus Dicot E

Pawpaw, Rugel's Deeringothamnus rugelii Dicot E

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata Dicot E

Cactus, Chisos Mountain 

Hedgehog

Echinocereus chisoensis var. 

chisoensis

Dicot T

Sunray, Ash Meadows Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. 

corrugata

Dicot T

Woolly-star, Santa Ana River Eriastrum densifolium ssp. 

sanctorum

Dicot E

Daisy, Parish's Erigeron parishii Dicot T

Buckwheat, Scrub Eriogonum longifolium var. Dicot T
Page 91 of 106

gnaphalifolium

Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving Eriogonum pelinophilum Dicot E

Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond Eryngium constancei Dicot E

Snakeroot Eryngium cuneifolium Dicot E

Wallflower, Menzie's Erysimum menziesii Dicot E

Wallflower, Ben Lomond Erysimum teretifolium Dicot E

Lily, Minnesota Trout Erythronium propullans Monocot E

Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa Dicot E

Spurge, Telephus Euphorbia telephioides Dicot T

Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) Exocarpos luteolus Dicot E

Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) Geranium multiflorum Dicot E

Gilia, Monterey Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria Dicot E

Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) Goetzea elegans Dicot E

Gumplant, Ash Meadows Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Dicot T

Chumbo, Higo Harrisia portoricensis Dicot T

Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var. 

montana

Dicot E

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii Dicot E

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata Monocot T

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus 

arnottianus ssp. immaculatus)

Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. 

immaculatus

Dicot E

Holly, Cook's Ilex cookii Dicot E

Mallow, Peter's Mountain Iliamna corei Dicot E

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris Monocot T

Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum 

byrone)

Ischaemum byrone Monocot E

Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) Isodendrion hosakae Dicot E

Jacquemontia, Beach Jacquemontia reclinata Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) Labordia cyrtandrae Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) Labordia lydgatei Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. 

lanaiensis)

Labordia tinifolia var. 

lanaiensis

Dicot E

Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) Lepanthes eltoroensis Monocot E

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya Dicot T

Bladderpod, Missouri Lesquerella filiformis Dicot T

Bladderpod, San Bernardino 

Mountains

Lesquerella kingii ssp. 

bernardina

Dicot E

Blazing Star, Heller's Liatris helleri Dicot T

Meadowfoam, Large-flowered 

Woolly

Limnanthes floccosa ssp. 

Grandiflora

Dicot E

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis) Lipochaeta kamolensis Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha) Lipochaeta micrantha Dicot E
Page 92 of 106

Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia) Lipochaeta tenuifolia Dicot E

Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis) Lipochaeta waimeaensis Dicot E

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) Lobelia monostachya Dicot E

Lupine, Clover Lupinus tidestromii Dicot E

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia Dicot E

Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) Lysimachia filifolia Dicot E

Monkey-flower, Michigan Mimulus glabratus var. 

michiganensis

Dicot E

Mitracarpus Maxwelliae Mitracarpus maxwelliae Dicot E

Mitracarpus Polycladus Mitracarpus polycladus Dicot E

kolea Myrsine mezii Dicot E

Navarretia, Spreading Navarretia fossalis Dicot T

Niterwort, Amargosa Nitrophila mohavensis Dicot E

Beargrass, Britton's Nolina brittoniana Monocot E

Palo de Rosa Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Dicot E

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi Dicot E

Locoweed, Fassett's Oxytropis campestris var. 

chartacea

Dicot T

Penstemon, Blowout Penstemon haydenii Dicot E

Pentachaeta, White-rayed Pentachaeta bellidiflora Dicot E

Peperomia, Wheeler's Peperomia wheeleri Dicot E

Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) Phyllostegia mollis Dicot E

Butterwort, Godfrey's Pinguicula ionantha Dicot T

Platanthera holochila (ncn) Platanthera holochila Monocot E

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea Monocot T

Chupacallos Pleodendron macranthum Dicot E

Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) Poa mannii Monocot E

Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) Poa siphonoglossa Monocot E

Mint, Otay Mesa Pogogyne nudiuscula Dicot E

Polygala, Tiny Polygala smallii Dicot E

Primrose, Maguire Primula maguirei Dicot T

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Dicot E

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii Dicot E

Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) Santalum freycinetianum var. 

lanaiense

Dicot E

Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake Sarracenia rubra alabamensis Dicot E

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii Dicot E

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana Dicot E

Skullcap, Florida Scutellaria floridana Dicot T

Skullcap, Large-flowered Scutellaria montana Dicot T

'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) Sesbania tomentosa Dicot E

Checker-mallow, Pedate Sidalcea pedata Dicot E
Page 93 of 106

Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) Silene hawaiiensis Dicot T

Erubia Solanum drymophilum Dicot E

Goldenrod, Houghton's Solidago houghtonii Dicot T

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea Dicot T

Cobana Negra Stahlia monosperma Dicot T

Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia 

luquillensis)

Ternstroemia luquillensis Dicot E

Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) Ternstroemia subsessilis Dicot E

Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular Thelypodium howellii 

spectabilis

Dicot T

Mustard, Slender-petaled Thelypodium stenopetalum Dicot E

Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie Thlaspi californicum Dicot E

Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Dicot E

Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Dicot E

Vervain, California Verbena californica Dicot T

Warea, Wide-leaf Warea amplexifolia Dicot E

Mustard, Carter's Warea carteri Dicot E

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) Xylosma crenatum Dicot E

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis Monocot E

Prickly-ash, St. Thomas Zanthoxylum thomasianum Dicot E

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus Dicot T

Milk-vetch, Holmgren Astragalus holmgreniorum Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Pierson's Astragalus magdalenae var. 

peirsonii

Dicot T

Clarkia, Springville Clarkia springvillensis Dicot T

Bird's-beak, Pennell's Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. 

capillaris

Dicot E

Mint, Longspurred Dicerandra cornutissima Dicot E

Dudleya, Verity's Dudleya verityi Dicot T

Buckwheat, Steamboat Eriogonum ovalifolium var. 

williamsiae

Dicot E

Flannelbush, Mexican Fremontodendron mexicanum Dicot E

Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum Dicot T

Bladderpod, White Lesquerella pallida Dicot E

Umbel, Huachuca Water Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. 

recurva

Dicot E

Lupine, Scrub Lupinus aridorum Dicot E

Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn) Mariscus pennatiformis Monocot E

Myrcia Paganii Myrcia paganii Dicot E

Cactus, San Rafael Pediocactus despainii Dicot E

Cactus, Winkler Pediocactus winkleri Dicot T

Aster, Ruth's Golden Pityopsis ruthii Dicot E

Reed-mustard, Barneby Schoenocrambe barnebyi Dicot E
Page 94 of 106

Hayun Lagu (Tronkon Guafi) Serianthes nelsonii Dicot E

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana Dicot T

Palo de Jazmin Styrax portoricensis Dicot E

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum Dicot E

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum Monocot E

Lead-plant, Crenulate Amorpha crenulata Dicot E

Milkpea, Small's Galactia smallii Dicot E

Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie 

(=Texas Bitterweed)

Hymenoxys texana Dicot E

Mint, Garrett's Dicerandra christmanii Dicot E

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis Dicot T

Leather-flower, Alabama Clematis socialis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 

obatae)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

carlsonii)

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

Carlsonii

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea lobata) Cyanea lobata Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea Macrostegia var. 

gibsonii)

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. 

gibsonii

Dicot E

Spineflower, Slender-horned Dodecahema leptoceras Dicot E

Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dubautia herbstobatae Dicot E

Mallow, Kern Eremalche kernensis Dicot E

Daisy, Willamette Erigeron decumbens var. 

decumbens

Dicot E

Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly Eriophyllum latilobum Dicot E

Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) Gesneria pauciflora Dicot T

Heather, Mountain Golden Hudsonia montana Dicot T

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea Dicot T

Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Ochrosia kilaueaensis Dicot E

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs Physaria obcordata Dicot T

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) Pritchardia kaalae Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) Pritchardia schattaueri Monocot E

Water-plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia Monocot T

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) Schiedea apokremnos Dicot E

Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) Schiedea haleakalensis Dicot E

Schiedea helleri (ncn) Schiedea helleri Dicot E

Schiedea lydgatei (ncn) Schiedea lydgatei Dicot E

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda 

(ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. 

leiopoda

Dicot E

Schiedea spergulina var. 

spergulina (ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. 

spergulina

Dicot T

Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) Schiedea stellarioides Dicot E

Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) Schoepfia arenaria Dicot T
Page 95 of 106

Ladies'-tresses, Ute Spiranthes diluvialis Monocot T

Ziziphus, Florida Ziziphus celata Dicot E

Onion, Munz's Allium munzii Monocot E

Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) Alsinidendron viscosum Dicot E

Rock-cress, Shale Barren Arabis serotina Dicot E

Ayenia, Texas Ayenia limitaris Dicot E

Jewelflower, California Caulanthus californicus Dicot E

Beardtongue, Penland Penstemon penlandii Dicot E

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara Monocot T

Meadowfoam, Butte County Limnanthes floccosa ssp. 

californica

Dicot E

Cactus, Bakersfield Opuntia treleasei Dicot E

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) Remya montgomeryi Dicot E

Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron 

lychnoides)

Alsinidendron lychnoides Dicot E

Aristida chaseae (ncn) Aristida chaseae Monocot E

Milk-vetch, Cushenbury Astragalus albens Dicot E

Ground-plum, Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Shivwits Astragalus ampullarioides Dicot E

Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed Astragalus tricarinatus Dicot E

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley Atriplex coronata var. notatior Dicot E

Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) Auerodendron pauciflorum Dicot E

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) Catesbaea melanocarpa Dicot E

'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) Centaurium sebaeoides Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Chamaesyce kuwaleana Dicot E

Spineflower, Ben Lomond Chorizanthe pungens var. 

hartwegiana

Dicot E

Leather-flower, Morefield's Clematis morefieldii Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia 

ssp. brevipes)

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 

brevipes

Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia 

ssp. mauiensis)

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 

mauiensis

Dicot E

Harebells, Avon Park Crotalaria avonensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) Cyanea asarifolia Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 

copelandii)

Cyanea copelandii ssp. 

copelandii

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea dunbarii) Cyanea dunbarii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea glabra) Cyanea glabra Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea mannii) Cyanea mannii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea procera) Cyanea procera Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea recta) Cyanea recta Dicot T

Haha (Cyanea truncata) Cyanea truncata Dicot E

Cyanea undulata (ncn) Cyanea undulata Dicot E
Page 96 of 106

Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) Cyperus trachysanthos Monocot E

Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Cyrtandra cyaneoides Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis) Cyrtandra limahuliensis Dicot T

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Cyrtandra tintinnabula Dicot E

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Cyrtandra viridiflora Dicot E

na`ena`e Dubautia imbricata imbricata Dicot E

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) Dubautia pauciflorula Dicot E

Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. humilis)

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 

humilis

Dicot E

Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley Dudleya setchellii Dicot E

Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) Eugenia koolauensis Dicot E

Mehamehame (Flueggea 

neowawraea)

Flueggea neowawraea Dicot E

nohoanu Geranium kauaiense Dicot E

Kopa (Hedyotis 

schlechtendahliana var. remyi)

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana 

var. remyi

Dicot E

Tarplant, Gaviota Deinandra increscens ssp. 

villosa

Dicot E

Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus Dicot E

Walnut, Nogal Juglans jamaicensis Dicot E

kamakahala Labordia helleri Dicot E

kamakahala Labordia pumila Dicot E

Layia, Beach Layia carnosa Dicot E

Woolly-threads, San Joaquin Monolopia (=Lembertia) 

congdonii

Dicot E

Peppergrass, Slick Spot Lepidium papilliferum Monocot T

Leptocereus grantianus (ncn) Leptocereus grantianus Dicot E

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs Lesquerella congesta Dicot T

Lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii Dicot E

Lupine, Kincaid's Lupinus sulphureus 

(=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii 

(=var. kincaidii)

Dicot T

Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) Lyonia truncata var. proctorii Dicot E

lehua makanoe Lysimachia daphnoides Dicot E

Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) Lysimachia lydgatei Dicot E

Lysimachia maxima (ncn) Lysimachia maxima Dicot E

Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island Malacothrix indecora Dicot E

Mariscus fauriei (ncn) Mariscus fauriei Monocot E

Alani (Melicope adscendens) Melicope adscendens Dicot E

alani Melicope puberula Dicot E

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) Myrsine juddii Dicot E

Oxytheca, Cushenbury Oxytheca parishii var. 

goodmaniana

Dicot E
Page 97 of 106

Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) Phyllostegia waimeae Dicot E

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia 

racemosa)

Phyllostegia racemosa Dicot E

Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) Phyllostegia velutina Dicot E

Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) Phyllostegia warshaueri Dicot E

Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) Phyllostegia wawrana Dicot E

ho'awa Pittosporum napaliense Dicot E

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago 

hawaiensis)

Plantago hawaiensis Dicot E

pilo kea lau li`i Platydesma rostrata Dicot E

Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) Pleomele hawaiiensis Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) Pritchardia affinis Monocot E

lo`ulu Pritchardia hardyi Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) Pritchardia napaliensis Monocot E

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) Pritchardia viscosa Monocot E

kopiko Psychotria hobdyi Dicot E

Watercress, Gambel's Rorippa gambellii Dicot E

Sanicula mariversa (ncn) Sanicula mariversa Dicot E

Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) Schiedea kauaiensis Dicot E

Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) Schiedea nuttallii Dicot E

Reed-mustard, Clay Schoenocrambe argillacea Dicot T

Roseroot, Leedy's Sedum integrifolium ssp. 

leedyi

Dicot T

'Anunu (Sicyos alba) Sicyos alba Dicot E

Silene perlmanii (ncn) Silene perlmanii Dicot E

Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum Monocot E

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) Spermolepis hawaiiensis Dicot E

Stenogyne bifida (ncn) Stenogyne bifida Dicot E

Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) Stenogyne campanulata Dicot E

Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) Trematolobelia singularis Dicot E

Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) Vernonia proctorii Dicot E

A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 

tomentosum)

Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 

tomentosum

Dicot E

Cranichis Ricartii Cranichis ricartii Monocot E

Spineflower, Robust Chorizanthe robusta va r. 

robusta

Dicot E

Spineflower, Scotts Valley Chorizanthe robusta var. 

hartwegii

Dicot E

Ilex sintenisii (ncn) Ilex sintenisii Dicot E

Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) Phyllostegia mannii Dicot E

Sea-blite, California Suaeda californica Dicot E

Rosemary, Etonia Conradina etonia Dicot E

Ceanothus, Vail Lake Ceanothus ophiochilus Dicot T
Page 98 of 106

Lessingia, San Francisco Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. 

var. germanorum)

Dicot E

Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia Dicot T

Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Monocot T

Eugenia Woodburyana Eugenia woodburyana Dicot E

Malacothrix, Island Malacothrix squalida Dicot E

Piperia, Yadon's Piperia yadonii Monocot E

Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills Spiranthes delitescens Monocot E

Crownbeard, Big-leaved Verbesina dissita Dicot T

Yellowhead, Desert Yermo xanthocephalus Dicot T

Haha (Cyanea acuminata) Cyanea acuminata Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea remyi) Cyanea remyi Dicot E

Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus 

woodi)

Hibiscadelphus woodii Dicot E

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. 

wahiawaen)

Labordia tinifolia var. 

wahiawaensis

Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) Chamaesyce herbstii Dicot E

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) Chamaesyce rockii Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) Cyanea koolauensis Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea longiflora) Cyanea longiflora Dicot E

Nanu (Gardenia mannii) Gardenia mannii Dicot E

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) Phyllostegia kaalaensis Dicot E

Pa'iniu Astelia waialealae Monocot E

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 

haleakalaensis)

Cyanea copelandii ssp. 

haleakalaensis

Dicot E

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

hamatiflora)

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

hamatiflora

Dicot E

Kanaloa kahoolawensis (ncn) Kanaloa kahoolawensis Dicot E

Nesogenes rotensis (ncn) Nesogenes rotensis Dicot E

Osmoxylon mariannense (ncn) Osmoxylon mariannense Dicot E

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) Clermontia samuelii Dicot E

Haha Cyanea kuhihewa Dicot E

na`ena`e Dubautia plantaginea 

magnifolia

Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia venosa Dicot E

(ncn) Phyllostegia hispida Dicot E

(ncn) Schiedea attenuata Dicot E

(ncn) Stenogyne kealiae Dicot E

haha Cyanea eleeleensis Dicot E

Sedge, Golden Carex lutea Monocot E

'akoko Chamaesyce eleanoriae Dicot E

(ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) erici Dicot E

(ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) Dicot E
Page 99 of 106

helenae

Polygonum, Scott's Valley Polygonum hickmanii Dicot E

Cactus, Pariette Sclerocactus brevispinus Dicot T

Cactus, Colorado hookless Sclerocactus glaucus Dicot T

Haha Cyanea dolichopoda Dicot E

(ncn) Cyanea kolekoleensis Dicot E

haiwale Cyrtandra paliku Dicot E

Naenae Dubautia kalalauensis Dicot E

Naenae Dubautia kenwoodii Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia iniki Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia pendens Dicot E

(ncn) Lysimachia scopulensis Dicot E

Kolea Myrsine knudsenii Dicot E

(ncn) Phyllostegia renovans Dicot E

(ncn) Tetraplasandra flynnii Dicot E

Cypress, Santa Cruz Cupressus abramsiana Conf/cycds E

Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia Conf/cycds E

Cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana ssp. 

goveniana

Conf/cycds T

(ncn) Diellia mannii Ferns E

Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus 

periens)

Adenophorus periens Ferns E

Asplenium fragile var. insulare 

(ncn)

Asplenium fragile var. insulare Ferns E

Fern, American hart's-tongue Asplenium scolopendrium var. 

americanum

Ferns T

Diellia erecta (ncn) Diellia erecta Ferns E

Diellia falcata (ncn) Diellia falcata Ferns E

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) Diplazium molokaiense Ferns E

Quillwort, Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis Ferns E

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) Marsilea villosa Ferns E

Fern, Aleutian Shield Polystichum aleuticum Ferns E

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) Pteris lidgatei Ferns E

Quillwort, Black-spored Isoetes melanospora Ferns E

Quillwort, Mat-forming Isoetes tegetiformans Ferns E

Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) Ctenitis squamigera Ferns E

Tree Fern, Elfin Cyathea dryopteroides Ferns E

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus 

(=Huperzia) mannii)

Huperzia mannii Ferns E

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus 

(=Lycopodium) nutans)

Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus) 

nutans

Ferns E

Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus Thelypteris pilosa var. 

alabamensis

Ferns T
Page 100 of 106

Fern, Adiantum vivesii Adiantum vivesii Ferns E

Diellia unisora (ncn) Diellia unisora Ferns E

Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens Elaphoglossum serpens Ferns E

Polystichum calderonense (ncn) Polystichum calderonense Ferns E

Tectaria Estremerana Tectaria estremerana Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis Thelypteris inabonensis Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris verecunda Thelypteris verecunda Ferns E

Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis Thelypteris yaucoensis Ferns E

Diellia pallida (ncn) Diellia pallida Ferns E

(ncn) Doryopteris angelica Ferns E

aumakua, Palapalai Dryopteris crinalis podosorus Ferns E

Cladonia, Florida Perforate Cladonia perforata Lichen E

Lichen, Rock Gnome Gymnoderma lineare Lichen E

Whale, North Pacific right Eubalaena japonica Mammal E

Whale, beluga Delphinapterus leucas Mammal E

Rockfish, Yelloweye Sebastes ruberrimus Fish E

Sturgeon, Shovelnose Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Fish SAT

Rockfish, Canary Sebastes pinniger Fish T

Rockfish, Bocaccio Sebastes paucispinis Fish E