national Bureau of Standards

Library, N.W. Bldg

FEB 9 1966

Reference ccok not to be

taken from the

^ecUnical riot& 281

MATERIALS FOR PLACEBO V

WILLIAM C. WATT

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Technical Note 281

ISSUED JANUARY 17, 1966

MATERIALS FOR PLACEBO V

William C. Watt

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 50 cents
CONTENTS

0. Introduction- -----------1

1. The Rules of PLACEBO V--------5

2. Inclusion Properties among Context-Free

Grammars -----------53

3. Sentences from Random Production ----- 64

li
Materials for PLACEBO V

William C. Watt

This paper presents materials which make the microgrammar

PLACEBO V accessible to inspection. In the form given here,

the microgrammar may be used in company with the requisite

computer programs for producing or analyzing English sentences

of a certain biological dialect, as part of a 'Question/Answer*

device.

PLACEBO V includes its predecessor, PLACEBO IV, in the sense

that every sentence generated by the earlier microgrammar is

generated in the same way by the later one. This and other

kinds of 'inclusion' are considered, and related to practical

problems of microgrammar-design.

Introduction.

This paper consists almost entirely of materials on PLACEBO V, a microgrammar of about 2,100 context-free rules. These materials

comprise a listing of the rules of the microgrammar and a selection of

sentences produced from those rules by a computer 'service program. 1 In

addition, since perhaps the most interesting facet of PLACEBO V (if it

has any at all) is that it 'radically includes' its predecessor,

2 PLACEBO IV , I will briefly discuss properties of inclusion, and will

also list the two microgrammars side-by-side for ease of comparison.

Considered as a computer-algorithm only, PLACEBO V is shown here

in a form which may be examined independently of any other papers on its

natural-language aspects or its proposed functions. Taken as a naturallanguage microgrammar, however, and as a functioning part of the

"ITSELF" artificial-intelligence system (reference below), it is presented less autonomously: a clearer understanding of the properties of

PLACEBO V, and of the points discussed, may be gained from consulting

1 The research on which this paper is based has been supported by the

National Institutes of Health under Agreement NB-05613-01.

In the format used (and explained) below, these 2,107 context-free

rules are compressed into 1,090 'amalgam' rules.

2 For a detailed presentation of the earlier microgrammar, see PLACEBO IV: Rules, Concordance, Sample Computer Generation, NBS Technical Note 255; Washington: 1965. PLACEBO IV contains 1,167 context-free

rules, formatted as 676 'amalgam' rules.
three other papers. These are "Analysis, Synthesis, and Description of

3 4 Biological Images" , A Prerequisite to the Utility of Microgrammars , and General Properties of Microgrammars . In addition, the aforementioned piece on PLACEBO IV may be consulted for a discursive

presentation of the manner of producing sentences from the rules of

microgrammars like PLACEBO IV and V.

PLACEBO V is one of a sequence of microgrammars of which the last

will be a working component of the "ITSELF" system, as described in

Lipkin, Watt, and Kirsch op.cit. (There will probably be no more than

three further microgrammars in this series: perhaps fewer.) Briefly,

the "ITSELF" system will enable neuropathologists to use a computer

as an ally in the analysis of pictures of brain-tissue, and of sets of

such pictures. The final PLACEBO will allow its users to describe such

pictures (or 'sections') in English sentences, to query the computer in

English and to issue instructions in English for picture-processing.

The computer, in turn, will respond in English. As the "micro-" prefix

indicates, the final PLACEBO will be able to analyze only a very small

set of English sentences though this set is infinitely large ; so that in a way only a semblance of speaking English is offered the

neuropathologist. If the user is to derive any real benefit, then,

3 Lewis E. Lipkin, William C. Watt, and Russell A. Kirsch, Annals of

the New York Academy of Sciences (to appear).

4 William C. Watt, NBS Technical Note 258; Washington: 1965.

5 William C. Watt (forthcoming).

6 In informal use no harm is done by synonymizing "production" and

"generation," but more formally speaking the two should be kept distinct

Roughly, it may be said that a generative grammar (like PLACEBO V)

generates sentences, if the grammar is well-formed, without any processing taking place: "generating" is something like the "equalling"

done by the formula "2+2=4." A grammar produces sentences when the

rules are actually used (by a human or a computer) to determine real

sentences i.e. to write them down in some way. (The analog is "He

added 2 and 2 and got 4"). A grammar may "generate" an infinite

number of sentences (as both PLACEBO IV and V do); but the number of

sentences it "produces" is always finite.
from being allowed to 'speak English', the set of sentences available

to him must be chosen with some care: it must be such a set as he will

not be constantly overstepping in his efforts to say what he wants. A

set of sentences which is adequate in this way I have elsewhere called

a "habitable" microgrammar . Of course there is no reason to expect that

it will be possible to build a microgrammar which is completely

habitable: my goal is only to approach this ideal as closely as possible:

to achieve maximum practicable habitability.

PLACEBO V is nowhere near reaching even this more modest goal, but

it wasn't expected to be. This microgrammar was developed with a more immediate objective in mind: that of creating a "core" grammar of

sufficient syntactical and lexical variety (and consistency among sets

of variants) so that needed additions could be made with some facility

and with little perturbation of the rules so far integrated. The procedures for deriving such a "core" microgrammar are at present best

described as a^d hoc ; but PLACEBO V is indeed proving easy to expand, and

so the procedures can be said to have worked. Unless, of course, the

"core" was arrived at serendipitously and/or unless any moderately

large microgrammar constitutes such a "core;" but neither of these suppositions is very plausible.

From this point on the process of developing microgrammars of the

PLACEBO series will be quite different. PLACEBO IV and V have been

brought this far by adding assumedly general-purpose structures (containing neuropathological lexicon) which are anticipated to be useful

and/or to lend the microgrammar ' extrapolative symmetry' . But henceforward only structures specifically produced by neuropathologists will

be added (together with their obvious extrapolations). As of this

writing the microgrammar is slowly expanding while being constantly

checked, against neuropathological discourse, for habitability.

7 See the Prerequisites paper
In the meant ime, it may be remarked that in an admittedly un- rigorous experimental situation, about one-third of the sentences

volunteered by one neuropathologist were found to be already generated

by PLACEBO V. For various reasons including lack of a mechanical

parser to check the validity of these 'findings' 1 do not attach

very much importance to this result, though I insist on being heartened by it

.

This paper is divided into three main sections. Section 1 opens with a key to the format in which these microgrammars are written, and then proceeds to a full listing of the rules of PLACEBO V,

with the PLACEBO IV rules en face . Section 2 discusses grammatical 'inclusion,' and exposes some disadvantages of requiring PLACEBO V to include its predecessor.

Section 3 lists a number of sentences machine-generated from

the PLACEBO V rules.

NBS Technical Report 8934, Concordance to the Rules of PLACEBO V, provides a supplement to these materials which should be of particular

value to anyone adapting the microgrammar to some use of his own.
1. The Rules of PLACEBO V, with those of PLACEBO IV en face . 1.1. Prefatory Note . What follows is a complete listing of the rules of the two microgrammars PLACEBO V and PLACEBO IV. The rules for each are given in

Q

alphanumeric order , except that the initiating grammatical category

' S' is listed first. Most of the categories, as will be evident, have

names which are of mnemonic value to people working with the microgrammars; these mnemonics are not entirely consistent, however, and con- tribute nothing to the algorithmic functioning of the microgrammars

.

The PLACEBO grammars are in what is known generally as the 'Simple

(or Context-Free) Phrase Structure' model, but they are written in an

unusual format

.

The symbol " = " is identical to the more traditional " —>", and

is to be interpreted as "is instantiated as."

The function of "

, " may be exemplified by the rule "S = DIR, STTT";

this rule is equivalent to the two 'normal' rules "S = DIR

= STTT". Thus,

"

, " may be read as "or."

The symbol " + " is to be interpreted as "concatenated with to

the Right."

In sum, then, the PLACEBO V (and also PLACEBO IV) rule

AJC = AJCA, AJCB, AJCC+AJFIXE, AJCD+AJFIXE

is equivalent to the rules:

AJC = AJCA

= AJCB

= AJCC + AJFIXE

= AJCD + AJFIXE

Two other conventions must be explained. The symbol " * " flanks

all terminals, as in the rule "ABT = * ABOUT*". All symbols on the left

8 Letters are in order A...Z, numerals are in order 0...9, letters

precede numerals, '12' follows '11' but also follows '112'.
of " = " having terminal (starred) symbols on the right, are instantiated only as terminals: such terminal-instantiators I will elsewhere

refer to as ' penterminal ' symbols. Note that the penterminal symbol

"X" has the instance "* *" that is, its instance is a space. Use of

the "X1

' penterminal constitutes, a kind of 'overt deletion', in the production of strings; its function is more fully explained in the

General Properties paper.

Note lastly that a "terminal" consists only and entirely of what

9

appears between asterisks. For example, the terminal quoted above is

not "about", but " about", with preceding space. Spaces must be introduced in this way, given the 'service programs' cited below, whenever

in the production of strings it is desirable to separate terminal

symbols, e.g. words. This preceding space is omitted when the terminal

is a suffix, for example e.g. AJFIXING = *ING* and in general whenever a terminal may be directly preceded by another terminal. If a terminal (e.g. ^REGULAR*) may be preceded either by another printed

terminal (e.g^* IR*) or by space (as when "regular" is not negated),

then this space is introduced by means of a "Z" penterminal, whose only

instance is "* *"

.

In the form presented here, both microgrammars have been 'weighted'

for production purposes. That is, to prevent the frequent occurrence

of very long strings with low readability, certain rules have been

weighted with several "X" penterminals, in order that the 'generating'

program, in making its random choices, will have a statistical

probability of choosing to delete certain symbols rather than entering

their further instances and thus entering a recursive loop. If used

9 Actually this is quite false, except in an informal context (such as this one) where the term "terminal symbol" refers to symbols appearing

in produced strings and strings to be parsed. Strictly speaking, of

course, the terminal symbols include their flanking asterisks: for

otherwise such a rule as "L = *L*" would introduce into the grammar a no-exit recursive loop. More exactly, then, the PLACEBO serviceprograms print out PLACEBO terminals less their asterisks.
as they are for parsing purposes, these microgrammars will be faulty

instruments, for wherever one of these 'favored' deletions is analyzed

as present in the input string, the parsing program will be at pains to

point out that the deletion (=terminal space) could have resulted from,

first, the first 'X' of the rule in question; from, secondly, the second

'X' of that rule; and so on. To be spared such tiresome news, one

must remove all but one 'X' from each rule in which more than one 'X' occurs

.

For ease of comparison, I have insured that each rule in PLACEBO V

which expands a rule in PLACEBO IV, will be found on the page facing the

page on which that PLACEBO IV counterpart appears. No other significance

is to be attached to the varying number of rules displayed on the

PLACEBO IV pages

.
PLACEBO IV

S=DIR»STTT»Q»A.

A=YN+PT.

ABT = * ABOUT*.

ADJ=ADJC,ADJV.

ADJC=AJJC+AJJA.

ADJV=AJJV+AJJA.

ADJ3 = AJJ3A »AJJ3BtAJLGVC.

ADVBCPV=ADVORMR,ADVORLS.

ADVOR=SPQR+DFIXWD.

ADVORLS=LS+ADVOR.

ADV0RMR=MR+ADV0R.

AJC=AJCA»AJCB»AJCC+AJFIXE,AJCD+AJFIXE.

AJCA=AJCAA»AJCAB.

AJCAA=AJCAAA,AJCAAB.

AJCAAA=* LIGHT*** DARK*.

AJCAAB=* GRAY*,* BLACK*.

AJCAB=* SMALL*,* ROUND*.

AJCB=* BIG*.

AJCC=AJCCA»AJCCB.

AJCCA=* WHIT*,* BLU*.

AJCCB=* LARG*.

AJCD=* DENS*.

AJCPV=AJMR,AJLS.

AJFIXAL=*AL*.

AJFIXAR=*AR*.

A JFIXD=*D*.

AJFIXE=*E*.

AJFIXED=*ED*.

AJFIXELLATE=*ELLATE*.

AJFIXIC=*IC*.

AJFIXICAL=*ICAL*.

AJFIXING=*ING*.

AJFIXIVE=*IVE*.

AJFIXL=*L*.

AJFIXLIC=*LIC*.

AJFIXO=*0*.

AJFIXTH=*TH*.

AJFIXTHER=TH+ER.

AJFIXULAR=*ULAR*.

AJJA=X,AJJB+AND+AJJJ.

A JJB = X»X»X',CM+AJJD.

AJJC=AJC*AJLGC,AJCPV.

AJJD=AJJJ+AJJB.
PLACEBO V

S=niR,.^TTT »Q»A.

A=YN+PT.

ABT = * ABOUT*.

ADJ=ADJC*ADJV.

ADJC=AJJC+AJJA.

ADJV=AJJV+AJJA.

ADJ3=AJJ3A»AJJ36,AJLGVC*AJLGLK3.

ADVBCPV=ADVORMR,ADVORLS.

ADVOR=SPQR+DFIXWD.

ADVORLS=LS+ADVOR.

ADVORMR=MR+ADVOR.

A J=AJJJC*AJJJV.

AJBAA=VVYBA+I+AJFIXABL.

AJC=AJCA»AJCB»AJCC+AJFIXE»AJCD+AJFIXE.

AJCA=AJCAA,AJCAB,

AJCAA=AJCAAA,AJCAAB.

AJCAAA=* LIGHT*,* DARK*.

AJCAAB=* GRAY*** BLACK*.

AJCAB=* SMALL*,* ROUND*,* SHARP*.

AJCB=* BIG*.

AJCC=AJCCA,AJCCB.

AJCCA=* WHIT*,* BLU*.

AJCCB=* LARG*.

AJCCC=AJCCA,AJCCB,AJCAAA,AJCAAB,AJCAB.

AJCD=* DENS*.

AJCPV=AJMR,AJLS,PUM+AJMR,PUM+AJLS.

AJCQFC=AJCCC+AJFIXISH.

AJDTPA=* FREQUENT*.

AJDTPOSA=AJNEGFXC+AJBAA.

AJDTPOSB=* OCCASIONAL*.

A JFIXABL=*ABL*.

AJFIXAL=*AL*.

AJFIXAR=*AR*.

AJFIXD=*D*.

AJFIXE=*E*.

AJFIXED=*ED*.

£JFIXELLATE=*ELLATE*.

AJFIXIC=*IC*.

AJFIXICAL=*ICAL*.

AJFIXING=*ING*.

AJFIXISH=*ISH*.

AJFIXIVE=*IVE*.

AJFIXL=*L*.

AJFIXLIC=*LIC*.

AJFIXLK=*-LIKE*.

AJFIXMT=*MOST*.

AJFIXO=*0*.

AJFIXTH=*TH*.

AJFIXTHER=TH+ER.

AJFIXUAL=*UAL*.

AJFIXULARs*ULAR*.

AJJA=X,AJJB+AND+AJJJ.

AJJB=X,X,X,CM+AJJD.

AJJC=AJC,AJLGC,AJCPV,JAJC,RELABC.

AJJD=AJJJ+AJJB.
PLACEBO IV

A JJJ=AJJC»AJJV.

A JJV=AJLGV.

AJJ3A=AJCAA»CLR»AJCCB+AJFIXE,AJCD+AJFIXE.

A JJ3B=NCBABA+AJFIXAL,NCBABBA+NFIX1RIL+AJFIXLIC»

NCBABC+AJFIXULAR»PRNCBAC+AJFIXAR»NCBABDA+AJFIXAL»

NCBABEA + AJFIXULAR»NCBAC + AJFIXAR. NCBAD + AJF I X I C , NCBAE + A JF I XL

,

NCBAABA+AJFIXICAL.

A JLG=AJLGC»AJLGV.

AJLGC=AJLGCA»AJLGCB,AJLGCC.

AJLGCA=Z+AJLGCAABC,AJLGCAD.

AJLGCAA=*DEFINED*.

AJLGCAB=*REGULAR*.

AJLGCAC=*DEFINITE*.

AJLGCAD=* PEAR-SHAPED*,* FUSIFORM*.

AJLGCAABC=AJLGCAA,AJLGCAB,AJLGCAC.

AJLGCB=NNBAA+AJFIXAR»NNBAB+AJFIXULAR»NNBAC+AJFIXED»

NNBAD+AJFIXELLATE.

AJLGCC=NCBAD+AJFIXICtNCBAE+AJFIXL»

NCBAC+AJFIXIC.

AJLGV=AJLGVA,AJLGVC.

A JLGVA=AJNEGFXA+AJLGCAA*AJNEGFXB+AJLGCAB»AJNEGFXC+AJLGCAC.

AJLGVC=NVBAA+AJFIXIC»NVBAB+AJFIXL,NVBAC+AJFIXAL,

NVBAD+AJFIXAL,NVBAEBRV+NVBAEFUL+AJFIXAL.

A JLS=LS+AJNCT.

AJLT=LT+AJNCT.

A JMR=AJCA+ER.AJCB+G+ER»AJCC+ER,MR+AJLG.

AJMT=AJCA+EST»AJCB+G+ESTtAJCC+EST»MT+AJLG.

AJNCT=ADVOR,AJC,AJLG.

AJNEGFXA=* UN*.

AJNEGFXB=* IR*.

AJNEGFXC=* IN*.

AJNP1=AJNP1V»AJNP1C.

AJNP1C=ADJC+N111 N111C.

A JNP1V=ADJV+N111,N111V.

AJNP2=ADJ+N222,N222.

AJNP3=ADJ3+N333,N33 3.

AJOB=ADJ,MST,LOC»AJOBP.

AJOBP=AJVPSVA+XAS+DND.

AJP1NEG=EEE1NEG+AJ0B.

10
PLACEBO V

AJJJ=AJJC.AJJV.

AJJJC=AJC,AJLGC.

AJJJV=AJLGV.

A JJV=AJLGV»JAJV.RELABV.

AJJ3A=AJCAA»CLR»AJCCB+AJFIXE»AJCD+AJFIXE.

AJJ3B=NCBABA+AJFIXAL,NCBABBA+NFIX1RIL+AJFIXLIC*

NCBABC+AJFIXULAR,PRNCBAC+AJFIXAR,NCBABDA+AJFIXAL,

NCBABEA+AJFIXULAR,NCBAC+AJFIXAR, NCBAD+AJF I X I C , NCBAE+AJFIXL

»

NCBAABA+AJFIXICAL.

A JLG=AJLGC,AJLGV.

AJLGC=AJLGCA,AJLGCB,AJLGCC,AJLGLKC12»

AJCQFC.

AJLGCA=Z+AJLGCAABC,AJLGCAD.

AJLGCAA=*DEFINED*.

AJLGCAABC=AJLGCAA»AJLGCAB»AJLGCAC.

AJLGCAB=*REGULAR*.

AJLGCAC=*DEFINITE*.

AJLGCAD=* PEAR-SHAPED*,* FUSIFORM*.

AJLGCB=NNBAA+AJFIXAR,NNBAB+AJFIXULAR,NN8AC+AJFIXED,

NNBAD+AJFIXELLATE.

AJLGCC=NCBAD+AJFIXIC,NCBAE+AJFIXL,

NCBAC+AJFIXIC.

AJI_GLKC12 = AJNC12+AJFIXLK.

AJLGLKV12=NVBAX1+AJFIXLK.

AJLGLK3=NN3+AJFIXLK.

AJLGRLV=* LEFT*,* RIGHT*.

AJLGRLVA=* TOP*,* BOTTOM*.

AJLGV=AJLGVA,AJLGVC,AJLGLKV12.

AJLGVA=AJNEGFXA+AJLGCAA,AJNEGFXB+AJLGCAB,AJNEGFXC+AJLGCAC.

AJLGVC=NVBAA+AJFIXIC,NVBAB+AJFIXL,NVBAC+AJFIXAL,

NVBAF+AJFIXUAL,

NVBAD+AJFIXAL,NVBAEBRV+NVBAEFUL+AJFIXAL.

AJLGVD=* EXTREME*.

AJLS=LS+AJNCT.

AJLT=LT+AJNCT.

AJMR=AJCA+ER,AJCB+G+ER,AJCC+ER,AJCD+ER,MR+AJLG.

AJMT=AJCA+EST,AJCB+G+EST,AJCC+EST,AJCD+EST,

MT+AJLG,AJRLV+AJFIXMT.

AJNCT=ADVOR,AJC,AJLG.

AJNC12=NCBAX1,NNBAB+NFIX1LE,NNBAD+NFIX1AR,PRNCBAC+NFIX1E»

PRNCBAD , PRNCBAN , PRNCBAO + NF I X IE

.

AJNEGFXA=* UN*.

AJNEGFXB=* IR*.

AJNEGFXC=* IN*.

AJNP1=AJNP1V,AJNP1C.

AJNP1C=ADJC+N111,N111C.

AJNP1V=ADJV+N111,N111V.

AJNP11 = AJNP1,AJSPV+NH1.

AJNP2=ADJ+N222,N222.

AJNP3=ADJ3+N333,N33 3.

AJOB=ADJ,MST,LOC,AJOBP.

AJOBAM=ADJ,MST.

AJOBP = AJVPSVA-t-XAS+DND.

AJP1NEG=EEE1NEG+AJ0B,EEE1NEG+DTNEGA+AJ0B,EEE1P0S+DTNEGB+AJ0B,

HVAUX1N+XDNA+CPBCPP+AJ0BAM,HVAUX1+XDNB+CPBCPP+AJ0BAM,

11
PLACEBO IV

AJP1P0S=EEE1P0S+AJ0B.

AJP2NEG=EEE2NEG+AJOB.

AJP2POS=EEE2POS+AJOB.

AJP3NEG=EEE3NE6+AJ3 0B.

AJP3POS=EEE3POS+AJ30B.

AJREL=AJRELA,Z+AJRELB,AJRELC.

AJRELA=* DIFFERENT*.

AJRELB=*DISTINGUISHABLE*.

A JRELC=AJNEGFXC+AJRELB.

A JSPV=AJMT,AJLT.

AJVPSVA=LABL+L+VPSVFXED.

AJ30B=ADJ3+POAJ,MST,LOC»AJOBP.

AL=* ALL*.

ALL=* ALL*.

ALPC=DETAL+DFDKl+NICON.

AND = * AND*.

ANDOR=* AND*,* OR*,* AND/OR*.

AP=* APART*.

ARPREAR3=PREAR+DFDK1.

AS=* AS*.

AT=* AT*.

AV=* AVERAGE*.

AWAY=* AWAY FROM*,* FROM*.

BERT=Z+NBR29+DJUNA.

BIT=* BIT*.

BU=X»LU.

BY=* BY*.

CALL=VCALL+OBVCALL.

12
PLACEBO V

EEE1NEG+CMSJCM+AJOB.

AJPlPOS=EEElPOS+AJOB,EEElPOS+DTPOS+AJOB,

HVAUXl+XD+CPBCPP+AJOBAM»

EEE1POS+DSJPOS+AJOB.

AJP2NEG=EEE2NEG+AJOB,EEE2NEG+DTNE6A+AJOB,EEE2POS+DTNEGE

HVAUX2N+XDNA+CPBCPP+AJOBAM,

HVAUX2+XDNB+CPBCPP+AJOBAM,

EEE2NEG+CMSJCM+AJOB.

AJP2POS=EEE2POS+AJOB,EEE2POS+DTPOS+AJOB,

HVAUX2+XD+CPBCPP+AJOBAM,

EEE2POS+DSJPOS+AJOB.

AJP3NEG=EEE3NEG+AJ30B,EEE3NEG+DTNEGA+AJ30B,

HVAUX3N+XDNA+CPBCPP+AJ30BAM,

HVAUX3+XDNB+CPBCPP+AJ30BAM»

EEE3POS+DTNEGB+AJ30B,EEE3NEG+CMSJCM+AJ30B.

AJP3POS=EEE3POS+AJ30B,EEE3POS+DTPOS+AJ30B,

HVAUX3+XD+CPBCPP+AJ30BAM,

EEE3POS+DSJPOS+AJ30B.

AJREL*AJRELA,Z+AJRELB,AJRELC.

AJRELAa* DIFFERENT*.

AJRELB=*DISTINGUISHABLE*.

AJRELC=AJNEGFXC+AJRELB.

AJRLV=AJLGRLV,AJLGRLVA.

AJSPV=AJMT,AJLT.

AJVPSVA=LABL+L+VPSVFXED»LABL+VPSVFXED.

AJ30B=ADJ3+POAJ»MST»LOC»AJOBP.

AJ3OBAM=ADJ3+P0AJ,MST.

AL=* ALL*.

ALL = * ALL*.

ALPC=DETAL+DFDKl+NICON.

AND=* AND*.

ANDOR=* AND*** OR*,* AND/OR*.

AP=* APART*.

ARGEN=*-S*.

ARINV=* THE*.

ARPNl=ARPNll+UNO,EA.

ARPN11=EA, EVERY.

ARPN2=OFR2 .XJD+ALL.

ARPN2Q=QFR2BQ.

ARPREAR3=PREAR+DFDK1.

AS = * AS*.

AT=* AT*.

AV=* AVERAGE*.

AWAY=* AWAY FROM*,* FROM*.

A8A=* USUAL*,* GENERAL*.

A8B=* PROBABL*,* POSSIBL*.

BERT=Z+NBR29+DJUNA.

BIT=* BIT*.

BU=X,LU.

BY=* BY*.

CALL=VCALL+OBVCALL.

CHARYBDIS=PREPDIRA+PSFS+CLC.

CJ=* AND*,* BUT*.

CJBEOCJBECA,CJBECB.

CJBECA=CJBECAA,CJBECAB.

13
PLACEBO IV

CLC = * O-CLOCK*.

CLCE=* 1*** 2*»* 3*»* 4*»* 5*.

CLCN=* 10*,* 11*,* 1?*,* 1*,* 2*.

CLCS=* 4*,* 5*,* 6*»* 7*»* 8*.

CLCW=* 7*,* 8*,* 9*,* 10*,* 11*.

CLR=AJCAAB,AJCCA+AJFIXE.

CM=*» *.

CORX=* ON THE X COORDINATE*.

CORY=* ON THE Y COORDINATE*.

CPV = AJCPV,ADV-BCPV.

CYTO=* CYTO*.

DEC=Z+PTT+NBR.

DEF=DFDK1+AJNP1,DEFAR+AJSPV+N111.

DEFAR=* THE*.

0EF1=DFDK1+AJNP1.

DEF11=EA+0F+DEF2.

DEF111=DEF1,DEF11.

DEF2=DFDK2+AJNP2.

DERITH=DERITH1,DERITH2.

DERITH1=NUM1+MU1.

DERITH2=NUM2+MU2.

DETAL=AL+OF.

DFDK1=DEFAR,DKAR1.

DFDK2=DEFAR,DKAR2.

DFIXWD=*WARD*.

DIR=DIRR+PT.

DIRR=LYZ,SYN,LAB.

DJUNA=* TIMES*.

14
PLACEBO V

CJRFCAA=* BFCAUSF*.

CJBECA8=* EVEN THOUGH*,* THOUGH*,* WHEREAS*.

CJBECB=CJBECSA+N8+THT.

CJBECBA=CJBECBAA,CJBECBAB.

CJBECBAA=* IN SPITE OF*,* DESPITE*.

CJBECBAB=CJBECBABA,CJBECBAbB.

CJBECBABA=* DUE TO*.

CJBECBABB=CJBECAA+OF.

CJBECK=CJBECA,CJBECB.

CJCM=XCM+CJ.

CJEO=* EITHER*.

CJEOA=* OR*.

CJJ=SEMICOL+CJJJ.

CJJJ=CJBECAA,CJBECAR,CJBECB,CJ,RGO.

CJPLYA=XCM+CJPLYAA,CM.

CJPLYAA=* THEN*.

CJPLYCsXCM+CJPLYAA, CM.XCM+THENN.

CLC=* O-CLOCK*.

CLCE=* 1*,* 2*,* 3*,* 4*,* 5*.

CLCN=* 10*,* 11*,* 12*,* 1*,* 2*.

CLCS=* 4*,* 5*,* 6*,* 7*»* 8*.

CLCW=* 7*,* 8*,* 9*,* 10*,* 11*.

CLR=AJCAAB»AJCCA+AJFIXF.

CLRSP=XIU+NFIX1NS.

CM=* , *,*»*•

CMJJCM=CMSJCM,XCMJJXCM.

CMSJCM=CM+SJSJ+CM.

COLOR=* COLOR*.

CORX=* ON THE X COORDINATE*.

CORY=* ON THE Y COORDINATE*..

CPBCPP=PPVBC,PPVRK.

CPV=AJCPV,ADVBCPV.

CYTO=* CYTO*.

DEC=Z+PTT+NBR.

DFCL=PTT+NBR.

DFF=DFDK1+AJNP1,DEFAR+AJSPV+N111.

DFFAR=* THE*.

DFF1=DFDK1+AJNP1.

DEF11=EA+0F+DEF2.

DEF111=DEF1,DEF11.

DEF2=DFDK2+AJNP2.

DEF3=DFDK3+AJNP3.

DERITH=DERITH1,DERITH2.

DERITH1=NUM1+MU1.

DFRITH2=NUM2+MU2.

DETALsAL+OF.

DFDK1=DEFAR,DKAR1.

DFDK2=DEFAR,DKAR2.

DFD<3=DEFAR,DKAR3.

DFIXWD=*WARD*.

DFXLY=*LY*.

DFXY=*Y*.

DIR=DIRR+PT.

DIRR=LYZ,SYN,LAB.

DJUNA=* TIMES*.

15
PLACEBO IV

DKAR1=* THIS*.

DKAR2=* THESE*.

DL = * — (

( — *.

DND=DL+NPOLAB+DR.

DO = * DO*.

DR = * — ) ) — *.

EA = * EACH*.

EEE1NEG=EEE1P0S+N0T.

EEE1P0S=* IS*.

EEE2NEG=EEE2POS+NOT.

EEE2POS=* ARE*.

EEE3NEG=EEE3POS+NOT.

EEE3POS=* IS*.

EE1NEG=EE1P0S+N0T.

EE1P0S=* IS*.

EE2NEG=EE2POS+NOT.

EE2POS=* ARE*.

EE3NEG=EE3POS+NOT.

EE3POS=* IS*.

EO=* EACH OTHER*.

EOBl=PRONl ,N1.

EOB2=PRON2»EPRDN2.

EOB3=PRON3»EPRDN3.

EPRDN2=EPRDQFAR+P02.

EPRDN3=EPRDN3 3+P0 3.

EPRDN3 3=EPRD0FR+AJNP3.

EPRDQFAR=EPRDQFR+AJNP2.

EPRDQFR=* *.

EP1NEG=E1NEG+E0B1.

16
PLACEBO V

DKAR1=* THIS*,* THAT*.

DKAR2=* THESE*** THOSE*.

DKAR3=* THIS*»* THAT*.

OL»* — ( ( — *.

DND=DL+NPOLAB+DR.

DO = * DO*.

DQ=DT»DTPOS.

DR = * —)

) — *.

DSJP0S=SAJD»CMSJCM,SJSJSJ.

DT = * EVER*.

DTNA=* NEVER*,* SELDOM*.

DTNB=JC+DT.

DTNEGA=DT,DTPOSBA,DTPOSA.

DTNEGB»DTNA,DTNB.

DTPA=DTPAA#DTPAB.

DTPAA=* OFTEN*.

DTPAB=AJDTPA+DFXLY.

DTPB=A8A+DFXLY,A8B+DFXY.

DTPOS=XJD+DTPOSA,DTPOSB.

DTPOSA=DTPOSAA,AJDTPOSA+DFXY.

DTPOSAA=* ALWAYS*.

DTPOSB=DTPOSBA,DTPOSBB.

DTPOSBA=DTPA,DTPB.

DTPOSBB=DTPOSBBA,UAXACTUN.

DTPOSBBA=* SOMETIMES*.

EA=* EACH*.

EEE1NEG=EEE1P0S+N0T.

EEE1P0S=* IS*.

EEE2NEG=EEE2P0S+N0T.

EEE2POS=* ARE*.

EEE3NEG=EEE3POS+NOT.

EEE3POS=* IS*.

EElNEGxEElPOS+NOT.

EE1P0S=* IS*.

EE2NEG=EE2P0S+N0T.

EE2POS=* ARE*.

FE3NEG=EE3POS+NOT.

EE3POS=* IS*.

EO=* EACH OTHER*.

EOBl=PRONl ,N1.

EOB2 = PRON2 »EPRDN2.

EOB3=PRON3»EPRDN3.

EPRDN2=EPRDQFAR+P02.

EPRDN3=EPRDN33+P03.

EPRDN33=EPRDOFR+AJNP3.

EPRD0FAR=EPRDQFR+AJNP2.

EPRDQFR=* *.

EP1=EP1NEG,EP1P0S.

EPlNEG=ElNEG+E081»ElNEG+DTNEGA+EOBlfElPOS+DTNEGB+EOBlt

HVAUX1N+XDNA+CPBCPP+EOB1

,

HVAUX1+XDNR+CPBCPP+EOB1

»

E1NEG+CMSJCM+EOP1.

EP1POS=E1POS+EOB1,E1POS+DTPOS+EOB1

,

E1POS+DSJPOS+EOR1,

HVAUX1+XD+CPBCPP+EOB1.

17
PLACEBO IV

EP1P0S=E1P0S+E0B1.

EP2NEG=E2NEG+EOB2.

EP2POS=E2POS+EOB2.

EP3NE6=E3NEG+EOB3.

EP3POS = E3P.OS + EOB3.

EQ = * = *.

EQL=EQU+POEQ.

EQU=* EQUAL TO*.

ER=*ER*.

EST=*EST*.

EVERY=* EVERY*.

EXTR=VEXTR+POVEXTR.

E1NEG=E1P0S+N0T.

E1P0S=* IS*.

E2NEG=E2POS+NOT.

E2POS=* ARE*.

E3NEG=E3POS+NOT.

E3POS=* IS*.

FORGE=VFRG+N123.

FRCN=Z+NBRMDGT+YINGDANG+NBR2 9.

FROM=* FROM*.

FROMRK=FROM+DFDKl+MRK.

G=*G*.

GAVIN=* MANY*.

HQ=VHQBAA+VHQBAB.

HQ0B1=LYZMSTT1V+E0L,LYZMSTT1C+EQL.

HOOB2=INDFRA+LYZMSTT2A+EOL,INDFRAN+AV+LYZMSTT2B+EQL

HQ0B3=LYZMSTT1V+EQL»LYZMSTT1C+EQL.

18
PLACEBO V

EP2=EP2NEG,EP2POS.

EP2NEG=E2NEG+EOB2»E2NEG+DTNEGA+EOB2»E2POS+DTNEGB+EOB2»

HVAUX2N+XDNA+CPBCPP+EOB2 .HVAUX2+XDNB+CPBCPP+EOB2

»

E2NEG+CMS JCM+EOB2

.

EP2POS=E2POS+EOB2*E2POS+DTPOS+EOB2»

E2POS+DSJPOS+EOB2

HVAUX2+XD+CPBCPP+EOB2.

EP3=EP3NEG,EP3POS.

EP3NEG=E3NEG+EOB3»E3NEG+DTNEGA+EOB3»E3POS+DTNEGB+EOB3,

HVAUX3N+XDNA+CPBCPP+EOB3,

E3NEG+CMSJCM+EOB3.

EP3POS=E3POS+EOB3»E3POS+DTPOS+EOB3»

E3POS+DSJPOS+EOB3,

HVAUX3+XDNB+CPBCPP+EOB3.

HVAUX3+XD+CPBCPP+EOB3.

EQ = * = *.

EQL=EQU+POEQ.

EQU = * EQUAL TO*,* OF*.

ER=*ER*.

ERGO=XCM+XT,SEMICOL+AND+IFT.

EST=*EST*.

ETHP1=ETHR1P0S+THR+XDQ+PMLA.

ETHP2=ETHR2POS+THR+XDQ+N2222QA.

ETHP3=ETHR3POS+THR+XDQ+INDEF3Q.

ETHR1P0S=* IS*.

ETHR2NEG=ETHR2POS+NOT.

ETHR2POS=* ARE*.

ETHR3NEG=ETHR3POS+NOT.

ETHR3POS=* IS*.

EVERY=* EVERY*.

EXTR=VEXTR+POVEXTR.

E1NEG=E1P0S+N0T.

E1P0S=* IS*.

E2NEG=E2POS+NOT.

E2POS=* ARE*.

E3NEG=E3POS+NOT.

E3POS=* IS*.

FLLW=* FOLLOW*.

FORGE=VFRG+N123.

FRCN=Z+NBRMDGT+YINGDANG+NBR29.

FROM=* FROM*.

FROMRK=FROM+DFDKl+MRK.

FW=FLLW+VFXS.

G=*G*.

GAVIN=* MANY*.

HQ=VHQBAA+VHQBAB.

HQ0B1=LYZMSTT1V+EQL,LYZMSTT1C+EQL.

HOOB2=INDFRA+LYZMSTT2A+EQL,INDFRAN+AV+LYZMSTT2B+EQL.

HQ0B3=LYZMSTT1V+EQL,LYZMSTT1C+EQL.

HQPl=HQPlNEG,HQPlPOS.

HQP1NEG=HQ1NEG+HQ0B1.

HQP1POS=HQ1POS+HOOB1.

HQP2=HQP2NEG,HQP2POS.

HOP2NEG=HQ2NEG+HQOB2.

HOP2POS=HQ2POS+HOOB2.

19
PLACEBO IV

HQ1NEG=VFIXNEG1+HQ.

HQlPOS=VHQBAA+VFXS.

HQ2NEG=VFIXNEG2+HQ.

HQ2POS=HQ.

HQ3NEG=VFIXNEG3+HQ.

HQ3POS=VHQBAA+VFXS.

HR = * HERE*.

HUM=TW.FRCN.

HYN=*-*.

IN = * IN*.

I NDEF=INDFRAN+AJNP1V» INDFRA+A JNP1C

.

INDFRA=* A*.

INDFRAN=* AN*.

KIRSCH=RAK+HYN+LTR,N+HYN+NBR,RAK+HYN+NBR»Z+LTR.

L=*L*.

20
PLACEBO V

HQP3=HQP3NEG,HQP3POS.

HQP3NEG=HQ3NEG+HQOB3.

HQP3POS=HQ3POS+HOOB3.

HQ1NEG=VFIXNEG1+HQ.

HQ1P0S=VHQBAA+VFXS.

HQ2NEG=VFIXNEG2+HQ.

HQ2POS=HQ.

HQ3NEG=VFIXNEG3+HQ.

H03POS=VHQBAA+VFXS.

HR = * HERE*,* THERE*.

HUM=TW,FRCN.

HVAUX1=* HAS*.

HVAUX1N=HVAUX1+N0T.

HVAUX2=* HAVE*.

HVAUX2N=HVAUX2+NOT.

HVAUX3=* HAS*.

HVAUX3NxHVAUX3+NOT.

HYN=*-*.

I=*I*.

IA=* EITHER*.

IB=* OR*.

!F=* IF*.

IFF=* IF AND ONLY IF*,* IFF*.

IFT=IT+FW+THT.

IJAL=SB2»N2222Q.

IN=* IN*.

INDEF=INDFRAN+AJNP1V, INDFRA+AJNP1C

.

INDEF1Q=INDFARNGA+AJNP1,INDEF.

INDEF2=INDFAR2+AJNP2.

INDEF2Q=INDFAR2Q+AJNP2.

INDEF3Q=INDFAR3Q+AJNP3.

INDFARNG** NO*.

I NDFARNGA = * ANY*.

INDFARNGB=INDFARNG,OFR2NA.

INDFARNGC=INDFARNG,0FR3NA.

INDFAR2=* *.

INDFAR2Q=* *»* ANY*»* SOME*.

INDFAR3Q=* *«* ANY*,* SOME*.

INDFRA=* A*.

INDFRAN=* AN*.

IS=* IS*.

IT=* IT*.

JA=* VERY*.

JAJC=JPC+AJ.

JAJV=JPV+AJ.

JB = * QUITE*.

JC=* SCARCELY*,* HARDLY*.

JD=* ALMOST*,* NEARLY*,* PRACTICALLY*.

JFIXLY=*LY*.

JN=* ONLY*,* JUST*.

JPC=JA+POJA,JB.

JPV=AJLGVD+JFIXLY.

KIRSCH=RAK+HYN+LTR,N+HYN+NBR,RAK+HYN+NBR,Z+LTR,Z+NBR,Z+NBR+XHYN+LTR,

Z+LTR+XHYN+NBR.

L=*L*.

21
PLACEBO IV

LAB=LABL+DEFlll+PONLAB.

LABL=* LABEL*.

LIPKIN=N1,AJNP1.

LOC=AT+LOCX+AND+XAT+LOCY»HR.

LOCEXTR=PREFRMRKl»PREFRMRK2.

LOCX=NUM+CORX.

LOCY=NUM+CORY.

LS = * LESS*.

LT = * LEAST*.

LTR=*A*,*B***C*»*D*,*E*»*F*,*G*,*H*,*I*,*J*»*K*»*L*»*M*,*N*,*0*»*P*,

*Q*,*R*,*S*»*T*,*U*,*V*»*W*»*X*»*Y*,*Z*.

LU=DERITH,GAVIN+DJUNA»PUM.

LYZ=Q>VYZPROS.

LYZAL=VLYZAL+OBVLYZAL.

LYZMST=DEFAR+XAV+LYZMSTT1.

LYZMSTT1=LYZMSTT1A,LYZMSTT1B.

LYZMSTT1A=PRNCBAG+0F+PRNCBAE»LYZMST1V,LYZMSTT1AB,LYZMSTT1AC.

LYZMSTT1AB=* COLOR*.

LYZMSTT1AC=* SIZE*.

LYZMSTT1B=AJCD+NFIX1ITY.

LYZMSTT1C=INDFRA+LYZMSTT1CC.

LYZMSTT1CC=PRPRNCBAE+PRNCBAE»PRNCBAF.

LYZMSTT1V=INDFRAN+LYZMSTT1VV.

LYZMSTT1VV=XAV+LYZMSTT1VVV,AV+LYZMSTT1CC.

LYZMSTT1VVV=LYZMST1V»PRNV11.

LYZMSTT2A=LYZMSTT2AA»LYZMSTT2AB.

LYZMSTT2AA=LYZMSTT2AAA»LYZMSTT2AAB»LYZMSTT2AAC.

LYZMSTT2AAA=RLDSBNA+NFIX1ITY.

LYZMSTT2AAB=RLDSANC+NFIX1I0N.

LYZMSTT2AAC=* DISTANCE APART*.

LYZMSTT2AB=* LABEL*,* PROCESSING*.

LYZMSTT2B=LYZMSTT2AA,LYZMSTT1.

LYZMST1V=* AREA*.

LYZSPEC=VLYZA+DEF2,VLYZB+OBVLYZB,VLIST+DEF2.

M=* MATCH*.

MARK=DFDK1+MRK.

M0B1=N123+WRT1.

MOB2=N123+WRT2»XEO+WRT2.

MOB2NEG=N123NEG+WRT2,XEO+WRT2.

M0B3=N123+WRT1.

M0B3NEG=N12 3NEG+WRT1.

MOOF = PROXNOR.,PROXQUAN.

MR=* MORE*.

MRK=* MARK*.

MRKK=VMRK+LOC.

MST=NUMl+WATT+POMU»NUM2+WATT+NFIX2S+POMU.

22
PLACEBO V

LAB=LABL+DEFlll+PONLAB.

LABL=* LABEL*.

LIPKIN=N1,AJNP1.

LOC=AT+LOCX+AND+XAT+LOCY»HR.

LOCEXTR=PREFRMRKl,PREFRMRK2.

LOCX=NUM+CORX.

LOCY = Nt!M+CORY.

LS=* LESS*.

LT=* LEAST*.

LTR=*A*»*B*»*C*»*D*,*E*»*F*,*G*,*H*,*I*,*J* t *K*,*L*»*M*,*N*,*0*,*P*,

*Q*,*R*,*S*»*T*,*U*.*V*»*W*»*X*»*Y*»*Z*.

LU=DERITH,GAVIN+DJUNA,PUM.

LYZ=0*VYZPROS.

LYZAL=VLYZAL+OBVLYZAL.

LYZMST=DEFAR+XAV+LYZMSTT1.

LYZMSTT1=LYZMSTT1A»LYZMSTT1B.

LYZMSTT1A=PRNCBAG+0F+PRNCBAE.LYZ-MST1V,LYZMSTT1AB»LYZMSTT1AC.

LYZMSTT1AB=C0L0R,CLRSP.

LYZMSTT1AC=* SIZE*.

LYZMSTT1B=AJCD+NFIX1ITY.

LYZMSTT1C=INDFRA+LYZMSTT1CC.

LYZMSTT1CC=PRPRNCBAE+PRNCBAE.PRNCBAF.

LYZMSTT1V=INDFRAN+LYZMSTT1VV.

LYZMSTT1VV=XAV+LYZMSTT1VV\A,AV+LYZMSTT1CC.

LYZMSTT1VVV=LYZMST1V,PRNV11.

LYZMSTT2A=LYZMSTT2AA»LYZMSTT2AB.

LYZMSTT2AA=LYZMSTT2AAA,LYZMSTT2AAB,LYZMSTT2AAC.

LYZMSTT2AAA=RLDSBNA+NFIX1ITY.

LYZMSTT2AAB=RLDSANC+NFIX1I0N.

LYZMSTT2AAC=* DISTANCE APART*.

LYZMSTT2AB=* LABEL*»* PROCESSING*.

LYZMSTT2B=LYZMSTT2AA»LYZMSTT1.

LYZMST1V=* AREA*.

LYZSPEC=VLYZA+DEF2»VLYZB + OBVI_YZB,VLIST + DEF2.

M=* MATCH*.

MARK=DFDK1+MRK.

MAW=* AWAY*.

M0B1=N123+WRT1.

M0B2=N123+WRT2»XE0+WRT2.

M0B2NEG=N123NEG+WRT2»XE0+WRT2.

M0B3=N123+WRT1.

M0B3NEG=N123NEG+WRT1.

MOOF=PROXNOR,PROXQUAN.

MP1=MP1NEG»MP1P0S.

MP1NEG=M1NEG+M0B1.

MPlPOS=MlPOS+MOBl.

MP2=MP2NEG»MP2POS.

MP2NEG=M2NEG+MOB2.

MP2POS=M2POS+MOB2.

MP3=MP3NEG»MP3POS.

MP3NEG=M3NEG+MOB3.

MP3POS=M3POS+MOB3

.

MRr* MORE*.

MRK=* MARK*.

MRKK=VMRK+LOC.

23
PLACEBO IV

MT = * MOST*.

MU1=WATT»BIT.

MU2=MU1+NFIX2S.

MlNFG=VFIXNEGl+M.

M1P0S=M+VFXES.

M2NEG=VFIXNE62+M.

M2POS=M.

M3NEG=VFIXNEG3+M.

M3POS=M+VFXES.

N=NVBAX1 »NCBAX1.

NBR=NBR1.NBR2.

NBRT=HUM*Z+BERT.

NBRDGT=NBR29.

NBRHDRD=NBRMDGT.

NBRHDRDA=NBRMDGTA.

NBRHDRDS=NBRHDRD+NBRTENSA.

NBRHDRDSA=NBRHDRDA+NBRTENSA.

NBRMDGT=NBR1»NBR29.

NBRMDGTA=NBRZO,NBRMDGT.

NBRTEN=NBRMDGT.

NBRTENA=NBRMDGTA.

NBRTENS=NBRTEN+NBRMDGTA.

NBRTENSA=NBRTENA+NBRMDGTA.

NBRTH5NDS=NBR1+NBRHDRDSA,

NBRZO=*0*.

NBR1=*1*.

NBR2=NBRDGT,NBRTENS»NBRHDRDS,NBRTHSNDS.

NBR29=*2*>*3***4*»*5*»*6*»*7*»*8*»*9*.

NCBAA=NCBAAA»NCBAAB.

NCBAAA=* PROCESS*** MASS*.

NCBAAB=NC8AABA+NFIX1EX.

NCBAABA=* CORT*.

NCBAB=NCBABA»NCBABB,NCBABCtNCBABD»NCBABE.

NCBABA=* NEURON*.

NCBABB=NCBABBA+NFIX1ER»NCBABBA+NFIX1RIL.

NCBABBA=* FIB*.

NCBABC=* CELL*.

NCBABD=NCBABDA+NFIX1E.

NCBABDA=* MEMBRAN*.

MCBABE=NCBABEA+NFIX1LE.

NCBABEA=* MUSC*,* VENTRIC*.

NCBAC=* NUCLE*,* NUCLEOL*.

NCBAD=* DENDRIT*.

NCBAE=* MICROGLIA*.

NCBAF=NCBAFA*NCBABC+NCBAFA.

NCBAFA=* BOD*.

24
PLACEBO V

MST=NUM1+WATT+P0MU,NUM2+WA1 T+Nh IX2S+POMU.

MT = * MOST*.

MUCH=* MUCH*.

MU1=WATT,BIT.

MU2=MU1+NFIX2S.

M1NEG=VFIXNEG1+M.

M1P0S=M+VFXE5.

M2MEG=VFIXNEG2+M.

M2POS=M.

M3NEG=VFIXNEG3+M.

M3POS=M+VFXES.

N=NVBAX1,NCBAX1.

NACXIT=* WHEN*,* WHENEVER*,* SINCE*,* INASMUCH AS*,* INSOFAR AS*.

NARPN2=NUM2,ARPN2.

NBAFXA=NBAFXAA+NFIX1E.

NBAFXAA=*SOM*.

NBR=NBR1,NBR2.

NBRDGT=NBR29.

NBRHDRD=NBRMDGT.

NBRHDRDA=NBRMDGTA.

NBRHDRDS=NBRHDRD+NBRTENSA.

NBRHDRDSA=NBRHDRDA+NBRTENSA.

NBRMDGT=NBR1,NBR29.

NBRMDGTA=NBRZO,NBRMDGT.

NBRT=HUM,Z+BERT.

NBRTEN=NBRMDGT.

NBRTENA=NBRMDGTA.

NBRTENS=NBRTEN+NBRMDGTA.

NBRTENSA=NBRTENA+NBRMDGTA.

NBRTHSNDS=NBR1+NBRHDRDSA.

NBRZO=*0*.

NBR1=*1*.

NBR2=NBRDGT,NBRTENS,NBRHDRDS,NBRTHSNDS.

NBR29=*2*»*3*»*4*,*5*,*6*,*7*»*8*»*9*.

NCBAA=NCBAAA,NCBAAB.

NCBAAA=* PROCESS*,* MASS*.

NCBAAB=NCBAABA+NFIX1EX.

NCBAABA=* CORT*.

NCBAB=NCBABA,NCBABB,NCBABC,NCBABD,NCBABE.

NCBABA=* NEURON*.

NCBABB=NCBABBA+NFIX1ER,NCBABBA+NFIX1RIL.

NCBABBA=* FIB*.

NCBABC=* CELL*.

NCBABD=NCBABDA+NFIX1E.

NCBABDA=* MEMBRAN*.

MCBABE=NCBABEA+NFIX1LE.

NCBABEAe* MUSC*,* V.ENTRIC*.

NCBAC=* NUCLE*,* NUCLEOL*.

NCBAD=* DENDRIT*.

NCBAE=* MICROGLIA*.

NCBAF=NCBAFA,NCBABC+NCBAFA.

NCBAFAs* BOD*.

NCBAG=* VACUOL*.

NCBAH=NCBAHA+NBAFXA.

NCBAHAs* KARYO*.

25
PLACEBO IV

NCBAX1=NCBAA,NCBAB,NCBAC+NFIX1US,NCBAD+NFIX1E»

NCBAE»NCBAF+NFI-X1Y.

NCBAX2=NCBAA+NFIX2ES,NCBAB+NFIX2S,NCBAC+NFIX2I »NCBAD + NF I X1E+NF I X2S,

NCBAE+NFIX2E.NCBAF+NFIX2IES.

NFIX1ATI0N=*ATI0N*.

NFIX1E=*E*.

NFIX1ER=*ER*.

NFIX1EX = *E'X*.

NFIXlION=*ION*.

NFIX1ITY=*ITY*.

NFIX1LE=*LE*.

NFIX1MENT=*MENT*.

NFIX10=*0*.

NFIX1RIL=*RIL*.

NFIX1UM=*UM*.

NFIX1US=*US*.

NFIX1Y=*Y*.

NFIX2A=*A*.

NFIX2E=*E*.

NFIX2ES=*ES*.

NFIX2I=*I*.

NFIX2IES=*IES*.

NFIX2S=*S*.

NGEN1=* BLOB*.

NGEN2=NGEN1+NFIX2S.

NICON=* PICTURE*.

NNBAA=* LINE*.

NNBAB=* TRIANG*.

NNBAC=* PINCH*.

NNBAD=* ST*.

NN2=NVBAX2»NCBAX2.

NN3=NN3B,NN3A.

NN3A=NN3AA*NN3AB.

NN3AA=* NISSL SUBSTANCE*** CHROMATIN*,* COLAGEN*,

* MYELIN*.

NN3AB=CLR+NN3ABA,NCBAABA+NFIX1EX.

NN3ABA=* MATTER*.

NN3B=NCBAC+AJFIXO+NN3BA,CYTO+NN3BA.

NN3BA=*PLASM*.

NO=* NO*.

M0N1=N0N1A,N0N1B»N0N1C.

NONlA=NPRENll+PONPRENl.

N0N1B=NPREN111+P0NPREN2»N+Z+HYN+NPREN111.

26
PLACEBO V

NCBAXl=sNCPAA»NCBAB»NCBAC + NFIXlUb.NLtJAD + NFIXlE»

NCBAG+NFIX1E,NCBAH,

NCBAE,NCBAF+NFIX1Y.

NCBAX2=NCBAA+NFIX2ES,NCBAB+NFIX2S»NCBAC+NFIX2I »NCBAD+NF I XI E+NF I X2S

NCBAG+NFIX2ES,NCBAH+NFIX2S,

NCBAE+NFIX2E»NCBAF+NFIX2IES.

NFIX1AR=*AR*.

NFIX1ATI0N=*ATI0N*.

NFIX1CE=*CE*.

NFIX1E=*E*.

NFIX1ER=*ER*.

NFIX1EX=*EX*.

NFIX1ING=*ING*.

NFIX1I0N=*I0N*.

NFIX1ITY=*ITY*.

NFIX1LE=*LE*.

NFIX1MENT=*MENT*.

NFIX1NS=*NESS*.

NFIX10=*0*.

NFIX1RIL=*RIL*.

NFIX1UM=*UM*.

NFIX1US=*US*.

NFIX1Y=*Y*.

NFIX2A=*A*.

NFIX2CES=*CES*.

NFIX2E=*E*.

NFIX2ERS=*ERS*.

NFIX2ES=*ES*.

NFIX2I=*I*.

NFIX2IES=*IES*.

NFIX2S=*S*.

NGENl=* BLOB*** OBJECT*** THING*.

NGEN2=NGEN1+NFIX2S.

NGEN3=* MATTER*** STUFF*** SUBSTANCE*** MATERIAL*.

NIA=* NEITHER*.

NIB=* NOR*.

NICON=* PICTURE*.

NMBAA=* LINE*.

NNBAB=* TRIANG*.

NNBAC=* PINCH*.

NNBAD=* ST*.

NN2 = NVBAX2 *NCBAX2.

NN3=NN3B.NN3A.

NN3A=NN3AA,NN3AB.

NN3AA=* NISSL SUBSTANCE*** CHROMATIN*,* COLAGEN*,

* MYELIN*.

NN3AB=CLR+NN3ABA,NCBAABA+MFIX1EX,NN3AC+NN3ABA.

NN3ABA=* MATTER*.

NN3AC=* PIA*.

NN3B=NCBAC+AJFIXO+NN3BA*CYTO+NN3BA.

NN3BA=*PLASM*.

NO=* NO*.

N0N1 = N0N1A,N0N1B,N0N1CN0N1D.

N0N1A = NPREN11+P0NPREN1*AJNPH+ARGEN+NPREN11.

N0N1B=NPREN111+P0NPREN2»N+Z+HYN+NPREN111.

27
PLACEBO IV

N0N1C=NPREN1111+P0NPREN3.

NON2=NON2A,NON2B»N0N2C.

N0N2A=NPREN22+PQNPREN12.

NON2B=NPREN222+PONPREN2»N+Z+HYN+NPREN222.

NON2C=NPREN22 22+PONPREN3.

N0N3=NPREN33+P0NPREN12.

NOR=DEC,FRCN.

NOT=*NT*,*N-T*,* NOT*.

NPOLAB=LIPKlN,KIRSCH.

NPREN11=PRNV1»PRNC1.

NPREN111=PRNC11»PRNV11.

NPREN1111=PRNC111.

NPREN22=PRNVBA+NFIX2S»PRNCBAA+NFIX2ES*PRNCBAB+NFIX2I

.

NPREN222=PRNCBAE+NFIX2S»VARRD+NFIX2S»PRNV11A+NFIX2S,VARRB+NFIX2S.

NPREN2 222=PRNCBAC+NFIX2ES,PRNCBAD+NFIX2S.

NPREN33=NN3.

NRSPT1=NRSPT1A»XNRSPT1A+NRSPT1A+AND+NRSPT1A.

NRSPT1A=LYZMSTT1,LYZMSTT2AB.

NTHH=NTHN+STROF+AJFIXTH.

NTHN=* N*.

NUM=NUM1»NUM2.

NUM1=Z+NBR1.

NUM2=Z+NBR2.

NVBAA=* ASTROCYTE.

NVBAB=* EPENDYMA*.

NVBAC=* AXON*,* ARACHNOID*,* ARTEFACT*.

NVBAD=* ENDOTHELI*.

NVBAE=NVBAEBRV,NVBAEBRV+NVBAEFUL+NFIX10.

NVBAEBRV=* OLIGO*.

NVBAEFUL=*DENDROGLI*.

NVBAX1=NVBAA+NFIX1E,NVBAB,NVBAC,

NVBAD+NFIX1UM,NVBAE.

NVBAX2=NVBAA+NFIX1E+NFIX2S,NVBAB+NFIX2S,NVBAC+NFIX25,

NVBAD+NFIX2A,NVBAE+NFIX2S.

N1 = NH+P0l.

N11=INDEF,DEF,PARPLU.

Nlll=N,NONl.

N111C=NCBAX1,PRNC1+P0NPREN12.

N111V=NVBAX1,PRNV1+P0NPREN12.

N123=N1»N2 »N3.

N123NEG=N1 ,PRDN2NEG ,PRDN3NEG.

N2=N2QFAR+P02,N2CJ.

N2CJ=N2CJA+N123+AND+N123.

28
PLACEBO V

NONlC=NPRENllll+PONPREN3.

N0N1D = NPREN111B+P0NPRENN12.N+Z+HYN + NPREN1HB»

AJNP11+ARGEN+NPREN111B.

NQN2=NON2A,NON2B*NON2C,NON2D.

NON2A=NPREN22+PONPREN12.

NON2B=NPREN222+PONPREN2»N+Z+HYN+NPREN22 2.

NON2C=NPREN22 22+PONPREN3.

NON2D = NPREN22 2B + PONPRENN12»N+Z + HYN+NPREiN22 2B.

N0N3=NPREN3 3+P0NPREN12.

NOR=DEC*FRCN»PRCT.

NOT=*NT*»*N-T*»* NOT*.

NP0LAB=LIPKIN,KIRSCH.

NPRENll=PRNVl»PRNCl.

NPRENH1 = PRNC11»PRNV11.

NPREN111B=PRNC11B*PRNV11B.

NPREN1111=PRNC111.

NPREN22=PRNVBA+NFIX2S»PRNCBAA+NFIX2ES»PRNCBAB+NFIX2I ,PRNCBAN+NF I X2S

PRNCBAO+NFIX2ERS»PRNCBAP+NFIX2IES,PRNCRAG+NFIX2ES»PRNCBAR+NFIX2CES.

NPREN22 2=PRNCBAE+NFIX2S»VARRD+NFIX2S,PRNVHA+NFIX2S,VARRB+NFIX2S,

PRNCBAH+NFIX2S,PRNCBAI+NFIX2S»PRNCBAJ+NFIX2S,PRNCBAK+NFIX2ES,

PRNCBAL+NFIX2S.PRNCBAM+NFIX2I.

NPREN222B = P.RNC22B»PRNV2 2B.

NPREN2222=PRNCBAC+NFIX2ES,PRNCBAD+NFIX2S.

NPREN33=NN3.

NRSPT1=NRSPT1A,XNRSPT1A+NRSPT1A+AND+NRSPT1A.

NRSPT1A=LYZMSTT1 ,LYZMSTT2AB.

NTHH=NTHN+STROF+AJFIXTH.

NTHN=* N*.

NU*NUM,NUM+DECL,DEC.

NUM=NUM1,NUM2.

NUM1=Z+NBR1.

NUM2=Z+NBR2.

NVBAA=* ASTROCYTE.

NVBAB=* EPENDYMA*.

NVBAC=* AXON*,* ARACHNOID*,* ARTEFACT*.

NVBAD=* ENDOTHELI*.

NVBAE=NVBAEBRV,NVBAEBRV+NVBAEFUL+NFIX10.

NVBAEBRV=* OLIGO*.

NVBAEFUL=*DENDROGLI*.

NVBAF=* ARTEFACT*.

NVBAX1=NVBAA+NFIX1E»NVBAB.NVBAC,

NVBAD+NFIX1UM,NVBAE.

NVBAX2=NVBAA+NFIX1E+NFIX2S,NVBAB+NFIX2S»NVBAC+NFIX2S,

NVBAD+NFIX2A,NVBAE+NFIX2S.

Nl=Nll+POl.

N11=INDEF,DEF,PARPLU.

Nlll=N,NONl.

N111C=NCBAX1,PRNC1+P0NPREN12.

NH1V= NVBAX1,PRNV1 + P0NPREN12.

NH11=INDEF,NUM1+AJNP1.

N1111NG=INDFARNG+AJNP1.

N123 = N1 ,N2 *N3.

N123NEG = N1 ,PRDN2NEG , PRDN3NEG.

N2=N2QFAR+P02*N2CJ.

N2CJ=N2CJA+N123+AND+N12 3.

29
PLACEBO IV

N2CJA=X,X,X»X,N2CJA+N123+CM.

N2CJANEG=X,X,X,X,N2CJANEG+N12 3NEG+CM.

N2CJNEG=N2CJANEG+N123NEG+ANDOR+N12 3NEG.

N2QFAR=QFAR+AJNP2.

N222=NN2»NON2.

N3=N33+P03.

N33=OFAR3+AJNP3.

N333=NN3.NON3.

OBAWAY=N123»MARK.

OBVCALL=DEFlll,DEF2.

OBVLYZAI_ = ALL+NGEN2.

OBVLYZB=OBVLYZBl ,OBVLYZB2.

OBVLYZBl=LYZMST+OF+DEFlll.

OBVLYZB2=DEFAR+XAV+LYZMSTT2B+OF+DEF2»LYZMST+OF+DEFll.

OF = * OF*.

PARNTHEQ=PRNL+NTHN+EQ+NBR2+PRNR.

PARPLU=NUM1+0F+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PART=MRKK,XTR,MRKK+CM+XTR.

PICALL=ALPC+LOCEXTR.

PICSPEC=ALL+DEF2.

POAJ=X»X*ANDOR+ADJ3.

POEQ=MST»POEGN.

POEQN=THOF+N123.

POEXTR=X»CM+WHOLE.

POMU=IN+WOPOMU.

PONLAB=XWTL+DND.

PONPRENl=X,OF+Nl.

P0NPREN12=P0NPREN1,P0NPREN2.

PONPREN2=X,0F+N2.

PONPREN3=X OF+AJNP3 . PORLV=X»X»X>AND+RLV+PORLV.

30
PLACEBO V

N2CJA=X,X,X,X,N2CJA+N12 3+CM.

N2CJANEG=X,X,X,X,N2CJANEG+N12 3NEG+CM.

N2CJNEG=N2CJANEG+N123NEG+ANDOR+N12 3NEG,IA+N12 3NEG+IB+N123NEG.

M2CJNEGA=NIA+N2+NI8+N2.

N20FAR=OFAR+AJNP2*PARPLU2.

N20FARNEG=N2222NG»N2CJNEGA.

N222=NN?,NON2.

N2222=INDEF2»NUM2+AJNP2.

N2222A=INDFARNGA+AJNP2.

N2222NG=INDFARNGB+AJNP2*OFR2NG+DEF2.

N2222Q=INDEF20»PARPLUOA.

N2 222QA=QFARO+AJNP2.

N3=N33+P03.

N33=QFAR3+AJNP3.

N333=NN3,NON3.

N3 33A=INDFARNGA+AJNP3.

N3 33NG=INDFARNGC+AJNP3,QFR3NG+DEF3.

N8=ARINV+N88.

N88=* FACT*.

OBAWAY=N123»MARK.

OBVCALL=DEFlll,DFF2.

OBVLYZAL=ALL+NGEN2.

OBVLYZB=OBVLYZBl ,OBVLYZB2.

OBVLYZBl»LYZMST+OF+DEFlll.

OBVLYZB2=DEFAR+XAV+LYZMSTT2B+OF+DEF2»LYZMST+OF+DEFll.

OF=* OF*.

OGRE=XCM+CJBECK.

PARNTHEQ=PRNL+NTHN+EQ+NBR2+PRNR.

PARPLU=NUM1+0F+DFDK2+AJNP2»ARPN1+0F+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PARPLUQA=ARPN2Q+OF+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PARPLUOB=PARPLUOBA,PARPLUQBB.

PARPLUQBA=QOFR2A+OF+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PARPLUQBB=QQFRWHA+0F+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PARPLU2=NARPN2+OF+DFDK2+AJNP2.

PART=MRKK,XTR.MRKK+CM+XTR.

PICALL=ALPC+LOCEXTR.

PICSPEC=ALL+DEF2.

PMLA=N1111 ,INDEF1Q.

POAJ = X »X ANDOR+ADJ3 • POCJ=X,X,X,CJJ+STT.

POEQ=MST,POEON.

P0EQN=TH0F+N123.

POEXTR=X»CM+WHOLE.

POJA=X»X*X,POJAA.

POJAA=XCM+JA+POJA.

POMU=IN+WOPOMU.

PONLAB=XWTL+DND.

PONPRENNl=OF+Nl.

PONPRENNl2=PONPRENNl,PONPRENN2.

PONPRENN2=OF+N2.

PONPREMl=X,OF+Nl.

PONPREN12=PONPREN1,PONPREN2.

PONPREN2=X»OF+N2.

PONPREN3=X»OF+AJNP3.

PORLV=X»X,X»AND+RLV+PORLV.

31
PLACEBO IV

POSYNN=AND+VPOSYNN.

POVEXTR=PICALL,PICSPEC.

POVVLISTA=X,PVLSTA.

POVVLISTB=X»PVLSTB.

P01=X,X,X»X»X,X»X>P011.

P011=WHCL1 .WHCLl+AND+POll.

P02=X,X,X,X,X,X,X»P02 2.

P022 = WHCL2 »WHCL2 + AND+P022.

P03=X,X,X,X,X,X,X»P03 3.

P033 = WHCL3 »WHCL3 + AND+P033.

PRDN2=PRDN2QFAR+P02»N2CJ.

PRDN2NEG=PRDN2QFNEG+P02»N2CJNEG.

PRDN2QFAR=PRDQFAR+AJNP2.

PRDN2QFNEG=PRDQFARNE6+AJNP2.

PRDN3=PRDN33+P03.

PRDN3NEG=PRDN33NEG+P03.

PRDN3 3=PRDQFAR3+AJNP3.

PRDN3 3NEG=PRDQFAR3NEG+AJNP3.

PRDQFAR = PRDQFR,NUM2 *DFDK2.

PRDQFARNEG=PRDQFRNEG,NUM2,DFDK2.

PRDQFAR3=PRDQFR,ARPREAR3.

PRDQFAR3NEG=PRDQFRNEG»ARPREAR3.

PRDQFR=* *,* SOME*.

PRDQFRNEG=* *»* ANY*.

PREAR=X»PREAR3.

PREAR3=MOOF+OF.

PRED1=PRED1NEG,PRED1P0S.

PRED1NEG=EP1NEG,VP1NEG,AJP1NEG,RELP1NEG.

PREDlPOS=EPlPOS,VPlPOS»AJPlPOS»RELPlPOS.

PRED2=PRED2NEG,PRED2POS.

PRED2NEG=EP2NEG,VP2NEG,AJP2NEG,RELP2NEG.

PRED2POS=EP2POS»VP2POS»AJP2POS,RELP2POS.

PRED3=PRED3NEG,PRED3POS.

PRED3NE'G = EP3NEG,VP3NEG,AJP3NEG,RELP3NEG.

PRED3POS=EP3POS»VP3POS»AJP3POS»RELP3POS.

PREFRMRKl=NUMl+BIT+FROMRK.

PREFRMRK2=NUM2+BIT+NFIX2S+FR0MRK.

PREPDIR=* AT*,* TO*,* TOWARD*.

PRNCBAA=* PROCESS*.

PRNCBAB=* NUCLE*,* NUCLEOL*.

PRNCBAC=* GRANUL*.

PRNCBAD=* FLAKE*.

PRNCBAE=* PERIMETER*.

PRNCBAF=* COLOR*,* SIZE*,* SHAPE*.

PRNCBAG=* LENGTH*,* WIDTH*,* HEIGHT*.

PRNCBAH=* NETWORK*.

32
PLACEBO V

POSYNN=AND+VPOSYNN.

P0VEXTR=PICALL,PICSPEC.

POVVLlSTA = X,PVL c;TA.

POVVLISTB=X,PVLSTB.

P01=X»X»X»X»X»X»X»POll.

P011=WHCL1 ,WHCL1+AND+P011.

P02=X,X,X,X,X,X,X»P022.

P022 = WHCL2 t WHCL2+AND+P022

.

P03=X,X,X,X,X,X,X,P03 3.

P033=WHCL3»WHCL3+AND+P033.

PPVBC=* BECOME*.

PPVRM=VRM+VFXED.

PRCNT=* O/O*,* PERCENT*.* PER CENT*.

PRCT=NU+PRCNT.

PRDN2=PRDN20FAR+P02 *N2CJ.

PRDN2NEG=PRDN2QFNEG+P02»N2CJNEG.

PRDN2QFAR=PRDQFAR+AJNP2.

PRDN20FNEG=PRDQFARNEG+AJNP2.

PRDN3=PRDN33+P03.

PRDN3NEG=PRDN33NEG+P03.

PRDN33=PRDQFAR3+AJNP3.

PRDN3 3NEG=PRDQFAR3NEG+AJNP3.

PRDQFAR = PRDQFR,NUM2 ,DFDK2.

PRDQFARNEG=PRDQFRNEG,NUM2,DFDK2.

PRDQFAR3=PRDOFR,APPREAR3.

PRDQFAR3NEG=PRDQFRNEG,ARPREAR3.

PRDQFR=* *,* SOME*.

PRDQFRNEG=* ** ANY*.

PREAR=X,PREAR3.

PREAR3=M00F+0F.

PRED1=PRED1NEG,PRED1P0S.

PRED1NEG=EP1NEG,VP1NEG,AJP1NEG,RELP1NEG.

PREDlP0S=EPlP0S,VPlP0StAJPlP0S,RELPlP0S.

PRED2=PRED2NEG,PRED2POS.

PRED2NEG=EP2NEG,VP2NEG,AJP2NEG,RELP2NEG.

PRED2POS=EP2POS,VP2POS,AJP2POS,RELP2POS.

PRED3=PRED3NEG,PRED3POS.

PRED3NEG=EP3NEG,VP3NEG,AJP3NEG,RELP3NEG.

PRED3POS=EP3POS,VP3POS»AJP3POS,RELP3POS.

PREFRMRK1=NUM1+3IT+FR0MRK.

PREFRMRK2=NUM2+BIT+NFIX2S+FROMRK.

PREPDIR=* AT*,* TO*,* TOWARD*.

PREPDIRA=* AT*,* TOWARD*.

PRNCBAA=* PROCESS*.

PRNCBAB=* NUCLE*,* NUCLEOL*.

PRNCBAC=* GRANUL*.

PRNCBAD=* FLAKED.

PRNCBAE=* PERIMETER*.

PRNCBAF=* COLOR*,* SIZE*,* SHAPE*.

PRNCBAG=* LENGTH*,* WIDTH*,* HEIGHT*.

PRNCBAH=* NETWORK*.

PRNCBAI=VG,VG+NFIX1 ING.

PRNCBAJ=* LAYER*,* ZONE*.

PRNCBAK=* MASS*.

PRNCBAL=* COLUMN*.

33
PLACEBO IV

PRNC1=PRNCBAA,PRNCBAB+NFIX1US.

PRNC11=PRNCBAH»VARRD.

PRNC111=PRNCBAD,PRNCBAC+NFIX1E.

PRNL=* (*.

PRNR=* )*.

PRNVBA=* AXON*.

PRNV1=PRNVBA.

PRNV11=PRNV11A,PRNV11B.

PRNV11A=VARRA+NFIX1MENT»VARRC+NFIX1ATI0N.

PRNV11B=VARRB.

PRONl=* THIS*.

PRON2= * THESE*.

PRON3=* THIS*.

PROSS=WHOLE,PART.

PROX=X»X*X,ABT.

PROXNOR=PROX+Z+NOR.

PROXQUAN=* MOST*** ALL*,* SOME*,* NONE*.

PRPRNCBAE=X,PRNCBAG+OF.

PRT=INDFRA+PRTT.

PRTT=* PART*.

PT=*.*.

PTT=*.*.

PUM=* MUCH*.

PVLSTA=* IN SEQUENCE*,* IN ORDER*,* IN ALPHABETICAL ORDERS

P\/LSTB = EVERY + NTHH+UNO + PARNTHEQ + OF.

Q=OQ+PT.

QFAR=QFR,NUM2»DFDK2.

QFAR3=QFR,ARPREAR3.

QFR=* *,* SOME*,* ALL*.

34
PLACEBO V

PRNCBAMs* NU<LE*,* NUCLE*.

PRNCBAN=* CAP*,* FROND*,* SATELLITE*.

PRNCBAO=* CENT*.

PRNCBAP=* PERIPHER*.

PRNCBAO=* POL*,* STRUCTUR*.

PRNCBAR=* SPA*.

PRNCBAS=* SHAPE*.

PRNCBAU=* STRUCTUR*.

PRNC1=PRNCBAA,PRNC6AB+NFIX1US»PRNCBAN,PRNCBA0+NFIX1ER,

PRNCBAP+NFIX1Y,PRNCBAQ+NFIX1E,PRNCBAR+NFIX1CE.

PRNC11=PRNCBAH,VARRD,PRNCBA1 , PRNCBAJ ,PRNCBAK , PRNCBAL

PRNCBAU+NFIX1E,

PRNCBAM+NFIX1US.

PRNC11B=PRNCBAS.

PRNC111=PRNCBAD,PRNCBAC+NFIX1E.

PRNC22B=PRNCBAS+NFIX2S.

PRNL=* (*.

PRNR=* )*.

PRNVBA=* AXON*.

PRNVBAA=* AREA*.

PRNV1=PRNVBA,PRNVBAA.

PRNV11=PRNV11A,PRNV11B.

PRNV11A=VARRA+NFIX1MENT»VARRC+NFIX1ATI0N.

PRNV11B=VARRB,PRNVBAA.

PRNV22B=PRNVBAA+NFIX2S.

PRONPl=DKARl+ADJ+NGENl.

PR0NP2=DKAR2+ADJ+NGEM2.

PRONP3=DKAR3+ADJ3+NGEN3.

PRONl=THIS,THAT,PRONPl.

PRON2=THESE,THOSE*PRONP2.

PRON3=THlS,THAT,PRONP3.

PROSS=WHOLE,PART.

PROX=X,X,X,ABT.

PROXNOR=PROX+Z+NOR.

PROXOUAN = * MOST*,* ALL*,* SOME*,* NONE*.

PRPRNCBAE=X,PRNCBAG+OF.

PRT=INDFRA+PRTT.

PRTT=* PART*.

PSFS=CLCE»CLCN,CLCS,CLCW.

PT=*.*.

PTT=*.*.

PUM=MUCH»JA+MUCH.

PVLSTA=* IN SEQUENCE*,* IN ORDER*,* IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER*.

PVLSTB=EVERY+NTHH+UNO+PARNTHEQ+OF.

Q=OQ+PT.

QFAR=QFR,NUM2»DFDK2 »OFR2A.

QFARQ=QFRQ,NUM2.

QFAR3=OFR,ARPREAR3.

QFN3=OFN3A,OFN3B.

QFN3A=* PART*.

QFM3B=* CLUMP*,* AREA*.

QFR=* *,* SOME*,* ALL*.

QFRQ=QFR, INDFARNGA.

OFR2=QFR2A»QFR2B,OFR2C»QFR2D»QFR2E.

QFR2A=* MOST*,* MANY*,* SEVERAL*.

35
PLACEBO IV

QQ=Q1»Q2»Q3.

Ql=QlEP,QlVP»QlAJP,QiRELP,OlMP,QlHOP.

QlAJP=EEElPOS+SBl+AJOB.

01EP = E1P0S + SB1+E0B1 .

1 HQP=VAUX 1+SB1+HQ+HQOB 1

.

Q1MP=VAUX1+SB1+M+M0B1.

Q1RELP.= EE1P0S+SB1 + REL0B1.

Q1VP=VAUX1+SB1+V+V0B1.

Q2=02EP,Q2VP,Q2AJP,Q2RELP,Q2MP,Q2HQP.

Q2AJP=EEE2POS+SB2+AJOB.

Q2EP=E2POS+SB2+EOB2.

36
PLACEBO V

QFR2B=* SOME*.

QFR2BQ=* ANY*.

QFR2C=* A NUMBER*.

QFR2D=* A FEW*.

QFR2E=* A SMALL NUMBER*.

QFR2NA=JN+QFR2ND,XJA+QFR2NB.

QFR2NB=* FEW*.

OFR2NC=* NONE*.

QFR2ND=QFR2D»QFR2E.

QFR2NG=QFR22NG+OF.

QFR22NG=QFR2NA»XJD+OFR2NC.

QFR3NA=XJN+QFR3ND.

QFR3NB=XJN+OFR3NC.

QFR3NC=* A SMALL AMOUNT*.

QFR3ND=* A LITTLE*.

QFR3NG=QFR3 3NG+OF.

QFR33NG=QFR3NA,OFR3NB.

Q0=Q1,Q2»Q3*RSVP.

OOFRWH=OQFRWHA»OOFRWHB.

QOFRWHA=* WHICH*.

OQFRWHB=* WHAT*.

QQFR2=QQFR2A,QQFRWH.

QQFR2A=* HOW MANY*.

QQFR3=QQFR3A,QQFR3B.

QOFR3A=* HOW MUCH*.

QOFR3B=OQFRWH+QFN3.

Q1=Q1EP»Q1VP»Q1AJP,Q1RELP,Q1MP,Q1HQP,Q1QFR.

Q1AJP=EEE1P0S+SB1+AJ0B,EEE1P0S+SB1+DQ+AJ0B»

EEE1POS+INDEF1Q+XDQ+AJOB,

ETHP1+WHCL1XA,

HVAUX1+TDAP+XDQ+CPBCPP+AJOBAM.

Q1EP=E1P0S+SB1+E0B1 ,F1POS+SB1+DQ+EOB1

»

E1POS+INDEF1Q+XDQ+EOB1*

ETHP1+WHEP1,

HVAUX1+TDAP+XDQ+CPBCPP+EOB1.

Q1HQP=VAUX1+SB1+HQ+HQ0B1 » VAUX1+SB1+DQ+HQ+HQOB1

»

ETHP1+WHHQP1,

VAUX1+INDEF10+XOQ+HO+HOOB1.

Q1MP=VAUX1+SB1+M+M0B1 , VAUX1+SB1+DQ+M+MOB1

,

VAUX1+INDEF1Q+XDQ+M+MOB1

,

ETHP1+WHMP1.

Q1Q=QQFRWH+AJNP1.

Q1QFR=Q1Q+PRED1.

Q1RELP=EE1P0S+SB1+REL0B1,EE1P0S+SB1+DQ+REL0B1 , EE1POS+INDEF1Q+XDQ+RELOB1,

ETHP1+WHCL1XB.

01VP=VAUX1+SB1+V+V0B1 .VAUX1+SB1 +DQ+V+VOB1

,

VAUX1 + INDEF1Q+XDQ + V+VOB1 , ETHP1+WHV1.

Q2=Q2EP,Q2VP,02AJP,Q2RELP,Q2MP,Q2HQP»02QFR.

Q2AJP=EEE2POS+SB2+AJOB»EEE2POS+SB2+DQ+AJOB,

EEE2POS+N2222Q+XDQ+AJOB,

ETHP2+WHCL2XA,

HVAUX2+I JAL+XDQ+CPPCPP+AJOBAM.

Q2EP=E2POS+SB2+EOB2 , F2POS+SB2+DQ+EOP2

»

37
PLACEBO IV

Q2HQP=VAUX2+S82+HQ+HQOB2.

Q2MP=VAUX2+SB2+M+MOB2.

Q2RELP=EE2POS+SB2+RELOB2.

Q2VP=VAUX2+SB2+V+VOB2.

3=03EP,03VP»Q3AJP,03RELP»Q3MP»03HQP.

Q3AJP=EEE3POS+SB3+AJ30B.

Q3EP=E3POS+SB3+EOB3.

Q3HQP = VAUX3 + SB3+HQ + HOOB3..

Q3MP=VAUX3+SB3+M+MOB3.

Q3RELP=EE3POS+5B3+RELOB3.

Q3VP=VAUX3+SB3+V+VOB3.

RAK = * RAK*.

RE = * WITH REGARD TO*.

REL=RLV+PORLV»RLVD.

REL0B1=REL+N123.

REL0B2=REL+N123,RLVI+N2.

RELOB3=REL+N123.

RELP1NEG=EE1NEG+REL0B1.

38
PLACEBO V

FTHP2+WHEP2,

HVAUX2+IJAL+XDQ+CPBCPP+EOB2.

E2POS+N2 2 22Q+XDQ+EOB2.

Q2HQP = VAUX2 + SB2+HQ + HQOB2 * VAUX2+SB2+DQ+HQ+HQOB2 » ETHP2+WHHQP2,

VAUX2+N22 22Q+XDQ+HQ+HQOB2.

Q2MP=VAUX2+SB2+M+MOB2 VAUX2+SB2+DQ+M+MOB2

ETHP2+WHMP2.

VAUX2+N22 22Q+XDO+M+MOB2.

Q20=QQFR2+AJNP2»PARPLUQB.

Q2QFR=Q2Q+PRED2.

Q2RELP=EE2PCS+SB2+RELOB2,EE2POS+SB2+DQ+RELOB2,

ETHP2+WHCL2XB,

EE2POS+N2 222Q+XDQ+RELOB2.

Q2VP=VAUX?+SB2+V+VOB2 VAUX2+SB2+DO+V+VOB2

»

ETHP2+WHV2»

VAUX2+N22 2 2Q+XDQ+V+VOB2.

Q3=Q3EP,Q3VP*Q3AJP,Q3RELP,Q3MP,Q3HQP,Q3QFR.

Q3AJP=EEE3POS+SB3+AJ30B»EEE3POS+SB3+DQ+AJ30B,

EEE3POS+INDEF3Q+XDQ+AJ30B,

ETHP3+WHCL3XA,

HVAUX3+TCLP+XDQ+CPBCPP+AJ30BAM.

Q3EP=E3POS+SB3+EOB3»E3POS+SB3+DO+EOB3»

E3POS+INDEF3Q+XDQ+EOB3,

ETHP3+WHEP3,

HVAUX3+TCLP+XDQ+CPBCPP+EOB3.

Q3HQP=VAUX3+SR3+HQ+HQOB3 VAUX3+SB3+DQ+HQ+HQOB3

»

ETHP3+WHHOP3,

VAUX3+INDEF3Q+XDQ+HQ+HQOB3.

Q3MP=VAUX3+SB3+M+MOB3»VAUX3+SB3+DQ+M+MOB3»

ETHP3+WHMP3*

VAUX3+INDEF3Q+XDQ+M+MOB3.

Q3Q=QQFR3+OF+DFDK3+AJNP3.

Q3QFR=Q3Q+PRED3.

3RELP=EE3POS+SB3+RELOB3»EF3POS+SB3+DO+RELOB3»

ETHP3+WHCL3XB»

EE3POS+INDEF30+XDQ+RELOB3.

Q3VP=VAUX3+SR3+V+VOB3»VAUX3+SB3+DQ+V+VOB3»

ETHP3+WHV3,

VAUX3+INDEF3Q+XDQ+V+VOB3.

RAK=* RAK*»* NIH*.

RE = * WITH REGARD TO*,* WITH RESPECT TO*.

REL=RLV+PORLV,RLVD.

RELAB=RELABC,RELABV,RLVACSPAB»RLVBA.

RELABC=RLVACAGNC,RLDS»XVPLC.

RELABV*RLVAAE+RLVAAF,XVPLV.

RELAB1=RELAB1C,RELAB1V,RLVACSPAB.RLVBA.

RELAB1C=RLVACAGNC»XVPLC.

RELAB1V=RELABV.

RELOBA=REL+N123»REL+MARK.

REL0B1=REL+N123»REL+MARK»RELAB1+XN123.

RELOB2 = REL+N123»RLVI-t-N2»REL + MARK,RELAB + XN123.

RELOB2 2=RLVI+N2,RELOBA.

RELOB3=REL+N123,REL+MARK,RELAB+XN123.

RELPlNEG»EElNEG+RELOBl»EElNEG+DTNEGA+RELOBl,EElPOS+DTNEGB+RELOBlt

39
PLACEBO IV

RELPlPOS=EElPOS+RELOBl.

RELP2NEG=EE2NEG+RELOB2.

RELP2POS=EE2POS+RELOB2.

RELP3NEG=EE3NEG+RELOB3.

RELP3POS=EE3POS+RELOB3.

RLDS=RLDSA,RLDSB.

RLDSA=RLDSANA+AP,RLDSANB+AJFIXED,RLDSANC+AJFIXE,RLDSANC+AJFIXED,

RLDSANA=* FAR*.

RLDSANAA=RLDSANA,RLDSAND.

RLDSANACPV=RLDSANAA+AJFIXTHER.

RLDSANB=* DISPERSE.

RLDSANC=* SEPARATE.

PLDSAND=* FUR*.

RLDSB=RLDSBNA+AJFIXE.

RLDSBNA=* DENC*.

RLDSCPV=RLDSANACPV+AP,RLDSBNA+ER,MR+RLDSANB+AJFIXED»

MR+RLDSANC+AJFIXE,LS+RLDSANB+AJFIXED,LS+RLDSANC+AJFIXE.

RLV=RLVA»RLVB,RLVC»RLVE»RLVF»RLVG»

RLVH.

RLVA=RLVAA,RLVAB,RLVAC.

RLVAA = RLVAAA+RLVAAB,RI_VAAC+RLVAAD.

RLVAAA=* IN*.

RLVAAB=X»RLVAAD.

RLVAAC=* OUT*.

RLVAAD=*SIDE*,*SIDE OF*.

RLVAB=VEDA+IN,VEDB+BY»VEIV+OF.PRT+OF.

RLVAC=RLVACA,RLVACB.

RLVACA=RLVACAGN,RLVACSP.

RLVACAGN=RLVACAGNA,RLVACAGNB.

RLVACAGNA^* NEXT TO*,* NEAR*,* TANGENT TO*.

R L VAC AGNB=VTCH+AJFI XING.

RLVACB=RLVACBGN,RLVACSP.

RLVACBGN=RLDSANA+AWAY.

RLVAC5P=RLVDIRN,RLVDIRE,RLVDIRS,RLVDIRW.

RLVB=RLVB1 ,RLVB2.

RLVB1=DERITH1+AWAY.

RLVB2=DERITH2+AWAY.

RLVC=CPV+THAN.

RLVD=BU+RLDSANACPV+AWAY+OBAWAY+THAN+FROM.

RLVDIRE=RLVDIREGN,RLVDIRESP.

RLVDIREGN=* TO THE RIGHT OF*.

RLVDIRESP=PREPDIR+CLCE+CLC+FR0M.

RLVDIRN=RLVDIRNGN,RLVDIRNSP.

RLVDIRNGN=* ABOVE*,* OVER*.

RLVDIRNSP=PREPDIR+CLCN+CLC+FROM.

40
PLACEBO V

EE1NEG+CMSJCM+RELOB1.

RELP1POS=EE1POS+RELOB1»EE1POS+DTPOS+RELOB1»EE1POS+DSJPOS+RELOB1

.

RELP2NEGsEE2NEG+RELOB2»EE2NEG+DTNEGA+RELOB2»EE2POS+DTNEGB+RELOB2»

EE2NEG+CMSJCM+RFLOB2.

RELP2POS=EE2POS+RELOB2*EE2POS+DTPOS+RELOB2»EE2POS+DSJPOS+RELOB2.

RELP3NEG=EE3NEG+RELOB3#EE3NEG+DTNEGA+RELOB3»

EE3POS+DTNEGB+RELOB3»EE3NEG+CMSJCM+RELOB3«

RELP3POS=EE3POS+RELOB3»EE3POS+DTPOS+RELOB3»EE3POS+OSJPOS+RELOB3.

RGO=* ERGO*.

RLDS=RLD5A»RLDSB.

RLDSA=RLDSANA+AP,RLDSANA+MAW,RLDSANB+AJFIXED»

RLDSA.NC+AJFIXEtRLDSANC+AJFIXED.

RLDSANA=* FAR*.

RLDSANAA=RLDSANA,RLDSAND.

RLDSANACPV=RLDSANAA+AJFIXTHFR.

RLDSANB=* DISPERS*.

RLDSANO* SEPARAT*.

RLDSAND=* FUR*.

RLDSB=RLDSBNA+AJFIXE.

RLDSBNA=* DENC*.

RLDSCPV=RLDSANACPV+AP»RLDSBNA+ER»MR+RI_DSANB+AJFIXED,

MR+RLDSANC+AJFIXE,LS+RLDSANB+AJFIXED,LS+RLDSANC+AJFIXE.

Rl_V = RLVA,RLVB,RLVC,RLVE,RLVF,RLVG,

RLVH.

RLVA=RLVAA,RLVAB,RLVAC.

RI_VAA = RLVAAA+RLVAAB,RLVAAC+RLVAAD.

RLVAAA=* IN*.

RLVAAB=X,RLVAAD.

RLVAAC=* OUT*.

RLVAAD = *SIDF*,*MDE OF*.

RLVAAE=RLVAAA,RLVAAC.

RLVAAF=*SIDE*.

RLVAB=VEDA+IN,VFDR+BY,VEIV+OF,PRT+OF.

PLVAC=RLVACA,RLVACB.

RLVACA=RLVACAGN,RLVACSP.

RLVACAGM=RLVACAGNA,RLVACAGNB.

RLVACAGNA=* NEXT TO*,* NEAR*,* TANGENT TO*.

RLVACAGNB=VTCH+AJFIXING.

RLVACAGNC=* NEARBY*,* TANGENT*.

RLVACB=RLVACBGN,RLVACSP.

RLVACBGN=RLD5ANA+AWAY.

RLVACSP=RLVDTRN,RLVDIRE»RLVDIRS,RLVDIRW.

RLVACSPAB=SCYLLA,CHARYBDIS.

RLVB=RLVB1 ,RLVB2.

RLVBA=DERITH+MAW.

RLVB1=DERITH1+AWAY.

RLVB2=DERITH2+AWAY.

RLVC=CPV+THAN.

RLVD=BU+RLDSANACPV+AWAY+OBAWAY+THAN+FROM.

RLVDIRE = RLVDIREGN,RI_VDIRESP.

RLVDIREGN=* TO THE RIGHT OF*.

RLVDIRESP=PREPDIR+CLCE+CLC+FROM.

RLVDIRN=RLVDIRNGN,PLVDIRNSP.

RLVDIRNGN=* ABOVE*,* OVER*.

RLVDIRN5P=PREPDIR+CLCN+CLC+FR0M.

41
PLACEBO IV

RLVDIRS=RLVDIRSGN»RLVDIRSSP.

RLVDIRSGN=* BELOW*.* UNDER*,* UNDERNEATH*.

RLVDIR5SP=PREPDIR+CLCS+CLC+FROM.

RLVDIRW=RLVDIRWGN»RLVDIRWSP.

RLVDIRWGN=* TO THE LEFT OF*.

RLVDIRWSP=PREPDIR+CLCW+CLC+FROM.

RLVE=AS+AJNCT+AS.

RLVF=NBRT+AS+AJNCT+AS.

RLVG=AJREL+FROM.

RLVH=* COMPOSED OF*,* ANALYZABLE INTO*,* BASED ON*,* DERIVED FROM*.

RLVI=AS+RLDS+AS,RLDSCPV+THAM.

RSPT1=XAV+NRSPT1.

RSPT2=RSPT1 .LYZMSTT2AA.

SB1=PR0N1.N1.

SB2=PRON2,N2.

SB3=PRON3»N3.

SPQP=RLVAAA,RLVAAC.

42
PLACEBO V

RLVDIRS=RLVDIRSGN»RLVDIRSSP.

RLVDIRSGN=* BELOW*,* UNDER*,* UNDERNEATH*.

RLVDIRSSP=PREPDlR+CLCS+CLC+FROM.

RLVDIRW=RLVDIRWGN,RLVDIRWSP.

RLVDIRWGN=* TO THE LEFT OF*.

RLVDIRWSP=PREPDIR+CLCW+CLC+FROM.

RLVE=AS+AJNCT+AS.

RLVF=NBRT+AS+AJNCT+AS.

RLVG=AJREL+FROM.

RLVH=* COMPOSED OF*,* ANALYZABLE INTO*,* BASED ON*,* DERIVED FROM*.

RLVI=AS+RLDS+AS,RLDSCPV+THAN.

RSPT1=XAV+NRSPT1.

RSPT2=RSPT1,LYZMSTT2AA.

RSVP=IS+IT+XDQ+SAJJD+THT+STTTT.

SAJD=SAJDB+DFXLY,SAJDA,SAJDC+DFXY,SAJDD+DFXLY,SAJDE+DFXLY.

SAJDA=* DOUBTLESS*.

SAJDB=* CLEAR*,* CERTAIN*,* PLAIN*,* OBVIOUS*,* EVIDENT*,* MANIFEST*.

SAJDC=* INDISPUTABL*.

SAJDD=* UNDOUBTED*.

SAJDE=* TRU*.

SAJJD=SAJDB»SAJDC+AJFIXE*SAJDE+AJFIXE.

SAJS=SAJSA..

SAJSA=IT+IS+XD+SAJJD+THT.

SB1=PR0N1,N1.

SB1NEG = N11HNG+P01.

SB2=PRON2»N2.

SB2NEG=N2QFARNEG+P02.

SB3=PRON3»N3.

SB3NEG=N333NG+P03.

SCHUYLKILL=CM+SJSJ.

SCJA=SCJAA,SCJAB.

SCJAA=SCJAAA,SCJAAB,SCJAAC,SCJAAF.

SCJAAA=* STILL*.

SCJAAB=* OF COURSE*,* AT ANY RATE*** IN ANY CASF*.

SCJAAC=SCJAAD,SCJAAD+SCJAAA.

SCJAAD=* BUT*.

SCJAAE=* HOWEVER*.

SCJAAF=* NEVERTHELESS*.

SCJAB=SCJAAA,SCJAAE.

SCJB=XSCJA+SAJSA,THS+IS+SCJJ,THS+IS+SOW+CJBEC.

SCJJ=CJBECAA,CJBECB.

SCYLLA=XIPE+TOTEC,TSPS.

SEMICOL=*/, *.

SJ=SCJA+XCM,SAJD+XCM,SAJS,SCJB.

SJSJ=SJSJSJ,SCJAAB,SCJAAE.

SJSJSJ=SCJAAA»SCJAAF.

SOA=* SO*.

SOW=SOA»SAJDE+AJFIXE.

SPGR=RLVAAA,RLVAAC.

STCMPD= IF + STMT+C JPLYA + STMT , NACX I T + STMT+CM + STM T

,

IFF+STMT+CJPLYC+STMT,

STMT+ERGO+STMT,

STMT+OGRE+STMT,

STMT+CJCM+STMT,

43
PLACEBO IV

5TMT=STTPOS»STTNEG«

STROF=*-*.

STTNEG = STTNEG1 >STTNEG2 »STTNEG3

.

STTNEG1=SB1+PRED1NEG.

STTNEG2=53 2+PRED2NEG.

STTNEG3=SB3+PRED3NEG«

STTP05=STTP0S1»STTP0S2»STTP0S3

STTPOSl=S51+PREDlPOS.

STTPOS2=SB2+PRED2POS.

STTPOS3=5B3+PRED3POS.

STTT=STMT+PT.

SYN=SYNN+POSYNN.

SYNN=CALL»PROSS» FORGE.

TH=*TH*.

THAN=* THAN*.

THOF=* THAT OF*.

TW=* TWICE*.

UNO = * ONE*.

V=VH»VCN.

VARRA=*

VARRB=* ARRAY*.

VARRC=* ORIENT*.

VAPRD=* POSITION*

VAUXl=DO+VFXES.

44
PLACEBO V

XCJEO+STMT+CJEOA+STMT*

STMT+XCM+UXMAL+STMT*

CJBECK+STMT+CM+STMT.

STMT=STTPOS»STTNEG.

STMTCJ=STCMPD+POCJ.

STMTSJ=SJ+STTTT,STTTT+SCHUYLKILL.

STROF=*-*.

STT=STMT»STMTCJ.

STTNEG=STTNEG1,STTNEG2,STTNEG3.

STTNEGl=SBl+PREDlNEG»THR+ETHRlPOS+NllllNG+WHCLlX»SBlNEG+PREDlPOSt

SB1+CMSJCM+PRED1NEG»SB1NEG+CMSJCM+PRED1P0S.

STTNEG2=SB2+PRED2NEG,THR+ETHR2POS+N?2 22NG+WHCL2X,

SB2+CMSJCM+PRED2NEG»SB2NEG+CMSJCM+PRED2POS»

THR+ETHR2NEG+N2 22 2A+WHCL2X.SB2NEG+PRED2POS.

STTNEG3=SB3+PRED3NEG,THR+ETHR3POS+N333NG+WHCL3X,

SB3+CMSJCM+PRED3NEGtSB3NEG+CMSJCM+PRED3POS»

THR+ETHR3NEG+N333A+WHCL3X.SB3NEG+PRED3POS.

STTPOS=STTPOSl»STTPOS2»STTPOS3.

STTP0S1=SB1+PRED1P0S,THR+ETHR1P0S+N1111+WHCL1X,

SB1+CMJJCM+PRED1POS.

STTPOS2=SB2+PRED2POS,THR+ETHR2POS+N2222+WHCL2X»

SB2+CMJJCM+PRED2POS.

STTPOS3=SB3+PRED3POS,THR+ETHR3POS+M33 3+WHCL3X,

SB3+CMJJCM+PRED3POS.

STTT=STMT+PT »STWTCJ+PT. STMTS J+PT,

STTTT = STMT,.C>TMTCJ.

SUR = * ON*.

SYN=SYNN+POSYNN.

SYNN=CALL,PROSS, FORGE.

TCLP=INDEF3Q*SB3.

TDAP=SB1, INDEF1Q.

jh=*TH*.

THAN=* THAN*.

THAT=* THAT*.

THENN=* THEN AND ONLY THEN*,* THENN*.

THESE=* THESE*.

THIS=* THIS*.

THOF=* THAT OF*.

THOSE=* THOSE*.

THR=* THERE*.

THRFR=* THEREFORE*,* THUS*.

THS=* THIS*.

THT=* THAT*.

TOTEC=ARINV+AJLGRLV.

TSPS=* ABOVE*,* BELOW*,* UNDERNEATH*.

TW=* TWICE*.

UAXACTUN=AJDTPOSB+DFXLY.

UMO=* ONE*.

NXMAL=IF,NACXIT,IFF.

V=VH,VCN,VINCL»VINCR,VEMBR,VHD,VPS,VBL+YTO.

VARRA=* ARRANGE*,* ALIGN*.

VARRB=* ARRAY*.

VARRC=* ORIENT*.

VARRD=* POSITION*.

VAUXl=DO+VFXES.

45
PLACEBO IV

VAUX2=DO.

VAUX3=DO+VFXES.

VCALL=* CALL UP*.

VEXTR=* EXTRACT*.

VCN = * CONTAIN*.

VEDA=VCN+AJFIXED,VINCL+AJFIXD.

VEDB=VNTR5CT+AJFIXED.

VEIV=VINCLBAB+AJFIXIVE.

VFIXE=*E*.

VFXES=*ES*. '• VFIXNEG1=VAUX1+N0T.

VFIXNEG2=VAUX2+NOT.

VFIXNEG3=VAUX3+NOT.

VFXS=*S*.

VFRG=* DRAW*,* DIAGRAM*,* CAJAL*.

VH=VHBAA+VHBAB.

VHBAA=* HA*.

VHBAB=*VE*.

VHQBAA=* HA*.

VHQBAB=*VE*.

VIMCL=VINCLBAA+VFIXE.

VINCL8AA=VINCLBAAA+VINCLBAAB.

VINCLBAAA=* INCLU*.

VINCLBAAB=*D*.

VINCLBAB=VINCLBAAA+VINCLBABB.

VINCLBABB=*S*.

VLIST=VVLIST+P0VVLISTA+P0VVLISTB.

VLYZA^* COUNT*.

VLYZAL=VLYZA,VLYZB+LYZMST+OF.

VLYZB=* FIND*.

VMARK=* PLACE*.

VMRK=VMARK+INDFRA+MRK.

VNTRSCT=* INTERSECT*.

VOBl = PRONl ,N1.

VOB2 = PRON2 ,PRDN2.

VOB2NEG=PRON2»PRDN2NEG.

VOB3=PRON3»PRDN3.

VOB3NEG=PRON3,PRDN3NEG.

VPOSYNN=* DISPLAY*,* STORE*,* HOLD*.

VPSVFXED=*ED*.

VP1NEG=V1NEG+V0B1 ,M1NEG+M0B1 ,HQ1NEG+HQ0B1

46
PLACEBO V

VAUX2=DO.

VAUX3=DO+VFXES.

VBL = * BELONG*.

VCALL=* CALL UP*.

VCN = * CONTAIN*.

VEDA=VCN+AJFIXED,VINCL+AJFIXD.

VFDB=VNTR^CT+AJFIXED.

VEIV=VINCLBAB+AJFIXIVE.

VEMBR=VEMBRBA+VFIXE.

VEMBRBA=* EMBRAC*.

VEXTR=* EXTRACT*.

VFIXE=*E*.

VFIXNEG1=VAUX1+N0T.

VFIXNEG2=VAUX2+NOT.

VFIXNEG3=VAUX3+NOT.

VFRG=* DRAW*,* DIAGRAM*,* CAJAL*.

VFXED=*ED*. x VFXES=*E5*.

VFXS=*S*.

VG=* GROUP*.

VH=VHBAA+VHBAB.

VHBAA=* HA*.

VHBAB=*VE*.

VHD=* HOLD*.

VHQBAA=* HA*.

VHQBAB=*VE*.

VINCL=VINCLBAA+VFIXF.

VINCLBAA=VINCLBAAA+VINCLBAAP.

VINCLBAAA=* INCLU*.

VINCLBAAB=*D*.

VINCLBAB=VINCLBAAA+VINCLBABB.

VINCLBABB=*S*.

VINCR=VINCRBA+VFIXE.

VINCRBA=* IMCORPORAT*.

VLI5T=VVLIST+P0VVLISTA+P0VVLISTB.

VLYZA=* COUNT*.

VLYZAL=VLYZA,VLYZB+LYZMST+OF.

VLYZB=* FIND*.

VMARK=* PLACE*,* PUT*.

VMRK=VMARK+INDFRA+MRK.

VNTRSCT=* INTERSECT*.

VOBl=PRONl ,N]

.

VOB2=PRON2 ,PRDN2.

VOB2NEG=PRON2 ,PRDN2MEG.

VOB3 = PRON3 »PRDN3.

VOB3NEG=PRON3,PRDN3NEG.

VPLC=VCN+AJFIXED.

VPLV=VINCL+AJFIXD,VEDB.

VPLVING=VNTRSCT+AJFIXING,VElV+XOB.

VPOSYNN=* DISPLAY*,* STORE*,* HOLD*.

VPS=* POSSESS*.

VPSVFXED=*FD*.

VP1=VP1N,VP1P.

VP1N=V1NEG+V0B1.

VP1NEG = V1NEG+V0B1 ,M1-NEG + M0B1 ,HQ1NEG+HQ0B1

.

47
PLACEBO IV

VP1P0S=V1P0S+V0B1»M1P05+M0B1 , HOI POS+HQOB1

.

VP2NEG=V2NEG+VOB2NEG»M2NCG+MOB2NE6»HQ2NEG+HOOB2.

VP2POS=V2POS+VOB2»M2POS+MOB2»H02POS+HOOB2.

VP3NEG=V3NEG+VOB3NEG»M3NEG+MOB3NEG.HQ3NEG+HQOB3.

VP3POS=V3POS+VOB3»M3POS+MOB3»H03POS+HOOB3.

VTCH=* TOUCH*.

VVLIST=VVVLIST»VLYZA+AND+VVVLIST.

VVVLI5T=* LIST*.

VYZPROS=LYZAL,LYZSPEC.

V1NEG=VFIXNEG1+V.

V1P0S = VHBAA+VFX'S»VCN+VFXS.

V2NEG=VFIXNEG2+V.

V2POS=VH*VCN.

V3NEG=VFIXNEG3+V.

V3POS=VHBAA+VFXS»VCN+VFXS.

WATT=* MICRON*.

WH = * WHICH*.

WHCL1=WH+PRED1.

WHCL2=WH+PRED2.

WHCL3=WH+PRED3.

48
PLACEBO V

VP1P=V1P0S+V0B1.

VPlPOS = VlPOS + VOBl .MlPOS + MOtil , HQ 1 POS+HQOBl

.

VP2=VP2N,VP2P.

VP2N=V2NEG+VOB2.

VP2NEG=V2NEG+VOB2NEG»M2NEG+MOB2NEG»H02NEG+HQOP2.

VP2P=V2POS+VOB2.

VP2POS=V2POS+VOB2*M2POS+MOB2»HQ2POS+HQOB2.

VP3=VP3N,VP3P.

VP3N=V3NEG+VOB3.

VP3NEG=V3NEG+VOB3NEG,M3NEG+MOB3NEG.H03NEG+HQOB3.

VP3P = V3PO<;+VOB3.

VP3POS=V3POS+VOB3*M3POS+MOB3*HQ3POS+HOOB3.

VRM = * REMAIN*.* STAY*.

VTCH=* TOUCH*.

VVLIST=VWLIST*VLYZA+AND+VVVLIST.

VVVLIST=* LIST*.

VVYBA=*VAR*.

VYZPRO c =LYZAL.LYZSPFC.

V1NEG=VFIXNFG1+V.

V1P0S=VHBAA+VFXS,VCN+VFXS,VTNCL+VFXS,VINCR+VFXS,VEMBR+VFXS»

VHD+VFXS»VPS+VFXES»VBL+VFXS+YTO.

V2NEG=VFIXNEG2+V.

V2POS=VH»VCN»VINCL,VIMCR»VEMRR,VHD»VPS*VBL+YTO.

V3NEG=VFIXNEG3+V.

V3POS=VHBAA+VFXS,VCN+VFXS»VINCL+VFXS>VINCR+VFXS,VEMBR+VFXS,

VHD+VFXS,VPS+VFXES,VBL+VFXS+YTO.

WATT=* MICRON*.

WH=* WHICH*.

WHCLAJP1NEG=WH+AJP1NEG.

WHCLAJPlPOS=WH+AJPlPOS.

WHCLAJP2NEG=WH+AJP2NEG.

//HCLAJP?POS = WH+AJP2POS.

WHCLAJP3NEG=WH+AJP3NEG.

, -'HCLAJP3POS = l«'H + AjP3POS.

WHCLRELP1NG=WH+EE1NEG+REL0B1.

WHCLRELP1PS=WH+EE1P0S+REL0B1.

WHCLRELP2NG=WH+EE2NEG+REL0B2.

WHCLRELP2PS=WH+EE2P0S+REL0B2.

WHCLRELP3NG=WH+EE3NEG+RELOB3.

WHCLRELP3PS=WH+EE3POS+RELOB3.

WHCL1=WH+PRED1.

WHCL1X=WHCL1,MST,L0C,PEL0PA.

WHCL1XA=MST,L0C,WHCLAJP1P0S,WHCLAJP1NEG.

WHCL1XB = REL0B1

.

WHCLRFLP1PS , WHCLRELP1 NG.

WHCL2=WH+PRED2.

WHCL2X=WHCL2»MST,L0C,RFL0B22.

WHCL2XA=MST»L0C,WHCLAJP2P0S.WHCLAJP2NEG.

WHCL2XB=RELOB2»WHCLRELP2PS,WHCLRELP2NG.

WHCL3=WH+PRED3.

WHCL3X = WHCL3 »MST ,LOC ,RELOBA.

WHCL3XA=MST*LOC,WHCLAJP3POS,WHCLAJP3NEG.

WHCL3XB=RELOB3»WHCLRELP3PS,WHCLRELP3NG.

WHEP1=WH+EP1.

WHEP2=WH+FP2.

WHEP3=WH+EP3.

49
PLACEBO IV

WHOLE = * ENLARGE*,* CUSTER*,* TWIST*** SHRINK*.

WITH=* WITH*.

WMW = * CANT ANSWER*.

WOPOMU=PRNCBAE,PRNCBAG.

WRT1=RE+RSPT1.

WRT2=RE+RSPT2«

X = * *.

XAS=X,AS.

XAT=X,AT.

XAV=X»AV.

XEO=X,X,X,EO.

XNRSPT1A=X ,X»X»X»NRSPT1A+CM.

XSTTNEG=X,CM+STTNEG.

XSTTPOS=X»CM+STTPOS.

XTR=EXTR+POEXTR.

XWTL=X»WITH+DEFAR+LABL«

YES=* YES*.

Y INGDANG=*/*.

YN=YES+XSTTPOS,NO+XSTTNEG,WMW.

50
PLACEBO V

WHHQP1=WH+HQP1.

WHHQP2=WH+HQP2.

WHHOP3=WH+HOP3.

WHMP1=WH+MP1.

WHMP2=WH+MP2.

WHMP3=WH+MP3.

WHN = * WHENCE*** HENCE*.

WHOLE=* ENLARGE*,* CUSTER*,* TWIST*,* SHRINK*,* REDUCE*,

* SKETCH*,

* DARKEN*,* LIGHTEN*,* GRID*,* DEGRID*,* HEIGHTEN*.

WHV1=WH+VP1.

WHV2=WH+VP2.

WHV3=WH+VP3.

WITH=* WITH*.

WMW=* CANT ANSWER*,* PLEASE REPHRASE*.

WOPOMU=PRNCBAE,PRNCBAG.

WRT1=RE+RSPT1.

WRT2=RE+RSPT2.

X = * *.

XANADU=XAND+SOA+XlFT,WHN+XIFT.

XAND=X,AND.

XAS=X,AS.

XAT=X,AT.

XAV=X,AV.

XCJEO=X,CJEO.

XCM=X,CM.

XCMJJXCM=CM+DTPOSB+CM,DTPOSB.

XD=X,X,X,X,DTPOS.

XDNA=X,DTNEGA.

XDNB=X,DTNEGB.

XDO=X,X,DQ.

XEO=X,X,X,EO.

XHYN=X,HYN.

XIFT=X,IFT.

XIPE=PREPDIR,SUR.

XIU=CLR,AJCAAA,AJCAP,AJCB.

X JA=X, JA.

XJD=X, JD.

XJN=X,JN.

XNRSPT1A=X ,X,X,X,NRSPT1A+CM.

XN123=* *.

XOB=* *.

XSB=* *.

XSCJA=X,SCJA+XCM.

XSTMTCJ=X,SEMICOL+STMTCJ.

XSTTNEG=X,CM+STTNEG.

XSTTPOS=X,CM+STTPOS.

XT=XANADU,THPFR.

XTR=EXTR+POEXTR.

XVPLC=VPLC+XSB.

XVPLV=VPLV+XSB,VPLVING.

XWTL=X,WITH+DEFAR+LABL.

YES=* YES*.

YINGDANG=*/*.

YN=YES+XSTTPOS,YES+XSTMTCJ,NO+XSTTNEG,NO+XSTMTCJ,WMW»

51
PLACEBO IV PLACEBO V

Z = * *. YTO=* TO*.

Z = * *.

52
2 . Inclusion Properties Between Context-Free Grammars: Sketch .

Noam Chomsky has defined 'equivalence' properties as these may

obtain for a pair of grammars. Informally, two grammars "...will be

called weakly equivalent if they generate the same language; they will

be called strongly equivalent if they generate the same set of structural descriptions." These notions of equivalence have inspired my

present interest in notions of inclusion between two grammars. In

this paper, except where noted otherwise, I will state inclusion

properties only for Context-Free Grammars (CFG), as defined by

12 Chomsky , for only such grammars are my concern here. Moreover, I will present these properties in a rather informal style. At a later

time I expect to treat of inclusion properties more broadly and more

formally.

As in PLACEBO IV and V, I will use the symbol "=" in place of

the 'Chomsky Arrow', a "...finite, two-place, irreflexive and asymmetric

13 relation defined on certain strings..." ; this symbol may be read,

as Chomsky suggests, as "is rewritten as" or, equivalently, as "is

instantiated as". I will use the symbol "+" in place of the concatenation symbol 'W-j "+", then, is "...an associative and non-commutative

13

... operation on strings. c ." (I have adopted these two notational

conventions only for reasons of typing convenience.)

I will generally define inclusion relations between CFG as obtaining on an abstractive plane above that of the terminal or nonterminal symbols used by the individual grammars: that is, one grammar

10 B.K.Rankin III, R.A.Kirsch, and R.W.Hsu must receive some credit

for whatever accuracies may be found in this section.

11 Noam Chomsky, "Introduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural

Languages," in: Handbook of Mathematical Psychology , edited by R.L,

Luce, R.R.Bush, and E.Galanter; Volume II, pp. 269-321. The quoted

passage is on p. 297.

12 Ibid., pp.292ff. CFG are often called "simple phrase-structure"

grammars

.

13 Chomsky, loc.cit.

53
may in my usage include another (in one or another way) even though the

including and included grammars share no symbols. From this point of

view, structurally-isomorphic grammars or languages are identical: they

are simply "realphabetizations" each of the other. A grammar (or grammar

sub-part) 'X' will be said to be a "realphabetization" of another grammar

(or subpart) 'Y ' if an isomorphism can be stated for 'X' and 'Y' such

that every rule in 'X' is matched by a rule in ' Y', and vice-versa,

where one rule "matches" another if there is a one-to-one mapping,

symbol for symbol and connective for connective, of the one onto the

other; and where no symbols or connectives not identical in 'A' are identical in 'B', and vice-versa. Here, a "symbol" is a symbol of the

terminal or nonterminal vocabulary; a "connective" is "=" or "+"

.

Hereafter when I speak of a grammar ! B' being included in some grammar 'A' in some way, I will mean "'B' is included or some realphabetization of 'B' is included" unless otherwise specified.

2.1. Strong Inclusion.

A grammar 'B' will be said to be strongly included in a grammar

'A' if the set of rules comprising 'B' is a proper subset of the set

of rules comprising 'A'

.

In the exemplif icatory grammars which follow (where symbols from

the terminal vocabulary are given in lower-case), both 'B' and ' C are strongly- included in 'A 1 :

'A' b' •c

Q

= R Q

= R L = M

R = S R = S M = N

R = T S = u N = p

S = u

T = V

54
Note that it is only for convenience, in these grammars, that I mark symbols of the terminal vocabulary in any way; for any instancesymbol which never occurs as an instantiator (i.e. on the left side of

"=") is a terminal symbol. Thus, grammar 'D' is also strongly included

in 'A':

•D'

Q = R

R = S

2.2. Weak Inclusion.

A grammar 'B' will be said to be weakly included in some grammar

'A' if the set of strings generated by 'B' is a proper subset of the set

of strings generated by 'A' In the above examples, ' B', 'C, and 'D' are all weakly included

in 'A' .

2.3. Relations between Strong and Weak Inclusion .

'B' may be strongly included in 'A' but yet not weakly included;

'B 1 may be weakly Included in 'A' but not strongly included. Thus,

strong and weak inclusion are independent of each other.

B'

Q = R + R R=s

R = s

The rules of grammar 'B' are a proper subset of the rules of

grammar 'A'; however grammar 'A' generates only the string "ss", while

'B' generates only the string "s". So 'B', while strongly included in

'A', is not weakly included.

55
Q = R+s Q = R + W

Q = t R = u R = u + v W = v+s

Grammar 'A' generates the two strings "uvs" and "t"; grammar 'B' generates the string "uvs". However, it is not true that the set of

rules comprising 'B' is a proper subset of the rules comprising 'A 1 ; thus 'B', though weakly included, is not strongly included in 'A'.

There are one or two peculiar relations between strong and weak

inclusion which, even in this rather narrow treatment, deserve mention.

One relation is this: there are context-free languages which necessarily

have non-context-free languages as proper subsets: thus there are cases

of two grammars 'A' and 'B' where 'B' is necessarily weakly included in

'A' but cannot be strongly included (where we insist that both be CFG).

14

For, as Chomsky has pointed out, the language consisting of all and

only the strings (a b a ) is context-free; while the language

(aba / n=m) is not context free. But the latter (generated by 'B')

is a proper subset of the former (generated by 'A'), and in fact there

is no CFG 'A' which does not generate the language 'B'. Then 'B' must

be weakly- included in 'A', but cannot be strongly-included in 'A'.

A second peculiarity may be exemplified by these same 'A' and 'B' grammars. Of course, for some subsets of 'B' there can be devised CFG;

let us select one of these languages and call it ' Boi'. But all of the

strings generated by 'Ba' are also generated by any CFG 'A'. Then there

can be no CFG which unambiguously strongly includes any CFG for the

language ' Ba1 and the language 'A'.

2.4. Thorough Inclusion.

A slightly more useful notion of inclusion is provided by what I 14 Op.cit., p. 380.

15 Ibid., p. 367.

56
will call "thorough inclusion."

A grammar 'B' will be said to be thoroughly- included in some grammar 'A' if the set of sentences ( 4- 'set of strings') generated by

'B' is a proper subset of the set of sentences generated by 'A'.

My distinction between string and sentence appears to be

close to the distinction between "sentence" and "sentoid" made recently

1 fi by Katz and Postal. A string is a sequence of terminal symbols

regardless of what description it receives; while a sentence is such a string with a unique structural description associated with ( = imposed

on) it. Thus a sentence is syntactically univocal -- displays no con- structional homonymity -- while a s tring may be ambiguous, with respect

to a particular grammar which generates it, in that the same grammar may

also generate another string, isomorphic with the first, with a different

(non-identical) set of rules.

I would add only one additional note to this presentation. One

may also consider cases where grammars, in generating strings, impose

on them no structural description (sd) at all. Such cases of what we

might call "constructional anonymity" have little interest on their own

account, though they may involve pragmatic considerations of greater

weight. A constructionally-anonymous string may have an ancillary

property of " pseudoambiguity": when the string is given (as it generally

is) as just a sequence of terminal symbols, without intervening concatenation symbols, it may not be possible even to partition the string into

its proper terminals, if e.g. "d", "e", and "de" are, all three, possible

terminal symbols. Pseudoambiguity can be circumvented easily enough in

exemplif icatory grammars, but it can pose a real problem to programs for

recognizing written English, where the presented terminal strings contain

only spaces (rather than concatenative symbols) between words.

16 J. J. Katz and P.M. Postal, An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions (=Research Monograph #26), The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

1964; xi,178 pp. See also J.F.Staal's review: Foundations of Language

1.133-154 (1965).

57
2.5. Relations among Thorough, Strong, and Weak Inclusions.

It is clear that ' B

1 can be both strongly and weakly included

in 'A' without being thoroughly included.

R = S+S S = a+b+c

= D+c

S = a+b+c

D = a+b

'A 1 generates the strings "abc" and "abcabc"; 'B 1 generates "abc",

The rule in ' B' is included among those of 'A 1 . Yet 'B' and 'A' generate their common string "abc" in quite different ways: so 'B 1 , while both strongly and weakly, is yet not thoroughly included in 'A'.

On the other hand, if 'B' is thoroughly included in 'A 1 , then its

sentences are included; then its strings are included: so then 'B' is

also weakly included in 'A 1 . But if 'B 1 imposes on this set of strings

the same set of sd as is imposed by 'A 1 , it must do so by the same set

of rules: so ! B' must be strongly, as well as weakly, included in 'A',

if thoroughly included. Note especially that it is definitely not

enough for each sentence in 'B 1 to be individually isomorphic to some sentence in 'A' : the two sets must be isomorphic. I will not bother

to here, but it is quite easy to devise two grammars 'A' and ' B* such

that each one of the sentences of 'B' is matched isomorphically by a sentence in 'A', but where the sets of sentences of the two grammars,

due to failure to preserve realphabetizational symbol-identity, are not isomorphic.

2.6. Comment on Thorough Inclusion.

From the informal definitions given above, it is plain that it

would be relatively easy to devise a grammar for a large subset of all

58
e.g. French sentences, which would be thoroughly included in some gram- mar for a large subset of the set of all English sentences. In fact,

since PLACEBO IV is thoroughly included in PLACEBO V, it is possible to

"reterminalize" PLACEBO IV so that all lexical items are French ones

the resulting generations are largely gibberish, to be sure where the

product of such an operation is thoroughly included in PLACEBO V. More

seriously, both "French PLACEBO IV" and the English PLACEBO V could be

altered here and there, perhaps exclusively at the penterminal level,

so that the French microgrammar generated well-formed French sentences,

PLACEBO V generated only well-formed English sentences, and PLACEBO V

still thoroughly included PLACEBO IV. Or, if this could not quite be

done, two other large microgrammars might be constructed so as to be

related in this way. The relation "thorough inclusion", then, may

apply to some useful cross -language limited natural-language systems,

such as workers in Mechanical Translation may come to be interested in.

2.7. Radical Inclusion . We will say that a grammar 'B' is radically included in some grammar 'A 1 if 'B' is thoroughly included in 'A' and sentences structurally isomorphic in 'A' and 'B' are formally identical.

That is, the sentences in the two grammars which have identical

analyses and which are manifested as equivalent strings (identical

except for realphabetization), are identical in form (are not realphabetizations ).

This last is a slightly more trenchant notion than those preceding: for example, PLACEBO IV is radically included in PLACEBO V.

This is also a somewhat more practical notion, in that in practice -- technical "undecideability" aside -- it should be easier to determine

whether two grammars are related by radical inclusion than to determine

whether they are related merely by thorough inclusion. The generation

by 'B' of one string not identical in form to some string generated by

'A', suffices to rule out the radical inclusion of 'B' in 'A'.

Since radical inclusion subsumes and presupposes thorough inclu17 Checked manually.

59
sion, all remarks made above about the relations between thorough

inclusion on the one hand, and weak and strong inclusions on the other,

apply mutatis mutandis for radical inclusion.

Note, lastly, that the radical inclusion of 'B' in 'A' can never disambiguate 'B'; for inclusion can only preserve, compound, or create

ambiguity: never reduce it.

2.8. Manubrial Inclusion . We will say that a grammar 'B' is manubrial ly included in some grammar 'A' if 'B' is radically included and every pair of structurally

isomorphic symbols from 'A' and 'B', contains only symbols identical in

form.

Manubrial inclusion is of course the notion of least linguistic

interest, since from the point of view of Language the formal identity

of nonterminal symbols is of no consequence whatever, except perhaps

in some peripheral way (e.g. if the symbol-names are themselves to be

analyzed). But on the other hand manubrial inclusion is by far the

most practical notion advanced in these pages, since it is much the

easiest to test for; no elaborate algorithm need be pursued to ferret

out every possibility of realphabetization. For example, it is known

that PLACEBO IV is radically included in PLACEBO V only because IV is

manubrially included in V. Since all linguistic interest resides in radical inclusion,

rather than in manubrial inclusion, all of the following remarks on the

particulars of IV s inclusion in V, will deal with radical inclusion

only.

2.9. PLACEBO IV s Radical Inclusion within PLACEBO V . Now, after much ado about setting the scene, we consider the

effects of insisting that PLACEBO IV be radically included in PLACEBO V. 2.9.1. Why Bother?

It must be obvious, with no further discussion, that it would be

far easier to "base" PLACEBO V on IV in some relaxed way than to build

it so as to radically include IV. For the more rigorous demand is

60
tantamount to requiring that the microgrammarian never bury his mistakes

or even, as architects do, cover them with ivy. Every misguided or shortsighted decision made earlier, will be preserved; and will in many

cases be exposed more glaringly and be more troublesome. In which case,

it is reasonable to ask why anyone should take the trouble.

The answer is that a very real practical benefit can ensue. For

the writing of large microgrammars, where "large" equals 1,000 rules and

up, is a tedious and rather time-consuming affair; to build a 5,000-

8,000 rule microgrammar may take one or two years. If this microgrammar

is being constructed for some use or other -- say for an artificial

intelligence system -- then the microgrammar will be but one of several

components, ideally all being developed concurrently toward the common

end. Yet if any of those components must be made to "serve" or "be

served by" the microgrammar, such a component cannot be started till the

microgrammar is completed, unless some thought is given to concurrent

development. Clearly this microgrammar-bound component will be worthless if it is developed for a microgrammar -fragment which is superseded

as the microgrammar is expanded: either wholly superseded or superseded only partially but in a haphazard manner. For concurrent development of mutually-dependent components, all of the matched parts must be

incorporated into matched wholes; each microgrammar must be radically

included in the next one. Or close to it, at least: the exceptions to

the preservation of radical inclusion must be few enough to be conveniently kept track of.

In the aforementioned ITSELF artificial-intelligence system the

last PLACEBO will be tied to at least one other component, in all

probability: this is the algorithm which translates PLACEBO -analyzed

sentences into machine-instructions and the like. Another PLACEBObound component will be the "iconic microgrammar" discussed briefly in

Lipkin, Watt, and Kirsch, op. cit . It is imperative that such components

be begun relatively early-on: imperative, then, that there can be built

partial components for PLACEBO IV which can be incorporated into larger

partial components (or be of service unchanged) for PLACEBO V, e.g.

61
2.9.2. The Risk of Ambiguity . The primary risk run in radically including one microgrammar in

another, is of course that in the process of so doing unwanted ambiguities

may creep in. This danger is widely recognized among computational

linguists, to such an extent in fact that it has been suggested that

radical inclusion is in the main an impractical goal. Yet I think it

unlikely that any microgrammar and its generated language will be such

that a desired including language will demand a microgrammar which, if

it is to include the smaller algorithm, must necessarily be ambiguous.

So that the problem is not formal but pragmatic: and insuring against

spurious ambiguity merely entails extensive watchfulness.

However, a successful attempt to avoid unwanted ambiguities may

have a secondary effect: the including microgrammar may have to go to

such lengths to avoid some ambiguities that its list of rules is

artificially increased, and greatly so. We might justly call this

phenomenon one of "inflation"; and assuredly PLACEBO V is "inflated"

in this sense.

Let us pass to an example.

On page 36, above, the following rule may be found:

Q1RELP = EE1P0S + SBl + REL0B1

.

On the facing page 37, we find the PLACEBO V expansion of this

rule:

Q1RELP = EE1P0S + SBl + REL0B1 , EE1P0S + SBl + DQ + REL0B1 , EE1P0S + INDEF1Q + XDQ + REL0B1 , ETHP1 + WHCL1XB.

The first segment of the PL/V rule simply preserves the whole of

the corresponding PL/IV rule. The second segment preserves the same PL/IV rule, but adds a new element: "DQ" . The third segment preserves

some of the PL/IV rule, but adds an element "XDQ", while substituting

"INDEF1Q" for "SBl". The fourth segment is wholly new. The symbol "EE1P0S" instantiates immediately as "is"; "SBl" will

eventually instantiate as a noun or as a pronoun: "this", "that", or "this/that/the (+ADJECTIVE) thing". "REL0B1" instantiates eventually

as one of a large set of RELative OBjects, e.g. "next to the ".

62
"DQ" will instantiate as one of the adverbs that can occur (in

this position) in a question. But "XDQ" instantiates either as "DQ" or

as "X"; and "X", the "overt deletion penterminal" , in effect deletes

this node entirely, so that entering the "XDQ'' node is equivalent to

being presented with a choice between continuing into "DQ" or halting.

Any rule "A=B+XDQ+C", then, is equivalent in effect to the two rules

"A=B+C" and "A=B+DQ+C" . This "X-rule" method of compressing two rules

into one, where the two rules differ only in that one includes an extra

symbol, has been used in part of the "QlRELP" rule cited above, i.e. in

the instance "EE1P0S+INDEF1Q+XDQ+REL0B1" . Thus the symbol "XDQ" has

been brought into being, to serve wherever either the presence or absence of "DQ" is allowable. Yet "XDQ" cannot be used throughout the

"QlRELP" rule for this purpose. The absence of "DQ" has already been

taken care of in the string brought (forcibly) over from PLACEBO IV -- "EE1P0S+SB1+REL0B1" . If now the next string in this (PL/V) rule were

given as "EE1P0S+SB1+XDQ+REL0B1" -- which seems reasonable enough in

light of the previously-cited use of "XDQ" -- then all of the

"EE1P0S+SB1+. ..+REL0B1" eventual strings (i.e. omitting any "DQ") would

have two derivations: one from the "X" choice offered by "XDQ"; one from the absence of any "DQ" -instantiating symbol in the three-symbol

string. Since such an ambiguity is intolerable, the "QlRELP" rule must

be given as cited, with two instanced strings included where one "XDQ"-

containing instanced string would, if PLACEBO IV had not intruded, have

done as well. It is just such considerations as this which "inflate" an including microgrammar

.

It is not always so easy to forestall ambiguities of the kind just

discussed; in the final analysis they are best guarded against by constant recourse to mechanical parsing of submitted sentences: the

ambiguities thus diagnosed can be struck out as discovered. I do not

yet have a practical mechanical parser for the PLACEBO microgrammars, so

it would be foolish of me to claim that PLACEBO V has no unwanted

ambiguities built into it.

63
2.10. A Practical Alternative to Radical Inclusion . In view of the disadvantages of radical inclusion strictly con- strued, an alternative proposal might be welcome: a proposed method of

letting work on microgrammar-bound programs proceed concurrently, with

its future usefulness guaranteed, while freeing the microgrammarian

from the constraints of radical inclusion. From what has been said

above, it is clear that this "guarantee" and this "freedom" can only

be relative; a compromise with radical inclusion, then, will be acceptable only to the extent that the microgrammarian' s coworkers show themselves willing to redo some portion of their work. "Partial radical

inclusion" -- the informal property being discussed here -- must be

part of a 'social contract'; I see no hope at present of defining it

very exactly, or of predicting the scope of coworkers' tolerance.

In any case, PLACEBO V will only be partially radically-included

in PLACEBO VI (now a-building); we will see whether anything can be

learned from this experience; and if learned, communicated.

3. Sentences from Random Production.

A microgrammar may or may not have "closure" with respect to some natural language, e.g. English. A microgrammar which is completely

closed in this sense generates only sentences of e.g. English, all with

18

their correct structural descriptions. Now, it has been said many times

that English is beyond the strong generative capacity of the Context-Free

model: but obviously there are subsets of English which are within CF

19

strong generative capacity^ and there are even larger subsets of

English which are clearly within CF weak generative capacity. Thus

there may be built CF microgrammars which are closed with respect to

English. If in this regard we distinguish between "strong" and

"weak" closure — the meaning of which terms is obvious in the present

context -- then we may say that there may be built microgrammars which

are both weakly and strongly closed.

18 See e.g. Chomsky, op . cit . , pp.297 ff.

19 Ibid.

64
PLACEBO V generates many terminal strings whose assigned structural descriptions would rightly be labeled inadequate with respect to

any acceptable full-scale grammar of English. (Prenominal adjectival

20 strings are an example of such inadequacy) . Thus, this microgrammar

plainly falls short of strong closure. The case for weak closure is

often harder to make out, for here we run afoul of the question of

grammatical ity: what terminal (printed) strings are so grossly malformed that no assigned structural description can make them into

English sentences? Generally, PLACEBO V is much closer to achieving

weak closure than to achieving strong closure -- this is hardly sur- prising -- ; but there are many "borderline" strings generated by this

microgrammar, and some which to me seem to overstep the border into

ungrammaticality . Such a string as: "Are there always any neurons near the astrocyte?"

seems clearly beyond the pale, due to the requirement in English that

strongly-positive questions (e.g. any question containing "always")

21 employ "some" instead of "any" . Yet it is far easier to let PL/V

generate a large set of questions containing "always", nearly all of

which are well-formed, than to make it generate all of that set less the

few which are malformed. So that PLACEBO V has been left somewhat

22

short of complete weak closure.

20 Chomsky takes up the similar problem of coordinated predicate

adjectives on pp. 298-9, op

.

cit . The question of whether the artificial-intelligence deictic situation can compensate for lack of strong closure, will be taken up in

a later paper.

21 Of course this is far from a complete description of the named

effect

.

22 It is my hope -- it may be a vain one -- that the sentences actually submitted to any artificial intelligence device using PLACEBO V will

be largely such as to receive correct structural descriptions, perhaps

in a less-than-global meaning of "correct". (That is, they may be

acceptable in the limited context though still not exactly the sd one would want a "quasi-complete" grammar to assign.) For example, prenominal adjectival strings containing only two adjectives are more correctly analyzed than are such strings containing three or more

adjectives. It may be possible, moreover, to construct a limited

context-sensitive device to peruse context-free analyses and improve

them where needed.

65
Generative closure is most easily gaged by examining the results

of computer-production from the rules of the microgrammar . A "random

generation" routine (more properly, "random production") for producing

23 sentences from grammatical rules has been amply described by Yngve ; and a particular such routine, as applied to PLACEBO IV, has also been

24 described. That same routine, as adapted for larger microgrammars by

25

R. W. Hsu , has been used to produce the sentences from PLACEBO V

which follow on the next few pages, each with its accompanying "trace"

of generation. These "traces" show how the sentence in view is

generated from the rules of PLACEBO V -- i.e. how the computer produced

the sentence --; working through four or five of these "traces", for

anyone who has the patience, is the easiest way to become familiar with

the microgrammar. Full instructions for reading these "traces" are offered in the PLACEBO IV paper; here let it suffice to point out that

every symbol preceding the symbol "///" is penterminal, and is matched

by a terminal symbol (without flanking asterisks) in the string itself;

each symbol is preceded by "///" or by the symbol which instantiates it,

if any.

23 Yngve described "random generation" in "The Depth Hypothesis",

Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium in Applied Mathematics , ed . Roman

Jakobson, Providence: 1961; and in "Random Generation of English

Sentences", 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of

Languages and Applied Language Analysis , Volume I; London: 1962; and

again in "Final Report to the National Science Foundation", Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics,

Cambridge: 1965.

24 Computer Programs for Processing Phrase Structure Grammars , by

Donald Cohen, Walter Sillars, Richard B. Thomas, National Bureau of

Standards Technical Report 8161; 1964; and also in the previouslyreferenced paper on PLACEBO IV.

25 To be reported on in a future publication.

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