The NBS Daylight Availability

Database

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Building Physics Division

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

July 1984

Prepared for Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Port Hueneme, California 93043

National Fenestration Council

3310 Harrison St.

Topeka, KS 66611

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

U.S. Navy

Washington, DC 20390

Directorate of Civil Engineering

U.S. Air Force

j. Washington, DC 20330

100

,U56

34-2859

1984

and

Office of Chief of Engineers

U.S. Army

Washington, DC 20314

NBSIR 84-2859

THE NBS DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY

DATABASE

S. Treado

G Gillette

W. Remmert

J. Bean

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Building Physics Division

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

July 1984

Prepared for Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Port Hueneme, California 93043

National Fenestration Council

3310 Harrison St.

Topeka, KS 6661

1

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

U.S. Navy

Washington, DC 20390

Directorate of Civil Engineering

U.S. Air Force

Washington, DC 20330

and

Office of Chief of Engineers

U.S. Army

Washington, DC 20314

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director

ABSTRACT

This report presents a database containing hourly measurements of solar

radiation, illumination, sky luminance and ambient air temperature for an entire composite year. The measurements were made at the National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland (77° west longitude, 38°5 north latitude).

Both instantaneous hourly and integrated average hourly measurements are included,

as are daily, monthly and annual averages and totals. For each measured quantity,

a histogram of the distribution of the data is presented for the year. The

data measurement, collection and analysis system is described.

Key words: daylight availability, irradiance, luminance, sky illuminance,

solar radiation, weather data

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES v

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS 2

2.1 Measured Parameters 2 2.2 Measurement System 6

2.3 Data Analysis and Checking 6

3. DISCUSSIONS OF DATABASE 9

3.1 Data Distribution Histograms 10

3.2 Database Printout 11

4. SUMMARY 12

5. REFERENCES

13

APPENDIX A. DAYLIGHT! NG DATABASE A-l

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1 . Sensor Types 3

Table 2. List of Database Parameters 4

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. NBS Daylighting Laboratory 14

Figure 2. Luminance sensor array 15

Figure 3. Diffuse illuminance and irradiance sensors 16

Figure 4. Vertical illuminance and irradiance sensors 17

Figure 5. Global irradiance sensor 18

Figure 6. Definitions of solar angles 19

Figure 7. Data distribution histogram for zenith luminance (LZ) ... 20

Figure 8. Data distribution histogram for north luminance (LN) .... 21

Figure 9. Data distribution histogram for east luminance (LE) 22

Figure 10. Data distribution histogram for south luminance (LS) .... 23

Figure 11. Data distribution histogram for west luminance (LW) 24

Figure 12. Data distribution histogram for north irradiance (SN) ... 25

Figure 13. Data distribution histogram for south irradiance (SS) ... 26

Figure 14. Data distribution histogram for east irradiance (SE) .... 27

Figure 15. Data distribution histogram for west irradiance (SW) .... 28

Figure 16. Data distribution histogram for global illuminance (IZ) .. 29

Figure 17. Data distribution histogram for south illuminance (IS) .. 30

Figure 18. Data distribution histogram for east illuminance (IE) ... 31

Figure 19. Data distribution histogram for west illuminance (IW) ... 32

Figure 20. Data distribution histogram for north illuminance (IN)... 33

v
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Page

Figure 21. Data distribution histogram for diffuse illuminance

(ID) 34

Figure 22. Data distribution histogram for global irradiance

( SRT) 35

Figure 23. Data distribution histogram for diffuse

irradiance (SRD) 36

Figure 24. Data distribution histogram for cloud ratio (CR) 37

Figure 25. Data distribution histogram for outdoor

temperature (TO) 38

Figure 26. Data distribution histogram for direct normal (beam)

illuminance (IBN) 39

Figure 27. Data distribution histogram for direct normal (beam)

irradiance (SBN) 40

Figure 28. Data distribution histogram for atmospheric

extinction coefficient El 41

Figure 29. Data distribution histogram for atmospheric

extinction coefficient E2 42

Figure 30. Data distribution histogram for downward transfer

ratio TR1 43

Figure 31. Data distribution histogram for downward transfer

ratio TR2 44

vi
1. INTRODUCTION

Weather data has been collected and compiled at many locations, for many

years. Such information is used for a variety of purposes, including weather

predictions, aviation and agricultural forecasts. However, building

designers need special types of weather data to evaluate the thermal and energy

performance of buildings. Information regarding solar radiation, daylight illumination and outdoor air temperature is essential for the effective analysis of

building envelopes, the optimum use of fenestration, and accurate analyses of

building energy performance. In some instances, typically for worst-case or design day purposes, single values are used for the pertinent weather parameters.

Examples of this would be a minimum or average outdoor air temperature to

calculate heat transfer through a portion of a building envelope or calculating

interior daylight levels assuming an overcast sky. While single-valued weather

data are useful, accurate analysis of building energy performance and optimum

design of building components requires data which describes the dynamic nature

of weather parameters over an annual period. Hourly data is frequently sufficient

for this purpose.

Most standard weather stations collect a limited menu of climatic parameters,

some including global total solar irradiance on a horizontal surface, outdoor

air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and amount

of cloud cover [1]. These weather data are available from the National Climatic

Center [2] and various other sources including computer time-sharing services.

The standard weather data sources lack some detailed information required for

building design, such as data for radiant and visible energy incident upon

horizontal and vertical surfaces, luminance distribution of the sky dome, and

measurements of cloud conditions. In particular, sky luminance and illuminance

data are required for calculating interior daylight levels, and vertical

irradiance data is required for determining fenestration heat transfer. Only

by considerating the heating, cooling and lighting effects of fenestration

options can building designers determine the most effective utilization of

fenestration.

This report contains a record of irradiance, sky illuminance, luminance and

outdoor air temperature measurements over a one-year period. Twenty eight

climate and solar parameters are presented on an hourly basis. Two groups

of data are presented: integrated average hourly data and the corresponding instantaneous hourly data. Also included are daily totals and

averages, monthly averages and annual averages. For each measured quantity, a histogram of the distribution of the data is presented for the year.

The majority of the data was collected during 1982, however entire days with

missing data due to equipment failure have been replaced with data from the same date from either 1981, 1983, or 1984. The measurements were made at the Daylight Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland (suburb

of Washington, D.C.), 77° west longitude 38°5' north latitude (see figure 1.).

The following sections describe the measured parameters, data measurement and

analysis system, followed by the database.

1
2. DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS

2.1 MEASURED PARAMETERS

Measurements were made of diffuse and global irradiance, and diffuse and global

illuminance on a horizontal surface, global irradiance and illuminance on vertical

surfaces (north-, south-, east- and west-facing), sky luminance at five locations

(15° solid angle spots), and exterior air temperature. Table 1 describes the sensors used for the measurements. A complete list of the measured parameters,

sensor types and related information is shown in table 2.

It should be noted that the alphanumenic codes associated with each measured

parameter do not correspond to any particular nomenclature but rather are

taken directly from the names of the FORTRAN variables used for data processing.

This provides for consistency among the equations in the text of the report and

the printout of the database. FORTRAN is limited to upper-case variable names,

with no provisions for subscripts. Table 2 includes a description of each

measured parameter and the associated code.

A general description of sensor types and characteristics follows.

a) Sky Luminance - Luminance is the luminous intensity of a surface in a given

direction per unit of projected area of the surface as viewed from that

direction. Luminance was measured using photovoltaic silicon cells,

with photometric filters and 15° solid angle f ield-of-view. One sensor was centered on zenith (LZ) and each of four other sensors was centered at 42°

elevation, due north (LN), east (LE), south (LS) and west (LW). A

photograph of the luminance sensor array is shown in figure 3.

b) Illuminance - Illuminance is the density of luminous flux (weighted by eye

response) incident on a surface. Illuminance was measured using photovoltaic silicon cells, with photometric filters and cosine diffusers.

Global illuminace (IZ) was measured on a horizontal surface from an unobstructed

sky hemisphere. Diffuse illuminance (ID) on a horizontal surface was measured using a shading band (see figure 3). Corrections for the portion

of sky obstructed by the shading band were made using manufacturer's data.

Direct normal illuminance (IBN) was determined by subtracting diffuse from

global illuminance and dividing by the sine of the solar altitude,

( 1 )

where

SALT = solar altitude

SALT = arc sin [sin L sin D + cos L cos D cos (12-T)15]

L = site latitude

D = solar declination = 0.4093 sin [2JL (J+284)] (3)

( 2 )

365

2
Table 1 . Sensor Types

Type A) Luminance - Photovoltaic silicon cell with 15° solid angle lens

and photometric filter (which follows the standard spectral eye

response curve [3])

Type B) Irradiance - Photovoltaic silicon cell with cosine corrected

diffuser and radiometric filter (flat response 450-950 nm

spectral range), hemispherical f ield-of-view

Type C) Illuminance - Photovolatic silicon cell with cosine corrected

diffuser and photometric filter, hemispherical f ield-of-view

Type D) Irradiance - Pyranometer, thermopile type (flat response 300-

3000 nm spectral range), hemispherical f ield-of-view

Type E) Temperature - Copper-constantan thermocouple, with radiation

shield

3
Code

Table 2. List of Database Parameters

Parameter Sensor Type*

Measurement"*

- Units

Maximum

Uncertainty

1 LZ Zenith luminance A cdm”2 + 3%

2 LN North luminance A cdm“2 + 3%

3 LE East luminance A cdm“2 + 3%

4 LS South luminance A cdm“2 + 3%

5 LW West luminance A cdm“2 + 3%

6 SALT Solar altitude - degrees -

7 SAZ Solar azimuth - degrees -

8 STIM Solar time - hours -

9 SN North vertical irradiance B wm~2 + 8%

10 ss South vertical irradiance B wm~2 + 8%

11 SE East vertical irradiance B wm“2 + 8%

12 SW West vertical irradiance B wm~2 + 8%

13 IZ Global horizontal illuminance C lux + 3%

14 IS South vertical illuminace C lux + 3%

15 IE East vertical illuminance C lux + 3%

16 IW West vertical illuminance C lux + 3%

17 IN North vertical illuminance C lux + 3%

18 ID Diffuse horizontal illuminance C lux + 5%

19 SRT Global horizontal irradiance D wm”2 + 4%

20 SRD Diffuse horizontal irradiance D wm~2 + 6%

21 CR Cloud ratio - - +10%

22 TO Ambient air temperature E °F + PH O

00 o • 23 I BN Direct normal illuminance - lux + 8%

24 SBN Direct normal irradiance - wm“2 +10%

25 El Atmospheric extinction coefficient 1 - - -

26 E2 Atmospheric extinction coefficient 2 - - -

27 TR1 Downward transfer ratio 1 - - - 28 TR2 Downward transfer ratio 2 —

* From Table 1.

+ cdm“2 = candelas per square meter

Wm“2 = watts per square meter

lux = lumens per square meter

4
J = Julian Date 1 _< J 365

T = Solar time.

Illuminances on vertical planes (north, east, south and west) were measured

using an array shielded from ground reflections (see figure 4).

c) Irradiance - Irradiance is the density of radiant flux (equally weighted for

all wavelengths) incident on a surface. Global irradiance (SRT) on a horizontal

surface was measured using a thermal-type pyranometer exposed to the unobstructed

sky dome (see figure 5). Diffuse irradiance (SRD) was measured with a similar

Instrument and a shading band. Corrections for the portion of the sky

obstructed by the shading band were made using manufacturer's data. Direct

normal irradiance (SBN) was also determined by subtracting diffuse from

global irradiance and dividing by the sine of the solar altitude.

SBN = SRT - SRD

sin( SALT) (4)

d) Air temperature - Outdoor air temperature was measured using a type-T

(copper-constantan) thermocouple, with a radiation shield.

The database also contains the derived quantities of solar altitude, solar

azimuth, solar time, atmospheric extinction coefficient and downward

transfer ratio. Figure 6 shows the definitions of the solar angles.

e) Solar altitude - Calculated using equation 2.

f) Solar azimuth - Calculated using equation 5a, b, or c.

W = ( 12-T) x 15 (5)

If cos W < tan D/tan L

SAZ = arcsin (cos D sin W/cos SALT) (5a)

If cos W > tan D/tan L

SAZ => it - arcsin (cos D sin W/cos SALT) (5b)

If SAZ < 0, SAZ = SAZ + 2tt (5c > Solar azimuth is zero due north, 90° due east, 180° due south, and 270° due

west

.

g)

Solar time - Calculated from equation 6.

STIM = TS + (1 if daylight time) + ET - 2/15 (6)

5
( 7 )

where TS = standard time (decimal hours)

ET = equation of time

= 0.170 sin ( J-80) -0.129 sin 2 (j-8)

373 355

h) Cloud ratio = The ratio of diffuse to global irradiance.

CR = SRD (8)

SRT

i) Atmospheric extinction coefficent - Two versions (E1,E2) were determined from

measurements, based on direct illuminance or irradiance, as follows:

El (direct illuminance)

El = - sin (SALT) Jin IBN (9)

IXT

where IXT = 127,500 { 1 + 0.034 cos -2JL (j-2) } (10)

E2 (direct irradiance)

E2 = - sin (SALT) Jin J3BN

SXT

where SXT = 1353 I 1 + 0.034 cos 2JL (J-2) } 365

( 11 )

( 12 )

j)

Downward transfer ratio - Two versions (TR1 and TR2) were computed, one from irradiance and one from illuminance. The downward transfer ratio is

defined as the portion of solar energy scattered out of the direct beam

reaching the ground [7]. Therefore one minus the downward transfer ratio

is reflected back into space, or absorbed by the atmosphere.

TR1 (illuminance)

TR1 = ID (13)

IXT sin( SALT) [l-EXP(-El/sin( SALT))]

TR2 (irradiance)

TR2 = _ SRD

, (14)

SXT sin( SALT) [l-EXP(-E2/sin( SALT))]

2.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

The data acquisition system consisted of a microcomputer-controlled data logger

which monitored the measurement sensors. All sensors were configured to provide

voltage inputs to the data logger, which performed analog-to-digital conversion

and voltage measurement. The data logger also provided temperature compensation

for the thermocouple readings. Under control of the microcomputer, sensor

6
readings were continuously and sequentially scanned. At the beginning of

each hour, a data file for that hour was assembled consisting of the current

reading for each sensor (instantaneous value) and the average of all the readings

for each sensor over the previous one hour period (average value). Each average

value is calculated from fifteen readings during the hour. The letter "A"

preceding a measured parameter name indicates an average value.

Data were stored on 0.133 m (5.25 in.) floppy disks, and transferred to a larger

computer for subsequent processing, analysis and storage.

2.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND CHECKING

The database contains measurements of eighteen parameters, and ten derived

quantities. Over the period of a year, this amounts to approximately 2.5

million readings, including average and instantaneous values. Each annual average parameter is a result of 131,400 readings, and each instantaneous parameter

is represented by 8760 readings. The initial raw data files were processed to

check for errors and inconsistencies. A careful review of the data was conducted

to identify erroneous data, however, data were only removed from the database

if a clear justification, as described below could be made for such removal.

Consequently, if a datum passed all the checking routines and was not associated

with any known measurement problems, it was included in the database. Even

though the checking routines were considered a successful technique for controlling

erroneous data, from time to time questionable data still appeared and were

flagged accordingly. The shear volume of data processed could have resulted

in a small portion of inaccurate data remaining in the database undetected.

Potential inaccuracies can be grouped into two general categories. The first

category includes what could be described as measurement errors. In this

category would fall calibration errors, sensor non-linearity and errors in

voltage measurement or analog-to-digital conversion. The second category

includes measurements which are accurate, but not measuring the parameter of

interest properly. Prime examples of this would be a sky luminance measurement

when the solar disk is visible in the field of view of the luminance sensor, or when snow is present on sensors. In these cases, the measurement system may be

working properly, but the reading would not be representative of sky luminance

as assumed.

The first stage of data checking included adjusting each reading for any zero offset, setting to zero any slight non-zero readings known to be zero (i.e.,

irradiance after dark), and setting diffuse irradiance and illuminance equal to

total irradiance and illuminance, respectively, if the respective diffuse com- ponent reading exceeded the reading for total. This second correction is occa- sionally necessary on overcast days due to the average nature of the shading

band correction factor, but is usually a small effect.

The second stage of data checking involved comparing each reading to an acceptable range for each parameter, and intercomparing related readings as a group. Maximum and minimum levels were established for each parameter, based

on the expected range of theoretically possible readings. Readings outside of

7
this range were flagged with an asterisk (*) and set to 999999. For the luminance channels, a reading in excess of 15,000 cdm~2 Was assumed to be due to

interference from the solar disk, and therefore flagged with an asterisk but

not set to 999999 unless the reading exceeded 75,000 cdm~2 . Three groups of

parameters were assembled for intercomparison. The five luminance sensors

were one group, the four vertical irradiance sensors the second group and the

four vertical illuminance sensors the third group. Within each group an average

of each hour’s readings was computed, and if any individual reading differed

from the average by more than a factor of ten (or 1/10) that reading was flagged

with a plus sign (+) and set to 999999.

The averaged hourly data should be more accurate than the instantaneous hourly

data for two reasons. First, any random errors (electronic noise, analog to

digital conversion, etc.) should cancel out when multiple readings are averaged.

Second, an occasional false reading due to intermittent malfunctions or conditions will have a small effect on the average reading. Both instantaneous and

average readings are of value. In many daylighting applications, the instantaneous conditions are of interest. However, a one hour average is nearly "instantaneous" in relation to an annual file containing 8760 hourly readings. Since

many energy calculations are done on an hourly basis, perhaps hourly averaged

daylighting data are appropriate to use for these applications.

When data were unavailable for 1982, due to equipment down time, data were substituted from 1983, 1984 or 1981 for the same julian date. While this changes

the distribution of the data and affects the average slightly, the usefulness

of the annual data is not compromised, since 1982 should not be considered a special year. Thus, the database reflects reasonable conditions for a possible

year, but not necessarily a typical year.

8
3. DISCUSSION OF DATABASE

The primary objective of the publication of this database is to provide a comprehensive set of reference, concurrent measurements of illuminance,

irradiance and sky luminance for a one-year period. These data are critically

needed for building design purposes and daylighting analyses, but are virtually

unavailable

.

All or portions of the database might be used as driving parameters for energy

or daylighting calculations, or for other purposes such as sky and solar modeling. Detailed analysis of the relationships between the measured parameters,

or their dynamic behavior, may enable new correlations to be developed for

improved sky and solar modeling. Since the annual database contains such a vast quantity of information, it would be useful to analyze the hourly data and

determine means to characterize the measurements in a more general manner.

Two methods were used to characterize and summarize the measurements. One

method involved computing averages for each of the parameters on a daily, a monthly and an annual basis. The second method consisted of determining the

mean and standard deviation of each parameter and plotting a histogram showing

the distribution of the data over the year.

The computed averages of each parameter provide a means for making an assessment

of the general magnitude of that parameter, and allow comparison of different

day's data. For example, a very bright day will have a much higher average

illuminance than a dark overcast day. In addition to the daily average for

each parameter, which is computed using only the non-zero readings, the daily

total of each measured parameter was tabulated. This quantity indicates the

total of all readings for each parameter, thereby including the effects of

longer or shorter daylight periods throughout the year. Note that averages

based on 24 hours can easily be computed by dividing each daily total by 24.

Monthly averages were also calculated for each parameter. The monthly average is

defined as the average daily total for the month (not the average hourly

reading). Annual averages were calculated for each parameter, being equal to

the average daily total for the year and the hourly average of non-zero readings. Exceptions to the above criteria were required for the atmospheric

extinction coefficients and downward transfer ratios, since a total atmospheric

extinction coefficient for the day would have no meaning. Here only hourly

averages for each month and the annual average were tabulated.

While the daily, monthly and annual averages provide much useful information,

they do not give an indication of the variability or distribution of the values

of each parameter. An effective way of presenting the distribution of each

parameter is through a histogram of the readings showing the percentage of the

entire annual data set falling into various intervals. Such histograms were developed from the data to show the spread of the readings for each parameter,

along with the probability of an individual reading falling within a certain

range. The mean and standard deviation of the annual set of data for each

9
parameter were also calculated. For this usage, the standard deviations do not

represent an uncertainty, but rather indicate the variability of each parameter

throughout the year.

Before discussing the individual histograms, a general examination of the

dynamic nature of the database parameters is appropriate. The behavior of each

of the parameters through the year is governed by the superposition of several

cycles. The irradiance, illuminance and luminance data follow a strong diurnal

(daily) cycle in which maximum values typically occur near a certain set of

solar angles. For example, energy incident on east-facing vertical surfaces is

typically maximum in the morning, while horizontal and south-facing surfaces

typically receive maximum incident energy at solar noon. However, this does

not mean that south vertical irradiance is always maximum at solar noon, since

considerable hourly variations can occur due to a randomly fluctuating cycle

superimposed on the diurnal cycle. This random cycle is a function of the

local weather conditions as influenced by cloud cover, atmospheric water vapor

and other factors. A third significant cycle is due to seasonal effects. Many

geographical locations exhibit observable differences in available solar radiation or cloud conditions on a seasonal basis, whereby more overcast days occur

in winter than in summer (or vice versa). Outdoor air temperature follows a strong seasonal cycle and a strong diurnal cycle. Direct normal irradiance and

illuminance are less sensitive to a daily cycle, except for the effects of low

solar elevations.

3.1 DATA DISTRIBUTION HISTOGRAMS

A pair of histograms is presented for each parameter, the first based on instantaneous readings, the second based on average readings. Figures 7 through

11 present the distribution of readings for each of the sky luminance sensors.

Sky luminance shows a wide range in the data, but a fairly narrow band of

probable intensity. Readings greater than 15,000 cdm~2 t which are due to

the solar disk being present in the luminance measurement area, are excluded

from these figures.

Figures 12 through 15 present the distribution of vertical irradiance readings.

As would be expected, north vertical irradiance is significantly lower than

the other vertical planes averaging only one third of south vertical irradiance.

East and west vertical irradiances are about two thirds of the south vertical

readings

.

Figures 16 through 21 present the distribution of the illuminance readings.

Considerable variation is apparent for all surfaces, graphically illustrating

the wide dynamic range of daylight availability. Diffuse horizontal illuminance and east, south and west vertical illuminance range from 66 to 50 percent

of global horizontal illuminance, while north vertical is less than 25 percent.

The distributions global horizontal irradiance and diffuse horizontal

irradiance are presented in figures 22 and 23, respectively. Diffuse irradiance average about 50 percent of global irradiance . The ratio of diffuse to

global irradiance , cloud ratio, is shown in figure 24. The average cloud ratio

was 68 percent, but a wide range occurred.

10
Figure 25 shows the distribution of outdoor air temperatures. The mean air

temperature was 10.6 C (51.1°F).

Direct normal illuminance and irradiance are presented in figures 26 and 27,

respectively. They exhibit a fairly even distribution. The computed atmospheric

extinction coefficients are shown in figures 28 and 29. Over half of the readings were less than one or greater than 5.75. The downward transfer ratios are presented in figures 30 and 31. TR1 (illuminance) averages 36 percent, while

TR2 (irradiance) averages 31 percent.

3.2 DATABASE PRINTOUT

Appendix A contains the printout of the daylighting database. Each parameter

is labeled with an alpha code as listed in table 2. One day's worth of data is on each page, with adjacent pages containing hourly average data for the day,

and instantaneous hourly data for the day. The julian date and calendar date

are listed at the top of each page. Each page is divided into two sections

with twelve hour's data in each section. Hours are indicated by column headings.

The units of measurement are listed, along with daily totals and non-zero averages for each parameters. The last page of the appendix contains the daily or hourly averages (as appropriate) on a monthly and annual basis, for each

parameter

.

Missing or defective data were represented by 999999. Uncertain or questionable

data were flagged with an asterisk (*) or plus sign (+) . No attempt was made

to synthesize replacement data for missing or bad data, because the intent of

this paper is to provide measured data, rather than calculated. However, the user can use whatever means they feel is appropriate to fill in for missing

data. Procedures such as interpolating between available data points [1], or calculating based on other parameters [4] or models [5,6] would be useful for

that purpose.

11
4 . SUMMARY

An annual database is presented including irradiance, illuminance, sky luminance,

sky condition and temperature measurements. The database is intended for use

in daylighting design and calculations, building energy analyses, and sky and

solar modeling. The measurement system is described. The data is analyzed and

processed including examination of reading averages, distribution and variability

over a one year period.

12
5. REFERENCES

1. National Climatic Center, Tape Reference Manual "Test Reference Year, " National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C., (1976).

2. Arens, E., Flynn, L., Nall, D., and Ruberg, K. , Geographical Extrapolation

of Typical Hourly Weather Data for Energy Calculation in Buildings , NBS

Building Science Series 126, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.,

August 1980.

3. "Proposed American National Standard Nomenclature and Definitions for

Illuminating Engineering (proposed revision of Z7 . 1-R1973) , " Journal of the

Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 7 and 35, October

1979.

4. Kimura, K. and Stevenson, D., "Solar Radiation on Cloudy Days," ASHRAE

Transactions , Part I, pp. 227-233, (1969).

5. Kusuda, T. and Ishii, K. , Hourly Solar Radiation Data for Vertical and

Horizontal Surfaces on Average Days in the United States and Canada , NBS

Building Science Series 96, April 1977.

6. Robbins, C. and Hunter, K., Daylight Availability Data for Selected Cities

in the United States , Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI/TR-254-1696

,

February 1983.

7. Nagata, T., Luminance Distribution of Clear Sky and the Resultant Horizontal

Illuminance , paper presented at the 1983 International Daylight Conference,

Phoenix, AZ, Feb. 16-18, 1983.

13
Figure 1. NBS Daylighting Laboratory

14
Figure 2. Luminance sensor array

15
Figure 3. Diffuse illuminance and irradiance sensors

16
Figure 4. Vertical illuminance and irradiance sensors

17
Figure 5. Global irradiance sensor

18

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Figure 6. Definitions of solar angles
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j

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Figure 7 Data distribution histogram for zenith luminance (LZ)
Figure

4 i . LN

c 4Cl ‘ REPRESENTS 23 31 SER fATTENS

1I33LE jF

I NTERVA.

3 1303

203 3 1333

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8. Data distribution histogram for north luminance (LN

21
A / • L £ EA^N * UPSlSEMS 15 3jS2PVtTILN5

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Figure 9. Data distribution histogram for east luminance (LE)

22
A/. L $

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01 1229

Figure 10. Data distribution histogram for south luminance (LS)

23
A/. lW

-ACrl * HEPRt SEMS 15 J5SER7ATII f

5

I1I33LE OF KLht EE Lr

I ME £i( VAL LE5ERVAT I T'li 3 4 1

6

*****************

1000 564 *****************

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5000 4.tl 5000 19*

7000 19c

3000 157

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13JOO 91 f ** 11300 93 ***   12003 66 ** *** 1J030 5t

14030 4t

13000 1C **

'H

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3 77o

iea ; 403 3 ieji a ; 3007

TMEA^ 3754

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31 1341

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5

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TMiA 1 3577

STJiV 3444.7

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!1I.< 1.99

03 5610

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Figure 11. Data distribution histogram for west luminance (LW)
A*. Sh

EAC.i 4 kCPPcStMS 3 J 33 SERVATlL.fr

ILL 3F KLMLF LF

;R V Al CLSLRVATI JNi

0 9Z<_ *«***$*«*«**«

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83 i lfc4 •*»**4**«*e«t

120 469 «***««*««*«*«

163 2t5 *»**«*«

203 56 *» 240 1C * 280 4 * 320 4 4 363 1 * 400 1 4

; : : f f {

N

A V • SN

4161

MEAS 61.6c

MEJIAS 55.7j

THcAM 58.3a

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max 397.10

ms C.01

03 8 8.54

01 24.13

IN. >N EACH * *EPRc SLMS 3 3 33S'R/ATI„M

ILL „F KLFtfcF LF

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40 1336

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120 467 444 *4 44444444**4*

160 17C 44**9*

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320 2 • 360 9 * 400 1 4

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NEAS 60.10

NEjIAS 54.20

TflcAS 56.61

ST J£ V 47.39

SEME AS 0.7<i

SAX 396.87

ms 0.02

03 87.09

01 23.00

Figure 12. Data distribution histogram for north irradiance (SN)

25
A / • 3 S EACH - hEPRl SEM 5 a) Di S£RV/TKf.'

IDjJ 3F hittLF OF

i U-i<va_ cfcStRVATi JN>

c 50 103 $***$$**$$$$$*$

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150 jil

200 a94

250 2t5

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350 a73

400 i9C

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550 95

t>00 7c

650 45

700 54

750 44

000 16 *

AV. S>

N 4133

HcA i 196.6

IE Jl AH 132.64

T.lcA'4 179.

c

STJEV 192.03

SEnE AH 3. J

flAX 799. j

UN C.C1

03 323.7

01 3fc.o H. S3

EACH * ilE PPL Cl M 1 cj OjSEwVATILt 5 1I0JLE 3F f.L6t£f Lr

I NTEkVA. OtStF VAT i J Hi 0 174

50 76 a 100 420

150 349

200 26t

250 23t

J00 16 5 350 200

400 164 $£***$*$£$

450 139 **$$*«*

500 97 tiJJi

550 69

600 7a

650 67 **»#

700 43

750 64

600 A 4 «»

N IN. SS 40°.

*£a i 193.5^

*1EJl AH 120.54

THaAN 176.1

STJEV 199.2

SE.HaAN 3.1

4 A a 799.

b

m.N 0.04

03 312.c

01 32.6

Figure 13. Daita distribution histogram for south irradiance (SS)

26
AV. SE EAC4 * (UP ^.LILMS c 5 JaSERVATILf

5

1IJJLE JF NLPLtF OF

i*t=rva_ LtScRVATi 3SS

0 572 9999999999999**99999999999999*9?

50 1155 9999999999999*999999999999999999

100 tec 9999999999999999999999999

150 3Zc *999999999999

ZOO Zlt 999999999

250 1 A 1 999999

300 170 9999999

350 12 3 99999

A 00 121 99999

A50 It 99 99

500 to 999

550 IS 9 oGO “ c 99

o50 35 99

700 Z5 9

750 lc 9

oOO S 9

N AV. S£

A157

MEm 4 131.0

1 E J I A 4 70.2c

TM-A 4 113.3

ST jE / 15A.3

SEME A4 2.** MAX 779.63

*11.4 C.Oi

03 175.7

01 27.0

14. Sc

2AC.4 * *EPRc SEM S 25 Ji SERV7 T IC f-5 1I33LE JF NLfkEF lf

RVA_ CES1RVATI 3 M * 0 1015 9999999999999999*9

50 1202 999999999999999999

100 5t7 999999999999999999

150 3CC 999999999999

200 176 99999999

250 165 9999999

300 123 99999

350 127 999999

A00 12t 999999

A50 59 9999

500 At 99

550 37 99

600 AA 99

650 25 9 700 2 3 9 750 20 9 800 b 9

4 IS. SE

A125

IAEA 4 131.71

MEJI A 4 66.o

TNZA*4 113.0

STJE / 156.21

SEME A 4 2.5

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M 1 .4 C.03

03 171.7

01 25.6

Figure 14. Data distribution histogram for east irradiance (SE)

27
mV a jW

EACH ; XEPRlSLMS t) 3i SERVAT ILF.5 1I9JLE UF MMtl CiF INTERVAL L E St R V AT I 3Ni

0 1CC3 *4444444444444444

50 12 It 44444444444444444

100 t5 5 44444444444444444

150 277 444444444444

200 2 61 *4444444444

250 171 4444444

300 ltt 4 4444 444

350 95 4444

400 126 444444

450 75 *4= 44

500 5t

550 . L. * 600 2 4 b50 1 4 700 6 750 1 *

t

N

A V . S w

4149

MEAW 116.79

MEJI AW oe.2o

TM2AN 103.

o

STJEV 12 6.72

S E M £ A W 2.u

MAX 747.62

MIW 0.01

Q3 165.1

01 26.1

ill. >W

£ACH * kEP°E5lf.TS 31 JjS£PVATILF5

1IJJLE JF MM L F 6-

INIEXVAi. L E St R V A T I I’ll 0 1625 «4 4444 4444444 t*t«

50 1255 44444444444444444

100 55C 4 444444444444 4 444

150 327 44444444444

200 174 444444

250 155 444444

300 122 44444

350 164 £43444

400 113 4444

450 et 444

500 64 444

550 36 44

600 1 *

4444444

4444

NMEAl

MEOI AW

T,W_AW

STjEY

SE.1£AW max

II it 03

QL

IN. S W

A 1 1

6

lib. 99

bA . 66

103.2

131. 5*

2.1

577.13

0.03

1 5 A . 0

25.3

Figure 15. Data distribution histogram for west irradiance (SW)

28
A/. IZ each * nEPSt SIMS 20 CMSERVATIJM

1I3JLE QF MJffcEF. Cr

I '4TERVAL LEStRV AT I 3Nj

0 671

10000 759

20000 156 #****»**««*****««$«***«$»$«*

30000 352 *»*****«»*#*» *#*«t

A 0000 A AO

50000 303 »«***«« «»** *

60000 272 *******«»*««*«

70000 212

30000 166 *»***«»*«*

90000 157 **«»**««

100000 Ab ***

110000 7 *

AW. IZ

N A 16c

MEa4 3C877

mej: ah 2308c

TMEV4 2917d

STJ2V 27A97

SEME A 4 A2c

AAA 10 8 779

MI; 4 C.09

03 A9896

Ql 676i

IN. IZ EAC ri * AEPRcSEMS 20 JoScRVATILbS

IIOOlE OF Mjf.bER Dr INTERVAL LfcSt RVATICHi

0 696 **$*.» «**««*t« *«**$«** »te$ t*e se $;> 10000 763

2 0000 A67

30000 A21

AOOOO 3t7

50000 3CC «*****«**e*»»**

60000 232 •$*****»«*«»

70000 195 **»***#*««

80000 162 «******««

90000 17A  »** ««

100000 93 **«*«

110000 16 * 120000 2 *

N IN. IZA 130

MEa4 31091

meoi ah 2266c

TNcaN 291AA

STJE V 28636

SEME A '4 AAb

NAa 1156 1A

MI,4 5.9c

33 A9019

Ql 660 o

Figure 16. Data distribution histogram for global illuminance (IZ)

29
2 3 (13SER//TI-N?

A/. IS sXZH * REPRESENTS

1I33LE 3F

INTERVA.

0

5 003

13000

15000

ZOO 00

25000

33000

35000

43000

45000

53003

55000

33000

65000

73000

73000

33000

NLt.EEF LF LE5ERVATI O'Ji

367

*9fc 27t **************

<.31 ************

217

199

147 ********

9 C *»***

97 *****

66  

56 ** *

tZ ****

45 ***

1C *

AV. 15

N 4113

MEA4 19606

MEJIA4 12577

TNtAM i. 7976

STjE / 1 952

1

SE.1=A4 304

*1 AX 79927

*11 i C.19

33 32611

01 3327

14. 15

EACrl * REPRESENTS 23 33 SEP* AT II N5

I03LE OF NLP.LtF Cr

MTEkVAu LtStRVAT I 3f45 0 666 *****************

>000 794 *****************

13000 42* *****************

15000 3C9 ****************

23000 23t ************

25000 23C ************

33000 1 E9 **********

35000 166 **********

4 3000 194 **********

45000 129 *******

53000 1C7 *****

55000 61 ***** 63000 96 *****

65000 67  

73000 57 ** *

75000 66 ****

33000 17 *

***********

***********

*** *

**

**

* ** **** * *

14. IS

N 4066

McA4 19591

ME Jl A3 11440

TMcAM 17834

STOE y 20331

s t n E A .3 319

MAX 79866

mi 4.27

03 32084

01 3146

Figure 17. Data distribution histogram for south illuminance (IS)

30
AV . It EACH * REPR-SEMS 25 ObSEKVATILfS

AIJJLE jF MPtER CF

INTcXV A. CbStRVAT 13S5

0 t95

5 000 1129

13000 tt A ******** ******** ***********

15000 3C3 *************

2 JOOO 2C3 **«*•*«**

2 >000 191 ********

30000 1C1 *****

35000 91  

A 0000 ICS ** ***

A 5000 12S *****

50000 77  

55000 76 ** **

6 3000 et ****

65000 AC «* 70000 At **

7 >000 11 *

*

AV. I

L

N A 1 37

NE*4 1 A86j

AEOIAH 7fcfi 9 TrtEAN 12997

ST J£ / 17265

StilEAS 26 c MAX 7596b

AI* .03

Q 3 20377

01 3197

IN. IE EACH * REPRLStMS 2> 33StE? V/T ILT Z

1 1 JJLc OF NLP.tEF ur HT£»VAw LESERVA T I'JIS 0 9C3 ******************** : 5000 119C *********»*«« *******

13000 6C7 ************* ******* : 15000 33C **************

23000 lfct *******

25000 97  

33000 96 ** **

35000 137 ******

A3000 ICS *****

A 5000 59 • ** 53000 115 ***** 55000 62 *** 60000 r c *** 65000 75 *»*

70000 5«. **»

75000 16 • 90000 1 *

N

lit. TE AOStt AE A I IA907

AEuI IS 7223

TflEAM 1293b

STJIV 17959

SE.AEAS 231

AAX 78166

AI.< A.3A

03 18506

01 2981

Figure 18. Data distribution histogram for east illuminance (IE)

31
A 7. I W

dAC-i * <E P

r lSEMS E 5 33SE»VATILf5

IIOjLE JF NLFtEF OF

I MTERVA^ LE StRVATI OMj

0 931

5000 1154 44444444444444444*44444 4s 4 444

uooo 6 fc 1 4444444 t4*ttttt4«*?4f444?444

13000 3C6 4444444444444

2 0000 <L4iL 23000 itz 4444444

3 0000 ICE 44 444

33000 134 444444

4 0000 1 EC 4 4 4 4 4 43000 7 E 444

50000 LI *44

33000 St 4444

60000 5C 44

6 5 1/00 3C 44

70000 3S 44

75000 11 4

N AV . I

w

917/

MEaM 19151

ME j 1 AM 75E5.

9

T Mil A M 12 305

STJE 7 1695 7 SE.IiAM 253

MAa. 76 007

M ! » .05

03 1680,.

01 3 l lc In. iw

EAOri 4 AEPF.t 25 30SZ»/ATILf5

1IJ0CE -F NCttEF LF

IMTiii<VA_ LE5tR\ AT. JM>

0 SC5 44444444

5uoo ii.lt 4 4 4 444 44

10-00 C92 44444444

15000 395 $£444444

ZouOC 16C 4 4444 44

25000 ICt 44444

30000 1 It 44444

3 jOOO ICE 44444

90000 tc 4444

95000 £5 4444

50000 1 09 44444

53000 ts 444

60000 53 4 44

65000 tl 44 4 70000 92 44

73000 IS 4

$*$4*«<r44

444444444

4444<

*4= :

4**^

H In. I w 9113

ME A M 19289

Mcui AM 7189

TMe A M 1 2 3 1 j

STJ^M 1723^

S ; M _ A M E69

MAX 76989

NI.M 9.36

Q3 1 7 0 3o 01 3097

Figure 19. Data distribution histogram for west illuminance (IW)

32
aV. IN EACH * XEPRE UMS 23 OiSERVATI-rT

II33LE 3F KbMfcER Or

NT-RVAL CESERVATIONi

0 £Cj «»**»*«***•#««**«*$ $*t$t*$*ts*tt*

4000 1115 *«**»*«»**«***«*«

3000 115C

12000 696 **•*****»•******«*«*

13000 331 *«**»$**»***«*

2 300 0 59 **«

24000 12 *

2 3000 4 * 32000 1 3o000 3 6

43000 1 «

N Av. In 4173

.IE A 4 b9e4.4

ME Jl A i 6 39b

TMcAM 6720

SToJV 5030.3

SEME A 4 7o

MAX 38579

m.« .11

03 10323

01 3076

IN. IN

dkCrl • REPRtSEMS 35 33 SEfi V* T I l F5

1I3JLE OF KtP.tER CiF I M Tc XV Aw CE St RV AT I Hi

0 526 *?*«**»**«**«.«*«*»?»&*$*»« $

3000 2526

13000 1C25

15000 516 *********«*«*«*

23000 56 ** 25000 2 * 33000 t 35000 2 * 43000 t 45000 2 53000 9 * 55000 2 53000 0

65000 2 * 73000 X *

H IN. IN 4136

ME Al 7072.6

ME 01 AM 6362.3

T McAN 6692

STjEV 5794.6

SENE AN 90

MAX 70429

H.< 4.37

33 10C21

31 2925

Figure 20. Data distribution histogram for north illuminance (IN)

33
A/. ID EACM 9 REPRESENTS 20 liSEP VAT IL I S

1 1 DOLE OF NUftER OF

1 94 T ERVAi. CEStRVAT I JMi

0 €52 999999999999649446949696964996669

3000 €59 999999999999999999999999999999999

10000 751 999999999999999999999999999999999*994

13000 7C7 999999949964449449499949999994499999

20000 443 99999999999464444999999

25000 3ZC 99999 99 6949 99 944

30000 2 C 6 99999969996

35000 15c 99999999

40000 94 99969

45000 64 69999

50000 42 999

55000 24 99

60000 4 9 63000 i 9

AV. IQ

N 4139

MtA I I4ei7

MEjI am 12523

THE AM 13837

STJEV 12033

SE 12 AM 137

MAX b 3 334

MI,* 0.09

03 20969

01 5564

IN. ID EACH * REPPl SENTS

1IDJLE OF NliPtER

I MTERV AL LESfcRV

0 €45

3000 €47

10000 775

13000 €65

20000 44C

23000 294

30000 17t

33000 145

40000 11C

43000 75

30000 4G

53000 31

60000 6 63000 2

cO 33SERVA TIoNS

OF ATI 3 IS

999999999999969999

999999999999999999

t4*»»»4444t*tt*44t

t4444444«ttt»t

999999999

99999999

999999

9999

99

99

9

9

99999

99999

9999 9

9999999

9999999

9999999^999

999999999

M In. id 4079

MEA * 14736

MEDI AM 12303

T Me AM 13749

STJEV 12215

SEME AM 191

MAX 63291

MI.* 1.96

3 3 20697

31 5544

Figure 21. Data distribution histogram for diffuse illuminance

(ID)

34
AV. SRT EACH • REPRESENTS 20 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF INTERVAL

0 100 200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

873 •••••' 792

533 it***

388 •••••

408 •««

330 ••••• 280 •••••

239 •••••' 188 ««*

133 utii

19 •

N

AV. SRT

4183 MEAN 301.55 MEDIAN 225. 54 TMEAN 285.9

STDEV 264.5

SEMEAN 4.1 MAX 1009.

4

MIN .01 Q3 492.3

Q1 67.7

IN. SRT

EACH • REPRESENTS 20 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF INTERVAL

0 100 200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

914 •••••< 819 "«•

498 ««•'

43 0 •••••< 351 «•«

294 ••••• 240 ««•

216 •••••

171 *•««•

179 •••••

48 •••

6 • 2 •

N

IN. SRT

4168 MEAN 301.2 MEDIAN 210.9 TMEAN 282.9

STDEV 277.4

SEMEAN 4.3 MAX 1185.6 MIN 0.1 Q3 481.4

Q1 62.7

Figure 22. Data distribution histogram for global irradiance

( SRT)

35
AV. SRD EACH • REPRESENTS 20 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF INTERVAL

050

100

150 200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

NMEAN MEDIAN

TMEAN

STDEV

SEMEAN MAX

MIN

Q3

Q1

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

629 ««•

757 •••»

863

593 •«"

392

317 «m«

234 •««

172 •••••

123 •««

65

24 ••

6 •

1 •

AV. SRD

4176

143.13

114. 12 135.0

115.8

1.8 590.5

0.01 211.6

54.2

IN. SRD EACH • REPRESENTS 20 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF INTERVAL

050

100 150 200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

650 •••••< 759 ««»

879 •««

578 •••••< 383 »«•

298 •••••< 219

165 114 «•«

54 •••

39 ••

14 •

4

•

IN. SRD

N 4156 MEAN 141.49 MEDIAN 110.6 TMEAN 132.5

STDEV 117.96 SEMEAN 1.8 MAX 580.44 MIN 0. 09

Q3 205.

9

Q1 52.4

Figure 23. Data distribution histogram for diffuse

irradiance (SRD)

36
A/. CR

EACH * REPRESEMS 30 CHSER VATIC6S

H3DLE QF MJhfcEF OF INTERVAL OBSERVATIONS

0.0 1 * 0.1 lOt ****

0.2 A 45 ***************

0.3 3E1 *************

0.4 334 ************

0.5 323 ***********

0.6 264 *********

0.7 265 **********

0.8 265 *********

0.9 267 *************

1.0 1352 **********************************************

N AV. Ck

41Zt> mea 4 0.6655

MEDIAN 0.7200

TMcAN 0. 6760

STDcV 0. 307*. SEHZAN 0.0046

MAX l.OOOo

min 0.0400

03 l.OOOo

01 0.3700

IN. :r

E ACn * REPRtSEMS 3> OiSER VAT I LF 5 MIDDLE OF MmtER OF

INTERVAL LGSLRVAT lONi

0.0 2 * 0.1 117 *•*«

0.2 466 **************

0.3 394 ************

0.4 33C **********

0.5 266 ********

0.6 211 *******

0.7 166 ******

0.8 167 ******

0.9 3C4 *********

1.0 1606 ************************************** ********

N 1 HI. CR

4069

MEAN * 0.6767

MEDIAN 0.7700

TMEAN 0. 6066

STOEV 0.3215

SEME AN 0.0050

MAX 1.0000

MIN 0.0400

03 1.0000

Q1 0.3600

Figure 24. Data distribution histogram for cloud ratio (CR)

37
AVER. TO EACH • REPRESENTS 30 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF NUMBER OF INTERVAL OBSERVATIONS

-10 16 •

0 431

10 127 •mi

20 425

30 908

40 1202

50 1111 60 1325 70 1376 80 845

90 321

100 25 •

AVER. TO

NMEAN MEDIAN

TMEAN STDEV SEMEAN

MAX MIN

Q3

Q1

8112

51.13

53.54

51.91 22.64

0.25

99.21

-14.04

68.67

35. 95

INST. TO EACH • REPRESENTS 30 OBSERVATIONS

MIDDLE OF NUMBER OF INTERVAL

-10 14

0 430

10 125 20 414

30 906

40 1200

50 1106 60 1317 70 1394

80 836 90 336

100 29

INST. TO

N 8107 MEAN 51. 22 MEDIAN 53. 60 TMEAN 52. 00 STDEV 22. 59 SEMEAN 0. 25 MAX 99. 10 MIN -10. 30

03 68. 70

01 36. 10

OBSERVATIONS

mu

Figure 25. Data distribution histogram for outdoor

temperature (TO)

38
A/ I3N

iAC4 * REPRESENTS 15 OiSERVATICTS

1I33LE OF NtPlEER OF

INTERVAL OBSERVATION

0 416 999999999999999*999999999999

1)003 505 99999999999999999999*99999999

2OOO0 333

30000 267 M**t«*m**t*«**»

40000 316 9999999999999999999999

50000 206 * 9999 99999994 9 999 999

*3000 207 99999999999999999999

70000 269 *»***M*4**M*«*«»»*

30000 197 9*999999999999

90000 62 999999

100000 16 99

L 13000 4 9

120000 C 13)000 1 9

N AV. I8N

3021

MEAT 36720

MEOI AN 34672

TM2AN 35821

STJE / 27053

SEME AT 492

MAX 12 803o

MI.T 0.42

03 59902

01 1 115 J

IT. IBM

c4Cr» * RtPPtSEMS 15 JiSER VATI lI

5

1I03LE JF M/E.tER Or

interval LtSERVATi IN

0 516 99999 99 9 99 99999 *9 999999999 99 9999* 99

1 JOOO 4E4 9999999999999***99999999999999999

2 JO 00 99999999999*499*

3 )C00 4. 16 99999999999*99*

4)000 242 99999999999999999

5)300 27c 99*99**999999****9*

63000 4.9b 999 99*99 99*99 9 9999*9

7)300 29b 9999999999*999***9*9

33000 215 9999999999*944*

))000 264 94*99*9

10)300 32 999

11)000 4< 9

123000 1 9

X

IN. 13.1* 2420

MEaT 37399

MEjI AT 35676

TMEA.T c6455

STJEf c397o

SE 1i AN 5 3o

MAX 118 3 33 MU 3 33 32364

31 3597

Figure 26. Data distribution histogram for direct normal (beam)

illuminance (IBN)

39
A/ SIN

E A CN * REPRESENTS 15 J3SERVATILN5

OLE 3F NUPbER OF cRVA_ C6SERVATI 3Ni

0 530 ******************

103 359 ***** ******* ******

200 296 *****************

5

300 265 ******************

*00 306 ******************

500 261 ******************

600 266 ******************

700 271 ******************

500 256 ******************

900 120 ********

1003 * * 1100 1 «

N AV S0N

2931

NEAN 375.3

NE 31 A N 356.0

TNEAN 367.3

ST3E / 280.

o

SENE AN 5.1

N AX 1L16.C

HIM 0.03

03 615.7

01 103.7

l'* SIN

EAEN * REPRESENTS 15 3 3SER FATTENS

3LE OF NUP.tER OF erval OBSERVATIONS

0 650 *******************************************

100 266 ******************

200 166 *************

300 223 ***************

503 22 b ****************

500 2 50 ****************

600 265 ********************

703 310 *********************

303 3C5 *********************

900 123 *********

1000 3 • 1100 1 • 1200 0

1300 1 *

N

IN SBN

2817

KEAN 390.6

NE3I AN 391.1

TflEAN 365.7

STJEV 300.0

SENE AN 5.7

NAX 1268.8

NlN 0.01

03 561.8

01 67.5

Figure 27. Data distribution histogram for direct normal (beam)

irradiance (SBN)

40
AV. =1

EACH lEPRfc SENT S 35 CM SERVATISP.S

II33LE 3F NUMBER OF NTERVA. OBSERVATIONS

0.0 330 **********

0.5 1002 • ***************************> **************** * 1.0 532 ****************

1.5 245 *******

2.0 125  

2.5 76 ** *

3.0 46 **

3.5 26 * 4.0 11 * 4.5 4 * 5.0 5 * 5.5 2 * 5.0 1056 *********************** »»»»;»«

N

Aif • El

4064

mean 2.153

ME DI AN 0.820

THE AN 2.052

ST jE V 2.365

SEfliAN 0.037

MAX 5.000

min 0.010

33 6.000

01 0.400

IN. El

EACH * REPRc SEKIS 35 33 SER VA T I 3 RS

MIDDLE 3F NUMBER OF INTERVA. OBSERVATIONS

0.0 303 *********

0.5 1585 *************

1.0 431 *************

1.5 225 *******

2.0 133  

2.5 91 ** *

3.0 61 ** 3.5 29 * 4.0 21 * 4.5 10 * 5.0 13 • 5.5 7 • 6.0 1143 *************

IN. El

H 4052

MEAN 2.305

MEDIAN 0.850

TMcAN 2.220

STD: V 2.428

SEME AN 0.036

MAX 5.000

MIN 0.010

03 5.000

01 0.390

Figure 28. Data distribution histogram for atmospheric

extinction coefficient El

41
A/. E2

£ A CH 9 RE PRt SEMS 33 (JlSERXATIuNS

MIDDLE DF NUMBER DF

I NIT ERVAL LBSE RV AT T 343

0.0 323 99999999999

0.5 1 497 99999999999999999999999999999 9999999

1.0 53 e •99999999999999999

1.5 2 41 999999999

2.0 124 #9999

2.5 73 999

3.0 E7 999

3.5 37 99

4.0 35 99

4.5 13 9 5.0 1C 9 5.5 10 9

6.0 11C7 99999 999 99 99999999999999999999999999.

N AX. E24075

MEA i 2.277

MEOI AM 0.900

TNEA N 2.189

STDEV 2.39b

SEHSAN 3.036

MAX 6.000

MIN 3.010

03 5.000

01 0.400

in. e 2 EACH * REPRESENTS 35 JSERVATI uNS

IID3LE DF NUMBER OF

MTERXA_ OBSERVATION*

0.0 2 77 99999999

0.5 1542 999999999 99999999999999999999999999999 9 9* 9999

1.0 411 *99999999999

1.5 149 99999

2.0 115 9999

2.5 92 999

3.0 66 99

3.5 45 99

4.0 32 9 4.5 35 9

5.0 21 9 5.5 11 9

6.0 1287 999999999999999999999999999999999999*

N IN. E2

4083

MEAN 2.523

MEDIAN 0.930

THEAM 2.462

STDEV 2.504

SEME AN 0.039

MAX 6.000

MIN 0.010

03 5.000

01 3.390

Figure 29. Data distribution histogram for atmospheric

extinction coefficient E2

42
a/. t r 1 EACH * REFRl SIM S 2 3 3JSER/ATIDN5

ii.E 3F MJNbER OF

RVA_ OBSERVATION

0.0 39 • * 0.1 450 ********************* ** 0.2 474 ********** • *»««««» *** $ ** 0.3 573 ************************* ***> 0.4 966

0.5 631 ******************************************

0.6 305 ****************

0.7 96 *****

O.B 20 * 0.9 10 * 1.0 4 •

A V. TRl

Nnean MEJIAS

tnean

ST3E V SENE AM NAX

NIN

03

01

3770

0.3646

0. 3900

0.3631

0.1644

0.0027

0. 990-. 0.0106

0.4700

0.2400

IH. Ml

EACrl * REPRESENTS 2J 33 SER VA T 1 1 N? 1I33LE 3F

IMTERVA.

NUhfcER Or OBSERVATION

0.0 72 **«*

0.1 464 *************************

0.2 500

0.3 606 ********** **tte*t*e*» ******** ** 0.4 912 ************* *«*c>*»**********e**»e*;» »»»*»»**

0.5 669 **********************************

0.6 265 ***************

0.7 136 *******

0.3 50 • **

0.9 2 6 ** 1.0 5 •

IN. TRl

N /NEAN

NE 31 AN TNEAN

ST3EV

SENE AN

NAX

NIN

03

01

3749

0.3593

0.3700

0.3544

0. 179o

0.0029

0.9900

0.0100

0.4700

0.2200

Figure 30. Data distribution histogram for downward transfer

ratio TR1

43
a*, r r 2 EACH * REPRESENTS 3 J 'JlSERVATILf S 1I33LE 3F MKbER OF

l HT c R V A- DE St R VAT I OHS

0.0 7C 933

0.1 462 **393 3333 A3 33 333

0.2 5 2 A 333933333333333333

0.3 1271 3***9*9333 *33333333

0. A 1067 *333339339933333333

0.5 379 39933*9333393

0.6 46 3 3 0.7 It a 0.8 6 * 0.9 7 * 1.0 2 3

N

A V. TR2

3870

ME A H 0.3030

MED! AH 0.320-

theah 0. 3078

STJEV 0. 129t

SEME AH 0. 0021

MAX 0.9900

MI.H O.ClOu

03 0. 3900

Q1 0.2300

»*»*»«*#

939993*9 933999

39 999

n. r*2

EACH * RE PRi SEMS 30 31SZP/ATI-? 5 1I0JLE 3F NUP.dER CF

I HFERVA. LBSt R VATI OHS 0.0 1C2 3333

0.1 A9b ******** 393333 33*

0.2 St 1 0.3 1 Ztl ** 93 ** 9 *** 339993399333 * 939 ** 39933*93399933

0. A 909

0.5 341 A***********

0.6 126 • 333*

0.7 46 • 9 0. 8 16 A 0.9 3 * 1.0 3 A

N IM. TR2

3866

MEAH 0.3053

MEJI AH 0.3101.

TMEAH 0. 3012

STJEV 0. 1439

SEME AH 0.0023

MAX 0.9900

HI,* 0.0100

03 0.3900

01 0.2200

Figure 31. Data distribution histogram for downward transfer

ratio TR2

44
Abbreviated Appendix A

NBSIR 84-2859

The NBS Daylight Availability Database

A-l
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NBS-114A (rev. 2-«0) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1 . BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3.

NBSIR 84-2859

Publication Date

July 1984

The NBS Daylight Availability Database

5. AUTHOR(S)

S. Treado, G. Gillette, W. Remmert and J. Bean

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions)

national bureau of standards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State, ZIP) Naval Civil Eng. Lab.,

Port Hueneme, CA 93043 - Nat'l Fenestration Council, 3310 Harrison St., Topeka, KS 66611

Naval Facilities Eng. Command, U.S. Navy, Washington, DC 20390 - Directorate of Civil

Eng., U.S. Air Force, Washington, DC 20330 - Office of Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,

Washington, DC 20314

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report presents an annual database containing hourly measurements of solar

radiation, illumination, sky luminance and ambient air temperature. The measurements

were made at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland (77° west

longitude, 38.5° north latitude). Both instantaneous hourly and integrated average

hourly measurements are included, as are daily, monthly and annual average and totals.

For each measured quantity, a histogram of the distribution of the data is presented

for the year. The data measurement, collection and analysis system is described.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon :

• daylight availability; irradiance; luminance; sky illuminance, solar

radiation, weather data

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

Unlimited

PRINTED PAGES

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

54

15. Price

(^] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $10.00

UlCOuu-OC 1041-pi