IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

LA ZAZA TRATTORIA, INC.,

 Plaintiff,

 v.

MASSIMILLIANO LO BUE, individually and

d/b/a ZA ZA’s TAVOLA ITALIANA, DARYL

VOSKA, individually and d/b/a ZA ZA’s

TAVOLA ITALIANA and ZA ZA

ENTERPRISES, INC.

 Defendant.

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 12 C 135

Judge Virginia M. Kendall

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff La ZaZa Trattoria, Inc., filed suit against Massimilliano Lo Bue, individually and

doing business as Za Za’s Tavola Italiana, and Daryl Voska, individually and doing business as Za

Za’s Tavola Italiana, and Za Za Enterprises, Inc. (collectively “the Defendants”). Plaintiff alleges

the Defendants committed false designation of origin in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §

1125(a); common law unfair competition; and deceptive trade practices in violation of the Uniform

Deceptive Trade Practices Act of the State of Illinois, 815 ILCS 510. The Defendants moved to

dismiss all three counts pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), or in the alternative for summary

judgment. The Defendants also seek sanctions against Plaintiff under Rule 11. For the following

reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and denies

without prejudice the Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. The Defendants’ Motion for

Sanctions is denied without prejudice.

Case: 1:12-cv-00135 Document #: 20 Filed: 08/10/12 Page 1 of 11 PageID #:84
I. BACKGROUND

For the purposes of this Motion to Dismiss, the following facts taken from Plaintiff’s

Complaint are assumed to be true. See Killingsworth v. HSBC Bank, 507 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir.

2007) (citing Savory v. Lyons, 469 F.3d 667, 670 (7th Cir. 2006)). Plaintiff La ZaZa Trattoria is an

Illinois corporation using the service mark “ZaZa” in connection with restaurant services. (Doc. 1,

Complaint at ¶¶ 1, 5). Plaintiff has used and developed this service mark since 1995. Id. at ¶ 6. 

Additionally, Plaintiff has invested significant money to establish a positive connection between the

service mark and restaurant in the minds of consumers. Id. at¶ 6.

The Defendants’ restaurant, Za Za’s Tavola Italiana, opened years after the Plaintiff’s

restaurant and competes directly with the Plaintiff’s restaurant, La ZaZa Trattoria. Id. The Plaintiff

alleges that the Defendants’ use of the term “Za Za” in connection with their restaurant capitalizes

on the good name and reputation of the Plaintiff and unfairly misleads the public into the mistaken

belief that there is an association between the Plaintiff and the Defendants. Id. at ¶ 12.

The Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges false designation of origin, a violation of the Lanham Act,

15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), for misleading prospective customers/purchasers as to the origin, sponsorship

or approval of the Defendants’ services by the Plaintiff and causing customers/purchasers to rely

thereon, (Count I). Id. at ¶ 15. The Plaintiff also alleges common law unfair competition as to the

use of the similar service mark enabling the Defendants to obtain the benefit of and trade on the

goodwill of the Plaintiff, damaging the goodwill of the Plaintiff, and likely causing confusion,

mistake or deception resulting in unjust enrichment for the Defendants, (Count II). Id. at ¶ 20.

Plaintiff also alleges deceptive trade practices, in violation of the Uniform Deceptive TradePractices

Act of the State of Illinois, 815 ILCS 510, for the Defendants’ use and threatened future use of the

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service mark, “Za Za,” in connection with restaurants unaffiliated with the Plaintiff, (Count III). Id.

at ¶ 24. The Plaintiff seeks a permanent injunction barring the Defendants from using the service

mark “Za Za” as well as attorneys’ fees, profits derived from use of the service mark, damages

suffered as a result of the Defendants’ actions and punitive damages.

II. STANDARD

For purposes of a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the Court must accept

as true all facts alleged in a complaint and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of a plaintiff. 

See Killingsworth, 507 F.3d at 618. To state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a complaint

must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must be “plausible on its face.” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 570

(2007)). When analyzing whether a complaint has met this standard, the “reviewing court [must]

draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. 662 at 679. A claim has

facial plausibility when the factual content in the pleadings allows the court to draw a reasonable

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. See Id. at 677-8.

III. DISCUSSION

The Defendants move to dismissthe Plaintiff’s Complaint for failure to state a claim and also

argue that the equitable doctrine of laches bars the suit. Additionally, the Defendants stated that

Plaintiff’s corporation La ZaZa Trattoria was “not in good standing” with the State of Illinois at the

time of filing this lawsuit, and in the Defendants’ Reply argued for the first time that since the suit

was commenced, Plaintiff was administratively dissolved April 13, 2012, and therefore lacks

standing to pursue it. 

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A. Notice Pleading

In order to succeed on its Lanham Act claim, Plaintiff must establish that: (1) Plaintiff owns

a protectible trademark, and (2) use of this mark by the Defendants is likely to cause confusion

among consumers. See Segal v. Geisha NYC LLC, 517 F.3d 501, 506 (7th Cir.2008) (citing 15

U.S.C. § 1125). The Plaintiff pleads that it has been using the service mark “ZaZa” in connection

with the operation of restaurant services continuously since 1995. This assertion is sufficient at the

motion to dismiss stage to satisfy the protectible trademark prong of the claim. See, e.g.,

Morningware, Inc. v. Hearthware Home Products, Inc. , 673 F. Supp. 2d 630, 634 (N.D. Ill. 2009)

(seven years is sufficient to establish a protectible interest at the motion to dismiss stage); Vulcan

Golf, LLC v. Google Inc., 552 F. Supp. 2d 752, 762-6 (N.D. Ill.2008) (plaintiff’s allegations that

plaintiff owns the “Vulcan Gulf” trademark and the “Vulcan Golf” tradename and that

vulcanogolf.com violates plaintiff’s trademark sufficient to establish a protectible interest to survive

motion to dismiss). To satisfy the use in commerce and consumer confusion prongs, the offending

mark must be “likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation,

connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or

approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person.” 15 U.S.C. §

1125(a)(1)(A). The distinct similarities between the Plaintiff’s La ZaZa Trattoria and the

Defendants’ Za Za Tavola Italiana and the alleged confusion, mistake and injury, as stated in the

Complaint, is sufficiently pled to state a plausible claim under the Lanham Act.

Plaintiff’s second and third claims are common law unfair competition and unfair trade

practices pursuant to the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act of the State of Illinois(“UDTPA”),

815 ILCS 510. “Where a plaintiff’s factual allegations under the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade

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Practices Act also form the basis for plaintiff’s claim under the Lanham Act, the legal inquiry is the

same under both statutes. Claims for unfair competition and deceptive business practices brought

under Illinoisstatutes are to be resolved according to the principles set forth under the Lanham Act.”

See Morningware, Inc., 673 F. Supp. 2d at 639 (citing SB Designs v. Reebok Int’l, Ltd., 338 F. Supp.

2d 904, 914 (N.D. Ill.2004)). Additionally, UDTPA codifies common law unfair competition and

does not need to be analyzed separately. See Morningware, Inc., 673 F. Supp. 2d at 639. Hence,

given the above finding of sufficient pleading a claim of false designation, the Plaintiff has

sufficiently pled both claims of common law unfair competition deceptive trade practices.

B. Individual Defendants

The Defendants move to dismiss the claims against the individual defendants, arguing that

Lo Bue has never had an equitable and legal ownership interest in Za Za’s Tavola Italiana nor been

a shareholder, officer, director or had any ownership interest in Za Za Enterprises. The Plaintiff

agrees to dismiss Lo Bue and Voska, as individuals, and proceed against the corporate entities. On

agreement between the parties, the Court dismisses Lo Bue and Voska as individuals.

C. Corporate Standing

The Defendants state that the Plaintiff corporation failed to pay its requisite fees with the

Illinois Secretary of State in November 2011 and did not and has not resolved this delinquency. 

According to Illinois state law, a corporation is administratively dissolved ninety days after a notice

is sent to the registered agent of the corporation alerting the corporation of its delinquency for failure

to pay fees or file an annual report. See 805 ILCS 105/112.40. The Defendants attach a corporation

file detail report from the Secretary of State’s website, a public record, to demonstrate that the

Plaintiff was involuntarily dissolved on April 13, 2012. The Defendants argue that the Plaintiff

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lacked standing to file this lawsuit as it was “not in good standing” with the Secretary of State at the

commencement of the suit in January 2012. Furthermore, the Defendants argue that the involuntary

dissolution of the corporation since starting the suit indicates a general indifference for the upkeep

of the service mark and means that the Plaintiff no longer has the capacity to maintain the suit. 

“The capacity of a corporation to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law under which

it was organized.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b). According to Illinoislaw, “[n]o corporation required to pay

a franchise tax, license fee, penalty or interest under this Act shall maintain any civil action until all

such franchise taxes, license fees, penalties and interest have been paid in full.” 805 ILCS 5/.1585;

see also Henderson-Smith & Associates, 323 Ill. App. 3d. 15, 20 (Ill. App. Ct. 2001). However,

Illinois courts have maintained that this provision does not serve as a complete bar to suit; instead,

“if a corporation, which is delinquent in the payment of franchise taxes, has started a suit, it may, by

subsequent compliance with the statute, continue prosecution of that suit.” Nat’l Black Expo v.

Clear Channel Broad., Inc., No. 03-C-2751, 2007 WL 495307, *3 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (quoting

MerchantsEnvironmental Industries, Inc. v. Montgomery Ward &Co., Inc., 252 Ill.App.3d. 906, 911

(Ill. App. Ct. 1993)). Assuming the Plaintiff pays its arrears with the Secretary of State, the standing

issue with regard to this initial filing of the law suit will be resolved. See Id.

The Defendants also allege that the Plaintiff corporation was administratively dissolved in

April 2012 and consequently the lawsuit should be barred. In Illinois, in the event of a corporate

dissolution, including an administrative dissolution, the dissolved corporation can continue its

existence for five years under Illinois Business Corporations Act, which provides for the survival

of corporate remedy after expiration of its period of durations. See 805 ILCS 5/12.80. Furthermore,

a dissolved corporation “may take all actions necessary to wind up its affairs.” 805 ILCS

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105/112.40(c). Thus, under the Illinois statute, a dissolved corporation can maintain a lawsuit such

as the present action. Additionally, the Defendant’s contention that the Plaintiff’s indolence with

regards to paying the requisite fees with the Secretary of State indicates an indifference to the service

mark is not sufficient to bar the present lawsuit. 

D. Defense of Laches

The Defendants also argue that the Plaintiff delayed in bringing this action and the equitable

doctrine of laches bars the suit. The doctrine rests on the “maxim that those who sleep on their

rights, lose them.” Hot Wax v. Turtle Wax, 191 F.3d 813, 820 (7th Cir. 1999). Laches is the

extended delay in bringing a lawsuit that results in potential undue prejudice against a defendant. 

For the doctrine to apply the plaintiff must (1) know of the infringing use of the service mark by the

defendant, (2) exercise an inexcusable delay in bringing the lawsuit and (3) the Defendant must be

unduly prejudiced as a result. See Chattanoga Mfg., Inc., 301 F.3d at 792-3; see also Superior

Paintless Dent Removal, Inc., 454 F. Supp. 2d 769, 771 (N.D. Ill. 2006). Laches is an affirmative

defense and as such, a plaintiff is not obligated to anticipate or include information related to it in

the complaint. See See Flentye v. Kathrein, 485 F. Supp. 2d 903, 916 (N.D. Ill. 2007). A plaintiff

can, however, “plead themselves out of court by ‘setting forth everything necessary to satisfy the

affirmative defense, such as when a complaint plainly reveals that an action is untimely.’” Id. (citing

Superior Paintless, 454 F. Supp. 2d at 771). Under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. 1125(a), there is no

a statute of limitation on trademark actions. Instead federal courts have relied on “analogous state

statutes of limitations to determine whether a presumption of laches should apply.” Turtle Wax, 191

F.3d at 821. Consequently, courts have applied “the most analogous Illinois limitation period[,

which is] the three-year statute of limitations found in the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive

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Business Practices Act.” Chattanoga, 301 F.3d at 793-4; see S&A Futures, LLC v. Sysco Chicago,

Inc., No. 11 C 7629, 2012 WL 851556, *3 (N.D. Ill. 2012). 

The Defendants contend that the Plaintiff was present at the March 2005 grand opening of

La Za Za Tavola Italiana and allege that the Plaintiff slept on their rights for seven years before filing

the lawsuit. The Defendants aver that an agent of the Plaintiff corporation attended the Defendant’s

restaurant’s grand opening, which is not confirmed by any assertions in the Plaintiff’s papers, but

also not rebutted with a reasonable excuse for the delay. On a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review

is limited to the complaint and thus factual assertions outside the complaint, for example in a

Defendant’s response, are excluded. See Travel All Over the World, Inc. v. Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia, 73 F.3d 1423, 1430 (7th Cir. 1996). The Plaintiff has not “pleaded itself out of court” on

laches as the Complaint does not mention when the Plaintiff became aware of the offending use of

the mark. See Flentye, 485 F. Supp. 2d at 916. It is therefore “inappropriate to resolve this issue on

a motion to dismiss.” See Id. at 917 (citing Superior Paintless, 454 F. Supp. 2d at 771). 

The Court notes that the Defendants have moved in the alternative for summary judgment,

prior to discovery. The defense of laches generally requires a fact-intensive inquiry, Rovell v.

American Nat’l Bank, 194 F.3d 867, 871 (7th Cir.1999), and therefore it is usually not amenable to

being resolved on a summary judgment, “let alone a motion to dismiss.” See Flentye, 485 F. Supp.

2d at 907. Summary judgment is appropriate only when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(c). “All parties must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all

the material that is pertinent to the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 12(d). The Defendants relied on

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materials outside of the complaint and submitted a statement of material facts that complies with

Local Rule 56.1 and is supported by exhibits. The Plaintiff had a reasonable opportunity to present

pertinent material in its Response, but in its briefing appears oblivious to the Defendants’ motion

for summary judgment and cites only to the standard of review under Rule 12(b)(6) for a motion to

dismiss and refers only to its allegations in the Complaint. Compare Fellers v. Potter, 2009 WL

4679505, *1 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 7, 2009) (district court ruled according to standard for summary

judgment, finding that plaintiff clearly recognized that the district court might treat defendants’

motion as such because plaintiff submitted response to defendants’ 56.1 facts and his own 56.1

facts). Generally, a plaintiff’s ignorance of a motion for summary judgment, whetherreal or feigned,

does not discharge his duty to address it with pertinent material. See Id. at *1 (“Here, both Plaintiff

and Defendant have had reasonable opportunity to present such material, given that Defendant

entitled his motion as a ‘Motion to Dismiss or Alternatively for Summary Judgment.’”). Of critical

importance to the Defendant’s defense of laches is whether, as Defendant alleges, an agent from the

corporate Plaintiff attended the Defendant’s restaurant opening in 2005 and the Plaintiff was thereby

apprised of the alleged infringing use for at least seven years without commencing a suit. Because

the Plaintiff remains silent on the issue in its Response, again whether either knowingly or

inadvertently, and when accepting the Defendants’ allegation as true and drawing any inferences in

favor of the Plaintiff, the Court draws the inference that the agent of the corporation did not fully

apprise the corporate Plaintiff. The Court is unable to conclude at this time that the Defendants are

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. These facts are critical and the parties must conduct some

discovery to make a proper showing so that the Court can rule.

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A defense of laches can be resolved on summary judgment when the facts necessary for

determining whether the defendant suffered material prejudice are not genuinely disputed. See

Smith, 338 F.3d at 733; see also Fleischfresser v. Directors of Sch. Dist. 200, 15 F.3d 680, 685 (7th

Cir. 1994) (affirming district court’s grant of summary judgment despite its failure to explicitly

notify the parties that it was treating the defendants’ motion to dismiss as one for summary judgment

“where nothing else could have been raised to alter the entry of summary judgment”); see also

Chattanoga Manufacturing, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 301 F.3d 789, 792-93 (7th Cir. 2002) (affirming

district court’s grant of defendant’s motion for summary judgment in a trademark infringement suit

on the basis of laches). Yet the Defendant has not addressed whether the Plaintiff’s alleged delay

in bringing suit has a prejudicial effect on the Defendant and is inexcusable, as is required. See

Chattanoga Mfg., Inc., 301 F.3d at 792-3. Although prejudice to a defendant from a plaintiff’s delay

might appear easily presumed, the Seventh Circuit requires some showing of material prejudice to

substantiate that equitable relief is necessary to bar the plaintiff’s claims. See Smith v. Caterpillar,

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Inc., 338 F.3d 730, 734 (7th Cir. 2003). Because the Court will address the Plaintiff’s delay “on a

sliding scale” in the Defendants’ future pleadings, the Defendants may need to show less prejudice

to balance against the seven years of delay currently presented in the pleadings. Id. (“Here, given

Smith’s inexcusable eight and one-half year delay, we recognize that Caterpillar need not present a

mountain of evidence establishing prejudice in order to succeed on its laches defense.”).

In affirming the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant Caterpillar due to its equitable

1

defense of laches, the following reasons were sufficient for the district court to conclude material prejudice by an

ex-employee’s delay in filing suit against Caterpillar: “(1) the testimony ofseveral pertinent witnesses would be difficult,

if not impossible, for Caterpillar to procure; (2) the witnesses’ memories have faded over the several years and they

would be unable to recollect specific details of Smith’s employment with Caterpillar; (3) the inadvertent loss, or even

intentional destruction in the course of business, of relevant personnel documents relating to Smith’s employment would

seriously impair Caterpillar’s ability to present a defense to Smith’s claims; and (4) the exposure of Caterpillar to liability

for back pay has accrued steadily during Smith’s delay in filing her lawsuit.” Smith v. Caterpillar, Inc., 338 F.3d 730,

733 (7th Cir. 2003).

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Nonetheless, examining the present pleadings in the Plaintiff’s most favorable light still counsels

against summary judgment at this stage of the case due to the dispute over when the Plaintiff knew

or should have known about the infringing use of the trademark, whether Plaintiff’s delay was

excusable and whether the Defendants suffered prejudice from this delay. This is not to reward the

Plaintiff’s ignorance of the Defendants’ Motion for SummaryJudgment and properLocaleRule 56.1

factual pleading, but to highlight the few discrete areas, as detailed above, that the Defendants must

show to the Court to exercise their equitable rights and bar suit. 

IV. CONCLUSION

Forthe foregoing reasons, and assuming the Plaintiff has satisfied its debts with the Secretary

of State, the Defendants’ motion to dismissis granted in part with regards to the dismissal of Lo Bue

and Voska and denied in part as to Counts I-III. Because the Plaintiff has alleged claims whose

preclusion by laches rests on facts that have not been established, the Court denies the Defendants’

Motion for Sanctions under Rule 11 and the Defendants’ Motion for SummaryJudgment at this time.

________________________________________

Virginia M. Kendall

United States District Court Judge

Northern District of Illinois

Date: August 10, 2012

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