NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Statistical Analysis Report March 2001

Public Library

Trends Analysis,

Fiscal Years 1992-1996

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 2001-324
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Statistical Analysis Report March 2001

Public Library

Trends Analysis,

Fiscal Years 1992-1996

By:

Denise Glover

Westat

For:

National Center for Education Statistics

Adrienne Chute

Project Monitor

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 2001-324
U.S. Department of Education

Rod Paige

Secretary

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

Sue Betka

Deputy Assistant Secretary

National Center for Education Statistics

Gary W. Phillips

Acting Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing,

and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional

mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in

the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance

of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and

review and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable,

complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high

quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers,

practitioners, data users, and the general public.

We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a

variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating

information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product

or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to:

National Center for Education Statistics

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

U.S. Department of Education

1900 K Street NW

Washington, DC 20006

March 2001

The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is:

http://nces.ed.gov

Suggested Citation

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Public Library Trends Analysis,

Fiscal Years 1992-1996, NCES 2001-324, by Denise Glover. Project Monitor, Adrienne Chute.

Washington, DC: 2001.

Contact:

Adrienne Chute

(202) 502-7328

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office

Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
iii

Acknowledgments

Westat conducted this study at the request of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) within

the U.S. Department of Education. Adrienne Chute at NCES was the task monitor, and Elaine Kroe at

NCES reviewed the technical notes. Terri Carter and Carma Hogue at the U.S. Bureau of the Census

imputed the fiscal year 1992-1996 data files. Elizabeth Farris served as Westat’s project director.

Westat’s project staff included Sarah Bennett-Harper and Vaishali Joshi. Carol Litman edited the final

report. Sylvie Warren and Janice Bratcher prepared the tables and formatted the final report.

Jane Carol-Heiser, Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), J.D. Waggoner, West Virginia

Library Commission; and Michael Cohen, Christina Dunn, Roslyn Korb, and Paul Planchon of NCES,

and Leslie Scott of Education Statistics Services Institute (ESSI) reviewed this report. Their comments

toward the improvement of the report are gratefully acknowledged.

The author also extends thanks to the Federal-State Cooperative System (FSCS) Steering Committee

members who reviewed the report and provided valuable input.

Jane Carol-Heiser, Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)

Dianne Carty, FSCS Chair, Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners

Darla Cottrill, State Library of Ohio

Denise Davis, Director, Statistics and Surveys, National Commission on

 Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS)

Keith Curry Lance, Colorado Department of Education

Libby Law, South Carolina State Library

Mary Jo Lynch, American Library Association

Lynn Shurden, Mississippi Library Commission

Elizabeth Sywetz, IMLS

Sondra Taylor-Furbee, State Library of Florida

J.D. Waggoner, West Virginia Library Commission

Barratt Wilkins, Chief Officers of State Library Agencies Representative, State Library of Florida

Robert Willard, Executive Director, NCLIS

Alan Zimmerman, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction

We also acknowledge the significant contributions to the Library Statistics Program of Kim Miller of

NCLIS; Edie McArthur, Jeffrey Owings, and Jeffrey Williams of NCES; Christina Dunn of the National

Library of Education; Barbara Humes of the National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries,

and Lifelong Learning (PLLI); Michael Freeman, Patricia Garner, Johnny Monaco, Regina Padgett, and

Cindy Sheckells of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
iv
v

Executive Summary

The Public Library Trends Analysis report

summarizes 5 years of public library data

collected through the Public Libraries Survey, for

fiscal years 1992-96. The survey is conducted

annually by the National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES) through the Federal-State

Cooperative System for Public Library Data.

The purpose of this report is to identify and

describe trends in public libraries for 24 selected

variables, including library collections, services,

operating income and expenditures, and staffing.

The national, regional, and state data document

how each of the 24 variables changed between

fiscal years 1992 and 1996. Librarians, library

administrators and library boards, state library

agencies, and others can use these trend data to

facilitate the planning process, document use of

public funds, and identify services, collections, or

resources that need additional support.

The 24 selected variables that were analyzed in

this report are listed below in exhibit 1.

This executive summary presents key findings

from the report in four areas: national data

compared across the 5 years, regional data

compared to national data, regions compared

across the 5 years, and each region compared to

the other regions for fiscal year 1996.

National Data Compared Across Years

One of the major findings of the report is that,

generally, public libraries did not experience

substantial changes in the size of their collections,

the number and use of primary services, the

amounts of their operating income or

expenditures, or the size of their staff.

Exhibit 1. Variables of interest

Collections Services

Book/serial volumes per capita Circulation per capita

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 population of legal Library visits per capita

service area Collection turnover rate

Audios per 1,000 population of legal service area Reference transactions per capita

Videos per 1,000 population of legal service area Interlibrary loans received from other libraries per 1,000 population of

 legal service area

Interlibrary loans provided to other libraries per 1,000 population

 of legal service area

Income and Expenditures Net loan rate

Total operating income per capita

Local operating income per capita Income Sources

State operating income per capita

Total operating expenditures per capita Local income as percent of total income

Operating expenditures for collections per capita State income as percent of total income

Operating expenditures for staff per capita Federal income as percent of total income

Other income as percent of total income

Library Staff

Service outlets

Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of

Library Science from programs in library and Number of stationary service outlets

information science accredited by the American

Library Association per 25,000 population of legal

service area

Total paid full-time equivalent staff per 25,000

population of legal service area
vi

The only variables that showed substantial

changes over the 5-year period were:

• Videos per 1,000 population of the legal

service area, which increased 16 percent

(table 4); 1

• Number of library materials provided by one

library to another upon request per 1,000

population of legal service area (hereafter

referred to as interlibrary loans provided to

other libraries), which increased 9.7 percent

(table 6);

• Number of library materials filled by one

library for another upon request per 1,000

population of legal service area (hereafter

referred to as interlibrary loans received

from other libraries); which also increased

9.7 percent (table 6); and

• Turnover rate, which decreased 1.2 percent

(table 6).2

Regional Data Compared to National Data

To compare regional data, the report used the

eight geographic regions provided by the Bureau

of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department

of Commerce: New England, Mideast,

Southeast, Southwest, Plains, Far West, Rocky

Mountains, and Great Lakes. (See appendix H

for the states that compose each region.)

Generally, libraries in New England, Mideast,

Plains, and the Great Lakes states exceeded the

national average for many of the collections,

services, and staff variables, and two of the

 

1

 Population of the legal service area refers to the number of people

in the geographic area for which a public library has been

established to offer services and from which (or on behalf of

which) the library derives income, plus any areas served under

contract for which the library is the primary service provided.

2

 Turnover rate is the average total annual circulation per volume

owned. This number is calculated by dividing the total annual

circulation by the library’s books and serial volumes, plus audio

materials and video materials.

financial variables.3 The only two financial

variables for which these four regions exceeded

the national average were local operating

income per capita and operating expenditures for

collections per capita (table 9).

Generally, libraries in the Southeast, Southwest,

and Far West states had substantially lower

averages than the national average for

collections, services, financial, and staff

variables (17 of 24). 4 However, the turnover

rates for libraries in these three regions exceeded

the national turnover rates (table 7).

Over the 5-year period, only libraries in the

Great Lakes region had a higher average state

operating income per capita than the national

average, primarily because Ohio, one of the

states in this region, receives almost two-thirds

of its funding from state sources (table 9).

Regions Compared Across Years

Unlike the nation as a whole in which libraries

generally experienced small increases in the size

 

3

 The variables that showed higher averages in these four regions

include book/serial volumes per capita, (per capita figures are

based on the total unduplicated population of the legal service

areas in the states, not on the total population of the states), serial

subscriptions per 1,000 population of legal service area, and

audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area;

circulation and library visits per capita, and interlibrary loans

received from and provided to other libraries per 1,000

population of the legal service area; paid full-time- equivalent

librarians with Master's of Library Science from programs in

library and information science accredited by the American

Library Association per 25,000 population of the legal service

area, and total paid full-time equivalent staff per 25,000

population of the legal service area; and local operating income

per capita and operating expenditures for collections per capita

(tables 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13).

4

 These variables include book/serial volumes per capita, serial

subscriptions per 1,000 population of legal service area, and

audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area;

circulation and library visits per capita, and interlibrary loans

received from and provided to other libraries per 1,000

population of the legal service area; total operating income per

capita, state operating income per capita, operating expenditures

per capita, operating expenditures for collections per capita, and

operating expenditures for staff per capita; percentage

distribution of income from state sources and other sources; and

paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master's of Library

Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association per 25,000

population of legal service area, and total paid full-time

equivalent staff per 25,000 population of legal service area.
vii

of their collections, number of services, amount

of operating income and expenditures, and size

of staff, libraries in almost every region showed

either small increases or decreases in these

variables, with a few exceptions (tables 14-19).

The notable exceptions to this finding are:

• Videos per 1,000 population of legal service

area in which all regions experienced

dramatic increases (table 15);

• Reference transactions per capita in which

libraries in the Mideast and Southeast

experienced increases of 7.0 and 8.8 percent,

respectively (table 16);

• Interlibrary loans received from and

provided to other libraries per 1,000

population of the legal service area in which

libraries in New England experienced

substantial increases (24.5 and 28.7 percent,

respectively; table 16);

• State operating income per capita in which

libraries in New England had a moderate

increase (11.9 percent), and libraries in the

Southwest experienced a fairly substantial

decrease (-15.3 percent; table 17);

• Percentage distribution of income from state

sources in which libraries in New England

experienced a moderate increase (9.2

percent), and libraries in the Southwest

experienced a moderate decrease

(-9.5 percent; table 18); and

• Percentage distribution of income from

federal sources in which libraries in New

England and the Mideast experienced fairly

substantial increases (21.7 and 17.5 percent,

respectively), and libraries in the Southwest

and Plains experienced fairly substantial

decreases (-17.5 and -9.5 percent,

respectively; table 18).

Each Region Compared to Other Regions

Generally, in fiscal year 1996, when compared

to the other five regions, libraries in New

England, Great Lakes, and Mideast regions had

higher averages for most (15 of the 24) variables

of interest listed in exhibit 1. This finding did

not hold true for turnover rate, reference

transactions per capita, net loan rate, local

operating income per capita, state operating

income per capita, and percent of income from

local, state, federal, and other sources.

In fiscal year 1996, libraries in the Southeast,

Southwest, and Far West, as compared to the

other five regions, consistently showed lower

averages for most (16 of the 24) variables of

interest. The service, finance, and staff variables

that were exceptions to this finding include

turnover rate, reference transactions per capita,

interlibrary loans provided to other libraries per

1,000 population of legal service area, state

operating income per capita, operating

expenditures for staff per capita, percent of

income from other sources, and total paid fulltime-equivalent librarians with Master's of

Library Science from programs in library and

information science accredited by the American

Library Association per 25,000 population of

legal service area (tables 16 - 20).

Without further research, the reasons for these

regional differences could not be determined.

However, a correlation analysis is often used to

describe the relationship between two variables.

The correlation analysis indicated that libraries

with higher circulation per capita tended to have

higher operating expenditures per capita. To a

lesser degree, libraries with higher numbers of

visits per capita also tended to have higher

operating expenditures per capita.
viii
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... iii

Executive Summary......................................................................................... v

1 Introduction and Background .......................................................................... 1

Background of the Public Libraries Survey..................................................... 1

Overview of the Literature............................................................................... 2

The Uses of Library Measures............................................................ 2

Comparison of Public Library Surveys............................................... 3

Analysis of Public Library Trend Data............................................... 4

The 24 Variables of Interest............................................................................. 4

Scope of the Analysis and Organization of the Report.................................... 5

2 Description of the Relationships Among Variables of Interest ....................... 7

3 Comparing National Library Means and National to Regional Means

Across the Years 1992 Through 1996 ............................................................. 11

Number of Stationary Outlets, by Type........................................................... 11

Library Collections .......................................................................................... 11

Library Services............................................................................................... 14

Library Income and Expenditures.................................................................... 19

Library Staff..................................................................................................... 22

4 Comparing Library Variables in Each Region Across the Years 1992

through 1996.................................................................................................... 31

Stationary Outlets ............................................................................................ 31

Library Collections .......................................................................................... 31

Library Services............................................................................................... 31

Library Income and Expenditures.................................................................... 32

Library Staff..................................................................................................... 34

5 Comparing Libraries in Each Region to Those in Other Regions for

FY 1996 ........................................................................................................... 41

Library Collections .......................................................................................... 41

Library Services............................................................................................... 42

Library Income and Expenditures.................................................................... 42

Library Staff..................................................................................................... 45

Factors Relating to Regional Differences........................................................ 45

6 Summary.......................................................................................................... 49

Bibliography .................................................................................................... 51
x

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

List of Appendixes

Appendix Page

A Tables of Pearson Correlations Matrices, FY 1996 ........................................................ A-1

B Tables of Yearly Percent Changes, National Across Years............................................ B-1

C Tables of Yearly Percent Differences, Regions to Nation .............................................. C-1

D Tables of Yearly Percent Changes, Regions Across Years ............................................ D-1

E Tables of Regional Differences by Percent for All Variables of Interest, FY 1996 ....... E-1

F State Tables..................................................................................................................... F-1

G Technical Notes .............................................................................................................. G-1

H Lists of States in the Bureau of Economic Analysis Regions......................................... H-1

I Glossary of Terms........................................................................................................... I-1

List of Tables

Table

1 Pearson correlations between selected library variables: FY 1996................................ 8

2 Partial Pearson correlations between selected library variables controlling for total

income per capita: FY 1996........................................................................................... 9

3 Total number of stationary outlets, centrals, and branches, and average percent

change for the nation, by year: FY 1992-1996 .............................................................. 11

4 National mean and average percent change for collection variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996 ................................................................................................................. 12

5 Means and average percent differences in the means between regions and the

nation, by collections variables: FY 1992-1996 ............................................................ 13

6 National mean and average percent change for services variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996 ................................................................................................................. 15

7 Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation,

by services variables: FY 1992-1996............................................................................. 16
xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

List of Tables

Table Page

8 National mean, average percent change, and average percent change adjusted for

inflation for income and expenditures variables, by year: FY 1992-1996..................... 20

9 Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by income

and expenditures: FY 1992-1996................................................................................... 24

10 National mean and average percent change for percentage distribution of income

sources, by year: FY 1992-1996 .................................................................................... 25

11 Percentage distribution of total income and average percent differences between

regions and the nation: FY 1992-1996........................................................................... 26

12 National mean and average percent change for staff resource variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996 ................................................................................................................. 28

13 Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by staff

resources: FY 1992-1996............................................................................................... 29

14 Total number of stationary outlets, centrals, and branches for each region, and

average percent change, by year: FY 1992-1996........................................................... 32

15 Regions compared across years for selected collections variables, by mean and

average percent change: FY 1992-1996......................................................................... 33

16 Regions compared across years for services variables, by mean and average

percent change: FY 1992-1996...................................................................................... 35

17 Regions compared across years for selected income and expenditure variables, by

mean, average percent change and average percent change adjusted for inflation:

FY 1992-1996 ................................................................................................................. 37

18 Regions compared across years for percentage distribution of income by source,

and average percent change: FY 1992-1996.................................................................. 39

19 Regions compared across years for selected staff resources variables, by mean and

average percent change: FY 1992-1996......................................................................... 40

20 Personal income and average library income per capita, by region: FY 1996 .............. 48
xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Mean number of audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area for

the nation: FY 1992-1996 .............................................................................................. 14

2 Mean number of audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area for

the nation and regions: FY 1996.................................................................................... 15

3 Mean number of interlibrary loans received and provided per 1,000 population of

legal service area for the nation: FY 1992-1996............................................................ 19

4 Mean number of interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 population of legal service

area for New England and the nation: FY 1992-1996 ................................................... 20

5 Mean total income and operating expenditures per capita for the nation:

FY 1992-1996 ................................................................................................................. 21

6 Percentage distribution of income by source for the nation, Great Lakes, and

Southwest: FY 1996........................................................................................................ 27

7 Total operating expenditures per capita for the nation and regions: FY 1996............... 30

8 Paid FTE staff per 25,000 population of legal service area for the nation and

regions: FY 1996 ........................................................................................................... 30

9 Mean number of interlibrary loans received and provided per 1,000

population of legal service area by regions: FY 1996 ................................................... 43

10 Mean total operating income and total expenditures per capita, by region:

FY 1996 .......................................................................................................................... 44

11 Mean local and state operating income received per capita, by region: FY 1996 ......... 45

List of Exhibits

Exhibit

1 Variables of interest ........................................................................................................ 6
1 Library Trends Analysis Report

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

This report summarizes 5 years of public library

data collected through the Public Libraries

Survey, fiscal years 1992-96. The survey is

conducted annually by the National Center for

Education Statistics (NCES) through the FederalState Cooperative System for Public Library Data.

The purpose of this report is to identify and

describe trends in public libraries for 24 selected

variables including library collections, services,

operating income and expenditures, and staffing.

The national, regional, and state data presented in

this report document how each of the 24 variables

changed between fiscal years 1992 and 1996.

These trend data can be used by librarians, library

administrators and library boards, state library

agencies, and others to assist in the planning

process, document use of public funds, and

identify services, collections, or resources that

need additional support.

To provide the reader with some context for the

report, this introduction covers the following

topics:

• Background of the Public Libraries Survey,

•

• Overview of the literature,

• List of the 24 variables of interest included in

this report, and

• Scope of the analysis and organization of the

report.

Background of the Public Libraries Survey

The involvement of NCES and the Federal-StateCooperative System for Public Library Data in

data collection activities for library statistics

began with the Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and

Secondary School Improvement Amendments of

1988 (Public Law 100-297), which provided the

legislative mandate for NCES to collect public

library statistics. Section 406 required the

development and support of a voluntary FederalState-Cooperative System for Public Library Data

for the annual nationwide collection and

dissemination of public library data. The National

Education Statistics Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-

382), which superseded the Hawkins-Stafford

Elementary and Secondary School Improvement

Amendments of 1988, (Public Law 100-297),

mandated that NCES collect library statistics. In

addition, the National Commission on Libraries

and Information Science and the Bureau of the

Census work cooperatively with NCES. The

National Commission on Libraries and

Information Science serves as a liaison to the

library community, organizes meetings and

training workshops, monitors trends, and advises

NCES on policy matters. The Bureau of the

Census plays an important role in data collection,

editing, and processing.

Through the Federal-State-Cooperative System,

states and outlying areas (i.e., Guam, Northern

Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands)

collect and submit individual public library data to

NCES on a voluntary basis. At the state level, the

Federal-State-Cooperative System is administered

by state data coordinators, each appointed by the

chief officers of their state library agencies.

Beginning with fiscal year 1989 data, NCES has

annually published and disseminated Public

Libraries in the United States, a collection of

tables containing summary information about

public libraries in the 50 states and the District of

Columbia. These reports provide information on

approximately 41 data elements including service

measures such as reference transactions, public

service hours, interlibrary loans, circulation, and

library visits. Additional items include size of

collection, staffing, operating income and

expenditures, type of administrative structure, and

summary information about the number and type

of public library service outlets. Beginning with

fiscal year 1995, six new data items were added:

• Operating expenditures for library materials in

electronic format,

• Operating expenditures for electronic access,
Library Trends Analysis Report 2

• Number of library materials in electronic

format,

• Access to electronic services,

• Access to the Internet, and

• Internet use code.5

Overview of the Literature

This overview of the literature discusses how and

why libraries use the types of measures included

in this report, compares the two annual surveys of

public library data collected by two different

agencies, NCES and the Public Library

Association, and reviews articles that analyze

public library trend data.

The Uses of Library Measures

Library measures traditionally have been used to

evaluate the effectiveness of library services. The

current trend in public libraries, however, is to use

measures for evaluation and continual local

planning.6

 Four publications prepared by the

Public Library Association and published by the

American Library Association laid the foundation

for a local approach to planning and the use of

library measures.

The first report, A Planning Process for Public

Libraries, was published in 1980. This guide

emphasized continual local planning and

evaluation of library services based on community

needs assessment (Palmour, 1980). A second

American Library Association publication, Output

Measures for Public Libraries (Zweizig and

Rodgers, 1982; revised by VanHouse et al., in

1987), identified specific measures to assess

library outputs (services the library produced) as

opposed to inputs (the resources used by the

library to serve the community). Several of the

 

5

 John Bertot and Charles McClure are conducting a study to develop

a core set of national statistics to describe public library use of the

Internet and Web-based services and resources. This study may

have implications for the electronic measures collected by FSCS.

(See http://www.albany.edu/~imissat).

6

 For an extensive bibliography and resources on library statistics and

performance measures, see http://web.syr.edu/~jryan/infopro/

stats.html.

library measures identified and presented in

Output Measures are also used in the Public

Library Survey.

In 1985, to further support the local planning

process, the Public Library Association

established the Public Library Development

Program. This program introduced the concept of

role selection to improve library management,

increase overall library effectiveness, and assess

the quality of library services. This concept

suggested that the services libraries provide their

communities could be grouped under a set of

service profiles, or roles, from which each library

could choose a few on which to focus (McClure et

al., 1987, xii). Planning and Role Setting for

Public Libraries, the third American Library

Association publication, defined public library

roles as a set of broad service categories:

community activities, community information,

formal education, independent learning, popular

materials, preschoolers’ door (i.e., services for

young children and their parents), reference

library, and research center.

In 1998, the fourth American Library Association

publication, Planning for Results: A Public

Library Transformation Process, the Guidebook,

became available. Planning for Results is

intended to help public library directors, staff, and

board members manage the future rather than

merely react to the present (Himmel and Wilson,

1998a, v). The authors replaced the concept of

library roles with the concept of library service

responses, which more precisely describes what a

library does to meet specific community needs

(Himmel and Wilson, 1998b, vi). The authors

defined new measures of success for measuring

how well library services meet the needs of the

public served. One planning task requires

librarians to review library measurement and

evaluation techniques. In addition, the publication

includes workforms on which library planners are

requested to provide both input measures (e.g.,

books, periodical titles, electronic resources) and

output measures (e.g., circulation per capita,

library visits per capita, program attendance,

turnover rate) 5 years ago and today. Many of

these input and output measures are collected by

the Federal-State-Cooperative System and are

included in this trend report.
3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Finally, in TELL IT! Evaluation Sourcebook and

Training Manual (Zweizig, 1994), the authors

discuss a planning and evaluation approach that

can be used by libraries to measure the

effectiveness of programs and services and a

framework for training librarians to conduct

evaluations. The sourcebook includes specific

evaluation methods, checklists, training exercises,

tip sheets, and other handouts to aid libraries in

the planning and evaluation process.

Thus, library measures, and trend data in

particular, support the planning process by

helping librarians and administrators to:

• Describe the existing condition of the library

and library services,

• Identify and set measurable objectives, and

• Evaluate progress toward achieving

objectives.

Library administrators and researchers will be

aided in the planning process by software

developed for NCES that allows users to conduct

peer comparisons and rank libraries by any

variables (Lynch, 1999, 48). Furthermore, state

libraries and state library associations that are

developing or planning to develop public library

standards at the state level can use trend data to

evaluate their services, collections, and resources

over time.7

Comparison of Public Library Surveys

Researchers who analyze public library data use

two different but complementary surveys;

therefore, it is useful here to distinguish between

them. From 1971 to 1987, the Allen County

Public Library and the Urban Libraries Council

compiled library data biennially for libraries

serving populations over 100,000 (Lynch, 1991,

 

7

 At the national level, the American Library Association and the

Public Library Association advocate a dynamic local planning

process rather than the use of one-size-fits-all traditional library

standards. However, several state library associations and state

libraries are developing state library standards that often build upon

the work provided in these planning documents. For further

information on state standards, see web sites of the Texas Library

Association (http://www.txla.org/groups/plstand/plstand.html), and

Indiana (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/WWW/LDO/PUBSTAN17.

HTML).

361). Since 1988, there have been two annual

surveys of public libraries: the Public Libraries

Survey conducted by NCES through the FederalState-Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(hereafter known as the Public Libraries Survey),

and the Public Library Data Service conducted by

the Public Library Association (hereafter referred

to as the Public Library Data Service).

Both the Public Libraries Survey and the Public

Library Data Service collect data on public

libraries. However, the Public Libraries Survey

collects data from all of the approximately 9,000

public libraries in the United States. The Public

Library Data Service is a purposive (i.e., nonrandom) sample survey of about 700 to 800 public

libraries primarily serving populations of 100,000

or more.

The Public Library Data Service collects data

directly from the libraries, unlike the Public

Libraries Survey in which state library agencies

receive data collected from local libraries and

report them to the Public Libraries Survey. The

Public Library Data Service data are generally

unedited, while Public Libraries Survey data are

edited before publication. Consequently, the

Public Library Data Service data are available the

following year (i.e., data collected in 2000 are

available in 2001), while the Public Libraries

Survey data are generally not available until

several years after the data have been collected

(i.e., data collected in 1998 were available in

2000).

The Public Library Data Service collects some of

the same data as the Public Libraries Survey,

including service measures such as annual

circulation, reference transactions, and library

visits. Currently, the Public Library Data Service

collects data on approximately 43 standard items,

plus 15 additional items on special topics that

sometimes change from year to year. (In 2000,

the topic was children's services). The Public

Libraries Survey includes approximately 50 data

elements for each public library, 12 items for each

public library service outlet, and 4 items for each

state library. Currently, the Public Library Data

Service collects the following library output

measures not collected on the Public Libraries

Survey: library registration, library holdings,
Library Trends Analysis Report 4

current annual salary of library director and salary

of beginning librarian; percent increase or

decrease in local income, and in-library materials

use. With the 2000 data collection, the Public

Library Data Service began collecting electronic

measures, items that Public Libraries Survey has

been collecting since 1995.8

Analysis of Public Library Trend Data

Annual public library data have only been

collected for 12 years, which may account for the

paucity of articles that examine or analyze public

library trends. In 1993, Debra Johnson examined

5 years (1987-91) of library data from the Public

Library Data Service, focusing on 15 library

variables including income and expenditures,

library holdings, circulation and visits, reference

transactions, collection turnover, in-library use per

capita, and document delivery rates. She

concluded that most libraries experienced

incremental increases in financial support and use,

although the differences were not dramatic. She

also found that public libraries increasingly used

the role selection process for planning (a data

element not collected by the Public Library

Survey). Since the Public Library Data Service

primarily collects data on libraries serving

populations over 100,000, trend data collected on

the entire population of libraries through the

Public Libraries Survey might yield different

results.

In a second article using trend data, Thomas

Waldhart (1995) analyzed 18 years (1974-92) of

interlibrary loan data (borrowing and lending

activities). For data collected prior to the Public

Library Data Service, Waldhart analyzed NCES

data, which were based on a survey of a 17

percent sample of public libraries in the United

States. This survey consisted of all public

libraries serving more than 100,000 people, and a

stratified random sample of public libraries

 

8

 Public Library Data Service Questionnaire 2000, and conversation

with Mary Jo Lynch, Director, Office for Research and Statistics,

American Library Association, November 20, 2000.

serving fewer than 100,000 (1995, 220).9

Waldhart’s goal was to determine whether

interlibrary loan data supported or refuted Thomas

Ballard’s view that networking and resourcesharing activities did not increase the use of

interlibrary loans by public libraries in the 1980s

(Ballard, 1986). After adjusting for the missing

data in the years 1989-91, Waldhart found that:

• Between 1982 and 1990, total public library

interlibrary loans increased by 25 percent; the

slowest growth—about 2 percent—occurred

between 1980 and 1989.

• Total interlibrary loans by public libraries

grew at an average annual rate of almost 10

percent between 1989 and 1992; borrowing

grew at an average annual rate of 8 percent,

and lending grew at a rate of 14 percent.

Waldhart concluded that the growth in interlibrary

loans between 1989 and 1992 would likely be

followed by some declines in use that might affect

the short-term pattern of use, but probably would

not affect the general trend toward expanded use

of interlibrary loans (1995, 223). Readers should

note that Waldhart’s method for adjusting missing

data was not as standardized as the method

subsequently used by Census for imputing

missing interlibrary loan activity data for the

Public Libraries Survey (see U.S. Department of

Education, 1999a, 6-8). Therefore, the trends

Waldhart observed may not hold true for the

Public Libraries Survey data. Neither the Johnson

nor the Waldhart report examined differences

between national and regional means or regional

differences.

The 24 Variables of Interest

The Public Libraries Survey is an annual data

collection based on a universe file of

approximately 9,000 public libraries. The Bureau

of the Census imputes data for nonresponding

libraries using methodology developed for NCES.

 

9

 Waldhart’s article did not identify the sample type for the 17

percent sample of public libraries serving over 100,000. It is not

known whether this was a scientifically drawn or a representative

sample.
5 Library Trends Analysis Report

(For further information on imputation, see

appendix G.)

Although in fiscal year 1996 the Public Libraries

Survey included approximately 50 data elements,

NCES in cooperation with the Federal-StateCooperative System Steering Committee limited

this trend analysis report to 24 data elements or

variables pertaining to collections, services,

income and expenditures, and staff. These are

listed in exhibit 1.10

NCES chose to examine these specific variables,

in part, because the surveys consistently collected

these data elements from 1992 to 1996. In

addition, the definitions of these elements, with

the exception of “public library,” have not

changed significantly over the 5-year period. (See

appendix G for a discussion of the definitional

changes.)

Scope of the Analysis and Organization of the

Report

This library trends report analyzes Public

Libraries Survey data collected during fiscal years

1992-96 at the national, regional, and state levels.

NCES chose eight regions for the analysis, based

on the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.

Department of Commerce classification: New

England, Mideast, Southeast, Southwest, Plains,

Far West, Rocky Mountains, and Great Lakes.

(See appendix H for a list of the states that

compose each region.)

The report is organized into four sections:

• A description of the 24 variables of interest,

including how they are correlated to one

another;

 

10See appendix I for a glossary of terms.

• A comparison of the national means and the

differences between the national and regional

means across the 5 years;

• A comparison of each region’s means across

the 5 years; and

• A comparison of the regions to each other for

1996.

Within each section, the 24 variables are

organized and discussed by library collections,

services, income and expenditures, and staffing.

Each section includes tables of variable means for

each year and the average percent change or

average percent difference across all 5 years.

Appendices B through E contain year-to-year

percent changes or differences for each level of

analysis (i.e., national across years, national to

regions, regions across years, regions to one

another). State tables are presented in appendix F.

Appendix G contains technical notes describing

the data collection, imputation methodology (i.e.,

how missing data are handled), changes in the

definition of “public libraries” between 1992 and

1996, and a brief discussion of methodological

issues related to the population of the legal service

area. As mentioned earlier, appendix H provides

a list of the states in each of the eight regions.

Appendix I contains a glossary of terms used in

the report, including the 24 variables of interest

listed on page 6.
Library Trends Analysis Report 6

Exhibit 1. Variables of interest

Collections Services

Book/serial volumes per capita Circulation per capita

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 population of legal Library visits per capita

service area Collection turnover rate

Audios per 1,000 population of legal service area Reference transactions per capita

Videos per 1,000 population of legal service area Interlibrary loans received from other libraries

 per 1,000 population of legal service area

Interlibrary loans provided to other libraries per 1,000 population

 of legal service area

Income and Expenditures Net loan rate

Total operating income per capita

Local operating income per capita Income Sources

State operating income per capita

Total operating expenditures per capita Local income as percent of total income

Operating expenditures for collections per capita State income as percent of total income

Operating expenditures for staff per capita Federal income as percent of total income

Other income as percent of total income

Library Staff

Service outlets

Total paid full-time-equivalent librarians with Master’s of

Library Science from programs in library and Number of stationary service outlets

information science accredited by the American

Library Association per 25,000 population of legal

service area

Total paid full-time-equivalent staff per 25,000

population of legal service area
7 Library Trends Analysis Report

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG

THE VARIABLES OF INTEREST

This section presents descriptive correlation data

to show which variables are related to one another

in an effort to explain various patterns or

differences that are presented in later sections.

The Pearson product moment correlation, a

standard technique to measure the relationship

between two variables, was used. Correlations

range from a value of +1, a perfectly positive

linear relationship to –1, a perfectly negative

linear relationship. Therefore, a perfect, positive

correlation means that when one variable is high,

the other is high. A perfect negative correlation

means that when one variable is high, the other

variable is low. A zero correlation means that

there is no relationship between the two variables.

Fiscal year (FY) 1996 national data were used to

construct a matrix of correlations for each pair of

variables (i.e., one variable paired with each of the

other 23 variables). See appendix table A-1 for

the full matrix.

Table 1 depicts selected pairs of the 24 variables.

The data show that the strongest relationships

exist between the income and expenditures

variables (r=0.83 to 0.95). Libraries with higher

operating expenditures tended to have higher total

operating incomes (r=0.95), operating

expenditures for staff (r=0.95), and collections

(r=0.85), and local operating income (r=0.89).

Libraries with higher total operating incomes

tended also to have higher operating expenditures

for staff (r=0.92), higher local operating income

(r=0.88), and higher operating expenditures for

collections per capita (r=0.83).

Several income and expenditures variables also

had strong relationships to the staff variables

(table 1). For example, libraries with higher

operating expenditures for staff per capita tended

to have higher operating expenditures for

collections per capita (r=0.78). Libraries with

higher operating expenditures for staff per capita

also tended to have more total paid full-timeequivalent (FTE) librarians with Master’s of

Library Science from programs of library and

information science accredited by the American

Library Association (ALA/MLS) per 25,000

population of the legal service area (PLSA;

r=.69); however, this correlation is not as high as

the relationship between operating expenditures

for staff per capita and total paid FTE staff per

25,000 PLSA area (r=0.76). Libraries with higher

total operating expenditures per capita also tended

to have more total paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA (r=0.76). Similarly, libraries with higher

operating expenditures for collections per capita

tended to have more total paid FTE staff per

25,000 PLSA (r=0.73). However, higher

operating expenditures for collections per capita

was less strongly related to paid FTE librarians

with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA (r=0.55).

Several service variables showed moderately

strong relationships. For example, library visits

and circulation per capita showed a moderately

strong relationship (r=0.65), although one might

expect an even stronger correlation between these

two variables (table 1). However, the strength of

the relationship may reflect the numbers of

patrons who go the library only for in-house uses

such as studying, reference purposes that involve

copying materials, or to access the Internet.

Interlibrary loans (ILLs) received from other

libraries and ILLs provided to other libraries

(r=0.41) was less strongly correlated to one

another than were library visits and circulation.

The correlations between staff and services

variables showed varying degrees of strength

(table 1). For example, libraries with more paid

FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA tended to have a

somewhat high circulation per capita (r=0.62),

although paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA was

less strongly correlated to library visits per capita

(r=0.57). Libraries that had more paid FTE

librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

tended to have fewer library visits and circulation
Library Trends Analysis Report

8

Table 1.—Pearson correlations between selected library variables: FY 1996

Variable

Library

visits

 per

capita

Circulation

per

capita

Total

operating

expenditures

per

capita

Operating

expenditures for

collections

per capita

ILLs

received

per

1,000

PLSA

ILLs

provided

per

1,000

PLSA

Book

volumes

per

capita

Serial

subscriptions per

1,000

PLSA

Audios

per

1,000

PLSA

Videos

 per 1,000

PLSA

Paid FTE

staff per

25,000

PLSA

Paid 

librar

with A

MLS 

25,0

PL

Library visits per capita .................................................... — 0.65 0.58 0.57 0.25 0.22 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.57 0.3

Circulation per capita........................................................ — 0.62 0.64 0.32 0.26 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.51 0.62 0.3

Total operating expenditures per capita ............................ — 0.85 0.24 0.42 0.37 0.39 0.57 0.43 0.76 0.6

Operating expenditures for collections per capita ............. — 0.26 0.43 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.49 0.73 0.5

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA.......................................... — 0.41 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.25 0.

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA......................................... — 0.14 0.18 0.26 0.27 0.34 0.3

Book/serial volumes per capita ......................................... — 0.57 0.39 0.45 0.49 0.0Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA................................. — 0.33 0.47 0.47 0.

Audios per 1,000 PLSA .................................................... — 0.39 0.49 0.3

Videos per 1,000 PLSA .................................................... — 0.50 0.

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA....................................... — 0.4

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA..... 

Operating expenditures for staff per capita ....................... Total operating income per capita..................................... 

Local operating income per capita .................................... 

ILL = Interlibrary loan; PLSA = Population of legal service area; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in libscience accredited by the American Library Association .SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data (FSCS), Public Libraries Surve
9 Library Trends Analysis Report

per capita (r=0.34 for each) than did libraries that

had more paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA (r=0.57

and r=0.62, respectively). However, since paid

FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

and paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA were not as

strongly correlated as might be expected (r=0.44),

it is not surprising that the relationships between

each of them and the other services and

collections variables showed different degrees of

strength.

Other variable pairs such as financial and

collections and financial and services variables

also showed varying degrees of strength.

Libraries with higher total operating expenditures

for collections per capita also tended to have a

higher circulation per capita, but not to the extent

one might expect (r=0.64; table 1). Libraries with

higher numbers of book volumes per capita

tended to have higher numbers of serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA (r=0.57) than

videos (r=0.45) or audios per 1,000 PLSA

(r=0.39). It also appears that libraries with higher

operating expenditures for collections per capita

tended to have somewhat higher book volumes

per capita (r=0.44), although not to the degree one

would expect. However, two pairs of variables

that might be expected to show moderate or

moderately strong relationships did: total

operating expenditures per capita and circulation

per capita (r=0.62), and to a lesser extent total

operating expenditures per capita and library visits

per capita (r=0.58). For a complete matrix

showing all variable pairs, see appendix table A-1.

Since many of the strongest correlations involved

at least one of the two primary financial variables,

total income per capita and operating expenditures

per capita, a partial correlation was performed to

control for one of these variables: total income per

capita. Please note that the partial correlation is a

descriptive statistic associated with a finite

population (public libraries in the United States).

The partial correlation answers the question, How

are the other variables related to one another once

the effect of income on these variables is

controlled? The effect of the partial correlation on

selected variables is fairly dramatic (table 2).

Once the income variable is controlled, the only

strong and moderately strong relationships exist

between state operating income per capita and

percent of income per capita from state sources

(r=0.78) and, similarly, local operating income

per capita and percent of income from local

sources (r=0.69). Total operating expenditures

per capita showed a moderately strong

relationship to operating expenditures for staff per

capita (r=0.63). (Libraries with higher total

operating expenditures per capita also tended to

have higher operating expenditures for staff per

capita). There is a weaker relationship between

operating expenditures for staff per capita and

local operating income per capita (r=0.49), and

operating expenditures for collections per capita

and total operating expenditures per capita

(r=0.41). For a complete matrix showing all

variable pairs in which total income per capita

was controlled, see appendix table A-2.

Table 2.—Partial Pearson correlations between selected library variables controlling for total

income per capita: FY 1996

Variable

State

operating

income

per capita

Percent of

income

from state

sources

Local

operating

income per

capita

Percent of

income

from local

sources

Total

operating

expenditures

per capita

Operating

expenditures

for staff per

capita

Operating

expenditures

for

collections

per capita

State operating income per capita......... — 0.78 –0.55 –0.47 –0.03 –0.07 0.l4

Percent of income from state sources ... — –0.48 –0.64 –0.05 –0.07 0.04

Local operating income per capita........ — 0.69 0.36 0.49 0.08

Percent of income from local sources... — 0.15 0.26 0.01

Total operating expenditures per

capita ............................................... — 0.63 0.41

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita ............................................... — 0.14

Operating expenditures for

collections per capita ....................... —

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 10
11 Library Trends Analysis Report

3. COMPARING NATIONAL LIBRARY MEANS AND

NATIONAL TO REGIONAL MEANS ACROSS THE

YEARS 1992 THROUGH 1996

Section 3 discusses and presents data on the

national means for library collections, services,

income and expenditures, and staff variables

across all 5 years, and the differences between the

regional and national means across the 5 years.

The analysis addresses the following questions:

How did the national means change over the 5

years? How did the regional means differ from

the national means across the 5 years?

Readers should note that tables 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and

12 show the national means across years and the

average percent change in the national means

across years. Tables 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 show the

national and regional means across years and the

average percent difference (regions compared to

the national) for the 5 years. However, appendix

B provides tables showing year-to-year percent

changes (national across years) and appendix C

provides year-to-year percent differences

(national to regional means across years).

Appendix H lists the states that compose each of

the eight Bureau of Economic Analysis Regions.

Number of Stationary Outlets, by Type

The total number of public library stationary

outlets essentially did not change over the 5-year

period (table 3). The number of branches

fluctuated from 7,035 in 1992 to 7,124 in 1996,

resulting in an average percent change of 0.25,

and the number of centrals grew from 8,873 in

1992 to 8,923 in 1996, also producing an average

percent change of 0.25. (The sum of the central

and branch libraries equals the total number of

stationary outlets.)

Library Collections

Books and Serial Volumes. The average number

of books and serial volumes per capita (2.7 to 2.8)

did not change over the 5 years (table 4). The

lack of significant growth in both book volumes

per capita and serial subscriptions per 1,000

population of the legal service area (PLSA) may

reflect regular weeding of the collection by library

staffs and the increasing cost of books and serial

subscriptions, in particular, that exceeded inflation

(Bowker Annual, 1997, 490).

Table 3.—Total number of stationary outlets, centrals, and branches and average percent change

for the nation, by year: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change 1992-

19961

Number of stationary outlets............ 15,908 15,904 15,913 15,994 16,047 0.25

Number of centrals .......................... 8,873 8,887 8,886 8,937 8,923 0.25

Number of branches......................... 7,035 7,017 7,027 7,057 7,124 0.25

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the number of stationary outlets in one year (i.e., 1992) from the number

in the next year (1993), then dividing this difference by the number in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. This

number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix table B-1.)

Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by four, since there are four

ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 12

Table 4.—National mean and average percent change for collection variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Book/serial volumes per capita....................................... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 1.0

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA .............................. 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.3 0.7

Audios per 1,000 PLSA.................................................. 93.5 90.5 95.6 97.8 99.6 1.7

Videos per 1,000 PLSA .................................................. 28.3 32.6 37.9 44.9 51.8 16.0

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent change for FY1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the national

mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100.

This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix table B1.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by four. since there are four

ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

With a few exceptions, there were substantial

differences between the regional average for

library collection variables and the national

averages (table 5). Generally, libraries in New

England, Mideast, Plains, and Great Lakes had a

larger number of books and serial volumes per

capita and serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA

than the national average. Conversely, libraries in

the Southeast, Southwest, Far West, and Rocky

Mountains generally held fewer numbers of books

and serial volumes per capita and serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA than the national

average.

Table 6 also shows that over the 5-year period, the

average number of books and serial volumes per

capita held in New England libraries (ranging

from 4.4 to 4.7) was greater than the national

average, which ranged from 2.7 to 2.8. Therefore,

the average difference between the regional

average in New England and the national average

was 65.8 percent. When compared to the national

average, libraries in the Rocky Mountains had

slightly more books and serial volumes per capita

(2.9 to 2.8) resulting in an average difference of 5

percent. However, libraries in the Southeast (1.9

to 2.0), Southwest (2.1), and Far West (2.1) had

an average number of books and serial volumes

per capita that fell far below the national average,

resulting in negative average percent differences

of –29.6 percent, –23.2 percent, and –24.8

percent, respectively (table 5).

Serial Subscriptions. The average number of

serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA held in the

nation’s public libraries remained fairly constant

over the 5 years (7.1 to 7.3), with an average

change of 0.7 percent (table 4). Libraries in four

regions—New England, Mideast, Plains, and

Great Lakes—had substantially more serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA than the national

average for the entire period (differences ranged

from 29.8 percent to 53.8 percent; table 5). At the

same time, the average number of serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA for libraries in the

Southeast, Southwest, and the Far West was

below the national average. For example,

libraries in the Southwest experienced fluctuations

in the average number of serial subscriptions per

1,000 PLSA from 5.0 to 4.7 as compared to the

national average that ranged from 7.1 to 7.3,

resulting in an average percent difference of –33

percent.

Audio and Video Materials. Among the four

types of library collection variables included in

this analysis, the increase in the average number

of videos per 1,000 PLSA for the nation

experienced the most significant change (16

percent on average), ranging from 28.3 to 51.8

(table 4). The growing demand for educational,

cultural, and recreational videos for both adults

and children and the decreasing cost of videos
13 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 5.—Means and average percent differences in the means between regions and the nation, by

collections variables: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Book/serial volumes per capita

National ..................................................................... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 —

New England ................................................................ 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 65.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 20.4

Southeast....................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 –29.6

Southwest ..................................................................... 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 –23.2

Plains ............................................................................ 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 35.0

Far West........................................................................ 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 –24.8

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 5.0

Great Lakes................................................................... 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 24.2

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA

National ..................................................................... 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.3 —

New England ................................................................ 9.9 10.6 11.2 11.6 12.4 53.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 7.8 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.2 33.4

Southeast....................................................................... 4.8 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.8 –33.0

Southwest ..................................................................... 5.0 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.7 –33.0

Plains ............................................................................ 10.7 9.1 9.0 9.5 9.7 32.8

Far West........................................................................ 6.0 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 –24.4

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 6.9 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.1 –4.6

Great Lakes................................................................... 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.6 29.8

Audios per 1,000 PLSA

National ..................................................................... 93.5 90.5 95.6 97.8 99.6 —

New England ................................................................ 126.2 132.6 133.0 136.2 95.7 31.2

Mideast ......................................................................... 138.1 140.5 152.1 157.1 159.9 56.8

Southeast....................................................................... 64.1 45.8 47.0 49.9 53.3 –45.2

Southwest ..................................................................... 46.0 48.5 47.8 50.1 53.0 –48.6

Plains ............................................................................ 101.1 99.2 103.3 105.8 108.4 8.6

Far West........................................................................ 71.2 71.7 76.9 75.7 79.7 –21.6

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 73.8 64.5 72.0 78.0 82.5 –22.4

Great Lakes................................................................... 128.8 134.7 146.9 148.3 157.9 50.4

Videos per 1,000 PLSA

National ..................................................................... 28.3 32.6 37.9 44.9 51.8 —

New England ................................................................ 34.7 41.7 48.2 57.4 67.0 27.0

Mideast ......................................................................... 30.8 34.2 39.8 47.0 54.7 6.0

Southeast....................................................................... 18.1 21.2 25.0 30.6 34.2 –34.2

Southwest ..................................................................... 16.6 19.9 21.9 25.6 30.6 –41.2

Plains ............................................................................ 33.0 39.2 49.1 56.4 65.0 23.6

Far West........................................................................ 24.3 27.4 30.1 35.5 42.5 –18.0

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 24.0 28.0 35.9 41.6 46.2 –10.4

Great Lakes................................................................... 48.0 55.5 65.2 77.3 89.2 71.2

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

might account, in part, for these increases.11

Libraries nationally experienced incremental

 

11The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac, 1993-1997,

reported the average costs of videos in the years 1992 through 1996

as $112.92, $93.22, $84.19, $83.48, and $82.10, respectively.

increases in audio materials per 1,000 PLSA (93.5

to 99.6), resulting in an average change of 1.7

percent. Even though the average cost of audios

also decreased during this 5-year period, perhaps

there was a corresponding decrease in demand for
Library Trends Analysis Report 14

Figure 1.—Mean number of audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area for the

nation: FY 1992-1996

28

33

38

45

52

93

90

96 98 100

0

20

40

60

80

100

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Mean Videos

Audios

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

this medium (Bowker Annual, 1993-1997). Figure

1 depicts the steady increase in the average

number of videos per 1,000 PLSA and, to a lesser

extent, audio materials per 1,000 PLSA held in

U.S. libraries.

Figure 2, which depicts the national and regional

comparisons for audios and videos per 1,000

PLSA for 1996, clearly identifies the regions that

fell below and above the national average. In

terms of audio materials per 1,000 PLSA, for

1996 the average number for libraries in the

Mideast (160) was substantially higher than the

national average (100) as they were for libraries in

the Great Lakes (158). Conversely, the average

number of audio materials per 1,000 PLSA fell

below the national average for libraries in the

Southwest and Southeast (53 each), Rocky

Mountains (82), and Far West (80). A similar

pattern held across all years (table 5).

As shown in table 5, the average number of videos

per 1,000 PLSA held by libraries in the Great

Lakes, New England, Plains, and Mideast regions

exceeded the national average for all 5 years.

Libraries in the Great Lakes region had the

highest average number of videos per 1,000 PLSA

(ranging from 48 to 89.2), followed by New

England (34.7 to 67), the Plains (33 to 65), and

the Mideast (30.8 to 54.7) as compared to the

national means (28.3 to 51.8). Libraries in the

Southwest (16.6 to 30.6), Southeast (18.1 to 34.2),

Far West (24.3 to 42.5), and the Rocky Mountains

(24 to 46.2) had, on average, fewer videos per

1,000 PLSA than the national average.

Library Services

Circulation and Library Visits. Circulation per

capita refers to the total number of items that were

checked out of the library per person. Nationally,
15 Library Trends Analysis Report

Figure 2.—Mean number of audios and videos per 1,000 population of legal service area (PLSA) for

the nation and regions: FY 1996

100

96

160

53 53

108

80 82

158

52

67

55

34 31

65

42

46

89

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

National

New England

Mideast

Southeast

Southwest

Plains

Far West

Rocky Mountains

Great Lakes

National

New England

Mideast

Southeast

Southwest

Plains

Far West

Rocky Mountains

Great Lakes

Audios per 1,000 PLSA Videos per 1,000 PLSA

Mean

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

Table 6.—National mean and average percent change for services variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Circulation per capita ..................................................... 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.5 0.7

Library visits per capita.................................................. 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 1.5

Turnover rate.................................................................. 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 –1.2

Reference transactions per capita ................................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.5

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA.................... 30.0 33.0 35.3 38.7 43.4 9.7

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA................... 28.7 31.5 32.2 35.2 41.7 9.7

Net loan rate................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.5

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent change for 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the national

mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100.

This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 to 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix table B1.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by four, since there are four

ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 16

Table 7.—Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by services

variables: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Circulation per capita

National ..................................................................... 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.5 —

New England ................................................................ 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.6 14.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 –1.6

Southeast....................................................................... 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 –23.0

Southwest ..................................................................... 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 –21.6

Plains ............................................................................ 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.7 35.2

Far West........................................................................ 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 –9.6

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.2 24.4

Great Lakes................................................................... 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.8 9.0 36.0

Library visits per capita

National ..................................................................... 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 —

New England ................................................................ 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 25.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.3 7.4

Southeast....................................................................... 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 –22.2

Southwest ..................................................................... 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 –14.4

Plains ............................................................................ 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.8 18.4

Far West........................................................................ 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.6 –8.8

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.7 10.8

Great Lakes................................................................... 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 24.8

Turnover rate

National ..................................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 —

New England ................................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 –30.4

Mideast ......................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 –19.2

Southeast....................................................................... 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 8.2

Southwest ..................................................................... 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.8

Plains ............................................................................ 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.6

Far West........................................................................ 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 19.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 19.8

Great Lakes................................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 8.2

Reference transactions per capita

National ..................................................................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 —

New England ................................................................ 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 –22.0

Mideast ......................................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 5.4

Southeast....................................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 –13.0

Southwest ..................................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 –7.2

Plains ............................................................................ 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 –5.6

Far West........................................................................ 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 7.6

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 –2.0

Great Lakes................................................................... 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 12.8

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA

National ..................................................................... 30.0 33.0 35.3 38.7 43.4 —

New England ................................................................ 51.5 68.0 86.2 100.6 122.6 132.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 42.2 44.2 45.5 50.8 52.7 31.2

Southeast....................................................................... 11.5 12.4 11.2 11.4 11.0 –67.6

Southwest ..................................................................... 16.7 16.2 17.6 15.8 14.9 –54.0

Plains ............................................................................ 43.5 43.8 49.2 45.1 47.6 28.8

Far West........................................................................ 21.5 25.5 27.0 26.6 30.7 –27.0

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 31.2 32.0 31.9 30.2 30.9 –12.0

Great Lakes................................................................... 47.6 53.7 58.9 72.8 89.4 76.6
17 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 7.—Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by services

variables: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA

National ..................................................................... 28.7 31.5 32.2 35.2 41.7 —

New England ................................................................ 42.9 64.7 80.1 93.1 115.5 128.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 46.9 48.6 43.2 45.6 53.4 41.8

Southeast....................................................................... 7.4 10.0 7.8 8.4 8.6 –74.6

Southwest ..................................................................... 14.0 14.9 13.8 13.1 12.6 –58.8

Plains ............................................................................ 40.6 43.7 46.7 44.2 43.6 31.2

Far West........................................................................ 19.7 24.1 25.2 26.9 33.3 –24.0

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 26.5 25.5 26.6 24.8 26.6 –22.0

Great Lakes................................................................... 48.7 47.8 55.4 66.3 85.1 77.2

Net loan rate

National ..................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 —

New England ................................................................ 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 –2.2

Mideast ......................................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 7.8

Southeast....................................................................... 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 –21.8

Southwest ..................................................................... 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 –10.4

Plains ............................................................................ 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.0

Far West........................................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 4.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 –11.2

Great Lakes................................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.4

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

libraries experienced slight increases in the

average number of circulations per capita (6.4 to

6.5) and visits per capita (3.8 to 4.0) over the 5

years resulting in an average change of 0.75

percent and 1.5 percent, respectively (table 6).

This observation is consistent with the findings of

Johnson (1993) who used Public Library Data

Service data.

As shown in table 8, libraries in four regions

exceeded the national average for circulation per

capita: Great Lakes (8.5 to 9), Plains (8.6 to 8.7),

Rocky Mountains (7.9 to 8.2), and, to a lesser

degree, New England (7.3 to 7.6). Libraries in the

same four regions plus the Mideast also

experienced more visits per capita than libraries in

the nation. This pattern is not surprising given

that the circulation and visits per capita variables

showed a moderately strong relationship (r=0.65;

table 1 in section 2).

Collection Turnover Rate. The turnover rate

tells librarians what percentage of their collection

is circulating. A low turnover rate implies that a

small percentage of the collection is circulating,

even though the circulation might be high. The

collection turnover rate is a derived variable that

is calculated by dividing the annual circulation by

books/serial volumes plus audio materials and

videos. Table 6 shows not only a lack of growth

in the national collection turnover rate, but also a

slight decrease from 2.3 to 2.2 that produced an

average change of –1.2 percent. According to

VanHouse et al. (1987, 47), a decrease in the

circulation compared to the collection size might

be explained in a few ways:
Library Trends Analysis Report 18

• Libraries may have experienced a slight

increase in reference collections, which do not

circulate.

• They may have focused on building the

circulating collections, but not always in areas

of high interest to their patrons.

• They may not have weeded their collections

as frequently as they should.

In comparing the regional to national collection

turnover rates, public libraries in the Rocky

Mountains (2.6 to 2.7 percent) and Far West (2.8

to 2.6 percent) far exceeded the national turnover

rate (2.3 to 2.2 percent), even though there was

some fluctuation in the rates over the 5 years

(table 7).

Reference Transactions. A reference transaction

is an information contact between a library user

and a member of the library staff (see glossary in

Appendix I). Nationally, there was a slight

increase in the average number of reference

transactions per capita in a single year (1.0 to 1.1

between 1992 and 1993) resulting in an average

change of 2.5 percent over the 5-year period (table

6). Libraries in the Great Lakes, Far West, and

Mideast had a higher average number of reference

transactions per capita than did libraries in the

nation as a whole (table 7). Libraries in New

England, which generally exceeded the national

average for most of the variables of interest, fell

below the national average for reference

transactions per capita (0.8 to 0.9). The reasons

that few regions had higher reference transactions

per capita than the national average are complex

and cannot be determined by the data collected

here, but possible factors include:

• Marketing of library services;

• Patrons’ level of sophistication and

knowledge about libraries;

• Purpose of library visit (e.g., simply to borrow

materials rather than seek specific types of

information); and

• Number of library staff available to handle

reference requests. (VanHouse et al., 1987,

66-67).

Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Activity. The national

average for interlibrary loans (ILLs) received

from other libraries per 1,000 PLSA was one of

the two service variables that experienced the

most dramatic growth (from 30.0 to 43.4) over the

5 years—an average change of 9.7 percent

(table 6).12 As shown in table 8, New England

libraries (51.5 to 122.6), and libraries in the Great

Lakes (47.5 to 89.4) greatly exceeded the national

average, while libraries in the Southeast (11.5 to

11.0) and Southwest (16.7 to 14.9) fell far below

the national average. 

The national average for ILLs provided to other

libraries per 1,000 PLSA showed a similar pattern

of growth (28.7 to 41.7), which resulted in an

average change of 9.7 percent (table 6).13 Figure

3 depicts the steady increase in both types of

national interlibrary loan activity, a pattern

consistent with Waldhart’s finding (1995, 223)

that between 1989 and 1992, ILL activity grew by

an average annual rate of almost 10 percent,

reflecting a general trend of expanded use of ILL.

Perhaps the increase in ILL activity can be

attributed, in part, to the availability and use of

public library online catalogs via the Internet.

Patrons can now easily search for books and

periodical articles and request them on interlibrary

loan, if unavailable from their library. Libraries in

New England averaged substantially more ILLs

provided than libraries in the nation (42.9 to 115.5

compared to 28.7 to 41.7), resulting in an average

percent difference of 128.8 percent over the 5

years (table 7; figure 4).

Net Loan Rates. The national net loan rate did

not change significantly over the 5 years (table 6).

The net loan rate is a derived variable calculated

by dividing ILLs provided to other libraries by

ILLs received from other libraries. Higher net

loan rates indicate that more materials were

loaned to other libraries than borrowed from other

libraries. A lower net loan rate means more

materials were borrowed than loaned. Only

libraries in the Mideast region (1.1 to 1.0)

exceeded the national net loan rate (0.9 to 1.0) by

 

12Interlibrary loans received refers to library materials received by

one library from another library upon request.

13Interlibrary loans provided refers to library materials provided by

one library to another upon request.
19 Library Trends Analysis Report

more than 5 percent (table 7). Libraries in three

regions, Southeast, Southwest, and Rocky

Mountains, fell significantly below the national

average.

Library Income and Expenditures

Of all the changes in the national variables, the

income and expenditures variables experienced

the largest increases. Table 8 shows that all six

national library income and expenditures variables

experienced small but steady increases in dollar

amounts over the 5 years. In addition, the total

income per capita is somewhat higher than the

total expenditures per capita, although the gap

narrows over time (figure 5). The greatest change

in library expenditures per capita is total operating

expenditures for collections ($2.80 to $3.30), with

an average change of 4.2 percent. The largest

increases in all the income and expenditures

variables occurred between 1994 and 1995 (table

8 and appendix table B-2).

Figure 3.—Mean number of interlibrary loans received and loans provided per 1,000 population of

legal service area for the nation: FY 1992-1996

30

33

43

29

32

35

42

35

39

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Mean ILL received from other libraries

ILL provided to other libraries

ILL = Interlibrary loan.

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 20

Figure 4.—Mean number of interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 population of legal service area

for New England and the nation: FY 1992-1996

43

65

80

93

115

29 31 32 35

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Mean New England

National

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

Table 8.—National mean, average percent change, and average percent change adjusted for

inflation for income and expenditures variables, by year: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Average

percent

change

adjusted for

inflation

1992-19962

Total operating income per capita............................ $20.6 $20.6 $21.2 $22.4 $23.4 3.2 0.4

Local operating income per capita........................... 16.2 16.1 16.6 17.5 18.3 3.0 0.2

State operating income per capita ............................ 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.0 3.0 0.2

Total operating expenditures per capita ................... 18.7 19.1 19.9 20.9 22.0 4.0 1.2

Operating expenditures for collections per capita.... 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 4.2 1.4

Operating expenditures for staff per capita.............. 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.6 14.2 4.0 1.2

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

national mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table B-2.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96.

2

The average percent change adjusted for inflation for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rates from the

yearly percent differences in appendix table B-2. The resulting yearly percent differences adjusted for inflation (appendix table B-3) are then

added together for the 4-year period (i.e., 1992-93; 1993-94; 1994-95; 1995-96) and divided by four. (CPI rates for 1992-1996 are 2.7 percent,

2.7 percent, 2.5 percent, and 3.3 percent, respectively; see ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cip/cpiai.txt).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
21 Library Trends Analysis Report

Figure 5.—Mean total income and operating expenditures per capita for the nation: FY 1992-1996

21 21 23

19 20 21 22

21 22

19

0

20

40

60

80

100

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Dollars Income

Operating expenditures

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

To determine if the percent increases in the

income and expenditures variables fall short,

meet, or exceed inflation rates for the 5-year

period, one can compare the yearly percent

changes to the Consumer Price Index (CPI)

published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.14

The CPI is based on prices of goods and services

that people buy for day-to-day living. Therefore,

the reader should review these data with caution

since they may not be entirely appropriate for

comparisons to library income and expenditures

and other variables. (Since the public library

input cost index developed by the American

Institutes for Research and the cost of services

model developed by the Research Associates of

Washington pertain to libraries with a population

of the legal service area of 25,000 or more, and

 

14U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer

Price Index. All Urban Consumers, 1913-2000. (See

ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.)

they only cover the years 1988-94, these indexes

were not used here) [U.S. Department of

Education, 1999a, 47].

The average percent changes in means for income

and expenditures, when adjusted for inflation (far

right column), are considerably smaller than the

average percent change without the adjustment

(table 8). Appendix table B-3 provides the yearly

percent changes in the mean income and

expenditures variables when adjusted for inflation.

Among all the income and expenditures variables,

operating expenditures for collections experienced

the largest average percent change once adjusted

for inflation (1.4 percent; table 8, last column),

considerably less than the average percent change

before the inflation adjustment (4.2 percent).

However, table 8 shows that total operating

income per capita, and local and state operating

income per capita barely kept pace with inflation
Library Trends Analysis Report 22

(0.4 and 0.2 average percent change,

respectively).

On average, public libraries in New England,

Mideast, and the Great Lakes regions had higher

income and higher expenditures per capita than

the national average for all financial variables

with the exception of state operating income per

capita (table 9). For example, the total operating

income per capita for libraries in the Great Lakes

ranged from $30.70 to $33.70, and in the Mideast

from $25.40 to $30.60, as compared to the

national average of $20.60 to $23.40. Libraries in

the Far West ($21.30 to $21.60), Plains ($19.10 to

$22.80), Rocky Mountains ($19.40 to $23.80),

Southeast ($13.20 to $16), and Southwest ($12.20

to $14.30) received less total operating income

and had fewer total operating expenditures per

capita than libraries in the nation as a whole.

Since there was a strong correlation between total

income and operating expenditures per capita

(r=0.95), the regional to national patterns are

almost identical (i.e., as the income variable

increases so does the expenditures variable). In

addition, libraries in the Great Lakes region were

the only libraries to receive more state operating

income per capita ($8 to $10) than the national

average ($2.50 to $2.80). This is primarily

because Ohio public libraries receive almost twothirds of their funding from state funds, whereas

other states receive substantially less state funds,

which tends to skew the data for the Great Lakes

(Wallach, 1993, 35).

Types of Income Sources. Table 10 shows four

types of income as a percentage of the total

national income: local, state, federal, and other.

Generally, these patterns of income sources

fluctuated from year to year but resulted in an

average change of up to 1 percent in either

direction. As expected, the percent of income

from local sources (the major type of support for

public libraries in the United States) showed little

change during 1992-96 (78.7 to 78.1 percent) with

an average change of –0.2 percent.

The next largest sources of funding for public

libraries came from state sources, followed by

other sources, then federal sources (table 10). 15

Over the 5-year period, there was only a slight

increase in state funding (0.7 percent; table 10).

The biggest change in library support, however,

was in other sources of funding (1.0 percent).

Libraries in all but two of the regions received a

higher percentage of income from local sources

per capita than libraries in the nation. Libraries in

the Great Lakes (66.2 to 61.7 percent) and the

Mideast (74.4 to 77.1 percent) received a smaller

percentage of income from local sources as

compared to libraries in the nation as a whole

(table 11). However, libraries in the Great Lakes

received the largest percentage of income from

state sources (26.0 to 29.9 percent) as compared to

libraries in the nation as a whole. Conversely,

libraries in the Southwest (93.2 to 93.9 percent)

received the highest percentage of income from

local sources and the smallest percentage from

state sources (1.4 to 0.8 percent) as compared to

libraries in the nation as a whole. Figure 6

illustrates the national distribution of income

sources and the distribution for the two regional

extremes—the Great Lakes and the Southwest for

FY 1996.

As compared to libraries in the nation as a whole,

libraries in New England (0.5 to 0.8) and the

Great Lakes (0.7 to 0.6) received a smaller

percentage of their income from federal sources.

However, libraries in New England (12.1 to 10.8)

and the Mideast (14.5 to 13.4) received a higher

percentage of funding from other sources (private

donations, endowments, etc.) than libraries in the

nation as a whole (32 and 61 average percent

difference, respectively).

Library Staff

Staff in the nation’s public libraries remained

fairly constant over the 5-year period

(table 12). There were slight increases in the

average number of total paid full-time-equivalent

 

15The 1990 Amendments to the Federally-funded Library Services

and Construction Act provided matching funds to states to promote

specific pubic library initiatives (e.g., literacy, major urban

resource libraries, services to the underserved and rural areas;

Gwen Gregory, Public Libraries, p. 378).
23 Library Trends Analysis Report

(FTE) librarians with Master’s of Library Science

from programs of library and information studies

accredited by the American Library Association

(ALA/MLS; from 2.5 to 2.7), and in the average

number of total paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

over the 5-year period (from 11.3 to 11.7).

On average, libraries in the Great Lakes (3.2 to

3.5), New England (3.5 to 4.0), and Mideast (3.5

to 4.1), employed significantly more paid FTE

librarians with ALA/MLS degrees per 25,000

PLSA than the national average (2.5 to 2.7; table

13). Libraries in the Southwest (1.8 to 1.9), Plains

(1.8 to 1.9), Southeast (1.7 to 1.9), and Rocky

Mountains (2.0 to 2.0) employed significantly

fewer paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per

25,000 PLSA than the national average. Libraries

in the Southwest (8.2 to 8.5), Southeast (8.6 to

9.1), and Far West (9.5 to 8.9) fell far below the

national average for paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA. Public libraries in four regions employed

substantially more paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA than the national average (11.3 to 11.7):

Great Lakes (15.1 to 15.8), Mideast (13.7 to 14.6),

New England (13.5 to 14.7), and the Plains (13.0

to 13.6 then down to 13.0 in 1996; table 14).

Since paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA showed a

moderately strong relationship to total operating

expenditures per capita (r=0.76), and total

operating income per capita (r=0.74; table 1,

section 2), the national to regional patterns are

similar (figures 7 and 8). As total operating

expenditures per capita rise and fall (figure 7), so

does paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA, although

less dramatically (figure 8).
Library Trends Analysis Report 24

Table 9.—Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by income and

expenditures: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Total operating income per capita

National ..................................................................... $20.6 $20.6 $21.2 $22.4 $23.4 —

New England ................................................................ 22.0 22.6 23.7 25.1 26.6 11.0

Mideast ......................................................................... 25.4 26.3 27.7 29.0 30.6 28.4

Southeast....................................................................... 13.2 13.9 14.5 15.4 16.0 –32.8

Southwest ..................................................................... 12.2 12.6 13.1 14.0 14.3 –39.0

Plains ............................................................................ 19.1 20.1 20.8 21.7 22.8 –3.4

Far West........................................................................ 21.3 20.7 20.3 20.9 21.6 –3.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 19.4 19.9 20.9 22.3 23.8 –1.6

Great Lakes................................................................... 30.7 28.6 29.7 31.7 33.7 42.8

Local operating income per capita

National ..................................................................... 16.2 16.1 16.6 17.5 18.3 —

New England ................................................................ 18.2 18.6 19.4 20.7 21.8 16.4

Mideast ......................................................................... 18.9 19.7 21.6 22.4 23.6 25.2

Southeast....................................................................... 10.8 11.2 11.7 12.6 13.0 –30.0

Southwest ..................................................................... 11.4 11.7 12.3 13.1 13.4 –27.0

Plains ............................................................................ 16.8 17.9 18.6 19.0 19.9 9.0

Far West........................................................................ 18.7 17.9 17.3 18.1 18.8 7.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 17.4 17.8 18.7 19.8 21.3 12.0

Great Lakes................................................................... 20.3 18.1 18.4 19.6 20.7 14.6

State operating income per capita

National ..................................................................... 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 —

New England ................................................................ 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 –44.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.5 –6.8

Southeast....................................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 –38.0

Southwest ..................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 –94.4

Plains ............................................................................ 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 –74.2

Far West........................................................................ 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 –57.4

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 –84.2

Great Lakes................................................................... 8.0 8.3 8.8 9.3 10.0 235.6

Total operating expenditures per capita

National ..................................................................... 18.7 19.1 19.9 20.9 22.0 —

New England ................................................................ 21.4 22.2 23.2 24.5 25.9 16.4

Mideast ......................................................................... 24.7 25.3 27.0 28.0 29.4 33.6

Southeast....................................................................... 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.6 15.2 –31.2

Southwest ..................................................................... 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.5 14.1 –35.6

Plains ............................................................................ 17.6 18.8 19.4 20.4 21.6 –3.0

Far West........................................................................ 19.4 18.9 18.3 19.2 20.2 –4.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 18.4 18.4 19.2 20.6 23.1 –1.2

Great Lakes................................................................... 23.8 24.7 26.7 28.2 30.0 32.2

Operating expenditures for collections per capita

National ..................................................................... 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 —

New England ................................................................ 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 22.2

Mideast ......................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 20.4

Southeast....................................................................... 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 –27.8

Southwest ..................................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 –34.0

Plains ............................................................................ 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.9 10.8

Far West........................................................................ 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.6 –18.2

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.5 0.6

Great Lakes................................................................... 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.6 5.0 44.0

Operating expenditures for staff per capita

National ..................................................................... 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.6 14.2 —

New England ................................................................ 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.6 17.5 21.6

Mideast ......................................................................... 16.2 16.8 18.1 18.8 19.6 36.6

Southeast....................................................................... 8.0 8.3 8.6 9.1 9.4 –33.8

Southwest ..................................................................... 7.9 8.3 8.5 8.9 9.2 –34.8

Plains ............................................................................ 11.1 11.8 12.3 12.8 13.3 –6.2

Far West........................................................................ 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.7 13.5 –1.4

Rocky Mountains.......................................................... 11.4 11.8 12.3 13.0 14.0 –4.4

Great Lakes................................................................... 15.1 15.8 16.9 17.8 18.8 28.8 1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
25 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 10.—National mean and average percent change for percentage distribution of income

sources, by year: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-

19961

Local sources.................................................................. 78.7% 78.0% 78.2% 78.3% 78.1% –0.2

State sources................................................................... 11.9 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.2 0.7

Federal sources ............................................................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.2

Other sources.................................................................. 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7 1.0

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

national mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table B-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by four, since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 26

Table 11.—Percentage distribution of total income and average percent differences between regions

and the nation: FY 1992-1996

Percent of total income

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Local sources

National...................................................................... 78.7 78.0 78.2 78.3 78.1 —

New England.............................................................. 82.9 82.4 81.9 82.1 82.1 5.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 74.4 74.7 77.9 77.1 77.1 –2.4

Southeast.................................................................... 81.6 80.9 80.4 81.4 81.1 3.8

Southwest................................................................... 93.2 92.9 93.9 93.8 93.9 19.4

Plains.......................................................................... 88.0 89.3 89.4 87.5 87.3 12.8

Far West..................................................................... 87.8 86.5 85.6 86.8 87.2 11.0

Rocky Mountains ....................................................... 89.8 89.5 89.3 88.8 89.6 14.2

Great Lakes ................................................................ 66.2 63.3 62.0 62.0 61.7 –19.6

State sources

National...................................................................... 11.9 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.2 —

New England.............................................................. 4.5 5.6 6.6 6.6 6.3 –51.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 10.1 10.0 8.3 7.8 8.1 –27.4

Southeast.................................................................... 11.2 11.1 11.9 11.2 11.5 –6.6

Southwest................................................................... 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 –91.0

Plains.......................................................................... 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.2 –73.6

Far West..................................................................... 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.4 4.7 –55.4

Rocky Mountains ....................................................... 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 –83.4

Great Lakes ................................................................ 26.0 29.1 29.6 29.4 29.9 136.4

Federal sources

National...................................................................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 —

New England.............................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 –47.8

Mideast ...................................................................... 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.4 13.0

Southeast.................................................................... 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 36.2

Southwest................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.7 20.6

Plains.......................................................................... 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 2.2

Far West..................................................................... 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.0 4.2

Rocky Mountains ....................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 17.4

Great Lakes ................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 –36.2

Other sources

National...................................................................... 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7 —

New England.............................................................. 12.1 11.5 11.1 10.9 10.8 32.4

Mideast ...................................................................... 14.5 13.8 12.6 14.2 13.4 60.8

Southeast.................................................................... 5.7 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.2 –28.2

Southwest................................................................... 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.5 –51.6

Plains.......................................................................... 7.6 6.3 6.2 8.5 8.6 –12.8

Far West..................................................................... 5.8 6.6 7.6 6.4 7.1 –21.2

Rocky Mountains ....................................................... 6.6 7.3 7.7 7.9 7.3 –13.4

Great Lakes ................................................................ 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.8 7.9 –12.0

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
27 Library Trends Analysis Report

Figure 6.—Percentage distribution of income by source for the nation, Great Lakes, and

Southwest: FY 1996

National

Federal

1%

Other

9%

State

12%

Local

78%

Great Lakes

Federal

0%

Other

8%

State

30%

Local

62%

Southwest

Local

94%

Other

4%

Federal

1% State

1%

NOTE: Percentages have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 28

Table 12.—National mean and average percent change for staff resources variables, by year:

FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA .. 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.0

Total paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA ........................... 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.7 1.0

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996, is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentage are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
29 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 13.—Means and average percent differences between regions and the nation, by staff

resources: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

difference

1992-19961

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

National...................................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 —

New England................................................................. 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 43.6

Mideast ......................................................................... 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.1 46.8

Southeast....................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 –32.4

Southwest...................................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 –29.4

Plains............................................................................. 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 –28.6

Far West........................................................................ 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 –8.4

Rocky Mountains .......................................................... 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 –23.8

Great Lakes ................................................................... 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 27.8

Total paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

National...................................................................... 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.7 —

New England................................................................. 13.5 13.9 14.0 14.4 14.7 22.8

Mideast ......................................................................... 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.5 14.6 24.0

Southeast....................................................................... 8.6 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.1 –22.8

Southwest...................................................................... 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.5 –26.6

Plains............................................................................. 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.0 15.6

Far West........................................................................ 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.8 8.9 –22.0

Rocky Mountains .......................................................... 11.4 11.3 11.6 11.7 11.9 1.0

Great Lakes ................................................................... 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.8 33.6

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentages are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 30

Figure 7.—Total operating expenditures per capita for the nation and regions: FY 1996

$22

$26

$29

$15 $14

$22

$20

$23

$30

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

National New 

England

M ideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far W est Rocky

Mountains

Great 

Lakes

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.

Figure 8.—Paid FTE staff per 25,000 population of legal service area for the nation and regions:

FY 1996

12

15 15

9 8

13

9

12

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

National New

England

M ideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

M ountains

Great

Lakes

$-

Total FTE staff per 25,000

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
31 Library Trends Analysis Report

4. COMPARING LIBRARY VARIABLES IN EACH

REGION ACROSS THE YEARS 1992 THROUGH 1996

Section 4 compares each region to itself across the

years by stationary outlets, library collections,

services, income and expenditures, and staff.

Since most of the differences in regional means

across the years were not substantial, the

discussion will focus on those that were. The

year-to-year percent changes in the regional

means appear in appendix D.

Stationary Outlets

While there might have been openings, closings,

and mergings of stationary outlets, generally the

number of stationary library outlets, centrals, and

branches remained fairly constant over the 5 years

(table 14). In the Mideast, the number of

stationary outlets declined, from 2,432 in 1992 to

2,410 in 1996, as they did in the Plains (2,124 to

2,104), but these changes were not significant.

(The sum of central and branch libraries equals

the total number of stationary outlets.)

Library Collections

Of the four types of library collections examined

in this report, only videos per 1,000 population of

legal service area (PLSA) showed substantial

increases in means and average percent changes

over the period (table 15). Libraries in the eight

regions had means ranging from 16.6 in 1992 to

89.2 videos per 1,000 PLSA in 1996, and average

changes ranging from 15.2 to 18.5 percent,

indicating that the growth in the videos per 1,000

PLSA was steady and consistent for all regions.

As mentioned earlier, this trend may reflect the

increasing demand for educational and

recreational videos and the decreasing cost of

these materials. Libraries in New England and the

Midwest experienced an increase in serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA with average

percent changes of 6.0 percent and 7.5 percent,

respectively (table 15).

Library Services

Libraries in most regions showed modest changes

in most library services (an average percent

change of less than 10 percent in either direction;

table 16). Libraries in the Southeast showed the

largest increase in reference transactions per

capita that ranged from 0.8 to 1.1 with an average

change over the 5 years of 8.8 percent. The

number of reference transactions per capita in

libraries in the Far West declined from 1.2 in 1992

to 1.0 in 1996, resulting in an average change of

–4.2 percent.

Interlibrary loans (ILLs) received from other

libraries per 1,000 PLSA and ILLs provided to

other libraries per 1,000 PLSA were the only two

types of library service variables that showed

substantial changes in several regions (table 16).

Libraries in New England (51.5 to 122.6), and the

Great Lakes (47.6 to 89.4) experienced substantial

increases in the average number of ILLs received

per 1,000 PLSA. To a lesser extent, libraries in

the Far West also experienced considerable

increases in ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA (21.5

to 30.7). Libraries in New England (42.9 to

115.5), and to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes

(48.7 to 85.1) and the Far West (19.7 to 33.3) also

experienced substantial increases in the average

number of ILLs provided to other libraries per

1,000 PLSA.

Only libraries in the Rocky Mountains

experienced an increase in the turnover rate over

the five years (table 16). Turnover rate tells

library staff what percentage of their collection is

circulating. Libraries in the Southeast, the Far

West, and the Great Lakes experienced the highest

increases in the net loan rate (table 16). A higher

net loan rate indicates that more materials were

loaned to than borrowed from other libraries. A

lower net loan rate indicates that more materials

were borrowed than loaned.
Library Trends Analysis Report 32

Libraries generally experienced less dramatic

increases in reference transactions per capita (-4.2

to 8.8 average percent change), and to a lesser

degree, library visits (-0.5 to 2.2 average percent

change) and circulation per capita (-1.2 to 1.2

average percent change; table 17).

Library Income and Expenditures

Before adjusting for inflation, libraries in all

regions experienced modest increases in income

and expenditures over the 5 years, with the

exception of state operating income per capita

Table 14.—Total number of stationary outlets, centrals, and branches for each region, and average

percent change, by year: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Number of stationary outlets

New England .................................... 1,490 1,484 1,489 1,524 1,520 0.5

Mideast ............................................. 2,432 2,425 1,538 2,406 2,410 –0.2

Southeast........................................... 3,247 3,283 3,291 3,314 3,347 0.7

Southwest ......................................... 1,176 1,182 1,195 1,196 1,220 1.0

Plains ................................................ 2,124 2,127 2,129 2,136 2,104 –0.2

Far West............................................ 1,813 1,786 1,782 1,769 1,783 –0.2

Rocky Mountains.............................. 657 653 650 656 660 0.2

Great Lakes....................................... 2,969 2,964 2,977 2,993 3,003 0.2

Number of centrals

New England .................................... 1,280 1,274 1,279 1,313 1,309 0.7

Mideast ............................................. 1,561 1,558 1,538 1,550 1,559 0.2

Southeast........................................... 1,030 1,056 1,052 1,045 1,063 1.0

Southwest ......................................... 755 764 768 771 771 0.5

Plains ................................................ 1,576 1,566 1,569 1,574 1,540 –0.7

Far West............................................ 452 452 461 460 460 0.5

Rocky Mountains.............................. 374 373 372 371 363 –0.5

Great Lakes....................................... 1,845 1,844 1,847 1,853 1,858 0.0

Number of branches

New England .................................... 210 210 210 211 211 0.0

Mideast ............................................. 871 867 862 856 851 –0.7

Southeast........................................... 2,217 2,227 2,239 2,269 2,284 0.7

Southwest ......................................... 421 418 427 425 449 1.7

Plains ................................................ 548 561 560 562 564 0.5

Far West............................................ 1,361 1,334 1,321 1,309 1,323 –0.7

Rocky Mountains.............................. 283 280 278 285 297 1.2

Great Lakes....................................... 1,124 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,145 0.5

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the region’s number of outlets in one year (i.e., 1992) from the number

in the next year (1993), then dividing this difference by the number in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. This

number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix table D-1.)

Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there are four

ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
33 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 15.—Regions compared across years for selected collections variables, by mean and average

percent change: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Book/serial volumes per capita

New England ............................................................. 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 1.5

Mideast ...................................................................... 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.0

Southeast.................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.2

Southwest .................................................................. 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.0

Plains ......................................................................... 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 1.5

Far West..................................................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 0.0

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 0.2

Great Lakes................................................................ 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.0

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 9.9 10.6 11.2 11.6 12.4 6.0

Mideast ...................................................................... 7.8 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.2 7.5

Southeast.................................................................... 4.8 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.8 0.0

Southwest .................................................................. 5.0 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.7 –1.5

Plains ......................................................................... 10.7 9.1 9.0 9.5 9.7 –2.0

Far West..................................................................... 6.0 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 –3.0

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 6.9 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.1 1.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.6 0.7

Audios per 1,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 126.2 132.6 133.0 136.2 95.7 –5.7

Mideast ...................................................................... 138.1 140.5 152.1 157.1 159.9 3.7

Southeast.................................................................... 64.1 45.8 47.0 49.9 53.3 –3.2

Southwest .................................................................. 46.0 48.5 47.8 50.1 53.0 3.7

Plains ......................................................................... 101.1 99.2 103.3 105.8 108.4 1.5

Far West..................................................................... 71.2 71.7 76.9 75.7 79.7 2.7

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 73.8 64.5 72.0 78.0 82.5 3.2

Great Lakes................................................................ 128.8 134.7 146.9 148.3 157.9 5.2

Videos per 1,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 34.7 41.7 48.2 57.4 67.0 18.0

Mideast ...................................................................... 30.8 34.2 39.8 47.0 54.7 15.2

Southeast.................................................................... 18.1 21.2 25.0 30.6 34.2 17.2

Southwest .................................................................. 16.6 19.9 21.9 25.6 30.6 16.7

Plains ......................................................................... 33.0 39.2 49.1 56.4 65.0 18.5

Far West..................................................................... 24.3 27.4 30.1 35.5 42.5 15.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 24.0 28.0 35.9 41.6 46.2 18.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 48.0 55.5 65.2 77.3 89.2 16.7

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent difference for FY 1992-1996, is derived by subtracting the national mean from the corresponding region's means for 1992,

then dividing the difference by the national mean for the same year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by 100. The resulting number

is the percent difference for 1992. (Rounded yearly percent differences appear in appendix C-1.) Once this calculation is performed for each

successive year (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) for the same variable, the yearly percentage are added together then divided by five, since there are 5

years of means. The average percent difference for the 5 years is reflected in the last column.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.

(table 17). Table 17 also shows the average

percent change in each financial variable, adjusted

for inflation. Once the inflation adjustments are

made (last column of table 17), only one region

and one variable showed a gain of over 5 percent:

state operating income in New England (11.9

percent change). Therefore, libraries in most

regions experienced only fairly modest gains and

some losses in income and expenditures over this

5-year period.
Library Trends Analysis Report 34

Libraries in New England also experienced an

increase in the percentage of income received

from state sources ranging from 4.5 percent to 6.3

percent which resulted in an average change of

9.2 percent (table 18). Similarly, libraries in the

Southwest, which experienced a decline in state

operating income per capita, also experienced a

decline in the percentage of income received from

state sources (from 1.4 percent to 0.8 percent),

which resulted in an average loss of –9.5 percent

over the 5-year period. The biggest change in

percentage distribution of income from federal

sources occurred in New England (21.7 average

percent gain and Mideast libraries (17.5 average

percent gain), and in libraries in the Southwest

(-17.5 average percent loss). Public libraries had

to apply for federal funding for specific purposes

as described in the Library Services and

Construction Act.16

Library Staff

Libraries in all regions, except for the Far West,

experienced small increases (under 5 percent) in

the average number of paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA and paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA (table 19). Libraries in the Far

West experienced a small decline in paid FTE

staff per 25,000 PLSA over the period: from 9.5

to 8.9 for FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA, and from

2.5 to 2.4 for librarians with ALA/MLS per

25,000 PLSA.

 

16The purpose of the Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA)

was to assist the states improve public library services to areas and

populations without such services or with inadequate services, and

to assist Indian tribes in planning and developing library services to

meet their needs. In addition, the act provided for following: (1)

public library construction and renovation; (2) improving state and

local public library services for older Americans, and for

handicapped institutionalized, and other disadvantaged individuals;

(3) strengthening State library administrative agencies; (4)

promoting interlibrary cooperation and resource sharing among all

types of libraries; (5) strengthening major urban resource libraries;

and (6) increasing the capacity of libraries to keep up with the

rapidly changing information technology. The Library Services

and Technology Act (LSTA), passed by the U.S. Congress in

September 1997, replaced the LSCA. The general priorities for

LSTA funding are activities using technology for information

sharing among libraries, and between libraries, and between

libraries and other community services; and programs that make

library resources more accessible to urban, rural, low-income

residents, and others who have difficulty using libraries.
35 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 16.—Regions compared across years for services variables, by mean and average percent

change: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Circulation per capita

New England ............................................................. 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.6 1.0

Mideast ...................................................................... 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 1.0

Southeast.................................................................... 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 0.5

Southwest .................................................................. 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 –1.0

Plains ......................................................................... 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.7 0.2

Far West..................................................................... 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 –1.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.2 1.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.8 9.0 1.2

Library visits per capita

New England ............................................................. 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 1.0

Mideast ...................................................................... 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.3 2.0

Southeast.................................................................... 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.2

Southwest .................................................................. 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.5

Plains ......................................................................... 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.8 1.7

Far West..................................................................... 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.6 –0.5

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.7 3.2

Great Lakes................................................................ 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 0.5

Turnover rate

New England ............................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 –0.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 –2.2

Southeast.................................................................... 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 –0.2

Southwest .................................................................. 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 –1.5

Plains ......................................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 –1.5

Far West..................................................................... 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 –2.0

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 1.2

Great Lakes................................................................ 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 –1.5

Reference transactions per capita

New England ............................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 3.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 7.0

Southeast.................................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 8.8

Southwest .................................................................. 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 –2.2

Plains ......................................................................... 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 5.2

Far West..................................................................... 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 –4.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 7.5

Great Lakes................................................................ 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 4.5
Library Trends Analysis Report 36

Table 16.—Regions compared across years for services variables, by mean and average percent

change: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 51.5 68.0 86.2 100.6 122.6 24.5

Mideast ...................................................................... 42.2 44.2 45.5 50.8 52.7 6.0

Southeast.................................................................... 11.5 12.4 11.2 11.4 11.0 –1.0

Southwest .................................................................. 16.7 16.2 17.6 15.8 14.9 –2.5

Plains ......................................................................... 43.5 43.8 49.2 45.1 47.6 2.7

Far West..................................................................... 21.5 25.5 27.0 26.6 30.7 9.7

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 31.2 32.0 31.9 30.2 30.9 0.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 47.6 53.7 58.9 72.8 89.4 17.5

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 42.9 64.7 80.1 93.1 115.5 28.7

Mideast ...................................................................... 46.9 48.6 43.2 45.6 53.4 4.0

Southeast.................................................................... 7.4 10.0 7.8 8.4 8.6 5.7

Southwest .................................................................. 14.0 14.9 13.8 13.1 12.6 –2.5

Plains ......................................................................... 40.6 43.7 46.7 44.2 43.6 2.2

Far West..................................................................... 19.7 24.1 25.2 26.9 33.3 14.5

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 26.5 25.5 26.6 24.8 26.6 0.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 48.7 47.8 55.4 66.3 85.1 15.5

Net loan rate

New England ............................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 3.5

Mideast ...................................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 –1.7

Southeast.................................................................... 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 6.0

Southwest .................................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Plains ......................................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 –0.2

Far West..................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 4.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.5

Great Lakes................................................................ 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 –1.2

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the region’s mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

region’s mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table D-2.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
37 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 17.—Regions compared across years for selected income and expenditure variables, by

mean, average percent change, and average percent change adjusted for inflation:

FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Average

percent

change

adjusted for

inflation

1992-19962

Total operating income per capita

New England .............................................. $22.0 $22.6 $23.7 $25.1 $26.6 5.0 2.2

Mideast ....................................................... 25.4 26.3 27.7 29.0 30.6 5.0 2.2

Southeast..................................................... 13.2 13.9 14.5 15.4 16.0 4.7 1.9

Southwest ................................................... 12.2 12.6 13.1 14.0 14.3 4.0 1.2

Plains .......................................................... 19.1 20.1 20.8 21.7 22.8 4.2 1.4

Far West...................................................... 21.3 20.7 20.3 20.9 21.6 0.2 -2.6

Rocky Mountains........................................ 19.4 19.9 20.9 22.3 23.8 5.5 2.7

Great Lakes................................................. 30.7 28.6 29.7 31.7 33.7 2.5 -0.3

Local operating income per capita

New England .............................................. 18.2 18.6 19.4 20.7 21.8 4.5 1.7

Mideast ....................................................... 18.9 19.7 21.6 22.4 23.6 5.7 2.9

Southeast..................................................... 10.8 11.2 11.7 12.6 13.0 4.7 1.9

Southwest ................................................... 11.4 11.7 12.3 13.1 13.4 4.2 1.4

Plains .......................................................... 16.8 17.9 18.6 19.0 19.9 4.5 1.7

Far West...................................................... 18.7 17.9 17.3 18.1 18.8 0.5 -2.3

Rocky Mountains........................................ 17.4 17.8 18.7 19.8 21.3 5.2 2.4

Great Lakes................................................. 20.3 18.1 18.4 19.6 20.7 1.0 1.8

State operating income per capita

New England .............................................. 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 14.7 11.9

Mideast ....................................................... 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.5 –0.7 3.6

Southeast..................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 4.7 2.2

Southwest ................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 –12.5 -15.3

Plains .......................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 4.2 1.4

Far West...................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 –4.2 -1.0

Rocky Mountains........................................ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 6.2 -3.4

Great Lakes................................................. 8.0 8.3 8.8 9.3 10.0 6.0 3.2

Total operating expenditures per capita

New England .............................................. 21.4 22.2 23.2 24.5 25.9 5.2 2.4

Mideast ....................................................... 24.7 25.3 27.0 28.0 29.4 4.5 1.7

Southeast..................................................... 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.6 15.2 5.0 2.2

Southwest ................................................... 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.5 14.1 3.7 0.9

Plains .......................................................... 17.6 18.8 19.4 20.4 21.6 5.2 2.4

Far West...................................................... 19.4 18.9 18.3 19.2 20.2 1.0 -1.8

Rocky Mountains........................................ 18.4 18.4 19.2 20.6 23.1 5.7 2.9

Great Lakes................................................. 23.8 24.7 26.7 28.2 30.0 6.0 3.2

Operating expenditures for collections per

capita

New England .............................................. 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.7 1.9

Mideast ....................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.7 0.9

Southeast..................................................... 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.7 1.9

Southwest ................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 3.7 0.9

Plains .......................................................... 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.9 6.7 3.9

Far West...................................................... 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.6 0.5 -2.3

Rocky Mountains........................................ 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.5 5.7 2.9

Great Lakes................................................. 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.6 5.0 6.7 3.9
Library Trends Analysis Report 38

Table 17.—Regions compared across years for selected income and expenditure variables, by mean

average percent change and average percent changes adjusted for inflation: FY 1992-

1996 (continued)

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Average

percent

change

adjusted for

inflation

1992-19962

Operating expenditures for staff per capita

New England .............................................. 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.6 17.5 4.5 1.7

Mideast ....................................................... 16.2 16.8 18.1 18.8 19.6 5.0 2.2

Southeast..................................................... 8.0 8.3 8.6 9.1 9.4 4.2 1.4

Southwest ................................................... 7.9 8.3 8.5 8.9 9.2 3.7 0.9

Plains .......................................................... 11.1 11.8 12.3 12.8 13.3 4.5 1.7

Far West...................................................... 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.7 13.5 1.0 -1.8

Rocky Mountains........................................ 11.4 11.8 12.3 13.0 14.0 5.5 2.7

Great Lakes................................................. 15.1 15.8 16.9 17.8 18.6 5.7 2.9

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the region’s mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

region’s mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table D-2.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96.

2

The average percent change adjusted for inflation for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rates from the

yearly percent differences in appendix table D-2. The resulting yearly percent differences adjusted for inflation (appendix table D-3) are then

added together for the 4-year period (i.e., 1992-93; 1993-94; 1994-95; 1995-96) and divided by four. (CPI rates for 1992-1996 are 2.7 percent,

2.7 percent 2.5 percent and 3.3 percent respectively; see ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.request/cpi/cpiai.txt).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
39 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table 18.—Regions compared across years for percentage distribution of income by source, and

average percent change: FY 1992-1996

Percent of income

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Local sources

New England ............................................................. 82.9 82.4 81.9 82.1 82.1 –0.5

Mideast ...................................................................... 74.4 74.7 77.9 77.1 77.1 –0.2

Southeast.................................................................... 81.6 80.9 80.4 81.4 81.1 –0.2

Southwest .................................................................. 93.2 92.9 93.9 93.8 93.9 0.2

Plains ......................................................................... 88.0 89.3 89.4 87.5 87.3 –0.2

Far West..................................................................... 87.8 86.5 85.6 86.8 87.2 –0.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 89.8 89.5 89.3 88.8 89.6 0.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 66.2 63.3 62.0 62.0 61.7 –1.5

State sources

New England ............................................................. 4.5 5.6 6.6 6.6 6.3 9.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 10.1 10.0 8.3 7.8 8.1 –5.0

Southeast.................................................................... 11.2 11.1 11.9 11.2 11.5 –5.0

Southwest .................................................................. 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 –9.5

Plains ......................................................................... 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.2 1.0

Far West..................................................................... 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.4 4.7 –3.5

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.7

Great Lakes................................................................ 26.0 29.1 29.6 29.4 29.9 3.7

Federal sources

New England ............................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 21.7

Mideast ...................................................................... 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.4 17.5

Southeast.................................................................... 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 –5.0

Southwest .................................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.7 –17.5

Plains ......................................................................... 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 –9.2

Far West..................................................................... 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.0 5.2

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 –5.7

Great Lakes................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 –2.7

Other sources

New England ............................................................. 12.1 11.5 11.1 10.9 10.8 –2.7

Mideast ...................................................................... 14.5 13.8 12.6 14.2 13.4 –1.7

Southeast.................................................................... 5.7 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.2 2.2

Southwest .................................................................. 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.7

Plains ......................................................................... 7.6 6.3 6.2 8.5 8.6 4.7

Far West..................................................................... 5.8 6.6 7.6 6.4 7.1 6.0

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 6.6 7.3 7.7 7.9 7.3 2.7

Great Lakes................................................................ 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.8 7.9 3.0

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the region’s mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

region’s mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table D-2.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 40

Table 19.—Regions compared across years for selected staff resources variables, by mean and

average percent change: FY 1992-1996

Mean

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Average

percent

change

1992-19961

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.5

Mideast ...................................................................... 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2

Southeast.................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 3.0

Southwest .................................................................. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.5

Plains ......................................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.5

Far West..................................................................... 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 –1.0

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0

Great Lakes................................................................ 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.2

Total paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

New England ............................................................. 13.5 13.9 14.0 14.4 14.7 2.2

Mideast ...................................................................... 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.5 14.6 1.7

Southeast.................................................................... 8.6 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.1 1.2

Southwest .................................................................. 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.5 0.7

Plains ......................................................................... 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.0 0.2

Far West..................................................................... 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.8 8.9 –1.5

Rocky Mountains....................................................... 11.4 11.3 11.6 11.7 11.9 1.2

Great Lakes................................................................ 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.8 1.2

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

1

The average percent change for FY 1992-1996 is derived by subtracting the region’s mean for a variable in one year (i.e., 1992) from the

region’s mean in the next year (1993), then dividing the difference by the mean in the first year, and computing the percentage by multiplying by

100. This number is the percent change for the two years (i.e., between 1992 and 1993). (Rounded yearly percent changes appear in appendix

table D-2.) Once this calculation is performed for each set of years, the yearly percentages are added together, then divided by four since there

are four ranges in years: 1992-93, 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
41 Library Trends Analysis Report

5. COMPARING LIBRARIES IN EACH REGION TO

THOSE IN OTHER REGIONS FOR FY 1996

Since the yearly regional means for the 24

library variables appear in section 4 tables, and

the regional patterns were fairly consistent

across the 5 years, section 5 addresses the

differences between the regions for fiscal year

(FY) 1996 only. Graphs and tables containing

means for each region are included in this

section and in section 3; however, readers

should consult appendix E tables, which show

the regional percent differences in the means for

each of the 24 variables. Following a general

discussion of the regional differences in library

collections, services, income and expenditures,

and staff, the last part of this section will explore

factors that may account for these differences.

Library Collections

The general pattern for the regional comparisons

is that libraries in New England, Great Lakes,

Mideast, and the Plains regions had higher

means on most collection variables of interest

than the other regions. Generally, libraries in

the Southeast and Southwest regions

consistently showed the lowest means for

collections variables.

Table 15 in section 4 (disregard the last column)

compares the mean book volumes per capita and

serial subscriptions per 1,000 population of legal

service area (PLSA) for libraries in the eight

regions. In fiscal year (FY) 1996, libraries in

New England, the Plains, the Great Lakes, and

the Mideast held higher averages of books and

serial volumes per capita and serial subscriptions

per 1,000 PLSA than libraries in the other

regions. In FY 1996, libraries in the Southeast

and Southwest held fewer books and serial

subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA than libraries in

the other regions. The difference between the

numbers of books and serials per capita held in

libraries in New England (4.7) and the Southeast

(2.0) is substantial (135 percent; appendix table

E-1), as is the difference between the number of

serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA held in New

England (12.4) and Southwest (4.7) libraries

(163.8 percent; appendix table E-1).

The state tables that appear in appendix F-2

provide more detailed information about the

differences between New England and the

Southeast regions. In FY 1996, two states in

New England—Maine (5.2) and Vermont

(5.1)—held a higher number of books and serial

volumes per capita than the national average for

the 50 states and the District of Columbia (2.8).

The remaining three states in New England

(Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode

Island) held between 4.3 to 4.8 books and serial

volumes per capita. However, no state in the

Southeast held more books and serial volumes

per capita than the national average.

The pattern for the regional differences in audios

and videos per 1,000 PLSA mirrors the pattern

for books and serial subscriptions (figure 2 in

section 3). On average, libraries in the Mideast,

Great Lakes, Plains, and New England held

more audios and videos per 1,000 PLSA than the

remaining four regions. In FY 1996, libraries in

the Mideast held the highest average audios per

1,000 PLSA (159.9), while libraries in the

Southeast and Southwest had the lowest (53),

resulting in an average difference of 200 and

201.7 percent, respectively (appendix table E-2).

Libraries in the Great Lakes held the highest

average for videos per 1,000 PLSA (89.2), while

libraries in the Southwest held the lowest (30.6),

producing a difference of 191.5 percent between

the Great Lakes and the Southwest (appendix

table E-8).

The data in appendix table F-3 reveal that

libraries in all the Mideast states and the District

of Columbia have large numbers of audios per

1,000 PLSA as compared to libraries in the

Southwest states. For example, in FY 1996,

libraries in New York and Maryland reported

216.2 and 123.6 audios per 1,000 PLSA,
Library Trends Analysis Report 42

respectively, as compared to libraries in Texas

(58.2) and New Mexico (47.5). Similarly,

libraries in the Great Lakes states—Ohio (129.0)

and Indiana—(114.7) reported much higher

numbers of videos per 1,000 PLSA than did

libraries in Texas (31.2) and Oklahoma (30.7).

Library Services

In examining circulation and library visits per

capita, libraries in the Great Lakes, Plains,

Rocky Mountains, and New England had the

highest average, while libraries in the Mideast,

Far West, Southeast and Southwest, had the

lowest averages for these two variables. Unlike

the pattern reported for library collections (i.e.,

books, serials, audios, and videos) in FY 1996,

libraries in the Rocky Mountains had the third

highest circulation per capita (8.2) and the fourth

highest library visits per capita (4.7; table 8).

The biggest difference in library visits per capita

for FY 1996 (56 percent; appendix table E-1)

was between libraries in New England (5.0) and

the Southeast (3.2; table 16). However, the

smallest difference in visits per capita (2.0) was

between libraries in New England (5.0) and

those in the Great Lakes (4.9 visits; table 16 and

appendix table E-1).

Libraries in the Rocky Mountains (2.7), the Far

West (2.6), and the Southeast (2.4) had higher

collection turnover rates than the other five

regions compared to the size of the collection

(table 16).

Libraries in the Mideast and Great Lakes both

had the highest average reference transactions

per capita (1.3 each; table 16). Libraries in New

England and the Southwest (0.9) had the lowest

average reference transactions per capita in FY

1996. At 44.4 percent each, the difference

between this high and low is substantial

(appendix table E-2).

Figure 9 depicts interlibrary loans (ILLs)

received and provided for all regions in FY

1996. Libraries in New England, the Great

Lakes, and the Mideast had the highest average

ILLs received and provided per 1,000 PLSA in

FY 1996, while libraries in Southeast and

Southwest borrowed and loaned the lowest

average number of materials per 1,000 PLSA.

Libraries in the Far West (1.08) and the Mideast

(1.01) had the highest net loan rates, indicating

that the libraries in these regions borrowed and

loaned materials at almost exactly the same rate

(table 16).

Library Income and Expenditures

Libraries in the Great Lakes, Mideast, and New

England regions received the largest total

operating income per capita and had higher total

operating expenditures per capita than libraries

in the other five regions. Figure 10 shows the

total operating income and total operating

expenditures per capita for all eight regions.

The difference between the average income

received per capita by libraries in the Great

Lakes ($34) and libraries in the Southwest ($14)

was substantial (135.7 percent; appendix table

E-8). The same three regions (New England,

Mideast, and Great Lakes) also spent the most

money on collections and staff per capita (table

17).

These regional patterns change when examining

local operating income per capita and state

operating income per capita (figure 11 and table

17). Libraries in the Mideast ($23.60), New

England ($21.80), and the Rocky Mountains

($21.30) received the highest average local

income per capita. Libraries in the Southeast

($13.00) and Southwest ($13.40) again had the

lowest average local operating income per

capita. There was an 81.5 percent difference

between local library operating income per

capita in the Mideast and the Southeast for FY

1996 (appendix table E-2). The Great Lakes

($10) is the anomalous region for state income

per capita because it includes Ohio, which, as

reported previously, received a disproportionate

share (as compared to other regions) of income

from state funds. Libraries in the Mideast

($2.50), Southeast ($1.80), and New England

($1.70) had the highest average state operating

income per capita, next to those in the Great

Lakes. State operating income per capita
43 Library Trends Analysis Report

Figure 9.—Mean number of interlibrary loans received and provided per 1,000 population of legal

service area, by regions: FY 1996

123

53

11 15

48

31 31

90

115

53

7

13

44

33

27

85

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Received

Provided

Mean

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report 44

Figure 10.—Mean total operating income and total expenditures per capita, by region: FY 1996

27

31

16 14

23 22 24

34

26

30

15 14

22 20

23

30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Income

Expenditures

Dollars

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
45 Library Trends Analysis Report

Figure 11.—Mean local and state operating income received per capita, by region: FY 1996

22 24

13 13

20 19 21 21

2 3 2 0 111

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Local

State

Dollars

NOTE: Numbers have been rounded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.

was the only library variable in which libraries in

the Southeast ranked in the top three.

Figure 6 in section 3 depicts the types of income

received from local, state, federal, and other

sources. The extremes are the Great Lakes, which

received almost 30 percent of its income from

state funds and only 62 percent from local funds,

and the Southwest, which received almost 94

percent of its income from local funds. In 1985,

the State of Ohio began assessing a special tax to

fund libraries from a local library government

support fund. This money from the state is sent to

county auditors who distribute funds directly to

the public libraries, which explains why 72

percent of libraries in Ohio received money from

state funds (Wallach, 1993).

Library Staff

Libraries in the Great Lakes (15.8), New England

(14.7), and Mideast (14.6) regions employed the

largest average paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

in FY 1996 (table 19). Libraries in the Mideast

(4.1), New England (4.0), and Great Lakes (3.5)

regions employed the largest average number of

paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000

PLSA.

Factors Relating to Regional Differences

To explore the regional differences in library use,

income, and expenditures, it is useful to consider

findings from other surveys that examined these

variables. Several surveys have linked public

library use (e.g., circulation per capita, library

visits per capita, program attendance, etc.) to

education, income, ethnicity, and family status,

although the survey findings are inconsistent.
Library Trends Analysis Report 46

Perhaps some of these relationships suggest

possible reasons for regional differences in

income and expenditures and library use, in

particular.

NCES’ National Household Education Survey

(NHES), found that public library use was more

common in households with children under 18

than in households without children (1997, 2). In

analyzing data collected through NHES in 1996,

Lynch reported that of households surveyed, 53

percent of Asian/Pacific Islander households, 46

percent of American Indian/Alaska Native

households, 45 percent of black households, 44

percent of white households, and 41 percent of

Hispanic households used a public library in the

past month (1997, 65). In an earlier report using

NHES data from 1991, Scheppke analyzed library

use by adults in the past year by income level and

reported that library use grew as income increased

(1994, 37).

However, in a recent analysis using public library

data collected by the Public Library Data Service

(PLDS), Pratt challenged the relationship between

education, income, family status and library use.

Using correlation analysis, the author found that:

• An increase in the proportion of children in a

community does not result in an increase in

circulation per capita;

• A more elderly population, a better educated

population, or a wealthier population does not

contribute to increased library circulation or

visits;

• A proportionally larger population of people

over 65 does not result in lower per capita

spending for libraries; and

• Increased educational level or income level

does not result in higher per capita spending

for libraries (Pratt, 1998, p. 58).

It is important to remember that the PLDS survey,

which is conducted by the Public Library

Association, is sent only to public libraries that

serve populations of over 100,000 and that the

data are not edited; therefore, Pratt’s results

cannot be generalized to libraries serving smaller

communities. Also, NHES is a telephone survey

in which data are collected from individual

household respondents, while PLDS data are

collected from libraries.

Although FSCS’ Public Libraries Survey (PLS),

which is a universe file, does not collect

demographic information on the community the

library serves, the correlations between common

variables show stronger relationships than Pratt

found in his study. For example, there was a

moderately strong relationship between total

operating expenditures per capita and circulation

per capita (r=0.62), and total operating

expenditures per capita and visits per capita

(r=0.58) using PLS data. Pratt found a less strong

relationship between operating expenditures per

capita and circulation per capita (r=0.54), and a

weaker relationship between operating

expenditures per capita and library visits per

capita (r=0.36) (Pratt, 55). These differences are

due to the size and number of libraries surveyed in

PLS (libraries serving all population ranges)

versus PLDS (libraries serving populations of

100,000 or more).

It is clear from the correlation matrix in appendix

A-1 that expenditures and income per capita are

both strongly related to many of the other income

and expenditures variables, but less strongly

related to the other variables of interest. And

when the income per capita variable was

controlled, the strongest correlations between the

income and expenditures variables virtually

disappeared (table 2; appendix table A-2). In

exploring the regional differences, it is tempting

to hypothesize that the community demographics

of the region (e.g., income and education) might

account for some of the differences, but there is

no way a causal link can be made.

The PLS data provide two important findings

relevant to this discussion. First, libraries in the

Great Lakes, New England, and Mideast regions

had the highest total operating expenditures and

total operating income per capita among the

regions, and libraries in the Southeast and

Southwest had the lowest total operating

expenditures and total operating income per capita

among the regions. Second, there was a

moderately strong relationship between total

operating expenditures per capita and circulation

per capita and total operating expenditures per
47 Library Trends Analysis Report

capita and visits per capita. What we do not know

from the PLS data (or from Pratt's analysis) are

the specific reasons libraries in these regions had

the highest total operating income and

expenditures per capita, and libraries in the

Southeast and Southwest had the lowest total

operating income and expenditures per capita.

We also do not know what other factors are

related to library outputs (e.g., circulation per

capita, visits per capita, program attendance).

Pratt suggests that library outputs may be

influenced by a large number of factors rather

than heavily dependent on one or two of them

(Pratt, 55). Some of these factors might include:

• The type and number of industry or

• companies in the community that might

contribute to a large property tax base, which

would affect the total income and operating

expenditures per capita (Pratt, 53) (i.e.,

instead of focusing exclusively on personal

income of the population served, also consider

the property tax base provided by local

industries);

• The percentage of the people in each

community who own a computer or have

access to the Internet through work or home

(i.e., people who have home computers and

access to the Internet might be more likely to

conduct library-independent research such as

searching for answers to reference questions

via the Internet or ordering books online);17

• The proximity of libraries to potential users,

and the availability and use of bookmobiles in

 

17For example, a recent report by the U.S. Department of Commerce

showed that the highest percentage of households with home

Internet access was concentrated in states located in New England:

New Hampshire (37.1 percent), Connecticut and Vermont (31.8

percent each), and Massachusetts (28.1 percent); and in the Far

West: Alaska (44.1 percent), Washington (36.6 percent), Oregon

(31.8 percent) and California (29.3 percent). The lowest

percentage of households with home Internet access (13.6 to 21.6

percent) was concentrated almost exclusively in states located in

the Southeast region: Alabama (21.6), South Carolina (21.4

percent), Tennessee (21.3 percent), North Carolina (19.9 percent),

Louisiana (17.8 percent), West Virginia (17.6 percent), Arkansas

(14.7 percent), and Mississippi (13.6 percent). (See Falling

through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide,

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/FTTN_I/Table-I-3.html

(chart), and for the report, see http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/

fttn99/part2.html)

isolated communities (i.e., libraries in isolated

communities may have a lower circulation if

patrons do not have easy access to the library

or if there is no or poor bookmobile service);

and

• The number and proximity of bookstores in

the same community that is served by a

library (e.g., are bookstores competing with

public libraries for fiction titles, among

specific populations).

In the interest of exploring one of the

demographic variables, let us briefly look at

personal income per capita for 1996 by the same

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions.

Table 20 shows personal per capita income and

total library income per capita for all eight

regions.

Libraries in the Great Lakes, Mideast, and New

England regions had the highest average income

per capita. However, New England, the Mideast,

Far West, and Great Lakes regions, respectively,

had the highest per capita personal income (see

http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/newsrel/spi0499.htm,

table 1, for per capita personal income by region).

Although this is an interesting observation, it does

not explain the regional differences. Since we

know these regional differences exist, library

researchers should be encouraged to conduct

additional studies to determine statistically valid

reasons for the regional differences found in the

PLS data. In addition, it would be valuable for

researchers to compare the PLS data to the PLDS

data for libraries serving populations over

100,000, in order to determine whether the data

are consistent across these two surveys.
Library Trends Analysis Report 48

Table 20.—Personal income and average library income per capita, by region: FY 1996

Region

Personal income

per capita

Average library

income per capita

New England ....................................................................................... $28,872 $26.60

Mideast................................................................................................ $27,978 $30.60

Southeast ............................................................................................. $21,787 $16.00

Southwest ............................................................................................ $21,577 $14.30

Plains................................................................................................... $23,039 $22.80

Far West .............................................................................................. $24,969 $21.60

Rocky Mountains................................................................................. $22,304 $23.80

Great Lakes.......................................................................................... $24,055 $33.70

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
49 Library Trends Analysis Report

6. SUMMARY

Generally, over the 1992 to 1996 period, public

libraries in the United States showed little change

in the size of collections, number or use of

services, amount of income and expenditures, and

size of staff. Public libraries in each of the eight

regions, with the occasional exception of the

Southwest, the Southeast, and the Far West,

showed small increases and decreases in

collections, services, income and expenditures,

and staff. Libraries experienced the most

substantial increases, both nationally and in three

regions, (New England, Mideast, and Great

Lakes) in interlibrary loans received from and

provided to other libraries per 1,000 population of

legal service area, and in videos per 1,000

population of legal service area, which reflect the

continued rise in lending and borrowing activity

among libraries and the public’s interest in the

user-friendly, easily accessible medium of videos.

It is important to track in what ways and to what

extent the Internet and digital video disc (DVD)

technology supplement the use of traditional

books, serials, audios and videos by the general

public and, in turn, how this use affects library

visits, reference service, and circulation patterns.

Changes in the variables of interest over the 5-

year period were found both between the nation

and the regions, and among the regions.

Generally, libraries in New England, the Mideast,

the Great Lakes, and to some extent the Plains

consistently had the highest average number of

collections, services, income and expenditures,

and staff as compared to those in the nation’s

libraries as a whole and the remaining five

regions. Libraries in the Southeast, Southwest,

and Far West regions consistently had lower

average numbers of selected collections, services,

income and expenditures, and staff than libraries

in the nation and in the other five regions.

Although it could not be determined why these

particular regions experienced these highs and

lows for the 24 variables of interest based on the

Public Libraries Survey data alone, it is clear from

the descriptive correlation analysis that there were

moderately strong relationships between library

expenditures per capita and circulation per capita

and, to a lesser extent, between expenditures per

capita and visits per capita.

Researchers will need to conduct additional

quantitative and qualitative studies to determine

the reasons for the regional differences described

above. These findings will be invaluable in

assisting public librarians to better understand

how to target their services and programs to meet

the needs of all citizens in the next century.
Library Trends Analysis Report 50
51 Library Trends Analysis Report

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Collins, Mary A., and Kathryn Chandler. 1997.

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Zweizig, Mary Jo Lynch, and Nancy

VanHouse. 1987. Planning and role setting

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56.

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U.S. Department of Education. National Center

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spi0499.htm

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A-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix A

Tables of Pearson Correlation Matrices,

FY 1996
A-2 Library Trends Analysis Report
A-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table A-1.—Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables: FY 1996

Book/serial

volumes per

capita

Serial

subscriptions

per 1,000

PLSA

Audios per

1,000 PLSA

Videos per

1,000 PLSA

Circulation

per capita

Library visits

per capita

Reference

transactions

per capita

Interlibrary

loans

received

per 1,000

PLSA

Interlibrary

loans

provided per

1,000 PLSA

Ne

Book/serial volumes per

capita .............................. — 0.57 0.39 0.45 0.46 0.38 0.18 0.20 0.14 

Serial subscriptions per

1,000 PLSA .................... — 0.33 0.47 0.44 0.38 0.18 0.21 0.18 

Audios per 1,000 PLSA....... — 0.34 0.46 0.36 0.19 0.20 0.26 

Videos per 1,000 PLSA....... — 0.51 0.37 0.18 0.16 0.27 

Circulation per capita .......... — 0.65 0.35 0.32 0.26 

Library visits per capita....... — 0.38 0.25 0.22 

Reference transactions per

capita .............................. — 0.13 0.06 

Interlibrary loans received

per 1,000 PLSA .............. — 0.41 

Interlibrary loans provided

to other libraries per1,000 PLSA .................... — 

Net loan rate........................ 

Turnover rate....................... 

Local operating income per

capita .............................. 
Library Trends Analysis Report A-4 Table A-1.—Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables: FY 1996 (continued) Book/serial volumes per capita Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA Audios per 1,000 PLSA Videos per 1,000 PLSA Circulation per capita Library visits per capita Reference transactions per capita Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA Net loa

State operating income per capita .............................. 0.20 0.18 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.22 0.16 0.06 0.13 0.0Local sources as part of total income ............................ –0.10 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.0State sources as part of total income ............................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.0Federal sources as part of total income .................... 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0Other sources as part of total income ............................ 0.14 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.0Total operating expenditures per capita ........................ 0.37 0.39 0.57 0.43 0.62 0.58 0.29 0.24 0.42 0.0Operating expenditures for collections per capita ...... 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.49 0.64 0.57 0.28 0.26 0.43 0.0Total operating income per

capita .............................. 0.36 0.38 0.56 0.42 0.61 0.56 0.29 0.23 0.39 0.0

Operating expenditures for

staff per capita ................ 0.30 0.34 0.54 0.39 0.59 0.56 0.29 0.20 0.39 0.0

Paid FTE librarians with

ALA/MLS per 25,000PLSA .............................. 0.07 0.13 0.38 0.16 0.34 0.34 0.20 0.10 0.36 0.0

Paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA .............................. 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.62 0.57 0.31 0.25 0.34 0.0

Number of outlets excluding

bookmobiles.................... –0.10 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.0
A-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table A-1. Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables: FY 1996 (continued)

State

operating

income per

capita

Local

sources as

part of total

income

State sources

as part of

total income

Federal

sources as

part of local

income

Other

sources as

part of total

income

Total

operating

expenditures per

capita

Operating

expenditures for

collections

per capita

Total

operating

income

per capita

Operating

expenditures for staff

per capita

Pa

librar

wit

ALA/

per 25

PLS

State operating income per

capita .............................. — –.041 0.69 0.01 0.05 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.2

Local sources as part of total

income ............................ — 0.63 –0.16 –0.70 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.0

State sources as part of total

income ............................ — 0.34 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 

Federal sources as part of

total income .................... — 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 

Other sources as part of total

income ............................ — 0.04 0.03 0.01 –0.10 0.0

Total operating expenditures

per capita ........................ — 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.6

Operating expenditures for

collections per capita ...... — 0.83 0.78 0.5

Total operating income per

capita .............................. — 0.92 0.62 

Operating expenditures for

staff per capita ................ — 0.6

Paid FTE librarians with

ALA/MLS per 25,000PLSA .............................. — 

Paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA .............................. 

Number of stationary outlets

excluding bookmobiles ... 

ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science accAssociation; PLSA = Population of legal service area.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data (FSCS), Public Libraries 
Library Trends Analysis Report A-6 Table A-2.—Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables, controlling for total operating income per capita

Book/serial volumes per capita Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA Audios per 1,000 PLSA Videos per 1,000 PLSA Circulation per capita Library visits per capita Reference transactions per capita Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA Net loa

Book/serial volumes per capita ............................. — 0.51 0.24 0.31 0.29 0.23 0.05 0.16 0.01 0.02 Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA .................... — 0.17 0.37 0.30 0.24 0.07 0.17 0.05 0.02 Audios per 1,000 PLSA....... — 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.0

Videos per 1,000 PLSA....... — 0.32 0.19 0.02 0.10 0.17 0.02 

Circulation per capita .......... — 0.51 0.17 0.26 0.05 0.02 

Library visits per capita....... — 0.27 0.15 0.00 0.0

Reference transactions per capita .............................. — 0.07 0.05 0.0

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA............... — 0.35 0.02 

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA............... — 0.0

Net loan rate........................ — 

Turnover rate....................... Local operating income per

capita .............................. 
A-7 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table A-2.—Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables, controlling for total operating income p

(continued)

Book/serial

volumes per

capita

Serial

subscriptions

per 1,000

PLSA

Audios per

1,000 PLSA

Videos per

1,000 PLSA

Circulation

per capita

Library visits

per capita

Reference

transactions

per capita

Interlibrary

loans

received

per 1,000

PLSA

Interlibrary

loans

provided per

1,000 PLSA

Net loa

State operating income per

capita .............................. 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.0

Local sources as part of total

income ............................ –0.11 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.0

State sources as part of total

income ............................ 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.0

Federal sources as part of

total income .................... 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.0

Other sources as part of total

income ............................ 0.18 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.0

Total operating expenditures

per capita ........................ 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.17 0.0

Operating expenditures for

collections per capita ...... 0.29 0.31 0.09 0.30 0.36 0.23 0.08 0.14 0.23 0.0

Operating expenditures for

staff per capita ................ 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.0

Paid FTE librarians with

ALA/MLS per 25,000PLSA .............................. –0.19 –0.14 0.04 –0.13 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.02 

Paid FTE staff per 25,000

PLSA .............................. 0.38 0.33 0.15 0.33 0.37 0.31 0.17 0.14 0.09 0.0

Number of stationary outlets

excluding bookmobiles ... –0.10 –0.11 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.0
Library Trends Analysis Report A-8 Table A-2. Pearson correlations between the 24 library variables, controlling for total operating income per capita: 

State operating income per capita Local sources as part of total income State sources as part of total income Federal sources as part of local income Other sources as part of total income Total operating expendi- tures per capita Operating expendi- tures for collections per capita Operating expendi- tures for staff per capita Paid FTE librarian

with ALA/ML

per 25,00

PLSA 

State operating income per capita........... — –0.47 0.78 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.05 Local sources as part of total income...... — –0.64 –0.16 –0.71 0.15 0.01 0.26 0.12 

State sources as part of total income....... — 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.03 

Federal sources as part of total income... — 0.05 –0.19 0.09 –0.16 0.08 

Other sources as part of total income...... — –0.11 0.02 –0.25 –0.11 

Total operating expenditures per capita.. — 0.41 0.63 0.24 Operating expenditures for collections per capita ........................................... — 0.14 0.08 

Operating expenditures for staff per capita ................................................. — 0.40 

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA...................................... — Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA ............ Number of stationary outlets excluding

bookmobiles....................................... 

ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science accAssociation; PLSA = Population of legal service area.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data (FSCS), Public Libraries 
B-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix B

Tables of Yearly Percent Changes,

National Across Years
Library Trends Analysis Report B-2
B-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table B-1.—Percent change for total number stationary outlets, centrals, and branches, by the

nation: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Stationary outlets................................................................................... 0010

Centrals ................................................................................................ 0010

Branches................................................................................................ 0001

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report B-4

Table B-2.—Percent change for all variables, by the nation: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Collections

Book/serial volumes per capita ......................................................... 0040

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA................................................. 3 –1 1 0

Audio per 1,000 PLSA...................................................................... –3622

Video per 1,000 PLSA...................................................................... 15 16 18 15

Services

Circulation per capita........................................................................ 2 –3 2 2

Library visits per capita .................................................................... 3003

Turnover rate .................................................................................... 0 –4 –1 0

Reference transactions per capita...................................................... 10000

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA ...................................... 10 7 10 12

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA ..................................... 10 2 9 18

Net loan rate...................................................................................... 0 –4 0 6

Income and expenditure

Income (total) per capita ................................................................... 0364

Local operating income per capita .................................................... –1355

State operating income per capita ..................................................... 4044

Operating expenditures per capita..................................................... 2455

Operating expenditures for collections per capita ............................. 4373

Operating expenditures for staff per capita ....................................... 3454

Percentage distribution of total income

Local sources .................................................................................... –1000

State sources ..................................................................................... 5 –2 –2 2

Federal sources ................................................................................. 10 0 –9 0

Other sources .................................................................................... 0040

Staff

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA..................... 0440

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA....................................................... 1021

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs

in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association;

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
B-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table B-3.—Percent changes in income and expenditures variables, by the nation adjusted

for inflation: FY 1992-19961

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Income (total) per capita ................................................................... -2.7 0.3 3.5 0.7

Local operating income per capita .................................................... -3.7 0.3 2.5 1.7

State operating income per capita ..................................................... 1.3 -2.7 1.5 0.7

Operating expenditures per capita..................................................... -0.7 1.3 2.5 1.7

Operating expenditures for collections per capita ............................. 1.3 0.3 4.5 -0.3

Operating expenditures for staff per capita ....................................... 0.3 1.3 2.5 0.7 1

All percent changes reflect actual gains and losses after adjusting for inflation (all years are in 1995-1996 dollars), which is based on the

Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Price Index was 2.7 percent in 1992-93; 2.7 percent in 1993-94; 2.5 percent in 1994-95; and 3.3 percent in

1995-96. See ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report B-6
C-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix C

Tables of Yearly Percent Differences,

Regions to Nation
Library Trends Analysis Report C-2
C-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table C-1.—Percent differences between regions and the nation, for all variables: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Collections

Book/serial volumes per capita

New England................................................................ 63 67 67 64 68

Mideast......................................................................... 15 19 22 21 25

Southeast ...................................................................... –30 –30 –30 –29 –29

Southwest ..................................................................... –22 –22 –22 –25 –25

Plains............................................................................ 33 33 37 36 36

Far West ....................................................................... –22 –26 –26 –25 –25

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 77704

Great Lakes .................................................................. 19 22 26 25 29

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 39 45 56 59 70

Mideast......................................................................... 10 37 42 38 40

Southeast ...................................................................... –32 –32 –35 –32 –34

Southwest ..................................................................... –30 –34 –33 –32 –36

Plains............................................................................ 51 25 25 30 33

Far West ....................................................................... –15 –25 –26 –29 –27

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –3 –8 –8 –1 –3

Great Lakes .................................................................. 31 27 29 30 32

Audios per 1,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 35 47 39 39 –4

Mideast......................................................................... 48 55 59 61 61

Southeast ...................................................................... –31 –49 –51 –49 –46

Southwest ..................................................................... –51 –46 –50 –49 –47

Plains............................................................................ 8 10889

Far West ....................................................................... –24 –21 –20 –23 –20

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –21 –29 –25 –20 –17

Great Lakes .................................................................. 38 49 54 52 59

Videos per 1,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 23 28 27 28 29

Mideast......................................................................... 95556

Southeast ...................................................................... –36 –35 –34 –32 –34

Southwest ..................................................................... –41 –39 –42 –43 –41

Plains............................................................................ 17 20 30 26 25

Far West ....................................................................... –14 –16 –21 –21 –18

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –15 –14 –5 –7 –11

Great Lakes .................................................................. 70 70 72 72 72

Services

Circulation per capita

New England................................................................ 14 12 14 17 17

Mideast......................................................................... –3 –3 0 0 –2

Southeast ...................................................................... –23 –25 –22 –22 –23

Southwest ..................................................................... –20 –20 –21 –22 –25

Plains............................................................................ 34 35 37 36 34

Far West ....................................................................... –5 –8 –11 –13 –11

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 23 20 25 28 26

Great Lakes .................................................................. 33 34 37 38 38

Library visits per capita

New England................................................................ 26 26 26 26 25

Mideast......................................................................... 5 3 8 13 8

Southeast ...................................................................... –24 –23 –23 –21 –20

Southwest ..................................................................... –16 –15 –13 –13 –15

Plains............................................................................ 18 18 21 15 20

Far West ....................................................................... –3 –5 –13 –13 –10

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 8 5 8 15 18

Great Lakes .................................................................. 26 26 26 23 23
Library Trends Analysis Report C-4

Table C-1.—Percent differences between regions and the nation, for all variables: FY 1992-1996

(continued)

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Services (continued)

Turnover rate

New England................................................................ –32 –32 –31 –29 –28

Mideast......................................................................... –18 –19 –19 –19 –21

Southeast ...................................................................... 5 7 10 9 10

Southwest ..................................................................... 46653

Plains............................................................................ 11100

Far West ....................................................................... 22 21 17 17 19

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 14 15 18 26 26

Great Lakes .................................................................. 99887

Reference transactions per capita

New England................................................................ –20 –27 –27 –18 –18

Mideast......................................................................... 0 –9 0 18 18

Southeast ...................................................................... –20 –27 –9 –9 0

Southwest ..................................................................... 0 –9 0 –9 –18

Plains............................................................................ –10 –9 –9 0 0

Far West ....................................................................... 20 18 9 0 –9

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –10 –9009

Great Lakes .................................................................. 10 18 9 9 18

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 72 106 144 160 182

Mideast......................................................................... 41 34 29 31 21

Southeast ...................................................................... –62 –62 –68 –71 –75

Southwest ..................................................................... –44 –51 –50 –59 –66

Plains............................................................................ 45 33 39 17 10

Far West ....................................................................... –28 –23 –24 –31 –29

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 4 –3 –10 –22 –29

Great Lakes .................................................................. 59 63 67 88 106

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 49 105 149 164 177

Mideast......................................................................... 63 54 34 30 28

Southeast ...................................................................... –74 –68 –76 –76 –79

Southwest ..................................................................... –51 –53 –57 –63 –70

Plains............................................................................ 41 39 45 26 5

Far West ....................................................................... –31 –23 –22 –24 –20

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –8 –19 –17 –30 –36

Great Lakes .................................................................. 70 52 72 88 104

Net loan rate

New England................................................................ –13 0 2 2 –2

Mideast......................................................................... 16 15 4 –1 5

Southeast ...................................................................... –33 –16 –23 –19 –18

Southwest ..................................................................... –13 –4 –14 –9 –12

Plains............................................................................ –2 5 4 8 –5

Far West ....................................................................... –4 –1 2 11 13

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –11 –16 –9 –10 –10

Great Lakes .................................................................. 7 –7 3 0 –1

Income and expenditure

Total operating income per capita

New England................................................................ 7 10 12 12 14

Mideast......................................................................... 23 28 31 29 31

Southeast ...................................................................... –36 –33 –32 –31 –32

Southwest ..................................................................... –41 –39 –38 –38 –39

Plains............................................................................ –7 –2 –2 –3 –3

Far West ....................................................................... 3 0 –4 –7 –8

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –6 –3 –1 0 2

Great Lakes .................................................................. 49 39 40 42 44
C-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table C-1.—Percent differences between regions and the nation, for all variables: FY 1992-1996

(continued)

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Income and expenditures (continued)

Local operating income per capita

New England................................................................ 12 16 17 18 19

Mideast......................................................................... 17 22 30 28 29

Southeast ...................................................................... –33 –30 –30 –28 –29

Southwest ..................................................................... –30 –27 –26 –25 –27

Plains............................................................................ 4 11 12 9 9

Far West ....................................................................... 15 11433

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 7 11 13 13 16

Great Lakes .................................................................. 25 12 11 12 13

State operating income per capita

New England................................................................ –60 –50 –38 –37 –39

Mideast......................................................................... 4 0 –12 –15 –11

Southeast ...................................................................... –40 –42 –35 –37 –36

Southwest ..................................................................... –92 –92 –96 –96 –96

Plains............................................................................ –76 –73 –73 –74 –75

Far West ....................................................................... –52 –54 –58 –59 –64

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –84 –85 –85 –85 –82

Great Lakes .................................................................. 220 219 238 244 257

Total operating expenditures per capita

New England................................................................ 14 16 17 17 18

Mideast......................................................................... 32 32 36 34 34

Southeast ...................................................................... –33 –31 –31 –30 –31

Southwest ..................................................................... –36 –35 –36 –35 –36

Plains............................................................................ –6 –2 –3 –2 –2

Far West ....................................................................... 4 –1 –8 –8 –8

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –2 –4 –4 –1 5

Great Lakes .................................................................. 27 29 34 35 36

Operating expenditures for collections per capita

New England................................................................ 21 21 23 22 24

Mideast......................................................................... 21 21 23 19 18

Southeast ...................................................................... –29 –28 –27 –28 –27

Southwest ..................................................................... –32 –34 –33 –38 –33

Plains............................................................................ 7 10 10 9 18

Far West ....................................................................... –7 –17 –27 –19 –21

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 0 0 0 –3 6

Great Lakes .................................................................. 39 38 47 44 52

Operating expenditures for staff per capita

New England................................................................ 21 21 21 22 23

Mideast......................................................................... 34 34 39 38 38

Southeast ...................................................................... –34 –34 –34 –33 –34

Southwest ..................................................................... –35 –34 –35 –35 –35

Plains............................................................................ –8 –6 –5 –6 –6

Far West ....................................................................... 7 2 –4 –7 –5

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –6 –6 –5 –4 –1

Great Lakes .................................................................. 25 26 30 31 32

Percentage distribution of total income

Local sources

New England................................................................ 56555

Mideast......................................................................... –5 –4 0 –2 –1

Southeast ...................................................................... 44344

Southwest ..................................................................... 18 19 20 20 20

Plains............................................................................ 12 14 14 12 12

Far West ....................................................................... 12 11 9 11 12

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 14 15 14 13 15

Great Lakes .................................................................. –16 –19 –21 –21 –21
Library Trends Analysis Report C-6

Table C-1.—Percent differences between regions and the nation, for all variables: FY 1992-1996

(continued)

Variable 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Percentage distribution of total income (continued)

State sources

New England................................................................ –62 –55 –46 –45 –48

Mideast......................................................................... –15 –20 –33 –35 –34

Southeast ...................................................................... –6 –11 –3 –7 –6

Southwest ..................................................................... –88 –88 –93 –93 –93

Plains............................................................................ –74 –72 –74 –74 –74

Far West ....................................................................... –54 –52 –55 –55 –61

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –81 –85 –5 –83 –83

Great Lakes .................................................................. 118 133 141 145 145

Federal sources

New England................................................................ –50 –45 –64 –60 –20

Mideast......................................................................... 0 27 18 –20 40

Southeast ...................................................................... 50 45 36 30 20

Southwest ..................................................................... 60 45 18 10 –30

Plains............................................................................ 40 –9 0 –10 –10

Far West ....................................................................... –10 –18 9 40 0

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 30 18 9 30 0

Great Lakes .................................................................. –30 –36 –45 –30 –40

Other sources

New England................................................................ 44 37 32 25 24

Mideast......................................................................... 73 64 50 63 54

Southeast ...................................................................... –32 –24 –26 –30 –29

Southwest ..................................................................... –54 –52 –52 –52 –48

Plains............................................................................ –10 –25 –26 –2 –1

Far West ....................................................................... –31 –21 –10 –26 –18

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –21 –13 –8 –9 –16

Great Lakes .................................................................. –17 –17 –7 –10 –9

Staff resources

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 40 44 42 44 48

Mideast......................................................................... 40 40 54 48 52

Southeast ...................................................................... –32 –32 –35 –33 –30

Southwest ..................................................................... –28 –28 –31 –30 –30

Plains............................................................................ –28 –28 –27 –30 –30

Far West ....................................................................... 0 –4 –12 –15 –11

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... –20 –24 –23 –26 –26

Great Lakes .................................................................. 28 28 27 26 30

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

New England................................................................ 19 22 23 24 26

Mideast......................................................................... 21 23 26 25 25

Southeast ...................................................................... –24 –23 –23 –22 –22

Southwest ..................................................................... –27 –27 –26 –26 –27

Plains............................................................................ 15 17 18 17 11

Far West ....................................................................... –16 –21 –25 –24 –24

Rocky Mountains ......................................................... 1 –1212

Great Lakes .................................................................. 34 33 34 32 35

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
D-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix D

Tables of Yearly Percent Changes,

Regions Across Years
Library Trends Analysis Report D-2
D-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table D-1.—Percent changes in total number of stationary outlets, centrals, and branches, by

region: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Stationary outlets

New England ................................................................................... 0020

Midwest ........................................................................................... 0 –1 0 0

Southeast.......................................................................................... 1011

Southwest ........................................................................................ 1102

Plains ............................................................................................... 0 0 0 –1

Far West........................................................................................... –1 0 –1 1

Rocky Mountains............................................................................. –1011

Great Lakes...................................................................................... 0010

Centrals

New England ................................................................................... 0030

Midwest ........................................................................................... 0 –1 1 1

Southeast.......................................................................................... 3 0 –1 2

Southwest ........................................................................................ 1100

Plains ............................................................................................... –1 0 0 –2

Far West........................................................................................... 0200

Rocky Mountains............................................................................. 0 0 0 –2

Great Lakes...................................................................................... 0000

Branches

New England ................................................................................... 0000

Midwest ........................................................................................... 0 –1 –1 –1

Southeast.......................................................................................... 0111

Southwest ........................................................................................ –1206

Plains ............................................................................................... 2000

Far West........................................................................................... –2 –1 –1 1

Rocky Mountains............................................................................. –1 –1 3 4

Great Lakes...................................................................................... 0110

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report D-4

Table D-2.—Percent changes for all variables, by region: FY 1992-1996

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Collections

Book/serial volumes per capita

New England............................................................................... 2022

Mideast........................................................................................ 3333

Southeast ..................................................................................... 0050

Southwest .................................................................................... 0000

Plains........................................................................................... 0330

Far West ...................................................................................... –5050

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0 0 –3 4

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 3333

Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 7647

Mideast........................................................................................ 28 2 –1 1

Southeast ..................................................................................... 4 –6 6 –4

Southwest .................................................................................... –4 0 4 –6

Plains........................................................................................... –15 –1 6 2

Far West ...................................................................................... –8 –4 –2 2

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –3 –1 9 –1

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0021

Audios per 1,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 5 0 2 –30

Mideast........................................................................................ 2832

Southeast ..................................................................................... –29367

Southwest .................................................................................... 5 –1 5 6

Plains........................................................................................... –2422

Far West ...................................................................................... 1 7 –2 5

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –13 12 8 6

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 5916

Videos per 1,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 20 16 19 17

Mideast........................................................................................ 11 16 18 16

Southeast ..................................................................................... 17 18 22 12

Southwest .................................................................................... 20 10 17 20

Plains........................................................................................... 19 25 15 15

Far West ...................................................................................... 13 10 18 20

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 17 28 16 11

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 16 17 19 15

Services

Circulation per capita

New England............................................................................... 0 –1 4 1

Mideast........................................................................................ 2020

Southeast ..................................................................................... 0020

Southwest .................................................................................... 2 –4 0 –2

Plains........................................................................................... 2 –2 1 0

Far West ...................................................................................... –2 –7 0 4

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –1140

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 2 –1 2 2

Library visits per capita

New England............................................................................... 2002

Mideast........................................................................................ 0 5 5 –2

Southeast ..................................................................................... 3033

Southwest .................................................................................... 3300

Plains........................................................................................... 2 2 –4 7

Far West ...................................................................................... 2 –8 0 6

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0274

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 2 0 –2 2
D-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table D-2.—Percent changes for all variables, by region: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Services (continued)

Turnover rate

New England............................................................................... –2 –2 2 1

Mideast........................................................................................ –1 –5 –1 –2

Southeast ..................................................................................... 2 –2 –1 0

Southwest .................................................................................... 2 –4 –2 –2

Plains........................................................................................... 0 –4 –2 0

Far West ...................................................................................... –2 –6 –1 1

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 1 –1 5 0

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0 –4 –1 –1

Reference transactions per capita

New England............................................................................... 0 0 13 0

Mideast........................................................................................ 0 10 18 0

Southeast ..................................................................................... 0 25 0 10

Southwest .................................................................................... 0 10 –9 –10

Plains........................................................................................... 11 0 10 0

Far West ...................................................................................... 8 –8 –8 –9

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 11 10 0 9

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 18 –8 0 8

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 32 27 17 22

Mideast........................................................................................ 5 3 12 4

Southeast ..................................................................................... 8 –10 2 –4

Southwest .................................................................................... –3 9 –10 –6

Plains........................................................................................... 1 12 –8 6

Far West ...................................................................................... 19 6 –1 15

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 3 0 –5 2

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 13 10 24 23

Interlibrary loans provided per 1,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 51 24 16 24

Mideast........................................................................................ 4 –11 6 17

Southeast ..................................................................................... 35 –22 8 2

Southwest .................................................................................... 6 –7 –5 –4

Plains........................................................................................... 8 7 –5 –1

Far West ...................................................................................... 22 5 7 24

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –4 4 –7 7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. –2 16 20 28

Net loan rate

New England............................................................................... 14 –2 0 2

Mideast........................................................................................ –1 –14 –5 13

Southeast ..................................................................................... 25 –13 6 6

Southwest .................................................................................... 10 –14 5 2

Plains........................................................................................... 7 –5 3 –6

Far West ...................................................................................... 3 –1 8 7

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –6 5 –2 5

Great Lakes ................................................................................. –13 6 –3 5

Income and expenditure

Total operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... 3566

Mideast........................................................................................ 4556

Southeast ..................................................................................... 5464

Southwest .................................................................................... 3472

Plains........................................................................................... 5345

Far West ...................................................................................... –3 –2 3 3

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 3577

Great Lakes ................................................................................. –7476
Library Trends Analysis Report D-6

Table D-2.—Percent changes for all variables, by region: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Income and expenditures (continued)

Local operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... 2475

Mideast........................................................................................ 4 10 4 5

Southeast ..................................................................................... 4483

Southwest .................................................................................... 3572

Plains........................................................................................... 7425

Far West ...................................................................................... –4 –3 5 4

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 2568

Great Lakes ................................................................................. –11276

State operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... 30 23 6 0

Mideast........................................................................................ 0 –12 0 9

Southeast ..................................................................................... 0 13 0 6

Southwest .................................................................................... 0 –50 0 0

Plains........................................................................................... 17000

Far West ...................................................................................... 0 –8 0 –9

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0 0 0 25

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 4668

Total operating expenditures per capita

New England............................................................................... 4566

Mideast........................................................................................ 2745

Southeast ..................................................................................... 5564

Southwest .................................................................................... 3354

Plains........................................................................................... 7356

Far West ...................................................................................... –3 –3 5 5

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0 4 7 12

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 4866

Operating expenditures for collections per capita

New England............................................................................... 3655

Mideast........................................................................................ 3633

Southeast ..................................................................................... 5554

Southwest .................................................................................... 0 5 0 10

Plains........................................................................................... 7 3 6 11

Far West ...................................................................................... –8 –8 18 0

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 4 3 3 13

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 3 10 5 9

Operating expenditures for staff per capita

New England............................................................................... 3465

Mideast........................................................................................ 4844

Southeast ..................................................................................... 4463

Southwest .................................................................................... 5253

Plains........................................................................................... 6444

Far West ...................................................................................... –2 –2 2 6

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 4468

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 5756

Percentage distribution of total income

Local sources

New England............................................................................... –1 –1 0 0

Mideast........................................................................................ 0 4 –1 0

Southeast ..................................................................................... –1 –1 1 0

Southwest .................................................................................... 0100

Plains........................................................................................... 1 0 –2 0

Far West ...................................................................................... –1 –1 1 0

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0 0 –1 1

Great Lakes ................................................................................. –4 –2 0 0
D-7 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table D-2.—Percent changes for all variables, by region: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Percentage distribution of total income (continued)

State sources

New England............................................................................... 24 18 0 –5

Mideast........................................................................................ –1 –17 –6 4

Southeast ..................................................................................... –1 7 –6 3

Southwest .................................................................................... 7 –47 13 –11

Plains........................................................................................... 13 –9 –3 3

Far West ...................................................................................... 9 –8 –2 –13

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –17055

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 12 2 –1 2

Federal sources

New England............................................................................... 20 –33 0 100

Mideast........................................................................................ 40 –7 –38 75

Southeast ..................................................................................... 7 –6 –13 –8

Southwest .................................................................................... 0 –19 –15 –36

Plains........................................................................................... –29 10 –18 0

Far West ...................................................................................... 0 33 17 –29

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0 –8 8 –23

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0 –14 17 –14

Other sources

New England............................................................................... –5 –3 –2 –1

Mideast........................................................................................ –5 –9 13 –6

Southeast ..................................................................................... 12 –3 –2 2

Southwest .................................................................................... 3057

Plains........................................................................................... –17 –2 37 1

Far West ...................................................................................... 14 15 –16 11

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 11 5 3 –8

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0 11 0 1

Staff resources

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 3353

Mideast........................................................................................ 0 14 0 3

Southeast ..................................................................................... 0066

Southwest .................................................................................... 0060

Plains........................................................................................... 0600

Far West ...................................................................................... –4 –4 0 4

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –5500

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0333

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA

New England............................................................................... 3132

Mideast........................................................................................ 2311

Southeast ..................................................................................... 2030

Southwest .................................................................................... 1 1 2 –1

Plains........................................................................................... 2 2 1 –4

Far West ...................................................................................... –5 –6 4 1

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ –1312

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 1103

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report D-8

Table D-3.—Percent change in income and expenditures variables by region, adjusted for

inflation: FY 1992-19961

Variable 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996

Income and expenditure

Total operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... 0.3 2.3 3.5 2.7

Mideast........................................................................................ 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.7

Southeast ..................................................................................... 2.3 1.3 3.5 0.7

Southwest .................................................................................... 0.3 1.3 4.5 -1.3

Plains........................................................................................... 2.3 0.3 1.5 1.7

Far West ...................................................................................... -5.7 -4.7 0.5 -0.3

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 0.3 2.3 4.5 3.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. -9.7 1.3 4.5 2.7

Local operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... -0.7 1.3 4.5 1.7

Mideast........................................................................................ 1.3 7.3 1.5 1.7

Southeast ..................................................................................... 1.3 1.3 5.5 -0.3

Southwest .................................................................................... 0.3 2.3 4.5 -1.3

Plains........................................................................................... 4.3 1.3 -0.5 1.7

Far West ...................................................................................... -6.7 -5.7 2.5 0.7

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ -0.7 2.3 3.5 4.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. -13.7 -0.7 4.5 2.7

State operating income per capita

New England............................................................................... 27.3 20.3 3.5 -3.3

Mideast........................................................................................ -2.7 -14.7 -2.5 5.7

Southeast ..................................................................................... -2.7 10.3 -2.5 2.7

Southwest .................................................................................... -2.7 -52.7 -2.5 -3.3

Plains........................................................................................... 14.3 -2.7 -2.5 -3.3

Far West ...................................................................................... -2.7 -10.7 -2.5 -12.3

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ -2.7 -2.7 -2.5 21.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 1.3 3.3 3.5 4.7

Total operating expenditures per capita

New England............................................................................... 1.3 2.3 3.5 2.7

Mideast........................................................................................ -0.7 4.3 1.5 1.7

Southeast ..................................................................................... 2.3 2.3 3.5 0.7

Southwest .................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 2.5 0.7

Plains........................................................................................... 4.3 0.3 2.5 2.7

Far West ...................................................................................... -5.7 -5.7 2.5 1.7

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ -2.7 1.3 4.5 8.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 1.3 5.3 3.5 2.7

Operating expenditures for collections per capita

New England............................................................................... 0.3 3.3 2.5 1.7

Mideast........................................................................................ 0.3 3.3 0.5 -0.3

Southeast ..................................................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.5 0.7

Southwest .................................................................................... -2.7 2.3 -2.5 6.7

Plains........................................................................................... 4.3 0.3 3.5 7.7

Far West ...................................................................................... -10.7 -10.7 15.5 -3.3

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 1.3 0.3 0.5 9.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 0.3 7.3 2.5 5.7

Operating expenditures for staff per capita

New England............................................................................... 0.3 1.3 3.5 1.7

Mideast........................................................................................ 1.3 5.3 1.5 0.7

Southeast ..................................................................................... 1.3 1.3 3.5 -0.3

Southwest .................................................................................... 2.3 -0.7 2.5 -0.3

Plains........................................................................................... 3.3 1.3 1.5 0.7

Far West ...................................................................................... -4.7 -4.7 -0.5 2.7

Rocky Mountains ........................................................................ 1.3 1.3 3.5 4.7

Great Lakes ................................................................................. 2.3 4.3 2.5 2.7 1

All percent changes reflect actual gains and losses after adjusting for inflation (all years are in 1995-1996 dollars), which is based on the

Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Price Index was 2.7 percent in 1992-93, 2.7 percent in 1993-94; 2.5 percent in 1994-95; and 3.3 percent in

1995-96. See ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
E-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix E

Tables of Regional Differences

by Percent for All Variables of Interest, FY 1996
Library Trends Analysis Report E-2
E-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table E-1.—Percent difference between New England and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

New England to:

Variable

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ –36.9 –54.6 24.6 –27.8 14.7 130.3 –49.4

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ 34.3 135.0 123.8 23.7 123.8 62.1 30.6

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. 21.6 158.3 163.8 27.9 134.0 74.6 29.1

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ –40.1 79.6 80.6 –11.7 20.1 16.0 –39.4

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ 22.5 95.9 119.0 3.1 57.7 45.0 –24.9

Circulation per capita ........................... 18.7 52.0 55.1 –12.7 31.0 –7.3 –15.6

Library visits per capita........................ 16.3 56.2 47.1 4.2 38.9 6.4 2.0

Reference transactions per capita ......... –30.8 –18.2 0.0 –18.2 –10.0 –25.0 –30.8

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. 132.6 1,014.5 722.8 157.6 299.3 296.8 37.1

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ 116.3 1,243.0 816.7 164.9 264.9 334.2 35.7

Net loan rate......................................... –6.9 20.1 11.7 2.9 –13.0 9.6 –1.0

Turnover rate........................................ –9.6 –34.9 –30.9 –28.8 –39.9 –43.1 –33.3

Total operating income per capita ........ –13.1 66.2 86.0 16.7 23.1 11.8 –21.1

Local operating income per capita........ –7.6 67.7 62.7 9.6 16.0 2.3 5.3

State operating income per capita......... –32.0 –5.6 1,600.0 142.9 70.0 240.0 –83.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –11.9 70.4 83.7 19.9 28.2 12.1 –13.7

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... 5.1 70.8 86.4 5.1 57.7 17.1 –18.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –10.7 86.2 90.2 31.6 29.6 25.0 –6.9

Local sources as percent of income...... 6.5 1.2 –12.6 –6.0 –5.8 –8.4 33.1

State sources as percent of income ....... –22.2 –45.2 687.5 96.9 34.0 200.0 –78.9

Federal sources as percent of income ... –42.9 –33.3 14.3 –11.1 –20.0 –20.0 33.3

Other sources as percent of income...... –19.4 74.2 140.0 25.6 52.1 47.9 36.7

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –2.4 110.5 110.5 110.5 66.7 100.0 14.3

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... 0.7 61.6 72.9 13.1 65.2 23.5 –7.0

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report E-4

Table E-2.—Percent differences between Mideast and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Mideast to:

Variable New

England

Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ 58.5 –28.0 97.5 14.5 35.2 265.1 –19.7

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –25.5 75.0 66.7 –7.9 66.7 20.7 –2.8

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –17.7 112.5 117.0 5.1 92.4 43.7 6.2

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ 67.1 200.0 201.7 47.5 100.6 93.8 1.3

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –18.4 59.9 78.8 –15.8 28.7 18.4 –38.7

Circulation per capita ........................... –15.8 28.0 30.6 –26.4 10.3 –21.9 –28.9

Library visits per capita........................ –14.0 34.4 26.5 –10.4 19.4 –8.5 –12.2

Reference transactions per capita ......... 44.4 18.2 44.4 18.2 30.0 8.3 0.0

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –57.0 379.1 253.7 10.7 71.7 70.6 –41.0

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –53.8 520.9 323.8 22.5 60.4 100.7 –37.2

Net loan rate......................................... 7.4 29.0 20.0 10.5 –6.5 17.7 6.3

Turnover rate........................................ 10.7 –27.9 –23.5 –21.2 –33.5 –37.0 –26.2

Total operating income per capita ........ 15.0 91.2 114.0 34.2 41.7 28.6 –9.2

Local operating income per capita........ 8.3 81.5 76.1 18.6 25.5 10.8 14.0

State operating income per capita......... 47.1 38.9 2,400.0 257.1 150.0 400.0 –75.0

Total operating expenditures per

capita................................................

13.5 93.4 108.5 36.1 45.5 27.3 –2.0

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –4.9 62.5 77.3 0.0 50.0 11.4 –22.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ 12.0 108.5 113.0 47.4 45.2 40.0 4.3

Local sources as percent of income...... –6.1 –4.9 –17.9 –11.7 –11.6 –13.9 25.0

State sources as percent of income ....... 28.6 –29.6 912.5 153.1 72.3 285.7 –72.9

Federal sources as percent of income ... 75.0 16.7 100.0 55.6 40.0 40.0 133.3

Other sources as percent of income...... 24.1 116.1 197.8 55.8 88.7 83.6 69.6

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. 2.5 115.8 115.8 115.8 70.8 105.0 17.1

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –0.7 60.4 71.8 12.3 64.0 22.7 –7.6

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
E-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table E-3.—Percent differences between Southeast and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Southeast to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ 120.2 38.9 174.3 59.1 87.7 407.1 11.5

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –57.4 –42.9 –4.8 –47.4 –4.8 –31.0 –44.4

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –61.3 –52.9 2.1 –50.5 –9.4 –32.4 –50.0

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ –44.3 –66.7 0.6 –50.8 –33.1 –35.4 –66.2

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –49.0 –37.5 11.8 –47.4 –19.5 –26.0 –61.7

Circulation per capita ........................... –34.2 –21.9 2.0 –42.5 –13.8 –39.0 –44.4

Library visits per capita........................ –36.0 –25.6 –5.9 –33.3 –11.1 –31.9 –34.7

Reference transactions per capita ......... 22.2 –15.4 22.2 0.0 10.0 –8.3 –15.4

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –91.0 –79.1 –26.2 –76.9 –64.2 –64.4 –87.7

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –92.5 –83.9 –31.7 –80.3 –74.2 –67.7 –89.9

Net loan rate......................................... –16.7 –22.5 –7.0 –14.4 –27.5 –8.7 –17.6

Turnover rate........................................ 53.5 38.7 6.1 9.3 –7.8 –12.6 2.4

Total operating income per capita ........ –39.8 –47.7 11.9 –29.8 –25.9 –32.8 –52.5

Local operating income per capita........ –40.4 –44.9 –3.0 –34.7 –30.8 –39.0 –37.2

State operating income per capita......... 5.9 –28.0 1,700.0 157.1 80.0 260.0 –82.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –41.3 –48.3 7.8 –29.6 –24.7 –34.2 –49.3

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –41.5 –38.5 9.1 –38.5 –7.7 –31.4 –52.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –46.3 –52.0 2.2 –29.3 –30.4 –32.9 –50.0

Local sources as percent of income...... –1.2 5.2 –13.6 –7.1 –7.0 –9.5 31.4

State sources as percent of income ....... 82.5 42.0 1,337.5 259.4 144.7 447.6 –61.5

Federal sources as percent of income ... 50.0 –14.3 71.4 33.3 20.0 20.0 100.0

Other sources as percent of income...... –42.6 –53.7 37.8 –27.9 –12.7 –15.1 –21.5

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –52.5 –53.7 0.0 0.0 –20.8 –5.0 –45.7

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –38.1 –37.7 7.1 –30.0 2.25 –23.5 –42.4

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report E-6

Table E-4.—Percent differences between Southwest and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Southwest to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southeast Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ –19.7 –49.4 –63.5 –42.0 –31.6 84.8 –59.4

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –55.3 –40.0 5.0 –44.7 0.0 –27.6 –41.7

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –62.1 –53.9 –2.1 –51.5 –11.3 –33.8 –51.0

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ –44.6 –66.8 –0.6 –51.5 –33.5 –35.8 –66.4

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –54.3 –44.1 –10.5 –52.9 –28.0 –33.8 –65.7

Circulation per capita ........................... –35.5 –23.4 –2.0 –43.7 –15.5 –40.2 –45.6

Library visits per capita........................ –32.0 –20.9 6.2 –29.2 –5.6 –27.7 –30.6

Reference transactions per capita ......... 0.0 –30.8 –18.2 –18.2 –10.0 –25.0 –30.8

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –87.8 –71.7 35.4 –68.7 –51.5 –51.8 –83.3

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –89.1 –76.4 46.5 –71.1 –62.2 –52.6 –85.2

Net loan rate......................................... –10.5 –16.7 7.5 –8.0 –22.1 –1.9 –11.4

Turnover rate........................................ 44.7 30.7 –5.8 3.0 –13.1 –17.6 –3.5

Total operating income per capita ........ –46.2 –53.3 –10.6 –37.3 –33.8 –39.9 –57.6

Local operating income per capita........ –38.5 –43.2 3.1 –32.7 –28.7 –37.1 –35.3

State operating income per capita......... –94.1 –96.0 –94.4 –85.7 –90.0 –80.0 –99.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –45.6 –52.0 –7.2 –34.7 –30.2 –39.0 –53.0

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –46.3 –43.6 –8.3 –43.6 –15.4 –37.1 –56.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –47.4 –53.1 –2.1 –30.8 –31.8 –34.3 –51.1

Local sources as percent of income...... 14.4 21.8 15.8 7.6 7.7 4.8 52.2

State sources as percent of income ....... –87.3 –90.1 –93.0 –75.0 –83.0 –61.9 –97.3

Federal sources as percent of income ... –12.5 –50.0 –41.7 –22.2 –30.0 –30.0 16.7

Other sources as percent of income...... –58.3 –66.4 –27.4 –47.7 –36.6 –38.4 –43.0

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –52.5 –53.7 0.0 0.0 –20.8 –5.0 –45.7

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –42.2 –41.8 –6.6 –34.6 –4.5 –28.6 –46.2

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
E-7 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table E-5.—Percent differences between Plains and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Plains to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Far West Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ 38.4 –12.7 –37.1 72.5 18.0 218.8 –29.9

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –19.1 8.6 90.0 80.9 80.9 31.0 5.6

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –21.8 –4.9 102.1 106.4 83.0 36.6 1.0

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ 13.3 –32.2 103.4 104.5 36.0 31.4 –31.3

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –3.0 18.8 90.1 112.4 52.9 40.7 –27.1

Circulation per capita ........................... 14.5 35.9 74.0 77.5 50.0 6.1 –3.3

Library visits per capita........................ –4.0 11.6 50.0 41.2 33.3 2.1 –2.0

Reference transactions per capita ......... 22.2 –15.4 0.0 22.2 10.0 –8.3 –15.4

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –61.2 –9.7 332.7 219.5 55.0 54.0 –46.8

ILLs provided per 1,000....................... –62.2 –18.3 407.0 246.0 30.9 63.9 –48.8

Net loan rate......................................... –2.8 –9.5 16.8 8.6 –15.4 6.6 –3.8

Turnover rate........................................ 40.5 26.9 –8.5 –2.9 –15.6 –20.0 –6.3

Total operating income per capita ........ –14.3 –25.5 42.5 59.4 5.6 –4.2 –32.3

Local operating income per capita........ –8.7 –15.7 53.1 48.5 5.8 –6.6 –3.9

State operating income per capita......... –58.8 –72.0 –61.1 600.0 –30.0 40.0 –93.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –16.6 –26.5 42.1 53.2 6.9 –6.5 –28.0

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –4.9 0.0 62.5 77.3 50.0 11.4 –22.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –24.0 –32.1 41.5 44.6 –1.5 –5.0 –29.3

Local sources as percent of income...... 6.3 13.2 7.6 –7.0 0.1 –2.6 41.5

State sources as percent of income ....... –49.2 –60.5 –72.2 300.0 –31.9 52.4 –89.3

Federal sources as percent of income ... 12.5 –35.7 –25.0 28.6 –10.0 –10.0 50.0

Other sources as percent of income...... –20.4 –35.8 38.7 91.1 21.1 17.8 8.9

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –52.5 –53.7 0.0 0.0 –20.8 –5.0 –45.7

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –11.6 –11.0 42.9 52.9 46.1 9.2 –17.7

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report E-8

Table E-6.—Percent differences between Far West and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Far West to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Rocky

Mountains

Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ 17.3 –26.0 –46.7 46.1 –15.3 170.1 –40.6

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –55.3 –40.0 5.0 0.0 –44.7 –27.6 –41.7

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –57.3 –48.0 10.4 12.8 –45.4 –25.3 –44.8

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ –16.7 –50.2 49.5 50.4 –26.5 –3.4 –49.5

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –36.6 –22.3 24.3 38.9 –34.6 –8.0 –52.3

Circulation per capita ........................... –23.7 –9.4 16.0 18.4 –33.3 –29.3 –35.6

Library visits per capita........................ –28.0 –16.3 12.5 5.9 25.0 –23.4 –26.5

Reference transactions per capita ......... 11.1 –23.1 –9.1 11.1 –9.1 –16.7 –23.1

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –75.0 –41.7 179.1 106.0 –35.5 –0.6 –65.7

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –71.2 –37.6 287.2 164.3 –23.6 25.2 –60.9

Net loan rate......................................... 14.9 7.0 38.0 28.4 18.2 25.9 13.7

Turnover rate........................................ 66.5 50.5 8.5 15.1 18.5 –5.2 11.1

Total operating income per capita ........ –18.8 –29.4 35.0 51.0 –5.3 –9.2 –35.9

Local operating income per capita........ –13.8 –20.3 44.6 40.3 –5.5 –11.7 –9.2

State operating income per capita......... –41.2 –60.0 –44.4 900.0 42.9 100.0 –90.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –22.0 –31.3 32.9 43.3 –6.5 –12.5 –32.7

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –36.6 –33.3 8.3 18.2 –33.3 –25.7 –48.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –22.9 –31.1 43.6 46.7 1.5 –3.6 –28.2

Local sources as percent of income...... 6.2 13.1 7.5 –7.1 –0.1 –2.7 41.3

State sources as percent of income ....... –25.4 –42.0 –59.1 487.5 46.9 123.8 –84.3

Federal sources as percent of income ... 25.0 –28.6 –16.7 42.9 11.1 0.0 66.7

Other sources as percent of income...... –34.3 –47.0 14.5 57.8 –17.4 –2.7 –10.1

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –40.0 –41.5 26.3 26.3 26.3 20.0 –31.4

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –39.5 –39.0 –2.2 4.7 –31.5 –25.2 –43.7

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
E-9 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table E-7.—Percent differences between Rocky Mountains and other regions for all variables:

FY 1996

Rocky Mountains to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Great Lakes

Number of stationary outlets ................ –56.6 –72.6 –80.3 –45.9 –68.6 –63.0 –78.0

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –38.3 –17.1 45.0 38.1 –23.7 38.1 –19.4

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –42.7 –30.4 47.9 51.1 –26.8 34.0 –26.0

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ –13.8 –48.4 54.8 55.7 –23.9 3.5 –47.7

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ –31.0 –15.5 35.1 51.0 –28.9 8.7 –48.2

Circulation per capita ........................... 7.9 28.1 64.0 67.3 –5.7 41.4 –8.9

Library visits per capita........................ –6.0 9.3 46.9 38.2 –2.1 30.6 –4.1

Reference transactions per capita ......... 33.3 –7.7 9.1 33.3 9.1 20.0 –7.7

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –74.8 –41.4 180.9 107.4 –35.1 0.6 –65.4

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –77.0 –50.2 209.3 111.1 –39.0 –20.1 –68.7

Net loan rate......................................... –8.8 –15.1 9.6 1.9 –6.2 –20.6 –9.7

Turnover rate........................................ 75.6 58.7 14.4 21.4 25.0 5.5 17.2

Total operating income per capita ........ –10.5 –22.2 48.7 66.4 4.4 10.2 –29.4

Local operating income per capita........ –2.3 –9.7 63.8 59.0 7.0 13.3 2.9

State operating income per capita......... –70.6 –80.0 –72.2 400.0 –28.6 –50.0 –95.0

Total operating expenditures per capita –10.8 –21.4 52.0 63.8 6.9 14.4 –23.0

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... –14.6 –10.3 45.8 59.1 –10.3 34.6 –30.0

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ –20.0 –28.6 48.9 52.2 5.3 3.7 –25.5

Local sources as percent of income...... 9.1 16.2 10.5 –4.6 2.6 2.7 45.2

State sources as percent of income ....... –66.7 –74.1 –81.7 162.5 –34.4 –55.3 –93.0

Federal sources as percent of income ... 25.0 –28.6 –16.7 42.9 11.1 0.0 66.7

Other sources as percent of income...... –32.4 –45.5 17.7 62.2 –15.1 2.8 –7.6

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –50.0 –51.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 –16.7 –42.9

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... –19.0 –18.5 30.8 40.0 –8.5 33.7 –24.7

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
Library Trends Analysis Report E-10

Table E-8.—Percent differences between Great Lakes and other regions for all variables: FY 1996

Great Lakes to:

Variable New

England

Mideast Southeast Southwest Plains Far West Rocky

Mountains

Number of stationary outlets ................ 97.6 24.6 –10.3 146.1 42.7 68.4 355.0

Book/serial volumes per capita ............ –23.4 2.9 80.0 71.4 –5.3 71.4 24.1

Serial subscriptions per capita.............. –22.6 –5.9 100.0 104.3 –1.0 81.1 35.2

Audios per 1,000 PLSA........................ 65.0 –1.2 196.2 197.9 45.7 98.1 91.4

Videos per 1,000 PLSA........................ 33.1 63.1 160.8 191.5 37.2 109.9 93.1

Circulation per capita ........................... 18.4 40.6 80.0 83.7 3.4 55.2 9.8

Library visits per capita........................ –2.0 13.9 53.1 44.1 2.1 36.1 4.3

Reference transactions per capita ......... 44.0 0.0 18.2 44.4 18.2 30.0 8.3

ILLs received per 1,000 PLSA............. –27.1 69.6 712.7 500.0 87.8 191.2 189.3

ILLs provided per 1,000 PLSA ............ –26.3 59.4 889.5 575.4 95.2 155.6 219.9

Net loan rate......................................... 1.1 –5.9 21.4 12.9 3.9 –12.0 10.8

Turnover rate........................................ 49.9 35.5 –2.4 3.6 6.7 –10.0 –14.7

Total operating income per capita ........ 26.7 10.1 110.6 135.7 47.8 56.0 41.6

Local operating income per capita........ –5.0 –12.3 59.2 54.5 4.0 10.1 –2.8

State operating income per capita......... 488.2 300.0 455.6 9,900.0 1,328.6 900.0 1,900.0

Total operating expenditures per capita 15.8 2.0 97.4 112.8 38.9 48.5 29.9

Operating expenditures per collections

per capita.......................................... 21.9 28.2 108.3 127.3 28.2 92.3 42.9

Operating expenditures for staff per

capita................................................ 7.4 –4.1 100.0 104.3 41.3 39.3 34.3

Local sources as percent of income...... –24.8 –20.0 –23.9 –34.3 –29.3 –29.2 –31.1

State sources as percent of income ....... 374.6 269.1 160.0 3,637.5 834.4 536.2 1,323.8

Federal sources as percent of income ... –25.0 –57.1 –50.0 –14.3 –33.3 –40.0 –40.0

Other sources as percent of income...... –26.8 –41.0 27.4 75.6 –8.1 11.3 8.2

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS

per 25,000 PLSA.............................. –12.5 –14.6 84.2 84.2 84.2 45.8 75.0

Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA .......... 7.5 8.2 73.6 85.9 21.5 77.5 32.8

PLSA = Population of legal service area; ILL = Interlibrary loan; ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library

Science from programs in library and information science accredited by the American Library Association.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1996.
F-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix F

State Tables
Library Trends Analysis Report F-2
F-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-1.—Number of public libraries, population of legal service area, and unduplicated

population of legal service area, by state: FY 1996

Population of legal service area

State Number of public

libraries Total Response rate

Unduplicated

population of legal

service area

(in thousands) (in thousands)

National ................................................................... 8,946 260,173 100.0 252,723

New England

Connecticut ............................................................... 195 4,019 100.0 3,275

Maine........................................................................ 268 1,154 100.0 1,034

Massachusetts ........................................................... 370 6,040 100.0 6,040

New Hampshire ........................................................ 229 1,258 100.0 1,162

Rhode Island ............................................................. 50 1,264 100.0 1,003

Vermont .................................................................... 197 602 100.0 531

Mideast

Delaware ................................................................... 30 666 100.0 666

District of Columbia.................................................. 1 543 100.0 543

Maryland................................................................... 24 5,029 100.0 5,029

New Jersey................................................................ 307 8,510 100.0 7,831

New York.................................................................. 740 17,892 100.0 16,680

Pennsylvania ............................................................. 460 11,744 100.0 11,625

Southeast

Alabama.................................................................... 205 4,032 100.0 3,899

Arkansas ................................................................... 37 2,275 100.0 2,265

Florida....................................................................... 98 14,217 100.0 13,995

Georgia ..................................................................... 55 7,251 100.0 7,213

Kentucky................................................................... 116 3,651 100.0 3,651

Louisiana................................................................... 65 4,363 100.0 4,351

Mississippi ................................................................ 47 2,718 100.0 2,697

North Carolina .......................................................... 75 7,194 100.0 7,194

South Carolina .......................................................... 40 3,701 100.0 3,673

Tennessee.................................................................. 141 8,273 100.0 5,175

Virginia..................................................................... 90 6,564 100.0 6,527

West Virginia............................................................ 97 1,797 100.0 1,793

Southwest

Arizona ..................................................................... 40 4,268 100.0 4,108

New Mexico.............................................................. 72 1,343 100.0 1,343

Oklahoma.................................................................. 114 2,605 100.0 2,565

Texas......................................................................... 500 16,995 100.0 16,995

Plains

Iowa .......................................................................... 529 2,927 100.0 2,842

Kansas....................................................................... 324 2,099 100.0 2,099

Minnesota ................................................................. 130 4,570 100.0 4,570

Missouri .................................................................... 148 4,963 100.0 4,963

Nebraska ................................................................... 230 1,397 100.0 1,397

North Dakota............................................................. 79 562 100.0 545

South Dakota............................................................. 112 537 100.0 536
Library Trends Analysis Report F-4

Table F-1.—Number of public libraries, population of legal service area, and unduplicated

population of legal service area, by state: FY 1996 (continued)

Population of legal service area

State Number of public

libraries Total Response rate

Unduplicated

population of legal

service area

(in thousands) (in thousands)

Far West

Alaska ....................................................................... 85 608 100.0 608

California .................................................................. 171 32,100 100.0 32,100

Hawaii....................................................................... 1 1,184 100.0 1,184

Nevada ...................................................................... 23 1,582 100.0 1,582

Oregon ...................................................................... 124 2,964 100.0 2,964

Washington ............................................................... 69 5,316 100.0 5,316

Rocky Mountains

Colorado ................................................................... 108 3,877 100.0 3,823

Idaho ......................................................................... 106 1,014 100.0 995

Montana .................................................................... 82 822 100.0 822

Utah .......................................................................... 70 1,908 100.0 1,908

Wyoming .................................................................. 23 483 100.0 483

Great Lakes

Illinois....................................................................... 617 10,450 100.0 10,450

Indiana ...................................................................... 238 5,201 100.0 5,074

Michigan................................................................... 383 9,326 100.0 9,282

Ohio .......................................................................... 250 11,173 100.0 11,173

Wisconsin ................................................................. 381 5,143 100.0 5,143

NOTES: z A state’s total population of legal service area may be more than its total population because, in some states, some public

libraries have overlapping service areas.

z Response rate is the percentage of libraries for which a nonzero value for population of legal service area was reported.

z In seven states (Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Texas), some public libraries reported data

for fiscal year 1994 and 1995

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, Fiscal Year 1996.
F-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-2.—Number of books/serial volumes per capita, and serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA,

for the nation, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Books/serial volumes per capita Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.3

New England

Connecticut .......................... 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.5 10.6

Maine................................... 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.2 10.8 10.8 11.2 11.6 11.6

Massachusetts ...................... 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 9.3 10.6 11.6 12.1 13.7

New Hampshire ................... 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 13.9 14.7 14.0 14.5 13.7

Rhode Island ........................ 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.2

Vermont ............................... 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 14.1 14.4

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 6.3 6.8 5.8 5.7 5.2

District of Columbia............. 3.1 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.2 6.6 6.8 6.8 7.0 8.0

Maryland.............................. 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.0 7.3 7.0 5.9 5.5 6.0

New Jersey........................... 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.2

New York............................. 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.4 9.6 14.7 16.0 16.0 16.3

Pennsylvania ........................ 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4

Southeast

Alabama............................... 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.4

Arkansas .............................. 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 3.7 4.0 4.6 3.9 4.2

Florida.................................. 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 4.8 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.0

Georgia ................................ 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 4.0 4.5 3.8 4.2 3.9

Kentucky.............................. 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1

Louisiana.............................. 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.5

Mississippi ........................... 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.4

North Carolina ..................... 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.3

South Carolina ..................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 5.0 4.9 4.6 5.1 5.1

Tennessee............................. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.6

Virginia................................ 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 7.5 7.3 6.4 7.2 6.5

West Virginia....................... 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 4.6

New Mexico......................... 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.0 6.4 5.0 7.1 5.5 5.4

Oklahoma............................. 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 6.5 6.4 6.4 7.0 6.3

Texas.................................... 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.5

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.2

Kansas.................................. 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 12.2 11.7 10.9 11.2 12.2

Minnesota ............................ 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 7.8 6.9 7.5 8.5 8.7

Missouri ............................... 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 11.7 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2

Nebraska .............................. 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.5 11.6 11.4 11.5 13.2 10.8

North Dakota........................ 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.5

South Dakota........................ 4.0 4.2 3.5 4.6 4.7 10.0 10.3 8.3 10.6 10.3

Far West

Alaska .................................. 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 11.9 10.2 11.4 11.2 12.2

California ............................. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.5

Hawaii.................................. 2.7 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 8.7 6.5 6.7 4.8 4.7

Nevada ................................. 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 5.1 5.2 5.2 4.8 4.7

Oregon ................................. 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 8.0 7.2 7.7 7.5 7.7

Washington .......................... 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 7.4 7.4 7.5 8.3 8.4
Library Trends Analysis Report F-6

Table F-2.—Number of books/serial volumes per capita, and serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA,

for the nation, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Books/serial volumes per capita Serial subscriptions per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.3

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 6.9 6.1 5.7 5.7 4.8

Idaho .................................... 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 8.0 8.3 8.9 8.9 9.1

Montana ............................... 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.7 7.1

Utah ..................................... 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.7

Wyoming ............................. 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.8 10.2 10.5 10.8 22.1 25.8

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.7 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.8 11.5

Indiana ................................. 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.2 11.1 11.6 11.3 11.2 12.4

Michigan.............................. 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 7.8 7.6 7.2 7.5 7.9

Ohio ..................................... 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.9 7.2 7.1 7.5 7.7 7.4

Wisconsin ............................ 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 11.1 11.3 11.3 10.6 10.5

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-7 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-3.—Number of audios and videos per 1,000 PLSA, for the nation, the 50 states, and the

District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Audios per 1,000 PLSA Videos per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 93.5 90.5 95.6 97.8 99.6 28.3 32.6 37.9 44.9 51.8

New England

Connecticut .......................... 114.4 121.5 123.9 131.9 123.9 41.0 50.5 57.7 68.7 79.6

Maine................................... 28.5 38.1 36.3 39.5 75.4 26.8 35.3 41.6 49.7 60.4

Massachusetts ...................... 166.8 170.8 172.4 173.1 86.2 32.5 37.7 43.9 50.9 59.9

New Hampshire ................... 101.1 116.7 107.6 111.5 98.1 38.7 48.8 54.8 65.5 83.2

Rhode Island ........................ 65.1 70.6 76.1 77.1 79.7 36.9 41.6 49.4 57.2 63.3

Vermont ............................... 88.5 95.7 84.5 94.5 95.8 22.8 29.3 34.6 59.9 54.1

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 43.4 54.3 57.3 59.0 63.5 15.6 19.1 22.8 27.2 31.6

District of Columbia............. 403.1 392.1 427.6 526.4 601.5 11.1 11.8 13.7 14.6 15.1

Maryland.............................. 112.3 95.7 110.9 118.7 123.6 33.5 30.2 32.9 44.4 55.0

New Jersey........................... 103.8 101.9 105.1 103.0 103.4 32.7 36.3 42.8 50.8 56.6

New York............................. 176.9 186.3 209.7 212.7 216.2 39.7 45.3 53.6 61.2 72.9

Pennsylvania ........................ 102.2 105.6 190.5 116.8 118.0 16.2 19.1 23.4 28.1 30.4

Southeast

Alabama............................... 25.9 29.9 33.9 44.4 42.5 16.8 20.8 21.9 27.4 29.9

Arkansas .............................. 20.6 21.1 23.6 26.4 28.5 8.1 10.2 12.4 14.8 18.1

Florida.................................. 124.5 39.4 42.6 54.3 64.1 19.5 21.9 30.3 38.8 40.8

Georgia ................................ 81.9 71.0 61.3 61.0 55.4 17.9 19.9 22.0 27.0 31.4

Kentucky.............................. 34.5 33.9 38.5 39.1 43.7 14.9 18.2 19.5 23.0 28.5

Louisiana.............................. 27.8 26.3 26.2 28.4 30.0 18.1 22.0 26.1 30.1 35.0

Mississippi ........................... 38.0 37.8 39.3 38.7 39.7 20.2 23.4 24.7 27.9 34.4

North Carolina ..................... 38.0 41.6 43.3 39.4 47.1 15.6 18.2 21.7 29.8 30.7

South Carolina ..................... 29.2 32.0 33.9 39.0 43.4 11.7 14.6 18.4 23.6 27.9

Tennessee............................. 39.2 41.0 43.2 42.8 41.5 21.5 25.8 27.4 31.8 35.0

Virginia................................ 83.0 83.0 87.6 82.5 88.0 23.1 26.6 30.2 34.2 38.7

West Virginia....................... 69.8 72.8 65.3 71.1 64.1 21.9 29.5 30.6 33.2 42.2

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 46.7 48.4 34.5 35.1 47.3 11.3 17.0 16.4 18.3 29.5

New Mexico......................... 47.4 44.2 45.9 61.6 47.5 19.4 17.0 20.6 24.7 25.8

Oklahoma............................. 28.2 26.8 30.4 29.5 30.9 15.0 20.6 24.2 26.3 30.7

Texas.................................... 48.6 52.3 53.8 56.3 58.2 17.9 20.7 22.9 27.4 31.2

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 108.2 110.7 111.6 114.8 118.5 42.2 51.1 60.2 68.9 79.2

Kansas.................................. 115.7 100.4 110.8 118.1 111.4 46.3 57.6 74.8 86.9 100.2

Minnesota ............................ 111.5 102.9 105.2 105.8 118.6 32.7 35.5 43.6 50.3 58.4

Missouri ............................... 87.8 94.6 104.2 103.7 103.3 24.6 30.2 41.5 43.8 50.1

Nebraska .............................. 85.2 82.5 84.5 90.2 84.3 27.2 34.9 45.4 59.9 66.0

North Dakota........................ 96.2 97.6 92.8 87.4 86.5 30.7 33.5 35.7 36.6 48.1

South Dakota........................ 86.8 86.9 70.7 87.6 89.7 29.6 33.6 33.9 51.9 61.8

Far West

Alaska .................................. 163.0 160.2 160.2 105.4 114.2 46.6 54.2 66.1 71.6 84.0

California ............................. 60.6 61.2 65.6 61.8 65.2 20.4 23.0 24.3 28.6 34.7

Hawaii.................................. 84.4 74.8 86.7 114.7 113.6 9.4 13.2 17.2 28.3 28.0

Nevada ................................. 44.7 47.8 54.3 75.9 94.9 10.3 17.7 15.9 30.3 35.4

Oregon ................................. 74.1 79.1 81.1 85.1 87.8 27.5 31.6 40.8 46.5 50.5

Washington .......................... 127.8 127.3 139.1 143.4 146.9 51.0 55.3 63.0 71.4 85.8
Library Trends Analysis Report F-8

Table F-3.—Number of audios and videos per 1,000 PLSA, for the nation, the 50 states, and the

District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Audios per 1,000 PLSA Videos per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 93.5 90.5 95.6 97.8 99.6 28.3 32.6 37.9 44.9 51.8

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 49.4 41.7 56.9 62.3 62.8 21.4 24.2 32.2 37.5 38.3

Idaho .................................... 80.6 73.8 73.5 67.5 65.1 30.5 34.2 40.3 47.4 54.5

Montana ............................... 49.4 42.0 42.7 38.0 42.1 19.2 20.9 26.1 29.0 42.0

Utah ..................................... 111.7 93.4 97.6 117.1 133.7 22.4 29.1 39.2 44.9 52.0

Wyoming ............................. 139.5 146.9 138.7 135.3 141.1 45.0 52.6 60.3 71.3 75.7

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 135.9 139.8 142.1 146.0 149.2 35.2 41.5 47.8 57.6 68.8

Indiana ................................. 151.3 166.5 181.2 175.3 189.9 60.4 70.9 83.3 100.0 114.7

Michigan.............................. 74.2 72.4 79.2 83.6 89.3 37.3 39.5 41.8 49.5 54.2

Ohio ..................................... 169.9 181.6 211.0 210.2 226.4 67.6 79.0 96.0 111.9 129.0

Wisconsin ............................ 102.9 103.9 104.5 108.0 119.3 37.9 49.9 57.2 69.2 81.8

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-9 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-4.—Circulation and number of library visits per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and

the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Circulation per capita Library visits per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0

New England

Connecticut .......................... 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.3 8.3 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0

Maine................................... 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.7 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.9

Massachusetts ...................... 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5

New Hampshire ................... 7.5 8.0 7.5 7.6 7.4 4.7 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.7

Rhode Island ........................ 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.8 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.6

Vermont ............................... 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.4 5.0

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4

District of Columbia............. 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.6

Maryland.............................. 9.9 9.7 9.1 9.1 9.0 3.8 3.8 4.1 4.3 3.5

New Jersey........................... 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.8

New York............................. 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.3 4.4 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.2

Pennsylvania ........................ 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2

Southeast

Alabama............................... 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.2

Arkansas .............................. 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.2 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.5

Florida.................................. 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.4

Georgia ................................ 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7

Kentucky.............................. 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0

Louisiana.............................. 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.6

Mississippi ........................... 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4

North Carolina ..................... 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.5

South Carolina ..................... 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9

Tennessee............................. 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.9 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6

Virginia................................ 7.4 7.5 7.0 7.4 7.4 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.5

West Virginia....................... 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.3 6.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.6

New Mexico......................... 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.5 5.5 4.9 3.9 3.7 4.1 5.4

Oklahoma............................. 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.3

Texas.................................... 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0

Kansas.................................. 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.6 5.2 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.4

Minnesota ............................ 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.9

Missouri ............................... 7.8 8.1 7.8 7.9 7.9 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3

Nebraska .............................. 8.1 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.6 4.7 4.7 5.2 4.7 5.2

North Dakota........................ 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.5 7.2 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.1

South Dakota........................ 8.2 8.9 7.2 8.7 8.9 4.5 5.0 3.7 4.5 5.1

Far West

Alaska .................................. 6.4 6.2 6.3 5.8 6.2 4.7 4.1 3.8 4.6 4.8

California ............................. 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.7 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.7

Hawaii.................................. 6.0 5.4 5.7 6.4 6.2 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.9

Nevada ................................. 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.8 5.0 3.1 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.8

Oregon ................................. 8.9 9.4 9.6 9.7 10.0 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.9

Washington .......................... 9.8 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.2
Library Trends Analysis Report F-10

Table F-4.—Circulation and number of library visits per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and

the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Circulation per capita Library visits per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 7.9 7.8 7.8 8.3 8.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.8

Idaho .................................... 8.1 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.7 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1

Montana ............................... 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.1 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7

Utah ..................................... 8.6 8.6 8.9 9.0 9.3 4.2 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.5

Wyoming ............................. 8.8 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.6 4.1 4.7 4.4 4.9 5.2

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

Indiana ................................. 9.6 9.9 9.6 10.2 10.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.6

Michigan.............................. 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.8

Ohio ..................................... 11.7 11.9 11.8 12.0 12.4 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.1

Wisconsin ............................ 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.0 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.4

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-11 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-5.—Turnover rate and number of reference transactions per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Turnover rate Reference transactions per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

New England

Connecticut .......................... 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2

Maine................................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7

Massachusetts ...................... 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8

New Hampshire ................... 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8

Rhode Island ........................ 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.9

Vermont ............................... 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6

District of Columbia............. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.8 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.4

Maryland.............................. 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3

New Jersey........................... 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

New York............................. 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9

Pennsylvania ........................ 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

Southeast

Alabama............................... 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5

Arkansas .............................. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Florida.................................. 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.4 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.2

Georgia ................................ 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8

Kentucky.............................. 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

Louisiana.............................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Mississippi ........................... 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

North Carolina ..................... 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9

South Carolina ..................... 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1

Tennessee............................. 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8

Virginia................................ 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

West Virginia....................... 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

New Mexico......................... 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8

Oklahoma............................. 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7

Texas.................................... 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

Kansas.................................. 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Minnesota ............................ 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3

Missouri ............................... 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

Nebraska .............................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.7

North Dakota........................ 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

South Dakota........................ 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.9 1.2

Far West

Alaska .................................. 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7

California ............................. 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1

Hawaii.................................. 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.8 0.7

Nevada ................................. 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

Oregon ................................. 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Washington .......................... 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Library Trends Analysis Report F-12

Table F-5.—Turnover rate and number of reference transactions per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Turnover rate Reference transactions per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4

Idaho .................................... 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

Montana ............................... 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7

Utah ..................................... 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2

Wyoming ............................. 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.2

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

Indiana ................................. 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6

Michigan.............................. 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Ohio ..................................... 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5

Wisconsin ............................ 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-13 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-6.—Number of interlibrary loans received and provided per 1,000 PLSA, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA Interlibrary loans provided to other libraries per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 30.0 33.0 35.3 38.7 43.4 28.7 31.5 32.2 35.2 41.7

New England

Connecticut .......................... 45.7 45.4 49.5 55.0 58.0 39.4 42.6 45.1 49.6 56.1

Maine................................... 42.0 41.4 42.4 46.6 42.6 34.5 34.1 35.2 39.6 36.6

Massachusetts ...................... 53.6 86.1 106.8 127.8 157.0 47.9 88.8 105.7 124.7 150.4

New Hampshire ................... 45.4 56.8 48.6 54.6 56.3 35.5 41.6 38.1 46.7 51.0

Rhode Island ........................ 52.5 59.6 164.4 191.7 295.6 55.1 71.2 161.0 187.4 298.9

Vermont ............................... 92.1 90.3 94.0 102.0 102.3 15.5 19.7 26.3 26.9 32.3

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 16.7 17.6 21.3 26.0 28.6 15.0 17.6 16.4 24.1 28.6

District of Columbia............. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 7.1 8.5 11.6 5.9 9.0

Maryland.............................. 36.6 27.3 27.2 27.9 24.8 21.7 18.0 20.2 19.9 18.5

New Jersey........................... 36.4 40.5 38.6 50.8 47.7 42.8 43.7 48.5 52.6 49.0

New York............................. 61.0 65.6 71.5 78.4 84.6 68.2 68.7 58.9 64.9 86.7

Pennsylvania ........................ 24.9 24.3 24.2 25.0 26.2 30.5 37.4 30.0 27.8 27.1

Southeast

Alabama............................... 23.0 26.6 11.5 11.0 10.3 16.9 19.9 5.5 6.7 7.00

Arkansas .............................. 13.4 11.9 18.8 20.1 11.3 10.1 8.0 13.0 12.7 8.6

Florida.................................. 9.6 11.1 10.0 11.7 11.0 7.5 16.4 9.2 10.5 12.2

Georgia ................................ 4.3 5.9 4.0 4.2 4.8 1.7 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.6

Kentucky.............................. 10.1 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.7 4.8 5.9 5.7 5.9 6.0

Louisiana.............................. 21.4 21.6 21.9 18.7 20.0 13.7 13.3 11.8 11.4 9.8

Mississippi ........................... 11.2 13.0 10.9 10.6 10.1 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.2

North Carolina ..................... 10.9 10.8 10.2 8.6 9.5 7.7 9.2 10.4 11.0 10.1

South Carolina ..................... 10.5 11.0 11.3 11.4 10.2 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.6 3.0

Tennessee............................. 11.7 11.3 11.5 11.3 10.5 7.0 7.9 7.9 9.0 8.5

Virginia................................ 8.6 9.5 10.0 12.2 11.7 6.2 7.8 8.1 9.2 9.5

West Virginia....................... 16.1 18.6 20.8 21.4 22.0 11.4 12.3 14.5 16.7 19.1

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 18.3 16.9 15.9 15.2 18.1 19.2 15.4 15.4 16.8 17.5

New Mexico......................... 22.6 21.9 21.5 20.6 18.1 11.6 17.4 12.6 13.5 11.3

Oklahoma............................. 27.5 23.5 25.6 19.8 15.9 12.8 15.9 17.0 15.3 12.1

Texas.................................... 14.2 14.5 16.5 15.0 13.7 13.1 14.4 13.0 11.8 11.5

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 38.3 39.3 41.8 42.9 36.3 32.0 31.9 33.9 41.5 37.9

Kansas.................................. 54.0 75.7 93.3 75.8 84.7 66.0 86.5 80.2 89.5 91.7

Minnesota ............................ 68.1 65.5 73.6 60.9 69.2 69.8 68.6 79.3 64.9 65.3

Missouri ............................... 20.5 14.1 15.4 15.9 17.2 15.7 15.2 13.9 14.0 14.2

Nebraska .............................. 30.6 26.9 23.3 24.1 17.7 19.9 24.2 17.5 17.9 14.0

North Dakota........................ 47.1 48.4 61.5 96.4 98.5 39.4 35.6 60.3 51.3 52.4

South Dakota........................ 57.2 61.2 62.9 69.1 85.5 23.9 29.0 33.8 38.1 41.5

Far West

Alaska .................................. 44.0 55.1 62.4 55.7 59.7 29.4 34.3 31.9 41.0 35.8

California ............................. 13.9 15.9 16.6 15.8 16.9 13.3 15.7 16.7 17.6 21.9

Hawaii.................................. 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.0

Nevada ................................. 20.7 12.8 13.1 9.5 9.2 11.4 13.5 9.6 7.2 7.7

Oregon ................................. 103.3 141.0 148.2 164.4 207.8 93.1 128.4 140.5 152.9 196.2

Washington .......................... 25.1 27.5 30.3 24.8 25.8 23.7 26.6 23.7 24.1 25.9
Library Trends Analysis Report F-14

Table F-6.—Number of interlibrary loans received and provided per 1,000 PLSA, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Interlibrary loans received per 1,000 PLSA Interlibrary loans provided to other libraries per 1,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 30.0 33.0 35.3 38.7 43.4 28.7 31.5 32.2 35.2 41.7

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 33.3 33.6 36.3 34.2 34.4 35.4 33.1 36.0 32.7 35.4

Idaho .................................... 42.2 41.1 38.7 37.1 35.3 28.6 28.5 25.0 23.7 23.6

Montana ............................... 47.5 50.9 47.0 47.0 47.5 28.3 28.3 29.0 28.3 28.3

Utah ..................................... 11.9 13.2 13.6 12.1 11.8 7.6 7.6 8.2 8.9 8.5

Wyoming ............................. 39.9 41.9 29.3 28.1 41.7 25.3 26.2 23.9 22.9 31.5

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 64.7 73.5 76.4 86.9 98.1 77.7 66.1 72.2 87.0 97.9

Indiana ................................. 16.6 17.2 17.8 20.7 20.0 16.4 17.0 20.8 16.7 17.2

Michigan.............................. 41.0 45.6 50.8 50.7 57.6 36.7 42.4 51.5 50.6 56.2

Ohio ..................................... 23.0 29.3 39.0 47.6 56.0 23.3 26.4 33.4 39.4 49.0

Wisconsin ............................ 111.8 119.4 125.1 187.1 270.0 101.7 99.4 113.2 161.8 256.7

PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-15 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-7.—Total operating income and state operating income per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Total operating income per capita State operating income per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... $20.6 $20.6 $21.2 $22.4 $23.4 $2.5 $2.6 $2.6 $2.7 $2.0

New England

Connecticut .......................... 28.2 28.2 29.4 31.5 32.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6

Maine................................... 17.0 17.6 19.0 20.1 20.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

Massachusetts ...................... 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.2 26.3 1.7 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

New Hampshire ................... 21.7 20.1 19.8 20.9 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island ........................ 19.0 20.3 21.4 23.8 25.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.4

Vermont ............................... 17.4 15.7 16.9 18.0 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 10.9 11.8 13.6 16.2 16.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.8

District of Columbia............. 35.8 34.3 36.8 34.7 39.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland.............................. 24.6 23.8 25.0 26.1 27.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5

New Jersey........................... 29.7 30.3 31.3 31.9 33.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

New York............................. 31.6 33.4 36.6 38.7 39.8 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.5

Pennsylvania ........................ 13.3 14.1 14.1 15.0 17.4 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.5 3.0

Southeast

Alabama............................... 9.9 10.8 11.8 12.7 13.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Arkansas .............................. 8.0 8.8 9.9 11.2 12.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Florida.................................. 16.5 17.2 17.8 19.4 19.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9

Georgia ................................ 12.3 12.7 14.0 14.3 14.3 2.6 2.8 3.6 3.1 3.1

Kentucky.............................. 11.3 11.9 12.1 13.6 15.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

Louisiana.............................. 14.0 14.4 15.0 15.6 17.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

Mississippi ........................... 8.2 8.8 9.3 9.4 10.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.9

North Carolina ..................... 13.3 13.9 14.6 14.7 15.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.9

South Carolina ..................... 11.0 11.9 12.6 13.4 14.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3

Tennessee............................. 9.6 10.6 10.7 11.3 11.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2

Virginia................................ 19.5 19.8 20.3 21.6 22.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.1

West Virginia....................... 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.9 1.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.6

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 16.9 16.9 18.6 19. 18.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

New Mexico......................... 16.2 16.7 17.6 17.9 17.9 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.6

Oklahoma............................. 13.1 13.2 13.8 15.2 15.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6

Texas.................................... 10.7 1.2 11.5 12.2 12.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 17.4 17.0 17.5 18.2 19.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5

Kansas.................................. 21.3 22.9 24.2 25.8 25.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8

Minnesota ............................ 21.9 23.4 23.8 24.1 25.8 1.2 12.4 1.3 1.3 1.4

Missouri ............................... 18.4 19.2 20.9 20.8 22.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4

Nebraska .............................. 17.1 19.3 18.9 21.3 21.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

North Dakota........................ 11.4 11.2 11.7 12.4 12.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

South Dakota........................ 16.1 17.5 15.9 21.9 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Far West

Alaska .................................. 29.9 29.9 30.5 31.0 33.5 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.5

California ............................. 20.5 19.1 17.7 18.9 19.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6

Hawaii.................................. 21.5 19.2 19.6 19.6 18.3 20.7 18.2 18.1 18.1 16.8

Nevada ................................. 23.7 30.9 38.5 17.9 21.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

Oregon ................................. 21.4 21.3 21.9 24.8 26.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Washington .......................... 25.0 26.9 29.1 30.7 32.5 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4
Library Trends Analysis Report F-16

Table F-7.—Total operating income and state operating income per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Total operating income per capita State operating income per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... $20.6 $20.6 $21.2 $22.4 $23.4 $2.5 $2.6 $2.6 $2.7 $2.0

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 23.2 23.1 24.2 26.2 28.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Idaho .................................... 15.5 15.6 16.4 17.8 18.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7

Montana ............................... 11.5 13.2 13.8 15.6 15.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4

Utah ..................................... 16.4 18.0 19.2 18.9 20.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Wyoming ............................. 23.3 21.6 23.0 24.9 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 47.0 34.5 34.8 35.9 36.7 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.7 3.0

Indiana ................................. 27.6 29.6 29.5 32.7 35.4 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.1

Michigan.............................. 17.7 18.5 19.5 21.1 22.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8

Ohio ..................................... 32.6 34.6 36.9 40.0 43.4 24.7 25.9 26.8 28.7 30.9

Wisconsin ............................ 20.9 21.5 22.5 23.3 24.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-17 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-8.—Local operating income per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and the District of

Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Local operating income per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National ........................................................................................ $16.2 $16.1 $16.6 $17.5 $18.3

New England

Connecticut.................................................................................... 23.9 24.3 25.5 27.4 28.9

Maine............................................................................................. 11.7 11.9 12.7 13.6 14.0

Massachusetts................................................................................ 17.2 17.8 18.6 19.7 21.2

New Hampshire............................................................................. 18.9 17.6 17.4 18.3 18.5

Rhode Island.................................................................................. 15.2 16.4 17.5 18.7 19.5

Vermont......................................................................................... 12.0 10.7 11.6 12.3 13.1

Mideast

Delaware........................................................................................ 8.0 8.6 10.5 12.4 13.0

District of Columbia ...................................................................... 34.2 32.6 55.6 32.6 38.2

Maryland ....................................................................................... 18.1 17.4 18.8 19.5 19.8

New Jersey .................................................................................... 26.4 27.2 28.2 28.8 29.8

New York ...................................................................................... 22.3 23.8 28.0 29.2 30.8

Pennsylvania.................................................................................. 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.6 10.5

Southeast

Alabama ........................................................................................ 8.0 8.8 9.5 10.2 10.7

Arkansas........................................................................................ 5.7 6.4 7.5 8.7 9.6

Florida ........................................................................................... 14.3 14.8 15.2 16.6 16.5

Georgia.......................................................................................... 8.9 8.9 9.3 10.2 10.2

Kentucky ....................................................................................... 8.8 9.5 9.7 11.0 12.1

Louisiana ....................................................................................... 11.9 12.4 13.0 13.4 15.4

Mississippi..................................................................................... 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.8 7.4

North Carolina............................................................................... 11.0 11.2 11.6 11.8 12.2

South Carolina............................................................................... 9.4 10.1 10.7 11.4 12.1

Tennessee ...................................................................................... 7.3 7.9 8.2 8.7 9.0

Virginia ......................................................................................... 16.5 16.5 17.2 18.5 18.3

West Virginia ................................................................................ 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.5 6.7

Southwest

Arizona.......................................................................................... 16.2 16.2 17.7 18.7 18.0

New Mexico .................................................................................. 13.5 14.4 16.4 16.6 16.2

Oklahoma ...................................................................................... 11.2 11.6 12.3 13.0 14.0

Texas............................................................................................. 10.1 10.4 10.8 11.6 12.0

Plains

Iowa............................................................................................... 14.6 15.2 15.9 16.5 17.1

Kansas........................................................................................... 19.9 21.0 22.2 20.8 20.5

Minnesota ...................................................................................... 19.2 20.5 21.0 21.1 22.3

Missouri......................................................................................... 16.3 17.2 18.6 18.5 20.2

Nebraska........................................................................................ 14.8 17.6 17.2 19.6 19.3

North Dakota ................................................................................. 9.0 8.8 9.2 9.4 10.5

South Dakota ................................................................................. 14.5 16.2 14.0 19.3 19.3

Far West

Alaska............................................................................................ 26.2 26.3 26.8 27.4 29.7

California....................................................................................... 18.4 16.8 15.2 16.5 16.9

Hawaii ........................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nevada........................................................................................... 22.7 30.1 37.7 16.9 20.6

Oregon........................................................................................... 18.5 17.8 18.0 22.0 23.5

Washington.................................................................................... 23.3 25.1 27.4 29.0 30.6
Library Trends Analysis Report F-18

Table F-8.—Local operating income per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and the District of

Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Local operating income per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National ........................................................................................ $16.2 $16.1 $16.6 $17.5 $18.3

Rocky Mountains

Colorado........................................................................................ 21.2 21.1 22.0 23.7 26.0

Idaho.............................................................................................. 12.6 12.8 13.6 14.6 15.1

Montana......................................................................................... 9.7 11.2 11.6 13.2 13.5

Utah............................................................................................... 14.8 16.2 17.2 16.9 18.5

Wyoming....................................................................................... 21.4 19.7 21.1 22.0 21.6

Great Lakes

Illinois ........................................................................................... 41.1 29.6 28.8 29.3 29.7

Indiana........................................................................................... 22.9 24.7 24.8 27.3 30.0

Michigan ....................................................................................... 14.5 15.2 16.0 17.7 18.9

Ohio............................................................................................... 5.5 6.3 6.9 8.1 9.1

Wisconsin ...................................................................................... 18.8 19.6 20.4 21.1 22.0

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-19 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-9.—Total operating expenditures per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and the District

of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Total operating expenditures per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National ...................................................................................... $18.7 $19.1 $19.9 $20.9 $22.0

New England

Connecticut.................................................................................. 27.0 27.6 28.8 30.8 32.1

Maine........................................................................................... 16.2 16.7 17.7 18.4 19.3

Massachusetts.............................................................................. 20.7 21.4 22.7 23.7 25.5

New Hampshire........................................................................... 18.2 19.5 19.5 20.6 21.1

Rhode Island................................................................................ 19.4 20.8 21.6 23.6 24.9

Vermont....................................................................................... 16.0 15.3 16.2 16.9 17.8

Mideast

Delaware...................................................................................... 10.4 11.4 12.8 14.1 15.5

District of Columbia .................................................................... 35.8 34.5 36.8 34.7 36.6

Maryland ..................................................................................... 24.0 23.3 24.8 25.6 27.1

New Jersey .................................................................................. 28.8 29.5 30.4 31.0 32.1

New York .................................................................................... 30.7 31.7 35.4 37.0 38.2

Pennsylvania................................................................................ 13.2 13.9 14.0 14.6 16.2

Southeast

Alabama ...................................................................................... 9.7 10.7 11.5 12.3 12.8

Arkansas...................................................................................... 7.5 7.8 8.8 9.8 11.1

Florida ......................................................................................... 15.5 15.7 16.4 17.8 18.0

Georgia........................................................................................ 12.2 13.1 13.6 14.5 14.3

Kentucky ..................................................................................... 10.0 10.2 11.4 12.2 15.2

Louisiana ..................................................................................... 13.1 13.6 14.5 14.8 15.9

Mississippi................................................................................... 7.7 7.9 8.5 8.9 9.4

North Carolina............................................................................. 12.8 13.4 14.0 13.9 14.4

South Carolina............................................................................. 10.7 11.5 12.1 12.8 13.6

Tennessee .................................................................................... 9.2 10.2 10.3 10.2 11.3

Virginia ....................................................................................... 18.9 19.1 19.8 21.0 21.3

West Virginia .............................................................................. 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.5 11.0

Southwest

Arizona........................................................................................ 16.1 16.0 17.6 18.1 19.0

New Mexico ................................................................................ 15.4 16.2 17.1 18.3 17.0

Oklahoma .................................................................................... 12.7 12.7 12.9 13.5 14.6

Texas........................................................................................... 10.7 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.6

Plains

Iowa............................................................................................. 15.6 16.5 16.9 17.7 18.6

Kansas......................................................................................... 19.2 21.2 21.3 23.8 23.2

Minnesota .................................................................................... 21.6 22.6 23.1 23.7 25.5

Missouri....................................................................................... 16.1 17.2 18.5 18.7 20.7

Nebraska...................................................................................... 16.2 17.2 18.7 19.8 20.4

North Dakota ............................................................................... 10.9 10.8 11.2 12.1 12.7

South Dakota ............................................................................... 14.2 15.8 13.9 18.2 19.1

Far West

Alaska.......................................................................................... 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.1 32.7

California..................................................................................... 18.6 17.5 16.5 17.2 18.0

Hawaii ......................................................................................... 21.5 19.2 19.5 19.9 17.4

Nevada......................................................................................... 16.3 18.7 16.1 17.3 21.6

Oregon......................................................................................... 18.1 20.0 20.0 22.7 24.3

Washington.................................................................................. 24.4 25.6 27.3 28.5 30.2
Library Trends Analysis Report F-20

Table F-9.—Total operating expenditures per capita, for the nation, the 50 states, and the District

of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Total operating expenditures per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National ...................................................................................... $18.7 $19.1 $19.9 $20.9 $22.0

Rocky Mountains

Colorado...................................................................................... 21.5 21.2 22.0 24.0 28.0

Idaho............................................................................................ 14.6 15.0 15.7 17.1 17.8

Montana....................................................................................... 10.0 11.1 11.0 12.5 13.0

Utah............................................................................................. 16.9 17.0 18.4 18.8 20.4

Wyoming..................................................................................... 22.3 21.9 22.1 22.9 23.0

Great Lakes

Illinois ......................................................................................... 25.8 25.8 28.7 30.5 31.5

Indiana......................................................................................... 24.9 26.8 27.7 30.7 33.7

Michigan ..................................................................................... 16.9 17.6 18.8 19.3 20.9

Ohio............................................................................................. 29.1 30.5 33.2 34.7 37.2

Wisconsin .................................................................................... 20.2 21.0 22.0 22.8 24.0

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-21 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-10.—Operating expenditures for collections and staff per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Operating expenditures for collections per capita Total operating expenditures for staff per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... $2.8 $2.9 $3.0 $3.2 $3.3 $12.1 $12.5 $13.0 $13.6 $14.2

New England

Connecticut .......................... 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.4 18.6 19.1 19.9 21.3 22.2

Maine................................... 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.0 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2

Massachusetts ...................... 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.6 14.1 14.5 15.1 15.9 17.1

New Hampshire ................... 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 12.2 13.2 13.1 13.8 14.2

Rhode Island ........................ 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.0 13.7 14.6 15.2 16.7 17.5

Vermont ............................... 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 10.2 9.6 10.2 10.6 11.1

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 6.8 7.3 8.6 9.1 10.1

District of Columbia............. 4.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.2 25.1 24.0 26.2 25.6 27.3

Maryland.............................. 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.9 4.2 16.5 16.1 16.8 17.7 18.0

New Jersey........................... 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 19.6 20.3 20.8 21.1 21.9

New York............................. 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.0 19.5 20.7 23.6 24.8 25.8

Pennsylvania ........................ 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 8.7 9.0 9.1 9.5 10.1

Southeast

Alabama............................... 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 6.0 6.6 7.1 7.7 8.2

Arkansas .............................. 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.8 6.4

Florida.................................. 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.7 10.7

Georgia ................................ 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 8.5 9.0 8.6 9.5 9.7

Kentucky.............................. 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.2 5.8 6.2 6.5 7.0 7.5

Louisiana.............................. 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.8 9.1

Mississippi ........................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.2

North Carolina ..................... 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.7 8.2 8.6 9.1 9.0 9.1

South Carolina ..................... 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.7 6.6 7.1 7.5 7.8 8.3

Tennessee............................. 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.0

Virginia................................ 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.3 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.6 14.1

West Virginia....................... 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.8

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 10.0 10.2 10.7 10.9 11.5

New Mexico......................... 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.3 9.5 10.1 10.3 11.3 10.4

Oklahoma............................. 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.7 2.3 8.3 8.5 8.9 9.2 9.7

Texas.................................... 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 7.2 7.6 7.7 8.2 8.4

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.2 9.6 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.5

Kansas.................................. 3.4 3/6 3.7 4.2 4.2 11.3 12.2 13.0 13.7 14.7

Minnesota ............................ 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.6 14.8 15.5 15.8 16.2 17.1

Missouri ............................... 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.7 9.6 10.4 11.1 11.3 11.5

Nebraska .............................. 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.7 4.0 9.9 10.5 11.0 11.6 11.6

North Dakota........................ 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.3

South Dakota........................ 2.4 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.2 9.3 10.3 9.1 12.0 12.8

Far West

Alaska .................................. 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.1 18.1 18.9 19.6 20.0 20.7

California ............................. 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.2 12.3 11.8 11.4 11.3 12.1

Hawaii.................................. 3.9 3.3 3.4 2.3 1.7 13.1 11.8 12.6 13.9 12.4

Nevada ................................. 2.6 3.8 3.6 4.2 10.9 10.9 11.2 10.5 11.5 13.1

Oregon ................................. 2.5 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.4 12.2 13.3 14.1 15.0 15.7

Washington .......................... 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.3 16.7 17.5 18.6 19.3 20.3
Library Trends Analysis Report F-22

Table F-10.—Operating expenditures for collections and staff per capita, for the nation, the 50

states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Operating expenditures for collections per capita Operating expenditures for staff per capita State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... $2.8 $2.9 $3.0 $3.2 $3.3 $12.1 $12.5 $13.0 $13.6 $14.2

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.1 13.1 13.7 14.2 14.9 16.3

Idaho .................................... 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 8.9 9.0 9.6 10.5 11.1

Montana ............................... 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.7 6.2 6..6 6.9 7.5 8.0

Utah ..................................... 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.8 11.0 10.9 11.6 12.1 13.0

Wyoming ............................. 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0 14.6 14.6 15.4 15.7 15.9

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 3.9 3.6 4.1 4.6 4.8 16.0 16.6 18.9 19.9 20.9

Indiana ................................. 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.9 14.8 15.8 16.3 17.6 19.0

Michigan.............................. 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.9 10.9 11.4 12.1 12.7 13.3

Ohio ..................................... 5.3 5.6 6.3 6.6 7.2 18.4 19.2 20.3 21.2 22.4

Wisconsin ............................ 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 13.9 14.5 15.2 15.8 16.4

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-23 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-11.—Percentage distribution of total income from local and state sources, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Local sources State sources

State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 78.7 78.0 78.2 78.3 78.1 11.9 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.2

New England

Connecticut .......................... 84.8 86.3 86.8 86.9 87.8 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7

Maine................................... 68.9 67.6 66.7 67.6 69.9 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.5

Massachusetts ...................... 84.2 81.9 80.5 81.4 80.6 8.4 10.8 12.8 12.4 11.5

New Hampshire ................... 87.1 87.5 87.8 87.8 88.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island ........................ 79.9 81.0 81.5 78.4 76.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 6.1 5.6

Vermont ............................... 68.9 67.7 68.5 68.6 69.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 73.7 73.3 76.7 76.1 77.0 11.2 10.9 9.5 10.5 10.7

District of Columbia............. 95.4 95.1 96.8 93.9 95.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland.............................. 73.4 73.1 75.0 74.4 72.0 12.6 12.9 12.4 11.8 12.7

New Jersey........................... 89.0 89.7 90.3 90.5 90.2 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.4

New York............................. 70.6 71.4 76.4 75.6 77.5 10.1 9.9 7.1 6.6 6.3

Pennsylvania ........................ 65.0 63.9 64.8 63.6 60.4 18.6 18.1 17.2 16.6 17.5

Southeast

Alabama............................... 81.1 81.6 80.3 80.3 80.7 11.0 10.3 9.3 8.7 8.1

Arkansas .............................. 71.6 72.6 75.9 77.5 78.2 15.6 14.2 13.0 12.1 12.0

Florida.................................. 86.6 86.1 85.5 85.7 85.8 8.5 8.9 9.8 9.7 9.7

Georgia ................................ 72.8 70.6 66.6 71.8 71.2 21.0 22.3 26.1 21.4 21.8

Kentucky.............................. 77.5 79.6 80.6 80.9 80.6 8.7 8.2 8.0 8.3 7.1

Louisiana.............................. 84.8 85.7 86.7 85.9 87.0 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.2

Mississippi ........................... 76.8 76.2 72.2 71.8 73.2 13.2 12.8 17.3 20.0 18.8

North Carolina ..................... 82.9 80.5 79.7 80.4 79.6 12.2 11.7 11.5 11.1 12.4

South Carolina ..................... 84.9 84.8 85.3 85.4 84.4 8.5 7.6 7.6 7.5 8.8

Tennessee............................. 76.4 74.7 76.3 77.0 76.6 11.8 10.8 10.9 10.6 10.2

Virginia................................ 84.9 83.2 84.6 85.5 83.4 8.5 8.2 7.8 7.8 9.7

West Virginia....................... 53.8 56.2 57.2 59.7 58.9 31.2 32.2 32.1 30.5 31.4

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 96.3 95.9 95.0 95.9 95.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6

New Mexico......................... 83.3 86.3 93.2 92.4 90.3 9.5 7.9 1.2 2.1 3.5

Oklahoma............................. 85.6 87.4 89.1 85.7 89.8 5.2 5.1 3.8 5.1 3.7

Texas.................................... 94.5 93.6 94.5 94.6 94.6 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 84.4 89.5 90.9 90.3 89.9 2.3 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.4

Kansas.................................. 93.5 91.9 91.9 80.5 80.5 2.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.1

Minnesota ............................ 87.5 87.6 88.3 87.5 86.5 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.6

Missouri ............................... 88.6 89.5 89.0 89.1 88.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7

Nebraska .............................. 86.4 91.0 90.8 92.2 92.1 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.2

North Dakota........................ 78.9 78.2 78.1 76.0 81.3 8.6 8.5 8.6 7.2 6.5

South Dakota........................ 89.9 92.6 88.3 87.8 92.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Far West

Alaska .................................. 87.7 88.0 87.7 88.3 88.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.6 4.4

California ............................. 89.9 88.0 86.3 87.5 87.4 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.4

Hawaii.................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.9 94.9 92.4 92.2 92.0

Nevada ................................. 95.9 97.3 98.0 94.6 95.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7

Oregon ................................. 86.4 83.9 82.0 88.5 90.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6

Washington .......................... 93.1 93.1 94.0 94.3 94.2 2.2 3.3 1.0 1.0 1.2
Library Trends Analysis Report F-24

Table F-11.—Percentage distribution of total income from local and state sources, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Local sources State sources

State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 78.7 78.0 78.2 78.3 78.1 11.9 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.2

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 91.3 91.1 90.6 90.5 91.4 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

Idaho .................................... 81.1 81.9 83.0 81.9 80.6 3.0 3.3 3.4 4.3 3.9

Montana ............................... 84.2 84.9 83.9 84.6 86.2 3.9 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.7

Utah ..................................... 90.3 89.9 89.5 89.2 90.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5

Wyoming ............................. 92.1 91.3 91.7 88.3 89.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 2.9

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 87.5 85.6 82.8 81.8 80.9 4.5 6.0 8.4 7.6 8.1

Indiana ................................. 82.9 83.4 84.0 83.5 84.8 10.1 9.4 9.7 9.6 8.9

Michigan.............................. 82.2 82.5 81.9 84.0 83.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.2 8.0

Ohio ..................................... 16.9 18.2 18.7 20.3 20.9 75.8 74.9 72.8 71.7 71.1

Wisconsin ............................ 89.8 90.9 90.6 90.5 90.2 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.8

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-25 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-12.—Percentage distribution of total income from federal and other sources, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Federal sources Other sources

State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7

New England

Connecticut .......................... 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 13.3 11.7 11.4 11.2 10.2

Maine................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 28.7 30.1 31.3 30.7 28.5

Massachusetts ...................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.4 6.8 6.8 6.0 5.9 6.5

New Hampshire ................... 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2 12.2 11.8 11.5 11.5 11.9

Rhode Island ........................ 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 17.1 16.1 15.8 14.6 17.3

Vermont ............................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 30.9 32.2 31.3 31.3 30.4

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.6 1.5 13.2 13.8 12.0 10.9 10.8

District of Columbia............. 2.2 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.3 3.9 2.1

Maryland.............................. 1.0 5.1 4.8 2.1 6.5 13.0 8.9 7.9 11.6 8.8

New Jersey........................... 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 6.3 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.7

New York............................. 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 18.2 17.8 15.7 17.2 15.7

Pennsylvania ........................ 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.8 1.6 15.5 16.2 17.1 19.0 20.5

Southeast

Alabama............................... 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.3 7.1 6.5 9.0 9.2 9.8

Arkansas .............................. 3.9 2.0 2.6 1.7 1.5 8.9 11.2 8.5 8.7 8.3

Florida.................................. 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7

Georgia ................................ 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.6

Kentucky.............................. 0.9 1.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 13.0 10.6 10.6 10.0 11.1

Louisiana.............................. 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 7.3 6.8 5.9 7.1 6.3

Mississippi ........................... 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.2 7.5 8.9 8.4 7.0 6.8

North Carolina ..................... 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.3 3.3 6.1 6.8 6.7 5.7

South Carolina ..................... 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.1 4.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.7

Tennessee............................. 3.8 5.2 4.7 3.6 3.4 8.0 9.3 8.2 8.9 9.8

Virginia................................ 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.0 8.1 7.1 6.1 6.4

West Virginia....................... 2.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 12.4 10.2 9.4 8.6 8.5

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.0 3.5

New Mexico......................... 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 6.0 4.6 4.3 4.3 5.1

Oklahoma............................. 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 7.5 6.4 6.2 8.2 5.7

Texas.................................... 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.7 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.6

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.1 12.5 7.6 6.9 6.7 7.5

Kansas.................................. 1.5 1.5 2.7 1.4 1.6 2.8 3.0 1.8 14.7 14.8

Minnesota ............................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 5.7 5.4 5.0 6.2 6.7

Missouri ............................... 1.7 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 8.2 7.7 8.6 8.4 8.9

Nebraska .............................. 2.2 1.3 1.9 0.7 1.3 9.9 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.4

North Dakota........................ 1.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.2 10.8 12.6 13.0 16.5 11.0

South Dakota........................ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.8 9.5 6.9 11.1 12.1 6.8

Far West

Alaska .................................. 1.3 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.1 4.5 4.3 4.7 3.9 4.7

California ............................. 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.1 5.9 7.2 8.3 6.7 8.2

Hawaii.................................. 2.6 2.7 3.4 2.8 3.1 1.5 2.4 4.3 5.0 4.9

Nevada ................................. 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.9 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.0 3.4 2.4

Oregon ................................. 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 12.0 14.9 16.9 10.6 7.9

Washington .......................... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 4.3 3.1 4.6 4.2 4.1
Library Trends Analysis Report F-26

Table F-12.—Percentage distribution of total income from federal and other sources, for the nation,

the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Federal sources Other sources

State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 5.5 6.4 7.1 7.2 6.3

Idaho .................................... 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.3 0.9 13.6 12.4 11.7 11.5 14.6

Montana ............................... 3.1 2.2 3.1 2.8 3.6 8.9 10.6 10.2 10.1 7.5

Utah ..................................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 5.3 6.0 6.5 6.6 6.2

Wyoming ............................. 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 7.6 8.4 7.9 11.0 7.6

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 7.1 7.6 8.2 10.0 10.2

Indiana ................................. 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 6.0 6.2 5.6 6.0 5.8

Michigan.............................. 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.6 8.8 8.7 9.4 7.7 7.7

Ohio ..................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 7.0 6.6 8.2 7.6 7.7

Wisconsin ............................ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 5.0 4.6 5.0 5.4

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-27 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-13.—Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS and paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA, for the

nation, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.7

New England

Connecticut .......................... 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.5 16.9

Maine................................... 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 12.9 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.6

Massachusetts ...................... 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.1 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.9 14.4

New Hampshire ................... 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 12.7 13.8 13.3 13.7 13.5

Rhode Island ........................ 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.3 14.1 15.6 14.8 14.7 14.8

Vermont ............................... 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 10.7 10.9 11.3 11.5 11.6

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 6.7 6.7 7.2 7.6 7.8

District of Columbia............. 4.7 4.6 5.3 5.1 5.7 18.3 15.6 18.0 16.4 17.7

Maryland.............................. 3.2 2.9 5.2 5.3 5.4 13.9 12.7 13.4 13.7 13.6

New Jersey........................... 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 16.2 16.1 15.9 16.0 16.2

New York............................. 4.4 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.9 15.9 17.1 18.0 18.3 18.5

Pennsylvania ........................ 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 8.7 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

Southeast

Alabama............................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.7

Arkansas .............................. 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.4

Florida.................................. 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.1

Georgia ................................ 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 8.7 9.0 8.5 8.7 8.7

Kentucky.............................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.7

Louisiana.............................. 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.4

Mississippi ........................... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 7.0 9.4 9.5 9.8 9.9

North Carolina ..................... 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.7

South Carolina ..................... 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.2 7.4 8.1 7.8 8.1 8.4

Tennessee............................. 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.8 7.3

Virginia................................ 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.7 11.5

West Virginia....................... 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.9 8.2

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.2 9.4

New Mexico......................... 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 10.6 10.7 10.5 12.0 9.7

Oklahoma............................. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 8.6 8.4 9.1 9.1 9.4

Texas.................................... 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 7.7 7.9 7.9 8.2 8.0

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 11.7 11.9 12.0 12.3 12.7

Kansas.................................. 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 1.8 22.0 21.6 23.2 22.3 15.8

Minnesota ............................ 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 12.2 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.4

Missouri ............................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.5 13.2

Nebraska .............................. 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 13.1 11.7

North Dakota........................ 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 8.9 9.7 9.3 8.9 8.6

South Dakota........................ 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.6 11.1 12.1 9.8 12.7 13.2

Far West

Alaska .................................. 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.8 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0

California ............................. 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 8.7 8.0 7.3 7.6 7.8

Hawaii.................................. 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.4 13.5 11.2 12.1 13.1 10.8

Nevada ................................. 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.8 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.9

Oregon ................................. 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 10.6 10.7 10.6 11.0 11.3

Washington .......................... 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.4 13.5
Library Trends Analysis Report F-28

Table F-13.—Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS and paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA, for the

nation, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Paid FTE librarians with ALA/MLS per 25,000 PLSA Paid FTE staff per 25,000 PLSA State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.7

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 12.5 12.1 12.4 12.7 12.9

Idaho .................................... 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 11.5 11.0 10.9 11.4 11.4

Montana ............................... 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.9

Utah ..................................... 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 9.5 9.7 10.4 10.3 10.5

Wyoming ............................. 7.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 16.0 17.1 16.6 16.2 16.2

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 16.2 16.3 16.1 15.9 16.1

Indiana ................................. 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.9 18.0 17.8 17.8 17.1 18.9

Michigan.............................. 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.6

Ohio ..................................... 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 18.4 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.7

Wisconsin ............................ 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 12.5 12.8 12.9 12.9 13.0

ALA/MLS = Total paid full-time equivalent librarians with Master’s of Library Science from programs in library and information science

accredited by the American Library Association; PLSA = Population of legal service area.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
F-29 Library Trends Analysis Report

Table F-14.—Number of stationary outlets and net loan rate, for the nation, the 50 states, and the

District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996

Number of stationary outlets Net loan rate State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 15,908.0 15,904.0 15,913.0 15,994.0 16,047.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

New England

Connecticut .......................... 244.0 244.0 243.0 244.0 245.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

Maine................................... 231.0 230.0 238.0 273.0 275.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Massachusetts ...................... 490.0 492.0 492.0 491.0 488.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9

New Hampshire ................... 239.0 238.0 238.0 238.0 238.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9

Rhode Island ........................ 75.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 73.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0

Vermont ............................... 211.0 206.0 204.0 204.0 201.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

Mideast

Delaware .............................. 29.0 29.0 29.0 30.0 30.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0

District of Columbia............. 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 23.0 24.4 61.4 18.4 18.9

Maryland.............................. 192.0 185.0 182.0 187.0 182.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

New Jersey........................... 465.0 462.0 459.0 455.0 453.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0

New York............................. 1,097.0 1,096.0 1,074.0 1,067.0 1,068.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0

Pennsylvania ........................ 622.0 626.0 629.0 640.0 650.0 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0

Southeast

Alabama............................... 268.0 280.0 281.0 273.0 269.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

Arkansas .............................. 204.0 194.0 193.0 196.0 202.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7

Florida.................................. 401.0 415.0 411.0 428.0 441.0 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.1

Georgia ................................ 362.0 359.0 370.0 366.0 371.0 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5

Kentucky.............................. 186.0 185.0 185.0 188.0 186.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Louisiana.............................. 321.0 324.0 321.0 322.0 324.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5

Mississippi ........................... 245.0 246.0 242.0 243.0 242.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

North Carolina ..................... 347.0 345.0 350.0 352.0 357.0 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.1

South Carolina ..................... 177.0 181.0 180.0 180.0 183.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Tennessee............................. 271.0 284.0 284.0 284.0 285.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Virginia................................ 289.0 295.0 300.0 308.0 313.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8

West Virginia....................... 176.0 175.0 174.0 174.0 174.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9

Southwest

Arizona ................................ 158.0 158.0 160.0 159.0 164.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0

New Mexico......................... 92.0 87.0 93.0 92.0 92.0 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6

Oklahoma............................. 190.0 190.0 193.0 192.0 202.0 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Texas.................................... 736.0 747.0 749.0 753.0 762.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

Plains

Iowa ..................................... 545.0 545.0 545.0 554.0 556.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Kansas.................................. 364.0 369.0 373.0 372.0 374.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.1

Minnesota ............................ 353.0 360.0 360.0 361.0 361.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9

Missouri ............................... 341.0 346.0 348.0 346.0 348.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

Nebraska .............................. 284.0 284.0 284.0 283.0 245.0 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8

North Dakota........................ 101.0 90.0 85.0 86.0 86.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5

South Dakota........................ 136.0 133.0 134.0 134.0 134.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Far West

Alaska .................................. 96.0 97.0 104.0 102.0 103.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0

California ............................. 1,087.0 1,055.0 1,038.0 1,030.0 1,042.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3

Hawaii.................................. 48.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 0.3 0.2 2.2 8.1 0.3

Nevada ................................. 74.0 75.0 77.0 78.0 79.0 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8

Oregon ................................. 196.0 198.0 203.0 201.0 198.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Washington .......................... 312.0 312.0 311.0 309.0 312.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0
Library Trends Analysis Report F-30

Table F-14.—Number of stationary outlets and net loan rate, for the nation, the 50 states, and the

District of Columbia: FY 1992-1996 (continued)

Number of stationary outlets Net loan rate State

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

National............................... 15,908.0 15,904.0 15,913.0 15,994.0 16,047.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

Rocky Mountains

Colorado .............................. 234.0 232.0 232.0 235.0 235.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0

Idaho .................................... 142.0 141.0 141.0 141.0 141.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7

Montana ............................... 111.0 111.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

Utah ..................................... 92.0 92.0 93.0 96.0 100.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Wyoming ............................. 78.0 77.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7

Great Lakes

Illinois.................................. 764.0 755.0 757.0 772.0 778.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

Indiana ................................. 422.0 416.0 421.0 427.0 425.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9

Michigan.............................. 651.0 655.0 659.0 659.0 661.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Ohio ..................................... 680.0 687.0 689.0 684.0 688.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9

Wisconsin ............................ 452.0 451.0 451.0 451.0 451.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Federal-State Cooperative System for Public Library Data

(FSCS), Public Libraries Survey, FY 1992-1996.
G-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix G

Technical Notes
Library Trends Analysis Report G-2
G-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

TECHNICAL NOTES

The Public Library Survey

Nationwide descriptive statistics on public

libraries are collected and disseminated annually

through a voluntary census, the Public Libraries

Survey. The survey is conducted by the National

Center for Education Statistics (NCES) through

the Federal-State Cooperative System for public

library data (FSCS). Data are collected from State

Data Coordinators who receive the data from local

libraries and transmit it to their respective state

library agencies. The state library agency is then

responsible for reporting the data collected from

local libraries to the National Center for

Education Statistics (NCES). For more detailed

information about the Public Library Survey, see

http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/libraries/public.html,

and http://www.nclis.gov/libraries/lsp/statist.html.

Survey Universe

The respondents for the 1992-1996 data were the

public libraries identified in the 50 states and the

District of Columbia by the state library agencies.

The number of respondents for each year were as

follows:

• 8,944 public libraries in FY 1992

• 8,929 public libraries in FY 1993

• 8,920 public libraries in FY 1994

• 8,981 public libraries in FY 1995

• 8,946 public libraries in FY 1996

Although data were not systematically collected

from public libraries on Native American

reservations, the Native American Tribal

Government was added as a reporting category for

type of local government structure, beginning

with the FY 1993 survey. The total number of

public libraries on Native American reservations

reported in each of the trend analysis years

follows:

• 10 in FY 1993

• 17 in FY 1994

• 18 in FY 1995

• 21 in FY 1996

Data were not collected from military libraries

that provide public library services or from

libraries that serve the residents of institutions.

For reporting to NCES, State Data Coordinators

used personal computer software known as

DECPLUS. DECPLUS merged the collection of

items under its predecessor DECTOP with the

capabilities of collecting additional public library

universe data. States used DECPLUS to report

data for the public library universe, including

identifying information for each public library

and, for the first time, their service outlets. States

also used DECPLUS for direct data entry (from

questionnaires used with their public libraries)

and/or to assemble their existing machinereadable data in a given format (e.g., Lotus 1-2-3,

dBASE, or ASCII). In addition, states used

DECPLUS to edit their data (including making

historical comparisons, checking for mathematical

accuracy and for missing and out-of-range data)

before submitting them to NCES on diskette.

DECPLUS was then used by NCES to merge files

from all 50 states and the District of Columbia,

edit them, and produce tables. The data collection

schedule was as follows:

• FY 92: Mail-out in mid-May 1993, with due

date of July 31, 1993. The last submission

was received in October 1993.

• FY 93: Mailed May 19 (mid-May), 1994,

with due date of July 31, 1994. The last

submission was received December 1994.

• FY 1994: Mailed in mid May and due by

August 31, 1995. Last submission received in

late-January, 1996.

• FY 1995: Mailed in late May and due by July

31, 1996. Last submission received in midMarch, 1997.

• FY 1996: Mailed in mid-June, 1997 and due

October 31, 1997. Last submission received

in early March 1998.
Library Trends Analysis Report G-4

Imputation Methodology Used for Nonresponding Libraries (From Public Libraries in

the United States, 1996)

The FY 1992 through FY 1996 data were imputed

for unit and item nonresponse. For FY 1992

forward imputation was used. For the other years

backward imputation was used. The table below

shows the imputation year and the other data years

used for the imputations.

Imputation

Year Year 1 Year 2

1992 1993 1994

1993 1992 199118

1994 1993 1992

1995 1994 1993

1996 1995 1994

All libraries, including non-responding libraries,

were sorted into imputation cells based on the

region and size of population served.

A. For libraries that responded in Year 1 and

in Year 2 but not in the imputation year:

1. Average changes in values of data

were calculated for institutions that

had reported in both Year 1 and Year

2.

2. The average changes computed in

step 1 were applied to the Year 1

data (or to the Year 2 data) of

Imputation Year’s nonresponding

libraries to obtain an estimated value.

This method was used for imputing

missing data for the following items:

audio, book/serial volumes,

branches, centrals, librarians, ALAMLS librarians, other operating

expenditures, reference transactions,

salaries, subscriptions, public service

hours, total circulation, total staff

expenditures, total collection

 

18 For the variables Children’s Program Attendance and Children’s

Circulation, it was possible to go back only one year since 1992

was the first year these variables were collected.

expenditures, total paid employees,

total operating expenditures, and

library visits.

3. Total operating expenditures were

derived by summing total collection

expenditures, total staff expenditures,

and other operating expenditures

estimated in step 2.

4. For income variables (total income

and income from federal, state, and

local government sources), both

responding and nonresponding

libraries in an imputation cell were

arranged in decreasing order of size

of population served. A growth rate

was determined by calculating the

growth of the next smallest library to

the nonresponding library that had

data for both Year 1 and Imputation

Year (or Year 2 and Imputation

Year). This growth rate was applied

to the nonresponding library’s Year 1

or Year 2 data. If no data were

available in either year for the next

smallest library, the growth rate was

assumed to be 1.00.

5. Other income was derived by

subtracting income from federal,

state, and local sources from total

income.

B. For libraries with no data in the Imputation

Year, Year 1 or Year 2:

1. The mean of the imputation cell was

calculated for all responding

libraries. The cell mean was

adjusted for the size of a

nonresponding library by multiplying

it by the ratio of the nonrespondent’s

total population served to the mean

size of population served for all

responding libraries.

This method was used for imputing

missing data for the following items:

audio, bookmobiles, book/serial

volumes, branches, centrals,

librarians, ALA/MLS librarians,
G-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

other operating expenditures,

reference transactions, salaries,

subscriptions, public service hours,

total circulation, total staff

expenditures, total collection

expenditures, total paid employees,

operating expenditures, total income,

and income from federal, state, and

local sources.

2. To impute total library visits, the

number of library visits was summed

over all responding libraries in an

imputation cell, as was the

population of legal service area. The

ratio of total library visits to

population of legal service area was

multiplied by the nonrespondent’s

population of legal service area value

to estimate the nonrespondent’s

library visits.

3. Total operating expenditures were

derived by summing total collection

expenditures, total staff expenditures,

and other operating expenditures

estimated in step 1.

C. For all nonresponding libraries:

1. Capital outlay was derived by

imputing total expenditures (a

derived variable which is the sum of

total collection expenditures, total

staff expenditures, other operating

expenditures, and capital outlay) and

subtracting total operating

expenditures to arrive at capital

outlay. If the derived capital outlay

had a negative value, it was changed

to zero, total operating expenditures

was changed to equal total

expenditures, and total collection

expenditures, total staff expenditures,

and other operating expenditures

were adjusted so that the sum would

equal total operating expenditures.

Alternatively, the cell mean (adjusted

for population size) was used.

2. The mean of the imputation cell was

used to estimate videos and

interlibrary loans. The cell mean

was adjusted for the size of a

nonresponding library by multiplying

it by the ratio of the nonrespondent’s

total population served to the mean

size of population of legal service

area for all responding libraries.

Definitions

Generally, definitions of the data elements, which

are included in appendix G, did not change over

between 1992 and 1996. However, the definition

of public library did change slightly, although it is

not yet clear how these changes may have affected

the responding libraries, since state law prevails in

the determination of a public library. These

changes are presented below. All definitions are

found in Public Libraries in the United States: FY

1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996.

Definition of public library: 1991-1994

“A public library is established under state

enabling laws or regulations to serve the residents

of a community, district, or region. A public

library is an entity that provides at least the

following: 1) an organized collection of printed

or other library materials, or a combination

thereof; 2) a paid staff to provide and interpret

such materials as required to meet the

informational, cultural, recreational, and/or

educational needs of a clientele; 3) an established

schedule in which services of the staff are

available to clientele; and 4) the facilities

necessary to support such a collection, staff, and

schedule.”

Disclaimer added to above definition in 1992

“Note: State law determines whether an entity is

a public library.”

Disclaimer added to above definition in 1993

and 1994

“For purposes of the Public Libraries Survey data

collection, however, state law prevails in the

determination of a public library and not all states’
Library Trends Analysis Report G-6

definitions are the same as the Public Libraries

Survey definition.”

Definitions of public library for 1995 and 1996

(revised part 2 of 1991-1994 definition and

added part 5)

Public Library—"A public library is an entity that

is established under state enabling laws or

regulations to serve a community, district, or

region and that provides at least the following: 1)

an organized collection of printed or other library

materials, or a combination thereof; 2) paid staff;

3) an established schedule in which services of the

staff are available to the public; 4) the facilities

necessary to support such a collection, staff, and

schedule; and 5) is supported in whole or in part

with public funds."

Population of the Legal Service Area

There are significant methodological differences

in the ways states calculate their population of

legal service areas and their total unduplicated

population of legal service areas. The time

periods for which these population counts are

made also vary. The total population of legal

service area for all public libraries in a state may,

in some cases, exceed the state’s actual population

or the states’ total unduplicated population of

legal service areas because adjacent public

libraries may count the same population. For

example, a county library and a city library within

the county may both receive income from the

same city, so both may serve and count the same

population.

If a state’s total population of legal service areas

exceeds either their state population or their total

unduplicated population of legal service areas, the

state has overlapping service areas. In order to do

meaningful analysis of data based on population

of legal service areas, such as total circulation per

capita, the data for population of legal service area

were adjusted to eliminate duplicative reporting.

The Public Libraries Survey data file contains a

derived value, the unduplicated population of

legal service area for each library, for such

analysis. This value was calculated by prorating

each library’s population of legal service area to

the total population of legal service areas for the

state, and applying the ratio to the state’s total

unduplicated population of legal service areas.

Table F-1 in appendix F provides the population

of legal service area and total unduplicated

population of legal service areas for each state.

Note: The unduplicated population data provided

by the states may vary from that provided by

sources using standard methodology (e.g., U.S.

Bureau of the Census).
H-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix H

Lists of States in the Bureau of Economic Analysis Regions
Library Trends Analysis Report H-2
H-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

List of States in the Bureau of Economic Analysis Regions

This report uses the eight geographic regions provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis

(BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce (see, for example, http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/articles/

0899spi/table1.htm). The regions comprise the following states:

New England

Connecticut

Maine

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Vermont

Mideast

Delaware

District of Columbia

Maryland

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Southeast

Alabama

Arkansas

Florida

Georgia

Kentucky

Louisiana

Mississippi

North Carolina

South Carolina

Tennessee

Virginia

West Virginia

Southwest

Arizona

New Mexico

Oklahoma

Texas

Plains

Iowa

Kansas

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska

North Dakota

South Dakota

Far West

Alaska

California

Hawaii

Nevada

Oregon

Washington

Rocky Mountains

Colorado

Idaho

Montana

Utah

Wyoming

Great Lakes

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Ohio

Wisconsin
Library Trends Analysis Report H-4
I-1 Library Trends Analysis Report

Appendix I

Glossary of Terms
Library Trends Analysis Report I-2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS19

The following terms are the official definitions for the Public Libraries Survey, except where bracketed,

and may contain instructions to respondents.

ALA-MLS Librarians with master’s degrees [Masters of Library Science] from

programs of library and information studies accredited by the American

Library Association.

Audio These are materials on which sounds (only) are stored (recorded) and

that can be reproduced (played back) mechanically or electronically, or

both. Included are records, audiocassettes, audiocartridges audiodiscs,

audioreels, talking books, and other sound recordings.

Book/serial volumes Books are non-periodical printed publications bound in hard or soft

covers, or in loose-leaf format. Serials are publications issued in

successive parts, usually at regular intervals, and as a rule, intended to be

continued indefinitely. Serials include periodicals (magazines),

newspapers annuals (reports, yearbooks, etc.), memoirs, proceedings,

and transactions of societies. Except for the current volume, count

unbound serials as a volume when the library has at least half of the

issues in a publisher’s volume.

Circulation See Total circulation.

Collection expenditures This includes all expenditures for materials purchased or leased for use

by the public. It includes print materials, microforms, machine-readable

materials, audiovisual materials, etc. It also includes operating

expenditures for library materials in electronic format.

Federal government This includes all federal government funds distributed to public libraries

operating income for expenditure by the public libraries, including federal money

distributed by the state.

Interlibrary loans These are library materials, or copies of the materials, provided by one

provided to library to another upon request. The libraries involved in interlibrary

loans are not under the same library administration. These data are

reported as annual figures.

Interlibrary loans These are library materials, or copies of the materials, received by one

received from library from another library upon request. The libraries involved in

interlibrary loans are not under the same library administration. These

data are reported as annual figures.

Library visits This is the total number of persons entering the library for whatever

purpose during the year.

 

19 U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. Public Libraries in the United States: FY 1996, pp. 103-111.
I-3 Library Trends Analysis Report

Note: If an actual count of visits is unavailable, determine an annual

estimate by counting visits during a typical week in October and

multiplying the count by 52. A “typical week” is a time that is neither

unusually busy not unusually slow. Avoid holiday times, vacation

periods for key staff, or days when unusual events are taking place in the

community or the library. Choose a week in which the library is open its

regular hours. Include seven consecutive calendar days, from Sunday

through Saturday (or whenever the library is usually open).

Local government This includes all tax and non-tax receipts designated by the community,

operating income district, or region and available for expenditure by the public library. Do

not include the value of any contributed or in-kind services or the value

of any gifts and donations, fines, or fees.

Net loan rate Interlibrary loans provided to other libraries divided by interlibrary loans

received from other libraries.

Operating expenditures Operating expenditures are the current and recurrent costs necessary to

support the provision of library services.

Operating income This includes income used for operating expenditures. Include federal,

state, or other grants. Do not include income for major capital

expenditures, contributions to endowments, income passed through to

another agency (e.g., fines), or funds unspent in the previous fiscal year.

Funds transferred from one public library to another public library should

be reported by only one of the public libraries. The State Data

Coordinator shall determine which library will report these funds.

Other operating expenditures This includes all expenditures other than those for staff and collection. It

also includes operating expenditures for electronic access.

Note: Include expenses such as binding, supplies, repair or replacement

of existing furnishings and equipment, and costs incurred in the

operation and maintenance of physical facilities.

Paid staff Report figures as of the last day of the fiscal year. Include all positions

(full-time equivalent) funded in the library’s budget whether those positions are filled or not.

To ensure comparable data, 40 hours per week has been set as the

measure of full-time equivalent (FTE). For example, two staff members

who, on average, work 20 hours per week equals one FTE.

[Per capita] Per capita refers to per person figures. Per capita figures are based on

the total unduplicated population of the legal service areas in the states,

not on the total population of the states. (See Table F-1)

Population of the legal The number of people in the geographic area for which a public library

service area has been established to offer services and from which (or on behalf of

which) the library derives income, plus any areas served under contract

for which the library is the primary service provider.
Library Trends Analysis Report I-4

Note: The determination of this population figure shall be the

responsibility of the state library agency. This population figure should

be based on the most recent official state population figures for

jurisdictions in your state available from the State Data Center. The

State Data Coordinator should obtain these figures annually from the

State Data Center or other official state sources. For administrative

entities that do not serve the public directly and have no stationary

outlets (e.g., a system, federation, or cooperative service), this number

shall be zero.

Public library A public library is an entity that is established under state enabling laws

or regulations to serve a community, district, or region, and that provides

at least the following:

1. An organized collection of printed or other library materials, or a

combination thereof;

2. Paid staff;

3. An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to

the public;

4. The facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and

schedule; and

5. Is supported in whole or in part with public funds.

Reference transactions A reference transaction is an information contact which involves the

knowledge, use, recommendations, interpretation, or instruction in the

use of one or more information sources by a member of the library staff.

It includes information and referral services. Information sources

include printed and non-printed materials, machine-readable databases,

catalogs and other holdings records, and, through communication or

referral, other libraries and institutions and people inside and outside the

library. The request may come in person, by phone, by fax, by mail, or

by electronic mail from an adult, a young adult, or a child.

Do not count directional transactions or questions of rules or policies.

Examples of directional transactions are “Where are the children’s

books?” and “I’m looking for a book with the call number 811.2G.” An

example of a question of rules or policies is “Are you open until 9:00

tonight?”

Note: If an actual count of reference transactions is unavailable,

determine an annual estimate by counting reference transactions during a

typical week in October and multiply the count by 52. A “typical week”

is a time that is neither unusually busy nor unusually slow. Avoid

holiday times, vacation periods for key staff, days when unusual events

are taking place in the community or in the library. Choose a week in

which the library is open its regular hours. Include 7 consecutive

calendar days, from Sunday through Saturday (or whenever the library is

usually open).
I-5 Library Trends Analysis Report

Subscriptions This refers to the arrangements by which, in return for a sum paid in

advance, periodicals, newspapers, or other serials are provided for a

specified number of issues.

Note: Count subscriptions purchased from the library’s budget and those

donated to the library as gifts. Count titles, including duplicates, not

individual issues. Include the total number of subscriptions for all

stationary outlets.

Total circulation The total annual circulation of all library materials of all types, including

renewals.

Note: Count all materials in all formats that are charged out for use

outside the library. Interlibrary loan transactions included are only items

borrowed for users. Do not include items checked out to another library.

Total income This includes income from the local government, the state government,

the federal government, and all other income.

Total operating expenditures This includes total expenditures on staff, total expenditures on collection,

and other operating expenditures.

Total unduplicated population This is the total unduplicated population of those areas in your state that

of legal service areas receive library services. The population of unserved areas is not

included in this figure.

Note: A state’s actual total population of legal service areas may be

different from the total population of legal service areas as calculated by

DECPLUS. This happens in states where there are overlaps in

population of legal service areas served by individual libraries, resulting

in the same population being counted twice in the DECPLUS

calculation. For states that have no overlapping jurisdictions, this

number will be identical to your state’s total population of legal service

areas as calculated by DECPLUS. For states that do have overlaps in

population of legal service areas served by individual libraries, this

number must be calculated separately.

Use your state’s most recent official state population figures for

jurisdictions in your state as the basis for calculating the total

unduplicated population of legal service areas.

[Turnover rate] [The average total annual circulation per volume owned. This number is

calculated by dividing the total annual circulation by the library’s books

and serial volumes, plus audio materials and video materials.]

Video These are materials on which pictures are recorded, with or without

sound. Electronic playback reproduces pictures, with or without sound,

using a television receiver or monitor.
Library Trends Analysis Report I-6