High Security Locking Devices

A State-of-the-Art Report

15

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Environmental Design Research Division

Washington, DC 20234

June 1981

Issued January 1 982

QC

100

.U56

NO. 81 -2233

1982

Prepared for: Civil Engineering Laboratory

Naval Construction Battalion Center

Port Hueneme, CA 93040

NBSIR 81-2233

HIGH SECURITY LOCKING DEVICES

A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT

John S. Stroik

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Environmental Design Research Division

Washington, DC 20234

June 1 981

Issued January 1982

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency,

under Subtask Code B99QAXRB202, Work Unit Code 06.

Prepared for: Civil Engineering Laboratory

Naval Construction Battalion Center

Port Hueneme, CA 93040

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract v Preface vi

Acknowledgments vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Goals And Objectives 2

1.3 Scope 3

2. REVIEW OF LOCKING DEVICES 4

2.1 General Description of Locks 5 2.2 Types Of Locking Devices 8

2.3 Lock Functions 12

2.4 Lock Grades 14

3. LOCK CLASSIFICATION 20

4. INSTALLATION TYPES 25

4.1 Methods Of Installation 27

4.2 Application 31

4.3 Purpose 31

5. OPERATION TYPES 33

5.1 Keyed Mechanical Operation 35

5.1.1 Warded Locks 35

5.1.2 Cylinder Tumbler Locks 36

5.1.3 Lever Locks 44

5.1.4 Magnetic Locks 46

5.2 Keyless Mechanical Operation 47

5.2.1 Manual And Passive Bolt Locks 48

5.2.2 Wheel Tumbler Locks 49

5.2.3 Coded Cypher Locks 50

5.2.4 Time Locks 51

5.2.5 Exit Devices 52

5.3 Electromagnetic Operation 52

5.4 Electro-Mechanical Operation 53

5.4.1 Manually Encoded 54

5.4.2 Electronical ly Encoded 55

i i i
Table of Contents (con't)

Page 5.4.3

Personal Characteri si tcs Verification System 58

5.5 Other Systems 59

6. COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS 63

6.1 Bolt 65

6.2 Strike 68

6.3 Bolt Actuating Mechanism 69

6.4 Obstacle 70

6.5 Key/Code 71

6.6 Materials 73

6.7 73

7. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS 75

7.1 Summary 76

7.2 Recommendations 76

7.3 Conclusion 78

REFERENCES 81

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 85

APPENDICES

A. Annotated Bibliography 133

B. Standards And Specifications 139

C. National Organizations 145

D. Locksmith Schools 148

E. Master Keying 149

F. Selection of Materials For Lock Components 156

G. List of Manufacturers 159

IV
ABSTRACT

An investigation was made of available non-military literature and information

on high security, unexposed locking devices used on doors in order to identify

and document the present state of the art of these devices and systems.

Locking devices were investigated both as overall systems and as sub-system

components, with existing categories of lock types presented. A new classification system for locks is also presented as a framework for future

research and development. Locks are classified by their installation, operation and component characteristics. Intended to provide an overview of

available commercial locking devices for the uninitiated researcher as well

as anyone interested in the field of locking device design, the report also

makes recommendations for future lock development. A glossary of technical

terms is included together wth appendices containing an anotated bibliography,

notes on master keying and annotated lists of standards, specifications,

organizations and manufacturers.

Key Words: Door security; entry control; hardware; locking device

classification; lock operation, installation, and characteristics.

Certain commercial equipment and sources are identified in this report in order

to make it more useful to the reader. Such identification does not imply

recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it

imply that the equipment identified is necessarily the best or only available

equipment for the purpose described.

The points of view or opinions expressed in this report are those of the

author or individuals to whom they are ascribed, and do not necessarily

reflect the official positions of either the National Bureau of Standards,

the Civil Engineering Laboratory or the Defense Nuclear Agency.

v
Preface

This report, though limited in scope, provides a framework for understanding

prime aspects involved in the design of high-security locking devices. In addition to investigating available literature, requests for information

were sent to 282 manufacturers and distributors of equipment; 79 companies

responded. Follow-up phone calls and visits were made to some users and

manufacturers for additional information. Much information on locks is

proprietary, therefore many manufacturers and distributors are not willing

to submit anything more than catalogue sales information. This information

varies widely in detail. Consequently some devices are more elaborately

described than others. The reader is advised to pursue more detailed

information on particular devices directly with the manufacturers

Acknowl edgments

In addition to the manufacturers listed in Appendix G, the author appreciates

the assistance of the following individuals during the collection of

information for this report: Russel Barber, Secret Service; Robert Barnard

Department of Defense, Army; Marvin Beasley, Defense Nuclear Agency;

Richard Blackmon, Nuclear Regulatory Commission; C. R. Bukholt, Department

of Defense, Navy; L. D. Chapman, Sandia Laboratories ; Francis Chase, National

Bureau of Standards; Jerry Connally; Lawrence Eliason National Bureau of

Standards; Robert Ghetti, Department of Energy; Louis Ganzales, General

Electric Tempo; Richard Hudnut, Builders Hardware Manufacturers Assoc.

Allen LaPointe, Lockmasters; Milton Madsen, Sandia Laboratories

Raymond Moore, National Bureau of Standards; Jake Rabinow, National Bureau

of Standards; Bill Reed, Locksmith Ledger; Terry Ruddick, Central Intelligence Agency; Robert Ruhf, Department of the Treasury; G. W. Saunders,

Underwriters' Laboratory; Harvey Schock; LaDonna Short, Department of Defense

Army; Bruce Varnado, Sandia Laboratories; Russ Waller, Department of State;

Stan Wakamiya, National Bureau of Standards; Robert Walker, Central

Intelligence Agency; Joseph Williams, Sandia Laboratories.

Special thanks to Stephen T. Margulis and Roy Clark of NBS for

reviewing the manuscript and providing constructive suggestions, to

Ana Salazar, Bebee Stroik and Brenda Kefauver for typing and proofreadi ng

,

and Brian Pierman for his encouragement and support.

Finally, particular recognition is given to Ken Gray and Hank Self of the

Naval Construction Battalion Center (Port Huenene, California), together

with Michael R. McWhirder, Cdr USN and Marvin C. Beasley of the Defense

Nuclear Agency (Washington, D.C.) who conceived of, encouraged and managed

this project.

vi
1. INTRODUCTION

Given the number of available locking devices, and the resulting confusion this

can create for the uninitiated, this report presents the first systematic review

of locking devices as a tool for further investigation and research. In preparing this comprehensive examination of the state of the art of high security

locking devices, the author has generated a classification system that subsumes

the many existing groupings of locks. This lock classification is used as a framework for describing and illustrating the many factors that differentiate

locking devices and affect their performance as part of security systems.

1
This report has seven chapters followed by a glossary of technical terms

and appendices. The first chapter describes the origin, goals and specific

limitations of the scope of the overall project. The second chapter

describes locking devices starting with conceptual approaches and leading

to descriptions of operations of components and sub-components of locks.

A classification of locking devices in chapter three forms a framework for

relating lock design and operation factors. These factors are divided into

installation types, operation types and component characteristics. Chapter

four describes and illustrates the group of locks listed under Installation

Types. The major grouping of locks entitled Operation Types is described

and illustrated in chapter five. Chapter six includes descriptions of the

lock component characteristics that are often used to differentiate or name particular groups of locks as well as simply explain the design of the

component. These are suggestions for further research and development in

chapter seven, together with a summary and conclusion. A glossary of

technical terms follows, together with appendices on locating of further

material

1.1 BACKGROUND

Doors are the principal means of unauthorized surreptitious and forced entries

into buildings/spaces. Doors are generally the "weak link" in a building

security system and offer less penetration resistance than the other structural

components except for windows. Thus, the doors on most existing nuclear

weapons maintenance and inspection buildings and storage structures offer a much lower level of resistance to unauthorized entry than the structures

in which they are installed. Relocking systems are available that will

firmly lock the doors in place automatically if the doors are physically

attacked. However, most doors are not now equipped with these mechanisms.

By contrast, the typical standard high security locking system for the

military (consisting of a "high security" hasp and padlock, in most

installations) exposes the locking hardware to forcible and surreptitious

entry attack, sabotage, and the rigors of the natural environment. Such

systems can be rapidly defeated by the use of force and are prone to

malfunction and/or lockouts due to the effects of corrosion, dust and

freezing weather.

The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Energy (DoE) are interested in new approaches for securing openings which will be significantly more reliable and which will significantly increase forced entry

denial time.

1.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

This report's primary goal is to identify and document the present state of

the art of non-military high security internal locking systems for doors

in order to assist with the development of improved high security locking

devices. The sponsors anticipate that directly applicable concepts or technical approaches can be drawn from such an examination and that the

availability and use of this information could eliminate the necessity for

original research and development in some areas. In order to comprehensively

cover a multidisciplinary field such as the design of locking devices

2
one must investigate all levels of performance and all aspects of lock

development. The end objective of the overall research and development

effort that this report supports is the development of a locking system

for sensitive ordnance structures, among others, which will provide significantly more resistance to attack than the surface-mounted padlock and hasp

systems presently in use. Major portions of the necessary investigation

are included in other concurrent studies sponsored by the DoD and the DoE.

This report is designed to provide an overview of the different types of

locking devices available and to explain their physical design and operation.

Additional objectives of this report include: the identification of specific new locking systems or subsystems that can be directly applied to high

security magazine entrance closures in a practical manner; the identification

of locking systems presently in use in private, commercial, institutional

and government facilities; the preparation of an annotated source list/

bibl iography; the preparation of a state-of-the-art study in a systematic

and comprehensive manner.

* 1.3 SCOPE AMD METHOD

This project focused on the present state of the art of all types of locking

systems and subsystems that are built into doors, and that provide significant

resistance to surreptitious and forced entry attacks. Tasks included a literature review, communication and visits with lock manufacturers and

users, and particular requests for technical information of the lock

manufacturers.

The information in this report provides a database in support of the

development of new and/or improved concepts for securing magazine entrance

closures. For this reason, it is comprehensive. That is, it includes

descriptions of almost all lock systems including some of low security.

Even low security locks could include an approach that is applicable, with

modification, to more serious needs.

The sponsor limited the study to those devices used in non-DoD governmental,

commercial, institutional and industrial settings. This report excludes

padlocks, foreign devices not marketed in the U.S., and miscellaneous

information on lock trim and superficial features. This report does not

address attack methods nor the overall security system of a facility in any

detail; instead, the author has concentrated on those factors that

differentiate locking devices themselves.

3
Patent drawing for side

bar lock invented by

Philo Felter in 1875.
Witnewcf.

y). (foCfafutff.

oCrfm&<*r^

2. REV I Eli OF LOCKING DEVICES

Locks come in many forms and have varied uses. They range from a simple

hook and eye on a screen door to massive boltworks on a large vault door.

Locks are given names according to how they operate, where they are located

or what they are expected to do. Locks always have been considered a major

component in any physical security system. Indeed, locks continue to

fascinate people, particularly because of their inherent puzzle and mystery

[13,14]. The lock inventor, in effect, raises a challenge to discover

1 Numbers in brackets indicate references listed at the end of this report.
a solution to his fabricated puzzle. This challenge, over the years, has

been accepted eagerly by individuals, other inventors [24] and criminals.

The high burglary rates illustrate the criminals' reaction to this challenge.

Criminals have become more sophisticated, together with society in general,

and have applied pressure on the manufacturers of locking devices [18].

That inventors have accepted this challenge is evident by the great number

of patents issued for locks during the past. More patents have been issued

for locks than for most other products in the world [28].

This chapter describes locking devices in conceptual terms, presents selected

terminology and categories used by the lock industry and others, and presents a brief summary of lock functions and grades. This chapter presents

an overview; more detailed descriptions are in the chapters that follow.

2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LOCKS

The lock is a small, albeit important, part of the overall security system.

Any facility has particular security functions that must be viewed as a total

system with a particular structure and set of variables in dynamic relationships [23]. Systems analysis and decision theory have a fundamental part in

the design of the overall security system, and the physical locking device

is designed to simply delay an adversary while the response forces act to

intercept or neutralize the adversary's actions [6]. The detection systems,

probable attack modes, and speed of response will have a bearing on the ideal

strength and operation of the lock. In addition, factors such as convenience, materials and methods of installation and and maintenance, directly

affect the detailed design and cost of the lock.

LOCK LOCATIONS FOR DELAYING AN ADVERSARY $

6
A lock is defined in Webster's Dictionary as "a fastening (as for a door,

box trunk, lid, drawer) in which a bolt is secured by any of various

mechanisms and can be released by inserting and turning a key or operating

a special device (as a combination, time clock, automatic release button,

magnetic solenoid)". A more inclusive definition of a lock is provided

by Haberman [12]: "a hardware component of a door (or like) system which

performs two important functions: fastening two or more components together, and allowing access by means of the locking and unlocking functions."

This definition has the advantage of including locks such as electromagnetic

locks and personal characteristics verification systems ( i . e . : fingerprint

verification) . The purpose of a lock is to prevent unauthorized individuals

from gaining access to property or the control of people or things. This aim

is usually accomplished by designing an assembly composed of five basic

parts or components: 1) the BOLT, 2) the BOLT RETAINER or STRIKE, 3) the

BOLT ACTUATING MECHANISM, 4) the OBSTACLE, 5) the KEY/CODE.

The assembly is attached to the appropriate parts of a doorway, container

or other object is such a way as to allow access only to the person presenting the correct key or code which removes the obstacle, which in turn

allows the bolt actuating mechanism to move the bolt out of its retainer

7
(see Chapter 6, Component Characteristics) . Locks place at least one obstacle between the user and the bolt actuating mechanism. The obstacle

is any device, method, or combination of devices and methods that limits

the operation of the lock to selected individuals. Unless the obstacle(s)

can be removed, the bolt remains inoperable. If the bolt and retainer are appropriate in strength and securely installed, it is clear that the critical

component of every lock is the obstacle. Designed integrally with the obstacle is the key or code, which contains a set of unique characteristics or secrets that alone can be used to remove the obstacle. Codes also include

personal characteristics , such as fingerprints and voice, which are used

in some electronic locking systems. The bolt actuating mechanism is any

method of physically moving the bolt in and out of its retainer, and includes

levers, gears, cams, electric solenoids, etc. The bolt is that part of

a lock that secures the movable object (such as door) to a fixed object

(such as the frame). The fixed object usually has a bolt retainer or strike attached to it which receives the bolt. Design variations of these

components make up the basic differences in locking devices.

2.2 TYPES OF LOCKING DEVICES

The lock industry is diverse and consists of overlapping groups dependent

on market demands and constraints. If electronic security devices are included, manufacturers of locking devices and components number well over

a thousand. The market for locking devices includes: access control; banks;

residential and builders' hardware; commercial; high security; institutional;

national defense; transportation. A1 1 these markets share a common denominator,

the requirement that locking devices resist intruders, and all borrow from

the long and rich tradition of locksmithing [16].

Over a period of many years, various industry groups and associations have

classified lock types based on particular market demands. This typology

has evolved through experience, ad hoc agreements, tradition and sometimes

careful consensus. The groupings most commnoly used at ths time are those

established or encouraged by the Builders' Hardware Manufacturers Association

(BHMA), the Locksmith Ledger (a trade journal), the Federal Government,

the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and, to a lesser degree,

other institutions and agencies (see Appendix C, National Organizations).

2.2.1 BHMA

The builders' hardware industry categorizes locks into:

Mortise (series 1000), Preassembled (series 2000), Integral (series 3000),

Bored (series 4000), Interconnected Bored, and Auxiliary locks. These names,

except for Auxiliary locks which include most other descriptors, describe

the design of locks in relation to installation methods. [1,3,5]

8
2.2.2 Locksmith Ledger

The Locksmith Ledger [17] categorizes locks by industry markets, as follows:

Dank Security Equipment

Combination Vault and Safe Locks

Electrical Locks

Electrical Time Locks

Mechanical Locks

Builders Hardware

Door Dolts

Door Guards

Electric Door Openers

Flush Dolts

Mechanical Time Locks

Safe Deposit Doxes

Tear Gas Devices

Lock Shields

Mechanical Door Openers

Strikes

Electric and Electronic Security Items

Automatic Gate Controls

Card Operated Locks

Electrical Dank Locks

Electrical Door Openers

Electrical Keyless Locks

Electrical Pushbutton Door Locks

Electrical Time Locks

Lock Devices

Auxiliary Locks

Combination Locks (not safes or vaults)

Cylindrical Locks

Deadbolt Locks

Electrical Dank Locks

High Security Electrical

Locks

High Security Mechanical

Locks

High Security Replacement

Cyl i nders

Lock Control Systems

Mechanical Dank Locks

Mechanical Garage Door Locks

Mechanical Keyless Locks

Mechanical Magnetic Locks

Electric and Electronic Locks

Electric Prison Locks

Electro-Magnetic Locks

Electro-Magnetic Strikes

High Security Electrical Locks

Recording Lock

Mechanical Pushbutton Door Locks

Mechanical Time Locks

Electrical Garage Door Locks

Electrical Keyless Locks

Electrical Pushbutton Door Locks

Electrical Time Locks

Electrical Vending Machine Locks

Electro-Magnetic Locks

Mechanical Vending Machine Locks

Mortise Deadlocks

Mortise Locks

Mortise Nightlatches

Rim Locks

Rim and Mortise Cylinders

Rim or Surface Deadlocks

Rim or Surface Nightlatches

Tubular Locks

9
Safes, Vaults

Safe Deposit Box Locks

Vault Doors

Bank Safes

Burglar-Resistant Safes

Safe and Vault Locks

2.2.3 U.S. Patent Office

Patents on locks (called Class 70 Patents by the U.S. Patent Offic) include over 490 headings that describe locks and lock parts in various ways. An

excerpt follows of first level headings and second level sub-headings.

The number in parentheses is the heading number; number after + is the

number of lower level headings under that particular heading. The lower

level headings are not included in this excerpt. The Patent Office also

includes manual bolts and the like in a separate class, Class 292 - Closure

Fasteners.

b Class 70 - LOCKS

Miscellaneous (1) +0

Attack-Actuated Defeating Mechanisms (1.5) +0

With reset mechanisms (1.7) +0

Hasp (2) +0

Combination lock (3) +2

Key lock (6) +7

Portable (14) +0

Fetters (15) +3

Clamps (19) +0

Padlocks (20) +36

Special Application (57) +0

For portable articles (58) +18

For closures (77) +185

For control and machine elements (174) + 87

Systems (262) +0

Operation and control (263) +2

Operating Mechanism (266) +0

Predetermined time interval controlled (267) +7

Motor (275) +8

Combination and key (284) +0

Combination or key (285) +0

Combination (286) +49

Key (336) +94

Parts, attachments. Accessories and Adjuncts (431) +0

Condition indicators (432) +9

For combination-operated mechanism (442) +4

For key-operated mechanism (447) +14

1 U.S. Patents Index, U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C., 1979

10
Adjustment provisions (461) +0

Reversible structures (462) +0

Silencers or mufflers (463) +0

Antifriction provisions (464) +0

Energency unlocking or release arrangements (465) +0

Mounting aids, guides and assistors (466) +0

2.2.4 Other

Locks have been categorized by Williams [31] into Key locks and Keyless

locks. Key locks include: Warded locks. Wafer locks, Pin-Tumbler locks.

Lever locks, and variations of the above. Under Keyless locks he includes:

Combination locks, Mechanical Coded locks and Electronic Coded locks.

Haberman [12] classifies locks into Mechanical, Electro-Magnetic and Switch

locks. Mechanical locks include the Fixed Labyrinth or Warded locks and the

Movable Labyrinth or Tumbler locks. Tumbler locks are further differentiated

into Disc Tumbler, Pin Tumbler and Lever Tumbler locks. Haberman, separately categorizes a group of locks into Code Combination and Card locks.

The Code Combination locks include Mechanical and Electronic types. The

Card locks include Magnetic, Capacitive, Embossed, Radio Frequency and Code

Circuitry types. Haberman suggests that crucial to any access control is

the method of verifying the identify of individuals cleared for access

and there are three basic methods (illustrated below) by which the identity

of an individual may be established:

1. Something knov/n by the individual (code, password, etc.)

2. Something possessed by the individual (key, identification, etc.)

3. Some characteri Stic of the individual (voice, fingerprints, etc.)

The reader is probably familiar with the first two methods. The combination

lock illustrates the first method and the key for the lock to the car or the front door illustrates the second method. The third method is the

object of recent study to develop automated verification systems using

sophisticated electronic equipment to verify personal characteristics.

11
There are additional classifications by manufacturers, consumers and

lexicographers. M. J. Roberts in the Construction Industry Thesaurus [25],

groups locks by their portability, position, operating position, operating

parts, agents of operation and use. A draft thesaurus compiled by members

of ASTM Committe F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment broadly divides

locks acording to 74 common names including Combination, Double Bitted,

Key-In-Knob, Mortise, Rim, Time, Tubular, Two-Point, and many that are

not mutually exclusive.

The groupings described above are being used in the market place and serve

a useful purpose in differentiating one lock from another for the purchaser

and the specification writer. However, none of the available classifications is either comprehensive enough, or concise and consistent enough in

a taxonomic sense, to be helpful to the researcher or development engineer

[ 11 ].

FUNCTIONS FOR

KEY" IN" KNOB LOCK

a) key and turn button

b) single cylinder

c) key and push button

d) push button

e) communicating doorset

f) exit latch

g) plain latch

h) right latch

i) cupboard set

j) double cylinder

k) wardrobe set

l ) hotel bedroom doorset

m) lockset adaptor

2.3 LOCK FUNCTIONS

A lock function describes the functional operation of the lock in as much

detail as necessary to provide the purchaser with information on exactly

which features are included in a particular lock. The lock function is

particularly important for specifying locks and can be effective in

increasing or decreasing the security performance of a lock. Lock function

is usually expressed as an ANSI function classification number [1,3, 4, 5] or a manufact urer' s code number and descriptive title. An understanding

of the function features of locks is essential since many of these functions

modify the lock and change its operation. For example, a particular manu- facturer lists a "Hotel-Motel" function mortise lock to have the following

features

:

12
0 Guard Bolt deadlocks latch bolt.

° Latch bolt by key outside, knob

i nside.

0 Outside knob always rigid.

° Projecting dead bolt from inside

by turn lever or emergency key

outside when door is closed shuts

out all keys except emergency key.

0 Inside knob retracts latch bolt

and dead bolt simultaneously.

° Indicator button No. 9 available

on order. When dead bolt is projected by inside turn lever, button

cannot be pushed in (indicating

room is occupied).

The same manufacturer lists a "Storeroom" function mortise lock to have the

following features:

° Latch bolt by either knob.

° Dead bolt operated from either side

by key.

° Inside knob does not retract dead

bolt.

Lock functions vary according to specific needs for lock operations at

particular locations. The available function variations can be separated

into two groups: 1) lock face variations; 2) outside/inside variations.

These function variations are provided, as required, either singly or in

combinations. They can be interconnected or interrelated operational ly

depending on need. Taking the first example above, the Hotel-Motel lock,

Table 2.3-1 illustrates the particular relationships required for that

lock. Other lock functions can be similarly illustrated.

13
Table 2.3-1 Function Variations Matrix

Example of Hotel -Motel Lock Function

CO

+-> c

0)c

o

ClE

o

<_>

0)u

<a

Li_

jx:uo

_i

Outside ( 0 ) / Ins i de (I)

Components

Latch

Bolt

Guard

Bolt

Dead

Bolt

Stop

Button

or

Toggle

Deadlocking

Latchbolt

Split

Dead

Bolt

*

Key (0) X

Key (I)

Thumbpiece (0)

Thumbpiece (I)

Thumbturn (0)

Thumbturn (I) X*

Knob (0)

/ Knob (I) X X

Lever (0)

Lever (I)

Key in Knob (0)

Key in Knob (I)

Push or Turn Button in Knob (0)

Push or Turn Button in Knob (I)

Rigid Knob (0)

/ Emergency Key (0) X*

Note

/ = Components included

x = Operation relationship exists between different component groups

* = Interconnection exists in components of same group

14
Although many of the detailed function variations are provided for con- venience of the user, many are designed to increase the effective security

of the lock. The inoperative rigid outside knob of the Hotel-Motel lock

above, for example, prevents the possibility of a knob torque attack

(forcibly twisting) retracting the latch bolt. The separation of the

guard bolt from the latch bolt is a fairly effective means of preventing

a successful loiding attack (credit card) on the latch bolt. Similar items

can be appreciated as methods to accomodate a convenience feature while

still keeping the integrity of the lock. These items tend to make the lock more complicated, however, and possibly have more parts to maintain. Another

feature of the locking system is master keying, which can have a serious

effect on the security of the lock [15]. See appendix E, Master Keying.

2.4 LOCK GRADES

Locking devices are graded for performance in preventing unlawful entry

(security), in operating for a considerable length of time (durability)

and in preventing the spread of fire (safety).

A good example of lock grading for. security is the NILECJ standard [33],

a performance standard establishing requirements and methods of test for

evaluating the resistance of door assemblies and components (including

locks) to forced entry. This standard is published by the Department of

Justice and is referenced in ANSI and ASTM standards [1,3,4,5,26]. The

performance criteria were established by analysis of available data on burglary methods, by duplication and measurements of the burglary attacks,

and finally duplicating the results of the attacks by laboratory tests.

There are four classes of resistance. Class I includes attributes for

the lowest level of resistance; class IV include attributes for the highest

level of resistance. Performance criteria and test methods are described

in detail for determining: a) resistance of lock bolts, cylinders and

strikes to dynamic and static forces, b) resistance of doors to dynamic

forces, c) resistance of hinges to dynamic and static forces, d) resistance

of door frames to static forces. Two classification methods are established,

one for entire door assemblies, the other for door assembly components.

This could serve as a model for the development of criteria for high

security locking devices.

A summary of the security grades for locks is shown in table 2.4-1. Safes

and vaults are classified according to their resistance to fire and burglary attack (see tables 2.4-2, 2.4-3, and 2.4-4). Locks can be obtained

with a pick-resistance certification [32], and be tested for resistance

to four levels of burglary attacks [33].

Although the obvious concern in high security locks is the prevention of

unlawful entry, the problems involved in providing locks that are durable

and safe can not be overlooked. The hardware industry has three grades

for lock durability [5]. When used in fire barriers, locks must be certified as being able to continue to secure a labeled fire door for a specific

length of time during a fire [21]. The design and materials of locks con- tribute or detract from security needs, depending on the priorities placed

on factors such as cost, convenience (see 2.3 Lock Functions), maintenance,

and fire safety. Information on these factors can be obtained from the

references included in appendix B, Standards and Specifications.

15
Table 2.4-1 Security Grades for Locks

Standard Grade Description*

UL 437

Key Locks

Key

Cylinder

Have at least 1000 key changes and at least .0625 cm

(0.025 inch) difference in bitting depths, be able

to resist picking, drilling and chiseling for at least 10 minutes.

Jimmy

Resisting

Lock

As above plus resist: spreading 2" with a 3 foot

jimmy, sawing the bolt and pulling the cylinder

during 10 minutes of attack.

Two-Key

Lock

15,000 customer key changes and 64 guard key changes;

resist for 45 minutes: picking, rotary force on chisel, and other tests suggested by experts.

UL 768 Combination

Group

1

Resist for 20 hours of manipulation including use of

instruments under 22.7 kg (50 lbs) in weight. Provide

mechanical bolt immobilization when lock punched.

Tolerances of 1 dial graduation for three tumbler

locks and 1-1/4 dial graduations for four-tumbler locks. Locks Group

1R As above, plus resist radiological attack for 20 hours.

Group

2 Tolerances of 1-1/4 dial graduations for three- tumblerlocks and 1-1/2 dial graduations for four-tumbler locks.

Class

1 Cylinder Core Tension - 1,300 N (290 Ibf);

Bolt Impact - 2 blows 80 J (59 ft lbf).

Class

II Cylinder Core Tension - 4,800 N (1,080 lbf);Bolt Impact - Class I, plus 2 blows 120 J (89 ft lbf).

NILECJ-STD-0306.0

Door Assemblies

and Components

Class

III

Cylinder Core Tension - 11,000 N (2,470 lbf);

Cylinder Torque - 1- Nm (81 lbf-ft);

Cylinder Impact- Five blows 100 J (74 ft- lbf);

Bolt Impact-Class II, plus 2 blows 160 J (118 ft lbf)

Class

IV

Cylinder Core Tension - 11,000 N (2,470 lbf);

Cylinder Body Tension - 16,000 N (3,600 lbf);

Cylinder Torque - 160 Nm (118 lbf-ft);

Cylinder Impact- ten blows 100 J (74 ft lbf)

Bolt Impact-Class III, plus 2 blows 200 J (148 ft lbf).

Only primary requirements are included; consult the standards for complete requirements.

16
Table 2.4-2 Comparative Classification for Burglary - Resistive Safes

Bank Safe Classifications

(As Specified by Ins. Services Office) Commercial U. L. Equivalents

Class Door

Thick. Safe Wall Construction Class Door

Thick. Safe Wall Construction

A

Less than

1"

Less than 1/2" of Steel or Iron

B (Fire)

Less than

1"

Less than 1/2" of Steel or Iron

B At

least

1" At least 1/2" of Steel C Atleast

1" At least 1/2" of Steel

BR*

Atleast

1-1/2" At least 1" of Steel E* Atleast

1-1/12" At least 1" of Steel

With TL-15 Burglary Label ER* With TL-15 Burglary Label

G

1-1/2"

round

lug

type

At least 1" of Steel

Encased in at least

6" reinf. concrete & with 2-movement timelock if outside of

Bank Vault

** p

Safe bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TL-30; TR-30 or X-60

Safe bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TL-30; TR-30 or X-60

H

Safe bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TX-60; TR-60 or TLTR-30

** G ** H

(Broad Form Safe Policy)

(Mercantile Safe Policy)

Safes bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TX-60: TR-60 or TLTR-30

I

Safe bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TRTL-60 or TXTL-60 ** G

(Broad Form Safe Policy)

(Mercantile Safe Policy)

Safe bearing one of following

U. L. Burglary Labels:

TRTL-60 or TXTL-60

* Meets minimum requirements of Bank Protection Act and Credit Union Guidelines

for safes.

** Exceeds minimum requirements of Bank Protection Act and Credit Union Guidelines

for safes.

17
Table 2.4-3 GSA Approved Class 1-5-6 Security Containers

All units have 20 man' hours resistance against lock manipulation

and radiological attack.

CLASS I Insulated (1 hour)

10 minutes forced

30 minutes surreptitious

CLASS V Not insulated

10 minutes forced

30 minutes surreptitious

CLASS VI Not insulated

No forced entry test requirement

30 minutes surreptitious

Class VI equipment is approved for storage of classified information

including top secret. Insulation and forced entry features are not

requi red

Class II, III, and IV containers are no longer made

18
Table 2.4-4 Comparative Classifications for Security Vaults

[Insurance Services Office]

Bank Mercantile

Class Door Thick

Vault Wall (Optional)

Construction Class Door Thick

Vault Wall Construction

1

None - iron

or

steel

brick concrete

stone iron or steel

No thickness given

B

Less than

1"

brick concrete

stone tile of

iron or steel

No thickness given

2 El iminated C

Atleast

1"

1/2" steel lining or

9" reinf. cone, or

stone; non-reinf. cone, or stone 12" thick

3 Atleast

2-1/2"

(a) 1/4" steel lining* or

(b) 9" reinf. concrete

E

Atleast

1-1/2"

1/2" steel lining or

9" reinf. cone, or stone; non-reinf. cone, or stone 12" thick

4 Atleast

2-1/2"

(a) 1/2" steel lining*

(b) 1/4" S.L. & 9" reinf. cone.

E Atleast

1-1/2"

1/2" steel lining or

9" reinf. cone, or

stone; non-reinf. cone, or stone 12" thick

5R 3-1/2" (a) 1/2" steel lining*

( b ) 12" reinf. cone. G Atleast

3"

1/2" steel lining or

12" reinf. cone, or

stone; non-reinf. cone, or stone 18" thick

6R 3-1/2"

(a) 1" steel lining*

(b) 1/2" S.L. & 12" reinf. cone.

(c) 18" reinf. cone.

9R 7"

(a) 1" steel lining*

(b) 1/2" S.L. & 12" reinf. cone.

(c) 18" reinf. cone.

1 OR 9-1/2"

(a) 1-1/2" steel lining*

(b) 1" S.L. & 12" reinf.

cone.

(c) 1/2" S.L. & 18" reinf. cone.

(d) 27" reinf. cone, or

18" listed reinf.

cone.

11

12

13

16"

20"

25"

Classifications 11 , 1?

& 13 are recommended by

the Bank Vault Industry

for construction of

security vaults requiring

additional protection.

* With fire resistant materials to meet

local building codes.

19
Drawing of the inside of

a safe door with a doubl

bolt lock.
3. LOCK CLASSIFICATION

This chapter introduces a proposed lock classification system (table 3-1)

that takes into account the systems described in chapter 2. Most of the

terms in this new system are descriptors of characteristics of the lock's

installation, operation or components. These three dimensions are the

basic divisions of all lock types and serve to differentiate the locks

from each other. This classification serves as an intellectual framework

and should be particularly useful in the study, research and development

of locking devices. It can be used as a comprehensive check list, a data

retrieval system, a specification outline, a tool for analytic evaluation

and a framework for standards. Much more comprehensive and less redundant

than existing systems, this system is proposed as a replacement for the

21
TABLE 3-1 Lock Classification System

A. INSTALLATION TYPES

A.l Method

A. 1.1 Internal

A. 1.2 Surface

A. 1.3 Dual

A. 2 Application

A. 2.1 Doors

A. 2. 2 Containers

A. 2. 3 Other

A.

Purpose

A. 3.1 Privacy

A. 3. 2 Safety

A. 3. 3 Control

A. 3. 4 Security

B. OPERATION TYPES

C.l Keyed Mechanical B.3 El ectrical

B.1.1 Warded B.3.

El ectrornagnetic

B.1.2 Cyl i nder B.4 Electro mechanical

B. 1.3 Lever B.4.

Manually Encoded

B.1.4 Magnetic B.4.

El ectronical ly

B.2 Keyless Mechanical Encoded

B.2.Manual & Passive Bolt B.4.

Personal CharacterB.2.

Wheel Tumbler i sties Verification

B.2.Coded Cipher B.4.

Others

B.2.

Time Lock

C. COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS

C.l Bolt C.4 Obstacl

C.1.1 Shape C.4.

Operation

C.l.Number C.4.

Design Feature

C.l.Si ze C.4.

Materi al C.1.4 Movement C.5 Key/Code

C. 1.5 Materi al C.5.

Physical DifferenC.2 Strike/Retainer ti at ion

C.2.Design C.5.

Manual

C.2.Material C.5.

El ectronic

C.3 Bolt Actuating Mechanism C.5.

Magnetic

C.3.

Mechanical Operation C.5.

Personal DifferenC.3.

Electrical Operation tiation

C.3.Material C.5.

Material

22
existing ones. Moreover, it is compatible with present methods used

for evaluating and selecting locking devices, which should facilitate

its use by the industry. The author is using this sytem as an ordering

framework for this report, and the reader is encouraged to apply it to

other uses, as noted above. It is hoped that this system can be refined

with use and serve as a relevant tool for a common understanding of lock

performance

This lock classification system includes most of the technical terms

presently used in the industry, though not in this structured form.

Very few unfamiliar terms are used and these only where use of existing

terms would be inappropriate or misleading. Emphasis is placed on those

factors that differentiate locks from each other, and the resulting terms

are either primary or secondary descriptors. The primary descriptors

are the main headings listed under each group title (A. 1-3, B.1-.5,

C.1-.5). The secondary descriptors are the subheadings and lower subheadings. The lower subheadings include common names and are listed in

the following chapters of this report. The Lock Type Availability Matrix,

table 3-1, is presented to illustrate the presently available lock types

included in this classification framework. This matrix can also be used

to describe a particular lock together with further elaboration of the

component characteristics (see chapter 6, Component Characteristics)

TABLE 3-1 Lock Type Availability Matrix

oTD m §

—i oz

—

-< T3 m GO

INSTALLATION

TYPES

Method Application Purpose

Internal Surface

Dual

Doors

Containers

Other

Privacy Safety

Control Security

Keyed

Mechanical

Warded X X X X X X

Cylinder X X

\/A X X X X X X X

Lever X

VA X X X X

Magnetic X X X X X

Keyless

Mechanical

Manual & Passive Bolt X X

VA X X X X X

Wheel Tumbler X X X X X

Coded Cypher X X X X

VA X X X

Time Lock X X X X

Elec. Electromagnetic X X X X

VA X

Electro

Mechanical

Manually Encoded VA X

Y/\ X X

Electronically Encoded X X

VA X X

Combined X

VA

VA X X

Personal Charac. Verification X X X X

Other X X X X X X X X X

V

/V

23
MORTISE KNOB LOCK

Illustration from 1883 Catalogue,

by Russel & Erwin Mfg. Co.
4. INSTALLATION TYPES

Door locks are generically described according to the method (or HOW) of

installation, the application (or WHAT) of installation, and the purpose

(or WHY) of installation. These installation descriptors group locks into

the markets for which they are designed and except for the method types,

tend not to be mutually exclusive. These types apply to both primary and

auxiliary locks and can be obtained in various materials, sizes and functions. The installation grouping can be used to indicate the potential

exposure and attack level of each lock. For example, the method of surface

mounting inside the door provides comparatively less exposure of the lock

mechanism than does an internaly installed lock. The installation, further,

of this same lock on a factory entrance door with the purpose of high

security indicates a comparat i vely higher potential attack level than say a residential installation.

25
Table 4-1 Installation Types

Installation Type Group Common Names and Sub-Groups

METHOD

Internal Flash Bolt, Narrow Stile

Mortise, Combination, Auxiliary

Surface Bar Lock, Slide Bolt, Chain Lock

Rim, Night Latch, Interlocking,

Auxiliary, Padlocks, Exit Lock

Dual Bored, Preassembled, Key- In-Knob,

Integral, Interconnected, Auxiliary

APPLICATION

Doors Pivoted or Tracked, Pedestrain or Vehicle, Swinging, Rolling, Folding,

Detention, Vault, Gate, Garage, Custom

Containers Safe, Safe Deposit Box, Cabinet,

Cash Box, Mail Box, Teller's Locker

Other Switch, Vending, Window, Automobile,

Special

PURPOSE

Privacy Latch, Friction, Catch, Hook, Manual

Bolt, Convenience Lock, Function

Variable, Knob Button

Safety Fire Label, Exit Device, Panic

Hardware

Control Access or Entry Control, Card Lock,

Remote, Monitor, Detector, Personnel

Identity, Sensor

Security Burglary Resistant, Guide or Class

(I to IV, 10 to 40) Group (combination lock)

4.1 METHODS OF INSTALLATION

In grouping lock designs, factors that respond to the quesion of HOW a lock is installed, center on the preparation of the object to which that lock

is attached. Preparation differs according to the location of the lock

mechanism in relation to exposed surfaces. The relative exposure of critical

lock components to the user or the attacker is consequently a prime factor

that differentiates one lock from another. In the case of doors, locks are installed either within the door, on the surface of the door, or a combination of both. Locks for containers and other objects can be similarly

differentiated. For these purpose, lock installation methods are divided

into three groups: Internal, Surface and Dual methods. The detail of specifically how the lock is attached ( i . e . : screw, weld, rivet, etc; location

and type of fastener) has been ignored for grouping lock types since this

level of detail is generaly irrelevant to distinguishing one lock from

another, although it could effect the durability and performance of the

1 ock.

26
internal mechanism

mortise lock

door preparation, mortise lock

mortise lock components

mortise dead bolt

4.1.1 Internal

All locks designed to fit totally within a cavity prepared between the faces

of a door and/or the faces of the adjacent frame and wall are, by definition,

Internal locks. The essential mechanisms and their containers are hidden

from view and protected by the face materials plus, if necessary, other

reinforcements. The only projections are bolts, handles, levers or knobs and

the faces of the cylinder or keyway. Commonly, these are called MORTISE

locks when applied to typical doors. Also falling into this grouping are special locks such as those used for vending machines, safes, certain electronic locks, etc.

Mortise lock is a term, used in "builder's hardware," that was derived from

the preparation afforded a wood door for this type of lock. Wood doors are prepared by cutting a rectangular cavity or mortise in the edge of the

doors. Metal doors are also prepared with a cavity in the edge. The lock

is installed into the edge of the door and can be removed only when the

door is opened. The key cylinder for a mortise lock is usually screwed into

the lock case and secured with a set screw. Most cylinders have a cam attached to the rear of the cylinder plug which rotates with the use of a key. The cam couples with the bolt during rotation and moves it into a locked or unlocked position (see 6.3, Bolt Actuating Mechanism). Multibolt locks are available that project bolts to two, three or four sides

of the door and are internally installed. Electronic locks are available

that have no exposed parts, with everything controlled remotely or by

proximity of the key/card or person. Combination locks used in containers,

safes and vaults are classified as internal but can be obtained with surface

or dual methods of installation.

27
4.1.2 Surface

Locks designed to be installed in such a manner so as to have most of the

lock mechanism located on one side of the door, or other item to be secured,

are classified as surface mounted locks. This type of lock requires the

minimum of preparation. In the case of doorways, the most popular surface

installed lock is the Rim lock, the name of which is derived from the

fact that the lock is installed on the rim or edge of the door. The only

penetration required for the door is for the keyway or cylinder and in some cases, the knob spindle or thumbpiece. This lock has the advantage

of requiring the removal of the least amount of material from the door and

thereby avoiding weakening of the door. This is, particularly significant

for wood doors and is also helpful for steel doors. Typically, surface

installed locks use a rim cylinder with a tail piece or bar extension

that connects to the bolt actuating mechanism. When the key is inserted

and turned, the tail peice rotates and operates a set of levers to move

the bolt. The rim cylinder is usually secured to a plate, which, in turn,

is attached to the interior face of the door, and serves as the back plate

for the case of the bolt actuating mechanism and bolt. The rim lock is

available . in night latch, dead bolt, interlocking bolt and vertical bolt

variations (see section 6.1, Bolt). Surface installed locks include a variation on the slide bolt which has two interlocking "wings," mounted

directly on the closure by bolts or welding, and a key operated bolt/cylinder

(see p. 66). Padlocks, .gate locks and chain locks are also included in this

group. Exit locks are normally surface mounted and sometimes operated only

by an interior panic bar, without an exterior key cylinder.

28
door preparation, bored lock

door preparation for preassembled lock

4.1.3 Dual

These locks usually have the bolt actuating mechanism installed within the

door while the key cylinder(s) and/or other mechanisms are located within

the knob or project beyond the face of the door. These combine the features

of the internal and surface methods of installation. An example of dual

installation is the Bored locks, so called because they are designed to

be installed into round holes bored or drilled into wood doors. These locks

are most commonly called "Key-in-knob" type locks. They also include Bored

dead bolt locks and Interconnected locks and are also called Cylindrical,

Tubular and Bore-in locks. Bored dead bolt locks have the key cylinder

projecting beyond the face of the door. Interconnected locks are classified

in the Dual method of installation even though they can be obtained with

the lock control mechanism and the key cylinder located within the face

planes of the door. Most Interconnected locks, however, are designed with

the cylinder outside the face of the door. In either design they include

connecting mechanisms that are located outside the face of the door. Most

auxiliary locks used for residential buildings are of the Dual method of

installation and the Bored type in which the key cylinder has an extension

that interconnects with an extension of the bolt through a set of levers

to actuate the bolt. The Preassembled and Integral type Key-in-Knob locks

are also included in this group since the cylinder for these locks is con- tained in the knob, although the preparation of the door is similar to,

but not the same as, a mortise lock. The Preassembled and Integral type

locks are similar to mortial locks in their bolt actuating mechanisms

(section 6.3) and functions (section 2.3).

29
4.2 APPLICATION OF INSTALLATION

Secondary lock descriptors are used to group locks according to the specific

objects the locks are designed to secure. The applications most commonly

used for locks are for doors and container enclosures. Switches and other

control and securing devices also use locks. Doors, either pedestrian or vehicular, can be categorized as pivoted or tracked. Pivoted doors are hung on hinges or on center or offset pivots. Tracked doors either roll,

fold or slide. The pivoted doors swing in or out and rely on the pivots

and bolt(s) to secure the door within the portal opening. The tracked doors move horizontally or vertically and rely on the tracks at the perimeter

of the portal opening, together with the bolt(s), to secure them within

the opening. Obviously, the door operation is a critical factor in selecting

and designing an appropriate locking device. Container enclosures include

applications such as safes, safe deposit boxes, storage cabinets, etc.

The detailed operation of these enclosures and the locks can include pushing or turning or sliding and have the added variable possibility of being

completely removable or portable. The operation of both doors and other

enclosures affects the required operation of the lock (see Chapter 5 Operation Types) and particularly the operation and design of the bolt component

(see section 6.1, Bolt). Locks in the Application category very often have

the names of the object they are used to secure; examples include the safe

deposit box, safe, mail box, teller's locker, vending machine, and switch

locks. These are often specifically designed for a particular application

and have unique characteristics.

30
4.3 PURPOSE OF INSTALLATION

Although the concern of this report is locking device security, locks

serve purposes other than security and this should be kept in mind. The

other purposes are Pri vacy , Control and Safety . Each purpose usually has

associated levels or grades. Therefore, there are different requirements

for doors dependent on the needed levels for fire resistance, security

limitations of use and. Requirements for fire safety are included in

building codes and many "builder's" locks can be obtained with fire safety

certification labels [21]. The limitations of use, or controls, are specified

according to need and some are explained in the section on lock Function

(section 2.3). Criteria for control of personnel, access and crowds can

be crucial in the selection of locks and their components. Privacy is

closely related to control and in the case of doors, includes accoustic

and psychologic needs as well as visual and physical privacy. The level

of security required for a particular lock installation can be compromised

by other purposes, whether they are primary or secondary in importance,

because each purpose requires a different set of criteria. Some of these

can be ascertained by compliance to available performance tests such as those included in UL and NILECJ standards (see section 2.4, Lock Grades).

Other purposes such as privacy, convenience and control are specified by

the purchaser as needed and are provided by the manufacturer as part of

a particular lock's features.

31
Catalogue illustration,

mortise lock by

P F Corbin Company
Front

front Rivet

Cylinder

5ct Screw

Night lever (top)

Dead Bolt

Night lever

(bottom)

Latch Bolt —

Short Stop

Walking Beam

Long Stop

-

Cylinder CylmderCam

Cylinder

am Screw

.Cylinder

DustCap

Tumbler

Thumb Hub

T

tx>

.So

<0o_

VD

-Tumble!' Spring

| atch tail piece

| Latch tail atch Spring

-Hub lever , Outside hub — -L. Inside b.ub

5. OPERATION TYPES

This grouping of lock types refers to the basic method of moving the lock

bolt or changing the locking device from secure mode to unsecure mode and

viceversa. Table 5-1 lists the different methods of moving, or operating,

locking devices. Locks exclusively dependent on the user to supply all

the force required for operation are described as using Mechanical operation.

This, in turn, can be divided into Keyed and Keyless Mechanical Operation.

A key is any encoded object (including a card) that is used to operate a locking device. Locks that have no moving mechanical parts but which

operate electrically are classified as Electrical operation. Locks that

combine electrical po wer and mechanical movements are grouped as Electromechanical operation. Manufacturers of particular types of locks are noted

paranthetical ly and their address and telephone number is listed in

appendix G.

33
Table 5-1 Operation Types of Locks

Operation Type Group Sub-Group, Common Name

Warded Padlock, Luggage lock, Barrelor Bit

Key locks

KEYED MECHANICALCyl i nder

Tumbler

Pin Tumbler, Wafer Tumble, Disc

Tumbler, Lever Tumbler

Lever Lever Lock, Safe Deposit Box

Magnetic Card Lock

Manual and Passive BoltBarrel Bolt, Button, Dog Bolt, Flush Bolt, Thumb Turn

KEYLESS Wheel Tumbler Combination

MECHANICAL

Coded Cypher Push-Button

Time Lock Time Lock, Time-Delay

ELECTRICAL Electromagnetic Magnetic Lock

Manually Encoded Mechanical Electrical, Electronic

Code Combination

El ectronical ly

Encoded

Magnetic Card, Capacitive Card, Radio

Frequency, Coded Circuity, Optically

Coded ELECTRO- MECHANICAL Personal

Character!' sties

Verification

Fingerprints, Hand Geometry, Voice,

Handwriting

Other Alarm Integrated, Hydraulic, Pneumatic

34
5.1 KEYED MECHANICAL OPERATION

Locks that use an encoded "hand-held" object to actuate the bolt are classified as KEYED MECHANICAL LOCKS. They usually operate by a bitted

metal key, but mechanical locks that operate by magnetic cards are also

in this category.

5.1.1 Warded Locks

Warded locks are popular but provide limited

physical security. They were adequate as security devices one hundred years ago but as defeat methods became more widely known by

criminals, warded locks became obsolete and were replaced by new inventions. Warded locks

incorporate fixed wards or obstacles in the

keyway and within the lock case. A key must

clear these obstacles in order to rotate and

operate the lock mechanism. Haberman [12]

calls these "Fixed Labyrinth" locks which aptly

describes the design of wards which block the

key's "wing bit" from turning unless its shape

matches the wards. Wards are used today primarily in padlocks and are so easily picked

that they should not be considered for any serious security need. Warded mortise locks may

still be found in very old hotels and residences. Keys to these locks are of the so- called "skeleton" type key, having a long post

with a flat rectangular shape at the end (the

wing bit). Like the padlock version, these

warded locks offer no significant resistance

to picking. The other common application is

handcuffs. Wards, per se, are presently also

used extensively in most keyways by making them

paracentric and of unique shapes in order to

prevent different keys from entering the keyway

and also making picking more difficult than a flat or simple cross section keyway.

FRONT vi£W

warded keyway

warded padlock

35
5.1.2 Cylinder Tumbler Locks

The cylinder contains tumblers which must be aligned in a predetermined

order so that the core can be turned within its housing or body. These

tumblers can be any one of four types:

1) pin, 2) wafer, 3) disc, and 4) lever.

BASIC PIN TUMBLER CYLINDER

5. 1.2.1 Pin Tumbler Cylinder

This is the most common cylinder tumbler used in U.S. door locks. The

Pin Tumbler cylinder, invented in 1865 by Linus Yale, Jr., was a major

breakthrough in lock design and was the forerunner to all cylinder tumble

locks [13]. Being much more compact than any previous lock, the Pin

Tumbler proved to be the start of miniaturization in industry for many

products. It usually consists of five spring-loaded sets of pins less

than 1/8" in diameter that are lined-up within the cylinder core and body.

Each set of pins is made up of two pins, one on top of the other, which

are forced down into the keyway in the cylinder core by the spring. These

pins prevent the core from turning within the body unless the joint between

the top (driver) and bottom (key) pins lines up exactly with the 'shear

line' joint between the core and the body. A key, cut with the precise

profile so that the pins are raised to line up their meeting joint with

36
the shear line when the key is inserted into the keyway, enables the core

to be turned and a linkage to operate the lock bolt. Variations on this

basic operation are described below.

INTERLOCKING PIN TUMBLER - This type of dual

action pin requires the pin to be elevated to

the shear line while at the same time rotated

to a specific point. The top and bottom tumblers of the cylinder are interlocked in a "dove-tail" fashion, and will separate to allow

plug rotation at the shear line only after they

have been raised to the proper level and rotated

to one of the selected 20 degree angles. The

chisel-point shape of the bottom pin together

with chamfers cut into each notch of the key

at the precise number of degrees, cause the

pins to rotate to the proper position simultaneously with lifting the pins to matching

shear lines.

MAGNETIC PIN TUMBLER - In this type of

cylinder there are two rows of tumblers positioned in a horizontal plane; one row on each

side of the keyway. The hollow, spool-shaped

tumblers contain a polarized permanent magnet.

While there are cells for seven tumblers in each

row, tumblers are not contained in all cells.

Small springs force the spool-shaped tumblers

into shallow, blind holes in the plug to prevent

plug rotation in the locked position. Polarized

magnets are imbedded in the key and properly

oriented (north or south polarity) so that they

will present an opposing magnetic force on all

the magnetic tumblers, thus forcing them out

of the plug when the key is inserted and thereby

freeing the plug for rotation. There is no physical contact between the key and the tumblers. Since the holes in the plug into which

the tumblers sit in the locked position are not

drilled through to the keyway, picking of the

lock by conventional picking techniques is

impossible. The spool shape of the tumblers

prevents picking of one pin at a time if

rotational force also is applied to the plug

at the same time.

interlocking pin tumbler

cylinder

magnetic pin tumbler operation

MULTI-ROW PIN TUMBLER - This cylinder has

three rows (sets) of pins and four pins per

set. Each set of pins lies in a plane parallel

with and intersecting the axis of the lock plug.

All pins are oriented normal to the axis of the

37
plug. The pin sets are located in planes

positioned at approximately nine, twelve and

three o'clock relative to a front view of the

lock plug. These twelve pins enter the keyv/ay

in varying or "scrambled" positions corresponding to key cut locations in normal pin tumbler

locks. When the cylinder is locked and the key

withdrawn, these pins converge and overlap in

the upper half of the keyway, presenting a formidable barrier to lock picks. Precisely

milled indentations on the side and top of the

key accurately position the different length

pins to the shear line position. The key is

also milled on the lower half with the correct

code, which means there is no right or wrong

way to insert the key. This feature, however,

enables one to determine the pinning code from one side and one edge only. All of the bottom

pins and some of the driver pins are of a mushroom type which increase the pick resistance.

FRONT SECTIONED VIEW OF CYLINDER

Another cylinder has four rows of pin tumblers

arranged in a fashion similar to that of the

one described above. The pins lie in different

planes, two rows on opposing horizontal planes

and two rows on opposing 45 degree planes, with

five tumblers per row. The manufacturer has

also incorporated a lock-out feature into the

cylinder that is intended to deadlock the plug

in the event picking is attempted. Two springloaded pins are designed to be forced into

holes in the plug if it is turned approximately

five degrees in either direction by an object

other than a key in the keyway.

SHAPED-PIN TUMBLER - The Shaped-Pin Tumbler

cylinder is a cylinder containing pins that have

indentations so that they tend to bind or hang-up

at the shear line when picking is attempted.

One manufacturer has very irregular series of

lands and grooves on the lower end of the

driver pins and the upper end of some of the

key (lower) pins. Other manufacturers include

pins with the shear ends of the pins shaped

like a mushroom or spool. These also tend to

hang-up at the shear line if picked, and are more simply shaped.

Assembly view of lock cylinder

multi -row pin tumbler

cylinder

38
TUBULAR PIN TUMBLER - The Tubular Pin Tumbler

cylinder, often referred to as the Ace lock,

after the most popular manufacturer , has seven,

eight or nine pin tumbler cells located in a circle around the center post of the plug assembly. To operate, a tubular shaped key is pushed

into the circular keyway, which directly pushes

the pins (rather than lifting them, as in a conventional pin tumbler) to line-up the pins

into a level, circular shear line. For additional security against picking, a seven-pin

tumbler is available where three of the pins are hollow with smaller diameter pins within

them. Each pi n-wi t hi n-a-pin is split differently from its outer pin so that the inner and

outer portions must be pushed to different

levels for their shear lines to correspond. In effect, it makes seven pins into ten pins. They

also come with mushroom tumblers.

PIN TUMBLER WITH SIDE-BAR - Integral to the

Side-Bar Pin Tumbler Cylinder is a dual action

pin tumbler mechanism, the first element of

which is a series of pin tumblers which must

be elevated to the predetermined levels to

establish a shear line. The second element of

the dual locking action is attained by rotation of each tumbler individually. Angul ar cuts on the key blade rotate the tumblers.

When a tumbler is rotated to the correct position, a notch in the side of each tumbler will

aline with and permit entrance of a corresponding projection on the lock sidebar. A portion

of the sidebar lies in a slot within the lock

shell. To withdraw from the slot, each sidebar

projection must enter the notch in the tumbler.

If any one of the tumblers is rotated improperly, the sidebar cannot move toward the

tumblers and withdraw from the slot.

tubular pin tumbler

Medico lock In locked poeillon.

Medico lock In unlocked poeillon.

39
LOCKED

operating principles of the medeco side-bar pin tumbler cylinder

5. 1.2.2 Wafer Tumbler Cylinder

The wafer tumblers are a stack of thin flat pieces of metal that are spring

loaded and set within the cylinder core. Either end of the wafers protrude

from the core into the cylinder housing. Each wafer has a rectangular cutout located at one of various locations along the center of the wafer for

the penetration of the key. When the proper key is inserted into the cylinder through the wafers, the wafers are aligned by the key cuts so that none protude from the cylinder core, allowing the plug to rotate within the

40
cylinder housing. The key lifts the wafer projections out of the cylinder

housing into the core. Wafer tumblers can be single or double-bitted. In the single-bitted type, the wafers all move in one direction to lift the

projection into the core. In the double-bitted type, the wafers move in

two directions. The double-bitted type usually include more tumblers

(5 to 10) than the single-bitted type. The double-bitted key is therefore

cut on both sides. There is a double-bitted wafer cylinder that contains

10 to 15 tumblers designed to come in a pack so that they can easily be

changed. This is the so-called plate-wafer cylinder which had been used

in the past for most vending machines.

SIDEBAR RETRACTS ONLY WHEN ALL SIX NOTCHES LINE UP

plug of side-bar wafer cylinder

WAFER TUMBLER WITH SIDE-BAR - The side-bar type wafer tumblers are similiar

to the standard wafer tumblers except that they have notches located along one edge of the wafer. These notches are cut to receive a bar which

otherwise is set in the shear line, thereby preventing the core from turning.

When the key lifts the wafers so that all the notches line up with the bar,

the bar is able to move into the notches and into the core, thereby freeing

the core to turn within the cylinder housing. Side-bar wafer cylinders are common in automobile ignition locks [30].

41
5. 1.2. 3 Disc Tumbler Cylinder

Disc tumblers are thin, flat pieces of metal, which, unlike wafer tumblers,

are circular in shape and revolve like wheel tumblers in a combination lock.

One widely known cylinder is designed on the principle of delayed rotary

disc tumbler action through use of an unusual angular cut key. A side bar

locking mechanism is used. The cylinder ordinarily contains ten discs,

although cylinders using up to twelve discs are available. The ten-disc

cylinder is said to offer more than ten million possible combination changes.

With use of the proper key, nine of the ten discs in the cylinder revolve

90 degrees within the plug sleeve until the side bar drop-in slots are

aligned. The tenth disc is stationary; its design provides a bearing point

for the tip of the key as well as for cam action to rotate the sleeve.

The key for this lock has the blade flat on one side and rounded on the

other to form a semicircle in cross-section. A combination of flat angled

cuts are used. As the key is turned, the flat of the key blade pushes

against the straight edge of the semicircle keyway. Each disc turns

independently as it mates with its cut. When all discs have been rotated

by the proper cuts, the side bar drop-in slots will align and permit the

side bar to retract into the plug.

The cylinder then can be turned to permit the tailpiece to retract the bolt

of the locking mechanism used with the cylinder. Some discs are also

provided with false (partial) slots in order to confuse a lock picker.

42
5. 1.2.4 Lever Tumbler Cylinder

Currently, the most widely known lever tumbler cylinders are of French

and English origin. One French cylinder employs a unique 10-lever

system with two side-bars and two pivot points. The levers, thin

crescent shaped pieces of metal, pivot within the core and when moved

precisely by insertion of the key, side-bar notches on the perimeter

of the levers are lined up, allowing the side-bars to enter the core

and the core to turn within the housing. False notches are provided to

make picking more difficult. The manufacturer claims over 60 billion

combinations are possible with this type cylinder. Cylinders similar

in operation are manufactured in Great Britain and in the U.S.A.

43
5.1.3 Lever Locks

Lever, or Lever Tumbler, Locks were very widely used throughout the world

until the economic and convenient Pin Tumbler Cylinder gained popularity

during the 1930's. Lever Locks are still very popular outside the U.S.,

where they are available in a wide range of qualities and styles. The

operation of a Lever Lock is a progressive step above the Warded Lock

in which the obstructions are fixed. In the Lever Lock, the obstructions

are movable and must be set in a precise manner by an especially cut key

before the bolt can be moved. The operation of a typical Lever lock can

be described as follows: several flat metal levers (or tumblers) are

44
LEVERS LEVERS

CORRECT KEY INCORRECT KEY

attached by a pin to a common point in such a way that the levers are

free to swing slightly and are positioned so that rotation of the key

exerts a force to first lift the levers and first directly operate the

bolt. Each of the levers has a rectangular gate cut in the free end.

The bolt has a protruding fence which rests against the free ends of the

levers to prevent retraction of the bolt when it is locked. When the

correct key is inserted and rotated, the key cuts on the key elevate the

free ends of the levers so that the gates are aligned, thus permitting

the fence on the bolt to enter the gates. After the fence enters the gates,

bolt retraction is completed by further key rotation.

butters system lever lock folger-adam lever lock british lever lock

Large lever locks are commonly used in prison security applications. Larger

locks are particularly resistant to picking, primarily due to their massiveness and the strength of the springs on the levers. A further refinement

incorporated into some lever locks requires that the key be turned several

times in order for the bolt to be completely retracted. In this case, the

lock must be picked once for each required key rotation. Another feature,

incorporated into some lever locks to increase resistance to picking, is

the use of false notches or gates in the free ends of the lever. If the

fence prematurely contacts the end of the lever tumblers, as it must do if

an attempt is made to pick the lock, the false gates on the levers engage

the fence and prevent the movement necessary to align the fence and gates.

45
5.1.4 Magnetic Locks

This grouping of locks is made distinct from magnetic pin tumbler locks

(see section 5. 1.2.1, Pin Tumbler Cylinder) because these do not use a pin tumbler cylinder operation with a metal key and keyhole. In mechanically operated magnetic locks, the "key" is a card, disk, or other

object encoded with ferromagnetic inserts and designed to repel 1 specific

pins that are otherwise set to prevent operation of the bolt mechanism.

For example, in a mechanical lock using a magnetic card, the magnetic

card contains a code. The code is in the form of an array of ferromagnetic

spots that are polarized so that they can be read by corresponding polarized pins in such a manner that, if they are in the correct location and

of the correct polarity, the pins will move to allow the consequent manual

withdrawal of the bolt by use of a knob or handle. Other locks use an encoded object to operate that bolt similar to a standard key. This also

is differentiated from electromagnetic locks which use magnetic force

to secure the door or other object (see section 5.3, Electromagnetic

Operation)

46
5.2 KEYLESS MECHANICAL OPERATION

Mechanical locks that are operated without the necessity of gaining access

to some part of the internal mechanism and obstructions by the use of

a key are classified as KEYLESS MECHANICAL LOCKS. Except for manual bolts,

they are usually operated by use of a code known only to the approved

users, which is applied by turning a numbered wheel or pushing buttons.

In addition, time locks are included in this category and are a unique

form of the keyless lock. Keyless mechanical locks are divided into four

groups: 1) Manual and Passive Bolt , 2) Wheel Tumbler , 3) Coded Cipher , 4) Time locks .

uiffl

47
5.2.1 Manual and Passive Colt Locks

Manual Colt locks are mainly interior bolts such as the slide bolts, lever

bolts, flush bolts, hook bolts, etc. operated by simply directly pushing

or placing the bolt to secure the door to the frame/wall. It can be argued

whether, strictly speaking, manual bolts are locks at all. For the purpose

of this classification, however, they should not be ignored since they

can provide considerable resistance to attack from the opposite side of

the door. The bolt is a prime component of all locks (except the

electromagnetic) and forms the starting point in designing any lock.

Passive, or dog, bolts are used at the hinge side of a door that swings out

with exposed hinges. The object of the passive bolt is to interlock the door

with the hinge jamb so that the door will remain within the jamb frame even

if the hinges are removed. The bolts can be fixed to the door and enter

holes in the frame or visa versa. The same or better performance can be

provided by designing the door and frame to continuously interlock at the

hinge jamb.

48
FRONT »«*

right left HANO HANO

dial

spindle

combination lock exaggerated view

5.2.2 Wheel Tumbler Locks

These locks, also called combination locks, contain a dial which is usually

divided into sections marked with numbers. The dial may be the only portion

of the lock that is visible. The combination dial transmits its motion to

code tumblers or wheels located within the lock case. Combination locks

typically have three or four tumblers (see il lustrations above). A drive

cam is fixed directly to the combination dial spindle. When the dial is

moved, the drive cam also moves. Each tumbler has a gate located on its

49
circumference and a drive pin which sits on its flat surface. The tumblers

rotate around a spindle. Rotation of the tumblers is controlled by contact

between the tumbler drive pins. The tumbler farthest from the drive cam aligns with the first combination number. When the correct combination is

dialed, the gates of all the tumblers are aligned so that the fence moves

into the gates, allowing the bolt to be retracted. Combination locks may

have almost one million possible combinations and are better protected from

forcible attacks than a keylock since no direct access to the lock mechanism

itself is required for normal operation. Refinements in combination locks

to resist manipulation include keeping the fence away from (not resting on)

the tumbler, using nylon tumblers to resist decoding with X-rays, and sound

baffles or generated noise to resist decoding with listening devices. Combinations locks are graded according to levels of resistance (see section 2.4,

Lock Grades)

.

5.2.3 Coded Cipher Locks

The mechanically operated Cipher or Pushbottom lock requires buttons to be

depressed in a preset sequence. This moves a set of interconnected wheels

and ratchets into positions where they line up to allow movement of the bolt.

The bolt is then withdrawn manually from the strike.

5Q
time delay lock components time lock

5.2.4 Time Locks

The Time Locks release a lever or other obstacle between the bolt operating

mechanism and the Wheel Tumbler Lock only during a predetermined period

of time. The Time Lock contains two or three independently running chronometers. They are either manually or electrically wound, or they are run

by a self contained power supply. They can be set for up to 120 hours

and are designed so that if any one chrometer should fail, the remaining

one(s) will act as back-up. Time locks can be used in conjunction with

or independently of wheel tumbler locks on vault doors.

Similar Time Del ay locks are available for safes which delay the operation

of locks from 15 to 30 minutes after the code is dialed into the connected

Wheel Tumbler Lock. Furthermore it relocks automatically three minutes

after the delay period elapses whether or not the safe has been opened.

51
Designed for emergency exiting, exit devices are used in all public buildings

and wherever personnel could be otherwise trapped in a burning building.

Primarily designed for keyless operation, they are also available keyed

from the outside and with keys to "dog" or lock the cross-bar down. Exit

devices are available in rim, vertical mortise or concealed designs and

in two grades; they often have more than one operating bolt [2].

The only totally electric locking device is the Electro Magnetic lock that

uses electronic code input devices. Basic to this type of lock is an arm- ature, surface-mounted on the door's surface, and an electromagnet, normally

installed under the top of the door frame. This lock, which has no mechanically moving parts, magnetically bonds the door and door frame together

52
when energized and releases them when de-energized. The magnetic field

takes the place of a bolt and its strength is directly related to the size

and amount of power used for the particular device. The holding force can

be normally varied between 350 to 1500 lbs for each device and such locks

are available with higher forces up to 30001bs. Usually designed for 200

ma of current at 12v DC and 300 ma at 24v DC, they are also available for

12 and 24v AC. They are usually remotely operated by an electric switch

or can be operated by any of a large number of card and electronic control

systems or a mechanical switch lock. The Electro Magnetic lock can be

used only in fail-safe modes. A fail-safe device is locked when energized

and unlocks in case of power failure. If a fail -secure mode is required,

a separate relocking mechanism must also be included.

electrically operated bolts

5.4 ELECTRO MECHANICAL OPERATION

This type of operation includes all locking devices that require some sort of

electric power with or without electronic controls, combined with the mechanical movement of bolts and/or strikes. These are divided into Manually and

Electronically encoded locks. The manually encoded locks require the user

to push buttons or turn wheels etc. The el ectronical ly encoded locks require

53
a card or a device that verifies a personal characteristic of the user. Both manually and electronical ly encoded locks use electric solenoids which

operate the bolt or release the strike. These can also be operated by a switch controlled by a guard or receptionist.

5.4.1 Manually Encoded

These include the popular Mechanical -El ectrical locks and the Electronic

Code Combination Locks, both of which use an ELECTRO-MAGNETIC STRIKE or BOLT that operates by applying or removing electrical power to a solenoidoperated bolt or strike. The two major components are a solenoid-operated

bolt/strike/1 ockset, and its associated power supply or transformer, generally a low-voltage type (12 or 24 volts AC or DC). The Bolt normally

operates in a fail secure mode but can be obtained with a fail-safe feature.

5. 4. 1.1 Mechanical-Electrical Locks

These locks usually combine a mechanical key lock together with an electromagnetic solenoid strike controlled remotely. Key locks are also available

that have integrated electric controlled bolts. In these locks, keys are the usual method for encoding the cylinder tumblers and thereby operating the

lock, while a remote switch overides the cylinder when necessary. A SWITCH

LOCK also fits into this group since it is usually key-operated and controls

an electric circuit of some sort.

5.4. 1.2 Electronic Code Combination Locks

Code Combination locks rely on a code known to the user, specifically a numerical or alphanumerical code. Typically, code combination locks are intended for unattended, self-contained use at a single entry point. A

single, common code is provided to all authorized personnel. Codes are composed of three to six characterers, usually numbers. Electronic code

combination locks use solid-state digital devices and circuitry to register

the code and to compare it with a preset code. Entry of a correct digital

code will cause a switch to open or close which energizes or de-energizes

electric latches or strikes. Code changes are accomplished by plugging

pins into a circuit board or by resetting microswitches. Typically, code

change circuitry is included in a separate control unit which is connected

54
by wires to a keyboard. Keyboards for both mechanical and electronic

combination locks are either of the push-button type or three-position

rocker switches.

5.4.2 El ectronical ly Encoded

These include the various card lock systems: Magnetic, Capacitive, Embossed,

Radio Frequency, Code Circuitry. These systems, used primarily for access control, include electronic card readers and central processors. In addition, locks that are operated by both card/key and manual encoding are included in this group. Access control systems using Optically Coded Cards

and Fingerprint or Hand Geometry Verification devices are frequently connected to electromagnetic bolts or strikes and are therefore also included.

The card readers include a relay or switch which is opened or closed when a properly coded card is used. The switch energizes or de-energizes an electric latch or strike. Some locks include the use of access time zones either through the use of an external timer which slightly changes the

code circuitry of the card reader or by actually changing the code reader

cartridge. This allows a different common code for each time zone. Time

zones permit individuals to gain access only during specified time periods

and to be rejected at all other times. A technique available with some magnetic card locks to limit the effectiveness of collusion is an "anti-pass

back" feature. Card locks featuring anti-pass back usually employ both an enter card reader and exit card reader. The enter card reader modifies

the code on the card so that it can be used only with an exit card reader,

and vice versa. Thus, an individual who has gained access cannot "pass

back" a card to an accomplice.

If the Card Lock is connected to a central system, the code on the card

is read by the reader and then transmitted to a central processor, usually

over a dedicated wire cable or a telephone line. The received card code is

compared within the central processor to a previously asigned code. If the

codes are equivalent, authorization is granted, and a signal is transmitted

back to the reader location to actuate a relay which energizes or de-energizes

an electric strike or latch. Because of the storage capability of the central processor, each individual who has entry authorization can be assigned

a unique code. With the use of a central processor as a comparator for

stored and entered credentials, features in addition to identity verification

are possible. These features include automatic entry/exit recording and

55
display, allowance for different levels of access, limits on the time periods

in which entry is authorized for different doors, speed in adding or deleting

individuals from the system, and employment of an anti-passback feature. An

advantage of a system with a central processor is that an individual's card

code also can be eliminated from the file quickly and consequently cannot

be used thereafter at any card reader connected to the processor. [12]

5.4.

2.1

Magnetic Card Locks

Magnetic card locks include the use of a card magnetically coded with a common code. For some cards this data is encoded on a strip of magnetic

tape, which can be either attached to the outside surface of the card or embedded within the card. The data is read by a magnetic pickup or reader

head as the card is inserted into or withdrawn from the reader. Another

type of magnetic card contains data in an array of ferromagnetic spots that

are polarized so that they can be read as the presence or absence of data

bits. The cards may be readily re-encoded by reversing the polarity of

any of the magnetic spots. Magnetic card readers for both types of cards

may contain replaceable code reader cartridges into which the cards are inserted. In order to change the code for the lock, the cartridge is

repl aced

.

5. 4. 2. 2 Capacitive Card Locks

Capacitive card locks include the use of a card capacitively coded with a common code. That is, the cards have embedded in them a piece of metal

foil , sections of which are removed when the card is coded. The presence

or absence of the foil changes the capacitance of different areas of the

card. The capacitance changes are determined by the reader in the terminal.

Features similar to the magnetic card locks are also available.

5. 4. 2. 3 Embossed Card Locks

Embossed card locks include the use of an embossed card coded with a common

code. Such cards are widely used as credit cards and as pass badges. They

usually contain such information as name, address, identification number,

and validation or expiration data in raised letters, and they also have a space for a signature. The card readers include a relay or switch which is

opened or closed to energize or de-energize an electric latch or strike when

a properly coded card is used. Some locks allow the use of time zones by

changing the code reader cartridge. This allows a different common code for

each time zone which permits individuals to gain access only during specified

time periods and to be rejected at all other times.

5.4.

2.4

Radio Frequency Card Locks

Radio Frequency (or RF) interrogation/response card locks include the use of a card containing tuned circuits coded with a common code. When the

card is brought within 6 in. (15 cm) of a transmitter-receiver sensor which

sweeps through a specified frequency range, the frequencies re-radiated by

each of the tuned circuits in the card are sensed by the receiver portion

56
of the sensor. The sensor is a flat disc with a radius of 5 in (12.5 cm)

and is mounted on a surface or wall. Because RF energy is used in the

card validation process, the card does not have to be inserted into a card reader. Radio Frequency card control units contain replaceable oscillator crystals. In order to change the code for the lock, a crystal is

replaced. The cardreading units usually include a relay or switch which

is opened or closed to energize or de-energize an electric latch or strike

when a properly coded card is used.

5. 4. 2. 5 Coded Circuitry Card Locks

Coded Circuitry card locks include the use of a card with a common code,

which is determined by a printed circuit laminated within each card. Connectors on one end of the card provide electrical contacts for the card

reader. The code for each lock is determined by a replaceable printed circuit card in the associated control unit. The card readers include a relay

or switch which is opened or closed to energize or de-energize an electric

latch or strike when a properly coded card is used. These locks have

features similar to Magnetic Card Locks.

5. 4. 2. 6 Code Combination and Card Locks

Code Combination and Card locks rely on both a numerical or al phanumerical

code, known to the user and a coded card. Typically, code combination

and card locks are intended for unattended, self-contained use at a single

door. A unique, personal code composed of four to six characters, usually

numbers, is provided to all authorized personnel. The code combination

manually set by a would-be entrant is compared within the lock to the code

present on a coded card. If the code combination corresponds with the

card code, entry (or exit) is permitted. Code Combination and Card locks

use digital, solid-state devices and circuitry to register the code and to

compare it with the code read from the card. Keyboards are typically of the

touch tone, push-button type with 10 or 12 buttons; cards are typially magnetically coded. (See sections 5. 4. 1.2, Electronic Code Combination Locks,

and 5. 4. 2.1, Magnetic Card Locks.)

5. 4. 2. 7 Optically Coded Card Systems

These systems use an optically coded card also called a differential -optics

card, which is designed with a geometric array of dots offering different

levels of optical density thereby allowing penetration of varying degree

by infrared light beams. The card itself is opaque to ordinary light yet

each dot of the pattern may be any of 10 levels of optical density when

scanned by the card reader. The number of combinations make it possible

to encode up to 65,000 different access cards without repetition.

57
5.4.3 Personal Characteristics Verification

Access control systems are particularly able to exploit the availability of

sophisticated methodologies for verifying the identity of individuals by

directly measuring a unique personal character!' Stic or ability of the individuals. Direct visual verification by a guard can be enhanced by ready access to a photo on file via closed circuit TV (CCTV). Beyond that,

characteristics such as fingerprints, hand geometry, speech and handwriting

can be measured. One or more of these are presently being incorporated in

automated identity verification systems. These, in turn, are connected to

and operate the door locking devices.

5.4.3. 1 Fingerprint Verification Systems

There are two basic approaches to automating the matching of fi ngerprints.

One method consists of a direct optical comparison between the "search" print

(the print entered by the individual) and the file print. In the other method, the search print is optically scanned and converted to an electrical

signal, and a list of significant detailed features of the fingerprint

58
("minutiae") and their location is compiled in digital form. The minutiae,

which consist of ridge endings and ridge bifurcations, may then be compared

with a similar list on file in the processing unit [9].

5. 4. 3. 2 Hand Geometry Verification Systems

Similar to the Fingerprint verification system, this system is used where

additional identity of an individual must be established. The equipment

measures the length of the fingers. The individual to be identified carries

a card with identifying information plus the data representing the profile of

the hand measurements. The user inserts the card into the recognition device

and then positions a hand upon the sensing area. Finger geometry is then

measured and compared with the data read from the card. If a match is

obtained, the user's identity is considered to be verified. Alternatively

,

the profile data may be stored centrally. In this case, the individual first

supplies identifying information on the system and positions a hand upon the

sensing area. The measurements are then made and transmitted to the central

location for comparison with the profile data. The system can then response

appropriately, based upon whether or not a match is obtained [10,22].

5. 4. 3. 3 Voice

Voice characteristics of an individual can be measured and stored for later

comparison in order to verify the identification of the individual speaker.

Presently, voice measurements can be usefully made of waveform envelope,

voice pitch period, relative amplitude spectrum, and vocal tract resonant

frequencies (formants). Prototype systems have been developed which employ

recognition of relative amplitude spectrum and vocal tract resonant

frequencies [8].

5. 4. 3. 4 Handwriting

Automated handwriting verification systems have been developed to accurately

measure handwriting dynamics over time. Statistical evaluation can be done

of the signature pressure, velocity, acceleration, etc. These measurements,

which are unique to the individual, can be correlated with a matching algorithm in the enrollment data base to verify the user. Systems have been

developed which use from one to three axes of dynamic measurements , measured

by transducer or strain gauges in the tablet and/or the pen [10].

5.5 OTHER SYSTEMS

Many locks can be interconnected to alarm systems and are specifically

designed as alarm integrated locks. Additional automated or machine-aided

manual entry-control systems are available that connect sophisticated sensing

and identifying devices to the remote door lock operator. These devices

include TV monitors, explosives detectors, metal detectors, -ray systems,

sensitive nuclear material (SNM) detectors and others [10], Combinations

of these devices are presently being used for personnel search rooms at high

security locations.

59
An interesting proposal for accessing a special weapons storage magazine,

suggested by Moore et al . [20], is the use of a particular electronic

locking system. This proposal uses an electronic key carried by one of the

persons authorized to enter the storage area. When access to a magazine is

authorized, a computer generates a random number that is loaded into the

battery-operated electronic key and stored in the computer for later transmission to the remote microprocessor associated with the magazine lock. An

interval timer in the key is started, and at the expiration of this interval

the number is erased from the key memory. After telephoning the Guard Control Center, the electronic key is plugged into an appropriate receptacle on the exterior of the magazine and the resulting match of the random numbers in

the key and lock within the acceptance time interval releases the latch. If

the match does not occur, the enable period is terminated and an alarm condition is reported to the central station. There are two types of keys: single use keys and master keys. When a single use key is used to open an electronic lock, the random number which it contained is erased. Master keys

retain the random number with which they have been loaded and can be used to

open any number of locks that have been loaded with the corresponding number;

they are erased only at the expiration of the time period with which they

were loaded.

ELECTRONIC LOCKING SYSTEM

60
A schematic diagram, on the previous page, illustrates the logic involved in

this locking system and is part of a proposed computer-based security system

which includes intrusion detection equipment, diverse alarms, general radio

and telephone systems, guard activity sensors, access control equipment,

meterol ogical and environmental sensors, and deterrent systems with appropriate response initiatives. It includes various fail-secure modes and a manual override mechanism to accomodate malfunctions. The override mechanism is also unique in that it a) requires a special tool to operate, and

b) will sound a high intensity audible alarm when actuation is started, and

c) will ensure that actuation can not be completed before the expiration of

a predetermined time interval, and d) at the end of this time interval will

physically withdraw the bolt of the electronic lock from its strike, and

e) will force an electronic safe/arm device to the "safe" position to prevent

the inadvertent actution of a forced entry deterrent action.

Another device recently developed and proposed is an Electronic Padlock

for the commercial transport industry which uses a battery operated portable

keyboard to input the Code into the .padlock through a hard wired key.

Hydraulic and pneumatic locks are also available to a limited degree and are particularly applicable to places not completely dependent on electric cur- rent and which require remote control. Hydraulic or pneumatic operation can also be of advantage for installations requiring quick response on very

heavy bolts and doors.

61
Catalogue illustration

security lever lock by

Folger Adam Company
Solid steel bolt with hardened high

carbon steel inserts

V-notches increase

resistance to picking

Phosphor

bronze springs

Forged steel case

One-piece alloy bronze cylinder

Curved bolt design

for increased

strength

Tight gate clearance

increases tamper

resistance

Bolt travel

limit pin

Paracentric keyway

increases resistance

to picking

Heavy-duty

spring temper

brass lever tumblers (5)

6. COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS

This group of descriptors includes those specific characteristics attributed

to particular components of a locking device. For the purpose of this

category, the prime components of locking devices are: 1) the COLT, 2) the

STRIKE and/or RETAINER, e) the BOLT ACTUATING MECHANISM, 4) the OBSTACLE,

5) the KEY/CODE, 6) the ARMOUR. These are listed in table 6-1 Component

Characteri sties, which lists separate attributes and their descriptive

indicators with each component. It is understood that some characteristics

are sometimes attributed to a set of components, in which case a judgment

is made as to which component is more prominent in being affected and

the characteristic is listed with that component. In fact, many of the

descriptors refer to a method of affecting the interface between two

63
Table 6-1 Component Characteristics of Locking Devices

Component Attributes Specific Indicators

Shape Rectangular, Cylindrical, Wedge, Full Height, Compounded,

Hook, Rotary, Latch, Integral

Number 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more

Bolt Size

Standards: 1/4", 7/16", 1/2", or 5/8", 11/16", 1", 1-1/16,

1-1/8" or 1-1/4" x 3/8", 1/2", 9/16", 5/8",

3/4", or 1" throw; Custom or Heavy Duty: larger

sizes

Movement Sliding, Pivoting, Rolling, Revolving

Material

Mild Steel, High Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Brass, Various Alloys, Cast Iron, Various Inserts

Strike/ Retainer

Design Strike Plate, Box Strike, Integral, Rim, Electric (Solonoid), Custom

Material Mild Steel, High Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Brass, Various Alloys

Bolt

Electrical OperationSolenoid, Motor, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Fail Safe, Fail Secure, Remote, Adjacent

Actuating Mechanism Mechanical Operation

Spring, Cam and Lever, Gear, Dead Locking, Double Throw

Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Positively or Intermittently Coupled

Material As above plus Spring Steel

Operation Wards, Cylinder Tumblers, Lever Tumblers, Wheel Tumblers,

Electronic Reader, Push Buttons, Manual Bolt (inside)

Obstacle

Design Features

Bi-Access Keyway, Bicentric Cylinder, Changeable Combination and/or Core, Double Cylinder, Double Nose, Hardened Barrier,

Key Holding, Masterkeying, Paracentric Keyway, Picking Lockout, Time Recording, Programmable Relay, Time Zone, AntiPassback Central Processor, Key Bypass, etc.

Material As above

Manual Combination, Push Buttons, Keyed Cylinder, Keyed Levers, Push Bolt

Electronic,

Magnetic

Embossed Code, Radio Frequency Code, Coded Circuitry,

Optically Coded, Capacitive Code, Magnetic Code

Key/ Code

Personal Differentiation

Voice, Fingerprint, Handwriting, Hand Geometry, Facial Characteristics, Retina Pattern, Electrocardiogram Pattern,

Size

Differentiation Rectangular, Wing Bit, Half Cylinder, Compound Shape, Flat, Corrugated, Paracentric, Tubular, Card

Material Metal, Plastic, Other

Armour

Protection Resistance: Sawing, Impact, Drilling, X-Rays, Gamma Rays, Radiographic Reading

Design Case, Closure, Cover, Frame, Insert, Wall

64
components. As stated previously, many of the types listed in this

classification network are not mutually exclusive. Component characteristics,

in particular, have descriptors that might apply to not only other components,

but to operation and installation types.

6.1 BOLT

A bolt is usually a secured piece of metal

which is placed between the door and its direction of travel in such a manner so as to prevent

the door from opening. It can be of various

SHAPES, NUMBERS, SIZES, AND MATERIALS and its

placement accomplished by many methods of

MOVEMENT.

6.1.1 Shapes

Most bolts are Rectangul ar in shape so as to

distribute any forces that might be applied

in the most even manner. A rectangular shape

also is easier to machine for necessary projections and recesses for gates, connections,

etc., and is more stable by design to resist

twisting torque and bending forces. Cyl indri - cal shaped bolts are common for the Bored type

locks since they are designed to operate in

a round hole and can be cut from bar stock.

The Cylindrical shape is also commonly used

for manually operated bolts and multi-bolted

locks in safes, vaults and cremone locks. A

Wedge shaped bolt, the continuous height of

the door, is used in some thick vault doors

which prevents the door from opening by virtue

of its filling the space required to be free

for the door edge to swing through its opening

arc. Some vault doors also use continuous

height rectangular bolts. An interesting

development in exit locks for double doors

in the use of full height bolts (or moving

astragals) in the meeting stiles that either

project when closed or revolve on a ratchet

in order to form a barrier against penetration

of a hook wire through the gap between pairs

hook bolt lock

vault wedge bolt £

65
of doors. These devices could be adapted into

full height dead bolts and some manufacturers

presently provide an unique full height interlocking bolt system as part of their commercial

door systems (e.g. Amarlite, Howmet, Kawneer,

Openings). Compounded shapes are seen in the

so-called vertical dead bolts, which have a pair of cylindrically shaped ends as part of a vertically sliding rectangular bolt. Similar

to this is the Hook bolt used for sliding doors

and integral interlocking and Rotary dead bolt

locks. Latch bolts usually have beveled ends

to retract into the lock when contacting the

strike plate edge and thereafter snap into

the strike plate retainer hole by force of

a spring. A unique Bolt/Cylinder is available

(by Tufloc) as part of a surface mounted, selfcontained locking device with an integral hasp.

This bolt is the actual cylinder housing which

slides in and out of its retainer to operate

the lock. Another unique bolt used in conjunction with commercial entrance doors of glass

is a flat cyl i nder-shaped bolt that rolls rather

than sliding or pivoting (by Blumcraft). Notice

should be taken of locks like the Ingersoll

Rim Automatic Deadlock which includes a self

dead locking mechanism that latches automatical ly

(engages by closing the door) with either a hook or flat bar type bolt.

by OPENINGS

rotary dead

bolt lock

expanding

dead bolt lock

si idi ng

astragal revolving astragal

tufloc bol t/cyl i nder Ingersoll rim lock

66
6.1.2 Number

Most locks have one bolt at a single point.

Since most locks are operated by cylinder locks

with very small keys, there is a limit to the

force that can be applied and therefore the lock

it is used with one bolt of optimal size, Where

larger and sturdier keys or gear operation are

part of the lock design, more than one bolt

becomes practical for operation. Multi-bolted

locks for doors are now available from at least

3 commercial manufact urers (Mul-T-Lock, Fichet,

Adams Rite). Exit locks and narrow stile locks

can also have two or three bolts as part of

their design.

6.1.3 Sizes

Sizes vary considerably and, although it can be

said that a larger bolt should be stronger, even more important is the way the bolt is connected

to the lock/door and how it will distribute

forces applied to it due to both attack and

normal operation. This observation illustrates

the need for standard performance tests rather

than merely specifying a large size for the

bolt. There are practical limits to bolt size

imposed by the size of the key and the design

of the lock operation. Many bolts have projections of one inch or more in order to make it

more difficult to pry the frame strike from

securing the bolt, but a longer projection provides a longer lever arm which results in larger

forces being applied to the bolt connections

during an attack. Therefore, bolt size alone

does not predict a level of security.

C

twin- bo It

deadlock

four point

lock
6.1.4 Movement

Related to its shape is the method of movement

for the bolt to secure an object. Methods of

movement include $1 idi ng , Pi voti ng and Rol 1 i ng or Revolving bolts. Passive bolts (section 5.2.1)

engage retainer devices by sliding or pivoting

action of the door or cover.

6.1.5 Materials

pivoted bolt lock

Materials used for bolts are usually of cast

metal while the best are of stainless steel,

or a hardened steel. Cast bolts with Hardened

Steel Inserts are also quite common to make

sawing more difficult while at the same time

providing a bolt that will be economic and

not corrode. Cast metal could be too brittle

for high security bolts and can break under

impact force, (see section 6.6, Materials)

In an electromagnetic lock with no moving

parts, the Electromagnetic Force takes the

place of a bolt by bonding the door to the

frame (see section 5.3 El ectomagnetic Operation). hardened steel inserts

6.2 STRIKE/RETAINER

Critical to the security of any bolt is the

design and material of the sri ke/retainer which

is the bolt receptacle and its immediate sur- roundings. This is a very simple component

with a straightforward need of stability. The

characteristics that affect stability are few:

appropriate shape , adequate securing method

and being sized for adequate strength. Strikes

are available as: Strike Plates - metal plate, with cut hole

for the bolt, secured to the frame

Box Strikes - box shaped metal to protect

the bolt projection, secured into the frame.

Integral Strikes - precisely cut recess in a solid metal frame, usually for a safe or vault

Rim Strikes - to accomodate rim lock bolts,

surface applied

Electric Strikes - solenoid operated by a remote

or adjacent switch.

There are many custom and oversized strike

plates on the market designed for particular

installations. Special strikes, for example,

are required for locks where the bolt is thrown

from the jamb into the door. electric strikes

68
6.3 BOLT ACTUATING MECHANISM

This part of a lock is that connection between

the locking bolt and the obstacle and can include simply a cam and spring in a spring

latch bolt or a very complicated set of levers,

gears, electric solenoids and electronic

controls in a large vault door.

Bolt mechanisms are divided into two general

categories according to the type of power used

to move the bolt: Electrical or Mechanical

(or manual). Some locking devices are designed

to use either or both types of operating power.

The operation of electric bolts is controlled

by either application or removal of electrical

power to a Solenoid-Operated or Motor-Operated

bolt. The bolt operates in one of two modes:

Fai 1 -Secure (unlocked when energized) or FailSafe (locked when energized). Auxiliary power

supplies are usually required. Most electrically powered mechanisms are Remote from the

input device although many are Adjacent.

Mechanical bolts are constrained in their

projected positions either by a spring or by

interference from a solid barrier. The bolt

or latch function is usually designated as

a Spri ng-Loaded Latch , a Dead-Locking Latch , or a Deadbolt.

mortise lock

bolt-actuating mechanism

dead-locking latch

A Spring-Loaded Latch is a latch which is automatically projected by spring action. Spring

latches are not usually positively coupled

(see below) to their key/combination mechanism

and, therefore, can be easily defeated. Where

locks have a DeadLocking Latch, the use of

a plunger or secondary bolt in conjunction

with a spring latch is common. The plunger

is depressed as the door is shut, placing a barrier in the path of the spring latch which

restricts its movement.

A Deadbolt has no spring action and becomes

locked against pressure on the end of the bolt

when it is fully projected. Deadbolts are either Positively Coupled or Intermittently- Coupl ed to the key mechanism. Those key locks

which are positively coupled require correct

key operation for unlocking. Intermittently

RET HECHAKISM

L? MOTION positively coupled

intermi ttently coupled

69
coupled deadbolt locks can often be defeated by

bolt manipulation without rotation (operation)

of the mechanism. Some bolts include a Doubl

Throw mechanism which requires the cylinder to

turn twice for full projection. This makes the

cylinder more difficult to pick in addition to

permitting the bolt to project further. Rarer

forms of Bolt Actuating Mechanisms include

Pneumatic and Hydraulic operation. These systems are usually combined with door closing

mechanisms and operated by electrical switches

and electronic controls (Honeywell, Johnson,

Reliable Security, Stanley).

6.4 OBSTACLE

A critical part of any lock is the obstacle

placed between the user and the operating or open mode of the door or closure. Different

types of locks place different kinds of obstacles between the user and the operating or securing component that physically locks the

closure. The design of the obstacle usually

differentiates one type of lock from another,

and the sophistication and dependability of

the obstacle usually determines the level of

security provided together with the practical

application of a locking device. The obstacle

can be a mechanical set of pins or wheels, for

example, or it can be an electronic sensing

device designed to identify an individual's

speech characteri sties. In the case of a mechanical lock, the obstacle is usually a series of tumblers, each of which must be set

in a precise position before the bolt operating

mechanism can move. These tumblers can be set

precisely by someone knowing the secret code

or having a matching encoded key. Additional

obstacles include components such as: time

mechanisms, a guard or another user, electronic codes, and simple physical barriers.

Obstacles include almost all the items

described in Chapter 5, Operation Types,

including Wards , Cylnder Tumblers , Lever

T umblers , Wheel Tumblers , Electronic Coding

and Decoding devi ces. P ush Buttons , Magnetic

Card and Key Readers . They are most commonly

tumblers of some sort. Characteristics available for some tumblers include: Bi -Acess keyways, Bicentric cylinders (Yale) Changeable

Combi nations. Changeable or Removable Cores ,

CYLINDER

CASE

CHANGE KEY CYLINDER PLUG

MASTER KEY CYLINDER PLUG

bicentric cylinder

removable core cylinder

70
Double Cyl ind ers, Do uble No se locks. Hardened

Ba rrie rs, Key Hol ding, Maste rkeyi ng (see

Appendix E), Change Codes, Paracentric Keyways,

and Picking Lockout s.

An important characteristic of all tumbler

obstacles is Pick Resist ance [1 16]. Pick

resistance varies according to:

a. Inconsistencies in keying requirements

relating to masterkeying and grandmasterkeying.

b. Variations between manufacturers concerning

pin lengths, hole drilling, tolerances and

key cuts.

c. The experience of the picker, location of

the cylinder to be picked and type of lock

function used.

Electronic locking systems have a great many

characteristics that apply to the locking

device obstacle, most of which were noted in

Section 5.4, Electro-Mechanical Operation.

Particular characteristics such as Sequential

Lock i ng . Door Interlocks, automatic Code

C hange , Anti-Passback , Ti me Zoning , Time

Recordi ng , etc, can more "easily be" made a part of the obstacle in an electronic system

than in a strictly mechanical system.

6.5 KEY/CODE

The key is a specifically unique object in

relation to a lock which provides the bearer

with exclusive ability to operate a single

lock or a group of locks. From the large

wooden keys of 4000 years ago to the plastic

cards of today, keys have come in various

materials and shapes [29]. Inherent to any

key or card is a code that, enables the operator to remove an obstacle or a set of obstacles

placed between the key and the door-securing

mechanism. A code can also be a set of digits

that are placed into the device by pushing

buttons or turning a dial or dials. Some

devices use electronics to set and read the

code. Characteri stic features available in

electronic systems seem almost limitless. Many

71
were described in Section 5.4 Electromechanical

Operation, and mentioned in Section 6.4,

Obstacle.

The particular types of available cards, also

described previously, include Magnet ic,

Capacitive , Embossed , Radio Frequency , Code

Ci rcuitry , and Opti cally Coded cards. Access

Control Systems also include methods that can operate the lock by verifying personal characteristics for each individual. Included in

these methods are Fi ngerpri nt . Hand Geometry , Speech , Handwriti ng . Retina P a ttern , Acoustic

Transfer Function , and Electrocardiogram

Pattern verification systems.

The conventional metal key is available in a variety of forms. Flat, Corrugated , Paracen - tric , Tubular , Wing Bit , and HalfCyl i nder , depending on the design of the cylinder or lock. Their operation is basically the same. They are inserted into a keyway by which s*00TM

force the tumblers are moved by corresponding

cuts in the key blade or wing, enabling the key

to be turned which usually engages a bolt operating mechanism. The key handle is designed to

be large and strong enough to operate the cylinder and lock. The Fichet key is most unusual.

It is a 4-wi ng key which enables as few as two or three cuts on each blade to be separated

allowing ten depths per cut. The structural

Strength of the Fichet key is also much

greater than usual keys, allowing the key

and cylinder to be used for devices requiring

considerable force. Folger-Adam Co. also makes

large keys correspondi ng to their larger

cylinders and lever locks. These unusual

keys are stronger and difficult to both

duplicate and misplace.

Electronic keys are available in either Active

or PassJ_ve forms: the active electronic key

is battery operated and transmits a code to

the lock, passive electronic keys are typically

cards which are read by an appropriate reader.

Also available are metal or plastic keys similar

to conventional keys, that are encoded similarly

to the cards.

72
6.6 MATERIALS

Every component of a locking device requires the selection of appropriate

materials in its manufacture. In high security installations, in particular,

the material must be able to resist severe physical attacks and have the

durability required for long use under extreme conditions [7]. Softer material is generally less resistant to tensile and compressive forces but more resistant to impact forces. A soft material will tend to yield and absorb

energy under impact such as the force applied with a hammer and chisel whereas

a hard material may fracture, if the hard material cannot absorb the concen- trated energy applied by impact and the small area of contact at the chisel

edge. See Appendix F, Se lection Of Materials For Lock Components , for a brief review that touches on factors which should be considered when selecting

a material for a particular component. The prime factors include the

materials hardness, brittle behavior, notch toughness, and tensile strength.

6.7 ARMOUR

An obvious, but nonetheless important, component is the protection given the

lock itself, against violet physical attack. This armour encloses all the

vital parts of the lock and must be designed and secured in such a manner as to resist all expected types of attack. Depending on the location of the

lock mechanism and bolt, the armour can be the lock case, the closure material,

the wall, the frame or parts of the above, the material is usually a steel

of specific characteristics (see 6.6 Materials, above) and can be obtained to

resist drilling, saving and impact attacks together with resisting x-rays,

gamma rays, and radiographic reading (by Shwayder).

73
-

'

:

• i ?i

I * I

74

*

'
7. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

Locking devices are available in a wide variety of types, each with its

characteristic combination of design, performance, operation, function and

components. If manufacturers of electronic security devices are included,

an estimate of the number of U.S. manufacturers of locking devices and

components reaches well over one thousand. Given this variety, analytic

and evaluation methods must be developed to assist both manufacturers and

purchasers of locking devices. This report, one part of a larger project

to improve high security locking devices, contains the start of a systmatic

approach to the study of locks and should assist in establishing basic

75
principles for the development that will improve the performance of all

locking devices and benefit the manufacturers as well as the consumers.

7.1 SUMMARY

This report summarizes available information on locking devices in a manner

that will be useful to those to studying locking concepts and intending

develop innovative devices. Starting with a general description and review

of the existing types, functions and grades of locks, the different types

are described according to their installation and operation. Following this

is a description of various component characteristics that differentiate

locks.

Installation types are grouped into those that emphasize their installation

methods, their applications or their purposes. Installation types include

the most common door locks available such as the mortise locks and the bored, or key-in-knob, locks. Operation types are separated according to the kind

of power or force used to move parts of the locking device, and includes

mechanical, electrical or electromechanical operations. The mechanical operation types include keyed and keyless types. These are further grouped

into descriptors such as cylinder tumbler, wheel tumbler, electromagnetic

and electronically encoded locks, among others. Components of locks are further classified and grouped according to attributes and specific indicators. Components include the bolt and its retainer, the bolt actuating

mechanism, the obstacle the key or code, and the armour.

The present market place includes locking devices of great variety and com- petitiveness. As sythesized in this report, there are more than 35 operation

types and sub-types, 15 installation types, and 100 component characteristics.

Many of these types and characteri sties are not mutually exclusive, so that

the available or potential variety is great.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations are made as a result of preparing this report, in three

areas: 1) Standards, 2) General Study and Research, 3) Specific Product

Development.

7.2.1 Recommended Standards

• This report does not discuss lock performance and resistance to attack

methods in any detail. Nevertheless, two reasons for deficient lock

performance must be noted:

1. the lock will not resist forcible attacks if a component is not

designed with adequate strength

2. there are surreptitious attack methods which can nondestructively

by-pass the usual access obstacle(s) placed in the way of operating

the securing mechanism or device (i.e.: in a mechanical system,

lock picking).

76
Many types of locking devices often address one of these points without

adequately accomodating the other. Elaborate electronic controls can be used

for a door which can be kicked open, or a fortress-1 ike doorway can have a lock that can be easily picked. An adequate lock can be made useless by the

improper installation of a strike plate or door frame. These comments are obvious to anyone involved in physical security and yet this problem

continues.

One major reason for the aforementioned problem, and most other problems

in physical security, is the lack of comprehensive standards for high security locking devices. Therefore, it is recommended that work begin immediately to develop comprehensive test methods and performance standards for

high security locking devices. The first step should be preparing controlled

standardized laboratory tests. This will enable manufacturers and users

to ascertain an agreed upon level of performance for each product. The manu- facturer can benefit since a large "factor of safety" will not need to be

designed into the product (overdesign) as it seems to be in many present

products in order to accommodate subjective evaluation by users. The user

will benefit since such tests will establish the level of performance available for a particular product. The second step should be the initiation of

necessary communications among manufacturers, their Associations, the users

and government agencies in a forum such as the MERADCOM/ DNA Lock Workshop

or the existing ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment. This

will encourage the efficient implementation of the standard test methods

together with the development of innovative locking devices.

7.2.2 General Recommendations for Study and Research

a) Additional State-of-the-Art Studies - It is suggested that further studies

into the present state of the art for locking devices be commenced that will

analyze in depth every system and product available. Particular emphasis

should be placed on the evaluation of electronic and mechanical systems

in order to enhance their strengths and reduce their weaknesses. Detailed

information on the operation and maintenance of locking devices should be

encouraged, for a controlled audience, in a standardized format which will

help performance specifications to be developed which in turn encourages

innovation. Existing designs and concepts should be analyzed for possible

adaptation to high security uses. This includes those low security devices

which could be improved or modified for selected applications. As an example, the key-in-knob lock is not a high security device for any application, and yet the common wafer tumblers have been adapted for use in automobile ignition locks and the installation method has been adapted for use

in dead bolt locks.

b) Patent and Historical Search and Analysis - The modern pin-tumbler lock

is based on the same principles the ancient Egyptians used some 4000 years

ago for their locks. Practical ideas could be generated from the study of

locks that are no longer being manufactured, or locks that are patented but are yet to be manufactured.

77
c) Evaluation Methodology - Using the classification network included in

this report as a base, a methodology should be prepared for users to

thoroughly evaluate locking device attributes in concert with the development of standards and methods of test for high security locking devices.

d) Glossary - An industry-wide comprehensive glossary should be prepared.

An examination of the terms and definitions included at the end of this

report illustrates the existence of a great deal of overlap in different

parts of the industry and the need for more clarity in the use of words.

A comprehensive glossary, which includes the terms used in the electronic

segment of the industry, should be prepared in the forum environment of

ASTM Committee F-12.

7.2.3 Recommendations for Specific Product Development

a) Multiple Point Locks - Multiple point locks are commercially available

for comparati vely low security (residential and light commercial) and high

security (banks) needs. The economy and ease of use of the low security

items and the attack resistance of the vault door should be merged for a practical multiple point locking system applicable to high security needs.

b) Technical Transfer - Adaption and application of methods used for existing

locking in correction and detention institutions, custom doors, automobile

locks, and vending machine locks. Many locking devices presently being used

can be simply modified for use in full scale mock-ups of high security doors.

It is suggested that the above noted locks, and others, be adapted as required

for controlled field tests in order to provide data for the selection of

interim products until more appropriate products are developed.

c) Protected Lock Mechanism - Locks are located in doors because of tradition

and the need to combine the lock with a latching mechanism. This need not be

the case for high security doorways. Many electronic lock controls are presently being installed in the wall adjacent to the door. The locking mechanism can be better protected by the wall if the bolts can be projected from

behind the wall. The mechanism should be as far inside as possible and at

least protected by the full depth of the door similar to the case of a rim

lock. Electronic or electro-mechanical controls can more easily be remotely

located and thereby eliminate holes in the door for keys.

d) Full Height Bolts - Using a concept derived form two sources--a bank vault

door and the unique locking device manufactured by Openings Inc., a prototype study model should be built which will illustrate the practicality of

having an integral full height operating bolt.

7.3 CONCLUSION

It is said that more patents have been issued for locks than for most other

products in the world. Perhaps it is important that we continue to develop

new locks and thereby keep ahead of those that insist on figuring out ways to

defeat them. This approach entails constantly replacing existing lock syssystems with systems based on new concepts whenever it becomes necessary. On

the other hand, the key to this dilemma does lie in the key (or the code).

78
The object of any security system is to limit access to only one person or group of persons preselected for access. This objective is undermined if

the system is compromised. The system is usually compromised by one of two

methods: obtaining and using the key or code, or destroying the operating

mode of the securing mechanism. In each case, security has been degraded.

Carrying this logic forward, we are led to the conclusion that locking

devices should not have keys or codes but be able to sense and respond to

the uniqueness of individuals rather than what they possess or know. This

has been approached in electronic systems that join the sciences of mechanics

and biotechnology to the science of electronics in order to provide very

sophisticated security systems. Locking devices are being tremendously

affected by the trends in Enty-Control Systems which are becoming more and more comprehensive in their application and usefulness. Electronic systems

are being used more extensively each year so that new products are almost

exclusively in the electronic industry. These improvements have been generally confined to the survei lance, identification and detection components

of the total security system because of the present acceptance of dependable

mechanical/manual locking components to fall-back on in case of power or system failure. This is particularly true in areas where life-safety is

paramount. Often, a very sophisticated electronic security/safety system

will include very oridinary locks that can easily be defeated. This is

changing rapidly. Locks using electronic keys/cards and/or manual digital

inputs have become economically viable and to be preferred over strictly

mechanical locks. While, in the past, electronic applications to security

were only found in military and high security environments, they are now

being sold to the homeowner by hardware stores. Managers of commercial and

institutional environments have particularly become aware of the availability

of more sophisticated security equipment and are insisting on their use.

The most significant advances in security methods for the military parallel

advances in computer and electronic technology. There are comprehensive

computer security systems for buildings that are programmed to do everything

from recording personnel movements to reporting on the proper functioning of

various equipment. These systems are active, rather than passive. This means that a time factor is part of the access control system such that

each access point can allow or disallow entry, alarm a response to various

situations, record the name of the person, time and other data, and reset

the person's route or schedule. Although most military work is associated

with detection, alarm and response systems, it promises to provide practicable locking devices in the future that should be superior to everything

commonly used today.

In summarizing the objective of this report several conclusions should also

be briefly mentioned:

1. In order to identify and document the state-of-the art in high security

locking devices it was found necessary to include methods and devices

presently used in low or medium security environments, for the sake of

comprehensiveness.

79
2. Although no significant non-military locking systems or subsystems were found in the literature or in the field that can be used as-is, methods

and products exist that can be modified and/or adapted for use. Some

of these have been presented and further insight could be gained by

investigating the potential of each.

3. The classification system of locks developed for use in this report

should serve as an intellectual framework for the future study, research

and development of high security locking devices.

4. The annotated bibliography and source list included in the Appendices

together with the glossary of technical terms should be particularly

useful to anyone interested in becoming more familiar with locking

device methods and products.

The value and resistance of a particular locking device relies a great deal on its strength and the mystery of the secret method that accompanies the

device. This is a case where the old adage, "The less that is known about

it, the better," is actually true. The mystique of lock picking in the past

grew to a point that huge sums of money were offered to anyone who could

defeat a lock that was thought to be unpickable. Today, inventors still

spend great amounts of time in developing and getting patented, ingenious new "unpickable" locks only to find that someone else has ingeniously discovered

a method of picking or decoding the same lock. The search continues to go

on for the perfect lock--one that is economical in both cost and maintenance,

that is convenient to use, easy to control and practically unpenetrable by

enemy or criminal attack.

80
REFERENCES

1 . American National Standard for Auxiliary Locks & Associated Products , ANSI A156. 5-1978, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1978

2. American Nation a l Standard for Exit Devices , ANSI A156. 3-1972 American

National Standards Institute, New York, 1972.

3. American National Standard for Interconnected Locks & Latches , ANSI

A156. 12-1979 American National Standards Institute, New York, 1977.

4. Standard for Mortise Locks & Latches , BHMA 621-1979, Builders Hardware

Manufacturers Assoc., New York, 1979.

5. American National Standard for Locks & Lock Trim , ANSI A156.2-1976,

American National Standards Institute, New York, 1976.

6. B arrier Technology Handbook , SAND 77-0777 (Controlled), Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M,., April 1978.

7. Cilimberg, R., "Some Materials Considerations for the Security of

Doors", NBS internal memo, June 1973.

8. Doddington, G.R., Personal Identity Verification Using Voice , Paper

presented at ELECTRO 76 Conference, May 1976.

9. Eleccion, Marce, "Automatic Fingerprint Identification", IEEE Spectrum

10, No. 9, September 1973.

10. Entry Control Systems Handbook , SAND 77-1033 (Controlled), Sandia

Laboratories for the U.S. Dept, of Energy, June 1979.

11. Gonzalez, Louis A., Study for U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency, in preparation, G.E. Center for Advanced Studies, personal communication, January

1980.

12. Haberman, Wolf, et al Physical Protection Equipment Study , NUREG-0274,

Book 1, Volume I, Book 2, Volume III, by the Mitre Corp. for the U.S.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1978.

13. Hennessy T.F., Early Locks and Lockmakers of America , Nickerson and

Collins, Des Plaines 111., 1976.

14. Hopkins, Albert A., The Lure of the Lock , The General Society of

Mechanics & Tradesmen, New York, 1928.

15. Hudnut, Richard A., "Master Keying", Part 1 and 2, Tech Talk, American

Society of Architectural Hardware Consultants, San Rafael, 1973.

81
16. Johnstone, Theodore H., "Locks and Locking Mechanisms", Industrial

Security, American Society of Industrial Security, Wash. D.C. , July

1963:

17. Locksmith Ledger and Security Registe r, Nickerson & Collins Co.,

Des Plaines, Illinois, Vol 39, No. 2,

18. Lock Workshop, minutes, MERADCOM, Fort Bel voir, V a., September 13,

1979.

19. Metals Handbook , "Properties and Selection of Metals", Vol. 1, 8th

Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, 1961.

20. Moore, R. T., R. J. Carpenter, A. W. Holt, A. L. Kolnig,

R. B. J. Warnar, Computerized Site Security^ Monitor and Response

System, Phase II Final Report, NBSIR 79-1725, National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C., March 1979.

21. National Fire Codes, Vol. 9, Sect. 101, "1976 Edition of the Life

Safety Code" (Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and

Structures), Sect. 102, "1978 Edition of the Standard for Assembly

Seating, Tents & Ai r Supported Structures", National Fire Protection

Association (N.F.P.A.), Boston, 1980.

22. P ersonnel Identification by Hand Geometry Parameters , Stanford Research

Institute Report, 15 July 1969.

23. Pierman, B.C., "Conceptual Evaluation of Risk and Penetrability",

Paper presented at the first ASTM Building Security Symposium at the

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., April 1979.

24. Rabinow, J., personal correspondence 1979, Pickproof Lock, Patent 4,

111 , 019, U.S. Patent,

25. Roberts, M. J., Construction Industry Thesaurus , Property Services

Agency DoE, London, 1976.

26. Standard Test Methods for Security of Swinging Doors Assemblies , ANSI/ASTM F 474-76, American Society for Testing and Materials,

Philadelphia, 1976.

27. Strobl, Walter M., Crime Prevention Through Physical Security , Marcel

Dekker, New York, 1978.

28. Technology Assessment and Forecast Report (7th), Patent and Trademark

Office, Washington, D.C., March 1977.

29. Tobias, Marc W., Locks, Safes, and Security , A Handbook for Law Enforcement Personnel, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1971.

82
30. Wakamiya, S., Automotive Igniti o n Lock Assemblies , Test Report in preparation, National Bureau of Standards, personal communication, January

1980.

31. Williams, Joseph V., Lock Handbook (U), SAND 78-0500, (Confidential),

Sandia Laboratories for the U.S. Dept, of Energy, June 1979.

32. Underwriters Laboratories Standard for Safety, Key Locks , UL 437 9 Northbrook, IL, 1979.

33. U.S. Dept, of Justice, Physical Security of Door Assemblies and

Components , NILECJ-STD-0306.00, Washington, D.C. , 1976.

83
84
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

This glossary is a compilation of definitions of selected words from various

existing publications. Many more words than are mentioned in this report are included. Some defintions were accepted as written, others were combined

and edited by the author. In cases of two definitions that cannot easily

be reconciled, both are included. Only words directly related to locks,

their components or operation are included. Most maintenance and attack

terms are excluded together with definitions that were unclear. Many terms

are included that are used with typical locking devices rather than high

security locking devices in order to provide a relatively comprehensive

glossary. The glossary, however, is not complete. Definitions applicable

particularly to electronic/electrical devices will require expansion as glossaries relevant to such devices become available.

The three principal sources used for this glossary are the author's publication "Terms and Definitions for Door and Window Security" (NBS SP 480-22,

1977), "Glossary of Lock Terminology" (Locksmith Ledger, 1975), and "Glossary

of Locksmith Terms" (IMDO U.S. Army 1973). In addition, the following were

reviewed for some terms not included in the above noted documents and

also to corroborate the definitions of specific words: "Standard Definitions

of Terms Relating to Combination Locks" ANSI/ASTM F 471-76 (ASTM, 1976),

"GLOSSARY", (Belsaw Institute of Locksmi thi ng, 1974), "Combination Lock

Glossary", (Lockmasters School), definitions in Reports and Standards by

US Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory, Builders Hardware Manufacturers

Association (BHMA), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), other government

publications and various manufacturers' glossaries.

ACE KEY (trade name) - see tubular key

ACE LOCK (trade name) - see tubular cylinder

ANGLE (Cut) - Angle of indentations or cuts

made in a key to make it fit the lock.

ANTI-FRICTION LATCH BOLT - The latch bolt of a lock which has been equipped with a device for

lessening the friction between bolt and strike.

Usually a small trigger attached to the bolt

which contacts the strike and exerts a lever

action to depress the bolt.

ANTI-RICK LATCH - A spring latch protected from

end pressure to prevent retraction of the latch

bolt with a knife or similar object. Also known

as DEAD LOCKING LATCH BOLT.

85
ARMORED FRONT - A lock front which consists of

two plates: one, the under plate, is fastened

to the case and is unfinished, the other, the

finish plate, is fastened to the under plate

and when in place covers the cylinder set screws thus protecting them from tampering.

Used on mortise locks.

AUXILIARY DEADLOCKING LATCHBOLT - An additional

bolt which has a plunger which is depressed

by the strike when the door is closed, and

automatically deadlocks the bolt against end

pressure. Also called Dead Latch.

AUXILIARY LOCK - A lock having a latch bolt or

a dead bolt operated by a key or a thumbturn or

both. This lock is often used in addition to

another lock, which may or may not be key

operated.

BACK PLATE (of a combination lock) - A metal

plate on the inside of a door which is used to secure a pin or disc tumbler rim lock cylinder

to the door by means of retaining screws. The

tail piece of the cylinder extends through a hole in the back plate.

BACK PLATE (of a cylinder lock) - A small metal

plate applied on the inside of a door through

which the cylinder retaining screws and

connecting bar are attached.

BACKSET OF A FLUSH BOLT - The distance from the

lock face a edge of a door to the centerline

of the bolt.

BACKSET (of a lock) - The horizontal distance

from the face of the lock to the center line of

knob, hub, keyhole, or cylinder. On locks with

a beveled front, this distance is measured from

the center of the lock face. On rabbeted doors,

it is measured from the lower step of the center

of the lock face. (To avoid confusion, it is

better to indicate this as backset, longs ide,

inches.)

BACKSET (of strike) - The distance from the door

stop to the edge of the strike cutout.

86
BAR LOCK - A lock used primarily in

automobiles, having a spring-loaded metal bar

incorporated in the cylinder mechanism, adding

to the security of the lock, (see SIDE BAR)

BARREL BOLT - A cylindrical sliding bolt

mounted on a plate containing a guide or case designed for surface mounting and manual,

keyless operation.

BARREL KEY - A key having a round post with a hole in the end which allows the key to fit and

turn on a pin in the lock. Used mainly for

cabinet locks and sometimes called a pipe key.

Similar to a tubular key.

BARRICADE BOLT - A massive metal bar that

engages large strikes on both jambs of a door.

Barricade bolts are available with locking

devices, and are completely removed from the

door when not in use.

BARRON's LOCK - A warded type lock employing a tumbler which contains a gate to allow a stump

on the bolt to pass through, or a stump on the

lever tumbler to pass through the bolt.

BELL KEY - A type of disc tumbler key named for

its manufacturer. A cross section of the key

somewhat resembles a dumbbell. Used mainly on slot and vending machines.

BEVEL (of a door) - The angle of the lock edge

of the door in relation to its face. The

standard bevel is 0.32 cm in 5.1 cm (1/8 in

in 2 in.)

BEVEL (of a latch bolt) - a term used to

indicate the direction in which a latch bolt is

inclined: regular bevel for doors opening in, reverse bevel for doors opening out.

BEVEL (of a lock front) - The angle of a lock

front when not at a right angle to the lock

case, allowing the front to be applied flush

with the edge of a beveled door.

BI-ACCESS KEYWAY - a lever tumbler cylinder

that is able to be operated from both sides

of the same cylinder (by Ingersoll).

87
BICENTRIC PIN TUMBLER CYLINDER - The name of a cylinder having two plugs and two set of pins,

each having different combinations. This cylinder requires two separate keys, used simultaneously, to operate it when interconnected, or

the cores can be operated independently where

one is reserved for a master key.

BIT KEY - A key with a bit projecting from the

end of a round shank. Similar to the barrel

key, but with a solid rather than hollow shank.

BIT (of a KEY) - The projection from the tip of

a bit key which is cut to allow the key to turn

past obstacles or wards in the lock or to avtivate lever tumblers and thereby permit the lock

bolt to be actuated.

BITTING - A cut, or a series of cuts in the

bit, made in order to move the tumblers to the

release position (see CUTS).

BLADE - The part of a flat key that fits into

the key way of a lock. The blade may have top

and bottom cuts or just top cuts to open the

1 ock.

BLADE TUMBLER - See disc tumbler.

BLANK (BLANK KEY) - An uncut key or the

unfinished key as it comes from the

manufacturer before any cuts have been made.

BOLT - 1) That part of a lock which, when

actuated, is projected (or "thrown") from the

lock into a retaining member, such as a strike

plate, to prevent a door or window from moving

or opening. See also DEAD BOLT, FLUSH BOLT,

and LATCH BOLT. 2) The component or part of

a combination lock that locks or blocks another

mechanism from operating until it is retracted.

BOLT ACTUATING HANDLE - Handle of a safe,

vault, or filing cabinet which actuates the

bolt linkage. The bolt actuating handle is

operated after the correct combination has

88
been dialed and the combination lock

bolt has been thrown.

BOLT ACTUATOR - Located inside the case of a combination lock and attached to the interior

end of the spindle. When the combination has

been properly aligned, the dial knob is turned

and the bolt actuator moves the bolt to open

the lock.

BOLT PROJECTION (BOLT THROW) - The distance

from the edge of the door, at the bolt centerline, to the furthest point on the bolt in

the projected position.

BOLT WORK LINKAGE - Actuated by the bolt handle

to throw the bolts of a safe, vault, or filing

cabinet into the opening position after the

correct combination has been dialed.

BORED LOCK (or LATCH) - A lock or latch whose

parts are intended for installation in holes

bored in the face and edge of a door. See

also KEY-IN-KNOB LOCK and CYLINDRICAL LOCKS.

BOTTOM BOLT - Any bolt designed for use on the

bottom of a door only.

BOTTOM PINS - In a pin tumbler cylinder, the

pin tumblers which determine the combination

of a pin tumbler cylinder and are directly con- tacted by the key. They are varied in length

and usually tapered at one end, enabling them

to fit into the "V" cuts made in a key. When

the proper key is inserted, the bottom pins

level off at the cylinder core shearline,

allowing the core to turn and actuate the

lock.

BOW OF KEY - The part of the key which does not

enter the lock, and allows the key to be held

for operation by the user. The handle or head

of a key.

89
BOX STRIKE - A strike that has a metal box or housing to fully enclose the projected bolt

and/or latch.

BRAMAH LOCK - A lock of very old design

using sliding bars with notches cut in the

sides. All notches must be aligned by pushing

the key into the lock before the cylinder will

turn. A barrel-type key with cuts around the

cylinder end is used. Forerunner of the tubular

lock.

BREAKWAY STRIKE - A strike used in a remote

control electric door lock, in which the strike

is electromagnetical ly retracted for operation

(see ELECTRIC STRIKE).

BURGLAR PROOF SPINDLE - Part of a combination

lock, a tapered or shouldered spindle hardened

pins so designed to prevent punching, pulling,

and drilling. Also known as BURGLAR-RESISTANT

SPINDLE, DRIVE PROOF SPINDLE, UPPER or PUNCH

PROOF SPINDLE.

BURGLAR RESISTANT RATING - Rating of a lock as to its capability for resisting illegal entry.

Usually expressed as the length of time

required to accomplish entry by skill and/or

force.

BUTTRESS LOCK - A lock which secures a door by

wedging a bar between the door and the floor.

Some incorporate a movable steel rod which fits

into metal receiving slots on the door and in

the floor. Also called POLICE BOLT/BRACE.

BYPASS KEY - Used with a bypass lock.

BYPASS LOCK - A secondary locking mechanism

interconnected with and designed to bypass

a primary mechanism and operate the bolt(s).

I;

90
(Ts

\

from inside the door. Widely used on residential

mortise front door locks.

CAM, MANIPULATION RESISTANT - In combination

locks it is of a dual construction which rides

on a spring loaded ball bearing and causes interference where the drive cam gateway

contacts the lever nose.

CAM, ROLLER - In a combination lock, the cam

roller pushes the lever/accelerator spring

assembly onto a shelf which prevents

lever/wheel contact.

CAM SLIDE - In a combination lock, connected

to the inner end of the spindle and, when

rotated, slides into the gate of the drive

cam.

CAM - 1) The part of a lock or cylinder which

rotates to actuate the bolt or latch as the key

is turned. The cam may also act as a bolt.

2) A rotating piece attached to the end of

the cylinder plug to engage the locking

mechani sm.

CAM, ANTI-MANIPULATION - In a combination lock,

the cam has two gateways for dual levers of the

lock. A ridged track on the bottom of the cam

rides on a spring, creating a continuous

clicki ng.

CAM, DRIVE - In a combination lock, the drive cam is connected to the spindle, it actuates

the wheels with its drive pin, and is gated to

accept the lever nose and retract the bolt.

Contians: 1) Drive pin, 2) Bearing, 3) Gating,

and 4) Spline.

CAM, LAZY - A cam which moves less distance

than the rotation of the cylinder core.

CAM, LOCK - A handle or knob fitted to the rear

of a mortise lock to provide easy operation

CAM, TIME LOCK MECHANISM - In a combination

lock, the pin on the drive cam winds the timing

mechanism of the lock when the opening

combination is dialed.

CANE BOLT - A heavy manually operated cane-shaped

bolt with the top bent at right angles, used

on the bottom of doors.

91
CAP, CYLINDER - A cover attached to end of the

cylinder opposite the keyhole which blocks

insertion of picking tools through keyway into

bolt-releasing mechanism.

CARRYING BAR - A flat, narrow steel bar, on the

inside of a vault door, which moves the bolts

when the door is opened or closed.

CARRYING BAR CAM - A device attached to the

bolt handle on the outside of a vault door.

The cam actuates the carrying bars which move

the bolts when opening or closing the vault

door.

CASE (of a lock) - The housing in which a lock

mechanism is mounted and enclosed.

CENTERING PIN or POST - See DRILL PIN.

CHAIN BOLT - A vertical spring-loaded bolt

mounted at the top of a door. It is manually

actuated by a chai n.

CHAIN DOOR INTERVIEWER - An auxiliary locking

device which allows a door to be opened

slightly, but restrains it from being fully

opened. It consists of a chain with one end

attached to the door jamb and the other attached

to a keyed metal piece which slides in a slotted metal plate attached to the door. Some

chain door interviewers incorporate a keyed

lock operated from the inside.

CHANGEABLE COMBINATION - A feature where the

lock combination can be easily changed when

requi red--common to all electronic locks and

wheel combination locks.

CHANGEABLE CORE or REMOVABLE CORE - A cylinder

designed to be easily removable from the

outside by use of a special key.

CHANGE KEY - A key that will operate only one

lock or a group of keyed-alike locks, as distinguished from a master key. See also KEYED-ALIKE

CYLINDERS and MASTER KEY SYSTEM.

92
CHANGE KEY COMBINATION - A key used in resetting

a key change combination or lever lock.

CHANGERS - 1) The number of possible key changes

or combination changes to a lock cylinder.

2) The different key bittings or tumbler

arrangements possible in a series of locks.

CLUTCH - The mechanism in each wheel of a key

change combination lock that allows the new combination to be set.

CODE - 1) An arrangement of numbers or letters

which are used to specify an operating combination for the bitting of a key or for the tumblers of a cylinder core. 2) A preset arrangement of characteristics which, if entered, operates

a specific locking device.

CODE KEY - A record of the key change or bitting

correspondi ng to a particular key change number.

COMBINATION - 1) the sequence and depth of cuts

on a key, 2) the sequence of numbers to which a combination lock is set.

COMBINATION CHANGE KEY - A key used

resetting a key change combination

combination lock.

l n

COMBINATION LOCK - A lock in which no key is

used to actuate the lock mechanism. Instead,

a dial is rotated or buttons are pushed to

correspond to a set of characters in a certain

sequence, thereby setting the mechanism into

the open mode.

93
COMBINATION TUMBLER - See WHEEL.

COMBINATION WHEEL ASSEMBLY - A complete set of

wheels on a post or curb containing tension

washers, spacing washers, fly, and a retaining washer. Also known as a NEST or WHEEL PACK.

COMBINED ESCUTCHEON - An escutcheon cut for

both knob and keyhole or cylinder.

COMPENSATING HUB - A hub that compensates for

shrinking or swelling of doors and other minor

applications, offset to project the spindle at

right angles to the surface of the door.

CONNECTING BAR - A flat metal bar attached to

the core of a cylinder lock to operate the bolt

mechani sm.

CONSTRUCTION MASTER KEYING - A keying system

used to allow the use of a single key for all

locks during the construction of large projects. In one such system, the cylinder cores

of all locks contain an insert that permits

the use of a special master key. When the con- struction is completed, the insert is removed

and the lock then accepts its own change key

and no longer accepts the construction master

key.

CONTROL KEY - The key of an interchangeable

core cylinder lock which is used to remove the

lock core. Also a key used by bank guards to

open safety deposit boxes in conjunction with

the depositor's key.

CONTROLLED RING DRIVER PIN - The top pin of a pin tumbler lock.

CONVENTIONAL LOCKS - A term commonly used to

describe mortise locks.

CORE (of a cylinder) - The round central part

of a lock cylinder, containing the keyway and

rotated by the key to operate the lock

mechanism. Also known as the PLUG.

CORE KEY - See CONTROL KEY.

94
CORRUGATED KEY - A key with pressed X

longitudinal corrugations in its shank to (O

correspond with an irregularly shaped keyway .

Square Cuts

COUNTERFEIT KEY - Made from a blank of another

manufacturer, the opposite of a genuine key.

COVER - Lid which secures to the lock case in

a combination lock by two flat head screws.

COVER ARM - 1) During change of combination,

the cover arm raises a lever to permit the

drive cam to turn. 2) A device in a combination lock that prevents the lever from entering

the drive cam gateway on "0" change locks

during combination changes.

CRASH BAR - See PANIC BAR

CREMONE BOLT - A surface-mounted manual locking

device that locks a door or sash into the

frame at both the top and bottom when a knob

or lever is turned.

CROWS FOOT - See INDEX, OPENING.

CURB - A component for holding the tumblers in

place (see also WHEEL POST).

CURB ANCHOR PIN - A part of the lock case which

holds the curb or wheel post in place opposite

the curb screw in a combination lock.

CURB CENTER - Center or curb over which the

wheels are placed in a combination lock.

CUT-OUT - A preparation of the door for

hardware and/or accessories.

95
CUTS - The indention made in a key to make it

fit the tumblers of a lock. Any notch made in

a key is known as a cut, whether it is square,

round, or V-shaped. Also called bitting.

CYLINDER - The cylindrical subassembly of a lock containing a cylinder plug with keyway

and a cylinder body with a tumbler mechanism.

CYLINDER BODY - The portion of a cylinder that

surrounds the plug and contains the tumbler

mechani sm.

CYLINDER COMBINATION - Usually, the combination

for a given cylinder which is stamped into the

bow of its keys.

CYLINDER CORE (or PLUG) - The central part of a cylinder, containing the keyway, which is

rotated by the key to operate the lock

mechani sm.

CYLINDER GUARD RING - A hardened metal ring,

surrounding the exposed portion of a lock

cylinder, which protects the cylinder from

being wrenched, turned, pried, cut, or pulled

with attack tools.

CYLINDER HINGED SHIELD - A steel guard plate

designed like a hasp which is installed over a cylinder lock so that when the hinge is locked

down in place with a padlock, no entry can be

made to pull, pick, or tamper with the cylinder

lock.

96
CYLINDER HOUSING - The portion of a lock that

surrounds and retains the cylinder body. It can be a knob, part of a lock case or other

anchoring means.

CYLINDER LOCK - A lock in which the locking

mechanism is controlled by a cylinder which

contains the tumblers and keyway.

CYLINDER, MORTISE TYPE - A lock cylinder that

has a threaded housing which screws directly

into the lock case, with a cam or other device

engaging the bolt actuating mechanism.

CYLINDER, REMOVABLE CORE - A cylinder whose

core may be removed by the use of a special

key.

CYLINDER PLUG - see CYLINDER CORE.

CYLINDER, RIM TYPE - A lock cylinder that is

held in place against its rim, by screws from

the interior face of the door.

CYLINDER SCREW - A set screw that retains a mortise cylinder in place and prevents it from

being turned after installation.

CYLINDRICAL (locks and latches) - see BORED

LOCK (or LATCH)

DEAD BOLT - A lock bolt which does not have an automatic spring action and a bevelled end, as opposed to a latch bolt which does. The bolt

must be actuated to a projected position by a key or thumb turn and when projected is locked

against end pressure returning the bolt into

its case.

97
DEAD BOLT TAILPIECE - That part of the dead

bolt which remains inside the lock when the

bolt is in the locked position. The tailpiece

is slotted to accept the tumblers or keybit

or the cylinder cam/mechansim.

DEAD LATCH - A spring-actuated latch bolt

having a bevelled end and mechanically con- nected to an auxiliary plunger that automatically locks the projected latch bolt when

the door is closed thus preventing the bolt

from being retracted by end pressure.

DEAD LOCK - A lock equipped with a dead bolt

only.

DEAD LOCKING LATCH (BOLT) - See DEAD LATCH.

DEMASTERING - A process whereby a locking

system which has been master keyed is altered

through changing the keying system. Demastering is a reverse process of master keying

or mastering.

DEPTH KEY - Any key in a set of sample keys

with a code to enable a locksmith to cut keys

from a number alone. Also known as a GUIDE

KEY.

DERIVATIVE CODE - A lock code in which there

is a close relationship between the lock code

number and the cuts in the key.

DIAL - In a combination lock, a numerically

calibrated revolving knob used to dial the

combination and operate the lock bolt.

DIAL LOCK - A combination lock.

98
DIAL RING - The metal disc (located directly

behind and around the dial on combination

locks) which contains the opening, L.O.B.C.,

and changing indices.

DIAL & RING, SPY PROOF - Restricts unauthorized

observation while dialing the combination.

Also known as DIAL SHIELD.

DIAL RING, KEY LOCKING - A dial ring containing

a key lock to lock the dial and prevent rotation.

DIAL SHIELD - The housing which shields the

dial from unauthorized observation. Also known

as the SPY PROOF DIAL.

DISC TUMBLER (in a cylinder) - (1) A

spring-loaded flat plate that slides in a slot

which runs through the diameter of the cylinder.

Inserting the proper key lines up the disc tumblers within the lock's shear line and enables

the core to be turned. Also called WAFER

TUMBLER. (2) Flat circular tumblers that

revolve, by use of a key, in order to align

slots for a side bar to drop into (Abloy

Cylinder).

DISCS - Formerly, the wheels of a combination

lock. The term DISC has been replaced by

WHEEL. Also used instead of WAFER and DISC

TUMBLERS.

DISPLAY KEY - See SHUT-OUT KEY.

DOG BOLT - Fixed, passive bolt projecting from

the frame or closure or door at pivot edge

(inserts into strike by the action of the

closure's closing arc).

DOGGING DEVICE - A mechanism which fastens the

cross bar of a panic exit device in the fully

depressed position, and retains the latch bolt

or bolts in the retracted position to permit

free operation of the door from either side.

DOGGING KEY - A key or key-type wrench used to

lock down, in the open position, the cross

bar of a panic exit device.

99
DOOR ASSEMBLY - A unit composed of parts or components which make up a closure for a passageway through a wall. It consists of a door,

hinges, locking device or devices, operational

contacts (such as handles, knobs, push plates),

miscellaneous hardware and closeres, the frame

including the head and jambs, the anchorage

devices to the surrounding wall, and the

immediate surrounding portion of wall.

DOOR BOLT - A rod or bar manually operated

without a key, attached to a door to provide

a means of securing it.

DOOR CAVITY - That space inside a safe or vault

door in which the lock case and the locking

bars are located.

DOOR GUARD - A cover which is mounted on an outward opening door at the strike to prevent

opening the lock with a shove knife, pry bar, or other similar instruments.

DOUBLE-ACTING DOOR - A swinging door equipped

with hardware which permits it to open in

either di rection.

DOUBLE BITTED KEY - A key having cuts on two

sides, to activate the tumblers of a lock.

DOUBLE CUSTODY LOCK - A lock requiring two keys

to effect an opening. General ly found on safe

deposit boxes. Also called DOUBLE NOSE LOCK.

DOUBLE CYLINDER DEAD LOCK - A lock containing

two cylinders, one on each side of the door,

either one of which can operate a dead bolt

with the use of a proper key.

DOUBLE NOSE LOCKS - Used in safe deposit boxes

are usually lever locks with two keyways, both

of which must be turned to actuate the bolt.

Also called DOUBLE CUSTODY LOCKS.
DOUBLE THROW BOLT - A bolt which can be

projected beyond its normal first position by

automatic or manual operation to a second or fully extended position thus providing added

security. (This type of bolt is used throughout

Europe and is predominant in Germany.)

DOUBLE THROW LOCK - A lock incorporating a double throw bolt.

DOUBLE BITTED LOCKS - Designed for use with a double bitted key.

DRILL PIN - A round pin, sometimes referred to

as a CENTERING PIN or POST, which projects from

the inside of the lock case opposite the keyway

to receive a barrel or pipe key.

DRILLED KEY - A key with a round post and

having a hole in the end which fits over a pin on the lock.

DRIVE CAM - 1) In a combination lock, a cam which

is fastened to the spindle and turns over it

and the dial. The drive cam actuates the wheels

through a drive pin and is gated in order to

retract the bolt. The drive cam contains a drive pin, bearing gating, spline, and cam

slide. 2) The assembly which actuates the

wheels in a combination lock by means of a drive pin. It is also gated to retract the

bolt. The slide is operated by the knob and

the inner spindle controls the gating. When

retracted, the slide also limits the drive cam movement.

DRIVE DISC - See DRIVE WHEEL.

DRIVE PIN - A small projection on the drive cam

and wheels which drives the wheel closest to it

in order to align the wheel.

DRIVE PIN SCREW - Inserted manually into a threaded perforation in a screw change wheel at

a selected position to change the combination.

DRIVE PROOF SPINDLE - See BURGLAR PROOF SPINDLE.

101
DRIVE WHEEL - The wheel in a combination lock

which is connected to the dial by the lock

spi ndle.

DRIVER PINS - Part of the set of pin tumblers

in a pin tumbler cylinder, usually flat on both ends, which push against the flat ends

of the bottom pins. They are projected by

individual coil springs into the cylinder core

until they are forced from the core by the

bottom pins when the proper key is inserted

into the keyway.

DROP - In a pin tumbler cylinder, the drop

represents the difference in thousandths of

an inch between any two adjacent pin sizes.

The drop should be consistent for adjacent

pins throughout the complete run of the cuts.

DROP ESCUTCHEON - A pivoted covering or weather

guard for a keyway which prevents rain or dust

from entering. The cover slides aside in order

to insert the key.

DROP RING - A ring handle attached to the

spindle which operates a lock or latch. The

ring is pivoted to remain in a dropped position

when not in use.

DUMMY CYLINDER - A mock cylinder without an operating mechanism, used for appearance only.

DUST-PROOF STRIKE - A strike with a spring

plunger that completely covers the bolt hole

when the bolt is not projected.

ELECTRIC STRIKE - An electrically operated

device that replaces a conventional strike

plate and allows a door to be opened by using

electric switches at remote locations to

release a pivoted bolt receptor.

EMERGENCY KEY - Operates any lock in a system

which has been locked by the change, master,

grand master, or lock-out keys. It controls

the function of the lock in the same manner

as the master key. In addition, it will

operate when the dead bolt is thrown from the

inside, even though the change key remains

inside the lock. This key can also be used to

102
make all keys inoperative except the master

and guard key. Also known as Lockout Key.

END WARD - A ward cut made in the end of a bit

key.

ESCUTCHEON PLATE - A surface-mounted cover

plate, either protective or ornamental, con- taining openings for any or all of the con- trolling members of a lock such as the knob,

handle, cylinder or keyhole.

ESCUTCHEON, KEY - A plate containing an opening

for a key only.

ESPAGNOLETTE BOLT - A fastening device for

inswinging French windows or doors, the device

is applied to the surface of the window or

door. It has hooks fastening the top and

bottom plus a bolt or hook locking the sash

at the center. One turn of the handle operates

all three locking positions.

EXTENSION LINK - A metal device that can be

linked to the latch of a cylindrical lock to

increase the back set.

EXIT DEVICE - A door locking device designed to

grant instant exit by pressing on a cross bar

that releases the locking bolt or latch, also

known as panic hardware.

FACE (of a lock) - The exposed surface of

mortise and other lock which is located

in the edge of a door.

FACEPLATE - The part of a mortise lock or rim

lock through which the bolt protrudes and by

which the lock is fastened to the door. Also

known as FRONT.

FALSE GATE - A gate in the levers of or in the

wheels of combination locks which will serve

to confuse an inexperienced operator who

attempts to pick or manipulate the lock. The

lever, which normally allows the bolt to be

retracted to open the lock, will not accept

the fence at the false position.

FENCE - 1) A metallic projection (usually

attached to the tail of the dead bolt) which

103
passes through the gates of the wheels or the lever tumblers when they are properly

aligned, permitting the bolt to be projected

or retracted. 2) (In a combination lock) A

part of the lever that fits into the tumbler

gates, permitting the lever to engage the drive

cam.

FIRE EXIT BOLT - See EXIT DEVICE.

FLAT KEY - A key of flat steel without grooves

or corrugations which usually has square-cut

bitting on one or both sides.

FLUSH BOLT - A door bolt so designed that, when

installed, the operating handle is flush with

the face or edge of the door. Usually installed

at the top and bottom of the inactive leaf of

a double door.

FLY - A metal stamping on a combination lock

wheel so constructed as to move within a small arc of travel which is limited by the main body

of the wheel. The fly is actuated by the drive

pin of the adjacent wheel or drive cam and permits alignment of the gate on a particular num- ber when the number is dialed either clockwise

or counterclockwise. If the wheel has no fly,

the opening combination will differ when dialed

clockwise than when dialed counterclockwise.

Square Cuts

FRONT (of a lock) - See FACE PLATE.

GATE - In lever locks, a notch in the end

of a lever tumbler which, when aligned with

the fence of the lock bolt allows the bolt,

to be withdrawn from the strike. In combination locks, the notch in a wheel

tumbler which must be aligned to allow the

fence to enter and operate the bolt mechanism.

GATING - Refers to the arrangement of the gates

in a combination lock.

104
GEARED DRIVE - The mechanical system in a combination lock in which a spindle, projecting

from the lock case proper, actuates the drive

cam through a gear mounted on the spindle

inside the lock case. Also know as OFFSET

DRIVE.

GEARED ROLLER FENCE - A device in a combination

lock that serves to retract the bolt when the

proper combination has been aligned and is

geared to the drive cam, it includes: 1) fence

- projects across preriphery of the wheels,

and 2) nose - portion which contacts the drive

cam.

GENUINE KEY BLANK - A key blank furnished by

the manufacturer of the lock with which the

key is to be used. Also called a GENUINE.

GRAND MASTER KEY - A key designed to operate

all locks under several master keys in a system.

GREAT GRAND MASTER KEY - Operates a number of

groups of locks, each group being under the

control of a master key or a grand master

key.

GROUP I - Designation of the Underwriters

Laboratories for combination locks which are tested for 20 manhours against manipulation.

GROUP IR - The designation of the Underwriters

Laboratories for combination locks which have

been tested for 20 manhours against manipulation

and 20 manhours against radiological attack.

GUARD LOCK - A lock which secures or checks

another lock. That part of the mechanism of

a safe deposit lock which is controlled by the

attendant's key as distinguished from that part

of the mechanism actuated by the depositor's

key. Sometimes a guard lock secures or covers

a keyhole.

GUARD PLATE - A piece of metal attached to a door frame, door edge, or over the lock cylinder for the purpose of reinforcing the locking

system against burglary attacks.

105
GUARDED FRONT AND STRIKE - A mechanical

interlocking method which prevents latch bolt

manipulation when a door is closed. Designed

particularly for psychiatric institution and

school building locks.

GUIDE KEY - See DEPTH KEY.

HALF MOON RETAINER - In combination locks, used

to secure a wheel pack on the wheel post. Fits over the top of the wheel pack and snaps around

the wheel post. Usually referred to as a SNAP

RING or SPIRALLOCK in newer assemblies.

HAND - 1) A term used to indicate the

adaptability of a door lock to left hand or right hand doors. Also used to indicate, on combination locks, the position of the bolt

with respect to the dial and dial index. See

VERTICAL UP and VERTICAL DOWN. 2) A term used

to indicate the direction of swing or movement

and/or locking side of a door.

HAND CHANGE - A method of changing the

combinations of locks by disassembling and

manually rearranging the relative position of

the drive pin to the gate on various wheels

of the lock. Types of hand changes are mesh

change, screw change, and hole change.

HANDED (locks, etc.) - A term used to indicate

that the article designated is for use only

on righthanded doors or left-handed doors but

not on both.

HAND OF COMBINATION LOCK INSTALLATION - The

spindle is splined in one of four positions to

permit these various mounting applications:

1) right hand horizontal, 2) left hand

horizontal, 3) vertical up, and 4) vertical

down.

HARDENED BARRIERS - Are inserts or covers that

protect the cylinder, keyway or bolt from

drilling and/or sawing, (includes, cover plate,

cylinder protection, lock case protection,

armour, protective envelope)

HARD PLATE - A hardened steel plate, usually

1/8 inch or more in thickness and fastened to

the interior of the door, on which the lock

106
It is intended to prevent drilling or punching

through the door to gain access to the lock

case.

HIGH CUT - A key which has practically no cuts.

Designated as "0" bitted.

HOLD-BACK FEATURE - A mechanism on a latch

which serves to hold the latch bolt in the

retracted position.

HOLLOW POST KEY - See BARREL KEY.

HOUSING - see CYLINDER BODY

HUB - The part of a lock through which the

spindle passes to actuate the mechanism.

HUB SPRING - The spring fitted around the body

of the hub to restore it to its normal position

after having been turned.

INDEX, CHANGING - The index mark on the dial

ring used when changing the combination. The

changing index mark may be located anywhere

on the dial ring.

INDEX, L.O.B.C. - In a combination lock, L.O.B.C.

means the lock cover is "Locked On By Combination." The opening combination must be dialed

to this index mark to remove the lock cover

and/or change the combination.

INDEX, OPENING - The index mark on the dial rin<

of a combi at ion lock used when dialing the com- bination to open the lock. Commonly referred

to as the CROWS FOOT.

INDIRECT DRIVE - See GEARED DRIVE.

INDIVIDUAL KEY - See CHANGE KEY.

INNER PLATE - Sometimes referred to as the rear door plate. The inside plate of a vault door

assembly.

INNER SPINDLE ASSEMBLY - In a combination lock,

a component of the manipulation-resistant

series of combination locks that connects

the knob with the cam slide.

Dial Flange

107
INSIDE CASE - The inner portion of the lock case which contains the latch bolt, tailpiece,

tailpiece spring, locking slide, and hubs.

INSTANT LOCKER - A lock constructed to lock

automatically by spring action upon closing

the door.

INTEGRAL LOCK (or LATCH) - Similar to a Mortise lock except that the key cylinder is

located in the knob. Series 3000 Lock of the

ANSI Standard for Locks and Lock Trim (A156.2).

INTERLOCK - Used in banks and other financial

institutions. A set of doors used to pass

through a vestibule, only one of which can

be opened at one time. When one door is

unlocked, the other door remains inoperative

until such time as the first door closes and

rel ocks.

INTERLOCKING BOLT - See vertical BOLT LOCK

JAMB/STRIKE - That component of a door

assembly which receives and holds the extended

lock bolt. The strike and jamb are considered

a combined unity for security.

JAMB/WALL - That component of a door assembly

to which a door is attached and secured by means of the hinges. The wall and jamb are considered a combined unity for security.

JIMMY-PIN - A sturdy projection, which is

installed in the hinge edge of a door near a hinge and fits into a hole in the door jamb

and prevents removal of the door if the hinge

pins are removed. Also known as DOG BOLT.

JIMMY RESISTANT LOCK - See VERTICAL BOLT LOCK.

JOINTED SPINDLE - A two-piece spindle used in

cylinder locks having a handle on one side and

a knob on the other.

KEEPER - Synonymous with STRIKE.

KEY - An instrument designed and fabricated or

cut to fit a particular lock or group of locks

which, when used, actuates a lock bolt into the

108
locked or unlocked position. It is uniquely

coded to provide exclusive actuating ability to

its possessor.

KEY CHANGE - The combination of cuts in a key

which enable it to operate the lock for which

it is intended.

KEY CHANGES - The different combinations that

are available, or that can be used in a specific

cyl i nder.

KEY CHANGE NUMBER - The recorded code number

indicating the key change (usually stamped on the key).

KEY CHANGE PROGRESSIONS - To prevent the

possibility of any change key operating more than one cylinder, all depths are separated by

"two's." For example, a typical progression

could start with change key 134412, and the

following changes would be 134414, 134416,

134432, 134434, and 134436, etc., for a total

of 15,625 changes. In practice, however, there

are about 12,000 key combinations starting with

this change number.

KEY CHANGE WHEEL - In a combination lock, one

of the wheels of a wheel pack which contains

meshing teeth. This wheel is so designed as to allow the change key to be inserted into

the clutch of the key change wheel which is

then dialed to a preselected numerical position which provides one of the numbers of a new combination set on the lock. The key

change wheel contains a gate, drive pin, and

clutch.

KEY CHANGING COMBINATION LOCK - A combination

lock in which the combination can be reset

without removing the lock cover by use of

a special key which operates clutches in the

wheel pack.

KEY CHANGING LOCK - A lock in which the key

code of the tumblers can be changed to

correspond with the change key.

109
KEY CODE NUMBER - A coded number which will

indicate the correct setting of the key bitting

when properly deciphered.

KEY CONTROL SYSTEM - A group of components

enabling the user to contain and control the

use of keys in an orderly and secure manner. The components include means of storage,

identifying tags and record-keeping materials.

KEY HOLDING - Is a feature found in some cylinders where the key cannot be removed

unless the bolt is projected.

KEY HOLE - See KEYWAY

KEY-IN-KNOB LOCK - A lock having the key

cylinder and the other lock mechanism, such

as a push or turn button, contained in the

knobs.

KEY LOCKING DIAL or RING - In a combination

lock, an arrangement whereby a lock, either

in the dial or dial ring, locks the dial

against turning.

KEY PLATE - A small escutcheon having only a keyhole. Also used to describe the modern

apertured number plates used in safe deposit

boxes to designate the box number.

KEY SHOULDER (Top and Bottom) - That portion of

the key where the bow and blade meet.

KEY SLIDE BUTTON - Opens the key slide in

the back of a combination lock when it is

unlocked.

KEY, SPLINE - See SPLINE KEY.

KEYED-ALIKE CYLINDERS - Cylinders which are

set to be operated by the same key. (Not

to be confused with master-keyed cylinders).

KEYED-DIFFERENT CYLINDERS - Cylinders requiring

different keys for their operation.

110
KEYHOLE - The opening in a lock designed to

receive the key. See KEYWAY.

KEYHOLE LOCK - A small pin tumbler mechanism

designed to block the keyhole of a bit key

lock. Sometimes called KEYHOLE PLUG or INSERT

LOCK.

KEYHOLE LOCKOUT - Devices which are inserted

into the keyway to block the entrance of any

key. These must be unlocked and removed before

the key may be inserted.

KEYING - Locks offer the possibility of very

complex keying arrangements. These are the

basic terms: INDIVIDUAL KEY, a key for an individual cylinder, KEYED ALIKE, all cylinders may be operated by the same key (not to

be confused with master keyed), KEYED DIFFERENT, a different key operates each cylinder

or group of cylinders, MASTER KEY, a key to

operate a group of cylinders each of which

may be set to a different individual key,

MASTER KEYED, all cylinders in a group can

be operated by one master key, although all

cylinders may be keyed different (not to be.

confused with keyed alike). KEYING SYSTEM - A planned arrangement for setting up key

changes in a group or series of locks.

KEYWAY - 1) The longitudinal slot in the

cylinder core or hole with millings in the

sides identical to those on the proper key,

thus allowing the key to enter the full distance of the blade or shank. 2) The aperature

in lock cylinders which receives the key and

closely engages with it throughout its length.

imum

Minm

nnmn

KEYWAY GUARD - Metallic plate which guards the

keyway on a combination lock. It is actuated

when the slide button is pushed up after the

lock has been opened. This action removes the

keyway guard so that the change key may be

inserted in order to reset the combination.

KNOB - A projecting handle, usually spherical,

for operating the lock. It is attached to the

outer end of the spindle and actuates the cam

si i de when rotated.

Ill
KNOB ASSEMBLY - Comprised of knobs on both

sides of the door including housing, cap,

plunger unit, spindle, and catch.

KNOB BOLT - Part of a door lock, the bolt

of which is controlled by a knob or thumbpiece

from one or both sides of the door. The knob

bolt is not actuated by a key.

KNOB HUB - The movable part of a mortise door

lock, through which the handle is inserted.

When the handle is turned, the knob hub has a projection on its side which contacts the knob

hub lever. In turn, the knob hub lever moves

the latch bolt to either the open or lock

position.

KNOB HUB LEVER - Connected to the latch bolt of

a mortise lock, it opens or closes the door

lock when actuated by the rotation of the door

handl e.

KNOB LATCH - A securing latch, being a spring

projected leveled bolt operated by a knob only.

KNOB LOCK - A door lock having a spring latch

operated by knobs in connection with a dead

locking mechanism.

KNOB LOCKING RING - Horseshoe-shaped ring which

is inserted around the shaft of the knob or butterfly in the dial knob of a combination

lock to hold it in place.

KNOB ROSE - A small plate which acts as a knob

shank bearing and as a protective or ornamental

shield which is applied to the surface of the

door.

KNOB SHANK - The projecting stem of a knob into

which the spindle is fastened.

KNOB SPINDLE - The bar connecting with the knob

and passing through the hub of the lock for the

purpose of actuating the bolt.

KNOB TOP - The grip of the knob attached to the

shank, that part of the knob which the hand

grasps.

112
LATCH BOLT - A metal lock component having a beveled end which projects form the lock front

by spring action in its extended position, but

may be forced back into the lock case by end

pressure or drawn back by action of the lock

mechanism. When the door is closed, the latch

bolt projects into a hole provided in the

strike, thus holding the door in a closed

positi on.

LEADING EDGE - See LOCK EDGE.

LEVER - A spring-loaded part in lever locks

which, when properly positioned by a key, permits movement of the bolt work. See LEVER

TUMBLER.

LEVER (Combination Lock) - Serves to retract

the bolt when the proper combination has been

aligned. The fence is integral to the lever

and is a projecting bar which fits into the

gates of the wheels when they are properly

aligned. The nose portion of the lever

contacts the drive cam.

LEVER HANDLE - A bar-like grip which is rotated

in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis at one of its ends, designed to operate a latch or bolt.

LEVER LOCK - A key-operated lock that usually

incorporates three or more lever tumblers,

which must be raised to a specific level so that the fence of the bolt is aligned with

the gate of each tumbler in order to withdraw

BOLT

FEN

113
the bolt. Lever locks are commonly used in

storage lockers, safety deposit boxes, and

European door locks. Also called LEVER

TUMBLER LOCK.

LEVER TUMBLER - A f 1 at metal arm, pivoted on one end with a gate in the opposite end. The

top edge is spri ng-loaded. The bitting of the

key rotates against the bottom edge, raising

the lever tumbler to align the gate with the

bolt fence. Both the position of the gate and

the curvature of the bottom edge of the lever

tumbler can be varied to establish the key

code. Lever tumblers are also used in some cylinder locks of much smaller proportionate

size.

LIP (of a strike) - The curved projecting part

of a strike plate which guides the spring bolt

to the latch point.

L.O.B.C. - See INDEX L.O.B.C.

LOCK - A fastening (as for a door, box, trunk,

lid, drawer) in which a bolt is secured by any

of various mechanisms and can be released by

inserting and turning a key or operating a special device (as a combination, time clock,

automatic release button, magnetic solenoid).

(Webster's Dictionary)

LOCK BACKSET - Distance from edge of door to

center line of cylinder or knob.

LOCK CASE - The housing in which all component

parts of the lock are installed or attached.

LOCK CODE - See CODE KEY.

LOCK CYLINDER - A locking mechanism which is

fitted with pin or other tumblers and operated

by a paracentric or milled key. A standard

cylinder is one with a diameter of not less

than 1-1/8 inches at back of the head and

with not less than five pin tumblers.

114
LOCK EDGE - The vertical edge or stile of a door in which a lock may be installed. Also

called the leading edge, the lock stile or the strike edge.

LOCK REINFORCEMENT - A reinforcing plate of

metal parts attached inside of the door to

receive a lock.

LOCK SET - A lock, complete with tumblers, bolt

and actuating mechanisms, case, strike and lock

trim.

LOCK STILE - See LOCK EDGE.

LOCK TRIM - Exposed items such as knobs,

handles, escutcheons, mounting srews, etc.,

which when furnished with the lock make a complete lock set.

LOCKOUT - A design feature that enables one to

eliminate other keys from entering the lock or

cyl i nder.

LOCKOUT KEY - See EMERGENCY KEY.

LOW CUT - A deep cut in the key.

LUG - A projection on a combination lock disc

which contacts the adjacent wheel causing it to

turn when the dial is rotated.

MANIPULATION-PROOF LOCK - A manufacturer's

description applied to his combination lock

which has specific features (more accurately

described as manipulation resistant).

MASTER DISC TUMBLER - See MASTER PIN.

MASTER GUARD KEY - Operates any lock subject

to the master, grand, or display key. It is so constructed that when used on locks subject

to a guard key, it makes all master, grand,

and display keys inoperative. It DOES NOT act

as an emergency key.

MASTER KEY - The key which is cut to provide

means for operating all locks in a series or

group of locks, each lock having a separate

specific combination and change key.

115
MASTER KEY COLLAR - An exterior auxiliary

sleeve used over the regular plug, in master

keyed Corbin cylinders. The change key actuates the regular plug, in addition to the aux- iliary sleeve. This eliminates the necessity

for additional master pins and provides for

improved security.

MASTER KEY SYSTEM - A method of keying locks

which allows a single key to operate multiple

locks, each of which will also operate with an individual change key. Several levels of master

keying are possible: a single master key is one which will operate all locks of two or more master key systems, a great grand master

key will operate all locks of two or more grand

master key system. Master key systems are used

primarily with pin and disk tumbler locks and,

to a limited extent in the U.S., with lever or warded locks.

MASTER KEYING (or MASTERING) - The process

of setting up the key changes in a group or

series of locks in a master keyed system.

MASTER PIN or DISC - Cylinder tumbler pin or disc tumbler used for the setting of the second

or third combinations in a cylinder when setting up a master key combination. Tumbler mas- ter pins are made by adding extra segment(s)

to the usual pin pairs. The disc type are cut

in the center slot in such a way to accept the

special master key blank required.

MASTER RING - A metal sleeve that encircles a conventional plug and is an integral part of

the cylinder. The master ring is designed to

expand the number of possible safe key changes

in a given keying system. Its use is often

confined to very large installations where

a great number of locks must come under a master system.

MASTER RING CYLINDER - A double cylinder

containing two shear lines. One shear line is

used for the conventional plug and the other

is used for pins that rest in the master ring.

MASTER WAFERS - The tumblers used in pin

tumbler locks specifically for master keying.

116
MILLED KEY - A cylinder lock key stamped from

brass or nickel silver and then grooved by a milling machine so that it will fit into the

keyway

.

MONO LOCK - See Preassembled Lock.

MORTISE - A rectangular cavity made to receive

a lock or other hardware, also, the act of

making such a cavity.

MORTISE BOLT - A bolt designed to be installed

in a mortise rather than on the surface. The

bolt is operated by a knob, lever or

equi valent.

MORTISE CYLINDER - This term usually means a pin tumbler cylinder used for mortise locks.

These cylinders are fitted or screwed into the

mortise lock after the lock has been installed

in the door.

MORTISE LOCK - A lock designed for installation

in a mortise, as distinguished from a bored lock or a rim lock.

MORTISE STRIKE - A strike plate designed to be

used with a mortise lock.

MULTIPLE CUSTODY LOCK - Any lock dependent upon

two or more keys or combinations for security.

Each key or combination must be used to effect

an entry.

MUSHROOM TUMBLER - A type of tumbler used in

pin tumbler locks to add security against picking. The diameter of the driver pin behind the

end in contact with the bottom pin is reduced

so that the mushroom head will catch the edge

117
of the cylinder body at the shear line when

it is at a slight angle to its cavity.

Similar to the SPOOL TUMBLER.

NECK - That part of the stem of a bit key

between the shoulder and the bit.

NEST - See COMBINATION WHEEL ASSEMBLY.

NECKED BOLT - A bolt, the projecting end of

which is bent to engage a strike not in line

with the body of the bolt.

NIGHT KEY - A key (for the operation of a nightlatch) which controls the night works and

operates the latch bolt.

NIGHT LATCH - An auxiliary lock having a spring

latch bolt and functioning independently of the

regular lock of the door.

NIGHT WORKS - The stop buttons and mechanism

which deadlocks the latch from the outside knob or thumbpiece.

NOSE PLATE - A small plate which surrounds the

face of the cylinder to give a finished appearance on certain types of cylinder locks where

the cylinder is permanently attached to the

1 ock.

OFFSET DRIVE - See GEARED DRIVE.

ONE-WAY SCREW - A screw specifically designed

to resist being removed, once installed. Also

known as TAMPER RESISTANT.

OPENING INDEX - The index on the dial ring of a combination lock which is used as the guide

mark for dialing combinations.

OPERATING KEY - See CHANGE KEY.

OUTER RING (of Wheel Tumbler) - Outer surface

or edge of a wheel in a combination lock.

OUTSIDE RING (of Wheel Tumbler) - Outer surface

or edge of a wheel in a combination lock.

118
OUTSIDE CASE - The outside portion of the lock case which contains the latch bolt, tailpiece,

tailpiece spring, locking slide, and the hubs.

OUTSIDE DRIVE - A combination lock that is

geardriven by a spindle located outside the

lock case on either the end, top, or bottom

of the lock case.

OUTSIDE ROSE - Decorative circular cover on outside of door through which the outside knob

passes.

PANIC BAR - The cross bar or lever of a panic

exit device which serves as a push bar to

actuate the lock. Also known as CRASH BAR.

j PANIC BOLTS - Bolts that provide top and bottom

fastenings connected with CRASH bars for the

inside of emergency doors at theaters, schools,

and all public buildings, in case of emergency,

pressure of people against the bars unfastens

the bolts allowing the door or doors to open

PANIC EXIT DEVICE - See EXIT DEVICE.

PANIC HARDWARE - An exterior door locking

mechanism which is always operable from inside

the building by pressure on a panic bar or

lever. Also called EXIT DEVICE or PANIC EXIT

DEVICE.

PARACENTRIC - A term used in connection with

the keyway cylinder plugs having projections

on the sides of the keyway that extend beyond

the vertical center line of the keyway. A form

of a ward (see), used primarily to make picking

more difficult and to limit the accessibility

of the key way to prescribed key designs.

PARACENTRIC KEY - A term used to distinguish a milled cylinder key from other types, such as a bit key, flat key, tubular key, etc. Designed

to fit a paracentric keyway, it's cross section

is such that the longitudinal indent(s) extends

beyond the vertical center line of the key.

119
PATIO LOCK - A lock designed with a push button

or a turn-locking outside knob. When so locked,

there is no entrance by key from the outside.

PEAK - A high point in a cut key separated from

other peaks by notches.

PERMUTATION LOCK - Another term for a combination lock.

PICK GUARD - Designed to deter any known

tampering device from entering the keyway of

the lock. Only the key itself will bypass the

pick guard and enter the keyway (manufacturer's

claim)

PICK KEY - A key altered (by cutting away) so that it will open any or all of a group of

locks. Sometimes called a SKELETON KEY.

PICK PROOF LOCK - A manufacturer's description

applied to his cylinder lock with specific

features (more accurately described as pick-resistant).

PICK RESISTANCE - That level of resistance

to surrepti ti ous manipulation of the lock

tumblers in order to unlock a lock. Resistance depends on the difficulty involved in

bypassing the normal operation, which in turn

depends on the availability of picking

information and devices.

PICKING LOCKOUT - A feature of a lock that

automatically relocks with a secondary device

if picking is attempted and after the plug

is rotated 3 to 5 degrees (by Kaba).

PIN CHAMBER CAPS - A small piece of metal used

to cover holes in the cylinder shell to prevent

the pins from falling out.

PIN CHAMBER HOLES - Drilled apertures, in the

cylinder and plug, where the pins and drivers

are housed.

PIN TUMBLERS - These tumblers are part of a pin tumbler cylinder, and are often more precisely called or defined as either bottom pins,

master pins, or drivers. They are usually made

of brass and are varied in length. Bottom pins

120
have one end tapered to fit in the "V" cut SPRING of a cylinder key, while both master pins and

drivers are usually flat on both ends. It

is with these pin tumblers, used in varying

lengths, that the combination of the cylinder

is determined. Also see Bottom Pin, Driver

Pin, Master Pin.

PIN TUMBLER LOCK CYLINDER - A lock cylinder

employing metal pins (tumblers) to prevent the

rotation of the core until the correct key is

inserted into the keyway. Small coil com- pression springs hold the pins in the locked

position until the key is inserted.

PIN TUMBLER SPRINGS - These are small coil

compression springs. They are used in cylinders

made with pin tumbler mechanisms and are found

behind or above the driver pins.

DRIVE PIN master pin

0STANDARD

PIN 0MUSH- ROOM DRIVE PIN

§5

0 1 SPOOL SPOOL

K-tSTER KEY PIN PIN

PIPE KEY - See BARREL KEY.

PLUG (of a cylinder) - The central round,

movable part within the body or shell, con- taining the keyway and rotated by the key

to activate the lock mechanism. Also called

the CORE.

PLUG CHAMBERS - Drilled holes in the plug to

hold bottom pins.

PLUG FACE - Front exposed portion of plug.

PLUG RETAINER - A variously shaped part often

fixed to the rear of the core in a lock

cylinder to retain or hold the core firmly in

the cyl i nder.

PLUG TRAVEL STOP PIN - A pin which prevents

rotation of the cylinder plug in a right or

left direction.

POLICE BOLT - See BUTTRESS LOCK

121
POSITIONING STUD - A stud that centers the dial

knob when it is mounted on the dial and

escutcheon. Usually located in the top center

of the pressure spring which fits inside the

dial knob of a combination lock.

POST - The round part of a bit key to which the

wing or bit is attached.

PREASSEMBLED LOCK - A lock that has all the

parts assembled into a unit at the factory and,

when installed in a rectangular section cut out

of the door at the lock edge, requires little

or no assembly. Series 2000 lock of ANSI

Standard for Locks and Lock Trim (A156.2).

Also called mono lock and unit lock.

PRIVACY LOCK - A lock, usually for an interior

door, secured by a button, thumbturn, etc.

,

and not designed for key operation.

PROJECTION - See BOLT PROJECTION.

PUSH KEY - 1) A key which operates the Ace type

of lock. 2) A key which positions the tumblers

by an inward rather than a rotary motion. Also

called a THRUST KEY.

PUZZLE LOCK - Outnoded term for a COMBINATION

LOCK.

RABBETED LOCK - A lock in which the front is

formed into two planes or steps correspondi ng

to the rabbeted edge of a door or window.

RELOCK LEVER or PIN - An anti-manipulation

device In a combination lock, a spring loaded

lever or pin which blocks the locking bolt

in the locked position when the back cover

of the lock is removed, loosened or tampered

with, even if the proper combination is dialed.

RELOCKER - A burgl ar-resi stant safety device on

a combination lock or on the bolt work of a safe door. Damage to the main lock (or bolt

actuating mechanism) by force actuates the

auxiliary mechani sm which trips a relocking

trigger on the auxiliary bolt work and

prevents the lock from opening.

122
RELOCKER BOLT - Bolt which projects when the

relocker is set off.

RELOCKING DEVICE - A mechanism separate from

the combination lock which deadlocks the safe

boltwork in the event the lock is forcibly

attacked. It may also incorporate a thermal

or shock-releasing device.

REMOVABLE CORE - See CHANGEABLE CORE.

RESTRICTED KEYWAY - A special keyway and key

blank for high security locks, with a configuration which is not freely available and which

must be specifically requested from the

manufacturer.

REVERSE BEVEL (of a Lock) - See BEVEL (of a Lock front).

REVERSIBLE LOCK - A lock which may be used for

either hand of a door.

RIDING DISC - A combination wheel other than

the driving wheel

RIM CYLINDER - A pin or disc tumbler cylinder

usually used with a rim lock. See CYLINDER,

RIM.

RIM CYLINDER LOCK - A lock which incorporates

a rim cylinder.

RIM HARDWARE - Hardare designed to be installed

on the inside surface of a door or window and

their frames.

RIM LATCH - A latch installed on the inside

surface of a door and frame.

RIM LOCK - A lock designed to be mounted on the

surface of a door and frame.

RIM STRIKE - A strike intended for use with

a rim lock, secured to the jamb and projecting

from the inside surface.

ROLLER FENCE - In a combination lock serves

to retract the bolt when the proper combination

has been aligned. See FENCE

123
ROOT - Bottom of a cut in a key blade.

ROUNDED FRONT - A lock front conforming to the

rounded edge of a double-acting door (usually

has a 2-1/4 inch radius).

SCREW TYPE LOCK - A Mortise lock cylinder.

SECTIONAL KEYING - A method employed to

increase the number of key changes in a system

by four or eight times by using the same change

numbers over again in each section.

SECURITY SYSTEM - Another name for a Master

Keying system (which is misleading since master

keying provides convenience usually at the

expense of security).

SHANK - That part of a key between the bow or handle and the bit or wing.

SHANK (of a knob) - The projecting stem of a knob into which the spindle is fastened.

SHEAR LINE - The meeting surface between the

shell and the core of a lock cylinder, the

line at which the pins or discs of a lock

cylinder must be aligned in order to permit

rotation of the core.

SHELL - A lock cylinder, exclusive of the core. Also called HOUSING or BODY.

SHOULDER - Refers to the two, or sometimes

one, projections on a key blank between the

head and the blade, which prevent the key from

being inserted too far into the cylinder. It

is also used as a guide when lining up keys

for duplication.

SHUT-OUT KEY - A change key so constructed that

it makes a master key or a grand master key

(or both) inoperative. It is used primarily

in hotel keying. It assures the user absolute

security against any key except the emergency

key. Also called a DISPLAY KEY.

124
SIDE BAR - The part of a side bar lock which

prevents the plug from being turned when in a locked position.

SIDE BAR LOCK - A type of lock including a disc

or a wafer or a pin tumbler cylinder containing

tumblers with dual operations: they must be

lined up at a shear line and allow a side

bar to set into the tumblers, thereby freeing

the shear line for operation of the core.

SINGLE BITTED KEY - A key which has cuts on one

side of the blank only.

SINGLE CYLINDER LOCK - Has the cylinder only on one side and usually a turn knob on the other

side.

SKELETON KEY - See PICK KEY.

SLIDE BOLT - A simple bolt lock which is

operated directly by hand without using a key,

a turnpiece, or other actuating mechanism.

Slide bolts can normally only be operated from

the inside.

SLIDING DOOR LOCK - A device having a hook-shaped

or expanding bolt to interlock with the strike.

SPACE WASHER - A thin washer inserted between

each wheel, keyed or otherwise, designed to

prevent rotation of the wheels of a combination

lock by friction. Also called SPACING WASHER.

SPACING OF KEY - The distance between the

center of one valley or cut and the center of

the next valley or cut of a key.

SPINDLE - 1) The shaft that fits into the shank

of a door knob or handle, and that serves as its axis of rotation. 2) The shaft of a door

lock to which the knobs are attached. It is

125
also a threaded shaft which connects the dial

and drive cam of a combination lock, the

spindle is usually provided with one or more

keyways, at the drive cam end, to accept the

spindle spline key.

SPINDLE, BURGLAR PROOF - In a combination

lock, a tapered or shouldered spindle entirely

hardened, or with hardened pins, so designed

to prevent punching, pulling and drilling.

Also known as DRIVE PROOF.

SPINDLE SPLINE KEY - A thin piece of metal

which prevents the drive wheel from turning on the spline.

SPINDLE, SWIVEL - A spindle which has a swivel

joint in the center which allows one end of the

spindle to turn while the other remains

stationary. Used on locks with built-in latch or stop work.

SPINDLE, THREADED - A type of spindle which has

the knob screwed on and held in position by set screws bearing on the surface of the spindle

(usually found in better grade locks).

SPLINE KEY - That part of a combination lock

which secures the position of the drive cam or

wheel to the spindle in relation to the correct

dial calibration.

SPLIT HUB - A hub made in two parts for certain

locks, to enable the inside handle, for

instance, to turn one part of the hub and

withdraw the bolt when the other part of the

hub and the outside handle have been put out

of action or remain in the locked position.

SPOOL MASTER - The master key disc in a set of

discs of a disc cylinder.

SPOOL TUMBLER - A type of tumbler shaped like a spool used in pin tumbler locks to add security

against picking. Operates on the same principal

as the MUSHROOM TUMBLER (see).

SPRING BOLT - See LATCH.

SPRING BOLT WITH ANTI-LOIDING DEVICE - See DEAD

LATCH.

126
I

j STEM (of a Key) - See POST.

j STOP (of a lock) - A button or other device that

j serves to lock and unlock a latch bolt against

j actuation by the outside knob or thumb piece.

Another type holds the bolt retracted.

STOP KEY - Inserted in a keyhole from one side

of the lock, it prevents use of a key from

the opposite side. Also called KEYHOLE LOCK.

STRIKE - A metal plate attached to or mortised

into a door jamb to receive and hold a projected

latch bolt and/or dead bolt in order to secure

the door to the jamb. Sometimes called KEEPER.

STRIKE, BOX - See BOX STRIKE.

I

i STRIKE, DUSTPROOF - A strike which is placed in

' the threshold or sill of an opening, or in the

floor, to receive a flush bolt, and is equipped

with a springloaded follower to cover the recess and keep out dirt.

STRIKE, INTERLOCKING - A strike which receives

and holds a vertical, rotary, or hook dead

bolt.

STRIKE JAMB - Vertical member of the door frame

prepared for the installation of strike.

STRIKE STILE - Vertical member of an inactive

door leaf, of a pair of doors, which receives

the strike.

SUBMASTER KEY - See CHANGE KEY.

SUBSEQUENT LOCKER - A term applied to a time

lock constructed to operate by the action of

clockwork at a predetermined time.

SUBTREASURY LOCK - A lock used on small chest

or boxes inside a fireproof safe.

SURFACE STRIKE - See RIM STRIKE.

127
SWINGING BOLT - A bolt that is hinged to a lock

front and is projected and retracted with a swinging rather than a sliding action. Also

called hinged or pivot bolt.

SWINGING LATCH BOLT - A bolt that is hinged to

a lock front and is retracted with a swinging

rather than a sliding action. Sometimes called

HINGED LATCH BOLT.

SWIVEL SPINDLE - See SPINDLE, SWIVEL.

TABLE NUT - A hexagonal nut used to attach the

di al ri ng to the tube.

TAILPIECE - A metal bar projecting from the

back of a rim or bored lock cylinder engaging

the lock mechanism and when rotated by the

key either locks or unlocks the lock. See

CONNECTING BAR.

TALON - The notch in the tailpiece of a dead

bolt which the rotating member engages to throw

or retract the bolt.

TAMPER-RESISTANT - See ONE-WAY SCREW.

TEMPLATE HARDWARE - Hardware manufactured

within template tolerances.

THERMAL RELOCKING COMPONENT - A small tab of

soft metal with a low melting point (usually

approximately 160°F) used to activate the

relocking device when the lock is attacked

by heat.

THREADED SPINDLE - See SPINDLE, THREADED.

THREE-POINT LOCK - A locking device required

on fire label double doors to lock the active

door at three points--the normal position plus

top and bottom.

THROW (of a dead bolt or latch bolt) - 1) Measurement of the maximum projection when

bolt is fully extended. 2) The distance penetrated by the bolt or latch into the bolt

or latch receptacle (strike) on the door jamb or window frame. Also see BOLT PROJECTION.

128
THRUST KEY - See PUSH KEY

THUMB TURN - 1) A knob which is gripped between

the thumb and forefinger, and turned to project

or retract a bolt. 2) The knob located in the

center of the dial of a combination lock.

When the thumb turn is rotated it actuates

the lock cam operated dead bolt on the inside

of the door. Also BUTTERFLY or ARROW KNOB.

TIMBINATION LOCK - A combination lock

supplemented by a double clock movement turning

arrangement to delay opening of the lock from

five to thirty minutes (as set).

TIME LOCK - Supplemented to a combination lock,

a time lock may be set to remain locked for

periods of 1 to 120 hours. Time locks have

two or more movements and. In the event one

stops, the other(s) allows the lock to be

opened independently.

TIME LOCK MECHANISM LEVER - That part of the

timing mechanism which blocks the pin on the

lever to prevent retraction of the bolt until

the proper amount of time has elapsed.

TIP - The opposite end of the key from the bow.

TOP PINS - Pins set in the top of the cylinder

body with driver springs underneath to provide

resilience when the key is inserted in the

keyway. Also known as DRIVERS or DRIVER PINS.

TOTALIZER - A coding system to guard against

dusting push buttons of an electromechanical

lock, a totalizer requires that all buttons be

depressed. The opening combination is

depressed first and then the penalty buttons

are depressed. Since this requires that all

buttons be pushed, any dusting powder will

have been removed.

129
TRIPLE BIT KEY - A metal key which is cut on three sides or surfaces.

TUBE - Surrounds and protects the spindle of

combination locks and is attached to the tube

horn and dial ring. The tube connects and

coordinates the dial ring with the case and

inner workings of the lock.

TUBE HORN - An integral part of the case of

combination locks to which the tube is

attached. (Not used in all locks)

TUBULAR CYLINDER - 1) A type of pin tumbler

cylinder in which the pins are installed in

a circle around the axis of the cylinder, and move perpendicularly to the face of the cylinder. The shear line of the driver and bottom

tumblers is a plane parallel to the face of

the cylinder. 2) A cylinder which is permanently attached to the case of a rim or semimortise lock. Most frequently used on rim

night latches and cabinet locks.

TUBULAR KEY - A tubular-shaped key with cuts

around the periphery of the bitting end usually

extending in depth toward the bow, sometimes

known as an ACE KEY.

TUBULAR LOCK (or Latch) - A lock having a cylindrical ly-shaped case and requiring a bored, round hole rather than a chiseled,

rectangular mortise, (see BORED LOCK).

TUMBLER - A movable obstruction in a lock which

must be adjusted to a particular position, as

by a key or dial, before the bolt can be thrown.

TUMBLER GATE - See GATE.

TUMBLER, OUTER RING - See OUTER RING (of Wheel

Tumbler).

TUMBLER POST - See WHEEL POST.

TURN PIECE - See THUMB TURN.

TWO-POINT LATCH - A device sometimes required

on three hour fire doors to lock the inactive

leaf of a pair of doors at top and bottom.

130
UNIT LOCK - See PREASSEMBLED LOCK."

UNIVERSAL - A term used to describe a lock, a door closer or other device which can be used

on doors of any hand without change or alterati on.

UPRIGHT LOCK - A combination lock with major

dimensions which are vertical.

VAULT LOCK - A dial combination lock sometimes

equipped with a time lock used for safeguarding

vaults (usually installed in pairs).

VAULT LOCK WHEEL PACK - A set of wheels, fly,

spacing washers, tension washer, retaining

washer and a wheel bridge which allows for

RH, LH and LOBC combination changes.

VENEERED FRONT (of a Lock) - An additional

front plate, used to cover the front of an inferior material, permanently attached to the

primary front. (Not to be confused with armored

front.

)

VERTICAL BOLT LOCK - A lock having two or more deadbolts which move vertically into receptors

in the strike component of the lock attached

to the door jamb. Also called INTERLOCKING

or JIMMY RESISTANT.

VERTICAL DOWN - In a combination lock the

spindle is splined in a vertical down position

so that the lock bolt opens and closes in

a down-and-up direction.

VERTICAL UP - In a combination lock the spindle

is splined in a vertical up position so that

the lock bolt opens and closes in an up-and-down

di rection.

WAFER LOCK - A lock mechanism employing flat

metal wafer tumblers.

WARD -An obstruction within the lock which

prevents the wrong key from entering or turning

in a lock.

131
WARDED KEY - A key having grooves or notches

designed to clear the wards of the lock.

WARDED LOCK - A lock containing internal

obstacles which block the entrance or rotation

of all but the correct key.

WHEEL - A circular disc which is part of a wheel pack or nest. Found in key change, mesh

change, and hole change combination locks.

WHEEL ARM - In combination locks, the wheel arm raises the lever which permits the drive cam to turn during a change of combination.

WHEEL GATE - See GATE.

WHEEL, KEY CHANGE - In a combination lock, an assembly having an inner and outer hub with

meshing teeth. When disengaged by a key, their

relationship may be changed to a selected

number by dialing.

WHEEL, MESH CHANGE - In a combination lock, a disc having two components with meshing teeth.

When disengaged by hand, may be relocated in

a selected numerical position to change the

combi nati on.

WHEEL PACK - In a combination lock, a set of

wheels, flys and spacing washers supported by a tension washer and secured with a retaining

washer.

WHEEL POST - A post for positioning the wheels

and around which they rotate.

WHEEL, X-RAY PROOF - In a combination lock, the

outer area of the wheel, where the gateway is

located, is made of Nylon, Lexan or Deiron to

prevent X-ray methods from determining the

combination of the lock.

WING KEY - See BIT (of a Key).

132
Appendix A

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The publications listed below generally fall into three categories:

historical, technical description, and performance evaluation. The

publications include books, periodicals and government reports. Most

are written for locksmiths and physical security administrators.

The sources that are listed are those the author believes will be useful

to the reader interested in both general and detailed operation of locks,

their components, and auxiliary control devices. Perhaps the most

detailed information can be obtained from manufacturers' service manuals,

and particular issues of the periodical 'Locksmith Ledger.' There is in

fact a scarcity of theoretical literature on mechanical locking devices

because of the very limited audience. There are no academic textbooks or comprehensive publications that directly address locks because of the nature

of lock development, manufacture and marketing. The present literature is

that which is practical and directly applicable to locking devices available

today. The reader should not overlook, also, the practicality of searching

the patent archives (which is beyond the scope of this effort), since more patents have been issued for locks than any other single object.

BOOKS

Many of the published books on locks are either historical in nature or oriented to the general public/consumer. Only a few of these have been

cited, to give the reader an impression of the popular literature. The

other listed books, of which only a few are available, are written primarily

for locksmiths.

GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Much of the documented serious study of security devices has been done for

or by the U.S. Dept, of Defense, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and

the U.S. Dept of Energy. Some of this work is classified and not in the

available literature. Other work, however, is readily available, some with

controlled distribution. A majority of the work is concerned with electronic

surveillance and detection, only those reports that have some application

to locking systems are listed Reports are listed according to the prime

agency or laboratory responsible. U.S. Dept, of Defense reports are not

included in the scope of this report, although some of the included laboratory reports are used by the Department. Certain groups in the armed

forces are presently engaged in the evaluation of locking devices and

therefore are storehouses of considerable information.

PERIODICALS

U.S. periodicals are included that are specifically oriented to locksmiths

and the physical security industry. Periodicals for the construction

133
industry, general public and bulletins from various government agencies

sometimes have articles of interest to the reader engaged in the security

f iel d.

American Society for Industrial Security, Security Management, 200 K St.,

N.W., Suite 651, Washington, D.C. 20006, (202) 331-7887.

- monthly, articles on policies and methods of theft prevention and control.

“Auxiliary Door Locks" (evaluation) Consumers' Research Magazine, V 62,

p. 70 Oct. 1979

- evaluation of 34 commercial devices.

Brownell, Adon H. , Architectural Hardware Specifications Handbook , Chilton

Book Co. , Phila. , 1971.

- written for the architect, specification writer and building contractor

- also by the same author - "Hardware Age Builders' Hardware Handbook"

"Carnahan Conference Proceedings", College of Engineering, Office of Research

and Engineering Services, U. of Kentucky, Lexington.

- annual conferences on crime prevention and countermeasures with emphasis

on electronic equipment.

Cole, Richard B. The Application of Security Systems and Hardware , Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, I L. , 1970.

- a guideline for the small business firm and the general public.

Compton, J. H. Basic Instructions for Opening Locks , Pennsylvania, 1970.

- a guideline for Locksmiths with detailed instructions on opening

locks by pi eking.

Doddington, G. R., "Personal Identity Verification Using Voice," paper

presented at ELECTRO 76 Conference, May 1976.

Door Locking Systems Study , American Machine and Foundry Co., Advanced

Systems Lab. AMF-ASL-E-153-1020-1 , NTIS PB-195 222, Wash. D.C., Jan. 1968.

- a planning study for the development of minimum safety performance

standards for motor vehicle door locks. Of particular interest is

the methodology of the study.

"Door and Window Locks", Consumer Reports, March 1979 p. 132-141.

- discussion and ratings of replacement locks, auxiliary locks, high

security cylinders, lock guards, window locks.

"Door Locks", Consumer Reports, Feb. 1971, 36:93-103.

- discussion and rating of key-in-knob locks, mortise, locks verticalbolt, locks auxiliary lockers, high-security cylinders, and special

purpose locks.

134
Eleccion, Marce. "Automatic Fingerprint Identification," IEEE Spectrum,

10, No. 9, September 1973.

- a paper describing the technical parameters of electronic fingerprint

identification equipment.

Eras, Vincent J., Locks and Keys Throughout the Ages , Kent: Bailey Bros,

and Swinfen Ltd., England, 1974.

- a history of locks with emphasis on European collections, together with

descriptions of their operation. Includes descriptions of modern locks

and their applications.

Fainberg, A. and A. M. Bieber, Jr. Barrier Penetration , Brookhaven National

Laboratory, NUREG/CR-0181 , U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm., Wash., D.C.

,

Nov. 1978.

- reports on penetration times for attacks on: a corrugated steel vehicle

door, hollow steel door, substantial steel door, class 6 vault door,

among other barriers. Reference is Barrier Technology Handbook SAND-77-

0777 (Sandia Laboratories). Includes Detailed Drawings and Summary

Tables.

Gonzales, L. A., Bibliography of the Mclnerney Collection, Locks and Physical

Security at the U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory , General Elec. Co. - TEMPO, for Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, D.C. (Draft) Jan 1980.

- includes compilation of five indexes, a citation list of the complete

collection, and a thesaurus of subject headings and descriptors.

Gonzales, L. A., Patents Catalogue of High Security Locks , General Elec. Co. - TEMPO, for Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, D.C. (Draft) Nov 1979.

- includes copies of 56 selected patents, of which 26 are for padlocks.

Haberman, Wolf and Others, Physical Protection Equipment Study , Five

Reports prepared by the MITRE Corp. for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, NTIS, Washington, D.C., 1978.

NUREG-0270 Guidelines for the Development of a Methodology for Measuring

Level of Effectiveness of Physical Protection Facilities at Fixed-Site

Facilities , Jan 1978.

NUREG-0271 Physical Protection Equipment Study : Final Report, Jan 1978.

NUREG-0272 Cross Reference Index for Equipment Catalog and Evaluation Guide,

Jan 1978.

NUREG-0273 Guide for the Evaluation of Physical Protection Equipment , Jan 1978.

NUREG-0274 Catalog of Physical Protection Equipment , Jan 1978.

- a series of reports including: a catalogue of equipment with performance

and physical data, references and standards, an evaluation guide for

comparing various types of equipment, guidelines for methodology

development and recommendations for improving security.

135
Healy, Richard J. Design for Security , John Wiley & Sons Inc., N.Y., 1968

- defines the hazards each organization or business must face and

describes in detail how defenses can be planned. It shows how designing

physical facilities can raise the level of security.

- discusses techniques and equipment for security protection.

Hennessy, Thomas F., Early Locks and Lockmakers of America , Nickerson and

Collins, Des Plaines, IL, 1976

- an historic account of lock manufacturers in America from the early

nineteenth century on. Contains some period illustrations of old

locks. The author is Curator of the Lock Museum of America in

Terryville, Connecticut.

Hopf, Peter S., Editor, Handbook of Building Security Planning and Design , McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y. 1979.

- information on the practical aspects of planning and designing for the

physical security of buildings. Provides design guidance to help determine the most appropriate security provisions for each type of building.

Hopkins, Albert A., The Lure of the Lock , The General Society of Mechanics

and Tradesmen, New York, 1928.

- excellent historic treatise on locks included in the John M. Mossman

Collection of Locks in the Society's museum at that time.

Locksmith Gazette, 5221 Mt. Ariane Terr., San Diega, CA 92111

- quarterly for the locksmith trade.

Locksmith Ledger and Security Register, Nickerson & Collins Co., Publisher,

1800 Oakton, St., Des Plaines, IL 60018

- monthly with very wide circulation, contains descriptions of particular

locks' operations and maintenance in addition to business suggestions.

The January issues include a Security Guide Directory of Manufacturers

with a cross-referenced index.

Locksmith Ledger Publications - various titles, for 'how-to' booklets con- taining especially written material as well as reprints of articles from

past issues of the monthly periodical LOCKSMITH LEDGER, including the

following partial list: TECHNICAL TIPS, HOW TO OPEN LOCKS WITHOUT KEYS

OR PICKS, SAFE MAN'S GUIDE (4V0LS) , ELECTRO MECHANICAL LOCKS, HOW TO

MAKE KEYS BY IMPRESSION. Locksmith Ledger, Des Plaines, IL. 60018

National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Washington, D.C.

- NBS has been engaged by various agencies to do research and test development for access control devices, surveilance and detection, doors and

wi ndowsv

Fechter, J. V., Robertson, E. M. Catalog of Security Equipment,

NBS-SP-480-35, 1978.

- Listing of security equipment for homes and businesses

136
Moore, R. T., Barrier Penetration Tests , NBS Tech Note 837, June 1974

- Tests of resistance of barriers to penetration,

useful for test designs and controls.

Moore, R. T., et al. Computerized Site Security Monitor and Response

System Phase II Final Report , NBSIR 79-1725, 1979

- sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency, this report suggests

an integrated computer-based physical security system for nuclear

weapons storage sites. Includes a unique electronic locking

system.

Moore, R. T. Penetration Tests on J-S11DS Barriers NBSIR 73-223

86P. , June 1973.

- Results of penetration tests against structural barriers and a GSA

Class 6 vault door. Useful for methodology of tests and documentation.

A Study of Handcuff Improvements , NBSIR 80-1989, 1980

- study of designs for improving the security of present day ratchet

and pawl metallic handcuffs. Two new lock features which significantly improve the lock were developod.

Stroik, J. S., Terms and Definitions for Door and Window Security,

NBS-SP-480-20 , 1977

- a glossary for residential and commercial buildings.

National Locksmith, 9733, W. Soreng Ave. , Schiller Park, IL 60176

- monthly, with articles on security products and methods. Includes

KEYNOTES, the bulletin of the Associated Locksmiths of America.

Reed General Code Book , Locksmith Ledger, Des Plaines, IL, 1979

- four volumes, including exploded views, service instructions, etc.,

for all commercially available locks

Robinson, Robert L. Professional Locksmithi ng, Nelson-Hall, Chicago:

(1973).

- a guideline for the Locksmith.

SANDIA LABORATORIES, Albuquerque, N.M.

Sandia has done extensive work on nuclear security for the U.S. Dept,

of Energy and others. Some of the conceptual and theoretical work should

also be able to be exploited and applied in other institutions and

industries.

Barrier Technology Handbook - SAND 77-0777 (controlled), Apr. 1978

- defines the role of barriers and methods for the assessment and

upgrading of physical protection. Seventeen sections cover most

types of non-lethal physical barriers. Advanced concepts resulting

from tests on existing and prototype barriers are presented.

Entry Control Systems Handbook - SAND 77-1033 (controlled), Sep. 1977,

revi sed Sep. 1978.

- provides information on the selection, procurement, installation,

testing and maintenance of elements of an entry control system.

These elements include: (1) personnel identify verification

systems, (2) metal detectors, (3) explosives detectors, (4) special

nuclear material (SNM) monitors, (5) package search systems, and

137
(6) equipment used to control and report status of the various

elements. Also included is a discussion of integrating these

elements into an operati onal ly-effecti ve entry control system.

Suber, L. Physical Protection of Special Nuclear Material in the

Commercial Fuel Cycle , Volume III, SAND 75-0457, March 1976 (CNSI).

Williams, Joseph V. Lock Handbook (U), SAND 78-0500 (confidential)

Sandia Laboratories for the U.S. Dept of Energy (June 1979).

- general descriptions of key and keyless locks with various methods

used to defeat locks and general information on ways to make locks more resistant to defeat. Includes a summary of defeat times using

specific methods against particular padlocks and door locks.

(Williams is also author of a more extensive study of keyless

locks being published.)

Security World, Security World Publishing Co. Inc., 2639 S. La Cienega Blvd.,

Los Angeles, CA 90034,

- monthly, articles on loss prevention and security equipment. Also published by the same company - SECURITY DISTRIBUTING AND MARKETING.

Sloane, Eugene A. The Complete Book of Locks, Keys, Burglar and Smoke Alarms,

and other Security Devices . William Morrow, New York, 1977

- a review for the general public

Strobl, Walter M. Crime Prevention Through Physical Security Marcel Dekker

Inc. , New York , 1978

- written for security personnel, as a review of principles and details of

physical security in industrial buildings, warehouses, computer areas,

high rise buildings, hospitals, banks, retail stores, construction sites,

schools and universities, including locks, illumination, fire and antiintrusion alarms, and closed circuit television.

Tobias, Marc W. Locks, Safes, and Security: A Handbook for Law Enforcement

Personnel , Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 1971

- concise and clear overview of all aspects of lock operations and defeat

methods for commercial locks, explains the general workings of different

lock types and their components.

- is the available publication closest to a textbook on locks.

138
Appendix B STANDARDS^ SPECIFICATIONS

The standards and specifications in use today include both prescriptive and

performance requirements. Experiential ly determined the prescriptive standards very seldom are able to justify the requirements with anything other

than an agreement of experts Consequently groups that require particularly

specific high security resistance usually do their own testing every time a new need arises. These tests attempt to duplicate actual attacks on the

system and, because nothing else is available, they are forced to serve the

purpose. Most of the tests used to date, however are usually not based

on controlled laboratory experiments, because of either funding limitations

or time restri ctions. In addition, because of the confidential nature of

the tests, they are not adequately documented to form a useful body of

literature. Reliance is then placed on those people (the "experts") having

the experience and knowledge, which is the most reliable source at this time,

to determine the performance of particular locking systems. Although subjective judgment is used considerably , it is more and more being supplemented

by laboratory of tests in controlled settings. Some of the present standards

include test methods that can reproduce results with considerable accuracy.

It is hoped that enough interest will be generated in the near future so that reliable standards can be developed for all high security locking

devi ces.

The following annotated list of standards and specifications includes many

document titles that are not considered directly relevant for high security

locking devices. They are included because although they cannot be used,

as is, for high security applications, they should be helpful to the reader

engaged in preparing new standards and specifications or in developing new locking devices.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Auxiliary Locks and Associated

Prod ucts , ANSI 156.5 (BHMA 501) New York, 1978

- contains security requirements only for the cylinder plug pulling test

and reference to UL 437 Key Locks for picking and drilling the cylinder.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Interconnected Locks and Latches,

ANSI 156.12, (BHMA 611) New York, 1979

- strength tests for all grades contain tests of security performance,

including: impacts on the knob, cylinder, cylinder ring and bolt,

torque tests on the knob, cylinder plug and body and ring, pulling tests

on the cylinder plug and body. - references ANSI/ASTM F 476-76 (see ASTM).

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Locks and Lock Trim, ANSI

A156.2 (BHMA 601) New York, 1976

- requirements for typical builders hardware, minimal security requirements

are included with test criteria and recommended test equipment.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Magnetic-Stripe Encoding for

Credit Cards, ANSI X4.16 New York, August 1976.

139
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Defi nition s of Te rms Relat ing to Combination Locks , ANSI /ASTM F47 1-767 PhTTa. , 1976.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Stand ard Test Me thods

for Secu rity of Swinging Door As semblies , ANSI/ASTM F476-76, Phi la., 1976.

- similar to NILECJ STD 0306.00 - Physical Security of Door Assemblies and

Components (see U.S. Dept, of Justice)

Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association, Standard for Mortise Locks and

Latches, BHMA 621, New York, 1979 (Proposed ANSI A 156.13)

'-'contains requirements for security grade locks, including knob and

cylinder and bolt impact tests, knob and cylinder torque tests, bolt

sawing tests, among others.

- this is in effect, a suplement to ANSI A156.2 and makes reference to

ANSI/ASTM F476-76.

Underwriters Laboratori es. Standards for Safety, Access Control System Units , UL 294, Northbrook, IL. , 1974, rev. Oct 1978

- prescriptive requirements for fabrication and installation of the system

and components, performance requirements for system and component

attributes. Includes destructive and nondestructive attack tests of

5 minutes which can be reduced to 2 minutes if the attacks cause an alarm.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Burg! ary-Resi stant Electric

Door St rikes, UL 1034, Northbrook, IL, 1974, rev. Oct. 1978.

- construction and performance requirements for strikes used to secure and

release doors by applying or removing electrical power. Includes a pressure test of 300 pound force and a tool attack of 5 minutes.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Burglary Resistant Safes,

UL 687, Northbrook, IL, 1977, rev. Feb. 1979.

- construction and performance requirements for safes of the classes TL-15,

TL-30, TRTL-30, TRTL-60, TXTL-60. Includes tests of resistance to

drifting, drilling, handle forcing, door sledging, wedging and explosives,

for time corresponding to the number sufix in minutes.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Combination Locks , UL 768,

Northbrook, IL, 1978, rev. Jul . 1979.

- addresses combination locks investigated primarily for correctness of

design and accuracy of construction to guard against unauthorized opening

of the combination lock by sense of sight, touch, or hearing. They may

or may not have built-in protection against forcible entry. Combination

locks are classified as Group 1, Group 1R, or Group 2, according to the

degree of protection afforded against unauthorized entry and to

sui tabi 1 ity

.

Group 1 - Highly resistant to manipulation for 20-man-hours,,

detection devices may not exceed 50 pounds.

Group 1R - Same as Group 1 plus 20 man-hours of radiological

resistance attack.

Group 2 - Reasonably resistant to unauthorized entry.

140
Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Delayed-Action Timelocks,

UL 887, Northbrook, IL, 1977, rev. Sep. 1978.

- construction and performance requirements for timelocks on doors of

safes, chests, vaults and the like. Performance requirements include

only endurance and accuracy after tests for temperature, humidity,

vibration and dust, no requirements for attack resistance.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Key-Locked Safes (Class KL),

UL 786, Northbrook, IL, 1978.

- construction and performance requirements for key-locked safes with a limited amount of resistance to burglary. Includes requirements of 45

minute resistance to lock picking, drilling, door sledging and wedging,

"fishing", and special attacks. Does not include attacks using grinding tools, electric arc, oxy-fuel gas cutting torch, or explosives.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Key Locks, UL 437, Northbook,

IL., 1979.

- covers rim or mortise type locking assemblies. Locking cyl i nders

must resist expert forcible entry for 5 minutes when common hand

and electrical tools are used. Surreptitious pick and impression

resistance times are required to be 10 minutes minimum.

Underwriters Laboratori es, Standards for Safety, Relocking Devices for

Safes and Vaults , UL 140, Northbrook, IL, 1978,

rev. Oct. 1978.

- requires the relock device to operate when: the lock spindle is punched

or driven through the back of the lock case, the bolt- throwing con- nection^) is sheared, the mechanism is manipulated or picked, a cutting torch is used on the connection between the lock and bolts,

a mechanical force is applied against the master connection, an opening

is attempted to be made.

Underwriters Laboratories, Standards for Safety, Tellers' Lockers , UL 901,

Northbrook, IL. , 1979.

- construction and performance requirements for teller's lockers having

timelocks of 15 minutes minimum delay. Includes requirement of 10

minute resistance to common tool attacks.

The list of Federal Specifications, Standards and Guides that follows include

documents that have various levels of description and requi rements. They

usually reference other standards and must be included in any comprehensive

data base or source of information. Military specifications and guidelines,

beyond the scope of this list, should also be consulted.

U.S. Department of Justice, Physical Security of Door Assemblies and Components , prepared by NBS for U.S. Dept, of Justice, NILECJ-STD-0306.00,

Washington, D.C., Dec. 1975.

- includes test methods to evaluate the security performance of locking

devices. The test methods are oriented toward residential and commercial

establishments, and do not include highly sophisticated or explosive

attacks. They are useful in being objective laboratory tests and should

141
serve as a base for further test method development. Included are performance tests for resisting impact, torque, pulling and pressure on various components.

U.S. Federal Specification, Door, Vault, Security , AA-D-600B, Washington,

D.C., March 26, 1969.

U.S. Federal Specification, Hardware, Builders, Locks and Door Trim. Cylinder

Entrance Door Lock Type 121A and 122A. FF-jH-106/1, Washington, D.C.,

July 19, 1974.

U.S. Federal Specification, Hardware, Builders', Locks and Door Trim: Cylinder

Entrance Door Lock Type 123A and 123B, FF-H-106/2, Washington, D.C.,

July 19, 1974.

U.S. Federal Specification, Hardware, Builders', Locks and Door Trim: General

Specifications For , FF-H-106C/GEN, Washington, D.C., July 19, 1974.

U.S. Federal Specification, Safe, Office, Fire Resistant, Burglary Protection , AA-S-81b, Washington, D.C., Oct 9, 1962.

U.S. Federal Specification, Safe, Tool Resistant, Uninsulated, Security , AA-S 1518A, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1970.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Assurance of Safety and Safeguards During

a n Emergency - Locking Systems , IE Bulletin 77-08, Washington, D.C., 1977.

- requires that nuclear power plants provide for prompt emergency ingress

into electrically locked safety-related areas by providing auxiliary

power, and where locking devices fail in the secure mode, to provide for

mechanical key operated override procedures, and unimpeded emergency

egress.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Control of Personnel Access to Protected

Areas, Vital Areas, and Material Access Areas , Regulatory Guide , No. 5.7,

Washington, D.C., June 1973.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, General Use of Locks in the Protection

and Contro l of Facilities and Special Nuclear Materials , Regulatory Guide,

No. 5.12, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1973.

- states that key locks should provide a high degree of resistance to

opening by force and tamper techniques and should meet Underwriters

Laboratories Standard UL437. Combination locks should be three- or

four-position, dial-type, changeable-combination locks which meet the

Underwriters Laboratories Standard UL 768. Electric locks should be used

inside the protected area as a means of access control only if a magentic

card-key system is coupled with a pushbutton system and integrated into

the alarm system. This lock combination should have features that resist

tampering with the combination-changing mechanism and that alarm after

a set number of errors in punching the combinations is made. Pushbutton

mechanical locks are not recommended for use at this time.

142
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Protection of Nuclear Power Plants Against

Indust rial S abotage , Regulatory Guide No. 1.17, Washington, D.C. , June 1973.

- policy guidelines

.

143

Appendix C

NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Many individuals and groups with particular expertise have been or are presently engaged in work directly related to locking devices. This work

includes the development of standards, evaluation and testing methods,

research, product development, and simply sharing information. This list

is presented as a guide to the organizations outside of the Department of

Defense doing ongoing work which has, or has not been published yet, and

those groups interested in sharing information.

American Hardware Manufacturers

Association (AHMA)

117 E. Palatine Rd.

Palatine, IL 60067

312-991-4040

American Society for Industrial Security

2000 K St., NW, Suite 651

Washington, D.C. 20006

202-331-7887

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Committee F-12, Security Systems & Equipment

1916 Race St.

Philadelphia, PA 19103

215-299-5400

Associated Locksmiths of America

3003 Live Oak St.

Dallas, TX 75204

214-827-1701

Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA)

60 East 42nd St.

New York, NY 10017

212-682-8142

Carnahan Conference

College of Enginnering

University of Kentucky

Lexington, KY 40506

606-258-9000

Defense Industrial Security Institute

Defense General Supply Center

Richmond, Virginia 23297

804-275-4891

145
Door and Hardware Institute

1815 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Suite 412

Arlington, VA 22209

703-527-2060

Institute of Nuclear Materials Management

c/o Goodyear Atomic Corp.

P.0. Box 628

Piketon, OH 45661

614-289-2331

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washingotn, D.C. 20234

301-921-3161

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories

1 Cyclotron Rd.

Berkely, CA 94720

415-843-2740

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories

P.0. Box 1663

Los Alamos, NM

505-667-5061

National Burglar and Fire Alarm Association

1101 Connecticut Ave.

Washington, D.C. 20036

202-857-1130

National Crime Prevention Institute

University of Louisville

Shelby Campus

Louisville, Kentucky 41222

800-626-3550

National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

[formerly, National Institute of Law Enforcement

and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)]

U.S. Dept, of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20531

301-492-9094

National Locksmith Suppliers Association

95 E. Valley Stream Blvd.

Valley Stream, NY 11580

516-825-6673

146
Sandia Laboratories

171 P.0. Box 5800

Albuquerque, NM 87185

505-264-8066

Underwriters Laboratories

1285 Walt Whitman Road

Melville, NY 11725

516-271-6200

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Safeguards and Security

Washington, D.C. 20545

301-353-5671

Appendix D

LOCKSMITH SCHOOLS

The locksmith schools are a good source of basic information on the operation

and maintenance of existing locks. Most provide published lesson books for

correspondence courses or concentrated classes. School personnel can provide

practical assistance in the development of new locking devices.

Belsaw Institute

315 Westport Rd.

Kansas City, MO 64111

(816) 561-9255

California Institute of Locksmithing

14425 Sherman Way

Van Nuys, CA 91405

(213) 944-7425

Central City Occupational Center

c/o William J. Hornbeck

1646 S. 01 i ve St.

Los Angeles, CA 90015

(213) 625-5579

Golden Gate School of Lock Technology

3722 San Pabl o Ave.

Oakland, Ca 94608

(415) 654-2622

Locksmith Business Management School

P.0. Box 8525

Emeryville, CA 94608

(415) 654-2622

Lockmasters

476 North A1A

Satel 1 i te Beach, FL 32937

(305) 777-2175

Locksmithing Institute

1500 Cardi nal Dr.

Little Falls, NJ 07424

(201) 256-4512

National Crime Prevention Institute

University of Louisville, Shelby Campus

Louisville, KY 41222

(502) 588-6987

National School of Locksmithing and

Alarms

600 W. Jackson Blvd.

Chicago, IL 60606

(312) 930-1999

New York School of Locksmithing

152 W. 42nd St.

New York, NY 10036

(212) 354-8777, (800) 223-6466

North Bennett St. Industrial School

39 N. Bennett St.

Boston, MA 02113

(617) 227-0155)

Security Systems Management School

1500 Cardinal Dr.

Little Falls, NJ 07424

(201) 265-4512

Universal School of Masterlocksmi thi ng,

Inc.

P.0. Box 254868

Sacramento, CA 195825

(916) 645-8593

Wisconsin Institute of Locksmithing

8050 N. Port Washington Rd.

Milwaukee, WI 53217

(414) 352-0330

149
'

1

1

*

1

150
Appendix E

MASTER KEYI NG 1

THE CHANGE KEY, FIRST LEVEL OF KEYING

A cylinder that has six pin chambers can be loaded with a "bottom" pin that

is available in ten different lengths (called "increments"). This means that

theoretical ly there are one million possible numeric combinations (called

"key changes"). This doesn't mean that in practice this is true. There are two problems. One is called the problem of adjacency. The other is

psychological.

An example of the former would be the physical impossibility of cutting a key

with the change number 908091. The angle or slope of cuts is such that a key

with these depths in the order given is unworkable. Even allowing for differences among manufacturers, the degree of the slopes of cuts overlap. Thus the

angle of cut sloping up from the first "9" depth would remove adjacent metal

so the next depth of "0" could not be made. Illustrated, it would look

something like this.

The dot indicates where a number "0" cut would bottom out if there were any

metal there to cut in to. The lines drawn at the bottom of the key indicate

the location of each pin chamber in the cylinders to which the depth cuts in

the key must correspond.

A good practice then would be to avoid 9-0, 9-1 and 8-0 adjacent cuts. If

this is done, the one million possible changes are reduced to 753,754.

Another point is the difficulty of inserting a key cut alternately shallow

and deep into the cylinder. As the key goes in it raises pins into the pin

1 Excerpt from a publication of the American Society of Achitectural Hardware

Consultants, 1973 by Richard A. Hudnut, A.H.C.

(Figure 1)

151
chambers and these pins fall back into the depth cuts successively until

the key is inserted all the way. Steep angles would cause pins to hang

up and in some cases, would catch and a pin would not rise. The key then

could not be inserted or, if at all, with difficulty.

The so-called "psychological" problem can be illustrated by the change number, "222222". The user would be suspicious of the looks of a key cut to

this combination, and, of course, if anyone should try to pick a cylinder

which had all the bottom pins the same length, it should be an easy job. If,

for example, we decide not to use any keys having more than four cuts of the same depth, an additional 1500 combinations would be eliminated. Removing

all of the changes creating these problems reduces the one million possible

numeric combinations to approximately 752,000. Bear in mind that so far we have not introduced a master key!

THE MASTER KEY, SECOND LEVEL OF KEYING

By providing a single master key, the number of possible numeric combinations

is reduced again. The illustrations below show a cutaway cylinder containing

pins to allow a master key (687846) and a change key (455221) to operate the

cylinder. All increments shown are two or more. The reason for this is that

the difference in successive pin lengths is only 0.015" (sometimes less). A

master pin that is only 0.015" is not long enough to afford security and can also easily turn in the pin chamber. Keys cut only one increment from each

other in one or more depth positions can sometimes operate cylinders

(especially worn ones) for which they were not intended.

152
The following are all the key changes that will operate this same cylinder.

Try it for yourself by working out the depth cuts of any of these changes

and comparing them with the combinations possible as shown in the drawing.

*455221 457246 485841 655226 657821 685841

455226 457821 485846 655241 657826 685846

455241 457826 487221 655246 657841 687221

455246 457841 487226 655821 657846 687226

455821 457846 487241 655826 685221 687241

455826 485221 487246 655841 685226 687246

455841 485226 487821 655846 685241 687821

455846 485241 487826 657221 685246 687826

457221 485246 487826 657226 685821 687841

457226 485821 487846 657241 685826 **687846

457241 485826 655221 657246

* = change key, ** = master key

Note there are 64 different keys that can operate this cylinder, although all

that is wanted is one change key and one master key to do the job. This means that when all 6 chambers contain master pins for every change key

established under one master key, 62 others (64 minus 2) are eliminated!

As will be explained later, the maximum number of theoretical changes possible

under a single master key is 4,096. This requires master pins in each chamber, however, and it is good security practice to leave at least one pin

chamber "pure".

By this it is meant no master pins should be used in one pin chamber, only a bottom pin and the driver. If this practice is observed, and, it should be,

there are only 1,024 key changes available. Carrying this logic another

step, if two pin chambers are left pure, therefore creating still a higher

level of security, there are only 256 change combinations available. We can now understand why is is so important to allow for any desired extensions of

the system at its inception. It is naturally to the owner's best interests

for his system to have the maximum amount of security possible within the

needs of his building(s).

To explain the above, work from the other direction and leave all the pin

chambers but one pure. Remembering that 0.015" is the average increment

between pins and since this is not sufficient, there are five positions

that can be used (i.e., pin numbers 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 or 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9).

Using only 5 pin lengths per chamber gives a theoretical total of 15,625

combinations. One of these positions, however, must establish the master

key shear line. An example of this would be:

153
Master key 045678

Change #1 245678

8

245678

master pin

bottom pins

Change #2 445678

6

445678

master pin

bottom pins

Change #3 645678

4

645678

master pin

bottom pins

Change #4 845678

2

845678

master pin

bottom pi ns

Therefore as seen in the example above, a numeric relationship in master

keying is one to four. If a family of more than 4 changes under a master

key is desired, an additional pin chamber must contain master pins. Using

two pin chambers provides 4 x 4 or 16 changes. Employing three gives

16 x 4 or 64, four pin chambers 64 x 4 or 256 five pin chambers 256 x

4 or 1024 and finally, by using all six, we are back to where we started

with 1024 x 4 or 4096, or 4 to the 6th power.

Recall that theoretically there were 752,000 possible stock or non-master

keyed cylinders available and then by introducing a master key with which

only five pin lengths per chamber are used, the possible number of com- binations was reduced to 15,625 (5 to the 6th power). The difference

between 15,625 and 4,096, namely 11,529, represents keys that "interchange"

or included both master key levels and change levels as illustrated in the

chart of key changes following Figure 2. Actually, these, too, are theoretical figures. Just as we had to reduce the one million combinations to

752,000 stock keys because of adjacency problems and psychologically poor

cuts, it is necessary to reduce the 4,096 figure. A conservative reduction

is 10 percent or 3,686.

THE GRAND MASTER KEY AND GREAT GRAND MASTER KEY, THIRD AND FOURTH LEVELS OF

KEYING

Now let's talk about the grand master key, second only to the great grand

master key. At this point, it becomes difficult to consider the number

of combinations eliminated every time one master key is established. Suffice

to say that when using standard cylinders, the available number of change

keys is drastically reduced.

To get around this problem, different "key sections" are employed. This means that two or more master keys can be used which are of different con- figurations fitting cylinder barrels which have been "broached" to accom- modate the keys. Master key "AA", or change keys under it, for example,

won't fit into a cylinder which is operated by master key "AB" and its

change keys and vice versa. But grand master key "A" will fit into and

operate either cylinder. Thus, the same changes can be repeated under

154
the^keys^wnfnotm

5

,betcduse1 ev" n thou Sh the combiantions are the same,

This is ca L f“M

^ mis finders operated by a different master key. is called a Multiple Key System".

Some manufacturers have developed their own unique methods of beinq able

keying

y

Si

ance

ethei>

nnm

th

rH° Keying.

f SeCure changes under various levels of master Since their methods are proprietary, it is not aDoroDriate tn describe them here, but they can be consulted directly by

P ?he

P reader

155
(etc.)

FIGURE 4

CHANGES UNDER GREAT GRAND MASTER KEY ONLY.

GGM1

GGM2

is operated by change key "GGM1"

is operated by change key " GGM2"

FIGURE 5

Great Grand Master Key

Changes under GGMK

Grand Master Key

Master Key

and "GGMK" only,

and "GGMK" only.

156
CHANGES UNDER GGMK AND GRAND MASTER KEY ONLY

Great Grand Master Key

Grand Master Key

Changes under Grand Master Key

Master Key

A1 is operated by Change Key 11 Al" , "A" Grand Master Key and " GGMK" only.

A2 is operated by Change Key "A2", "A" Grand Master Key and "GGMK" only.

FIGURE 6

CHANGES UNDER GRAND MASTER KEY ONLY.

PREFIX CHANGE NUMBER

Great Grand Master Key

Grand Master Key

Changes under Grand Master

Key only.

Master Key

1A is operated by "1A" change key and "A" Grand Master Key only.

Not operated by " GGMK" .

2A is operated by "2A" change key and "A" Grand Master Key only.

Not operated by "GGMK" .

FIGURE 7

157
CHANGE UNDER MASTER KEY AND GGMK ONLY.

PREFIX CHANGE NUMBER

Great Grand Master Key

Grand Master Key

Master Key

Changes under Master Key

and GGMK only

1 AA is operated by " 1 AA" change key, " AA Master Key and by the Great Grand Master Key.

2AA is operated by "2AA" change key, "AA" Master

Key and by the Great Grand Master Key.

FIGURE 8

158
Appendix F

SELECTION OF MATER IALS FOR LOCK C OM PONENTS 1

Undue emphasis has been placed on the hardness of a material to resist

physical attacks against the security of a component. In fact, in order

to select appropriate materials, other properties must also be taken into

account. Besides hardness, these properties include brittle behavior, notch

toughness and tensile strength.

A practical example of low security in a relatively hard material has been

shown when the linkage to the bolt in a commercial lock (advertised as Jimmy Proof) failed under an impact blow with the side of a human hand.

The material in the linkage could not absorb the impact energy because it

probably contained a sharp break (stress riser) in its geometry and because

the basic properties of the material represented brittle behavior.

Brittle behavior is characterized by:

1. Low impact energy absorption

2. Structural defects

(a) Sharp geometry changes (notches, pits, unfilleted angles)

(b) Gas voids

(c) Micro cracks

(d) Non-metallic inclusions

3. Low tensil elongation

4. Low bend ductility

5. High nil-ductility transition temperature

6. Low notch toughness

A second practical example of low security of a hard material was shown

where the hardened steel multiple bolts on a circular safe door were fractured and the burglar went away with the contents of the safe and the door.

A steel bar was welded across the front of the safe door to provide a lever.

The end of the bar was struck with a sledge hammer and the impact energy was transmitted through the door to the 5 hardened steel bolts. The bolts failed

because they could not absorb the energy even though hardened steel bolts

have high tensile strength (on the order of 100,000 psi). Notch toughness

is the property of a material which indicates the resistance of the material

to the impact attacks previously described. Notch toughness is usually

evaluated by testing prescribed specimens at known temperatures in a singleblow pendulum-type impact machine. Results are reported in footpounds of

impact energy absorbed by the test specimen.

* Excerpt from Cilimberg, R., "Some Materials Considerations for the Security

of Doors", NBS internal memo, June 1973.

3 Demonstration by William Toepfler NBS, 1973

3 Metals Handbook , "Properties and Selection of Metals", Vol. 1, 8th Edition,

American Society for Metals, Metals Park, 1961.

159
The variation in impact resistance compared with the variation in hardness

of a single batch of quenched and tempered 4340 steel tested at 70°F with a Charpy V-notch impact machine is summarized in Table AF,1

Table AF-1 Correlation of Test Results From Impact Machines

Made by Two Different Manufacturers

HARDNESS

Rockwel

C

Charpy V-notch, 70°F

Energy Absorption

ft-lbf MACHINE

43-46 17.7 A

32.5-36.5 48.6 A

26-29 78.4 A

43-46 12.6 B 32.5-36.5 49.1 B 26-29 77.9 B

This data indicates that if high hardness of steel is the only criterion

for the resistance to attack by slow application of force then failure

could occur in this material by impact attack. Impact resistance varies

with composition, heat treatment, temperature, and defect characteristics.

This variation poses a problem for establishing an impact performance test

on a commercial component because a statistical number of components could

pass the component test and other purchased components could fail in service

due to inadequate material properties. A logical approach to this problem

would be to establish a relationship between component performance test

results, Charpy V-notch test results, and hardness test results for materials

categories. The importance of this relationship is to develop an inexpensive

nondestructive performance test to allow valid inspection of components.

Tensile strength is also one of the important properties of materials

relative to physical security as indicated in various specifications.

Tensile strength establishes the resistance of a material to relatively

slow application of tensile and compression stresses which might be applied

with a "jimmy" bar. Hardness test values can often be used as a quick

nondestructive indication of the tensile strength of a metal or alloy.

Hardness is also an indicator of the wear resistance or durability of a material with wea r resistance increasing as hardness increases. It is

important to test for tensile strength and hardness when obtaining notch

ductility data in order to establish optimum materials performance properties

relative to the component's security performance results.

Security hardware is often finished by coating with chromium, zinc, cadmium,

nickel or other systems to protect the base material from corrosion. It

may be necessary to obtain notch ductility data on coated specimens since

electroplating may impair notch toughness of steel alloys.

The importance of any grading system for security is to determine whether

there is a relationship between durability and security. This relationship

160
might be determined by performing security performance tests on various

grades of locks before and after durability performance tests. The question

to be answered is what effect does wear and corrosion have on the security

of commercial components.

161
'

.

.

::

’

'

itfi 1

'

.

162
Appendix G

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS

The manufacturers listed in this section participated in this study by

furnishing information in response to a mail and telephone request of locking

device manufacturers. NBS requested information of 282 manufacturers and

received response from 79. The original list from which we selected our mailing list, was that published by the Locksmith Ledger, January 1979.

In addition, other manufacturers were suggested by representatives of

government agencies listed in the Acknowledgements Section of this report.

If manufacturers of electronic security devices are included, an estimate

of the number of U.S. manufacturers of locking devices and components should

reach well over one thousand.

Manufacturers ' Literature

Most of the active and larger manufacturers provide catalogue information

and service manuals. The catalogues are usually oriented toward individuals

interested in ordering the products. The service manuals are written for the

locksmith or others interested in repairing or maintaining the products.

There are also advertisements in the professional and trade journals that

are aimed at selling the products to designers, specification writers, locksmiths, distributors, and the general public. The catalogue and advertisement information is usually very general in nature, or else it might extoll one detailed feature of the product. The service manuals vary in the amount

and quality of information but usually are very detailed in illustrating

every separate part of the product. A detailed description of the operation

of the product, is usually not available in the form of analytical diagrams

and expl anations. In this regard, the articles written for the Locksmith

Ledger, are probably more helpful for those interested in the operation

of a new or popular locking device (see Bibl iography. Appendix A).

Because the nature of locks require a certain degree of secrecy, it is

understandable and desirable that information about the detailed operation

of particular locks not be easily obtainable. Because of the time limitation

of this investigation, the author did not attempt to analyze the service

manuals or actual products of each manufacturer. The products and manufactures referenced in the report and those manufacturers included in this

Appendix are those that were responsive to the author's request for information

or are thought to have the most impact in the field of high security locking

devi ces.

Name Address Telephone

ABC Lock Co. 2740 E. Indianapolis Ave 209-229-9152

Fresno, CA 93726

Abloy, Inc. 5603 Howard St. 312-647-9650

Niles, IL 60648

163
Name Address Telephone

Accurate Lock & Hardware! Co.25 Diaz Street

Stamford, CT 06902

203-325-3841

Adams Rite Mfg. Co. 4040 S. Captiol Ave.

City of Industry, CA 91749

213-699-0511

AFCO Security Products 148 Ferri s Ave.

White Plains, NY

212-733-2200

Alarm Lock Corp. 33 S. Service Rd.

Jericho, NY 11753

516-333-2420

American Amplifier &

Televi sion Corp.

5380 Eisenhower Ave.

Alexandria, VA 22304

703-751-0600

Arrow Lock Corp. 49-0 Glennwood Rd.

Brooklyn, NY 11234

212-253-6500

BMR Security Prod. Corp.

Div. Waterbury Lock

203 Broad St.

Nilford, CT 06460

203-874-1710

Bach Sound Systems Co. 65-69 162nd St.

Flushing, NY 11365

212-591-1550

Baldwin Hardware Mfg.

Corp. (KABA 8)

841 Wyomissing Blvd.

Reading, PA 19603

215-777-7811

Betlar Security Systems 512 L.W.E.

Chambersburg, PA 17201

717-263-3412

Blumcraft of Pittsburgh 458 Mel wood St.

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

412-681-2400

Bolen Industries Inc. 789 Mai n St.

Hackensack, NJ 07601

201-489-7722

Brinks Locking Systems

Inc.

P.0. Box 233

Napperville Road

Plainsville, IL 60544

815-436-7530

Builders Hardware

Industries, Inc.

61 Brightside Ave.

E. Northport, L.I., NY 11731

516-261-1588

CAHS, Inc. 550 S. Columbus Ave.

Mount Vernon, NY 10550

914-668-3800

Cardkey Systems 20339 Nordhoff St.

Chatsworth, CA 91311

213-882-8111

164
Name Address Telephone

Chicago Lock Co. 4311 W. Belmont Ave.

Chicago, IL 60641

312-282-7177

Colonial Lock Co. 172 Mai n St.

Terry vill, CT 06786

203-584-0311

Componentry Research and

Development Enterprises

Inc., Corde, Locking Sys.

Di v.

14-56 Bell Blvd.

Bayside, NY 11360

212-423-3116

Continental Instruments

Corp.

170 Lauman Lane

Hicksville, NY 11801

516-938-0800

Corkey Control Systems

Inc.

8622 Bellonca Ave.

Los Angeles, CA 90045

213-670-5545

Custom Line, Inc. 2092 N. Lincoln Ave.

P.0. Box Z Altadena, CA 91001

213-681-0433

Dalton Mfg. Co. 130 S. Bemiston

Clayton, M0 63105

314-727-7567

Del Norte Technology,

Inc., Mil Access Control

Systems

1100 Pamela Dr.

P.0. Box 696

Euless, TX 76039

817-267-3541

Detex Corporation 4147 N. Ravenswood Ave.

Chicago, IL 60613

312-348-3377

Dialoc Corp. of America P.0. Box 1, Flighway 30

Denison, IA 51442

712-263-5646

Diebold Inc. 818 Mul berry Rd. , S.E.

Canton, OH 44711

216-489-4000

Edwards Co. , Inc. 90 Connecticut Ave.

Norwalk, CT 06856

203-838-8441

Essex International 6233 Concord Ave.

Detroit, MI 48211

313-571-8000

Federal Inc. P.0. Box 637

Southington, CT 06489

203-621-5845

Fichet, Inc./Jenser

Internati onal

P.0. Box 92

Halesite, NY 11743

516-367-4560

165
Name Address Telephone

Folger Adam Co. 700 Railroad St.

P.0. Box 688

Joliet, IL 60434

815-723-3438

Fort Lock Corp. 3000 N. River Rd.

River Grove, IL 60171

312-456-1100

Fox Police Lock Co. 46 W. 21st St.

New York, NY 10010

212-614-0211

Globalman Products P.0. Box 246

El Toro, CA 92630

714-533-4400

L. J. Hanchett

Hanchett Entry System

Inc.

3510 E. Mountain View

Phoenix, AZ 85028

602-996-8720

Harloc Products Corp. 135 Wood St.

West Haven, CT 06516

203-934-2683

Holmes-Hally Industries 7460 Bandini Blvd.

Los Angeles, CA 90040

213-728-3311

Ilco/Unican Corp. 400 Fawn Dr.

Rocky Mount, NC 27801

919-446-3321

Interconti nental

Security Products Ind.

1901 North West 20th Street

Miami, FL 33142

305-324-4014

Keefe Lock Co. 1324 Parkside Ave.

Trenton, NJ 08638

609-882-7345

Key Control Systems,

Inc.

P.0, box 96A Weil Rd.

Bechtelsville, PA 19505

215-845-7585

La Gard Inc. 23635 Madison St.

Torrance, CA 90505

213-378-0255

Latch-Gard Div. of Air

FI o Co. , Inc.

P.0. Box 1285

Elkhart, In 46515

219-293-9581

Lock Corporation of

Ameri ca 6301 W. Mill Rd.

Milwaukee, WI 53218

414-353-3600

Lock Technology Corp. 685 Main St.

New Rochelle, NY 10801

914-632-4373

Lori Corp. (KABA Lock) 6 Old Turnpike Rd

Southington, Connecticut 06489

203-621-3601

166
Name Address Telephone

M.A.G. Engineering 13711 Alma Ave.

Gardena, CA 90249

213-321-9942

MRL, Inc. 7644 Fullerton Rd

Springfield, V A 22153

703-569-0195

Marks Hardware Inc., 31 East Mall

Plainview, NY 11803

516-293-3030

Master Lock Co. 2600 N. 32nd St.

Milwaukee, WI 53210

414-444-2800

Maverick Industries,

Inc.

P.0. Box 41

Linwood, KS 66052

913-723-3493

Maxton Lock Co. , Inc. 401 E. 74th St., Suite 12L

New York, NY 10021,

212-628-4222

Medeco Security Locks,

Inc.

U.S. 11, W. Allegheny Dr.

P.0. Box 1075

Salem, VA 24153

703-387-0481

Mosl er Co.

Safe Di v. , Nuclear

Products Div.

1561 Grand Blvd.

Hamilton, OH 45012

513-867-4000

Mul-T-Lock Corp. 167 Madison Ave.

New York, NY 10016

212-889-9545

Omnia Industries, Inc. 49 Park Street

Montclair, NJ 07042

201-746-4300

Openi ngs 2005 Pontiac Rd.

Pontiac, Mich. 48057

313-373-0565

Overly Manufacturing

Co.

574 W. Otterman St.

Greensburg, PA 15601

412-834-7300

Quad-Guard Co. 2937 So. LaBrea Ave.

Los Angles, CA 90016

213-938-9132

Reli able Security

Systems Inc.

907 N. 23rd St.

Columbus, Ohio 43219

614-253-0981

Russwi n Sales Group

(Emhart

)

225 Episcopal Rd.

Berlin, Connecticut 06037

203-225-7411

Sargent & Co. (Div. of

Walter Kidde & Co. Inc.)

100 Sargent Dr.

New Haven, Conn. 06509

203-562-2151

167
Name Address Telephone

Sargent & Greenleaf

Inc.

1 Security Drive

Nicholsville, Kentucky 40356

606-885-9411

Schlage Lock Co. 2401 Bayshore Blvd.

San Francisco, CA 94119

415-467-1100

Securitron Magnalock

Corp.

P.0. Box 49875

West Los Angles, CA 90049

213-472-4779

Sen DEC Corp. 54 West Avenue

Fairport, N.Y. 14450

716-425-2860

Sentry Door Lock Guards,

Inc.

114 S.W. 3rd Ave.

Dania, FL 33004

305-922-1604

Shwayder Co., The 2335 E. Lincoln

Birmingham, MI 48008

313-645-9511

Silent Watchman Corp.,

The

4861 McGaw Rd

P.0. Box 7893

Columbus, OH 43207

614-491-5200

Simplex Security

Systems, Inc.

10 Front St.

Collinsville, CT 06022

203-693-8391

Tri ne Mfg.

Div. of Square D Co.

1430 Ferris Place

Bronx, NY 10461

212-829-4796

U.S. Home Security

Systems

1725 23rd St.

Sacramento, CA 95816

916-443-6441

V on Duprin, Inc. 400 W. Maryland St.

Indianapolis, IN 46225

317-637-5521

IJeslock Co.

Div. TRE Corp.

13344 S. Main St.

Los Angeles, CA 90061

213-770-0880

Yale Security Products P.0. Box 25288

Charlotte, NC 28212

704-283-2101

168
NBS-114A (REV. 2-80

U.s. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR 2 REPORT NO.

NBSIR 81-2233

. Performing Organ. Report NoJ 3.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

High Security Locking Devices: A State-of-the-Art Report

Publication Date

January 1982

5. AUTHOR(S)

John S. Stroik

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS _

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

Civil Engineering Laboratory

Naval Construction Battalion Center

Port Hueneme, CA 93043

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

. Type of Report & Period Covered

IR

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

An investigation was made of the literature and information related to high security,

internal locking devices. The purpose of this work was to identify and document the

present state-of-the-art of these devices and systems used on doors. This document

supports an R & D effort to develop a locking system for sensitive ordnance structure

doorways that will take the place of existing surface mounted padlocks and hasps.

Locking systems were investigated both overall and their subsystem components, including bolt-works, bolt-work driving subsystems, locking mechanisms and the protective

envelope. Usual categories of lock types are presented, and a new combined summary of

locking device classifications is suggested to act as a standard basis for future

research and development of standards. This classification divides locks by their

operation, installation and component characteristics. A review of the literature

includes an annotated bibliography, annotated lists of standards and specifications,

national organizations and locksmith schools, a selected list of manufacturers and a glossary compiled from available glossaries. An appendix includes selected samples of

manufacturers' catalogue information. As a result of this investigation, the author

provides specific recommendations concerning the needs of more technical study and

research together with suggested development and implementation of standard test

methods

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) Door security; entry control; hardware; locking

operation, installation, and characteristics.

13. AVAILABILITY

^XP(U n limited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

device classification; lock

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

169

[~] Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. 15. Price

]£X] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $15.00

U S COMM-DC 6043-P80