# Connecticut Regional Haze

State Implementation Plan November 2009



# ATTACHMENT V

Technical Support Document on Agricultural and Forestry

Smoke Management in the MANE-VU Region

# September 1, 2006

1 Technical Support Document on

Agricultural and Forestry Smoke Ma nagement in the MANE-VU Region

September 1, 2006

1. Introduction

This technical support document aims to provide States with information useful in addressing

agricultural and forestry smoke management in their State Implementation Plans (SIP). This

document may also be useful for tribes in M ANE-VU that choose to include smoke management

issues in their Tribal Implementation Plans (TIP).

Each State must develop a long-term (10-15 y ears) strategy for ma king reasonable progress

towards the national goal stated in 40 CFR 51.3 00(a), “preventing any future, and remedying any

existing, impairment of visibility in mandatory Class I Federal Areas which impairment results

from man-made air pollution.” States are requi red to develop long-term strategies for each

mandatory Class I Federal Area located within th e state and each mandatory Class I Federal Area

located outside the state that may be affected by sources within the state. According to 40 CFR

section 51.308(d)(3)(v)(E), States must consider “smoke management techniques for agricultural

and forestry management purposes including plans as currently exist within the State for these

purposes” in developing its long-term strategy.

Prior to developing their Regional Haze SIP/TIP, St ates/tribes must consider the air quality and

visibility impacts of fires in the Region and evaluate whether their existing approaches to

regulating fires are adequate. States must de termine whether or not smoke management is

necessary to mitigate the impact s of fires to meet the 2018 reasonable progress goals for Class I

Areas. If smoke management policies are required for a particular Class I Area, then a smoke

management program (SMP) should be initiated by th e affecting States as appropriate. If smoke

management policies are not required to meet 2018 goals, then States must include a brief

discussion in their SIPs as to w hy a SMP is not required at this tim e. If States already have a

SMP or other smoke management policy in place, then they are advised by the EPA to mention

their policies in the SIP, whether or not they wi ll be used to meet 2018 goals (see EPA’s “Interim

Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Pres cribed Fires,” av ailable online at

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oar pg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf ).

A primary objective of this document is to provide information on the impact of fires on haze in

the MANE-VU Region. Section 2 describes fires and smoke management in the MANE-VU

Region, section 3 provides information on the air quality and visibility impacts of pollutants

from wildland and prescribed fires, section 4 pr esents fire emissions in ventory data, section 5

# September 1, 2006

2 presents relevant MANE-VU source apportionment study results. While the contribution of fires

to regional haze appears to be minor, fires may cau se visibility problems on an episodic basis.

States are not required to include a SMP in their SIP. However, there are incentives for States to

certify to the EPA that they have adopted and are implementing a basic SMP, whether or not the

State chooses to incorporate the SMP into their SIP or make the SMP federally enforceable.

Section 6 describes existing SMPs in the Region, provides an explanation of the incentives for

States, and briefly explains the necessary elemen ts in a basic SMP. Section 7 summarizes the

key points presented in this paper.

2. Fires and Smoke Management in the MANE-VU Region

While some of the fires that occur in the MANE -VU Region are subject to SMPs, others are not.

The definitions provided in this section are consistent with the descriptions included in the

EPA’s “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires” (prepared in 1998 and

available online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg /t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf ), and the Western

Regional Air Partnership’s “Policy for Categor izing Fire Emissions” (prepared in 2001 and

available online at www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/research/FirePolicy.pdf ). 

# Agricultural and forestry

smoke management applies to all fires that are managed to achieve resource benefits, regardless

of the cause of ignition (e.g. de liberate to meet specific objectiv es, lightning, arson, accidental,

etc.) or the purpose of the fire (resource mana gement, hazard reduction, etc.). Agricultural fires

include all fires ignited by management actions to achieve benefits on agri cultural land, such as

croplands and pasture. Prescribed fires include all fires ignited by management techniques to

achieve benefits on land other than agricultural land. Prescribed fires can be used for managing

forests or rangeland, land on which the historic climax plant community is predominantly

grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. Managed burning of logging debris, sometimes called

slash burning, may also be used for forest ma nagement. Land managers may also manage

naturally ignited fires to achieve resource benefits if the proper requirem ents have been met in

the Fire Management Plan. These fires ar e termed Wildland Fire Use.

Naturally ignited fires in areas without plans for wildland fire use are considered unwanted fires

or “wildfires” and are not covered by agricultu ral and forestry smoke management. Wildfires

include any unwanted, non-structur al fires that occur on wildla nds, where there are a limited

number of structures, or agri cultural lands. Wildfires may be ignited by lightning, escaped

prescribed fires, arson, or accidents, such as fi reworks, cigarettes, escaped campfires, or vehicle

fires, and are suppressed by mana gement action. High pollutant c oncentrations attributable to

wildfires can be treated as due to a natural even t under EPA’s Natural Events Policy. Under this

policy, EPA may use its discretion not to redesignat e areas as nonattainment if the State develops

and implements a plan to respond to the health impacts of natural events.

Residential, industrial, and commercial/institutional wood combustion, open burning, slash

burning, and structure fires are also not cove red by SMPs. Residential industrial, and

commercial/institutional wood comb ustion includes the burning of wood in indoor fireplaces and

woodstoves and outdoor equipment. Open burni ng activities can occur at residential,

commercial, or industrial sites and involve the bu rning of yard waste, including various types of

plants and plant growth.

Emissions inventory results from 2002 (see section 4) show that the majority of fire emissions in

the MANE-VU Region are from residential w ood combustion. The Region is not prone to

# September 1, 2006

3 wildland fires due to vegetation types and rela tively abundant rainfall. Agricultural and

prescribed burning are also uncommon in the Region.

Typically, wood smoke is not detected in larg e amounts at monitoring sites in the MANE-VU

Region. Several source apportionment studies that have been conducted in the MANE-VU

Region show that wood smoke is a small to modera te contributor to fine particle pollution at

monitoring sites (see sect ion 5). Most source apportionment studies cannot dist inguish between

different types of fires, but smoke from agricult ural and forestry activi ties is unlikely to be

significant in the MANE-VU Region.

There are a few documented examples of wildfi res producing large quantities of wood smoke

and causing visibility impairment in MANE-VU Class I Areas. These fires have typically

occurred outside the Region. For example, the July 7, 2002 Quebec Fires resulted in the largest

one-day visibility impairment recorded at MANE-VU monitoring sites in recent years.

3. Air Quality and Visibility Im pacts of Pollutants from Wildland and Prescribed Fires

Recent management strategies for some Federal, State, and Tribal wildlands involve increased

use of wildland and prescribed fires to improve the health of the ecosystems and minimize risks

to public and fire fighter safety. However, smoke from wildland and prescribed fires can

contribute significantly to regional haze. To addr ess issues associated with how fire managers

can effectively use fires to help ecosystems wh ile minimizing visibility impairment, the U.S.

EPA, in partnership with other agencies, issued the “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and

Prescribed Fires,” available on-line at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oar pg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf

. The following description of air quality and visi bility considerations includes information

presented in this document. Other types of fire s that involve vegetative burning (e.g. agricultural

fires, open burning, residential wood combustion, etc.) have similar affects on air quality and

visibility.

Burning wildland vegetation emits several air pollutants, including particles, NO

x 

# , CO, and

organic compounds. The quantity and compositi on of the emissions depend on the type of

material burned, its moisture content, and the co mbustion temperature. Pa rticle pollution from

wildland and prescribed fires includes particles that have a diameter as large as 100 μ m.

Particles that have diameter less than 10 μ m are referred to as PM 10 

# and fine particles that have a

diameter less than 2.5 μ m are referred to as PM 2.5 

# . There is evidence that particle pollution has

serious health effects, particularly for sensitive populations.

Particle pollution also diminishes visibility becau se particles and gases sc atter and absorb light.

Fine particles scatter light more efficiently th an coarser particles pe r unit mass. The fine

particles that primarily contribute to visibility impairment include sulfates, nitrates, organic

compounds, soot, and soil dust. As humidity increas es, light scattering effici encies also increase

due to the adsorption of water on fine particles. Since the eastern United States typically has

higher relative humidities than the West, the naturall y occurring visual range in the East is only

105 to 190 km while the range in the West is 190 to 270 km. Visibility impairment affects the

enjoyment of daily activities. Diminished visibi lity in mandatory Class I Federal areas, “Areas

of Great Scenic Importance,” is particularly important because haze affects the public’s

appreciation of scenic views and tourism.

4. MANE-VU Fire Emissions Inventories

# September 1, 2006

4 4.1 Analysis of the 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory

MANE-VU compiled a regional emissions inve ntory for 2002 for use in modeling. The

inventory includes fire emissions from each Stat e in the MANE-VU region. States provided fire

emissions as annual county level estimates. So me States also provided estimates for seasonal

and/or daily emissions, but those data are not shown here. Emissions data was collected for CO,

NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 2.5 

# , PM 10 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC, but not all States provi ded data for all pollutants or

source category codes (SCCs). Fire em issions include industrial wood combustion,

commercial/institutional wood combustion, re sidential wood combustion, open burning,

agricultural burning, forest fires, slash burning, prescribed burn ing, and structure fires.

The data presented here are from Version 3.0 of the MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, with

updated residential wood combustion data from New York. Values for State emissions were

calculated by adding the county level annual data.

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont provided data on indus trial wood combustion

(SCC 2102008000). Maine, Massachusetts, New Ha mpshire, and New York provided data on

commercial/institutional wood combustion (SCC 2103008000).

All MANE-VU States and the District of Co lumbia provided data on residential wood

combustion from indoor fireplaces and woodstove s. Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland,

Massachusetts, and New Hampshire provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC

2104008000). The District of Columbia, New Jers ey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,

and Vermont instead reported data for sepa rate woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC

2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC

2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category data were added

together to get a total woodstove s and fireplaces value for these states. Connecticut, Delaware,

the District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Ma ssachusetts, and New Hampshire have data for

outdoor equipment (SCC 2104008070). There is no da ta in Version 3.0 for outdoor equipment

from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, or Vermont.

All States except Connecticut re ported data for open burning of yard waste leaf species (SCC

2610000100), yard waste brush species (SCC 2610000400), and household waste (SCC

2610030000). Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Vermont

included data for open burning of land clea ring debris (SCC 2610000500). Only Pennsylvania

reported data for industrial open burning (SCC 2610010000) and commercial/institutional open

burning (SCC 2610020000). The District of Columbia did not report emissions for any of the

open burning categories.

Maine, New Jersey, and Vermont provided emissi ons data on Agricultural Field Burning (SCC

2801500000), which involves whole fields set on fire and includes the burning of all crop types.

No States in the MANE-VU region reported emissions from Agricultural Propaning (SCC

2801501000), which involves tractor-pulled burne rs being used to burn stubble only, or

Agricultural Stack Burning (SCC 280150200), whic h involves straw stacks being moved from

the field prior to burning.

All MANE-VU States provided some emissions data for forest (wildland) fires (SCC

2810001000). The District of Columbia did not repor t forest fire emissions for 2002. Maine and

Maryland reported emissions data for mana ged/slash burning (SCC 2810005000), which often

involves the burning of logging debr is. Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland,

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsyl vania, and Rhode Island included emissions

# September 1, 2006

5 data on prescribed burning for forest management (SCC 2810015000). Only Maine reported

emissions from prescribed burning of ra ngeland (SCC 2810020000), and the amounts of all

pollutants were negligible. All MANE-VU Stat es and the District of Columbia provided

emissions data for structure fires (SCC 2810030000).

Relative to other area sources, wood burning is a large source of CO, a mo derate source of NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , PM 2.5 

# , and VOC, and a minor source of NH 3 

# and SO 2 

# in the MANE-VU Region.

Emissions of CO, NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , PM 2.5 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC in the MANE-VU Region by wood

burning category are included in Table 1. The da ta for MANE-VU States and the District of

Columbia that were used to calculate MANE-VU totals are included in tables in the appendix.

Table 1: Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) in the MANE-VU Region by source category (Source: 2002

MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Versio n 3.0 with updated NY data).

Source Category CO NH 3 

# NO

x 

# PM 10 

# PM 2.5 

# SO 2 

# VOC

Industrial Wood

Comb. 1 

# 19492.3 0 9974.9 15088.3 13060.7 2604.2 572.6

Comm./Inst. Wood

Comb. 2 

# 5180.6 0 1654.9 659 567.2 35.2 50.1

Residential Wood

Comb. 3 

# 902117.8 5704.4 11078.2 119147.5 113594.6 1695.8 566531.7

Agricultural Burning 4 

# 3029.8 0 54.2 208.4 207.8 0.2 363.4

Wildland Fires 5 

# 18381.2 237.4 469.5 2406.4 2179.1 18 1967

Managed/Slash Fires 6 

# 42.1 0 1.2 5.1 5.1 0 5.7

Prescribed Fires 7 

# 13609.3 70.9 196.2 1361.5 1178.8 55.4 776.6

Structure Fires 8 

# 4034.9 0 162.5 939.9 900.4 532.5 751.9

Open Burning 9 

# 189504 152 7069.1 24597.1 23713.4 428.2 17174.2

All Fires 1,155,392 6,164.7 30,660.7 164,413.2 155,407.1 5,369.5 588,193.2

1 

# SCC 2102008000; 2 

# SCC 2103008000; 3 

# SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004,

SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC 2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4 

# SCC 2801500000; 5 

# SCC 2810001000;

6 

# SCC 2810005000; 7 

# SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8 

# SCC 2810030000; 9 

# SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400



# While emissions from wood burning activities comp rise a significant portion of MANE-VU area

source emissions, only a small portion of wood burni ng activities are relevant to agricultural and

forestry smoke management. Agricultural, mana ged/slash, and prescribed burning are subject to

SMPs. On rare occasions, forest (wildland) fire s and structure fires that are permitted to burn are

also covered by SMPs. Table 2 shows the sum of agricultural, managed/slash, prescribed,

structure, and wildland fires, the total area source emissions, and the percentage of area

emissions from wood burning for each pollutant.

# September 1, 2006

6 Table 2: Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) in the MANE-VU Region by source category (Source: 2002

MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Versio n 3.0 with updated NY data).

MANE-VU CO NH 3 

# NO

x 

# PM 10 

# PM 2.5 

# SO 2 

# VOC

Agricultural 1 

# , Wildland 2



# , Managed/Slash 3 

# , Prescribed 4



# , and Structure 5 

# Fires 39,097 308 884 4,921 4,471 606 3,865

Total Area Source Emissions 6 

# 1,325,853 249,795 262,477 1,455,311 332,729 316,357 1,528,141

% of Area Source Emissions 2.95% 0.12% 0.33% 0.33% 1.34% 0.19% 0.25%

1 

# SCC 2801500000; 2 

# SCC 2810001000; 3 

# SCC 2810005000; 4 

# SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 5 

# SCC 2810030000, 6 

# Data from the summary

developed by E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc. of area source emissions included in the 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 2.0.



# While fire emissions are not signifi cant sources in any of the MANE -VU States or the District of

Columbia, some States have sli ghtly greater emissions than ot hers. Figure 1 shows emissions

from agricultural, managed/slash, prescrib ed, forest, and structure fires by State.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VTPM2.5 Emissions (Tons/Yr) 

# Agricultural, Managed and Prescribed Fires

Structure Fires

Wildland Fires



# Figure 1: Fire emissions in the MANE-VU Region by state. (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory,

Version 3.0 with updated NY data).



# Fires only account for approximately 2% of CO area source emissions, 1% of PM 2.5 

# area source

emissions, and less than 1% of NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC area source emissions in the

MANE-VU Region. Considering that most forest and structure fires in the Region are unwanted

“wildfires,” fires used for resource benefits are a very minor contributor to regional area source

emissions.

# September 1, 2006

7 Other sources of wood smoke are significantly larg er sources of pollutants than fires used for

resource benefits. Figure 2 show s the relative contributions of PM 2.5 

# emissions from the various

wood burning source categories. Th e largest source categories for PM 2.5 

# are residential wood

combustion (73%), open burning (15%), and indu strial, commercial, and institutional wood

combustion (9%). Structure fires and wildland fires, which are generally characterized as

unwanted fires, only make up a minor portion of the wood burning emissions. Fires that are

covered under SMPs, including fires due to ag ricultural, managed, and prescribed burning,

comprise less than 1% of the total wood smoke emissions.

9%

73% 1% 1% 1% 15% Industrial, Commercial

and Institutional Wood

Combustion

Residential Wood

Combustion

Agricultural, Managed,

and Prescribed Burning

Structure Fires

Wildland Fires

Open Burning



# Figure 2: 2002 PM 2.5 

# Emissions from Wood Burning by Source Category (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling

Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated residential wood combustion data from New York)



# 4.2 Future Year Inventory Considerations

In setting reasonable progress goals and devising long term strategies, States must project the

2002 base year inventory to future years. Fire emissions are held constant from 2006 through

2018 for National Forests within the MANE-VU st ates. This is because variables such as

weather, staff, budget, priorities, and other programs limit the Fore st Services ability to project

through 2018.

5. Relevant MANE-VU Source Apportionment Study Results

States must include a contribution assessment and pollution apportionment analysis in their

regional haze SIPs. MANE-VU is in the process of using a weight of evidence approach that

relies on several methods for assessing the contribu tion of different emissions to regional haze at

federal Class I Areas. Preliminary findings of this work show that sulfate comprises one-half to

two-thirds of PM 2.5 

# mass on the 20% haziest days and more than 40% of PM 2.5 

# mass on the 20%

clearest days. Sulfates also have a much larger impact on visibility than the same mass of other

pollutants. As a result, sulfates account for an even greater percentage of the particle–induced

# September 1, 2006

8 visibility impairment in the Region. Th e second most important contributor to PM 2.5 

# mass and

also haze is organic carbon.

As part of the contribution assessment work, Se rpil Kayin of MARAMA a nd Richard Poirot of

the Vermont Department of Environmental Conser vation summarized the resu lts of studies that

have used receptor-based models to apportion pollution sources atseveral sites within the MidAtlantic/Northeast Region and a few sites within the upwind or downwind influence area of the

Region. The technical summary by Kayin and Poirot will app ear as “Appendix B: Source

Attribution by Receptor-Based Met hods” in the MANE-VU document, Tools and Techniques for

Identifying Contributions to Regional Haze in the Northe ast and Mid-Atlantic United States.

The most recent draft of Appe ndix B is available online at http://bronze.nescaum.org/Em/HazeContrib/AppendixB-04-07-05.pdf

.

The primary goal of the receptor-based studies wa s to describe and quantify the major source

categories that contribu te to the observed PM 2.5 

# concentrations. Several methods were used to

apportion PM 2.5 

# concentrations including mathematical receptor models and ensemble trajectory

analysis techniques. Descriptions of the monito ring sites that were investigated by Kayin and

Poirot are included in Table 3. For more inform ation on the periods of da ta collection, analysis

technique(s), and references, see the draft of “Appendix B: Source Apportionment by ReceptorBased Methods.”

Table 3: Monitoring sites in the MANE-VU Region where source apportionmen t analyses have been

conducted

Site Location Elevation

(meters) Type of Monitoring

Network

Acadia National Park, ME 44 N, 68 W 150 IMPROVE

Lye Brook Wilderness, VT 43 N, 73 W 1010 IMPROVE

Underhill, VT 45 N, 73 W 400 IMPROVE

New York, NY (three sites in the Bronx,

one site in Queens) 41 N, 74 W Urban STN

Brigantine Wilderness, NJ 39 N, 74 W 15 IMPROVE

Baltimore-Washington Corridor (Fort

Meade, MD) 39 N, 77 W 46 Site included in a

University of Maryland

study

Washington, DC 39 N, 77 W 30 McMillan IMPROVE

Shenandoah National Park, VA 39 N, 78 W 1098 IMPROVE

Jefferson/James River Face Wilderness

Area, VA 38 N, 79 W 280 IMPROVE

Dolly Sodds Wilderness Area, WV 39 N, 79 W 1158 IMPROVE

Mammoth Cave National Park, KY 37 N, 86 W 248 IMPROVE

Great Smoky Mountains National Park,

TN 36 N, 84 W 815 IMPROVE

Boundary Waters canoe area, MN 48 N, 91 W 524 IMPROVE

Charlotte, NC 35 N, 81 W 230 EPA Trends

Boston, MA (residential site in

Watertown, MA) 42 N, 71 W Site included in the

Harvard Six Cities Study

Potsdam and Stockton, NY (one Potsdam

site, one Stockton site) 47 N, 75 W

42 N, 79 W Site included in a Clarkson

University study

Toronto, Canada Site located at the

University of Toronto

# September 1, 2006

9 The data presented in the report by Kayi n and Poirot are source apportioned PM 2.5 

# mass and the

percentage of PM 2.5 

# mass. While the sources for PM 2.5 

# and haze are the same, the relative

importance of those sources on PM 2.5 

# concentration and visibility impairment differ somewhat.

In addition to being related to PM 2.5 

# concentration, light extincti on is also a function of the

components of PM 2.5 

# and relative humidity. Thus, while source apportioned PM 2.5 

# mass data is

highly relevant to regional haze, there are lim itations to making direct comparisons. Certain

pollutants, such as sulfate, make up a larg er contribution to regional haze than to PM 2.5 

# mass.

The major sources of PM 2.5 

# identified were coal burning (primary and secondary sulfate

aerosols), secondary organic matter from possibl y mobile sources, nitrate aerosols, biomass

burning (wood smoke and forest fires indicate d by the presence of organic carbon, elemental

carbon, and potassium), industrial sour ces (a variety of sources, in cluding smelters, incinerators,

and oil burning, indicated by the presence of elemen tal carbon and characteristic trace metals), a

crustal source (dust and soil indicated by the presence of silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, and

titanium), and a sea salt source (identified by the presence of sodium and chloride).

A wood smoke or biomass burning source was identif ied at most of the rural sites, but was

generally not detected or of sm all magnitude in larger urban areas, including Boston, New York

City, Toronto, and Washington D.C. Wood smoke was also a negligible or low contributor (less

than 10%) in Acadia National Park, Boundary Wa ters, Brigantine Wilderness, Charlotte, Dolly

Sods Wilderness Area, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and Potsdam and Stockton.

Wood smoke was identified as a si gnificant source of average PM 2.5 

# mass (greater than 10%) in

the Baltimore-Washington corridor, Lye Brook Wilderness, Mammoth Cave National Park,

Shenandoah National Park, Jefferson/James River Face Wilderness Area, and Underhill. In Lye

Brook Wilderness and Underhill, wood smoke was the second largest sour ce, following regional

secondary sulfate.

In the Lye Brook Wilderness Area, wood smoke comp rised a relatively high percentage (35%) of

the average PM 2.5 

# mass. However, the smoke source was not identified as especially important

there on either the 20% best or worst visibility days.

Smoke also contributed significantly to the PM 2.5 

# mass at Underhill, VT. This source was found

to make up a large portion (25%) of the PM 2.5 

# mass on the 20% clearest days but a smaller

portion (7%) on the 20% dirtiest da ys. It was predicted that the site was influenced by Canadian

fires.

In addition studies on source cate gories, there has also been wo rk to investigate the source

regions for wood smoke. Figure 3 is based on sour ce apportionment and back trajectory results

in the Eastern United States. The results for various IMPROVE sites are aggregated for the

Northeast Region (Acadia National Park, Pr esidential Mountain Range, and Lye Brook

Wilderness Area), the Mid-Atlantic Region (W ashington D.C., Shenandoah National Park, and

James River Face Wilderness Area), and the Southeast Region (Great Smoky Mountains

National Park and Mammoth Cave National Park).

# September 1, 2006

10 Figure 3: Wood smoke source regional aggregations (Source “Appendix B: Source Attribution by Receptor-Based

Methods” in the MANE-VU document, Tools and Techniques for Identifying Contributions to Regional Haze in the

Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States. The most recent draft of Appe ndix B is available online at

http://bronze.nescaum.org/Em/Haze- Contrib/Appendix B-04-07-05.pdf .) The results are aggregated for New England

in green (Acadia National Park, Presidential Mountain Rang e, and Lye Brook Wilderness Area), the Mid-Atlantic in

red (Washington D.C., Shenandoah Na tional Park, and James River Face Wilderness Area), and the Southeast in

blue (Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Mammoth Cave National Park).



# The results shown in the figure demonstrate th at in the Northeast wood smoke emissions are

local, indicating that the smoke is mostly from residential wood combustion. However, in the

Mid-Atlantic and Southeast Regions, the sour ce regions for the wood smoke lie far from the

monitoring sites, showing the probabl e influence of fires to the south.

Although source apportionmen t studies have not been conducted at all the Class I Areas in the

MANE-VU Region, it is reasonable to conclude that throughout the Region, wood smoke is a

small to moderate contributor to average fine mass. There are other general statements

conclusions made in “Appendix B: Source Attribu tion by Receptor-Based Me thods.” In general,

contributions are higher in rural areas than urba n areas. There are also winter peaks in northern

areas from residential wood burning, and o ccasional summer impacts from wildfires.

Although wood smoke is typically not a large cont ributor to PM 2.5 

# mass, there are exceptions,

generally involving wildfires. A notable excepti on occurred on July 7, 2002. This event affected

urban and rural sites and resulted in the largest one-day regional fine mass concentrations and

visibility impacts reco rded in recent years.

6. Smoke Management Progr ams in the MANE-VU Region

MARAMA, on behalf of MANE-VU, sent out a smoke management plan questionnaire to

MANE-VU States and tribes in August 2004. Th e District of Columb ia, Delaware, Maine,

Maryland, New York, the Penobscot Indian Natio n, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, and Vermont

responded to the survey. All five states and the District of Columb ia have the legal authority to

# September 1, 2006

11 allow or prohibit burning. Delaware, Maine, Maryland, and New York have a formal permitting

system in place. Vermont has a SMP that applie s to the nuisance of smoke. In 2004, Maine was

in the development phase of a SMP being devised by the state forest service. States that do have

a process for approving burns may choose to refe rence their program in the Regional Haze SIP

as advised by the EPA.

There are incentives for States to adopt a SMP. The following statement is included in the

“Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Pres cribed Fires,” issued by the US EPA on April

23, 1998 ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oar pg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf ).

If a certified SMP has not been implemente d, EPA will not give special consideration to

the high PM concentrations attributed to fir es managed for resource benefits that cause

or significantly contribute to: (1) violations of PM 2.5 

# or PM 10 

# NAAQS, (2) visibility

impairment in mandatory Class I Areas, or (3) failure to achieve reasonable progress

toward the national visibility goal. Rather , EPA will call for adoption of the basic SMP,

described in section IV of the Interim policy as part of the SIP/TIP for PM and visibility.

The EPA will also notify the governor of the Stat e or the tribal government that the area

should be redesignated as nonattainment.

The EPA also states in the Interi m Policy that if State/tribal ai r quality managers certify in a

letter to the EPA that at l east a basic SMP has been adopt ed and implemented, “special

consideration will be given under this policy to air quality data resulting from fires managed for

resource benefits. When PM concentrations are attributable to wildfire s that are treated under

the Natural Events Policy, the EPA will “exercise its discretion, under section 107(d)(3) of the

CAA, not to redesignate areas as nonattainment if the State deve lops and implements a plan to

respond to the health impact s of natural events.”

If States choose to adopt a SMP to to lessenthe future possibility of being re-designated as nonattainment, there are several elements that should be included. These elements are described in

EPA’s “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires,” available on-line at

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oar pg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf

.

7. Summary

Smoke Management Programs are only required when smoke impacts from fires managed for

resource benefits contribute significantly to regi onal haze. The results of the emissions inventory

indicate that emissions from agricultural, manage d, and prescribed burning are very minor source

categories. Although source apportionment resu lts show that wood smoke is a moderate

contributor to visibility impairm ent at some Class I Areas in the MANE-VU Region, most of the

wood smoke is attributable to residential wood combustion. It is unlikely that fires for

agricultural or forestry manageme nt cause large impacts on visibili ty in any of the Class I Areas

in the MANE-VU Region. On rare occasions, smoke from major fires degrades the air quality

and visibility in the MANE-VU Area. However, these fires are generally unwanted wildfires

that are not subject to SMPs.12Table X: Carbon Monoxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 withupdated NY data).SourceCategoryCT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrialWood Comb.112,7806,4390273.319,492.3Comm./Inst.Wood Comb.2398.4539.9125.341175,180.6ResidentialWood Comb.36,5252.89,108.61,141.699,653.261,174.510,4461.963,713.574,311313,179.574,914.93,666.931,539.4902,117.8AgriculturalBurning41,3681,661.803,029.8WildlandFires5384.310540.11,729.92,018.51,0434,599.15,120.12,234175.422.818,381.2Managed/SlashFires60.14242.1PrescribedFires71,430.6004574,084.14,005.1155.83,396.979.8013,609.3StructureFires8471.866.737.149.6263.7414.279.2481.71377.7765.91.625.74,034.9Open Burning9244998.306,318.270,978.52,418.41,895.71,70.18,003.686,714.5294.911,467.8189,504All Fires66,352.912,658.21178.7107,787.6134,645.6122,632.977,379.885,228.8331,953.7168,026.24,218.643,3291,155,3921SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC2610000500, SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: Carbon Monoxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL210200800012,780.06,439.00.0273.319,492.32103008000398.4539.9125.34,117.05,180.6Indoor RWC161,903.38,290.4605.697,150.256,108.098,315.661,753.667,230.4293,760.974,914.92690.730,407.5853,131.121040080703349.5818.2536.025,03.05,066.56,146.31959.97,080.619,418.6976.21,131.948,986.8261000010022.30.02,93.8437.469.11002.560.31,290.91,743.17.3635.25,561.92610000400107.40.0367.228,86.21,284.1250.619.51,627.32,288.89.2793.99,634.42610000500244.0739.566,601.10.069,750.99,240.514,6576.026100100009,81.8981.826100200002,516.42,516.42610030000129.10.05,657.21,053.816.3151.090.35,085.49,433.5278.4439.722,334.726100404000.01,048.9491.60.00.0358.51,899.028015000001,368.01,661.83,029.828100010003,84.31,054.00.11,729.92,018.51,043.04,599.15,120.122,34.0175.422.818,381.328100050000.142.042.128100150001,430.60.00.0457.04,084.14,005.1155.83,396.979.813,609.428100200000.00.028100300004,71.866.737.149.6263.74,14.279.2481.71,377.7765.91.625.74,034.9All Fires66,352.912,658.31,178.8107,787.7134,645.7122,633.177,379.685,228.8331,953.9168,026.44,218.6433,29.01,155,392.51For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate categorydata were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.13Table X: Ammonia Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updatedNY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial Wood Comb.100000Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.200000Residential Wood Comb.3470.465.63.8719.3441.1752.7459.75352,241.7078.15,704.4Agricultural Burning40000Wildland Fires51.74.70047.74.7127.450.300.80.1237.4Managed/Slash Fires6000Prescribed Fires76.400.5018.46.9015.30.42370.9Structure Fires80000000000000Open Burning901.30030.921.811.3029.140.2017.4152All Fires472.1783.8719.8472822.2494.1669.32,321.155.58.248.66,164.71SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: Ammonia Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updatedNY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL21020080002013008000Indoor RWC1446.559.80.0701.5405.0708.9445.7484.52,103.30.00.00.05,355.2210400807023.95.83.817.836.143.814.050.5138.47.08.1349.126100001000.30.04.90.811.314.519.67.158.526100004001.00.026.011.614.620.67.180.9261000050026100100002610020000261003000026100404000.09.40.03.212.7280150000028100010001.74.747.74.7127.450.30.80.1237.4281000500028100150006.40.00.518.46.915.30.423.070.828100200002810030000All Fires472.178.03.8719.8472.0822.2494.0669.32,321.155.58.148.66,164.61For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate categorydata were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.14Table X: Nitrogen Oxides Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 withupdated NY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial Wood Comb.14,686.15,258.6030.29,974.9Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.21,206.4197.9102.3148.31,654.9Residential Wood Comb.3821.3120.213.21,265.1751.11,331.8815.19433647929.744.3396.411,078.2Agricultural Burning4540.2054.2Wildland Fires58.222.60.449.457.222.4131.4109.863.83.80.5469.5Managed/Slash Fires601.21.2Prescribed Fires730.700087.603.372.91.70196.2Structure Fires8111.60.91.26.29.71.811.232.117.968.30.6162.5Open Burning96.6360399.32,40288.483.710.4488.23,15419.7380.87,069.1All Fires847.1211.114.12,926.43,209.96,371.16,371.51,096.24,428.74,238.3137.8808.530,660.71SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: Nitrogen Oxides Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL21020080004,686.15,258.60.030.29,974.821030080001,206.4197.9102.3148.31,655.0Indoor RWC1786.8111.87.71,239.3699.01,268.5794.9870.13,447.1929.734.3384.710,573.9210400807034.58.45.525.852.163.320.272.9199.910.011.7504.226100001001.20.024.23.855.53.371.596.535.2291.226100004003.80.0103.145.90.758.181.728.4321.726100005006.621.92,200.40.02,063.6273.44,565.9261001000069.369.32610020000177.6177.626100300009.10.0399.374.31.210.66.4358.6665.319.731.01,575.526100404000.037.517.60.00.012.867.8280150000054.00.254.228100010008.222.60.449.457.222.4131.4109.863.83.80.5469.628100050000.01.21.2281001500030.70.00.00.087.60.03.372.91.7196.228100200000.00.0281003000011.01.60.91.26.29.71.911.232.117.968.40.6162.5All Fires847.1211.114.12,926.43,210.06,370.96,371.51,096.24,428.84,238.3137.8808.430,660.61For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data forseparate woodstove and fireplacecategories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). Theseparate category data were added together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.15Table X: PM10Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial WoodComb.111,012.14,045.9030.315,088.3Comm./Inst. WoodComb.20465.378.7115659Residential WoodComb.38,520.71,227.9157.912,569.58,194.313,689.38,019.39,900.741,98010,285.6508.94,093.411,9147.5AgriculturalBurning42.4203.62.4208.4Wildland Fires537.4102.60210.1244.9101.4985.5497.8207.417.12.22,406.4Managed/SlashFires605.15.1Prescribed Fires7139.20082397.1389.915.2330.37.801,361.5Structure Fires884.9126.78.947.5414.214.386.7248012.14.6939.9Open Burning930.8122.302,673.48,205.6345.9329.834.31,599.99,753.5128.11,373.524,597.1All Fires8,673.81,604164.615,254.216,744.626171.712,986.511,600.744,455.920,576.86745,506.4164,413.21SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: PM10Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL210200800011,012.14,045.90.030.315,088.22103008000465.378.7115.0659.1Indoor RWC18,061.91,115.884.512,226.77,500.312,847.47,750.88,930.839,320.110,285.6375.23,938.411,2437.52104008070458.8112.173.4342.8694.0841.9268.5969.92,659.9133.7155.06,710.026100001004.40.099.785.913.6196.911.8253.6342.42.5124.81,135.5261000040015.10.044.6406.8180.930.42.7229.3322.61.1111.91,345.5261000050030.874.47,481.40.07,016.4929.515,532.426100100002610020000261003000028.40.02,529.1231.53.633.219.81,117.02,072.1124.5156.86,316.026100404000.0147.869.30.00.050.5267.628015000002.4203.62.4208.3281000100037.4102.60.0210.1244.9101.4985.5497.8207.417.12.22,406.428100050000.05.15.12810015000139.20.00.082.0397.1389.915.2330.37.81,361.528100200000.00.0281003000084.912.06.78.947.5414.214.386.7248.012.14.6939.9All Fires8,673.81,603.9164.615,254.316,744.426,171.712,986.411,600.944,455.92,0576.8673.95,506.516,4413.11For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category datawere added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.16Table X: PM2.5Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial WoodComb.19,521.13,509.3030.313,060.7Comm./Inst. WoodComb.20402.368.396.6567.2Residential WoodComb.38,520.71,227.9157.912,569.58,194.313,689.38,019.39,900.736,702.810,285.6508.93,817.711,3594.6AgriculturalBurning42.1203.62.1207.8Wildland Fires53287.90210.1244.987887427186.714.61.92179.1Managed/SlashFires605.15.1Prescribed Fires71190082340.6334.213283.36.701,178.8Structure Fires877.310.96.18.143.2414.21386.7225.70114.2900.4Open Burning930.8116.502,460.48,092.9270.4311.132.11,453.49,505.1117.61,323.123,713.4All Fires8,660.81,562.216415,040.116,627.624,542.212,348.611,444.338,918.520,260.7658.85,179.3155,407.11SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: PM2.5Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL21020080009,521.13,509.30.030.313,060.72103008000402.368.396.6567.1Indoor RWC18,061.91,115.884.512,226.77,500.312,847.47,750.88,930.834,468.510,285.6375.23,662.7107,310.22104008070458.8112.173.4342.8694.0841.9268.5969.92,234.3133.7155.06,284.426100001004.40.099.785.913.6196.911.8253.6342.42.5124.81,135.5261000040011.70.044.6313.6139.530.42.1176.8248.71.186.31,054.7261000050030.874.47,481.40.07,016.4929.515,532.426100100002610020000261003000026.00.02,316.1212.03.330.418.21,023.01,897.6114.0143.65,784.126100404000.0114.053.40.00.038.9206.328015000002.2203.62.1207.9281000100032.087.90.0210.1244.987.0887.0427.0186.714.61.92,179.128100050000.05.15.12810015000119.00.00.082.0340.6334.213.0283.36.71,178.728100200000.00.0281003000077.310.96.18.143.2414.213.086.7225.711.04.2900.4All Fires8,660.81,562.1164.015,040.316,627.524,542.112,348.511,444.338,918.320,260.6658.85,179.4155,406.71For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category datawere added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.17Table X: Sulfur Dioxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial Wood Comb.1532.5268.301,803.42,604.2Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.2022.45.27.635.2Residential Wood Comb.3120.116.11.9184107193.5119132.4614.91426.758.21,695.8Agricultural Burning400.200.2Wildland Fires52.36.20006.1002.41018Managed/Slash Fires6000Prescribed Fires78.401.602400.9200.5055.4Structure Fires800000532.5000000532.5Open Burning903066.649.628.214.41.788.1150.13.323.2428.2All Fires122.433.71.9252.2156.61,309.1437134.3711.5314.511.51,884.85,369.51SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: Sulfur Dioxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VUModeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL2102008000532.5268.30.01,803.42,604.2210300800022.45.27.635.2Indoor RWC1114.814.81.1180.099.0183.8115.9121.2584.2142.05.256.41,618.421040080705.31.30.84.08.09.73.111.230.81.51.877.626100001000.20.03.00.56.80.48.811.84.335.726100004001.30.034.215.10.219.327.19.4106.726100005000.00.02610010000261002000026100300001.50.066.612.40.21.81.160.0111.23.35.2263.226100404000.012.45.80.00.04.322.528015000000.20.228100010002.36.20.06.10.02.41.018.0281000200028100030000.00.028100150008.40.01.624.00.00.920.00.555.42810030000532.50.0532.5All Fires122.433.61.9252.1156.61,309.2437.1134.3711.5314.611.51,884.75,369.51For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate categorydata were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.18Table X: VOC Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTALIndustrial WoodComb.1362.1182.4028.1572.6Comm./Inst.Wood Comb.227.315.33.63.950.1Residential WoodComb.341,067.85,952.1732.95,9815.639,433.866,217.438,65249,989.2226,181.725,537.31,981.910,970566,531.7AgriculturalBurning4128.42350363.4Wildland Fires518.149.6092.9345.449.1778.6240.93838.31.11,967Managed/SlashFires605.75.7Prescribed Fires767.40070.3192.2275.77.3159.93.80776.6Structure Fires886.512.26.89.148.37614.588.3252.6140.412.54.7751.9Open Burning92077.402,119.95,124.5334.7358.822.2795.17,235.2101.3985.117,174.2All Fires41,192.46,158.7739.762,100.344,775.567,350.939,452.651,389227,481.533,455.82,107.811,989588,193.21SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC2104008052) and SCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400Table X: VOC Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data).SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT TOTAL2102008000362.1182.40.028.1572.7210300800027.315.33.63.950.1Indoor RWC138,031.25,210.4246.957,546.534,840.660,645.336,875.243,570.1208,577.325,537.31,096.99,943.8522,121.521040080703,036.6741.7486.02,269.14,593.25,572.11,776.86,419.117,604.4885.01,026.244,410.126100001005.60.073.4109.317.3250.615.1322.7435.81.8158.81,390.5261000040014.60.049.8391.7174.234.02.6220.9310.61.2107.71,307.5261000050020.050.84,571.40.04,787.6634.310,064.12610010000346.5346.52610020000888.1888.126100300006.40.01,996.752.10.87.54.5251.5466.698.335.62,919.926100404000.0142.466.70.00.048.7257.72801500000128.4235.0363.4281000100018.149.60.092.9345.449.1778.6240.9383.08.31.11,966.928100050000.05.75.7281001500067.40.00.070.3192.2275.77.3159.93.8776.628100200000.00.0281003000086.512.26.89.148.376.014.588.3252.6140.412.54.7752.0All Fires41,192.36,158.6739.762,100.444,775.667,350.939,452.651,389.0227,481.633,455.82,107.811,989.0588,193.21For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, andNH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT instead reported data for separatewoodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category datawere added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.