U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-017, version 1.0  This report is only available on the web. 

 

**Bibliography of literature from 1990-1997   pertaining to Holocene and fumarolic Pleistocene volcanoes of Alaska, Canada,   and the conterminous United States**

**By**

**Christopher J. Harpel1 and John   W. Ewert1**

 

**Introduction**

 The 1980's and 1990's were marked by frequent worldwide destructive volcanic   eruptions. Significant loss of life and property during eruptions, and extensive   media coverage of volcanic events around the globe have brought volcanic processes   and hazards increasingly to the forefront of scientific, governmental, and public   attention (e.g., Casadevall, 1994; Pringle, 1994).

 A result of these circumstances has been an increasing number of scientific   and popular publications dealing with active volcanism. The purpose of this   bibliography is to provide a comprehensive source of literature published between   1990 and 1997 relevant to all of the Holocene and fumarolic Pleistocene volcanoes   in Alaska, the conterminous United States, and Canada. The period between 1990   and 1997 was chosen for two reasons. First, it was necessary to define a precise   period of time to keep the work tractable. Second, research for this project   began during the summer of 1996 and lasted through 1998, with minor additions   into 1999. Thus, 1997 was chosen as the younger cut-off and 1990 for the older   cut-off. Literature pertaining to Hawaiian volcanoes has been assembled into   a database maintained by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (Wright and Takahashi,   1984; Wright and Takahashi, 1998) and has been excluded from this work.

 We hope that this work will be useful in three ways. First, researchers interested   in a specific volcano can use the search capability of the electronic version   to readily find literature relevant to their work or determine what aspects   of the volcano are in need of study. Second, references cited within the included   references are guides to older literature. Third, during times of volcanic crisis   this reference list can save time for responding scientists.

**Methods**

 Names of volcanoes in this bibliography follow those of Simkin and Siebert   (1994). For location maps of the included volcanoes see Simkin and Siebert (1994)   or visit the Global Volcanism Network web site (http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp).   Also, some locations and short overviews of available data can be found in Miller   and others (1998) for Alaska volcanoes and Wood and Kienle (1990) for the entire   region covered in this work. However, in some cases nomenclature in Wood and   Kienle (1990) varies from that used here.

 Some specific cases where our nomenclature deviates from Simkin and Siebert   (1994) deserve mention. Synonyms are used in conjunction with three of the names   assigned by Simkin and Siebert (1994). For instance, Simkin and Siebert (1994)   use the name Potato Butte for a small northern California volcano. Potato Butte   is one of multiple vents for the more commonly referred to Hat Creek basalt   flows. Muffler and others (1994), however, make no specific mention of Potato   Butte, rather they discuss the synonymous Hat Creek basalt. Thus, for Potato   Butte/Hat Creek (California), Lavic Lake/Pisgah (California), and Frosty/Cold   Bay (Alaska Peninsula) volcanoes, both names have been used.

 Simkin and Siebert (1994) list Sunset Crater (Arizona) and Valles caldera   (New Mexico) as individual vents. However, both are the youngest manifestations   of the San Francisco (Wolfe, 1990) and Jemez (Self, 1990) volcanic fields, respectively.   Thus, the names used in this work are Sunset Crater/San Francisco and Valles/Jemez,   and the bibliography has been expanded to include references on volcanism throughout   the history of the volcanic fields.

 References were compiled for this work in three ways. First, applicable journals,   such as the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research and the Bulletin   of Volcanology, were searched issue by issue for pertinent articles. Also, abstracts   from the annual meetings of the American Geophysical Union and Geological Society   of America were perused in the same fashion. Second, reference lists from journal   articles and professional reports were searched and relevant references were   entered into the bibliography. Third, the on-line geologic information database   GEOREF was used to help find references.

 For references to be included into this bibliography they must contain information   relating directly to an included volcano, such as geological, geodetic, geophysical,   hydrological, seismological, or geochemical data. Literature on volcanic hazards,   hazards mitigation, and volcano monitoring is included if the information is   applied to or indicates a specific risk at an included volcano. Gray literature,   in the form of articles from narrowly distributed journals and field guides,   is included, and in some rare cases literature on either older or non-included   volcanic systems is reported if an included volcano is used for comparative   purposes (e.g., Rose and Criss, 1993; Talbot and others, 1994). Because of the   tremendous amount of literature there are qualified references that we have   accidently missed. This is especially true for references that contain geochemical   analyses or experimental petrology using rocks from an included volcano (e.g.   Hurwitz and Navon, 1994). Also, many papers making reference to tephrostratigraphic   data may be missing. This is due to the wide geographic distribution of some   tephra layers (e.g. the Bishop and Mazama tephras) and their use in a variety   of scientific endeavors.
 EndNote Reference Database
 The reference database is maintained in the EndNote program and is searchable   by author, year, title, journal, publication type, keywords, or Catalog of Active   Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) number (see Simkin and Siebert, 1994). For the   sake of simplicity keywords are limited to; volcano name, state or province,   physiographic location (e.g. "Alaska Peninsula", or "Cascades") (table 1), and   a group of 19 one word discipline descriptions (e.g. "geochemistry", or "deformation")   (table 2). More than one discipline may be listed for a single reference; for   instance, if a paper contains seismic tomography data it will have both "seismology"   and "geophysics" listed as keywords. References that lack a specific discipline,   overviews of available data, or descriptions of an eruptive event, are listed   under the "descriptive" discipline keyword. Prefixes to volcano names such as   Mount and Mt. have not been included and should not be used when searching.   A complete listing of physiographic location and discipline keywords can be   found in tables 1 and 2, respectively. To avoid confusion when searching for   keywords it is generally beneficial not to use the "any field" search capability   of EndNote. For example, searching for the volcano Dutton using "any field"   will also yield references with authors named Dutton.
**Table 1.** List of geographic province keywords used for searching         the electronic version of this bibliography.Physiographic KeywordsAlaska PeninsulaAleutiansCanadaCascadesCook Inlet 
  
**Table 2.** List of the discipline keywords to be used for searching         the electronic version of this bibliography.Discipline DescriptionsAtmosphereDeformationDescriptiveDrillingGeochemistryGeochronologyGeologyGeomorphologyGeophysicsGeothermalHazardsHydrologyModelingMonitoringPetrologyRemote SensingSeismologyStratigraphyTectonics 
 To search this bibliography via CAVW number it is necessary to use the numbering   scheme presented in the second edition of Volcanoes of the World (Simkin and   Siebert, 1994) rather than the first edition (Simkin and others, 1981) due to   numbering changes in some geographic areas. Also, minor changes have been made   to the CAVW numbers of four volcanoes in this bibliography to avoid confusion.   As an illustration of the problem, the CAVW number for Kanaga (Aleutians) is   1101-11, however, the CAVW number for the neighboring volcano, Moffett, is 1101-111.   Thus, searches for Kanaga will also yield references for Moffett. We have added   zeros to the end of the CAVW numbers for Kanaga (1101-110), Makushin (1101-310),   Cold Bay/Frosty (1102-010), and Wrangell (1105-020) so that this problem may   be avoided.

 In the case of Parkview Mountain, Colorado, no official CAVW number exists   (Nelson and Oelfke, 1996). Thus, for the purposes of this work, the unofficial   number 1208-02 has been assigned. Also, CAVW numbers are listed under the "custom   1" category of the EndNote reference format.
 Formatted Version
 The formatted version of this work is available in Adobe Portable Document   Format (.pdf) and has been organized according to geographic location roughly   following Simkin and Siebert (1994). The main regions are; Alaska, Canada, Pacific   Coast, and interior U.S. These regions have been further divided into states   and provinces with the exception of Alaska. Alaska has been split into the four   following physiographic sub-regions; Aleutian Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Cook   Inlet, and western, eastern, and southeastern Alaska. Volcanoes have been listed   in the bibliography according to CAVW number, and alphabetically in appendix   1.

 The interrelated Long Valley caldera, Mono Lake, Mono Craters, Inyo Craters,   and Red Cones volcanic fields are listed separately by Simkin and Siebert (1994),   and are treated individually in this work. However, these volcanic fields are   both spatially and genetically related and many references pertain to more than   one field causing ambiguity (e.g. Hill and Bailey, 1990). Thus, in this work   references are listed and keyworded (for the EndNote version) under the Mono   Lake, Mono Craters, Inyo Craters, and Red Cones volcanic fields only if they   present data that applies directly to the field (e.g. Hu and others, 1994).   Whereas, references containing general data for the Long Valley region that   is non-specific to a single volcanic field is listed under the Long Valley heading   (e.g. Iwatsubo and Swanson, 1992).

 Ambiguity also exists in the references pertaining to the volcanoes within   Katmai National Park and Preserve. A total of 14 volcanoes are contained within   the park and preserve boundaries, including five that have been historically   active (Simkin and Siebert, 1994). Thus, in a fashion similar to Long Valley,   references are listed and keyworded separately only if they specifically deal   with a particular volcano. Non-specific studies within Katmai National Park   and Preserve are listed under the Katmai section, and references pertaining   to the 1912 eruptions of Novarupta dome and Mount Katmai (the majority of references   in these sections) are listed under both volcanoes.
**Figure 1.** Pie chart showing the distribution of reference         types.Discussion
 A total of 3,328 references are reported in this work. References are categorized   as abstracts, journal articles, books and book sections, professional reports,   and theses (Fig. 1). Abstracts make up the majority (43%) of the references   closely followed by journal articles (31%). Book and book sections compose 15%   of the references, and the remaining 11% are professional reports and theses.   Interestingly, this distribution of reference types closely resembles that found   for Hawaiian literature by Wright and Takahashi (1998), with one exception;   they found that the dominant reference type is journal articles rather than   abstracts. However, they reported abstracts from the American Geophysical Union   and Geological Society of America meetings as journal articles rather than abstracts.   In this work abstracts from both of these groups of meetings are reported as   abstracts, and compose the majority of the references (76%) in the abstract   section. Thus, if this difference is accounted for the trend found by Wright   and Takahashi (1998) is similar to the trend in this work.
**Figure 2.** Graph showing the yearly distribution         of references. Note the significant peaks at 1990 and 1994.
 The reference distribution during the eight years covered is stable throughout   most of the years, with an average of 418 references published per year (Fig.   2). However, two significant peaks exist at 1990 and 1994. Three publications   can help explain the large number of references during 1990. The Geoscience   Canada volume commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Mount St. Helens eruption   (Hickson and Peterson, 1990), the Geological, Geophysical, and Tectonic Settings   of the Cascade Range Special Section of the Journal of Geophysical Research   (Muffler, 1990), and the comprehensive volume "Volcanoes of the North America"   (Wood and Kienle, 1990) were all published during 1990, bolstering the average   amount of publications by a significant amount. If the 1990 peak is removed   the average number of publications per year drops to 372. The 1994 peak can   be explained by the publication of both the Redoubt special volume of the Journal   of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (Miller and Chouet, 1994), and U.S. Geological   Survey Bulletin 2047, "The Proceedings of the First International Symposium   on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety" (Casadevall, 1994).

 The distribution of references among the 181 included volcanoes is not balanced   and varies from 424 references for Long Valley to zero references for five volcanoes.   Nine well studied volcanoes (table 3), each having 100 or more references, can   be broken into two groups and a single volcano. The first group is made up of   St. Helens, Redoubt, Augustine, and Spurr. These volcanoes have all had recent   eruptions that have effected large populations, are relatively easy to access,   and are proximal to volcano observatories. This first group of volcanoes have   served as backyard laboratories for many scientists to carry out process-related   research and to test and develop new volcano monitoring techniques.
**Table 3.** List of the nine volcanoes with 100 or more references.VolcanoNumber of ReferencesLong Valley424St. Helens411Yellowstone369Valles287Redoubt250Spurr141Rainier137Crater Lake121Augustine100
 The second group consists of four large calderas: Long Valley, Yellowstone,   Valles, and Crater Lake. Extensive research in many disciplines has been done   at these calderas, including on-going monitoring, geothermal exploration and   development, hazards mitigation, and investigations of the proximal deposits.   Also, all of these calderas have produced widely dispersed pyroclastic fall   deposits that form important horizons throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene   stratigraphy of western North America.

 The single remaining volcano is Mount Rainier. Mount Rainier has been designated   a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Geochemistry   of the Earth's Interior, indicating that the volcano poses a significant risk   to a large population and was not well studied at the time of designation (Swanson   and others, 1992; National Research Council, 1994). Thus, Mount Rainier has   been the subject of increased study since the early 1990's.

 Volcanoes that have only a few or no references in the 1990-1997 time period   are generally small, remote, dormant, or are otherwise unexceptional. Buldir   Island located in the far western extremity of the Aleutian Islands is a good   example. Only three references were found pertaining to Buldir; two of these   were general maps showing the location (Motyka and others, 1993; Nye, 1995),   and the third was a small synopsis of the location and previous studies (Marsh,   1990). Several examples of small volcanoes that do not have any references published   between 1990-1997 are Brushy Butte, Big Cave, and Twin Buttes volcanoes in northern   California.

 In several cases, numerous references from a single scientific discipline   exist for a volcano, but no other areas of investigation have been covered.   For instance, the Lunar Crater (Nevada) and Lavic Lake/Pisgah (California) volcanic   fields have a significant number of remote sensing references related to the   national space program (e.g., Campbell and others, 1993), but a general lack   of physical volcanology references.

 It is important to keep the time scale involved with this work in mind, as   some of the included volcanoes have been the subject of numerous studies prior   to 1990. For instance, extensive basic geological research was carried out in   the Aleutian Islands during the 1950's and was published as the U.S. Geological   Survey Bulletin 1028 series (e.g., Byers, 1959). The references cited within   the references in this bibliography can be used to lead the reader back to any   "landmark" studies published before 1990. Also, pertinent literature is continuing   to be published after the cut off date for this bibliography (e.g. Miller and   others, 1998).

 Thus, we hope to extend this bibliography both backward and forward in time   with the goal of creating a truly comprehensive bibliography of relevant volcanological   literature for Alaska, the conterminous United States, and Canada.
Conclusion
 In conclusion, the most relevant use of this report will be as a reference   tool in the event of volcanic unrest at one of the included volcanoes. Responding   scientists may be able to save time by having an on-hand list of current literature   pertaining to the restless volcano. However, during periods of quiescence this   work will be a useful aid to researchers in their scientific pursuits. The EndNote   reference database allows easy searching and can be used to highlight disciplines   in need of further examination.

  
References 
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