NBSIR 74-431 (/?)

Evaluation of Currency and

Stamp Papers

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

January 2, 1974

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 - December 31, 1973

Prepared for Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

NBSIR 74-431

EVALUATION OF CURRENCY AND

STAMP PAPERS

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

January 2, 1974

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 - December 31, 1973

Note: This document has been prepared for the use of

the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Responsibility

for its further use rests with that agency.

Prepared for Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director
I-
CONTENTS

Page

1. SUMMARY 1

2. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HANDSHEETS MODIFIED WITH

ACRYLIC RESINS BY BEATER ADDITION 3

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS MADE FROM CURRENCY

BEATER STOCK BY TREATMENT WITH ACRYLIC RESINS ... 5

3 . 1 Background 5

3.2 Experimental 5

3.3 Results and Discussion 6

4. MODIFICATION OF WOOD PULP HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLIC

RESINS BY BOTH BEATER ADDITION AND SATURATION

TECHNIQUES 8

4 . 1 Background 8

4.2 Experimental 9

4.3 Results and Discussion . 11

5. EFFECT OF WET PRESSING ON THE PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF HANDSHEETS 13

5.1 Background 13

5.2 Experimental 13

5.3 Results and Discussion 14

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

1. SUMMARY

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving

and Printing of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the

effect of acrylic resins on the structure of handsheets and

the possibility of improving stiffness retention with acrylic

resins was studied. In addition, the effect of wet pressing

on the structure of handsheets was investigated.

When wood pulp handsheets are modified with certain

acrylic resins by beater addition, there is a decline in tensile

modulus and strength of the paper which could be attributed

to the rheological properties of the resin. However, the

resin modification also leads to an increase in air permeability which cannot be explained by the rheology of the resin

and is likely caused by structural changes of the paper.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of handsheets treated

with certain acrylic resins indicate a marked decrease in

fibrillar content. This decrease in fibrillar content results

in a decrease in the formation of film-like material (matrix)

in the interstices of the fibers. The matrix appears to

affect a multitude of paper properties one of which is air

permeability. Apparently, the acrylic latex causes the fibrils

and cell wall debris to precipitate onto the fiber surface

making them unavailable for matrix formation. The decrease

in matrix permits stress to dissipate in the direction of

least resistance when paper is strained, as in the lateral

movement and/or twisting of fibers, which could account in

part for the reduced modulus and strength. In essence, the

changes in the properties of paper are not only due to the

rheology of the resin but also to the structural changes of

the resulting handsheets. Investigations show that these

same acrylic resins not only affect the structure of wood

pulp handsheets but also currency type (linen-cotton) handsheets . Some acrylic resins improve retention of stiffness

best when introduced into handsheets by beater addition,

while others perform best when applied to paper by the saturation technique. If the improvement in stiffness retention

bv the two different modification techniques were additive,

then a greatly improved stiffness retention could result if

the paper were modified first with one acrylic resin by

beater addition, then followed by a second treatment with

another resin by the saturation technique.
2

Once handsheets have been modified with acrylic resins

by beater addition and dried, there is a significant resistance to wetting, and onlv small Quantities of the second resin

were introduced into the sheet by saturation. Even though

only small weight gains resulted with saturation, the improvement in stiffness retention was encouraging. In an effort

to increase the weight gain of acrylic resin with saturation,

the handsheets were saturated immediately following wet pressing to overcome the resistance to impregnation of the dry

sheets. This resulted in further improvements in stiffness

retention.

The second wet pressing caused the properties of the

control handsheets to change significantly. In a separate

experiment it was demonstrated that the pressing procedure

affected the structure of handsheets. In order for the handsheets to be more uniform and for results to be reproducible,

it appears that consolidation of the web on the forming wire

be accomplished with minimum pressure, the sheet removed from

the wire, and placed between felts and pressed at the desired

pressure a second time.
3

2. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HANDSHEETS MODIFIED

WITH ACRYLIC RESINS BY BEATER ADDITION

Work done previously on the modification of wood pulp

handsheets with acrylic resins by beater addition [2] generated some interesting questions. The softest resins caused

a decrease in modulus and breaking strength and an increase

in elongation to break. It was easy to attribute these

changes to the rheological properties of the acrylic resins,

but as the strength properties were decreasing, air permeability was increasing, and this could not be attributed to the

rheological properties of the resins. An increase in air

permeability can be accounted for only by changes in paper

structure.

Three handsheets were prepared consisting of a control

and two sheets modified by beater addition of acrylic resins.

One sheet contained resin AC-61, and the other sheet contained

resin E-631. The sheets modified with AC-61 showed only a slight increase in air permeability, while those treated with

E-631 exhibited a very large increase in air permeability.

Scanning electron photomicrographs from these three sheets

are shown in Figure 1. The photomicrographs indicate that

the treatment with acrylic resins significantly affected the

fibrillar component of the paper structure. Resin AC-61

appeared to cause a noticeable reduction in the fibrillar

component compared with the control, but resin E-6 31 practically eliminated the fibrillar component as a visible structural entity. The result was a paper with large "holes"

v/hich apparently are responsible for the large increase in

air permeability. Apparently, the acrylic latex causes the

fibrils to redeposit on the fibers so they cannot function

in the normal fashion in sheet formation. Although data on

loss of fines among the three sheets were not obtained, significant differences in basis weight were not noted.

It is proposed that the decline in modulus and strength

and increase in extensibility are at least partially a result

of structural changes in the paper and are not entirely due

to the rheological properties of the resins. The absence of

material in the interstices between the fibers allows the

fibers to move laterally and to twist when the sheet is

strained. This permits stresses in the sheet to dissipate

in the direction of least resistance and for elongation to

occur without affecting fiber bonds or requiring fiber elongation at low stress levels. In the control handsheet, where
4

the interstices contain fibrillar material, lateral movement

and twisting of the fibers is restrained, requiring greater

force to strain the paper a given amount. This results in

higher modulus, higher strength, and lower elongation in comparison with the sheet containing resin E-631.

This investigation indicates that the modification of

paper by beater addition of acrylic resins is not entirely

due to the rheological properties of the polymer but probably

is due in part to structural changes of the paper.
5

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS MADE FROM CURRENCY

BEATER STOCK BY TREATMENT WITH ACRYLIC RESINS

3 . 1 Background

In earlier work [2] it was shown that treatment of wood

pulp handsheets with acrylic resins produced better stiffness

retention when the treatment was accomplished by a saturation

technique rather than by beater addition. In the last NBS

Report [1] to BEP, it was shown that the treatment of handsheets, made from currency beater stock, with acrylic resins

by saturation produced changes in properties similar to those

observed in wood pulp handsheets. It remained to be determined whether treatment of the currency-type handsheets with

acrylic resins by beater addition, rather than by saturation,

resulted in less improvement of stiffness retention as occurred

with wood pulp handsheets. It was especially important to

determine whether certain acrylic resins affected the structure

of the currency-type handsheets similarly to that found in

wood pulp handsheets (section 2 of this report)

.

3.2 Experimental

Sufficient amounts of currency beater stock to make a

12" X 12" handsheet of 70 g/m^ basis weight was diluted with

1.5 liters distilled water and disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions in a British disintegrator. The pH was adjusted to

9 using 1 N NaOH. A retention aid was added to the pulp

slurry in the amount of 2 percent based on latex solids to be

deposited on the fibers. The retention aid was added from a sufficient quantity of a 1 percent solution diluted with

30 cm^ distilled water. Only two thirds of the retention

aid was added at the start. The mixture of pulp suspension

and retention aid was stirred 5 minutes prior to latex addition to exhaust the retention aid from solution. The pH of

the mixture was then decreased to 4.0 with 0.5 N H2SO4.

The acrylic emulsion was diluted with approximately

50 cm~^ distilled water and added to the pulp suspension in

three equal portions with moderate stirring. Five minutes

was allowed between each addition to exhaust the acrylic

latex. Only moderate stirring was used in order not to

remove any adsorbed polymer by shearing. After all of the

latex was added, the remainder of retention aid was added

and the mixture stirred for an additional 5 minutes. Handsheets were then prepared by placing the mixture in the
6

deckle box of the handsheet machine and forming the sheet

in the usual way using tap water. The sheets were dried at

95°C for approximately 3 minutes on a drum dryer.

The effect of the acrylics on the retention of cantilever

stiffness was evaluated by determining the decline in cantilever stiffness after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8" rollers

on the NBS paper f lexer. All of the tensile properties and

other physical properties were determined in addition to the

cantilever stiffness. The results are given in Tables 1 and

2 and the standard deviation of the results are given in

Tables 3 and 4. Six acrylic emulsions designated K-3, E-631,

P-339, AC-61, HA-16, and AC-201 were evaluated. The acrylics

covered a wide range of film stiffness.

3 . 3 Results and Discussion

There was good agreement between the results obtained on

the currency stock handsheets and the wood pulp handsheets

.

The extensional stiffness declined below that of the controls

for the three softest acrylics, K-3, E-631, and P-339, while

the air permeability increased. It is believed that the decline in handsheet extensional stiffness was not entirely due

to the low resin stiffness but primarily caused by a change

in structure resulting from the treatment. This structural

change can also account for the increase in air permeability

over the two controls (section 2) . The extensional stiffness

increased steadily as the polymer stiffness increased with

the remaining three latexes, AC-61, HA-16, and AC-201.

In addition to extensional stiffness, an increase in

breaking strength, energy to break, load at yield, and plastic stiffness increased with increasing film stiffness.

Little or no increase in elongation to break and elongation

at yield with increasing film stiffness was observed.

Ihere was no adverse effect by any of the resins on Elmendorf

tear and a varied effect on folding endurance. A decline in

folding endurance was observed in the handsheets treated

with K-3, while an improvement in fold was observed for all

the other resins.

Of the six resins, HA-16 appeared to improve stiffness

retention with flexing to a greater extent than any of the

other resins. The improvement with HA-16 was almost as great

as that observed with currency stock handsheets modified with

acrylics by saturation. Apparently some of the acrylic resins

produce better results when applied by beater addition, while

others perform best when applied by the saturation technique.
7

The stiffest of the acrylic resins, AC-201, apparently

cracks during flexing resulting in a greater decline of

cantilever stiffness. This same behavior was observed when

wood pulp as well as currency stock handsheets were treated

with AC-201 by saturation. Apparently there is an optimum

film stiffness beyond which no improvement in stiffness

retention with flexing occurs.
8

4. MODIFICATION OF WOOD PULP HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLIC

RESINS BY BOTH BEATER ADDITION AND SATURATION

TECHNIQUES

4.1 Background

The results of the investigation on modifying currency

beater stock handsheets with acrylic resins by beater addition

(section 3) and by saturation techniques [2] indicated that

appreciable improvements in stiffness retention are possible

by either technique providing the proper resin is employed

in each treatment. Acrylic resin, HA-16, imparts greater improvement in stiffness retention with flexing by beater

addition, while AC-61 performs best in the saturation technique. Since the distribution of the resin throughout the

paper is different with the two techniques, it would appear

that decline in stiffness with flexing occurs by at least

two separate mechanisms.

It has been demonstrated previously [3, 4, 5, 6] that

the deterioration of the film-like constituent or matrix of

paper is probably most responsible for the decline in bending

stiffness. Stabilization of the matrix by some modification

results in an improvement in stiffness retention with flexing.

While the matrix contributes significantly to stiffness

retention, the stiffness of paper must result from other

factors as well. Wood pulp papers, having an apparent density

equal to that of highly beaten rag paper but with little or

no matrix, are as stiff as the rag papers. Apparently, the

stiffness of the fibers must contribute greatly to the stiffness of the sheet. However, stiffness declines rapidly and

extensively when the wood pulp paper is flexed.

In beating of pulp, the fibers become gelatinous. It

has been proposed by Clark [7] that the surface of beaten

fibers is covered with a colloidal suspension of water and

cellulose which serves as the bonding material or adhesive.

This colloidal material may contribute significantly to the

stiffness of fibers in addition to serving as bonding material, especially in the areas where no interfiber bonding

takes place. The colloidal material might be viewed as a

substance similar to a starch suspension that forms a stiff

film when it dries. Upon drying over the surface of the

fiber, it im.parts added stiffness to the fibers. Unfortunately,

the film is brittle and cracks when bent.
9

In cases where little, if any, matrix is present in the

paper, stiffness is mostly derived from fiber stiffness.

When flexed, the paper stiffness declines sharply because

the brittle film cracks and causes a sharp decline in paper

stiffness.

Had this same paper contained a matrix which did not

crack with flexing, the stiffness of the paper would not have

declined as extensively even though fiber stiffness declined

sharply. The matrix spans the areas between the fibers,

causing a shortening of the effective fiber segment length,

and also prevents fiber twisting and/or lateral movement of

fibers when the paper is strained. The shortening of the

fiber segments leads to an increase in bending stiffness, as

the apparent fiber stiffness increases with decreasing fiber

length. Consequently, a greater force will be necessary to

bend or strain the paper when the matrix is present even if

fiber stiffness is greatly reduced with flexing.

If the above hypothesis is correct, then maximum stiffness retention can be achieved by modifying the fiber surface

as well as the matrix to prevent or retard breakdown of the

film-like materials. Treatment of the pulp by beater addition

with a suitable resin would modify the fiber surface making

it more resistant to breakdown on flexing, and saturation of

the resulting paper with a suitable resin would improve the

cracking resistance of the matrix. The two treatments should

result in a sheet of paper with very superior retention of

stiffness with flexing.

4.2 Experimental

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI laboratory

nill at 10 percent consistency with no clearance between bedplate and roll for 5,000 revolutions at 3.4 kilograms- force

and a relative velocity of roll to bedplate of 6 m/sec. The

beating was done in distilled water. Forty grams of pulp

were beaten for each of the seven variables investigated.

Six aliquots were taken from each beater run sufficient to

make a 12" x 12" handsheet of 70 g/m^ . Depositions of acrylic

latex by beater addition was done exactly as described in

section 3.2 of this report.
10

The sheets modified with acrylic resin by beater addition were then saturated with an acrylic resin as follows.

The felts which are used in wet pressing of handsheets were

saturated with a 10 percent emulsion of the acrylic resin.

A handsheet was placed between the felts and passed through

the calender rolls of the sheet machine. As the felt passed

through the calender rolls, the excess latex was squeezed out

of the felt saturating the paper with latex. As the felt and

paper proceeded through the rolls, the excess latex in the

paper was squeezed out. The wet sheet, saturated with acrylic,

was lifted from the felt and dried on the drying drum at 95°C

for approximately 3 minutes. The saturation controls were

treated in the same manner, except the felts were saturated

with water only.

Three resins were investigated, HA-16, which improves

stiffness retention appreciably when applied by beater addition, AC-61, which has been found to be one of the best

saturants for improving stiffness retention, and P-339, which

does not improve stiffness retention appreciably by any method

of application. The use of P-339 was for control purposes

primarily.

Unfortunately, the sheets treated with acrylic resins

by beater addition, especially with HA-16 and AC-61, resisted

wetting resulting in a non-uniform treatment and low weight

gains. Therefore, additional experiments were conducted in

an effort to reduce the effect of water resistance of the

handsheets treated with acrylic resins by beater addition.

The beater addition was performed as before, but the

sheets were not dried immediately following wet pressing.

Instead, the sheets were removed from the wire after wet

pressing and couched between felts saturated with an acrylic

resin and passed through the calender rolls of the sheet

n achine to effect saturation of the wet handsheet similar

to that described for dry handsheets.

The effect of the acrylic treatments on the retention

of cantilever stiffness was evaluated by determining the

decline in cantilever stiffness after 1,000 double flexes

over 1/8" rollers on the NBS paper flexer. Half of each hand-

^heet was used for flexing, while the other half remained unflexed. All of the tensile properties and other physical

properties were determined in addition to cantilever stiffness. The results of the experiment involving beater addition and saturation of the dried handsheets are given in Tables

5 and 6, with the standard deviation of the results in Tables

7 and 8. The results of the experiment involving beater addition and saturation of the wet handsheets are given in Tables

9 and 10, with the standard deviation of the results in Tables

11 ^nd 12.
11

4 . 3 Results and Discussion

As mentioned above, the saturation of handsheets with

acrylic resins which were previously treated with acrylic

resins by beater addition was non-uniform because of their

resistance to wetting. However, the results were encouraging

as the handsheets which were treated with AC-61 by both

techniques retained 75 percent of their initial stiffness

after 1,000 flexes. This represents the highest stiffness

retention ever realized with any paper evaluated so far. It

appeared that modification of handsheets with acrylic resins

by both techniques would result in a paper with extremely

good stiffness retention if only the saturation treatment

were more uniform and more resin could be deposited.

An attempt at obtaining a more uniform treatment and

greater weight gains was made by saturating the handsheets

immediately after wet pressing and before drying. Unfortunately, greater weight gains with saturation were not realizei

but the treatment was more uniform. In addition, the retention aid did not function properly, and the weight gain in

beater addition were approximately half of that intended.

Nevertheless, there was a marked improvement in the stiffness

retention of the handsheets with flexing especially with the

handsheets containing HA-16 by beater addition and AC-61 by

saturation. The retention of stiffness after flexing was an

impressive 82 percent.

A first glance at the stiffness retention data in Table

10 is not impressive when one considers the final stiffness

values. However, the stiffness of the unflexed sheets are

lower than usual so that even with an excellent stiffness

retention, the final stiffness is not greater than has been

realized with other handsheets having a high stiffness before

flexing

.

The reduced stiffness of the handsheets which were

saturated immediately after wet pressing is due to a marked

decrease in thickness of the handsheets as seen in Table 10.

Apparently the second pressing off the forming wire in the

saturation procedure led to the decline in thickness. A

separate investigation, concerning the effect of wet pressing on the properties of handsheets, was conducted and is

reported in section 5 of this report.
12

The various investigations involving modification of

handsheets with acrylic resins by the saturation technique

have led to the conclusion that the procedure used to saturate

the handsheets is unacceptable because it is difficult to

control and to reproduce results. As a consequence, specialized equipment is being obtained to improve this situation,

and no further saturation work will be performed until the

new equipment is operational.
13

5. EFFECT OF WET PRESSING ON THE PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF HANDSHEETS

5 . 1 Background

The results of the investigation of saturating handsheets

immediately after wet pressing on the forming wire with

acrylic resins raised some interesting questions regarding

handsheet preparation. The results obtained with the controls

were most interesting. When the control handsheets were removed from the wire after pressing and pressed a second time

between felts, there was a marked change in the properties of

the handsheets. Most noticeable were the changes in modulus,

breaking strength, elmendorf tear, cantilever stiffness, air

permeability, and thickness. Modulus and breaking strength

increased while the other properties decreased. Since considerable work on handsheets is being performed at NBS and

BEP , it was decided to investigate variables in wet pressing

the handsheets.

5 . 2 Experimental

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI laboratory

mill as described in section 4.2 of this report. Forty grams

of pulp were beaten for each of the seven variables investigated.

Six aliquots were taken from each beater run sufficient to

make 12" x 12" handsheets of 70 g/m^ . Each aliquot was disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions in a standard disintegrator

and transferred to the deckle box of the handsheet machine

containing the appropriate amount of water, and the sheet was

formed by the standard procedure. The sheets were then pressed

in a variety of ways as given in Table 13.

One half of each handsheet was designated at random for

flexing. The effect of pressing on the retention of cantilever

stiffness was evaluated by determining the decline in cantilever

stiffness after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8" rollers on the

NBS paper flexer. The long direction of the flex samples was

in the direction the handsheets were passed through the calender

rolls. The results are given in Tables 13 and 14, and the

standard deviation of the results are given in Tables 15 and

16.

!

I
14

5 . 3 Results and Discussion

The differences in the physical properties between handsheets which were wet pressed under high or low pressures

would be due to the degree of consolidation of the web. More

fiber bonding occurs when the sheet is wet pressed under high

pressure resulting in greater strength and higher apparent

density. The results in Table 13 indicate that this basically

is the case.

A second pressing of the sheet between felts after removing the sheet from the forming wire following the first

wet pressing produces further changes in the physical properties of the paper. This is true whether the first pressing

was at low or high pressure. One might expect that two wet

pressings at low pressure might result in better web consolidation than with just one wet pressing. However, it is difficult to imagine that an improvement in web consolidation

would occur with a second wet pressing at low pressure when

the first wet pressing was done at high pressure. Nevertheless,

a significant increase in modulus and strength, and a significant decrease in thickness occurred when the handsheets which

were wet pressed on the forming wire were pressed off the

screen a second time at low pressure.

The second pressing at low pressures on the felt is

accompanied by a large decrease in air permeability when the

sheets were pressed on the wire at low pressure, and a siialler

decrease when the first pressing was done at high pressure.

These differences in air permeability must result from changes

in the structure of the paper.

Apparently, wet pressing the web on the forming wire

causes a heterogeneous web consolidation. The area of the

sheet making contact with the wire of the forming screen

consolidates satisfactorily while the area in the interstices

of the wire are poorly consolidated because it is under

little or no pressure even at high calender roll pressures.

This heterogeneous consolidation can explain the cause

for the substantial decrease in thickness after two wet

pressings at low pressure. The thickness of paper pressed

on the forming wire is dominated by the areas which were

located in the interstices of the forming wire. These areas

have a lower density than the areas which were in contact

with the wire. The second wet pressing off the screen

produces a more homogeneous web consolidation resulting in

a higher overall density and lower thickness. When the

second wet pressing is done at high pressures, the consolidation is even greater and the thickness is further reduced.
15

Wet pressing has essentially no effect on the retention

of stiffness with flexing. The stiffness of the handsheets

subjected only to low pressure pressing declined more extensively than any of the other handsheets. This was due to the

high initial stiffness caused by their greater thickness. Upon

flexing, all of the handsheets declined to approximately the

same level of stiffness.

While wet pressing has little, if any, effect on stiffness retention, it has a significant effect on paper structure.

This is an important consideration in research work on paper

involving handsheets. Surely, the results of an experiment

will be affected by paper structure. Since wet pressing on

a wire screen can affect the structure significantly, it

appears that all handsheets should be prepared by using a

minimum pressure in consolidating the sheet on the screen

followed by a second pressing between felts at some desired

pressure.
16

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-274, August 15, 1973.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-124, January 30, 1973.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 336, September 17, 1970.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 465, August 9, 1971.

Graminski, E. L. , Toth, E. E., and Smith, M. A., Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 802,

February 15, 1972.

Graminski, E. L.,"The Effect of Flexing on the Mechanical

Properties of Paper," The Fundamental Properties of Paper

Related to Its Uses (Technical Section, BP&BMA, London)

in press.

d'A Clark, J., Paper Ind. , No. 5, 507-10, August 1943.
Figure 1. Scanning electron photomicrographs of handsheets containing

acrylic resins. Top - waterleaf control; Center - 10% AC-61;

Bottom - 10% E-631." Magnification approx. 400 X.


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NBS-1 14A IRE V. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PL nLK:ATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 74-431

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SL'HTri LH Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers

July 1 - December 31, 1973

5. Publication Date 2/7/74

6. Performing Organization Code

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 74-431

9. PLK FORMING ORGANIZATION NA.ME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Projccr/ Task/ Work Unit No. 3000443

11. Contract / Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address fSfreef, City, State, ZIP)

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D.C. 20401

13. Type of Report & Period Covered _Progress

,

7/1 - 12/31/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY! NOTES

16. ABSIR.ACl (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the effect of acrylic

resins on the structure of handsheets and the possibility of improving

the stiffness retention of paper with acrylic resins was studied. It

was shown that certain acrylic resins affect the structure of paper,

apparently by causing the fibrils and cell wall debris to precipitate

onto the fiber shafts, resulting in a m.arked decrease in the material

which normally is found in the interstices of the fiber network of

paper. It appears that superior stiffness retention of paper can be

effected by treating papermaking fibers, while still suspended in

water, with acrylics, forming the sheet, and then treating the dry

formed sheet by a saturation technique with a second aery .lie resin.

Finally, the structure of paper is significantly affected by the

technique used in pressing the wet sheet. It appears that consolidation of the sheet on the forming screen should be done at minimum

pressure, removed from the wire, and pressed a second time between

felts

.

17. KEV UORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only tlie first letter of the first key wotd u;7/ess a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Acrylic resins; paper; paper durability; paper structure; stiffness

retention.

18. AVAILABILITY [2_ Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

{2 ' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20-iO:, SO Car. No. CH

[~ Order I-'rom National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, \'irginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

36

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74