NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 16a0684n.06

No. 16-5295

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DAVID JONES, Individually and on behalf of all 

persons similarly situated

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CLARK COUNTY, KENTUCKY; FRANK DOYLE,

Individually

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

BEFORE: MERRITT, ROGERS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

ROGERS, Circuit Judge. This case presents a federal procedural due process challenge 

to the practice of Kentucky jailers of sending a bill for incarceration costs to jailed prisoners who 

have subsequently been discharged without any sentence. After arrest, David Jones was 

admitted to the Clark County Detention Center. He spent fourteen months in jail, then left, and, 

five months thereafter, the accusations against him were dismissed. Clark County then billed 

Jones $4,000 for the costs of his incarceration. Jones paid $20, stopped paying, and sued Clark 

County and its jailor, asserting § 1983 and state claims both individually and on behalf of a class. 

The district court dismissed the federal claim and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction 

over the state claims. Jones appeals, arguing once again that he has been deprived of procedural 

due process by the County and the County Jailor. Because Kentucky allowed Jones to challenge 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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the bill by refusing to pay it, Jones’s procedural due process rights have not been violated. We 

do not have before us the separate question of whether federal substantive due process principles 

permit the state to legislate the reimbursement obligation for which Jones was billed.

Kentucky’s pay-for-your-own-incarceration statute generally requires prisoners to 

reimburse the jailing county for the costs of their incarceration. KRS 441.265. Ordinarily, the 

prisoners “shall be required” to do so “by the sentencing court.” KRS 441.265(1). But the 

jailing county may compel at least a part of that reimbursement without a sentencing court’s 

order, because the jailing county may “automatically deduct[]” funds “from the prisoner’s 

property or canteen account” to ensure payment of the fees. KRS 441.265(6). Not all prisoners 

have to pay for their incarceration. Prisoners do not pay if “the Department of Corrections is 

financially responsible for housing” the prisoner, KRS 441.265(8), and the Department of 

Corrections appears to be financially responsible for housing “prisoners charged with or 

convicted of violations of state law,” KRS 441.206(1)–(2). Convicted and indicted prisoners, 

therefore, appear not to be billed for their incarceration. Merely arrested prisoners, who fail to 

post bond and are incarcerated, may be billed after release, even if all charges against them are 

later dismissed, leaving them with no convictions and no sentences.1

Here, accepting as true all of its well-pleaded factual allegations, Jones’s complaint sets 

out the following facts. On October 26, 2013, David Jones was “arrested and admitted” to the 

Clark County Detention Center. He stayed there until December 15, 2014. On April 2, 2015, the 

accusations against Jones were dropped “because [Jones] proved he was entirely innocent of 

such offenses.” After his release, Jones received a bill from the Clark County Detention Center 

 

1 While a Kentucky court has approved the automatic withholdings from non-sentenced prisoners as consistent with 

Kentucky law, see Cole v. Warren County, 495 S.W.3d 712 (Ky. Ct. App. 2016), and while this court has approved 

that practice as consistent with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, see

Sickles v. Campbell Cty., 501 F.3d 726 (6th Cir. 2007), no court appears to have addressed the lawfulness of billing 

a released prisoner who was never convicted or sentenced, and whose charges were ultimately dismissed. 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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to pay “more than $4,000 for the costs of his confinement.” Jones initially paid $20; he then 

stopped paying, on his counsel’s advice. 

The complaint does not plead why Jones was arrested or what Jones’s bail was, if any. It 

also does not plead when, and with what, Kentucky formally charged Jones, before dismissing 

those charges. Thus the complaint does not allege that Jones was billed for incarceration when 

Kentucky gave Jones no option but to stay in jail; Jones may have been incarcerated because he 

was allowed, but failed, to post bond. 

Jones sued Clark County and Frank Doyle, the Clark County Jailer, both individually and 

on behalf of all persons who were deprived of their property without due process of law when 

the Clark County Detention Center billed them for the costs of their incarceration without an 

order of a sentencing court. The complaint alleged that requiring prisoners to pay for their own 

incarceration, where no trial court has convicted the prisoners and no sentencing court has 

ordered the payments, violated Kentucky law and the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the 

U.S. Constitution. The complaint also asserted various state-law claims of conspiracy, 

negligence, conversion, fraud, and violations of the Kentucky Constitution. 

Defendants Clark County and Boyle moved to dismiss all claims. As a part of that 

motion, the defendants argued that Jones had not alleged a viable claim of violation of the Fourth 

Amendment. Jones responded, opposing the motion to dismiss, but “not object[ing]” to the 

dismissal of his Fourth Amendment claims. 

The district court granted the motion to dismiss, dismissing the federal claims with 

prejudice, and dismissing the state claims without prejudice. Jones v. Clark Cty., No. 5:15-cv350-JMH, 2016 WL 1050743 (E.D. Ky. Mar. 11, 2016). Recognizing that Jones had not 

objected to the dismissal of his Fourth Amendment claim, Jones, 2016 WL 1050743, at *2 n.1, 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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the district court analyzed only whether Jones’s due process rights under the Fourteenth 

Amendment had been violated, see id. at *2. In the context of Jones’s § 1983 claim, then, the 

two issues were whether Jones was deprived of a protected property interest and whether 

Kentucky had failed to provide adequate process for that deprivation. Id. (citing Ky. Dep’t of 

Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989)). Assuming that Jones had a property interest in

the $20 of which he was deprived, id. (citing Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 

571–73 (1972)), the district court concluded that Jones’s due process rights had not been violated 

under the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing test, id. at *2–*6. 

In conducting the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing test, the district court relied heavily on 

this court’s opinion in Sickles v. Campbell Cty., 501 F.3d 726 (6th Cir. 2007). In Sickles, this 

court considered whether Kentucky had violated prisoners’ due process rights when it withheld a 

portion of the transfers by friends and families into the prisoners’ canteen accounts, which 

contained funds that the prisoners could use to purchase goods from the commissary, without an 

order of a sentencing court. See Sickles, 501 F.3d at 728–29. After balancing the factors that the 

panel identified in Mathews v. Eldridge, we concluded that no predeprivation hearing was 

required for the withholdings. Sickles, 501 F.3d at 731. Here, the district court found that that 

analysis controlled this case, because Jones raised no successful grounds on which to distinguish 

Sickles. Jones, 2016 WL 1050743, at *4.

Jones’s procedural due process rights have not been violated. The only action taken by 

the defendants to get Jones’s money was to bill for it and accept partial payment. This is not a 

case in which the state has confiscated or converted property, such as property in the prisoner’s 

pockets, or amounts sent to him by friends, or Social Security checks sent to him. Instead Jones

was merely billed. We are pointed to no authority identifying a procedural due process right not 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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to be billed by the government for amounts that the billed person contends he does not owe. The 

billed party, after all, still possesses and owns the money until some further process is imposed 

upon him.

 Stated in doctrinal terms, Jones does not have a property interest in not being billed. 

The bill from Clark County, on its own, has not deprived Jones of a protected property interest. 

A protected property interest is “defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an 

independent source such as state law—rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and 

that support claims of entitlement to those benefits.” Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 

(1972). Jones points to no source of law that entitles him to enjoy his money unfettered by 

government bills, correct or incorrect. An erroneously high bill from the government, without 

more, does not deprive the bill’s recipient of a protected property interest; the IRS does not 

deprive a taxpayer of protected property interest every time it erroneously bills the taxpayer for 

more unpaid taxes than is due. Jones’s procedural due process claim thus fails at the outset.

Even if the process of billing and receiving partial payment could be thought of as a 

deprivation of a property interest, such a deprivation is inherently protected by process. In this 

case, process inheres in the action the government takes to get payment of the bill. The prisoner 

can refuse to pay the bill, leaving the burden on the jailer, who “may file a civil action to seek 

reimbursement from that prisoner for any amount owed which remains unpaid.” KRS 

441.265(3). In such a suit the defendant can raise all the state or federal issues he wants to 

challenge his liability. In jail-reimbursement cases, in addition, a prisoner can “negotiat[e]” with 

the jailer, and the jailer may “release the prisoner from all or part of the prisoner’s repayment 

obligation if the jailer believes that the prisoner will be unable to pay the full amount due.” KRS 

441.265(7). 
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Formally analyzed under the three-factor Eldridge test for what process is due, Jones’s 

argument fails. We balance “[1] the private interest that will be affected by the official 

action; . . . [2] the risk of an erroneous deprivation . . . and the probable value, if any, of 

additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and . . . [3] the Government’s interest, including 

the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute 

procedural requirement would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335.

Balancing those factors, Jones was not due much process. In Sickles, this court balanced 

the factors for a different aspect of this same pay-for-your-own-incarceration regime—the aspect 

that allows Kentucky’s county jailers automatically to withhold a portion of transfers into 

prisoners’ canteen accounts, which contain funds that the prisoners can use at the commissary, 

without the order of a sentencing court. See Sickles, 501 F.3d at 728–29. We concluded that 

only minimal process was due and that Kentucky’s pay-for-your-own-incarceration statute did 

not violate due process. See id. at 731. The same conclusion is required here.

First, the private interest at stake is minimal. Jones was merely billed for the 

reimbursement. No property was seized. The lack of a clearly defined property interest in the 

first place suggests that the property interest is minimal. Second, any risk of an erroneous 

deprivation is minor and, as the district court suggested, less than the risk in Sickles. Jones, 

2016 WL 1050743, at *4. In Sickles, we assessed the risk of an erroneous deprivation when the 

county automatically withholds a portion of transfers into prisoners’ accounts. We reasoned that 

the withholding “involves elementary accounting that has little risk of error and is nondiscretionary.” Sickles, 501 F.3d at 730. Here, too, elementary accounting determines Jones’s 

bill—a simple multiplication of the per diem rate and the number of days spent in prison before 

formal charges. Here, too, the bill is non-discretionary—as the district court explained, 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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“it applies to all persons confined in the Jail.” Jones, 2016 WL 1050743, at *4. Furthermore, 

here, the risk of deprivation is diminished by process that the Kentucky statute provides to Jones, 

but did not provide to Sickles, as indicated above. Third, the government’s interest in being able 

to proceed by billing is huge. It is hard to imagine how a government can obtain funds allegedly 

owed to it without being able to send a bill. Moreover, it would be paradoxical to hold that 

process should precede a bill. Due process at its core involves adequate notice, and a bill at its 

essence provides notice of a debt. It would not make sense to require notice before sending a 

notice. 

We do not address the other argument that Jones makes at length on appeal: that he has 

no obligation to pay under Kentucky’s pay-for-your-own-incarceration statute, once it has been 

determined that he will not be sentenced.2 This is presented as a state-law issue rather than as a 

federal issue. The district court below declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Jones’s 

state law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. We interpret this ruling as extending to claims based 

on the scope of the Kentucky statute, notwithstanding the district court’s discussion of the issue 

as part of its due process analysis. See Jones, 2016 WL 1050743, at *6. Declining to exercise 

jurisdiction over the state law issues was appropriate. “Although [§ 1983] provides the citizen 

with an effective remedy against those abuses of state power that violate federal law, it does not 

provide a remedy for abuses that do not violate federal law.” Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 

503 U.S. 115, 119 (1992). We take no position on the state law issue. If the state were to sue to 

enforce the obligation, Jones could still contend that the Kentucky statute does not require him to 

 

2

Jones declined to argue on appeal in this case—at least until oral argument—that federal substantive due process 

requires that result. Any such argument is implicit at most in his briefing. “Generally speaking[,] . . . a party does 

not preserve an argument by raising it for the first time at oral argument.” United States v. Huntington National 

Bank, 574 F.3d 329, 331 (6th Cir. 2009). 
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Jones v. Clark Cty.

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pay. Counsel for the defendants in this case, however, at oral argument disavowed any further 

efforts to obtain the $4,000 beyond the $20 already received.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.