NBSIR 75-690

A Compilation of Problems

Related to the Performance of

Mobile Homes

W. G. Street W. E. Greene

J. H. Pielert

L. F. Skoda

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 75-690

A COMPILATION OF PROBLEMS

RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF

MOBILE HOMES

W. G. Street W. E. Greene

J. H. Pielert

L. F. Skoda

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts. Director
j J
Table of Contents Page

Abstract v

1.0 Introduction 1

2 . 0 Data Acquisition Procedures 1

2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 HUD Mobile Home Data 1 2.2.1 HUD Response to Hurricane Agnes Disaster 1 2.2.2 Data Acquisition Procedures 2 2.2.3 Sample Selection Criteria 2 2.3 Privately-Owned Mobile Home Data 3 2.3.1 Introduction 3 2.3.2 Data Source Selection Criteria 3 2.3.3 Data Acquisition Procedures 3

3.0 Data Analysis Methodology 4

3.1 Problem Summation Printouts 4 3.1.1 Organization of the Problem Summation Printouts 4 3.1.2 Rank Ordered Problem Summation Printouts 4 3.2 Use of Problem Summation Printouts 5

4.0 Mobile Home Sample Characteristics 7

4.1 HUD (Wilkes-Barre) Mobile Home Sample 7 4.1.1 State-of-Manufacture 7 4.1.2 Seals of Certifying Agencies 7 4.1.3 Mobile Home Manufacturers 7 4.1.4 Year of Manufacture 7 4.1.5 Mobile Home Width 7 4.2 Privately-Owned Mobile Home Sample 7 4.2.1 State-of-Manufacture 8 4.2.2 Seals of Certifying Agencies 8 4.2.3 Mobile Home Manufacturers 8 4.2.4 Year of Manufacture 8 4.2.5 Mobile Home Width 8

5.0 HUD Wilkes-Barre Mobile Home Sample Problem Data 8

5.1 Introduction 8 5.2 Routine Maintenance Problems 9 5.2.1 Construction 9 5.2.2 Plumbing 9 5.2.3 Electrical 9 5.2.4 Heating 10

5.3 ANSI A119. 1/Enforcement Process Related Problems 10

5.3.1 Construction 10

5.3.2 Plumbing 10

5.3.3 Electrical 11

5.3.4 Heating 11

5.4 Mechanical/Electrical Appliance and Equipment Problems 11

5.4.1 Furnace (Hot Air, Gas or Oil) 11

5.4.2 Hot Water Heater 12

5.4.3 Range (Gas and Electric) 12

5.4.4 Exhaust Fan 12

5.4.5 Refrigerator 12

5.4.6 Smoke Detector 12

5.4.7 Electric Baseboard Heating 12

iii
Table of Contents - Cont'd Page

5.5 Furniture Problems 12

6.0 Privately-Owned Mobile Home Sample Problem Data 12

6.1 Introduction 12 6.2 ANSI A119. 1/Enforcement Process Related Problems 12 6.2.1 Construction 12 6.2.2 Plumbing 13

6.2.3 Heating System 13

6.2.4 Electrical 13

6.3 Routine Maintenance Problems 14

6.3.1 Construction 14

6.3.2 Plumbing 15

6.3.3 Electrical 15

6.3.4 Heating System 15

6.4 Mechanical/Electrical Appliance and Equipment Problems 15

6.4.1 Range-Gas/Electric 15

6.4.2 Furnace - Hot Air, Gas or Oil 15

6.4.3 Exhaust Fan 15

6.4.4 Hot Water Heater 16

6.4.5 Refrigerator 16

6.4.6 Electric Baseboard Heating 16

6.5 Furniture Problems 16

7.0 Concluding Remarks 16

8.0 References 17

Acknowledgement

Figures

Tables

Appendix A

Appendix B

18

19

29

41

61

iv
Abstract

Performance of mobile home housing units is of broad concern to various groups within the

United States. This study report, prepared by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) under

the sponsorship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), presents data

obtained from two separate data sources on problems encountered with mobile homes. The

first data base for 2881 units was selected from maintenance records retained by HUD on 12,500 mobile homes used as emergency housing following the Hurricane Agnes disaster at Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania. The second source of data from 967 privately-owned units was collected from the files of various Federal, State, and private agencies responsible for

regulation or consumer protection functions with regard to mobile homes.

These mobile home performance problem data were processed using computer techniques to facilitate evaluation. Although the nature and frequency of these problems are discussed

in this report, no attempt was made to relate these results to current standards, enforcement processes or component durability (mortgage insurance concern) . Analyses of this

kind are planned for future reports in this series.

Key words: Computer techniques; enforcement process; housing; Hurricane Agnes; mobile homes

mobile home parks; performance data; standards

V
SI Conversion Units

In view of the present accepted practice in this country for building technology, common U.S. units of measurement have been used throughout this publication. In recognition

of the position of the United States as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and

Measures, which gave official status to the metric SI system of units in 1960, appropriate

conversion factors have been provided in the table below. The reader interested in making

further use of the coherent system of SI units is referred to:

NBS SP330, 1972 Edition, "The International System of Units"

E380-72 ASTM Metric Practice Guide (American National Standard Z210.1)

Table of Conversion Factors to Metric (S.I.) Units

Physical To convert to Quantity from mu Itiply by

Length inch meter 2.54* X io-\

foot m 3.048* K 10-1

Area inch2 m2 6.4516* X 10-^

foot2 m2 9.290 X 10-2

Vn 1 iiTTip ' ' -* inch^ m3 1.639 X 10-5

rooL"^ n,3 m-* 2.832 X 10-2

Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius tc = (tF-32)/1.8

Temperature difference Fahrenheit Kelvin K = (AtF)/1.8

Pressure inch Hg (60F) newton/m2 3.377 X 103

Mass Ibm kg 4.536 X 10-1

Mass/unit area lbm/ft2 kg/m2 4.882

Moisture content rate Ibm/f t^week kg/m2s 8.073 X 10-6

Density lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.602 X loi

Thermal conductivity Btu/hr ft2 (F/inch) W 1.442 X 10-1

mK

U-value Btu/hr ft2 F W 5.678

m2K

Thermal resistance F/(Bt'.v/hr ft2) K/ (W/m2) 1.761 X 10-1

Heat Flow Btu/hr ft2 W/m2 3.155

*Exact value; others are rounded to fourth place.

vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In recent years mobile homes have risen to a position of dominance in the lower-cost housing

field in the United States. Although many Americans are presently living in mobile homes

and find them adequate, the effectiveness of this type of dwelling unit in providing safe,

adequate, and low-cost shelter has recently come under question by consumer groups, governmental agencies, etc. While considerable publicity has been given to the life-safety aspects

of mobile homes such as fire and wind hazards, the major dissatisfaction of mobile home owners

appears to lie in the area of durability and maintainability. This study was initiated to examine these performance aspects of mobile homes as observed by the users and those governmental agencies responsible for regulatory functions in the field.

The data on mobile home performance problems presented in this report were obtained from

two distinct sources. The first and major portion of these data came from files established

and maintained by HUD on the units procured to provide emergency housing for the victims of

the 1972 Hurricane Agnes disaster. The second data source on privately-owned units was obtained from Federal and State agencies and private organizations. The procedures used

for acquisition and analysis of the data are summarized in Sections 2 and 3 of this report

and discussed in more detail in Reference [1] 1^1

.

No attempt is made in this report to analyze the data presented since this will be accomplished in a later report planned for this study project. Characteristics of the mobile

home samples obtained from the two sources are covered in Section 4 and the mobile home

performance problems reported are presented in Sections 5 and 6 of this report.

2.0 DATA ACQUISITION PROCEDURES

2.1 INTRODUCTION . Mobile home data obtained consisted of available performance data in

the form of maintenance records, consumer complaints, enforcement agency inspection reports,

etc. Because of the varying nature, location and availability of the data sources, procedures had to be established which would provide a cost-effective and timely means of data

retrieval

.

In the planning phases of the project, it was anticipated that the major portion of performance data would come from mobile homes used by HUD as emergency housing following the June,

1972 Hurricane Agnes disaster. When it became evident that these units were all manufactured

at approximately the same time and were put into use under emergency conditions, it was decided to seek additional data sources in order to obtain a more representative data base.

These added sources included other Federal agencies, state regulatory agencies, consumer

groups, and private owners of mobile homes.

2.2 HUD MOBILE HOME DATA (Hurricane Agnes Mobile Homes)

2.2.1 HUD Response to Hurricane Agnes Disaster . The Department of Housing and Urban

Development purchased approximately 18,000 mobile homes that were used as temporary

housing for victims of the Hurricane Agnes disaster. The largest concentration of these

mobile homes was in the Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania area where they totaled approximately

12,500 units. The urgent need for mobile homes was such that large quantity purchase contracts were negotiated and awarded, a primary requirement in the contract being that the

delivery period be held to a minimum. Since the immediate need exhausted the local market

of mobile homes, manufacturers and dealers from as far south as Florida and as far west

1/ References are listed at end of report.

1
as Texas, supplied mobile homes to the disaster relief effort.

The procedure for processing incoming mobile homes in the Wilkes-Barre area was as follows.

Three large staging areas were established at convenient locations in the city, namely the

Red, White, and Blue staging areas. Each mobile home entering the area was delivered

to an assigned staging area. Upon arrival at the staging area each mobile home was visually

inspected to determine if it could be assigned for immediate use or if some repairs were

needed as a result of manufacturing omissions or possible transport damage. Repair crews were available to make the mobile homes "field ready", after which the homes were delivered

to either private sites or to the various government-established mobile home parks that were being constructed in the area. Field crews were then given the task of blocking, leveling,

skirting the units, hooking-up all utilities, and installing preconstructed wooden stairs

at the entrance doors of the mobile homes. The short delivery time requirements, in many

instances, precluded specifying that these mobile homes meet existing mobile home standards.

As soon as the mobile homes were available for occupancy, families were assigned and moved

into them. The occupants used these units until their predisaster dwellings were rehabilitated or until other permanent housing became available. Any maintenance or repairs

to the mobile homes needed during occupancy was accomplished by HUD repair crews or designated contractors. The occupant simply had to call in to the HUD Maintenance Office,

giving his or her name and address, the HUD number assigned to his mobile home and

request the needed repairs. A record of the call was made by filling out a repair work

order. These repair work orders were then assigned to maintenance crews for disposition.

Upon receipt of the order, the maintenance crew would proceed to the mobile home and make

the necessary repairs, noting the extent of the repair, the time required, and materials

used for each ordered repair. A copy of the repair order was then returned to the maintenance office and placed in a file folder that had been established for each mobile home

under its HUD identification number. Using this procedure, a complete record was established

for all repairs made to each mobile home while occupied or available for occupancy.

As permanent housing became available to the initial occupants, the units were either re- assigned to new tenants or kept available on a standby basis. As the need for temporary

housing declined each empty unit was evaluated by HUD inspectors to a set of criteria es- tablished by HUD so that a decision regarding disposition of the unit could be made. The

disposition options were as follows: refurbish the unit and store it for future disaster

use; declare it surplus, making it available for transfer to other Federal Government agencies

that expressed a need; or declare the unit unusable and allow it to be salvaged for repair

of other units. A small number of units were sold to occupants who indicated a desire to purchase the units. A storage area was established to accept the vacated mobile homes

as each of the parks was deactivated and until final disposition of the units could be

completed.

2.2.2 Data Acquisition Procedures . Maintenance and refurbishment (criteria inspection)

data, were brought to NBS on Igan from HUD. Only data for approximately 10,000 of the

12,500 total units were included, as HUD required that files for all still occupied mobile

homes remain in Wilkes-Barre.

The other source of data was HUD Finance Department records at Wilkes-Barre. It was necessary to have access to these files since they contained valuable mobile home identification

information such as manufacturer, serial number, state and year of manufacture, purchase

cost, number of occupants and length of occupancy.

2.2.3 Sample Selection Criteria . As noted previously, the files obtained from WilkesBarre included a HUD numbering system which uniquely identified each mobile home. The

identification system was based on an eight digit number; the first four digits being the

HUD contract number and the last four digits being the number of the mobile home purchased

under that contract. For example, the mobile home with the HUD number 3092-0100 represents

the 100th unit purchased under HUD contract 3092. The files were ordered consecutively, by

HUD contract number and by unit number, within each contract. The number of mobile homes

within a contract varied from one to several hundred.

2
Since it was not possible to evaluate data for the entire 10,000 units, an unbiased method of

selecting a representative sample was devised by the Statistical Engineering Section of the

NBS Institute of Basic Standards. This method consisted of randomly selecting 500 units at

a time without replacement. Using this procedure, 3000 units were selected for detailed

evaluation from the numerically-ordered files. The sample was deemed to be both manageable

and representative of the 10,000 units there. The maintenance work orders for these 3000

units were ordered chronologically to facilitate computer coding of the performance problems.

Refurbishment data were found for only 1560 of these 3000 units because a large amount of

this data had been shipped from Wilkes-Barre with the mobile homes to other storage locations

through the country.

The vast majority of the mobile home problems were extracted from the maintenance data. Only

about 10% of the problems were obtained from the refurbishment data. Because of errors inherent in the manual processing of the Wilkes-Barre files, file folders for approximately 4%

of the 3000 units in the sample were unavailable. This resulted in a final total of 2881 units

for the HUD mobile home sample.

2.3 PRIVATELY OWNED MOBILE HOME DATA

2.3.1 Introduction . Acquisition of performance data on mobile homes from sources other

than HUD was made a basic requirement of the project, as it was felt that these data were

needed to augment the mobile home performance data obtained from Wilkes-Barre. Availability

of the two data bases should enhance the general applicability of the overall study results

and tend to minimize any variations caused by the differences between Federal Government and

private procurement.

2.3.2 Data Source Selection Criteria . It was decided early in the planning phase of the

study to concentrate on those states with large numbers of mobile homes such as California,

Texas, and Florida. Using this approach it was possible to gain access to the maximum

quantity of mobile home performance data for a minimum expenditure of time and expense for

travel of project personnel. It is recognized that this data acquisition method does not

render results that are statistically applicable to the total mobile home population of the

United States. On the other hand, the results are generally representative of the perfor- mance problems encountered by mobile home users . The performance problems identified in the

privately-owned mobile homes can be useful in defining the major problems and their relation

to the ANSI A119.1 Mobile Home Standard [2] as well as to the enforcement processes.

Initial emphasis concentrated on the state agencies responsible for mobile home regulation

and/or administration. Information from reference [3], a study of state regulatory programs

for mobile homes and manufactured buildings, was found to be extremely useful as a guide to the names and addresses of responsible personnel of state agencies regulating mobile homes.

The function of these agencies varied widely from state-to-state and included organizations

attached to building code, consumer affairs, community development, labor or motor vehicle

offices. Other sources with potential data banks on mobile home performance were contracted

in addition to the state organizations. These contacts included Federal Agencies such as the Veterans Administration, mobile home owners organizations, privately owned mobile home

parks with rental units, and various consumer groups. There was no attempt to interview

private mobile home owners on an individual bases

.

2.3.3 Data Acquisition Procedures . The initial contact with a potential source of mobile

home performance data generally was made by a telephone call to the organization. The purpose of the study project was discussed and the organization's cooperation in making data

available to NBS was requested. Assuming the reaction of the source was positive, a request was made to forward to NBS a sample copy of two or three documented cases of mobile

home performance problems, along with an estimate of the total number of such cases available.

As a follow-up action to the telephone call, a letter was transmitted to the individual con- tacted recapping the telephone conversation and again requesting the sample cases and other

information. As a result of this procedure, responses with sample cases were received from

14 separate sources.

3
After initial discussions with a number of potential sources, it became clear that most

agencies did not have sufficient staff or other resources to extract from their mobile

home files the data needed by NBS. As a result it was decided to send project field teams

to those sources which appeared to have maximum quantities of mobile home performance problems on file. Visit arrangements were coordinated with the selected source and usually a two man team was sent to retrieve the data. Normal procedure on arrival at the source's

office was to review the total mobile home file available. Where the file was too voluminous to copy in its entirety a representative sample was selected. For each case selected,

a copy was made of the owner's initial complaint letter and when available, the agency followup inspection report. In addition, mobile home identification data were recorded for each

case. Using this procedure, performance data on a total of 967 privately-owned mobile home

units were obtained.

3.0 DATA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROBLEM SUMMATION PRINTOUTS . The Problem Summation Printouts presented in Appendices

A and B show sums of problems and percentages relative to the levels indicated in the Performance Problem List [1]. Figure 1 illustrates problem levels 1, 2 and 3 and Figure 2 isolates ANSI A119.1 (Construction) to illustrate levels 2 through 7. This problem level

concept was employed to organize and assist in the evaluation of data and does not imply

relative importance of a problem . As discussed in Section 3.2, problem data in the appendices are presented in decreasing order of f requency-of-occurrence

.

3.1.1 Organization of the Problem Summation Printouts . These Problem Summation Printouts

are organized around the following major subsections. Furniture problems are grouped under

a general category.

A. Problems Related to ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes/Enforcement Process

B. Routine Maintenance Problems

C. Appliance and Equipment Problems

This allows documentation of all mobile home performance problems encountered.

The ANSI A119 . 1 Standard/Enforcement Processes Subsection represents virtually the entire

1974 edition of the Standard [2], with coding symbols being assigned for appropriate paragraphs. In the case of the Plumbing (Part C) , Heating (Part D) , and Electrical (Part E)

.

Sections of the Standard, the paragraph numbers and key words appear just as they do in

the Standard. Construction (Part B) differs in that it is organized around major con- struction components, such as roof, walls, doors, etc. Therefore, some standard paragraph numbers which pertain to several components are repeated. It should be noted that

the problems reported under the ANSI A119.1 Standard/Enforcement Process Subsection

are related to Inadequacies or omissions in the Standard itself, or from a deficiency in

the Standard's enforcement processes. No attempt is made in this report to segregate the

problems into these two areas. Such an evaluation will be made in a later report of this

series, where the significant problems will be examined in greater detail by considering

all data accumulated in the project.

The Routine Maintenance Subsection is organized under the same general headings as the

ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process Subsection; i.e., construction, plumbing, heating and

electrical. The Appliance and Equipment Subsection is grouped by appliance; i.e.,

furnace, range, hot water heater, refrigerator, exhaust fan and smoke detector. Since

components of each appliance are listed, it was possible to pinpoint the component problem where the detail of the data permitted. Routine Maintenance Subsection and Appliance

and Equipment Subsection problems can be either adjustment, repair or replacement of the

item under consideration.

3.1.2 Rank Ordered Problem Summation Printout . In Appendices A and B the sequential ordering of the lines has been arranged such that the problems appear in descending numerical

order of their f requency-of-occurrence within each level. Coding symbols having no recorded

problems; i.e., entries of 0, have been grouped after the entry with the fewest associated

problems. The order in which these zero-valued items appear is of no significance.

4
3.2 USE OF PROBLEM SUMMATION PRINTOUTS - The Problem Summation Printouts in Appendices

A and B each are separated into the following three groupings organized by level of prolem detail as shown on the indicated figures.

Figure 3 - 1st through 3rd level

Figure 4 - 2nd through 4th level

Figure 5 - 2nd through 7th level

Each grouping deals with the same number of problems, but shows progressively more detail in

going from the first through the third grouping.

Columns labeled (A) , (B) , (C) , (D) , (Homes) , (%Homes) , and (Level) defined below are the same for Figures 3, 4, and,

5

.

Column (A) - The coding symbol assigned to identify a particular problem as recorded on

the Performance Problem List.

Column (B) - A brief description of the problem or area of concern including the appropriate

part or paragraph number in the ANSI A119.1 - 1974 Standard.

Column (C) - The number of problems that have been coded with the coding symbol identified

on that line in Column A. Reported information on the problem has not allowed

coding below the level of detail of the particular line. For example, in

Figure 3, consider problem code NPLM (Plumbing - Routine Maintenance); 34 of

the 223 problems were recorded under the general plumbing category, while

problem description allowed the remaining 189 problems to be recorded with

greater detail (See Page 77.

Column (D) - The summation of all problems at a discrete level. For example, Figure 3 shows

the total number of problems associated with Routine Maintenance is 1490 which

is made up of the following:

Construction 1127

Plumbing 223

Electrical 131

Heating 7 Undefined R.M. 2

Total 1490

The number of problems at a given level is the summation of problems at the

next lower level. As an example, the number of level 1 problems (6206) consists of the following level 2 problems: 4071 ANSI A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process problems, 1490 Routine Maintenance problems, 367 Mechanical/Electrical

Appliance problems, and 278 Furniture problems.

Column (Homes) - This column indicates the number of mobile homes in the sample that had

one or more of the problems identified on each line (708 mobile homes for

Construction-ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Processes in Figure 3).

Column (% Homes) - The entries in this column indicate the percentage of the total number

of mobile homes reviewed in the sample which had the problem identified

on each line. For example, under Part B-Construction (ANSI A119.1/Enforcement Process) in Figure 3:

708 homes with problems X 100 = 73.2%

967 homes in sample

Column (Level) - These entries define the level of detail of the problem for each line.

5
Columns labeled (% 2nd) and (% 1st) in Figure 3 are defined below :

In Figure 3 consider the example of "Construction (CONS) - ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process.

Column (% 2nd) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 2nd level problems

that are contained at the third level of detail.

Level 3 problems = 1805 X 100 = 44.3%

Level 2 problems 4071

Column (% 1st) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 1st level problems that

are contained at each lower level of detail.

Level 3 problems = 1805 X 100 = 29.1%

Level 1 problems 6206

Columns labeled (% 3rd), (% 2nd), and (% 1st) in Figure 4 are defined below:

In Figure 4 consider the example of "Exterior Walls (EXTW) - Construction - ANSI Standard

A119 . 1/Enforcement Process."

Column (% 3rd) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 3rd level problems which

are contained at each level of detail.

Level 4 problems = 235 X 100 = 13.0%

Level 3 problems 1805

Column (% 2nd) - Percentages relate 3rd and 4th levels to the 2nd level of detail.

Column (% 1st)

Level 4 problems = 235 X 100 = 5.8%

Level 2 problems 4071

Percentages relate 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels to the 1st level.

Level 4 problems = 235^ X 100 = 3.8%

Level 1 problems 6206

(See Figure 3 for Level 1)

V Columns labeled (% 7th) , (% 6th) , (% 5th) , (% 4th) , and (% 3rd) on Figure 5 are defined

below:

Consider the example of "Rain Leak at Vent Pipe (Heating) - (RLMP3.) - Roof System - Construction, ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process."

Column (% 7th) - Entries in this column are percentages denoting the portions of 7th level

problems for each 8th level problem. This column is blank in Figure 5 since there are no 8th level problems for this example.

Columns (% 6th) , (% 5th) , (% 4th) , (% 3rd) - Entries in these columns relate the number of

problems at a given level to praceeding levels (6, 5, 4, and 3).

Level 7 problems

Level 6 problems

23 X 100 = 41.1% (Column % 6th)

56

Level 7 problems = 23 X 100 = 7.6% (Column % 5th)

Level 5 problems 304

6
Level 7 problems

Level 4 problems

23 X 100

511

4.5% (Column % 4th)

Level 7 problems

Level 3 problems

23 X 100 1.3% (Column % 3rd)

1805

4.0 MOBILE HOME SAMPLE CliARACTERISTICS

4.1 HUD (WILKES-BARRE) MOBILE HOME SAMPLE . Using the procedures discussed in Section 2.2

of this report, mobile home performance problem data were acquired on 2881 units. Significant characteristics of the mobile homes which made up this sample data base are discussed

in the following paragraphs . ^

4.1.1 State-of-Manufacture . "State-of-Manufacture" was identified for 1592 units about

55% of the total mobile homes in the sample with the distribution by State shown in

Table 1. State-of-manufacture information was not available for 1289 units which are listed as unknown in Table 1.

Mobile homes for which "State-of-Manufacture" was identified were constructed in 26 different

States. The five States providing the largest number of units were Alabama, Georgia, Indiana,

North Carolina, and Pennsylvania accounting for 1036 units or about 36% of the total sample.

4.1.2 Seals of Certifying Agencies . Certification seals are attached to mobile homes by

regulatory officials of various organizations or agenices to indicate compliance with a State or National code or standard. In this report, such a seal has been assumed to indicate

that the mobile home was constructed according to ANSI A119.1 or variations thereof. Table

2 identifies the types of seals attached to the homes and the number of seals of each type.

There were 125 seals of State agencies, 56 of Third-Party organizations, 992 mobile home

trade association (MHMA/TCA) seals and 14 miscellaneous (manufacturer) seals. There were

443 mobile homes purchased to a HUD specification requiring compliance with ANSI A119.1;

however, there were no infomation to indicate that seals were affixed to these units or

if they indeed complied with ANSI A119.1. Also, physical inspection showed 484 mobile homes

did not have seals affixed. There was no seal infoirmation available on 789 mobile homes and

they may, or may not, have been constructed according to ANSI A119.1. The 290 3 mobile homes

with seal data exceeded the 2881 units in the sample since some units have more than one seal.

4.1.3 Mobile Home Manufacturers - Figure 6 is a plot of the number of the manufacturers

versus mobile home units per manufacturer. Of the 2881 mobile homes in the sample, the

manufacturer was known for 1945 units (68%) . These 1945 units were built by 143 manufacturers with 104 of these providing 10 mobile homes or less. There were only 39 manufacturers providing 11 or more units accounting for 1594 mobile homes.

4.1.4 Year of Manufacture . Figure 7 presents the distribution within the sample of the

number of units as a function of the year of manufacture. Verified year of manufacture

data were obtained for 1361 of the 2881 units in the sample with 1304 units being manufactured in 1972. With the knowledge of the procurement procedures used by HUD for these

units, it can be assumed that the vast majority of the unknown units also were manufactured

in 1971 or 1972.

4.1.5 Mobile Home Width - All 2881 mobile homes in the HUD sample were 12 feet wide.

4.2 PRIVATELY-OWNED MOBILE HOME SAMPLE . Using the procedures discussed in Section 2.3 of

this report, mobile home performance problem data were obtained on a total of 967 separate

units. The pertinent characteristics of the mobile homes which made up this sample are discussed in the paragraphs that follow.

7
4.2.1 State-of-Manufacture . Table 3 lists the number of the units in the sample by "State

of-Manuf acture" or as of unknown origin. Mobile home units contained in this sample for

which the "State-of-Manufacture" could be identified numbered 729 or about 75% of the total

sample. The "State-of-Manufacture" could not be ascertained for the remaining 238 units

and are classified as unknown.

The mobile home units with identified "State-of-Manufacture" were constructed in a total of

29 different States. Six of the larger States (California, Texas, Florida, Georgia, Oregon

and Washington) accounted for about 62% of the sample or 595 units.

4.2.2 Seals of Certifying Agencies . A listing of units with attached State and other

agency seals is presented in Table 4. State regulatory agency seal data were obtained for

710 units in the sample. These units with identified seals represented eleven (11) States

and amounted to about 73% of the total units in the sample. State seal data were not avail

able for the remaining 256 units. It should be noted that four State (Alabama, California,

Texas, and Florida), accounted for 584 units with State seals or slightly over 60% of the

total units in the sample.

4.2.3 Mobile Home Manufacturers . Figure 8 presents the distribution of the number of

mobile home manufacturers as a function of mobile home units per manufacturer in the

sample. Mobile home units in the sample were built by 178 different manufacturers. It was not possible to identify manufacturers for six units in the 967 unit sample. It is

apparent from this chart that the bulk of the mobile home manufacturers (88%) produced 10

units or less, yet accounted for only 39% of the total homes in the sample.

4.2.4 Year of Manufacture . Figure 9 shows the distribution within the sample of the

number of units as a function of year of manufacture. Approximately 90% of the mobile

homes in the sample were manufactured in the years 1971, 1972 and 1973; and 5.9% in the

years 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1974. The year of manufacture was not available for 5.6% of

the total.

4.2.5 Mobile Home Width . Figure 10 presents the distribution of mobile homes in the sampl

as a function of width. About 38% of the units in the sample were 12 foot wides, and 29% were doublewides, 8.7% were 14 foot wides, and 24% were of unknown width.

5.0 HUD WILKES-BARRE MOBILE HOME

SAMPLE PROBLEM DATA

5.1 INTRODUCTION . Review of the performance problem data for the HUD Wilkes-Barre mobile

home sample resulted in the evaluation and cataloging of 22,248 reported problems for the

2881 mobile homes in the sample. Use of the computer techniques discussed in Section 3.0

of this report and in Reference [1] rendered the complete data summaries contained in

Appendix A.

A breakdown of reported mobile home problems by major problem category is summarized in

Table 5. This table presents the number and percent of problems, number and percent of

mobile homes having the problem and the average number of problems per unit in the sample.

The largest group of problems were related to Routine Maintenance (10,178 or 45.7% of all

problems), second largest group was ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process (6537 or 29.4%), and third was Mechanical/Electrical Appliances and Equipment (4767 or 21.4%). F Furniture problems were grouped separately and accounted for 766 problems or 3.4% of the

total. The remainder of this Section will highlight in each major problem category those

areas which exhibit the highest frequency of occurrence. If greater detail is required in

any particular problem area the reader is referred to Appendix A.

8
5.2 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS - A sumnary of Routine Maintenance problems (10,178)

is presented in Table 6 which shows the major problem categories to be ranked as follows;

Construction (5175 or 50.8% of all Routine Maintenance Problems), Plumbing (2940 or 28.9%),

Electrical (1382 or 13.6%), and Heating (681 or 6.7%). It should be noted that not all of

the Routine Maintenance problems are of direct concern to the manufacturer since some are site-related (such as improper blocking and utility hook-ups, etc.) and not under his control.

Problems within each category are discussed below:

5.2.1 CONSTRUCTION - The percentage next to each component compares the problem to all

Routine Maintenance construction problems (5175)

.

5.2.1.1 Exterior Doors - Exterior door problems occurred m.ost frequently (2167 or 41.9%)

with the majority related to door hardware (1083) and improper fit (385).

5.2.1.2 Windows - A total of 1029 (19.9%) window problems were reported associated with

reglazing (345), hardware (242), storm windows (134), and improper fit (119).

5.2.1.3 Exterior Stairs - Wooden exterior stair problems (489 and 9.4%) involved broken

treads or handrails and leveling and alignment problems

.

5.2.1.4 Partition Doors - Problems related to interior partition doors numbered 471 (9.1%)

with the major areas being improper fit (146) and hardware (108).

5.2.1.5 Skirting - There were 370 problems (7.1%) related to skirting involving mainly

the replacement and repair of skirting damaged during occupancy.

5.2.1.6 Blocking - Improper blocking of the unit was observed in 289 instances (5.6%)

with racking of doors occurring 38 times.

5.2.1.7 Others - Detail of other construction problems in the Routine Maintenance area

are tabulated in Appendix A.

5.2.2 PLUMBING - Plumbing problems totaled 2940 and accounted for 28.9% of all reported

Routine Maintenance problems. For each of the following plumbing components, the percentage relates the problem to all Routine Maintenance plumbing problems.

5.2.2.1 Water Supply Piping - Water supply piping problems totaled 1192 (40.5%) including

766 exterior piping problems, of which 304 were frozen pipes.

5.2.2.2 Fixtures - Fixtures contributed 959 reported problems (32.6%). There were 388

kitchen sink problems with a majority of these of an undefined nature; however, 113 faucet

assembly problems were reported. The 253 toilet problems consisted mainly of clogged drains

(114) and flush tank malfunctions (90) . There were 187 lavatory problems which were mainly

undefined except for 57 faucet assembly problems. The majority of faucet problems for both

kitchen sinks and lavatories pertained to the replacement of washers.

5.2.2.3 Sewer - Sewer problems totaled 411 (14%) and consisted mainly of clogged or frozen

sewer lines

.

5.2.3 ELECTRICAL - Electrical problems totaled 1382 and accounted for 13.6% of all Routine

Maintenance problems. For each of the following electrical components, the given percentages

relate the problem to all Routine Maintenance electrical problems.

5.2.3.1 Distribution Panel Board - There were 584 problems (42.3%) associated with distribution panel boxes related mainly to the replacement of fuses, fustats and circuit breakers.

5.2.3.2 Receptacle Outlets - There were 289 (20.9%) receptacle outlet problems (interior and

exterior) consisting primarily of heat tape (218) and interior receptacle (47) malfunctions.

9
5.2.3.3 Power Pole/Lifeline - The 157 problems (11.4%) in this category were concerned with

the attachment or reattachment of the lifeline to the powerpole, all of which are exterior

to the mobile home.

5.2.3.4 Switches and Interior Lighting Fixtures - There were 89 switch problems and 47 interior light fixture problems.

5.2.4 HEATING - Heating problems totaled 681 and accounted for 6.7% of all reported Routine

Maintenance problems. For each of the following heating components, the given percentage

relates the problem to all Routine Maintenance heating problems.

5.2.4.1 Gas Supply Piping - There were 440 gas supply piping problems representing 64.6% of

all Routine Maintenance heating problems.

5.2.4.2 Installed Space Heaters - The installation of 107 space heaters (15.7%) was an indication of an inadequacy or failure of the factory equipped heating system and/or con- struction details related to thermal performances (insulation, caulking, etc.).

5.2.4.3 Oil Supply Piping - The 89 oil supply piping problems accounted for 13.1% of all

Routine Maintenance heating problems.

5.3 MSI A119.1/ENF0RCEMENT PROCESS RELATED PROBLEMS - A summary of problems related to ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process (6537) is presented in Table 7. The problem distribution

is as follows: Construction (3303 or 50.5% of ANSI A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process problems),

Plumbing (2525 or 38.6%), Electrical (490 or 7.5%), and Heating (219 or 3.4%).

5.3.1 CONSTRUCTION - For each of the following construction problems, the given percentage

relates the problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process construction problems (3303).

5.3.1.1 Exterior Walls - Of the exterior wall problems (1107 or 33.5%), the majority

(715) were associated with rain leaks through the exterior covering and around doors and

windows. There were 216 problems involving the fastening of the exterior covering to the

wall framing and 160 problems related to excessive heat loss through exterior walls.

5.3.1.2 Roof System - There were 771 (23.3%) roof system problems reported with rain leaks

being the major problem area with 746 reported problems.

5.3.1.3 Partition Walls - A total of 563 (17%) interior partition wall problems were reported

predominately related to fastening of interior paneling to wall framing. These accounted for

550 of all interior partition wall problems.

5.3.1.4 Transit Considerations - There were 318 (9.6%) problems grouped under Transit Considerations. The major portion of these was related to the metal longitudinal members and

outriggers (127), the A-frame (53), and the running gear assembly (137) which includes tires,

brakes, springs, etc.

5.3.1.5 Exterior Doors - Of the 257 (7.8%) exterior door problems, 100 were concerned with

weather resistance/water leaks, 6 with durability and air infiltration, and 151 were un- defined .

5.3.1.6 Windows - The 144 window problems (4.4%) consisted mainly of poor weather re- sistance/rain leaks at the juncture of the window frame and the exterior wall.

5.3.1.7 Floor System - Of the 139 floor system problems (4.2%), 82 were attributed to inadequacies of the weather resistant barrier (bottom board) underneath the floor system and 37

to unsatisfactory durability of the floor covering.

5.3.2 PLUMBING - For each of the following plumbing problems, the given percentages relate the problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process plumbing problems (2525).

10
5.3.2.1 Fixtures - There are 1435 problems (56.8%) pertaining to plumbing fixtures. This

consisted of 640 toilet malfunctions, including 187 flushing device problems and 138 loose

floor connections; 184 shower stall problems related to water tightness; and 610 to problems

broadly related to quality of fixtures. These latter problems were primarily concerned

with repair and/or replacement of faucets.

5.3.2.2 Joint and Connection Tightness - There were 944 (37.4%) reported water pipe leaks

(supply and drain)

.

5.3.2.3 Protective Requirements - There were 107 frozen piping and 22 rodent resistance

problems accounting for 5.1% of all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process plumbing problems.

5.3.3 ELECTRICAL - For each of the following electrical components, the given percentages

relate the problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process electrical problems (490).

5.3.3.1 Wiring Methods - There were 168 problems (34.3%) related to wiring methods, mostly

dealing with branch circuit malfunctions.

5.3.3.2 Lighting Fixtures and Receptacle Outlets - There were 117 lighting fixture problems

(23.9%) and 84 receptacle outlet problems (17.1%) related to standards for equipment and installation.

5.3.3.3 Grounding and Bonding - There were 51 grounding and bonding problems (10.4%) related

mostly to electrification of the exterior metal skin of the mobile home.

5.3.3.4 Outdoor Outlets and Fixtures - A total of 39 outdoor outlet and fixture problems (8%) were reported.

5.3.4 HEATING - For each of the following heating components, the given percentages relate

the problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process heating problems (219).

5.3.4.1 Appliances - The 205 reported problems (93.6%) associated with appliances consisted

of 102 problems related to accessibility of hot water heaters, 76 problems with the vent and

combustion air system, 18 problems with the circulating air system, and 9 problems related

to location of air inlets or outlets.

5.3.4.2 Liquid Petroleum (LP) Gas Safety Device - There were 13 faulty LP gas safety devices

reported (5.9%).

5.4 MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE AND EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS - A summary of problems in this

category is presented in Table 8. The 4767 problems are distributed as follows: furnace

(2146 or 45%), hot water heater (1444 or 30.3%), range (792 or 16.6%), exhaust fan (180 or

3.8%), refrigerator (153 or 3.2%), smoke detector (37 or 0.8%), and electric baseboard heating units (13 or 0.3%)

.

5.4.1 FURNACE (HOT AIR, GAS, OIL)

5.4.1.1 Pilot/Electronic Ignition - A total of 456 pilot problems were reported with the

largest portion (384) involving relighting of pilots.

5.4.1.2 Controls - There were 336 problems related to furnace controls. These were distributed as follows: blower (177), burner (96), internal wiring (40), and (23) of undefined

location. The limit switch was the major problem area of the blower while for the burner

the thermocouple, control valve, and electrode were most troublesome.

5.4.1.3 Fuel Gun - Of the 283 fuel gun problems 127 were related to the nozzle/orifice, 95

to gas leaks, and 12 to oil leaks.

5.4.1.4 Others - The other problem areas with the furnace included thermostats (240),

blower assembly (62) , gas regulator (35) , furnace doors (31) , burner assembly (27) and filters

(26).

11
5.4.2 HOT WATER HEATER

5.4.2.1 Electric Hot Water Heaters - The 746 problems in this category were made up primarily of problems with pressure relief valves (199) , heat elements (141) , controls (125) , and tank leaks (70).

5.4.2.2 Gas Hot Water Heaters - The 239 problems consisted of tank leaks (52), pilot

light (47) , pressure relief valves (44) , burner (41) and controls (32)

.

5.4.3. RANGE (GAS AND ELECTRIC) - The 792 range problems consisted of gas pilot light

problems (205) , gas leaks (152) , burner problems (109) , controls (83) , and hardware such

as doors, knobs, hinges (37).

5.4.4 EXHAUST FAN - There were 180 reported exhaust fan malfunctions.

5.4.5 REFRIGERATOR - The 153 problems consist of 120 general undefined problems, 16 door gasket problems, 11 control problems, and 6 problems related to the compressor/

refrigerant/fan systems.

5.4.6 SMOKE DETECTOR - There were 37 problems with smoke detectors,

5.4.7 ELECTRIC BASEBOARD HEATING - Eleven of the 13 problems reported for these units were in the thermostat controls area.

5.5, FURNITURE PROBLEMS - A total of 766 problems relating to mobile home furniture were

recorded, representing 3,4% of the 22,248 problems reported for the 2881 units of the HUD

sample.

6.0 PRIVATELY-OWNED MOBILE HOME

r..'—.- . • ... - SAMPLE PROBLEM DATA

6.1 INTRODUCTION , Review of the performance problem data for the privately-owned mobile

home sample resulted in the evaluation and cataloging of 6206 problems for the 967 mobile

home units in the sample. Use of the computer techniques discussed in Section 3,0 of this

report and in Reference [1] rendered the complete data summaries contained in Appendix B. The basic problem data is rank ordered by number of problems within each of the problem

categories.

Table 9 summarizes the breakdown of reported mobile home problems in the major problem

categories. It can be noted that the largest group of problems (4071 or 65.6% of all

problems) were judged to pertain to the ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process related

category. Routine Maintenance problems totaled 1490 (24.0% of all problems), and Mechanical/

Electrical Appliances and Equipment problems totaled 367 (5.9% of all problems). Additionally, there were 278 Furniture problems representing 4.5% of all problems.

The remainder of this Section will discuss those areas which exhibited the highest frequencyof-occurrence of reported problems within in each major problem category. For greater detail

in a particular problem area refer to Appendix B.

6.2 ANSI All 9.1 /ENFORCEMENT PROCESS RELATED PROBLEMS . A summary breakdown of reported

problems in this major problem category is presented in Table 10. These problems are grouped

as follows: Construction (1805 or 44.3% of ANSI A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process problems). Plumbing (1150 or 28.2%), Heating System (592 or 14.5%), and Electrical (524 or 12.9%), Discussion of the more significant problems in each ANSI category is presented in the following

paragraphs

,

6,2.1 CONSTRUCTION . For the following construction components, the percentages relate the

problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process construction problems (1805),

12
6.2.1.1 Roof Systems - Problems with the roof systems occurred most frequently (511 problems or 28.3%) and were concerned mostly with rain leaks (304). Fastening of roof structural systems was the next highest roofing problem area (108)

.

6.2.1.2 Floor Systems - There were 371 reported floor problems (20.6%) with the durability

or attachment of the floor covering most prevalent (138)

.

6.2.1.3 Partition Walls - A total of 335 partition wall problems (18.6%) were reported, with

fastening of partition wall components, such as paneling to wall framing, accounting for 318.

6.2.1.4 Exterior Walls - There were 235 exterior walls problems (13.0%). As in the case

of partition walls, most exterior wall problems (121) were concentrated in the area of

fastening of structural components (mainly exterior covering to wall framing). Rain leaks/

weather resistance of the exterior wall was reported as a problem in 70 cases.

6.2.1.5 Exterior Doors - Problems were reported for exterior doors in 169 instances (9.4%),

with the major portion (129) associated with water leaks/weather resistance.

6.2.1.6 Windows - There were 145 window problems (8%) recorded, with water leaks/weather

resistance (136) the most common complaint.

6.2.2 PLUMBING . For the following plumbing components, the percentages relate the problem

to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process plumbing problems (1150).

6.2.2.1 Plumbing Fixtures - Problems were reported most frequently with plumbing fixtures

(550 or 47.8%). About 69% of the plumbing fixture problems were related to toilets (flushing devise, floor connection) and shower stalls (water tightness), while another 26% were

concerned with the quality of the fixtures.

6.2.2.2 Joints and Connections Tight - There were 201 reported cases (17.5%) of joints and

connections not being tight.

6.2.2.3 Protective Requirement - Improper plumbing protective methods (160 or 13.9%) con- sisted mainly of failure to provide proper seals at exterior openings for rodent resistance

(159). Only one case of pipe freezing was reported.

6.2.2.4 Drainage System - Of the 78 (6.8%) reported drainage system problems, 57 were

concerned with improper horizontal grade of the piping.

6.2.2.5 Traps and Cleanouts - The 59 problems in this plumbing category consisted of 48

problems concerning the rem.ovability or the grade of the trap arm, and 11 problems concerning

improper access to cleanouts.

6.2.2.6 Water Distribution System, Vents and Venting, Hangers and Supports - All together

these categories had only 101 reported problems (8.8%) concerning water heater safety devices

and relief valve drains, malfunctioning drainage vents, and inadequate piping support.

6.2.3 HEATING SYSTEM . For the following heating components, the percentages relate the

problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process heating problems (592).

6.2.3.1 Appliances - Heating system problems occurred most frequently in the appliance subcategory (460 or 77.7%). There were 187 problems noted in the circulating air systems, while

another 182 problems were observed in the vent, ventilation and combustion air systems.

Improper installation of appliances accounted for another 70 problems.

6.2.3.2 Piping System - Problems in the gas piping system occurred in 104 cases (17.6%) with

the most prevalent problem being the improper sealing of exterior openings around pipes,

ducts, vents, etc., to resist entrance of rodents which occurred 55 times. Improper piping

hangers and supports were noted in 22 other cases.

6.2.4 ELECTRICAL . For the following electrical components, the percentages relate the

problem to all ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process electrical problems (524).

13
6.2,4.1 Wiring Methods - Wiring methods deficiencies (215 or 41%) were related to fastening

of boxes, fittings, and cabinets, followed closely by improper cable support and protection.

6.2.4.2 Lighting Fixtures - A total of 61 problems (11.6%) related to lighting fixtures were

detected with 90% of these problems concerned with defective or sub-standard fixtures. About

10% of the fixture problems were related to combustible wall or ceiling finishes or recessed

lighting fixtures.

6.2.4.3 Branch Circuits Required - Of the 55 problems (10.5%) related to branch circuits, 45 were concerned with laundry facility branch circuit requirements. The remainder of the branch

circuit deficiencies were related to fixed appliances on a circuit without lighting fixtures,

range branch circuits or branch circuits for portable appliances,

6.2.4.4 Electrical Marking - Improper electrical markings on the distribution panel, circuit

breakers, and supply cord entrance were reported in 39 cases (7.4%).

6.2.4.5 Disconnecting Means and Branch Circuit Protective Equipment - There were 33 problems

(6.3%) reported, with the majority concerned with improper overcurrent protection devices

and circuit breaker protection equipment.

6.2.4.6 Grounding and Bonding - Improper grounding and bonding occurred in 31 cases (5.9%),

with 13 involving grounding and bonding of interior circuits of the units. The remaining

problems were related to service grounding, non-current carrying metal bonding, insulated

neutral, or the exact location of the bonding problem was unspecified.

6.2.4.7 Outdoor Outlets, Fixtures, Air-Cooling Equipment, etc - Improper type of outdoor

receptacles accounted for virtually all of the 21 problems reported for this category (4.0%).

In most cases, the receptacles were not approved for outdoor use.

6.2.4.8 Receptacle Outlets Required - In 20 instances (3.8%), wall location of required re- ceptacles did not comply with the ANSI A119.1 Standard.

6.2.4.9 Receptacle Outlet Installation - In 17 cases (3.2%) receptacle outlet installation

was not in accordance with the ANSI A119.1 Standard,

6.2.4.10 Other Electrical - The remaining electrical problems amounted to only 6.0% of all

reported ANSI/Enforcement Process electrical problems,

6,3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS, The distribution of reported problems in the Routine

Maintenance category is presented in Appendix B and is summarized in Table 11, The largest

number of problems (1127 or 75,6% of the 1490 Routine Maintenance Problems) were recorded

in the construction area. The number of problems in other areas is as follows; plumbing

(223 or 15%), electrical (131 or 8.8%), and heating (7 or 0.5%). Highlights of the more significant problems in each of the Routine Maintenance categories are discussed in the

following paragraphs.

6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION . For the following construction components, the percentages relate the

problem to all Routine Maintenance construction problems (1127)

.

6.3.1.1 Windows - There were 452 (40.1%) problems related to windows. Problems with screens

(140), hardware (133), and improper window fit (95) occurred most often,

6.3.1.2 Exterior Doors - Maintenance repairs to exterior doors were recorded in 286 cases

(25.4%) with the bulk concerned with improper fit, door hardware, and screen doors.

6.3.1.3 Partition Doors - Of the 250 problems (22,2%) concerning partition doors, the majority were associated with improper fit and hardware malfunctions,

6.3.1.4 Blocking - Improper blocking of the unit was observed in 74 cases (6.6%) with leveling by re-blocking the usual service required. Racking of doors caused by uneven blocking

was reported in several cases.

14
6.3.1.5 Hot Water Heater Compartment - Repairs to doors and Insufficient thermal insulation within these compartments were the source of the 30 problems (2.7%).

6.3.1.6 Floor (Heating Duct Venf) - Restrictions to air flow at the hrating duct floor vent

caused by improper duct construction or foreign material in the duct was noted 13 time.

(1.2%).

6.3.1.7 Others - Remaining construction related Routine Maintenance problems accounted for

less than 2% of all problems in this category.

6.3.2 PLUMBING . For the following plumbing components, the percentages relate the problem

to all Routine Maintenance plumbing problems (223)

.

6.3.2.1 Fixtures - Routine servicing of plumbing fixtures accounted for 168 problems (75.3%).

The most frequently repaired fixture was the kitchen sink, with bathtub showerheads, toilets

and lavatories following in that order.

6.3.2.2 Sewers, Washing Machines, Dishwasher, and Water Supply Piping - About 10% of the

plumbing Routine Maintenance problems were concerned with these areas and another 15% were

related to unspecified parts of the mobile home plumbing system.

6.3.3 ELECTRICAL . For the following electrical components, the percentages relate the problem to all Routine Maintenance electrical problems (131). Of these problems, 56 were in

unspecified parts of the electrical system.

6.3.3.1 Distribution Panel Board - Only 31 maintenance problems (24%) were reported for distribution panel boards with the majority related to malfunctioning circuit breakers.

6.3.3.2 Switches - Slightly over 12% of all electrical Routine Maintenance problems (16

problems) occurred in electrical switches.

6.3.3.3 Receptacle Outlets - Another 12% of all electrical Routine Maintenance problems

(15 problems) were related to receptacle outlets. About half of these receptacle outlet

problems were reported for outdoor installations.

6.3.3.4 Interior Lighting Fixtures - Only 9% of all electrical Routine Maintenance problems

(12) were attributed to interior lighting fixtures.

6.3.4 HEATING SYSTEM . Only 7 heating system maintenance problems were reported (less than

1.0% of all routine maintenance problems). The 3 identified heating system maintenance

problems were in the area of the gas supply piping, while 4 were concerned with undefined

parts of the heating system.

6.4 MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE AND EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS . A total of 367 problems were related to this category and they represented 5.9% of all 6206 problems reported for the

privately-owned mobile home data sample. The distribution of problems in this category is

presented in Appendix B and is summarized in Table 12. Discussion of the problems reported

in each grouping under this category are presented in the following paragraphs.

6.4.1 Range-Gas /Electric - The kitchen range contributed 112 problems, representing 30.5%

of all reported Appliance-Equipment problems. Oven doors and hardware, burners, gas leaks,

pilot lights, and timer controls were the most troublesome areas.

6.4.2 Furnace - Hot Air, Gas or Oil - Furnace related problems totaled 87 and represented

23.7% of all Appliance-Equipment problems. Almost 75% of the furnace problems whose location could be pinpointed were concerned with wall thermostats, furnace doors, and internal

control system wiring.

6.4.3 Exhaust Fan - Kitchen exhaust fans malfunctions totaled 72 or 19.6% of all ApplianceEquipment problems.

15
6.4.4 Hot Water Heater - Problems with hot water heaters numbered 52 or 14.2% of all problems in this category. Almost all of the problems (36) were connected with electric (34)

rather than gas hot water heaters (2)

.

6.4.5 Refrigerator - There were 32 problems with refrigerators, representing 8.7% of all

appliance-equipment malfunctions

.

6.4.6 Electric Baseboard Heating - Only one problem with an electric baseboard heating

unit was reported out of the 367 appliance-equipment malfunctions reported in the data

sample. There were only two mobile homes in the sample with this type of heat.

6.5 FURNITURE PROBLEMS . Unsatisfactory performance of furniture was noted in 278 cases, which amounted to 4.5% of all problems reported in the privately-owned mobile home sample.

\ 7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS

Mobile home performance data have been presented in this report for two separate data bases.

The first was for 2881 HUD-owned units used as temporary housing following the 1972 Hurricane

Agnes disaster at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and the second was for 967 privately-owned units

whose owners had brought their mobile home problems to the attention of government or private

organizations who could assist in the resolution of these problems.

The Problem Summation Printouts (See Appendices A and B) present the data in each major

category (ANSI A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process, Routine Maintenance, and Appliance and Equipment)

in order of "frequency-of-occurrence" . This format allows the reader to quickly ascertain

those problem items in each data base which appeared most often. Appropriate reference to the ANSI A119.1 Standard paragraph numbers also are included.

It is important to keep in mind that the number of units in these two data bases is small

when compared to the total number of mobile homes now occupied in the United States. Also,

the emphasis in this project, by design, has concentrated on problems with mobile homes

and does not reflect the many cases where mobile home occupants have been satisfied with

the performance of their units. This approach was used to fulfill the primary project

objectives of pinpointing those areas in the standards, manufacturing process, and enforcement procedures which may be improved as a benefit to the mobile home owner and to the

industry as well.

Although complete analysis of the mobile home performance problems contained in these two data bases is planned for a future project report, some preliminary general observations

can be noted. Routine Maintenance problems occurred most frequently in the HUD data base

while ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process category problems were most prevalent in the

privately-owned mobile home data base. This result was as expected since the HUD data base

was derived from maintenance and refurbishment records, while the privately-owned mobile home

data base largely was obtained from files of regulatory-related organizations whose main

concern was code violations and/or the adjudication of consumer complaints. Within the

ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enf orcement Process category in both data bases. Part B - Construction,

contained the largest number of reported problems, suggesting that this area should be carefully examined for possible modifications to improve the overall performance of mobile

homes as they are utilized by the occupant under field conditions.

16
8. References

J. H. Pielert, W. E. Greene, L. F. Skoda, W. G. Street; Performance of Mobile Homes - Data Acquisition and Methodology; National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)

NBSIR 75-641, February 1975.

Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B-1973 and ANSI A119. 1-1974) available from National

Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210; Mobile

Home Manufacturers Association, 14650 Lee Road, Chantilly, Virginia 22021; and the

Trailer Coach Association, 3855 E. LaPalma Avenue, Anaheim, California 92806.

P. W. Cooke, H. K. Tejuja, R. D. Dikkers, L. P. Zelenka; State Building Regulatory

Programs for Mobile Homes and Manufactured Buildings - A Summary; National Bureau of

Standards (U.S.) Technical Note 853, September 1974.

17
Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to many persons for contributions and guidance that made this

report possible. Special thanks are given to NBS staff members who participated in the

regulatory and field inspection activities and provided invaluable assistance in the data

processing effort discussed in this report. Staff members from the Center for Building

Technology included R. Beausoliel, T. Ray, and W. Niessing. E. Budnick and J. Scott of

the Center for Fire Research provided expertise in Fire Protection Engineering and

J. Peebles of Plant Division was responsibile for the electrical discipline. M. Vogt of

the Technical Analysis Division prepared the computer programs used for data analysis.

J. Finnan and T. Porter, working under outside contracts, provided valuable support to important project tasks

The outstanding cooperation of John Gibson, Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness

(OEP) of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and his staff, both in Washington, D.C. and at Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania, contributed significantly to the success of this study.

Mr. James McCollom of HUD, Office of Policy Development and Research provided essential

liaison between NBS staff and OEP operations personnel as well as valuable technical advice

resulting from a previous HUD study of the Hurricane Agnes mobile homes.

The authors also are particularly grateful to the many Federal, State and private organizations who cooperated with the NBS study team by making mobile home problem data in their

files available for use in this report.

U3C0MM-NBS-DC

18
19
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Notes: 1-Manufacturer data was iwt avaibMs

for 936 of the 2881 units in the sample

2-Total mimber of Manufacturers vwas 143

for the remaining 1945 units

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100-^

MOBILE HOME UNITS PER MANUFACTURER

Figure 6. Distribution of Mobile Home Manufacturers as Function of Mobile

Home Units Per Manufacturer in the HUD (Wilkes-Barre) Sample

24
Figure 7 . Number of Mobile Home Units in HUD Data

Sample as Function of Year of Manufacture

25
200

PRIVATELY-OWNED MOBILE HOME SAMPLE

180 —

CO

cc

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(260)-^ No. Of Units

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100-^

MOBILE HOME UNITS PER MANUFACTURER

Figure 8. Distribution of Mobile Home Manufacturers as Function

of Units Per Manufacturer (Private Sample)

26
Notes: 1-Total Number of Units, in Sample = 967

2-UK = Year of Manufacture Unknown

YEAR OF MANUFACTURE

Figure 9. Distribution of Mobile Home Units in

Privately-Owned Sample by Year of Manufacture

27
28
TABLE

STATE OF MANUFACTURE AND NUMBER

OF UNITS FOR THE HUD (WILKES-BARRE)

MOBILE HOME SAMPLE

STATE - NUMBER OF UNITS

Alabama 201

Alaska 1

Arkansas 46

Florida 70

Georgia 139

Idaho' 1

Illinois 35

Indiana 303

Kansas 18

Kentucky 11

Louisiana 14

Maryland 1

Michigan 77

Minnesota 32

Mississippi 46

Missouri 1

New York 21

North Carolina 111

Ohio 62

Oklahoma 1

Pennsylvania 282

South Carolina 47

Tennessee 29

Texas 2

Virginia 40

Wisconsin 1

Unknown 1289

Total = 2881

29
TABLE 2

Seals of Certifying Aaenices

HIJD Wilkes-Barre Sample (2881 units)

Agency Type of /agency

Number of Units

with Seals

Alabama State 73

Florida - State 6

Georgia State 27

Mississippi State 9

Tennessee State 7 Virginia State 3

TOTAL STATE SEALS - 125

Pittsburgh Testing Lab Third Party 1

Underwriters Lab Third Party 36

Nationwide Consumer Testing Lab Third Party 19

TOTAL THIRD PARTY SEALS - 56

MHMA/TCA~ , Trade Association 992

HUD Specification Federal A43

Others (Misc.) Manufacturers 14

TOTAL OTHER SEALS - 1449

TOTAL SEALS

4/ Units With No Seals Attached

5/ Units With No Seal Information—

= 163(F-

= 484

= 789

1/ Trade Associations - Mobile Home Manufacturers Association and Trailer Coach

Association

Ij HUD Purchase Contract required compliance with ANSI A119.1.

_3/ Exceeds 1608 mobile homes with seal data because some units have more than

one seal.

kj Available data indicated that units had no attached seals.

5/ No information available to indicate if mobile homes had seals.

30
TABLE 3_. State of manufacture versus number of units in the privatelyowned mobile home sample.

State of Manufacture No. of Units

Alabama

Alaska X

Arizona X

Arkansas

California 1XDUfin Colorado /,

r lorida QO

/ D Idaho

Indiana 1X Kansas X

Kentucky X

T tin c T o o J-i O UlS Xo-Il a. Q

riary xana X Michigan X

c r~\ t~ o A Mississippi li

Missouri 4

North Carolina 7 Oklahoma 6

Oregon 61

Pennsylvania 2

South Dakota 2

Tennessee 1

Texas 148

Virginia 5

Washington 58

Wisconsin 3

Wyoming 1

Unknown 238

(Total Units in Sample) (967)

31
TABLE 4

Seals of Certifying Agencies

Private Mobile Home Sample (967 units)

Agency Type of Agency Number of Units

Alabama 5 rate 9 9 Z Z J Arkan sas otate ±

1 T "F /~\ v" n "1 o Q f- o f- Q XOX

LiOxorauo o rate ^ Delaware State 1

r XL/ L XU.

d

7fi Georgia State 43

Minnesota State 8

Texas State 124

Virginia State 18

Washington State 51

TOTAL STATE SEALS =710

MHMA/TCA--^ SEALS= 203

TOTAL SEALS 913-

' Units With No Seal Information = 256

1/ Trade associations (Mobile Home Manufacturers Association and Trailer Coach

Association)

2_l Number of seals exceed the 711 mobile homes with seal data since some units

have both state and MHMA/TCA Seals.

32
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80 USCOMM-NBS-OC
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLIC ATION OR RHPORT NO.

NBS IR 75-690

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLF

A Compilation of Problems Related to the Performance

of Mobile Homes

5. Publication Date April 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

W. G. Street, W. E. Greene, J. H. Pielert, L. F. Skoda

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBS IR 75-690

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 460.02

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Interim

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Performance of mobile homes as housing units is of broad concern to

mobile home ovTners . This study report prepared at the National Bureau

of Standards (NBS) and funded by the Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD) presents mobile home problem data obtained from two

separate data sources. The first data base for 2881 units was selected

from maintenance records retained by HUD on 12,500 mobile homes used

as emergency housing following the Hurricane Agnes disaster at WilkesBarre, Pennsylvania. The second source consisted of data for 967

privately-owned units collected from the files of various Federal, state,

and private agencies responsible for regulation or consumer protection

functions with regard to mobile homes.

The mobile home performance problem data was processed using computer

techniques to produce problem summation tables which facilitated

evaluation. Although the mobile home problems experienced in various

categories are highlighted in this report, no attempt was made to

relate these results to current standards, regulatory or mortgage

insurance (durability) processes. Analyses of this kind are planned

for future reports in this series.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Computer techniques; enforcement process; housing; Hurricane

Agnes; mobile homes; mobile home parks; performance data; standards

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

1% \ For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13

I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

86

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74