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1002-20-4021 October 27, 1953

Sixth

Progress import

Oft

Fir© detection in Aircraft Stogiae Nacelles

by

c* 2, : leCa'iiy a.ai Vfcu 2'. Hoaaer

Covering period 25 July 1953 to October 25, 1953

:teaaq carters

/right Air developsent Center

v/right-Patterson Aar force Base

Dayton, Ohio

Project Bo. 52-66GJ&5

2CLBA-3

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Fir© Detection In

Aircraft Engine i&celles

by

C. 3. McCamy and Wau F. Roeser

1. Summary

Host of the measurements originally planned on flames of

100/130 gasoline, lubricating oil, and hydraulic fluid burning

in air have been completed. The results are being summarized to

aid in establishing what additional measurements should be sade

on these flames. Brief summaries of measurements completed thus

far are given herein.

2. feasureaents of Flame Characteristics Completed

-/feasurements have been made of (1) the total energy radiated

(for wavelengths up to 7 microns), (2) the light emitted, (3) the

tern sratore attained by a To. 18 gage thermocouple, (4)

the rate oi temperature rise of a thermocouple placed in the fla le,

(5) the spectral radiation in five selected wave length bands, and

(6) the flicker frequency of various natural 0 gs flames and flames

from burning liquids. The natural gas 'flames were sta^liz. i a

burner with an inside diameter of 1-13/16'% directed upward. easurements were nade on diffusion flames and flames with premixed

air supplied by a blower. Air rates and gas rates were controlled.

Lubricating oil, 100/130 gasoline, and hydraulic fluid were burned

In an open steel cylinder six laches in diameter and two inches

deep with a water cooled bottom. Fresh fluid was introduced at

the' bottom to maintain a constant level 1/4" below the rim. ieasuremnts were made in still air and in winds with speeds up to

20 a.p.h. Feasuremeats also have been made of the energy radiated

by a gasoline fire burning in a shallow concrete pit four feet

square.

2.1 Average Total Energy Radiated

The average total energy radiated per square centimeter by the

flames was measured with a radiation pyrometer with a fused quartz

lens. The energy radiated by gas flames ranged from 0.4 watts per

square centimeter for & diffusion flame 40 cm in. height to 1.8

watts per square centimeter for a blue premised flame 30 cm in

height with an air/fuel ratio of 8*6.
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The radiation from the flames of burning liquids ranged from 3*4

watts per square centimeter for the gasoline burning in still

air to 7»0 watts per square centimeter for lubricating oil in

still air. The flames from gasoline burning in a shallow concrete depression four feet square emitted 11 watts per square

centimeter.

2.2

Visible Radiation

The light output of the flames was measured with a photronic

cell having a spectral response similar to that of the normal eye.

The luminous intensities of the gas flames ranged from less than

one-tenth candlepower for the blue flames to 6 7 candlepox^er for a

diffusion flame one meter in height. The luminous intensities of

the flames of the liquids ranged from 15 candlepower for the burning

lubricating oil to 269 candlepower for a gasoline flame in a wind

with a speed of ten miles per hour.

2.3

Temperature Measurements with Thermocouples

Measurements were made of the maximum temperature attained by

a bare 18 gage chromel-alumel thermocouple when it was placed in

the various flames. Temperatures attained in the gas flames ranged

from 510°C (950°F) for a 50 cm diffusion flame to 650° C (1202°F)

for a 30 cm premixed blue flame. In the case of burning liquids,

the thermocouple reached temperatures ranging from 4lQ°C (770°F)

for gasoline to 650° C (1202° F) for hydraulic fluid burning in a

wind having a speed of twenty miles per hour.

2.4

Thermocouple Time Constants

The time required for a bare Jo. 18 gage chromel-alumel

thermocouple to attain 63 . 25 of its steady state value (usually

referred to as the time constant) ranged from six seconds in a

gasoline flame in a 20 mile per hour wind to 12 seconds in a gasoline flame with no wind blowing.

The thermocouple time constants in the various natural gas

flames studied were between 6 and 7 seconds.

2.5

Spectral Radiation

The spectral radiation of the various flames in five selected

spectral bands was measured with a recording spectroradiometer.
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,r the burning liquids, the radiant flux density at a disof one meter was less than IQ”1*" microwatts per square

/ ^^1 me ter in the wavelength hand from 230 to 290 millimicrons.

^the wavelength range from 300 to 4l0 millimicrons, the values

anged from less than 10”^ microwatts per square centimeter for

the hydraulic fluid in still air to 0.23 microwatts per square

centimeter at one meter for the same fluid in a 20 mile per hour

wind. In the wavelength range from 410 to 550. millimicrons , the

radiant flux density ranged from 0.03 microwatts per square

centimeter at one meter for hydraulic fluid burning in still air

to lb microwatts per square centimeter at one meter for gasoline

burning in a 20 mile per hour wind. In the wavelength range from

550 to 700 millimicrons, the values ranged from 2 microwatts per

square centimeter at one meter for lubricating oil burning in still

air to 47 microwatts per square centimeter at one meter for hydraulic

fluid burning in a 20 mile per hour wind. In the wavelength range

from 700 to 2500 millimicrons, the values ranged from 300 microwatts

per square centimeter at one meter for gasoline burning in still air

to M+00 microwatts per square centimeter at one meter for hydraulic

fluid burning in a 20 mile per hour wind.

With the exception of the premixed gas flame 35 cm . in height

with an air-fuel ratio of 9*6, which gave a flux density of about

10” microwatts per square centimeter at one meter in the wavelength range from 230 to 290 millimicrons, the flux densities

from the gas flames were within the ranges or less than those observed for the flames of the liquids for the corresponding

wavelength bands.

2.6 Flame Flicker

Periodic variations in the radiation from the flames studied

have been determined from simultaneous records of the radiation

emitted in 5 selected wavelength bands, from harmonic analysis of

the electrical output of a radiometer, and from high speed motion

pictures taken in color and in black and white at speeds up to

1000 frames per second.

The records show that the periodic variations occur simultaneously in all of the wavelength bands. The fundamental flicker

frequency of the flames studied ranged from 3 to 18 cycles per

second. Winds up to 20 m.p.h. over the surface of the burning

liquids only slightly increased the fundamental frequency. In

some cases one or more harmonic frequencies were observed.
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3. Measurement of Flame Characteristics in Progress

Additional measurements are being made of the electrical conduction by flames of burning liquids and of the rate of increase

in the radiation as the rate of combustion increases from the instant of ignition-.

Measurements Anticipated

It is planned to make measurements similar to those given

above on premixed flames of different fuel-air ratios from jet

burners

5, Financial Condition

Expenditures and commitments on this projects

April 25? 1952 through June 30? 1953

July 1? 1953 through September 30? 1953

Total through September- 30? 1953

$20,395*37

$28,632.36
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