National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science

National Park Service Visitor Values & Perceptions of 

Clean Air, Scenic Views & Dark Night Skies

1988-2011

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRR–2013/632
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Visitor Perception Air Quality 1988-2011

1

Introduction

Congress passed the Organic Act in 1916 and created the National Park Service (NPS) to 

conserve the resources and values of parks, including scenery, "unimpaired" for the enjoyment of 

future generations. One of the purposes of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1977 is "to preserve, 

protect, and enhance the air quality in national parks..." The Clean Air Act also has a goal of 

restoring visibility to natural conditions (absent man-made air pollution) in large national parks 

and wilderness areas. The NPS has a responsibility to protect air quality and resources affected 

by air pollution under the NPS Organic Act and the Clean Air Act.

Air pollution impacts all NPS areas. Understanding where air pollution comes from, what it is 

made of, and how it affects parks and park resources is key to protecting NPS areas for future 

generations. The NPS Air Resources Division (ARD) works in partnership with parks and others

to protect air quality and scenic views in parks. ARD engages in outreach and communication as 

well as regulatory, planning, and other policy arenas to influence decisions and protect park 

resources. ARD also conducts and facilitates scientific research, improving understanding about 

how air pollution impacts parks. 

Light and air pollution can both negatively impact the ability to experience dark night skies. The 

Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) works to protect, maintain, or restore dark 

night sky environments in NPS areas. NSNSD works in partnership with parks and others to 

increase scientific understanding and inspire public appreciation of the value and character of 

star-filled skies.

Understanding how visitors value clean air, scenic views, and dark night skies, and how impacts 

to these resources may affect visitor enjoyment of parks is integral to effective park management 

and resource protection. Visitor surveys are the primary quantitative tool available for assessing 

the impact that air quality has on visitor enjoyment of parks and the value that visitors place on 

protecting air quality related attributes. 

Visitor studies in many NPS areas have been conducted in a consistent manner for over 20 years. 

Many survey questionnaires have included questions about clean air, scenic views, and dark 

night skies. This report compiles and analyzes these results on a servicewide basis, by NPS 

management region (see Figure 1), and for a group of areas with special Clean Air Act 

designation. Visitor responses and the values they place on protecting clean air, scenic views, 

and dark night skies provide interesting new insight into public support for protecting air quality, 

natural darkness, and related values in the parks.
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Visitor Perception Air Quality 1988-2011

16

Class I Air Quality Areas

Class I air quality areas have the highest level of air quality protection under the Clean Air Act. 

These areas are defined as national parks larger than 6,000 acres or wilderness areas over 5,000 

acres that were in existence when the Clean Air Act was amended in 1977.

The NPS manages 48 national parks that are classified as Class I air quality areas. Clean air was 

rated in 22 studies from 1988–2011 in 14 NPS Class I air quality areas (Table 5). These surveys 

represent 13,110 separate visitor groups (n=13,110). Results show that 91% of visitor groups to 

these parks felt that clean air was either extremely important or very important (Figure 14). This 

percentage is slightly higher than for NPS areas servicewide (see Figure 2 for comparison). Only 

2% of visitor groups in Class I air quality areas felt that clean air was somewhat important or not 

important. Figure 15 shows that 54% of the 22 NPS unit studies in Class I air quality areas

ranked clean air as either the 1st or 2nd most important natural attribute worth protecting. All of 

the studies ranked it as one of the top four most important attributes for protection. Clean air is 

closely related to scenic views. As detailed later in this report, 89% of NPS studies relating to 

scenic views rank scenic views as either extremely important or very important.

Table 5. Park studies for Class I air quality areas that surveyed the importance of clean air

NPS Unit Year

Acadia National Park 1998

Acadia National Park 2009

Bryce Canyon National Park 2009

Capitol Reef National Park 2008

Chiricahua National Monument 1996

Craters of the Moon NM & PRES 1988

Craters of the Moon NM & PRES 2004

Grand Teton National Park 2008

Grand Teton National Park 1995

Great Smoky Mountains NP (fall) 1996

Great Smoky Mountains NP (summer) 1996

Great Smoky Mountains National Park (fall) 2008

Great Smoky Mountains National Park (spring) 2008

Joshua Tree National Park 2004

Joshua Tree National Park 2010

Lava Beds National Monument 2007

Mammoth Cave National Park 2006

Rocky Mountain National Park 2010

Rocky Mountain National Park 2011

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks 2002

Shenandoah National Park 2001

Yellowstone National Park 1995
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Visitor Perception Air Quality 1988-2011

18

Scenic Views

Many visitors come to parks to enjoy the spectacular vistas. The ability to see landscape features, 

color and detail in distant views can be effected by air pollution. Scenic views and historic 

landscapes can also be marred by certain development on public and private lands outside park 

boundaries. 

Servicewide

Scenic views, and up to 14 other resource attributes, were rated in 67 studies conducted from 

1988–2011 in 53 NPS units. The surveys gathered responses from 31,358 separate visitor groups 

(n=31,358). Each visitor group rated scenic views on a five point scale with 1 being not 

important and 5 being extremely important.

Scenic views were extremely important or very important to 90% of visitor groups, 7% thought it 

was moderately important, and 2% responded that scenic views were somewhat important or not 

important, as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16. Importance ratings for scenic views, n=31,358 visitor groups from 67 studies in 53 NPS units from 1988 

to 2011

Survey responses are also analyzed by the year the study was conducted, to see if visitor values 

related to scenic views have changed over time. In this analysis responses from visitor groups are 

combined if they responded that protecting scenic views was extremely important or very 

important. Results show that from 1988–2011, the percentage of visitor groups that placed high 

value on scenic views varied between 79% and 95% (Table 6).

67% 

23% 

7% 

1% 

1% 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 

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Social Science Program

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Visitor Services Project

Capitol Reef National Park

Visitor Study
2 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

OMB Approval 1024-0224 (NPS# 08-016)

Expiration date: 11/30/2008

IN REPLY REFER TO:

United States Department of the Interior

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Capitol Reef National Park

HC 70 Box 15

Torrey, UT 84775-9602

May-June, 2008

Dear Visitor:

Thank you for participating in this important study. We want to learn

about the expectations, opinions, and interests of visitors to Capitol

Reef National Park. This information will help us improve our

management of this park and better serve you, our visitor.

This questionnaire will be given to only a select number of visitors, so

your participation is very important! It should only take about 20 minutes

to complete after your visit.

When your visit is over, please complete the questionnaire. Seal it with

the stickers provided on the last page and drop it in any U.S. mailbox.

If you have any questions, please contact Margaret Littlejohn, NPS VSP

Director, Park Studies Unit, College of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 

441139, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1139, phone:

208-885-7863, email: littlej@uidaho.edu.

We appreciate your help.

Sincerely,

Al Hendricks

Superintendent
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 3

DIRECTIONS

At the end of your visit:

1) Please have the selected individual complete this questionnaire.

2) Answer the questions carefully since each question is different.

3) For questions that use circles (O), please mark your answer by 

filling in the circle with black or blue ink, or a pencil with dark 

(e.g. #2) lead.

4) Seal it with the stickers provided.

5) Drop it in a U.S. mailbox.

Thank you!

PRIVACY ACT and PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT statement:

16 U.S.C. 1a-7 authorizes collection of this information. This information will be

used by park managers to better serve the public. Response to this request is 

voluntary. No action may be taken against you for refusing to supply the

information requested. Your name is requested for follow-up mailing purposes 

only. When analysis of the questionnaire is completed, all name and address files 

will be destroyed. Thus the permanent data will be anonymous. Please do not

put your name or that of any member of your group on the questionnaire. An

agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a

collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

Burden estimate statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to

average 20 minutes per response. Direct comments regarding the burden

estimate or any other aspect of this form to Margaret Littlejohn, NPS Visitor

Services Project, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 

441139, Moscow, ID, 83844-1139; email: littlej@uidaho.edu.
4 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

Your Visit To Capitol Reef National Park

NOTE: In this questionnaire, personal group is defined as anyone that you are visiting the 

park with, such as spouse, family, friends, etc. This does not include the larger group 

that you might be traveling with, such as school, church, scouts, or tour group.

1. Prior to your visit, were you and your group aware of the existence of Capitol

Reef National Park (NP)?

O Yes O No

2. a) Prior to your visit, how did you and your personal group obtain information to

plan your visit to Capitol Reef NP? Please mark (•) all that apply in the left

column.

b) If you were to visit Capitol Reef NP in the future, how would you and your

personal group prefer to obtain information about the park? Please mark (•)

all that apply in the right column.

a) Prior to this visit (•) b) On future visits (•)

O Obtained no information prior to visit ! Go to part b of this question

O Friends/relatives/word of mouth O

O Travel guides/tour books (such as AAA, etc.) O

O Maps/brochures O

O Newspaper/magazine articles O

O E-mail/telephone/written inquiry to park O

O Television/radio programs/videos O

O Capitol Reef NP website: www.nps.gov/care/ O

O Other websites O

O State welcome center/Chamber of Commerce O

O Highway signs O

O School class/program O

O Information from local motel or other business O

O Information from another national park O

O Other (Please specify below) O

This visit Future visits 
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 5

c) From the sources marked above, did you and your personal group receive

the type of information about the park that you needed?

O No O Yes ! Go to Question 3

"

d) If NO, what type of park information did you and your personal group need

that you did not receive? Please be specific.

3. a) If you and your personal group used the park website (www.nps.gov/care/)

prior to or during this visit, please rate how helpful the website was in planning

your visit, by marking (•) one response below.

O Did not use website ! Go to part b of this question

Not at all Somewhat Moderately Very Extremely

helpful helpful helpful helpful helpful

O O O O O

b) If you were to visit Capitol Reef NP in the future, what information on the park 

website (http://www.nps.gov/care) would you and your personal group like to

have available? Please mark (

•) all that apply.

O Not interested in using the website ! Go to Question 4

O Information to plan your visit (directions, operating hours, fees, things 

to do, etc.)

O Information about how to contact the park

O Schedule of events and programs

O Information about the park geology, cultural and natural history, etc.

O Other (Please specify)

4. For this trip, what was the primary reason that you and your personal group

visited the area (within 100 miles) of Capitol Reef NP? Please mark (•) one.

O Resident of area O Business

O Visit Capitol Reef NP O Travel through to another

destination

O Visit other attractions in the area

O Visit friends/relatives in the area

O Other (Please specify)
6 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

5. On this visit, what was the primary reason that you and your personal group

visited Capitol Reef NP? Please mark (•) one.

O Take scenic drive/view scenery

O Participate in recreation (hiking, bicycling, camping, etc.)

O Fruit picking

O Study nature, including birdwatching

O Show park to friends/relatives

O Visit a National Park Service site

O Obtain stamp in National Park Passport book

O Travel through to other destination

O Other (Please specify)

6. a) For this visit, please mark all of the sites that you and your personal group

visited in Capitol Reef NP. Please mark (

•) all that apply.

O Scenic drive O Behunin Cabin

O Visitor center O Panorama Point/Goosenecks Overlook

O Gifford Farmhouse O Notom/Burr Trail Road

O Cathedral Valley O South Draw

O Ripple Rock Nature Center O Fruita Historic District

O Historic Fruita Schoolhouse O Orchards

O Petroglyph panel (Hwy 24) O Campground

O Blacksmith shop O Picnic area

O Other (Please specify)

b) Which site did you visit first?

7. a) On this trip, how much time did you and your personal group spend outside

the park, but in the area (within 100 miles)?

Number of hours if less than 24 hours (e.g. ! hr, 1 " hrs, 2 hrs)

Number of days if 24 hours or more (e.g. 1 day, 1 ! day, 2 " days)
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 7

b) On this visit to Capitol Reef NP, how long did you and your personal group

spend visiting the park?

Number of hours if less than 24 hours

Number of days if 24 hours or more

8. a) While planning this visit, what activities did you and your personal group

expect to do at Capitol Reef NP? Please mark (

•) all that apply.

b) During this visit to Capitol Reef NP, what activities did you and your personal

group participate in? Please mark (

•) all that apply.

a) Expected activities b) Activities participated in

O Attending ranger-led programs O

O Backpacking O

O Bicycling O

O Enjoying nature, including birdwatching O

O Exploring backcountry roads O

O Hiking O

O Picking fruit O

O Picnicking O

O Star gazing/viewing night skies O

O Taking photographs/painting/drawing O

O Visiting historic sites/areas O

O Viewing scenery O

O Visiting prehistoric sites (such as petroglyphs) O

O Other (Please specify below) O

Expected Participated in

c) Which one of the above activities was the primary activity that you and your

personal group did in Capitol Reef NP on this visit? Please list one answer.
8 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

9. a) On this trip, did you and your personal group stay overnight away from home

within 100 miles of the park?

O Yes O No ! Go to Question 10

"

b) and c) If YES, how many nights did you and your personal group spend in the

following types of accommodations? Please write the number of nights stayed.

b) Number of nights c) Number of nights

inside park outside park within 100 miles

n/a Lodge, motel, cabin, rented condo/home, or bed & breakfast

Camping in developed campground

# (Specify the camping location in the park: ____________ )

Backcountry campsite

Personal seasonal residence

Residence of friends or relatives 

Other (Please specify below)

Inside Outside

10. a) On this trip, where did you and your personal group stay on the night prior to

visiting Capitol Reef NP? If you stayed at home, please write the name of the

town and state where you live.

Town/city State

b) On this trip, where did you and your personal group stay on the night after

leaving Capitol Reef NP? If you stayed at home please write the name of the

town and state where you live.

Town/city State

11. Capitol Reef NP interpretive programs and exhibits discuss topics such as:

geology, American Indian culture/history, pioneer history, historic orchards, and

plants/animals.

a) On this visit to Capitol Reef NP, did you and your group attend any ranger-led

programs/activities?

O Yes O No ! b) If NO, why not?
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 9

c) If you visit Capitol Reef NP in the future, would you and your personal group

be interested in attending ranger-led programs in the park?

O Yes, likely O No, unlikely O Not sure

!

d) If YES to Question 11c, what length of program would you and your personal

group like to attend?

O Under 1/2 hour O 1/2 - 1 hour O 1 - 2 hours

O Other (Please specify)

e) If YES to Question 11c, please indicate your preferred times to attend such

activities at Capitol Reef NP. Please suggest two time periods by writing in

the hours and circling a.m. or p.m.

From a.m. or p.m. To a.m. or p.m.

From a.m. or p.m. To a.m. or p.m.

f) If YES to Question 11c, would you like to have ranger-led program times 

advertised on the park website?

O Yes O No

12. a) Did you learn about the following topics during your visit? Please mark (

•)

yes or no for each item.

b) For each topic you answered YES to in Question 12a, please indicate to what

extent, if any, your understanding of the topic improved during your visit.

c) Next, whether or not you learned about a topic on this visit, mark (•) which

topics you would be interested in learning about on a future visit.

a) Learned on b) Improvement in c) Interested

this visit? understanding? on future visit?

(•) Yes (•) No Topic Not at all A little Somewhat A lot (•) Yes (•) No

O O Geology O O O O O O

O O American Indian

culture/history

O O O O O O

O O Pioneer history/

orchards

O O O O O O

O O Plant life O O O O O O

O O Animal life O O O O O O

O O Ecosystems O O O O O O
10 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

d) Please list any additional topics you and your personal group are interested in

learning about Capitol Reef NP.

13. a) On this visit, did you and your personal group visit the park bookstore?

O Yes O No ! Go to Question 14

"

b) If YES, were you able to find the sales items you and your personal group

were interested in?

O Yes O No

"

c) If NO, what sales items would you like to have provided?

d) Please rate the quality of books and other sales items in the park bookstore.

Very poor Poor Average Good Very good

O O O O O

14. On this visit, how important were the following attributes/resources to you?

Please mark (

•) one answer for each resource.

Attribute/resource

Not

important

Somewhat

important

Moderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

Scenic/natural vistas O O O O O

Historic/cultural sites O O O O O

Orchards O O O O O

Prehistoric sites, such as

petroglyphs O O O O O

Clean water O O O O O

Clean air O O O O O

Solitude O O O O O

Natural quiet/sounds of nature O O O O O

Native plants O O O O O

Native animals O O O O O

Ecosystems O O O O O

Dark, starry night skies O O O O O
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 11

15. a) Please mark (•) all information services and facilities that you or your personal

group used in Capitol Reef NP during this visit.

b) Next, for only those services and facilities that you or your personal group

used, please rate their importance to your visit from 1-5.

c) Finally, for only those services and facilities that you or your personal group

used, please rate their quality from 1-5.

a) Visitor services and

facilities used

Mark (

•)

b) If used,

how important?

1=Not important

2=Somewhat important

3=Moderately important

4=Very important

5=Extremely important

c) If used,

what quality?

1=Very poor

2=Poor

3=Average

4=Good

5=Very good

O Official park brochure/map

O Exhibits at visitor center

O Video program at visitor center

O Other park publications/site bulletins

O Assistance from park staff

O Exhibits at Ripple Rock Nature Center

O Ranger-led programs

O Junior Ranger program

O Exhibits at Gifford House

O Self-guided nature trails

O CD: “A Self-Guided Driving Tour”

O Roadside exhibits

O Bulletin boards

O Telephone inquiries/hotlines used before

or during visit
12 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

d) If you and your personal group have comments on any of the above services 

and facilities, please use the lines below.

Service/facility (List) Comment (Please be specific)

16. a) Please mark (•) all visitor services and facilities that you or your personal

group used in Capitol Reef NP during this visit.

b) Next, for only those services and facilities that you or your personal group

used, please rate their importance to your visit from 1-5.

c) Finally, for only those services and facilities that you or your personal group

used, please rate their quality from 1-5.

a) Visitor services and

facilities used

Mark (

•)

b) If used,

how important?

1=Not important

2=Somewhat important

3=Moderately important

4=Very important

5=Extremely important

c) If used,

what quality?

1=Very poor

2=Poor

3=Average

4=Good

5=Very good

O Trails

O Roads

O Restrooms

O Campgrounds

O Picnic areas

O Parking areas

O Access for disabled persons

O Recycling

O Trash cans/dumpsters

O Drinking water

O RV dump station

O Park directional signs

d) If you and your personal group have comments about any of the above

services and facilities, please use the lines below.

Service/facility (List) Comment (Please be specific)
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 13

17. For you and your personal group, please list all expenditures for the items listed

below during this visit to Capitol Reef NP and the surrounding area (within 100

miles). Please write “0” if no money was spent in a particular category.

a) Please list your personal group's total expenditures inside Capitol Reef NP.

b) Please list your personal group's total expenditures in the area outside the

park (within 100 miles).

NOTE: Area residents should only include expenditures that were directly

related to this visit to Capitol Reef NP.

EXPENDITURES

a) Inside b) In surrounding

Capitol Reef NP area outside park

Lodge/hotel/motel/bed & breakfast/cabins n/a $

Camping fees and charges $ $

Restaurants and bars n/a $

Groceries and takeout food $ $

Gas and oil (auto, RV, boat, etc.) n/a $

Fishing/boating/kayaking $ $

Trail rides/guided tours $ $

Other transportation expenses $ $

(rental cars, auto repair, etc.)

Admission, recreation, entertainment fees $ $

All other purchases (souvenirs, books, $ $

sporting goods, clothing, etc.)

c) How many people do the above expenses cover?

Adults (18 years or over) Children (under 18 years)

Please write "0" if the expenditures did not include any children.

18. Units of the National Park System are established to preserve places with

outstanding natural and cultural resources and to provide ways for visitors to

enjoy these resources.

a) In your opinion, how important is conducting scientific research about natural

and cultural resources in national parks?

Not

important

Somewhat

important

Moderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

Science/research—scientific 

study of park resources O O O O O
14 Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study

b) Do you think conducting scientific research about natural and cultural

resources is a valuable use of public land?

O Yes O No

c) Are you and your personal group interested in learning about the latest

research that is being conducted in national park units?

O Yes O No ! Go to Question 19

"

d) If YES, how would you like to learn this information? For example, website,

brochure, exhibit, etc.

19. On this trip were you and your personal group with the following groups?

a) Commercial guided tour group O Yes O No

b) School/educational group O Yes O No

c) Other organized group (such as O Yes O No

business group, scout group, etc.)

20. On this visit, what kind of personal group were you with? Please mark (

•) one.

O Alone O Friends

O Family O Family and friends

O Other (Please specify)

21. a) On this visit, how many people were in your personal group, including yourself?

Number of people

b) On this visit, please list the number of vehicles in which you and your personal

group arrived at the park.

Number of vehicles

c) On this trip, how many times did you and your personal group enter Capitol

Reef NP?

Numberoftimes entered

22. a) When visiting an area such as Capitol Reef NP, what one language do you

and most members of your personal group prefer to use for the following?

Speaking Reading

b) What services in the park would you like to have provided in languages other

than English? Please specify a service or mark (•) “None.”

Services: O None
Capitol Reef National Park Visitor Study 15

23. For you and your personal group on this visit, please provide the following. (If

you do not know the answer, leave blank).

a) Current age

b) U.S. ZIP code

or name of country

other than U.S.

c) Number of visits to

Capitol Reef NP

(including this visit)

lifetime

Yourself

Member #2

Member #3

Member #4

Member #5

Member #6

Member #7

24. a) Does anyone in your personal group have a physical condition that could

make it difficult to access or participate in park activities or services?

O Yes O No ! Go to Question 25

"

b) If YES, were there services or activities that were difficult to access/participate

in? Please be specific.

25. Is there anything else you and your personal group would like to tell us about

your visit to Capitol Reef NP?

26. Overall, how would you rate the quality of the visitor facilities, services, and

recreational opportunities provided to you and your personal group at Capitol

Reef NP during this visit? Please mark (

•) one.

Very poor Poor Average Good Very good

O O O O O

Thank you for your help! Please seal the questionnaire with the stickers provided and

drop it in any U.S. mailbox. Printed on recycled paper
OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Visitor Services ProjectPark Studies UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoP.O. Box 441139Moscow, Idaho 83844-1139
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