A FOSR Scientific Report

A FOSR— TR — 72— 2004 D_A DITMARS (gS)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

10 904

INTERIM REPORT

ON THE THERMODYNAMICS

OF CHEMICAL SPECIES

IMPORTANT IN AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY

(including Special Topics in Chemical Kinetics)

(The previous reports in this series have the NBS Report Nos. 6297,

6484, 6645, 6928, 7093, 7192, 7437, 7587, 7796, 8033, 8186, 8504,

8628, 8919, 9028, 9389, 9500, 9601, 9803, 9905, 10004, 10074, 10326,

and 10481.)

Y

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

This document has been approved for public

release; its distribution is unlimited.
Qualified requestors may obtain additional copies from the

Defense Documentation Center. All others should apply to the National Technical Information Service.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

MBS PROJECT MBS REPORT

232-0423 1 July 1972 10 904

316-0401

316-0403

3 16-0405

316-0426

INTERIM REPORT

ON THE THERMODYNAMICS

OF CHEMICAL SPECIES

IMPORTANT IN AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY

(including Selected Topics in Chemical Kinetics)

(The previous reports in this series have the NBS Report Nos. 6297,

6484, 6645, 6928, 7093, 7192, 7437, 7587, 7796, 8033, 8186, 8504,

8628, 8919, 9028, 9389, 9500, 9601, 9803, 9905, 10004, 10074, 10326,

and 10481.)

Reference: U. S. Air Force, Office of Scientific Research, Agreement

No. A F OSR — ISSA — 71 — 0003, Project No. 9750-01

<NBS>

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
CONDITIONS OF REPRODUCTION

Reproduction, Translation, publication, use and disposal

in whole or in part by or for the United States Government

is perm itted.
FOREWORD

Structure, propulsion, and guidance of new or improved weapons

delivery systems are dependent in crucial areas of design on the availability of accurate thermodynamic data. Data on high-temperature

materials, new rocket propellant ingredients, and combustion products

(including exhaust ions) are, in many cases, lacking or unreliable.

This broad integrated research program at the National Bureau of Standards

supplies new or more reliable thermodynamic properties essential in

several major phases of current propulsion development and application.

Measured are compounds of those several chemical elements important in

efficient propulsion fuels; those substances most affecting ion concentrations in such advanced propulsion concepts as ion propulsion; and the

transition and other refractory metals (and their pertinent compounds)

which may be suitable as construction materials for rocket motors, rocket

nozzles, and nose cones that will be durable under extreme conditions

of high temperature and corrosive environment. The properties determined

extend in temperature up to 6000 degrees Kelvin. The principal research

activities are experimental, and involve developing new measurement

techniques and apparatus, as well as measuring heats of reaction, of

fusion, and Q f vaporization; specific heats; equilibria involving gases;

several properties from fast processes at very high temperatures; spectra

of the infrared, matrix-isolation, microwave, and electronic types; and mass spectra. Some of these techniques, by relating thermodynamic properties to molecular or crystal structures, make it possible to tabulate

reliably these properties over far wider ranges of temperature and pressure

than those actually employed in the basic investigations. Additional

research activities of the program involve the critical review of published

chemical-thermodynamic (and some chemical-kinetic) data, and the generation

of new thermochemical tables important in current chemical-laser research.

i

ABSTRACT

This report presents recent results of the NBS research program.

The nature and scope of the subjects covered may be inferred from the

detailed Table of Contents to be found on the following pages. The

most significant results may be summarized as follows, under four

main headings. (1) Thermodynamic properties of molybdenum compounds -- As a necessary preliminary to later measurement of the standard heat

of formation of M0F

3

, that of MoFg (f) was determined by solution

calorimetry and found to be AHf° = -376.43 ± 0.52 kcal mol"l. The

related standard heat of formation of F“(aq) and heat of solution of

NaF(c) are discussed critically. Fifteen new transpiration measurements on MoF^(^) at 70°, 90°, and 110°C are reported. To enable

determination of the individual partial pressures of monomer and dimer

vapor species, a second vapor-pressure method was developed which

reproduced known vapor pressures of iodine to within 1 to 2%. Assuming

the M0F

5 molecule to have 03 ^ symmetry, a complete vibrational assignment was made on the basis of new studies (infrared spectra of the matrixisolated vapor, using double-boiler techniques to enhance the monomer;

and Raman spectra of the crystal and the liquid) . The heat capacity of

what is approximately M02 C was measured from 273 to 1475 K using two

drop-type calorimeters; these results are consistent among themselves and

with two published low-temperature heat-capacity sets of data, and

extension of the measurements to well above a first-order transition

(at about 1675 K) is planned. (2) Thermophysical properties of

refractory metals and alloys --The subsecond -duration pulse-heating

technique previously developed and applied was used to measure simultaneously the specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical

total emittance of two alloys, Ta-10(weight %) W(1500-3200 K) and

Nb-l(weight %) Zr (1500-2700 K), with estimated accuracies comparable

to those obtained on other samples previously. The specific heats

show small departures from the additive values based on the pure

components. The electrical resistivity of the former alloy shows

significant departure from Mattiessen's law, and that of the latter alloy

is 0.5% lower than for pure Nb. The pulse-technique melting point of W was found to be 3695 K, and that of Nb, 2750 K (both IPTS-68), with

estimated uncertainties of 15 K and 10 K, respectively; the electrical

resistivities of both metals also were measured above their melting

points, and the normal spectral emittance of Nb remained constant at

0.348 (±3%) during melting. The feasibility of a pulse-heating technique

for measuring the heats of fusion of refractory metals was demonstrated

by preliminary experiments on Nb ; and the feasibility of another such

technique for solid-solid phase transformations at high temperatures was demonstrated by the rate of surface radiance-temperature variation in

the gamma-to-delta transformation of Fe, during which the electrical

resistivity increased by 0.3%. (3) Chemical kinetics of simple-gas

reactions --On the basis of a critical examination of the data (especially

shock-tube), suggested thermal rate constants are tabulated for the six

iii
dissociation and recombination reactions (a) NH~ ** NH., + H (0-100 atm,

and 200-4000 K) , (b) N2H, - 2NH2 (10 -5 -100 atm, and 200-3000 K) , and

(c) N

2 F^ ^ 2NF

2 (10"5 -100 atm, and 200-1800 K) . The best fit of (a)

appears to require external rotation. A satisfactory data correlation

of (b) was made using RRKM unimolecular rate theory, and the results

are consistent with AHf

2 gg

= 45.5 ± 1.5 kcal mol”-®- for NH 2 (g) (incorporated in a new thermochemical table) instead of the JANAF-table

value of 40.1 ± 3. The RRKM data correlation of (c) requires 18.0 kcal

(0 K) for the N-N bond energy (JANAF value, 20.8 kcal). In addition,

a bibliography (1934-June 1972) covers the chemical kinetics of 60

gas-phase reactions of fluorides of C^, N, and 0 based on 51 papers,

with emphasis on the processes occurring during the thermal decompositions

of these fluorides. (4) New ideal-gas thermo chemical tables- -Based on

a critical review and correlation of the up-to-date heat-of -formation

and molecular-constant data, new ideal-gas thermo chemical tables and

texts of the JANAF-Table format are given for 31 simple gas species

containing H (or^H), D (or ^H), F, C^, 0, S, and/or N. Included are

(HF) n with n = 1 to 7, and texts (but no tables) for F and H2 0.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Foreword . . i

Abstract iii

Chap. 1. THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF MoF (&) BY SOLUTION CALORIMETRY

(by R. L. Nuttall, K. L. Churney, and M. V. Kilday) 1

1. Introduction 1 2. Reaction Scheme of Solution Experiments 4

3.0. Materials 5 3.1. Sample Bulbs for MoF^(L) 6

3.2. Calorimeter ..... 7 3.3. Experimental Procedures 8

4. Experimental Results 10

4.1. Reaction (2) 10

4.2. Reaction (3) 13

4.3. Reactions (4) and (5) . 13

Reaction (7) 14

8. Discussion of Results 14

8.1. Enthalpy of Formation of MoF,(£) and F (aq) . 14

8.2. Heat of Solution of NaF(c) 17

References 18

Table 1. Calorimetric Data for Reaction

(2) 20

Table 2. Drift Rate Data for Reaction (2) 21

Table 3. Calculation of BA.22

Table 4. Calorimetric Data for Reaction

(3) 23

Table 5. Calculation of /H3 24

Table 6. Calorimetric Data for AH4 (Set 5)

and AH5 (Set 6 ) ........ . 25

Table 7. Calculation of AH4 26

Table 8. Calculation of /H5 27

Table 9. Calculation of AH7 28

Chap . 2 . MOLYBDENUM PENTAFLUORIDE : VAPORIZATION PROPERTIES FROM

TRANSPIRATION , AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

TO EVALUATE THE TRUE VAPOR PRESSURES

(by Thomas B. Douglas and Ralph F. Krause, Jr.) 29

Abstract ...... ..... 29

I. Introduction 29

II. Transpiration Measurements 30

1. Experimental Results 30

Fig. 1. Transpiration apparatus 32

Table 1. Transpiration of MoF,-(£) by Helium

Containing MoF^(g) 33

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

2. Concerning the Molecular Weight of Molybdenum

Pentaf luoride in the Vapor State 35

Fig. 2. Deviations of the results of individual experiments from Equation (2) 36

III. Development of a Method to Measure the True Vapor

Pressures 39

1. Brief Description of the Method 39

2. Apparatus Design and Experimental Procedure. . 40

Fig. 3. Apparatus to measure true vapor

pressures (schematic) 41

3. Tests of the Apparatus in Reproducing Known

Values 45

Table 2. Measurement of "Knowr/

1

Pressures of

Argon and Vapor Pressures of Iodine

and Molybdenum Hexafluoride 47

IV. References

Chap . 3 . THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF MOLYBDENUM PENTAFLUORIDE*

(by Nicolo Acquista and Stanley Abramowitz) 49

Introduction 49

Experimental 51

Experimental Results 52

Discussion 55

References 57

Table 1. Vibrational Assignment of MoF,. . . 59

Fig. 1. The infrared spectra of matrix

isolated MoF,. in Argon at 20°K . . 60

Fig. 2. The far infrared spectrum of MoF,.

trapped in Argon matrices at liquid

hydrogen temperature 61

Fig. 3. The infrared spectrum of solid MoF q 0AO77 3 r o Fig. 4. The Raman spectrum of solid MoF^ . 63

Chap . 4 . PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RELATIVE

ENTHALPY OF Mo^ FROM 273.15 to 1475 K

(by D. Ditmars and S. Ishihara) 64

1. Introduction 64

2. Sample. 65

Fig. 1. A portion of the Mo-C phase diagram 66

3. Experimental 67

a. 273.15 K to 1173.15 K 67

b. 1173.15 K to 1475 K 68

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

4. Results 69

Table 1. NBS enthalpy measurements on MoC to 1173.15 K 70

Table 2. NBS ’enthalpy measurements on MoC . 0 ^ 0 to 1476.87 K 71

.4873

5. Discussion 72

Fig. 2. Deviation of Mo„C enthalpy data

from eq . (2) 73

Fig. 3. Comparison of the average heat

capacity of calculated from the

base temperature of 298.15 K for the

two NBS calorimeters of this study . 74

References 75

Chap. 5. HIGH-SPEED (SUBSECOND) SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC

HEAT, ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, AND HEMISPHERICAL TOTAL

EMITTANCE OF TANTALUM-10 (WT. %) TUNGSTEN ALLOY IN THE RANGE

1500 TO 3200 K

(by Ared Cezairliyan) 76

Abstract 76

1. Introduction 77

2. Measurements 78

3. Experimental Results 79

3.1. Specific Heat 79

Table 1. Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the alloy Ta-10

(wt. %) W 80

3.2. Electrical Resistivity 81

3.3. Hemispherical Total Emittance 81

4. Estimate of Errors 82

5. Discussion 82

6. Acknowledgement 85

7. Appendix 86

Table A-l . Experimental results on the

specific heat and electrical

resistivity of the alloy Ta-10

(wt. %) W 86

Table A-2. Experimental results on hemispherical total emittance of

the alloy Ta-10 (wt. %) W . . .87

8. References 88

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of the Ta-lOW

specimen 89

Fig. 2. Specific heat of Ta-lOW alloy,

and Ta and W metals 90

Fig. 3. Electrical resistivity of Ta-lOW

alloy, and Ta and W metals .... 91

Fig. 4. Hemispherical total emittance of

Ta-lOW alloy, and Ta and W metals. 92

Fig. 5. Departure of the specific heat of

Ta-lOW alloy from Kopp's law ... 93

Fig. 6. Variation of the quantity p , defined by Equation (6), as a function of temperature for Ta-lOW

alloy 94

Fig. 7. Temperature derivatives of the

electrical resistivity (measured

and computed according to

1

Matthiessen's law) of Ta-lOW alloy 95

Chap . 6 . SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT, ELECTRICAL

RESISTIVITY, AND HEMISPHERICAL TOTAL EMITTANCE OF NIOBIUM-1

(WT. %) ZIRCONIUM ALLOY IN THE RANGE 1500 TO 2700 K BY A

TRANSIENT (SUBSECOND) TECHNIQUE

(by Ared Cezairliyan) 96

Abstract 96

1. Introduction 97

2. Measurements 97

3. Experimental Results 98

Table 1. Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the alloy Nb-1 (wt. %)

Zr . 99

Specific Heat 100

Electrical Resistivity 100

Hemispherical Total Emittance 100

4. Estimate of Errors 100

5. Discussion 101

6. Acknowledgement 102

7. Appendix 103

Table A-l . Experimental results on specific heat and electrical resistivity of the alloy Nb-1 (wt.

%) Zr 103

Table A-2. Experimental results on hemispherical total emittance of

the alloy Nb-1 (wt. %) Zr . . .104

viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

8. References 105

Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of the Nb-1

Zr specimen 106

Fig. 2. Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of Nb-1 Zr alloy. . . . 107

Fig. 3. Differences in specific heat,

electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total emittance of

Nb-1 Zr alloy with those of pure

niobium 108

Chap . 7 . MEASUREMENT OF MELTING POINT AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

(ABOVE 3600 K) OF TUNGSTEN BY A PULSE HEATING METHOD

(by Ared Cezairliyan) 109

Abstract 109

1. Introduction 110

2. Measurements Ill

Fig. 1. Temperature of the two tungsten

specimens as a function of time

at the melting point 113

Fig. 2. Electrical resistance of tungsten-1 as a function of temperature

near and at the melting point . . 114

3. Discussion 115

Table 1. Melting Point of Tungsten Reported

in the Literature 116

4. References 118

Chap . 8 . MEASUREMENT OF MELTING POINT, NORMAL SPECTRAL EMITTANCE (AT

MELTING POINT), AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (ABOVE 2650 K) OF

NIOBIUM BY A PULSE HEATING METHOD

(by Ared Cezairliyan) 120

Abstract 120

1. Introduction 121

2. Measurements 122

2.1. Melting Point 123

2.2. Normal Spectral Emittance 124

2.3. Electrical Resistivity 125

3. Estimate of Errors 126

4. Discussion 127

5. Acknowledgement 128

IX
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

6 . References

Table 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig . 2

.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Imprecision and inaccuracy of

measured and computed quantities

Variation of temperature of niobium (niobium-1) as a function

of time near and at the melting

point

Variation of temperature of niobium (niobium-1 and niobium-2)

as a function of time at the

melting point

Variation of surface radiance

temperature of niobium (niobium-3) as a function of time near and at the melting point. . Variation of electrical resistivity of niobium (niobium-1)

as a function of temperature

near and at the melting point. .

Chap . 9 . A PULSE HEATING TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAT OF

FUSION OF METALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

(by A. Cezairliyan)

Ref er ences

Table 1. Heat of fusion of niobium

reported in the literature . . .

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing the

arrangement of the composite

specimen, clamps, and surface

radiance temperature measurement system

Fig. 2. Variation of surface radiance

temperature of a composite

specimen as a function of time

during its heating period. . . .

Chap. 10. APPLICATION OF A PULSE HEATING TECHNIQUE TO PRELIMINARY

INVESTIGATIONS OF SOLID-SOLID PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AT

HIGH TEMPERATURES

(by A. Cezairliyan and J. L. McClure)

Abstract

References

Fig. 1. Heating curve showing the solidsolid phase transformation (v*h)

and the melting point in iron. .

Page

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

139

140

141

142

143

143

148

. 150

x
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Fig. 2. Variation of electrical resistivity of iron as a function

of surface radiance temperature

showing the behavior at y-*6

transformation and the melting

point 151

Chap . 11 . RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS

(M) + NH ^ rNH? + H« + (M)

(by W. Tsang) 152

Abstract 152

1. Summary of Experimental Data 153

I. Direct Studies. 153

II. Indirect Studies 154

2. Comments on Experimental Data. 155

3. Discussion 156

References 160

Table I. Recommended Rate Constants for

the Decomposition of NH3 and

Combination of Amine and H

Radicals . 161

Table II. Third body efficiencies from

(a) decomposition of NO2CI,

and (b) isomerization of CH3NC. . 163

Table III. Data used in deriving results

in Table IV 164

Table IV. Recommended rate constants for

the unimolecular decomposition

of ammonia and the bimolecular

combination of amino and H

radicals 165

Fig. 1. Experimental and calculated rate

constants for NH3 decomposition

(in argon) 169

Chap. 12. RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS

k

d

(M) + N ?H4 <—

> 2NH? • + (M)

(by W. Tsang )

\

171

Abs tract 171
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

1) Survey of Experimental Data 172

I. Direct Studies 172

II. Indirect Studies 174

2) Comments on Individual Studies 177

3) Discussion 181

References 186

Table I.

Table II.

Fig. I.

Fig. II.

Fig. III.

Rate Constants for the Reaction

k(DEC)

M + N H. > 2NH • + M

z 4 < ? k(COM)

in the Temperature Range 200-

3000°K and Pressure Range .01-

100,000 mm Hg (N^)

Collision Efficiencies of Bath

Gases

Comparison of calculated and

experimental rate constants for

hydrazine decomposition at con- stant pressure ...

Comparison of the results of RRKM

calculations with varying frequency patterns for the transition state, but essentially invariant high pressure rate

parameters

Comparison of calculated and

experimental rate constants for

hydrazine decomposition at con- stant pressure

187

196

197

197

197

Chap. 13. RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS

(M) + N F . > 2NF

2

* + (M)

k

r (by W. Tsang) 202

Abstract . 202

1 . Survey of Experimental Data 203

I. Direct Studies 203

II. Indirect Studies 204

III. Comments 205

2. Discussion 206

References 209

;xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Table I.

Table II.

Table III.

Data Used in Fall-off Calculations

Recommended rate constants for

the reactions

k(DEC)

N_F , - > 2NF

k(COM) 2 over

the pressure range .01-100,000 mm

Hg (N

2 F

4

) and 200-1800°K

Estimated rate constants for the

reaction

210

211

Table IV.

Fig. I.

Fig. II.

N_F,

k ( DEC ) 2NF • over the

2 4 ^ 2 k(COM)

pressure range .01-100,000 mm

Hg (N

2 F

4

) and 200-1800°K 216

Collisional Efficiencies of Bath

Gases 221

Comparison of experimental and

calculated rates of decomposition

for various AE° and A, (°°) .... 222

Comparison of calculated and

experimental rates of decomposition of N_F, under various

conditions 222

Chap. 14. CHEMICAL KINETICS OF REACTIONS OF CHLORINE, NITROGEN AND OXYGEN

FLUORIDES IN GAS PHASE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY - 1934 THROUGH JUNE 1972

(by Francis Westley) 225

Introduction 225

Journal and Report Codes 227

I. Chlorine Fluorides 228

(a) Reactions 228

(b) Reviews 230

II. Nitrogen Fluorides 230

(a) Reactions 230

(b) Reviews 231

III. Oxygen Fluorides 232

(a) Reactions 232

(b) Reviews 233

IV. References 234

xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

NEW IDEAL-GAS THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES

(by S. Abramowitz, G. T. Armstrong, C. W. Beckett, K. L. Churney,

V. H. Dibeler, T. B. Douglas, J. T.

'Herron, R. F. Krause, Jr .

,

K. E. McCulloh, M. L. Reilly, H. M.

'Rosens to ck ,and W . Tsang) . . . 239

Introduction 239

Alphabetical Usual Text on Table

Fo rmula Gas Formula page on page

C1D Deuterium Chloride DC1 244 245

C1F Chlorine Monofluoride C1F 246 247

DF Deuterium Fluoride DF 248 249

DH Deuterium Hydride HD 250 251

DHO Monodeutero-Water HDO 252 253

DN Deutero-Imidogen ND 254 255

DO Deutro -Hydroxyl OD 256 257

DS Sulfur Monodeuteride SD 258 259

D

? Deuterium, Diatomic D

2 260 261

Dpi Dideutero-Amidogen ND 262 263

D N Cis-Dideutero-Di-Imide N 6 264 265

D ?° Dideutro-Water D ?° 266 267

D

2

S Deuterium Sulfide Dp 268 269

D„N Trideutero -Ammonia ND„ 270 271

FH Hydrogen Fluoride HF

3 272 273

F

2 Fluorine, Diatomic F2 274 275

F H Hydrogen Fluoride Dimer H F 276 277

F H Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Trimer H

a

F 278 279

FpJ Nitrogen Trifluoride NF

J 280 281

F

4 H

4 Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Tetramer V4 282 283

F

5

H

5 Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Pen tamer H

5 F

5 284 285

F

6

H

6

Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Hexamer H

6

F

6

286 287

F

7

H

7 Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Septemer H7

F

7 288 289

d 7 Imidogen n5 7 290 291

HO Hydroxyl OH 292 293

HS Sulfur Monohydride SH 294 295

H

2 Hydrogen, Diatomic H

2 296 297

Hp Amidogen NH 298 299

Hp Hydrogen Sulfide hJ 300 301

Hp Ammonia NH 302 303

OS Sulfur Monoxide so

J 304 305

Fluorine, Monatomic F 306 —

Water H o0 307 —

xiv
Chapter 1 THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF MoFgU)

BY SOLUTION CALORIMETRY

R. L. Nuttall, K. L. Churney, M. V. Kilday

1 . Intro duction

This laboratory is currently engaged in a program to

determine the heats of formation of the lower fluorides

(and the oxy-f luori des ) of molybdenum. Since it was deemed

unlikely that the compound currently of interest, MoF^(c),

could be formed in reasonable quantities by direct reaction

of With Mo(c), two other reaction schemes are being

used which involve either MoF^(g) or MoF^(l). The first,

the method of choice, is the reaction of MoF^(c) with F

2 (g)

to form MoF^(g). Because the available quantity of MoF^(c)

and the heat of reaction—^ were expected to be small, a second, more sensitive, scheme was deemed necessary either

as a check or as an alternative route. The method selected

was the heat of solution of MoF^(l) in base and MoF^(c) in

base containing an oxidant, based on the apparent success of

this method with MoCl^(c) [3], for example. Both methods

require an accurate value for the heat of formation of MoF^(l)

or MoFg(g). Unfortunately, the heat of formation of MoF^(g)

1/ -24 ± 15 kcal per mol MoF^(c) based on an estimated heat

of formation of MoF^(c) [2] and the heat of formation of

MoF

6 (g) [1].

I
derived by solution calorimetry differs from that determined by direct combination of the elements.

Settle et al [1] obtained -372.35 ± 0.22 kcal/mol

for the reaction

Mo(c) + 3F

2 (g) = MoF

6 (g) (1)

by burning molybdenum sheet suspended on a nickel rod in

14-15 atm of F

2 (g) in a nickel combustion bomb. Correction

for unburned molybdenum (<_ 4% of initial sample weight)

could be made unambiguously and accurately. While the corrections for the formation of MoF^(c) (typically 0.10 ± 0.05% of molybdenum burned), NiF

2

(c) formed due to corrosion,

and impurities in the original sample were somewhat uncertain,

all made relatively small contributions to the resulting

value of AH° [MoF^(g)] (0.003%, 0.059%, and 0.0877o on the

average, respectively). Recalculation of the latter two

corrections using newer selected values for heats of formation (see [2,4]) yielded a value of -372.29 kcal [5] for

reaction (1).

The only other determination of the heat of formation

of MoF^(i) was made by Myers and Brady [6] by measuring the

heats of solution of MoF^(i) and Mo0

2

(c) in 0.531 N aqueous

NaOH and of NaF(c) in 0.531 N aqueous NaOH containing molybdate.

These authors calculated their results according to the reaction scheme given by:

MoF

6 U) + 8NaOH( soln) = Na

2

Mo0

4

( soln) + 6NaF(c) + 4H

2

0(soln)

2
to obtain -388.6 ± 4 kcal for the heat of formation of

MoFg(X). Recalculation of their results using newer

selected values [2,4] of the heat of formation [NaOH * 515^0 ]( s oln) , MoO^Cc), and NaF(c) yields a value of

-393.2 kcal mol ^ . Using the selected value of 6.66

kcal/mol for the heat of vaporization of MoF^(i) [5]

(based on the measurements of Ruff and Ascher [7], Cady

and Hargreaves [8], and Osborne et al [9]), one obtains

-386.6 ± 4 kcal for reaction (1). The uncertainty in

this result greatly exceeds any error due to the failure

of Myers and Brady to maintain rigid stoichiometry. The

result is 14.2 ± 4 kcal more negative than that obtained

by Settle et al.

Because of this discrepancy and particularly because

solution calorimetry involving MoF^(-C) is also to be used

to determine the heat of formation of MoF^(c), it was considered necessary to repeat the measurements of Myers and

Brady. We considered it more likely that the error lay

in their work than in that of Settle et al

.

In the following three sections an outline of the reaction scheme for the solution experiments is given, a

summary of experimental method, and a summary and discussion

of results.

3
2 . Reaction Scheme of Solution Experiments

The actual reaction scheme involves the following five

reac ti ons

MoF

6 U) + [ (8+x)NaOH + yH2

0](soln) = (2)

[Na

2

MoO + 6NaF + xNaOH + (4+y)H

2 0] (soln) -AH2

Mo0

3

(c) + [ (2+x)NaOH + (3+y)H

2

0 ] (soln) = (3)

[Na

2

MoO^ + xNaOH + (4+y )H

2

0 ] ( soln) -AH

3

6NaF(c) + [Na

2

MoO^ + xNaOH + (4+y)H

2 0] (soln) = (4)

[Na

2

Mo0

4

+ SNaF + xNaOH + (4+y )H

2

0 ]( soln) -AH^

6NaF(c ) = 6NaF(aq) - AH^ (5)

[ (2+x)NaOH + (3+y)H

2 0] (soln) + 6NaOH(aq) = (6)

3H

2 0(^) + [ (8+x)NaOH + yH

2

0](soln) - AH^

Adding reactions (2) - (3) - (4) + (5) + (6), one obtains:

MoF

6 U) + 60H~ (aq) = Mo0

3 (c) + 6F (aq) + 3H

2

0 (j&) (7)

- AH

y

Thus, the heat of reaction (7), AH^ , is given by

AH-, = AH0 - AHq - AH, + AHC + AH^-

7 2 3 4 5 6

The heat of formation of MoF^(i), AH° [MoF^( -O ] , would then

be given by the heats of formation of the other species in

reaction (7) and AH^ : AH£[MoF

6 U)] = AH°[Mo0

3 (c)] + 3AH°[H

2 0U)] + (8)

6AH|[F"(aq)] - 6 AH° [ 0H

_

( aq ) ] - AH

y

4
Apart from experimental uncertainties, the uncertainty in

the assumed value for heat of formation of F~(aq) will

cause the largest systematic error in the heat of formation of MoF r (X).

6

Experimental determinations of the heat of reactions

(2) through (5) were made; (4) and (5) were done to eliminate possible uncertainties due to the state and impurities

of the NaF(c) sample.

3 . 0 Material

s

MoFg was purchased from Ozark -Mahoning Company. It

was purified by trap-to-trap distillation in an all-metal

system and was then transferred by distillation into Kel-F

( polychlorotri f luoroe thylene ) bulbs for introduction into

the calorimeter. Samples of MoF^ which had received

similar treatment were analyzed by freezing point lowering

by Krause [10] who found an impurity of .03 mol percent.

The nature of the impurity was not determined.

The MoOg(c) was CP grade and used with, out further

purification. It was examined spectroscopically by the

Analytical Chemistry Division, NBS, for metals. The only

ones detected in amounts greater than 0.001 percent were

Magnesium and Silicon which were in the range 0.001 to 0.01

percent. From the weight change on drying, the percent of

water was estimated to be of the order of 0.02%.

5
NaF was CP grade used without further purification

and was not analyzed for impurities. From the weight

change on drying, the percent of water was estimated to

be of the order of 0.12%.

3.1 Sample Bulbs for MoF^(l)

The sample bulbs for the MoF^(l) were made from 1/2

inch lengths of 3/8 inch I . D. tubing by sealing on end

windows of 0.005 inch film and a 1/8 inch O.D. tube sidearm. The bulbs were filled through the si dearm which was

then sealed off. Each bulb was tested for leakage by

using a helium leak detector. The thin end windows were

all permeable to the helium. A suitable maximum leak

rate was chosen that corresponded to bulb leakage and

bulbs were rejected if the leak rate exceeded this maximum

value

Some experiments were carried out to test the suitability of Kel-F capsules for containing the MoF^(l) in a NaOH solution as follows: (1) a bulb was weighed and then

soaked in NaOH solution for nineteen hours. It was then

washed, dried, and weighed. The change in weight was less

than 0.1 mg; (2) a weighed bulb was filled with MoF^(f),

sealed, and the bulb and remainder of the sidearm were

weighed. This bulb was then soaked in NaOH solution for

nineteen hours. It lost 5.1 mg of weight. The bulb was

6
then allowed to sit in the laboratory for ten days. During

this time blue (later turning yellow) material formed on

the outside of the bulb and small white crystals formed

on the inside walls of the bulb above the liquid. The

weight of the bulb increased by at least 14.6 mg over the

period of ten days. The bulb was then opened under a solution of ammonium hydroxide, allowing the MoF^ to react.

The washed and dried bulb had gained 12.6 mg in weight;

(3) a sample bulb was made with 1/32 inch thick end

windows (instead of the usual 0.005 inch). Leakage

through these windows could not be detected with the

helium leak detector. After a period of three weeks this

bulb also showed blue colored material on the outside of

the windows and white crystals on the inside. It appears

from the results of these experiments that Kel-F does

not react with or absorb NaOH solution at room temperature;

that it is permeable to moisture, oxygen, and/or MoF^

.

The consequences of this permeability are discussed further

in the section on experimental results.

3 . 2 Calorime ter

The platinum-lined calorimeter used in this work is

the precise adiabatic solution calorimeter developed by

E. J. Prosen and M. V. Kilday which has been described

previously in earlier stages of development [11,12] and in

more detail in its present state [13]. The calorimeter has

7
3 a solution capacity of 300 ± 15 cm and, when filled with

3 300 cm of 1^0, an energy equivalent of approximately 1700

J-K

- "*-

. The stirring speed of the liquid for most of the

experiments was 350 r.p.m. For the experiments involving

NaF(c) and MoO^Cc), the regular platinum sample holder

of the calorimeter was used. It has a volume of approxi3 mately 2.7 cm , an opening energy of 0.00 ± 0.02 J, and

is described in detail in ref. [13].

For the MoF^ solution experiments, the regular sample

holder was replaced with a Monelframe which held a sample

bulb with its end windows aligned horizontally. A Monel

cutter was provided which cut out the end windows so that

solution could flow freely through the bulb during the

solution reaction. The energy required to open the bulbs

in this way was normally about 0.44 J.

3 . 3 Experimental Procedures

The amount of sample introduced into the calorimeter

was determined by weight. The MoO^ and NaF samples were

weighed as crystalline solids directly in the sample holder.

The weight of MoF^(i-) was determined by two weighing schemes,

A and B. The empty bulb with its sidearm was weighed (Wl).

It was then filled with sample and the sidearm sealed off.

The filled bulb was weighed (W2). The remaining sidearm

was weighed (W3 ) . The sample weight (WA) is then given by:

WA = W2 + W3 - Wl. After the calorimetric experiment was

8
complete the now empty sample bulb (with its end windows)

was cleaned and weighed (W4) . The sample weight (WB) is

given by: WB = W2 - W4. In general, the sample weights

WA and WB do not agree, WA was always found to be greater

than WB. We have used as the weight of sample the average

value and have weighted experimental results and assigned

uncertainties based on the difference between WA and WB.

The operation of the calorimeter is discussed in

detail in reference [13]. Basically the operation consi sts of measuring a tempera ture - time curve for four rating

(drift) periods, two electrical heating (calibration)

periods and the reaction period.

The energy equivalent of the initial calorimetric

system is determined from the first rating period, first

electrical heating period, and the second rating period,

taken in that order. The solution reaction is started

after the second rating period by opening the sample container. It is followed by the third rating period. A

second electrical heating period is then carried out and is

followed by the fourth rating period and an energy equivalent for the final calorimetric system is determined. The

temperature rise due to the solution reaction is determined

from rating periods two and three and the reaction period.

It is combined with the average energy equivalent to determine the enthalpy change for the solution reaction.

After correcting for the opening energy of the sample container and, if added, electrical energy (Eit of Table 6).

9
The experiments were carried out in six sets. Sets

1, 2, and 3 were for reaction (2) in which MoF^(i) was

dissolved in NaOH solution. The primary division between

these sets is time but they also may have some procedure

changes such as a different tolerance on sample bulb

leakage rate. Set 4 is for measurements on reaction (3)

where MoO^Cc) is dissolved in NaOH solution. Set 5 and

6 are for measurements on reactions (4) and (5) where

NaF(c) is dissolved in a solution of Na

2

MoO^ and NaOH, and

in water, respectively.

4. Experimental Results

4. 1 Reaction (2)

The calorimetric data for reaction (2) is presented

in Table 1. Columns (1) and (2) are set and experiment

numbers. Column (3) is the weight of MoF^(i) sample introduced into the calorimeter and is the average of weights

WA and WB. Column (4) is the uncertainty in the sample

weight given by (WA - WB)/2. Columns (5) and (6) give the

electrical energy equivalent of the initial and final

calorimetric systems, EEE_. and EEE^ , respec ti vely. Column (7)

gives the temperature rise of the calorimeter due to the

reaction, AR

c

, in ohms resistance increase of the platinum

thermometer. Column (8) gives T, the mean temperature of

the reaction. Column (9) gives the concentration of the

10
NaOH solution initially in the calorimeter. Column (10)

gives AH(T) , the enthalpy change for the reaction at

the mean temperature, T.

The experiments in set (1) are considered preliminary. They have two possible sources of error: prereaction and incomplete reaction. If the permeability

of the windows of the sample bulb is too great a significant amount of reaction can occur before the bulb is

opened to start the solution reaction. This situation

can be detected by observing a blue color on the bulb

windows before placing the sample in the calorimeter or

by observing a larger than normal drift rate during the

first rating period. If insufficient time is allowed for

the reaction period, the reaction may not be complete

before the third rating period is started. This can be

detected by a larger than normal drift rate in the third

rating period.

Table 2 shows the drift rates and the time allowed for

the reaction period for experiments on reaction (2).

Columns (8) and (9) are comments on observations concerning

the experiment and conclusions drawn from analyses of the

drift rate differences, respectively. In the "obs" column,

P means possible prereaction; W means a weighing error;

W(A) means sample weight by method A was not possible; Sp

means that splashing of solution occurred in the calorimeter

11
as indicated by spots of blue around the top of the

calorimeter above the solution (the sample in this experiment was much larger than in the other experiments); and

St means that there were variations in stirring energy

which would invalidate analysis of drift rate differences.

In the "Drift" column, P means prereaction and an I means

incomplete reaction. Previous experience with this

calorimeter indicates that a difference in successive

"6 L drift rates (D.R.) of greater than 3 x 10 ohm min

is significant so we have set the criteria that: P means

D.R. (1) -D.R. (3) > 6 x 10 6 ohm min 1or

D. R. (2) -D.R. (3) >. 3 x 10 ^ q]^ mi n

1

I means D.R. (3) - D.R. (4) > 3 x 10" 6 ohm min' 1

Based largely on our observations and these criteria,

we have rejected some of the experiments and not considered them further in calculations of results. These

experiments are marked with an asterisk in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 3 gives the results of calculations of the enthalpy change for reaction (2), • As shown in column

(3), the experiments are arranged in order of concentration

of base. Columns (4), (5), and (6) give the molar ratios

of NaOH to MoFg (which equals (8+x) in eq (2); H^O to MoF^

(which equals y in eq (2); and I^O to NaOH. A temperature

coefficient for A^ of +0.613 kj mol ^ K ^ was derived

from experiment 584 and the mean of experiments 586 and 588.

12
This has been used to calculate the values of AH2(25)

given in columns (7) and (8). The uncertainties given

in column (9) are derived from the sample weight uncertainties given in Table 1.

4. 2 Reaction (3)

Table 4 gives the calorimetric data for reaction (3),

the solution of MoO^Cc) in NaOH (soln). The column

headings have the same meaning as in Table 1.

Table 5 gives the results of calculations for AH^.

A value of AC = P

+93.6 J mol K was derived from run

636 and the mean of runs 557, 561, and 634. It was used

to calculate the values of AH^^S) given in columns (6)

and (7).

4. 3 Reactions (4) and (5)

Table 6 gives the calorimetric data for reactions (4)

and (5), the solution of NaF(c) in a Na

2

MoC>2 - NaOH solution

(set 5) and in ^0 (set 6), respectively.

Table 7 gives the results for calculation of AH^. A

temperature coefficient of +0.192 kj (6 mol NaF) ^ K ^ was

derived from experiments 635 and 637.

Table 8 gives the results of calculations of AH,.. The

values of used to extrapolate to infinite dilution were

taken from Parker’s compilation [14]. A value of AC^ =

-102.37 J mol ^ K ^ was derived from runs 641-642, 647-649,

and 643-645 was used to calculate AH^/6 at 298K.

13
4. 3 Reaction (7)

Table 9 gives the results of calculating AH^ from the

data on the previous tables. The uncertainty given in

column (9) is that given in Table 1 for AH9

. The experiments are weighted as shown in column (10) by giving a weight of 1 if the uncertainty is less than 0.3 kcal

and a value of 0. 2/(uncertainty) if the uncertainty is

greater than 0.3 kcal. The values of AH^ for experiments

628 to 633 were obtained by extrapoling data from runs

635, 637 and 565 correlated with respect to base concentration. For experiment 584 to 588 the value of AH^

was the average of runs 635 and 637.

The dependence of AH^ on base concentration is small

and cannot be determined accurately from the data. We

have therefore assumed it to be zero and have calculated a weighted mean value of - AH^ = 153.78 kcal mol ^ with a

standard deviation of the mean of 0.16 kcal. Combining

twice this value with our estimates of systematic errors

we estimate an uncertainty of 0.50 kcal giving a value of

-AIL, = 153.78 ± 0.50 kcal over the concentration range of

the experiments.

8. 0 Discussion of Results

8.1 Enthalpy of Formation of MoF^(^) and F (aq)

In accordance with equation (8) the enthalpy of formation of MoF^C-O can be calculated from AH^ and enthalpy

14
of formation data for the other species in reaction (7).

The needed auxiliary data are:

AH£[Mo0

3 (c)] = -178.08 ± 0.08 kcal [5]

3AH|[H

2 0a)] = -204.945 ± 0.030 kcal [4]

6AH°[F'(aq)] = -477.0 kcal [4]

6 AH° [ OH" (aq) ] = -329.82 ± 0.14 kcal [4]

The heat of formation of MoO^(c) is that selected by Parker

[5] of -178.08 kcal to which we assign an uncertainty of

0.08 kcal. The latter value is based on the work of

Staskiewicz et al [15] (-177.99 ± 0.10 kcal) and Mah [16]

(178.15 ± 0.11 kcal) rather than the earlier work of

Delepine [17] (-167 kcal), Mixter [18] (-185 kcal). Moose

and Parr [19] (-175.6 kcal) or Neumann et al [20] (-180.4

kcal). Combining these enthalpies of formation values

with the value of AH^ we get for the enthalpy of formation

of MoF

6 Q) : AH°[MoF.U)] = -376.43 ± 0.52 kcal mol" 1

t o

= -1574.98 ± 2.18 kJ mol" 1

This value can be compared to the value of -378.95 ± 0.22

kcal mol 1 for the enthalpy of formation of MoF^(i-) obtained

from the recalculated value of the results of Settle et al [1].

The selected value for the heat of formation of F (aq)

[4], -79.50 kcal mol" 1

, has been the subject of considerable

controversy. A brief summary of the problem as of 1969 is

15
given by Armstrong [21] and in 1971 by Vanderzee and

Rodenburg [22]. The latter determined a value of -14.72

± 0.10 kcal mol ^ for the reaction at 25 C.

HF(g, ideal) = H

+ (aq) + F~(aq) (10)

This value supports the value selected by Parker [10] of

-14.70 kcal/mol. Recently, Smith et al [23] determined

a value of -7.691 ± 0.030 kcal mol"^ for the reaction at

25 C

HFU) = H

+ (aq) + F'(aq) (11)

Using the value of 7.231 ± 0.025 kcal mol ^ for the heat

of vaporization of HF(j£) to HF(g, ideal) in its standard

state determined by Vanderzee and Rodenburg [24], one

obtains from the previous work of Vanderzee and Rodenburg

on reaction (10) an alternative value for reaction (11)

of -7.49 ± 0.10 kcal mol Recently, Settle et al [25]

have completed a study of the heat of formation of HF(^)

for which they obtain -72.57 ± 0.09 kcal mol In conjunction with the two more recent values for the enthalpy

of reaction (11), this yields values for the enthalpy of

formation of F (aq) of -80.26 ± 0.09 kcal mol ‘''(Smith et al)

and -80.06 ± 0.14 kcal mol

-

'*" (Vanderzee and Rodenburg).

If we combine the value of enthalpy of formation of MoF^(^)

from the results of Settle et al [1] with our value of

AH_, and the other auxiliary data given previously, we obtain

a value for the enthalpy of formation of F (aq) of -79.92

± 0.09 kcal mol *".

16
8 . 2 Heat of Solution of NaF(c)

The heat of solution of NaF(c) at infinite dilution,

AH,-/ 6 = +0.221 ± 0.004 kcal mol \ confirms the value of

+0.218 ± 0.010 kcal mol ^ selected by Parker [14] (see

p. 26) on the basis of very few experimental measurements.

The lack of a marked trend of calculated values of AH^/6

with the concentration of NaF(c) supports Parker’s estimates [14] (see p. 56) of for aqueous NaF solutions.

17
References

[1] Settle, J. L. , Feder,M. , Hubbard, W. N. , J. Phys . Chem.

5, 1337 (1961).

[2] Wagman, D. D. , Evans, W. H. , Parker, V. B. , Halow, I.,

Bailey, S. M. , Schumm , R. H. , Nat. Bur. Std. (U.S.) Tech

Note 270-4 (1969).

[3] Shchukarev, S. A., Vasil'kova, I. V. , Sharupin, R. N.

,

Vestnik Leningrad Univ. 1_4, No. 4, Ser. Fiz. i Khim. , No. 1, 73-77 (1959).

[4] Wagman, D. D. , Evans, W. H. , Parker, V. B. , Halow, I.,

Bailey, S. M. , Schumm, R. H. , Nat. Bur. Std. (U.S.) Tech

Note 270-3 (1968).

[5] Parker, V. B. , Private Communication, Nat. Bur. Std.

(U.S. ) , See Ref. [2] .

[6] Myers, 0. E. , Brady, A. P., J. Phys. Chem. 64 , 591 (1960).

[7] Ruff, 0., Ascher, E. , Z. Anorg. Chem. 196 , 413 (1931).

[8] Cady, G. H. , Hargreaves, G. B. , J. Chem. Soc. 1563 (1961).

[9] Osborne, D. W. , Schreiner, F. , Malm, J. G. , Selig, H. , Rochester, L. , J. Chem. Phys. 4^+, 2802 (1966).

[10] Krause, R. F. , NBS Report 10481, Chapt. 7 (1971).

[11] Kilday, M. V. , Prosen, E. J., NBS Report 8306 (1964).

[12] Kilday, M. V. , Prosen, E. J. , Wagman, D. D. , NBS Report

10004 (1969).

[13] Prosen, E. J. , Kilday, M. V. , to be published in J. Res.

NBS.

[14] Parker, V. P., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-valent

Electrolytes. National Standard Reference Data SeriesNBS 2. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

[15] Staskiewicz, B. A., Tucker, J. R. , Snyder, P. E. , J. Amer.

Chem. Soc. 77_, 2987 (1955).

18
[16] Mah, A. D. , J. Phys. Chem. 61, 1573 (1957).

[17] Delepine, M. , Bull. Soc . Chim. 29_, 1166 (1903).

[18] Mixter, W. G. , Amer. J. Sci. 29_, 488 (1910).

[19] Moose, J. E. , Parr, S. W. , J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 46 , 2656 (1924).

[20] Neumann, B. , Kroger, C. , Kunz, H. , Z. anorg. und

Allgem. Chem. 218, 379 (1934).

[21] Armstrong, G. T. , AFOSR Scientific Report AFOSR

69-2154 TR, NBS Report 10074, July 1 (1969).

[22] Vanderzee, C. E. , Rodenburg, W. W. , J. Chem. Thermodynamics 3_, 267 (1971).

[23] Smith, P. N. , Johnson, G. K. , Hubbard, W. N. , Private

Communication, Argonne Nat. Lab., March 1970.

[24] Vanderzee, C. E. , Rodenburg, W. W. , J. Chem. Thermodynamics _2, 461 (1970).

[25] Settle, J. L. , Hubbard, Johnson, G. K. , Greenberg, E.

,

Private Communication, Argonne Nat. Lab. , July 1970.

19
Table 1. Calorimetric Data for Reaction (2)

Set

Exp

No. Sample

Mass,

g.

(vacuo)

Uncert

g.

EEE

l -17,000

J ohm-1

EEE

f -17,000

J ohm

AR

x 10

6 ohm

T,

React

°C

[NaOH]

Moles/

liter

ah

2 (t)

-3000

Jg" 1

1 559* .5060 .0005 220.67 254.26 100413 25.549 .706 419.8

do 560* .3395 .0010 251.25 263.60 65751 24.783 .643 340.9

do 562* .1999 .0012 252.33 256.50 39160 24.627 .643 377.9

do 563* .2359 .0009 250.30 260.43 45603 24.666 .643 333.9

do 564* .2536 .0033 306.81 305.73 47590 29.620 .643 245.9

2 583* .3542 .0028 303.83 318.18 64954 35.325 .694 173.3

do 584

1

. 3698 1 — 261.63 266.36 73648 30.155 .694 434.2

do 585* .5530 .0009 202.19 214.38 105552 24.470 .694 283.8

do 586 .5116 .0007 179.33 218.27 102591 24.410 .694 448.0

do 587* .8100 .0008 189.17 214. 16 160735 24.363 .694 412.9

do 588 .2289 .0016 202.47 196.85 46008 23.993 .694 455.1

do 589 .2714 .0012 436.25 440.96 53369 24.905 .302 427.6

3 611 .4266 .0008 — 239.30 85551 25.169 .653 456.1

do 612 .3348 .0000 — 303.22 63301 25.076 .653 425.3

do 628 .3610 .0016 178.75 194.81 72359 24.939 .718 443.7

do 629 .3963 .0007 180.57 196.00 79788 24.961 .718 459.5

do 630 .2353 .0009 169.30 198.51 47309 24.758 .718 453.1

do 632 .4 015 .0006 161.87 147.25 80670 24.930 .718 445.6

do 633 .4 102 .0008 165.00 199.34 82372 24.945 .718 449.3

^Preliminary experiments

^"Mass, Method B, the opening energy was 1.5 J rather than 0.44 J

20
Table 2. Drift Rate Data for Reaction (2)

Set

Exp

.

No. 1

Drift

2 Rate3

L0 min

^

4

Reaction

Time

Comments

obsv. Drift

> min •

1 559* 17.4 22.0 16.9 8.9 40 P P,I

do 560* 19.2 21.4 10.1 8.3 40 P p

do 562* 11.8 15.2 13.3 9.2 40 P I ? do 563* 17.7 20.0 11.1 9.0 40 P p

do 564* 22.8 29.0 16.2 8.6 40 P P,I

2 583* 67.6 74.0 22.8 19.9 60 P,W p

do 584 24.9 26.7 26.3 23.4 55 W (A)

do 585* 48.8 49.3 23.4 24.3 25 P p

do 586 24.1 22.5 19.6 18.7 35

do 587* 31.5 31.7 23.5 22.9 30 Sp p

do 588 23.0 25.9 26.7 26.8 55

do 589 24.9 24.3 24.0 23.0 45

3 611 — 10.3 12.6 10.8 55

do 612 — 8.1 6.7 5.3 35

do 628 40.9 40.2 34.7 32.5 70 St

do 629 36.1 35.0 34.5 32.0 85

do 630 14.0 13.0 14.3 12.9 70

do 632 14.6 13.9 14.3 13.1 45

do 633 14.0 13.7 10.9 9.9 75 St

Preliminary experiments.

21
Table 3. Calculation of 51

Set

Exp

No.

[NaOH]

mole/

liter

[NaOH]

[MoF ] 6

(8+X)

[HO]

[MoF

6

]

(y)

[HO]

[NaOH]

ATT f o r \

kJ mol -

Aii2

1 kcal mol -1

Uncert

kcal mol- *

3 628 .718 126.54 9,806 77.49 722.90 172.78 0.77

do 629 .718 115.21 8,932 77.53 726. 23 173. 57 0.24

do 630 .718 194.05 15,044 77.53 724.65 173.20 0.33

do 632 .718 111.31 8,628 77.51 723.30 172.87 0.05

do 633 .718 107.03 8,297 77.52 724.80 173.06 0.24

2 584 .694 119.44 9,579 80.20 724.10 173.06 —

do 586 .694 86.34 6,922 80.17 723.48 172.92 0.24

do 588 .694 192.96 15,477 80.21 724.72 173.21 1.22

3 611 .653 97.58 8,318 85.24 725.64 173.43 0.31

do 612 .653 124.34 10,595 85.21 719.12 171.87 0.03

2 589 .302 72.01 13,253 184.04 719.50 171.96 0.73

22
Table 4. Calorimetric Data for Reaction (3)

Exp. Sample i

" f c

7 T [NaOH] -AH (T) -AH„(T)

Set No. (vacuo) -17,000 -17,000 x 10 (React.) mole/

g J ohm-1 J ohm-1

°C liter J g -1 kJ*mol-1

4 556 .606753 101.41 119.53 192645 24.891 .706 543.26 78.196

do 557 .256518 361.08 365.63 79712 24.933 .304 539.56 77.663

do 634 .218740 117.89 122.31 68991 25.035 .694 539.97 77.722

do 636 .236135 223.61 219.18 73276 34.950 .694 534.40 76.921

do 561 .226222 139.72 147.86 71694 24.879 .643 543.32 78.205

23
I J Table 5. Calculation of AH^

Exp.

No.

[NaOH]

moles/

liter

[NaOH]

[MoO ] CZ+XT

[h 2 o]

TmooTT

(3+7)

[H 20]

[NaOHj -AH 3 (25C)

kJ*moi"* kcal mol”*

556 .706 50.77 4,000 78.80 78.182 18.687

557 .304 52.6 9,4 79 180.3 77.657 18.560

634 .694 138.44 11,104 80.21 77.725 18.577

636 .694 128.31 10,288 80.18 77.852 18.607

561 .643 124.26 10,757 86.57 78.194 18.689

Mean = 77.923 18.624

2xSdm = 0.226 0.054

24
Table 6. Calorimetric Data for AH.

4 (Set 5) and AH,, i(Set 6)

Set

No.

Exp.

No.

Sample

(vacuo)

EEE.

l -17,000

eee

f

-17,000 x 10 7

Eit T

(React)

+ah

4

(t)

g Johm"'®' Johm

- ^ ohm J °C J g" 1

5 565 .386731 102.29 “109.84 "273551" 476.26 25.022 277TJU

do 635 .379646 89.75 102.23 501280 863.66 25.056 17.56

do 63 7 .383307 186.77 195.49 499182 861.99 34.969 10.02

do 639 .392711 337.13 332.51 493965 865.47 25.058 23.41

ah

5 '(t)*

6 641 .383806 588.39 581.82 483354 861.23 25.047 28.436

6 642 .382450 654.37 645.02 487644 862.12 35.246 3.781

do 643 1.635741 610.02 568.69 460108 862.69 25.026 32.632

do 644 .997894 603.59 566.16 474028 863.36 25.525 29.854

do 645 1.592839 653.68 631.80 486120 871.16 35.269 8.485

do 646 1.600157 567.27 529.12 495350 872.95 25.089 33.266

do 647 1.035573 624.92 598.69 516696 863.65 35.309 5.136

do 648 .633079 557.71 545.16 509222 862.26 25.091 30.682

do 649 .797662 558.84 540.49 506911 863.70 25.100 31.070

do 650 .212321 585.81 584.69 487202 862.49 25.048 27.002

Uncorrected for heat of dilution

k

Added electrical energy

25
Table 7. Calculation of AH.

4

Exp

No.

Init.

Soln

[ NaOH ]

[ 6NaF

]

(X)

[h

2 o]

[ 6NaF

]

(4+y)

[Mo 0

3

]

[ 6NaF

]

[h

2 o]

[NaOH]

ah

4

kj(6 Mol)

AH

4

(25)

^kcal(6 mol)

-1

565 561 124.97 10,820 1.00583 8658 5.538 1.324

635 634 139.29 11,171 1.00609 80.20 4.413 1.055

637 636 137.90 11,059 1.07495 80.20 4.438 1.061

639 638 60.91 11,138 1.12673 182.86 5.887 1.407

26
Table 8. Calculation of AH^.

Expt

.

[h

2 o] AH' (25 °C) * ^5

No. [NaF] <6

kJ mol ^ — kcal

,-1 mol

6

>

641 1898 1.1988 .2865 .066 .221

642 1904 1.2049 .2886 .066 .223

643 445 1.3728 .3281 .107 .221

644 730 1.3073 .3124 .093 .219

645 457 1.4074 .3364 . 106 .230

646 419 1.4059 .3360 .109 .227

647 647 1.2709 .3038 .097 .207

648 1058 1.2942 .3093 .083 .226

649 670 1.3148 .3143 .096 .218

650 3431 1.1386 .2721 .052 .220

Ave ra ge = .221

*Uncorrected for

2x Sdm =

heat of dilution

.004

27
Table 9. Cal culation o

Hi

Exp. [h

2 o] -^2 -^3 ^5 V -AH Uncert?' Weight

No. [NaOH]

/

628 77.49 172.78 18.624 (0.951) 1.326 0.259 153.52 0.77 0.260

629 77.53 173.57 do do do do 154.31 0.24 1

630 77.53 173.20 do do do do 153.94 0.33 1

632 77.51 172.87 do do do do 153.61 0.05 1

633 77.52 173.06 do do do do 153.80 0.24 1

584 80.20 173.06 do 1.058 do 0.271 153.90 (1.06) 0.189

586 80.17 172.92 do 1.058 do do 153.76 0.24 1

588 80.21 173.21 do 1.058 do do 154.05 1.22 0.165

611 85.24 173.43 do 1.324 do 0.340 154.47 0.31 1

612 85.21 171.87 do 1.324 do do 152.91 0.03 1

589 184 . 04 171.96 do 1.407 do 0.636 152.78 0.73 0.274

Mean = 153.78

2xSdm - 0.32

6*L derived from cp values listed in ref. [14]

Z ij

Column 9 , table 3

28
Chapter 2

MOLYBDENUM PENTAFLUORIDE : VAPORIZATION PROPERTIES FROM TRANSPIRATION,

AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD TO EVALUATE THE TRUE VAPOR PRESSURES

by Thomas B. Douglas and Ralph F. Krause, Jr.

Abstract

Using MoFg(g)to suppress sample disproportionation, 15

additional precise transpiration measurements were made on MoF 5 (jO (purity, >99.87o)at 70°, 90°, and 110°C. The remaining disproportionation appears to be small (1% or less), but

will be tested in a few future measurements. Titration with

permanganate was adopted as an accurate method to analyze the

MoF^ in the presence of the hexavalent-molybdenum contaminants.

A second method was developed to measure the small vapor pressures

directly; later application and combination with the transpiration data will yield also the vapor densities of MoF^, which

other evidence suggests will reflect considerable vapor association.

The new method is as simple as the transpiration method, but

the apparatus parameters were carefully chosen to minimize

error. Preliminary tests reproduced a known pressure of argon

(to 0.1 or 0.2%) and known vapor pressures of iodine (to 1 or

2%) and MoFg (to 3 or 4%).

I . Introduction

The fluoride of molybdenum most stable near room temperature is

MoFg, and its common chemical thermodynamic properties are now known

with comparatively high accuracy. In contrast, the several known lower

fluorides of molybdenum are much less stable, and only sketchy property

data, often seriously inconsistent, have been published. A concerted

effort is being made in the present program, at the National Bureau

of Standards, to obtain reliable properties of these lower molybdenum

fluorides, beginning with MoF^. The standard heat of formation of

MoF,-(c) is being measured, and spectroscopic measurements recently

-> 1 formed the basis of a frequency assignment to the monomer molecule [1] .

Numbers in brackets refer to literature references at the end of this

chapter

.

29
The work described in this chapter and designed to measure the vaporization properties is a continuation of that reported earlier [2],

which included historical background, the methods of preparation,

purification, elemental sample analysis, melting point, and

cryoscopic purity, as well as preliminary transpiration results.

The transpiration method is accurately applicable to a substance

such as MoF^ which has vapor pressures of a few torr in its temperature

range of relative stability; but the method measures only vapor density

(when the gaseous solutions are dilute) but without indicating the

vapor pressure unless the effective molecular weight is unambiguous.

Now MoF^ is an "odd" molecule (in the sense of containing at least one unpaired electron), so that it would be surprising if the simple

molecules showed no appreciable tendency to associate. In fact, recent

rough mass-spectrometric results at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(summarized later in this chapter) suggest that saturated molybdenumpentaf luoride vapor not only contains more dimer than monomer, but may

contain appreciable proportions of trimer (and even small amounts

of higher polymers). For this reason we refined and tested a simple

method to measure vapor pressures directly. When applied later to

molybdenum pentafluoride, the data combined with the transpiration

results should yield both the true vapor pressures and vapor densities

of the saturated vapor.

In principle, such methods can be extended to unsaturated vapor

to yield the proportions of more than two gas species (assuming

gas ideality for each species). In practice, however, it is doubtful

whether the accuracy would be sufficient to be meaningful--as

exemplified by the well-known difficulties encountered in trying to

discriminate among the several polymers in gaseous hydrogen fluoride.

A mean degree of association should, however, lead to useful thermodynamic properties.

II . Transpiration Measurements

1 . Experimental Results The sample of MoF^(^) used was prepared and purified as described

in the earlier report [2], which presented the results of eight

30
preliminary transpiration experiments that clearly showed the need

to suppress disproportionation of the MoF,-, during its vaporization,

by shifting an equilibrium which may be

2MoF

5 = MoF6 + MoF

4

- (1)

In the further transpiration experiments reported here, carefully

dried helium was passed over thrice-distilled crystalline MoF^ in a bath thermostated at a suitable low temperature, the approximate

partial pressures of MoF^(g) being calculated from published results

[3]. (Owing to its much greater volatility, the MoF^(g) is believed

to have dissolved in the MoF„(X) to less than 0.1%.) These He-MoF,

5 6

mixtures were passed over the liquid MoF,- sample contained in a cleansurface monel vessel in a stirred oil bath thermostated to ±0.005°C

(see Fig. 1). The monel vessel replaced the glass vessel of the earlier

experiments [2] in order to obviate what appeared to be slight reaction

between the fluorides and the pyrex glass at the elevated temperatures.

(While there is no evidence that any slight reaction with the monel

surfaces introduced error, it was not proved that monel is better than

glass in this respect.) The combined vapors were condensed at the DryIce temperature, with subsequent evacuation at room temperature to remove

the MoFg and any trapped helium.

The results of the additional transpiration experiments made are given in Table 1.

An important improvement over last year's analytical work [2] was

the adoption of titration with permanganate to determine the total amount

of MoF,. volatilized in each experiment. (Each distillate was weighed,

then dissolved in an oxygen-free aqueous solution of Fe

2 (S 04 )2 and

FLSO. , treated with H„P0. , and titrated colorimetrically with a standard

2 4 3 4*

solution of KMnO^.) Since complete exclusion of the element oxygen

from the transpiration system was practically impossible, many of these

distillates contained condensable oxyfluorides in much greater abundance

than did the liquid sample, so that reliance on the distillate masses would be unreliable. On the other hand, the elemental analysis for

molybdenum used previously is a more laborious and less sensitive method,

whereas permanganate oxidizes molybdenum quantitatively from valence 5 to valence 6 without reflecting any hexava lent -molybdenum contaminants.

31
32

THERMOSTATED

HOT

BATH
Table 1. Transpiration of MoFj^i.) by Helium Containing MoFg(g)

[The sample of MoF^C^,) (initial mass, 11.755 g) was contained

in monel, and its vapor was condensed in pyrex glass.]

Temper- Experi- Flow Distillate Partial Pressure Deviation

aturea ment Rate (torr)

t

of P (MoF c; ) (K) No.

b

(cm^sec *) Mass (g)

% MoF

5 e MoF^ (added) MoF^ (f ound)

from Mean(%)

9 1.26 0.6749 96.65 0.6 2.832 -1.18

10 1.18 0.4454 96.86 0.5 2.855 -0.38

362.8 11 0.58 0.3647 97.49 0.5 2.871 +0.18

12 1.23 0.4402 98.22 1.0 2.909 +1.51

13 1.30 0.4867 98.03 0.5 2.862 -0.13

Mean : 2.866

14 1.34 0.8657 98.71 2.1 8.265 0.00

15 1.27 0.8791 99.13 2.1 8.249 -0.19

382.9 16 c 1.34 0.7273 99.17 2.1 8.292 +0.33

17 0.67 0.5727 98.75 2.1 8.285 +0.24

18 1.30 0.8424 99.02 1.0 8.234 -0.37

Mean : 8.265

19 1.28 0.2782 98.61 0.45 0.8999 +0.09

20 1.36 0.2213 99.16 0.45 0.8951 -0.44

343.2 21 1.58 0.3039 99.21 0.45 0.8979 -0.13

22 1.75 0.2469 99.65 0.45 0.8962 -0.32

23

—

1.57 0.2848 100.09 0.45 0.9063 +0.80

>- - ' Mean : 0.8991

The actual temperatures of the individual experiments differed from those listed by an

average of 0.025 kelvin, but the calculated pressures of M0F5 (penultimate column) have

been corrected to the nominal temperatures using a temperature coefficient of 5.8%

per kelvin.

b

This is a complete list of successive experiments in chronological order.

QA slight leak developed and was repaired before Experiment 16 began.

Excluding the MoF^, which, being much more volatile, was condensed further downstream.

0As determined by titrating the distillate with permanganate.

f

l torr = (1/760)101325 Nm

“ 2

®The vapor pressure of MoFr calculated assuming an ideal-gas vapor having a molecular

weight equal to that of the monomer (M0F

5

) . At each temperature the true vapor

pressure is smaller by the same factor by which the actual vapor density is greater.

See Section III of this chapter.

33
The fact that the experiments are given in Table 1 in chronological

order facilitates examination of the results for chronological trends.

As the mass of the liquid sample (initially 11.755 g) was successively

reduced by what may be assumed to be the amounts in the fourth column,

the percentage of MoF,- found in the distillate (fifth column) steadily

increased from less than 97% to approximately 100%. The simplest ex- planation is that a more volatile impurity was being distilled preferentially from the sample, and a "dilute solution" treatment of the

first five experiments indicated a volatility ratio of greater than 5 (and so a concentration more than 5 times as great in the vapor as in the

liquid). Some thin white films in the condenser in some experiments

(MoF,- is yellow) supports this explanation; the contaminant was likely

MoOF^, whose vapor pressures have been measured [4].

The values of vapor pressure of MoF,- listed in the penultimate

column of Table 1 for the individual experiments were calculated on the

basis of the titration results by assuming gas ideality and the molecular

weight of molybdenum pentaf luoride monomer, MoF,-. That the last assumption,

while convenient, is probably highly arbitrary is discussed in Section

III.l. The last column of the table shows the percentage deviations

of the calculated vapor-pressure values from the mean at each temperature.

The table may be examined further for evidence of other systematic

errors. Turning to the sixth column, it is easy to realize that what

could be considered an adequate partial pressure of MoF^ will probably

vary widely from one temperature to another. However, making comparisons

only at the same temperature, it will be noted that deliberately doubling

the MoFg in Experiment 12 led to the highest vapor-pressure value at

362.8 K, and deliberately halving the MoF^ in Experiment 18 led to the

lowest value at 382.9 K. We would expect the subfluoride resulting

from disproportionation of the MoF, to be highly soluble in the liquid

D sample, so theoretically an infinite pressure of MoF^ would be required

to prevent disproportionation completely. (A simple calculation from

these data suggested, however, less than 1% disproportionated in these

experiments.) The consideration of flow rates of the transpiring (carrier)

gas is similar except that one seeks a sufficiently low rate. The only

34
variation in flow rate was halving it in Experiments 11 and 17, where

the effects are small and virtually within the precision (see last column)

.

A few more transpiration experiments are planned with the aim of providing small corrections to the present results for these systematic

errors

.

The various detailed precautions routinely appropriate in accurate

work were observed. These included calibration of the individual measuring instruments (such as thermocouples), accurate buoyancy corrections

in weighing, close thermostating of temperature baths, and accurate

standardization of titrating solutions and application of blank corrections

in their use. Details are not given because at this stage we are unprepared

to make quantitative estimates of the composite uncertainties of the

experimental values obtained.

The following equation represents the "least-squares" fit of the

vapor-pressure values for molybdenum pentaf luoride in the penultimate

column of Table 1, giving equal, weight to each of the 15 values of log P.

(P is in atm, T is the temperature in K, and the tolerances given are standard deviations.)

log

Q

P (atm) = 6.3670(±0.016)-3189.5(±6)/T (2)

Deviations of individual values from Eq(2) are shown in Fig. 2. The

limitations peculiar to molybdenum pentaf luoride on deriving thermodynamic properties from this equation are discussed in the following

section

.

2 . Concerning the Molecular Weight of Molybdenum Pentaf luoride in the

Vapor State

The foregoing transpiration results give practically no information

as to whether MoF,. is associated in the vapor state, but a recent massspectrometric study, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory by C. F.

Weaver and J. D. Redman on the various fluorides of molybdenum and

niobium, does [5], They studied mo lybdenum-pentaf luoride vapor at a total pressure which they thought was between 0.001 and 0.1 torr, and

presumably around 80°C. They reported finding under these conditions

that the vapor was approximately 80% monomer (MoF,.), 20% dimer (Mo^F^q)

,

35
36

FIGURE

2.

Deviations

of

the

results

of

individual

experiments

from

Equation

(2)

(Some

of

the

points

have

been

displaced

horizontally

to

prevent

overlapping.

)
and < 1% trimer (Mo^F^,-) . In addition, they reported standard enthalpy

changes as follows:

M°2F

10 = 2MoF

5

’ m = 28 kcal. (3)

M°3 F

15 = 3MoF

5

; m = 34 kcal - O)

Though these data lack refinement that they hoped to achieve by improved

calibration, they can easily be used to calculate for the composition of

the saturated vapor at our temperatures (Table 1) considerably more

dimer than monomer, as well as possibly a few percent of trimer.

Suppose for the sake of present argument we limit ourselves to

monomer and dimer, and examine the consequences to transpiration results

when the vapor consists of a mixture of substantial amounts of these two

gas species. We can immediately dismiss gas nonideality as being small

and essentially negligible at total pressures not greater than a few

torr. The two (independent) vaporization reactions and the related

all-gas reaction (with symbols defined for future reference) are:

MoF

5 (£) = MoF5 (g): AH = AHp

, AC

p

= AC^ p = (5)

2 MoF

5 (jO = Mo

2F1Q (g): = AH

2

, AC

p = AC

2

; p = P

2 (6)

Mo

2 F1Q (g) = 2MoF5 (g): AH = 2AH

1 ~AH2 (7)

When (as in Table 1 and Eq (2)) transpiration data are treated as if the

vapor is all monomer, then the calculated vapor pressure P measures the

total avai lable monomer units, so

P = P

1 + 2 P

2 = (1 + r) Pl> (8)

where r is defined by

r = 2 P

2 /P1

. (9)

Assuming AC^ and AC

2 independent of temperature, one can combine the

Clausius-Clapeyron equations for Reactions (5) and (6) with the above

definitions to derive a Clausius-Clapeyron equation (and its derivative)

for the transpiration process:

d In P/d(-l/RT) = (AH

X + rAH

2 )/(l + r) (10)

d

2 ln P/d(-l/RT)2 = r [ (AH^AF^) / (I + r)]

2 + (ACj. + r AC

2 )RT

2 /(1 + r) (11)

37
Equations (10) and (11) show two significant things worth pointing

out. Firstly, the right-hand side of (10) is the "molar heat of

vaporization” which one would derive from transpiration results such

as Eq (2). But if the ratio r is not zero or infinity but well in

between (as seems likely in the present case), the "transpiration data"

heat of vaporization is neither AH^ nor At^, but a function of them

which is difficult to describe in simple terms (being a heat of vaporization

to form an amount of vapor which is neither one actual mole nor one mole of "available" monomer). Secondly, the second term of Eq (11)

cannot be negative, but the third ("heat-capacity") term ordinarily

is, and in fact often overbalances the second term to give a negative

curvature to a log P-vs-l/T plot (first term).

Using the present transpiration results for 80°C, values of

AHp AH^, and _r were obtained by simultaneous solution of Eqs (10), (11),

and Weaver and Redman's value of Eq (3) (2AH^-AH2 = 28 kcal) . One of

the two possible solutions is reasonable, giving AH^ = 21 kcal, =

14 kcal, ?

2

/P-^ = 7 in the saturated vapor, and Weaver and Redman's

value of P

? /P^ (= 1/4) if their total pressure were 0.008 torr, which

is within their reported pressure range. Despite this rough agreement,

these calculations should be considered quite uncertain, especially

because the curvature of the "best" curve one could construct through

the points of Fig. 2 is obviously highly uncertain. The results do

suggest, however, that the saturated molybdenum pentaf luoride vapor in our transpiration experiments was highly associated. Preliminary work

on an attempt to measure the degree of association is described in the

next section.

38
Ill . Development of a Method to Measure the True Vapor Pressures

1 . Brief Description of the Method

Because of the evidence discussed in Section II. 2 that molybdenum

pentaf luoride is extensively but incompletely associated, yet to an illdefined extent that leaves the thermodynamic interpretation of our precise

transpiration data incomplete, we decided to adopt some additional type

of measurement which, when combined with the transpiration results, will

yield both the vapor density and the true vapor pressure--hopefully, with

an accuracy of the order of 1%. The chemical instability and corrosiveness

of MoF,. impose serious limitations on the materials with which it can be

in contact without serious error, and also dictate relatively low temperatures where the vapor pressures are only a few torr. We dismissed

known vapor-density methods in favor of some method to measure the

true vapor pressures, which can be combined with the transpiration data

to yield the vapor densities.

Accurate pressure transducers have been developed and used which

balance the vapor against a comparable known pressure of inert gas.

However, because such transducer membranes, if sufficiently sensitive,

are fragile and subject to calibration changes, we substituted for the

membrane a valve which can be opened long enough to establish pressure

equilibrium. In its simplest form the adopted method is essentially

a null method, but in principle exact initial balance between vapor and

gas pressures is unnecessary, since (assuming gas ideality) one can calculate the number of moles of vapor, knowing the moles of inert gas

and their sum. The same type of method has been used previous ly--e .g .

,

in measurements on sodium metal [6],

Obviously, pressure equilibrium must be established while the

dissociable vapor is confined to a known volume. The following sections

summarize the design details adopted to achieve this requirement, and

preliminary measurements made on known cases to test their overall

adequacy

.

39
2 . Apparatus Design and Experimental Procedure

The apparatus is diagrammed schematically (not to scale) in

Fig. 3. With the exception of two valves (a_ and f) and their short

leads (stainless steel), all container parts were constructed of

pyrex glass. Distinguishing gas spaces by their volumes, an excess

of the condensed substance whose vapor pressure is to be measured is

placed in degassed and evacuated V. and isolated by closed valves a and _f. After having evacuated the remaining gas spaces and sufficiently

degassed the manometric fluid, valve £ is closed, then high-purity

argon is admitted through valve b until its pressure exceeds by a small amount the expected vapor pressure; the argon occupies V_, at

temperature T

2

, at (room temperature if sufficiently constant),

and the newly created volume at T^--all at a pressure corresponding

to the manometer depression, which at this stage will be labeled x^.

After then waiting for a sufficient time to ensure a steady state with

respect to the temperatures, the manometer displacement, and the slight

solution of argon in the manometer fluid, valve a is then opened briefly

two or more times until the new manometer depression x^ (x

2< x ^) ^ as ceased to change by more than can be attributed to diffusion of vapor

through valve a_ and its subsequent condensation or absorption.

Assuming the ideal-gas law, the basic equation giving the vapor

pressure P (= r^P_^ for all the vapor species) in terms of the data and

apparatus constants is

P = Pg(l + [d

1 /d

2

] 2 )(x

2 -{(x1

- X

2 )/V

A

} [V

B + [T

2 /T

1

] [V c +tfd

1

2 (x

1 + x

2 )/4]}), (12)

where p is the density of the manometric fluid and ^is the gravitional

acceleration.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (vapor pressure, about 0.001 torr at room

temperature) is used as the manometric fluid; its low density and visosity

are obvious advantages. The adoption of unequal- bore manometer arms almost doubled the sensitivity of reading the small-bore arm alone and

also almost halves the number of readings necessary, since the ratio

d^/d

2 was carefully measured at several different manometer levels.

40
i

41

FIGURE

3.

Apparatus

to

measure

true

vapor

pressure

(schematic)
The theoretical equal-pressure manometer -level inequality, 0.051 cm, was verified by observation. Precautions were taken in measuring the

other apparatus constants accurately--e .g . , the density of the sample

of manometric fluid used was measured individually; the various volumes

entering into Eq (12) were determined before assembly by filling with

water and weighing; the half-meter calibrated Pt-Ir (in steel) manometer

scale was read with a telescope; and the bath thermocouple was calibrated

accurately. The thermomolecular pressure gradient due to the temperature

difference T

? -T^ is entirely negligible for work of about 1% accuracy.

Having a "ballast" volume V decreases the effect of uncertainty in

B

temperature near the bath level, but too great a ratio V/V would

B A

unduly decrease the overall sensitivity.

The rise in manometer level (x^-x^) when the valve X*1 to the vapor

is opened must be positive and should not be too small, to prevent

appreciable vapor from escaping from V. by flow and diffusion, respectively;

n. however, a rise which is s mall (say, not greater than 10% of the initial

manometer depression x^) has the distinct advantages of minimizing the

time required for virtual gas-pressure and manometer equilibration and

of minimizing any error due to changing solubility of the argon in the

manometer fluid.

The present apparatus constants are at room temperature as follows:

V. = 70.39 cm

3

; = 38.68 cm

3

; V = 19.54 cm

3

; 1 + (d./d.)

2 = 1.0577;

d^ = 1.011 cm; p = 1.0415 [ 1- .0007(t-25) ] g cm at t°C; £ = 5cm; d = 0.15 cm. (Small corrections to these which have not been applied would

change the vapor pressures calculated and listed in Section III. 3 by

perhaps as much as 0.2%, which is well within the overall uncertainties.)

Large erratic and systematic errors in vapor-pressure determination

could occur if opening valve a_ does not result in final pressure and

vaporization equilibrium while all the vapor remains in its vessel V.

.

A

To optimize the chance of approximating this ideal fairly closely, the

length £_ and inside diameter d_ of the "capillary" tube shown in Fig. 3 were selected after several kinetic-theory calculations of evaporation

rate, wall adsorption, viscous flow, and gaseous interdiffusion.

42
If the rate of evaporation of the condensed vapor were comparatively slow, it is conceivable that after argon enters the vapor the

vaporization equilibrium might be upset and be reestablished long after

the valve (a) had been closed, producing unregistered pressure changes.

2

A simple calculation showed that evaporation from each 1 cm of solid

iodine at 80°C (used for tests of the method-see Section III .3) is 99%

complete in 0.05 sec if an accommodation coefficient of unity is assumed.

The accommodation coefficient of the much more complexly oriented molecules

in MoF^(i) is apparently many times smaller, requiring a correspondingly

longer time; however, a subsequent opening of the valve as a test of

pressure equilibrium should obviate any error from this source. Incidentally, if a little vapor were to diffuse out of the vapor vessel

V

A

but not be condensed or absorbed, any evaporation to replace the

escaped vapor would produce a corresponding error. Taking MoF^ as a typical vapor, it was estimated that the adsorption

of a monolayer on the inside surface of the present vapor vessel (V.)

would remove vapor equivalent to a pressure of 0.03 torr at 90°C. Adsorption should produce no systematic error if the vapor is maintained

saturated by condensed phase, but obviously would (unless corrected for)

if the measurements are extended to unsaturated vapor. One of the standard

empirical procedures to enable correction for wall adsorption is to make

measurements on an unsaturated vapor using two or more different surfaceto-volume ratios. Here, some caution would be needed: it has been

reported that the adsorptivity of "fire-polished" glass is increased

manyfold (and unpredictably? ) by a single washing with water[7].

Rapid mixing of the argon entering the vapor is needed, and this is

promoted by gravitation by introducing the argon near the bottom of the

(heavier) vapor, as well as having the vapor vessel (V.) taller than its

diameter (Fig. 3). Even so, it was desirable to know whether any appreciable

fraction of the argon would rise to the top before time for its thorough

horizontal interdiffusion with the vapor, or whether any argon reaching

the top requires an undue length of time to mix by diffusing downward.

43
( 13 )

The interdiffusion of two gases in one dimension is given by

fd N. /'?t = D^V/^x2

),

where 1SL is the concentration of either gas , t is time, x is distance,

and D is the specific interdiffusion coefficient. Although series

solutions of Eq (13) are known for specified boundary conditions, dimensionless numerical integration of the equation was readily performed

by computer for the initial condition of one pure gas (argon) occupying

one end (10% of the volume) of a closed cylinder and the other pure

gas (the vapor) occupying the other end (90% of the volume), all of course at a uniform total pressure. Using 30 steps in Ax, 1000 steps in

At, and a constant arbitrary value AN^/^AN^P = 0.25, the accuracy was At j

(Ax) ^ checked by repetition using a coarser "grid". The interdiffusion coefficient

D can be estimated [8] from

D = [8(1/M

1 + 1/M

2

) ] 1/2 [RT/Tr ] 3/2

/3N

A

PCT 2

, (14)

where and are the two molecular weights; R is the gas constant;

T, the absolute temperature; N , Avogadro's number; P, the total pressure;

Xi. and (j, the mean collision diameter of the two kinds of molecules. For

argon and molybdenum pentaf luoride at 90°C and a total pressure of 3 torr,

2 -1

Eq (14) gave D = 25 cm sec , and using this value the computer results

indicated that the interdiffusion involving an original thickness of

argon of 1cm would be 99.7% complete in 2 sec. The capillary (length = i and ID = ci in Fig. 3) should be of such

dimensions that during the time the valve (a) is open to admit argon to

the vapor, only a negligible amount of vapor diffuses out (of V.)

2 A

(favoring a small d ), yet the (viscous) flow of argon must be rapid

4

enough to achieve virtual pressure equilibrium (favoring a large d ). For

the compromise capillary dimensions chosen, an integration of Poiseuille’s

equation for the volume rate of viscous flow,

dV/dt =TTPd4

/128Tlg, (15)

indicated 99.9% pressure equilibration in 8 sec for argon at a pressure of

3 torr. (T) is the specific viscosity; and P_, the average pressure, is a function of V.)

44
In the following section are summarized the results of four test

experiments in which a known vapor pressure of iodine of about 15 torr was consistently reproduced to 1% or better without applying any hypothetical corrections. As evidence of the importance of the foregoing

design considerations, it may be mentioned that an earlier version of

this apparatus consistently gave values of the same vapor pressure of

iodine that were in error by about 10% (but a little better if corrected

for obvious vapor diffusion) . The principal improvements of the present

design over the earlier one are: (1) argon replaces helium (reducing

vapor diffusion by a factor of about 3); (2) the capillary now abuts

the valve seat (eliminating a short large-diameter dead-space whose

considerable amount of vapor probably escaped quickly) ; (3) the length

of the capillary was considerably reduced (promoting viscous flow); (4)

constrictions in the manometer were eliminated, and the less viscous

manometer fluid di-n-butyl phthalate was substituted (greatly hastening

manometer equilibration, and thereby obviating the need to correct for

compression of argon by manometer fluid after the valve (a) was closed).

3 . Tests of the Apparatus in Reproducing Known Values

The apparatus and procedure in their present form (described in

detail in Section III. 2) were used to measure known pressures of the

following three substances in the simulation of unknown vapor pressures:

1. Argon at pressures of approximately 13 to 22 torr. (This simulates

a vapor except that it omits testing the features associated with vapor

diffusion and condensation.)

2. Iodine at vapor pressures of approximately 15 and 8 torr. (The

volatility is comparable to that of MoF,. in the same temperature range;

but iodine is completely stable, the monomer is entirely negligible at

these temperatures, many observers have measured its vapor pressure, and

the completeness of existing data has enabled tests of third-law con- sistency [ 9 ] .)

3. MoF g at a vapor pressure of approximately 7 torr. (MoF^ simulates

MoF,- (and its polymers) in type of molecule and chemical corrosiveness.

45
In addition, similar measurements will be needed on MoF^ in conjunction

with future measurements on MoF,- . Vapor pressures can be calculated

from the Gibbs-energy functions of Osborne £t a_l. [3], which are based

on their low-temperature thermal and vapor-pressure data.)

The essential results of the measurements on the above three substances are given in Table 2. The valve between argon and the vapor

cell (valve £ in Fig. 3) was opened by an estimated one-half turn for

5 sec, and except in the case of Experiments 1-4 this process was repeated one or more times at intervals of 5 to 10 min each, the manometer

(and temperature) readings being taken while this valve was closed.

(Error in the calculated vapor pressure had been estimated to be <0.1%

from diffusion during 5 sec.)

This procedure of successive openings provided an empirical test

of whether equilibrium had been reached, and for each experiment one may

examine the entries in the last five columns and take the last entry

(or an estimated asymptotic value, particularly for Experiments 5 and

12) as the final value for that experiment. (In Experiments 1-4 no vapor was involved, so the valve was opened only once, but long enough

to ensure pressure equilibrium.)

The agreement with the "accepted" values using argon (Experiments

1-4) averages 0.1%, and is entirely satisfactory, since this corresponds

to the precision of reading pressures and temperatures in this apparatus.

The agreement for iodine (Experiments 5-13) also is satisfactory, being

essentially within the estimated uncertainty of the "accepted" value

of ±1.5% (especially for the higher pressure). While no estimate was made of the uncertainty of the "accepted" (published) vapor pressure

of MoFg, this fact is irrelevant to the inferior reproducibility among

different experiments (Nos. 14-16), and the need for further work on MoFg is indicated. The inferiority of the MoF^ results may reflect some difficulty at that time in valve leakage, or the absence of condensed

MoF^ in the vapor cell (V^) may be a significant factor.

So far no application of the new apparatus to molybdenum pentafluoride has been made, but such experiments are planned for the near

future

.

46
Table 2. Measurement of "Known" Pressures of Argon and Vapor

Pressures of Iodine and Molybdenum Hexafluoride

Substance

Experiment

No.

Temperature

(K)

Accepted

Pressure

(torr)

Deviation (%) of l

> £ouncj after Valve -Opening

from P

No

.

e accepted

r 2 3 n 5

1 22 - 05£ -0.22

2 13 .47° -0.12

Ar

3

296.2

21.34? 0.00 . 4 12.75

b +0.06

5 c +7.7 +3.3 +1.6

6

352.75 14.72 +10.4 +3.3 +0.9 -0.2 -0.3

7 p +8.3 +2.3 +0.8 +1.1

8

352.67 14.65 +6.3 +2.0 +0.08 -0.06

X

2 9 +10.4 34.3 +2.0 +2.0

10 +12.0 +3.8 +1.1 +0.3

11 342.88 8.04° +6.4 +3.8 +2.9 +2.2

12 +2.1 +1.7

13 +5.1 +2.4 +1.2 +1.0

14 +3.4 +3 .4

MoF. 15 231.64 6.63

d +1.4 -3.4 -5.8

6

16 -2.0 —-2.5

—p . .

,

£

The MoF^ vapor was generated from the solid at 231.64 K, but measured in the

apparatus at 392.6 K.

b

Pressures as measured by direct manometry in the apparatus,

c Calculated from the values of Reference [10]. The values of Reference [9]

give essentially identical values for these vapor pressures.

^Calculated by interpolating the Gibbs-energy functions of Reference [3].

eThe valve between argon and the vapor cell (valve a_ in Fig. 3) was opened by an estimated one-half turn for 5 sec , at intervals of 5 to 10 min.

47
IV. References

[1] N. Acquista and S. Abramowitz, This Report, Chapter 3 .

[2] R. F. Krause, Jr., NBS Report 10481, July 1971, p. 97.

[3] D. W. Osborne, F. Schreiner, J. G. Malm, H. Selig, and L.

Rochester, J. Chem. Phys . 44, 2802 (1966).

[4] G. H. Cady and G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 1568.

[5] C. F. Weaver and J. D. Redman, Section 11.6.3 of ORNL Report

4449, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Feb. 1970, p. 116.

[6] W. H. Rodebush and E. G. Walters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52,

2654 (1930).

[7] L. A. Guildner, National Bureau of Standards, private

communication

.

[8] S. Glasstone, "Textbook of Physical Chemistry," 2nd ed., D. Van

Nostrand, New York, 1946, p. 281.

[9] JANAF Thermochemical Tables, D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, Proj

.

Directors, 2nd ed., NSRDS--NBS 37, U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. C. June 1971 [tables for I

2 (c),

I

2 (§)> and 1(g) 1

•

[10] D. D. Wagman, W. H, Evans, V. B. Parker, I. Halow, S. M.

Bailey, and R. H. Schumm, NBS Technical Note 270-3, U. S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., January 1968,

p . 36

.

48
Chapter 3

THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF MOLYBDENUM PENTAFLUORIDE

Nicolo Acquista and Stanley Abramowitz

Introduction

The vibrational spectra of the MF^ molecules have been

interpreted either on the basis of 03^ (trigonal bipyramid) or

C4V structure. Recently the authors interpreted the observed infrared spectrum of matrix isolated NbF^ as possibly indicative of

C^v symmetry for this species^. The apparent observation of

three stretching modes and a feature at 513 cm ^ were taken as experimental proof of the C^v structure. Recently a Raman spectrum

of the vapors in equilibrium with NbF^ (s) and NbF,-( 4 ) in the

stretching region has been interpreted as indicating 03^ structure

for the monomer. The pentaf luorides of arsenic , phosphorous4

and vanadium"* have been shown to have D^ symmetry while SbF^

has C4vsymmetry^. It should be noted that the Raman spectrum of

gaseous SbF^ has recently been observed (and in a manner similar

to NbF5) and has been interpreted on the basis of 03^ symmetry for

the monomeric species^. Since MoF^ is the next higher member to

NbF^ in the transition metal series, it was thought worthwhile to

investigate its vibrational spectra.

8 9 MoF^ has only recently been prepared 0

. Edwards et al, re- ported another method of preparation and studied the structure of

the solid using x-ray single crystal techniques. They concluded

that MoF^ crystallize to form square tetramers in which the four

Mo atoms are joined thru fluorine bridges, and that it is isostructural with NbFr and TaF^.

10 ^ Ouellette et al, have reported the Raman and infrared

spectra of liquid and polycrystaline MoF^ . A vibrational assignment was proposed for molten MoF^ on the basis of 03^ symmetry,

but the polycrystaline spectrum was not interpreted.

49
Bates has remeasured the room temperature Raman spectrum of

crystalline MoF,- observing essentially the same spectrum as Ouellette

10

5 et al . Using frequencies and assignments of the bands observed

by Ouellette in molten M0F

5 , he assigned the Raman spectrum by a double correlation scheme which maps the symmetry species 03 ^ for

M0F 5 monomer into the factor group in the solid. The lowest

line found by Bates is at 180 cm

-

'*'. The lowest frequencies of VF^,

AsFr and PF q appear at 109, 138, and 179 cm respectively. It

D -1

is therefore possible that MoF^ crystal will have a fundamental below 180 cm The Raman spectrum of polycrystalline MoF,- was reinvestigated in this

, o _i

study using both He/Ne and Ar+ (4880 A) excitation to within 30 cm

of the exciting line.

A molecular beam-mass spectrometer has been designed and con12 structed by Vasile et al , to study reactive fluorides and similar

molecules. The pentaf luorides of Nb, Ta, Mo, Re, 0s, Ir, Ru, Pc,

Sb and Bi were all found to be associated in the saturated vapor

phase. Dimeric and trimeric species were dominant in the low temperature vapors (~ 50°C) and tetrameters were found for M0F

3 NbF^ and other

pentaf luorides . They observed that those pentaf luorides found to be

associated in the vapor phase in their study were also associated in

the solid phase as tetramers or in infinite chains. They concluded,

by implication, that the liquid is very likely associated.

13 Weaver et al reports similar results to Vasile et al, and

finds that at 80° C the vapor is 80% MoF,. monomer. Ouellette ^ also

reports the presence of monomer at 70°C.

There have been no reported structural studies of the vapors

of MoFej. Infrared matrix isolation studies should be uniquely suited

for a study of the vibrational spectrum. This is particularly true

since the monomer polymer ratio in MoF^ vapor may be expected to

be enhanced in high temperature unsaturated vapors. Therefore

a systematic study of the matrix isolated vapors of MoF,- was initiated

using double boiler techniques. Raman spectra of polycrystalline

M0F

5 and liquid MoF,. were also observed.

50
Experimental

The experimental method used to observe the infrared spectrum

of matrix isolated MoFr monomer was essentially the same as in the

1 NbF,. study with only slight modification. An Air-Products cryotip operated at liquid hydrogen temperature, a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer 301 operated between 4000 to 50 cm ^ and a resistively

14 heated furnace with a stainless steel tube were employed . The

stainless steel tube, which in the present apparatus performs as the upper crucible, is approximately 6 " long. The first 3" of this tubing has

3/16" ID x 1/4" OD and is located inside of a coiled tungsten heater.

The remaining 3" is 1/8" tubing with a 1 mm hole. This tubing leads

to a brassplate where it is brazed to a 1/4" quick-connector. The

MoFcj sample was prepared by R. F. Krause'*"'’ of NBS . The cryoscopic

impurity was estimated to be 0.15 mol %. His vaporation data was used

to set the temperature of the sample tube to the desired vapor

pressure. The MoF,- was sealed in vacuo in a pyrex sample tube and was never exposed to the atmosphere at any time during the experiments.

The pyrex sample tube with teflon needle valve was connected to the

stainless steel tube in the furnace. The temperature of the

stainless steel tube was measured with a chrome 1 -a lumel thermocouple

It was the temperature of the stainless tube that was varied during

the experiments from room temperature to ~ 150°C. The sample pyrex

tube was maintained at room temperature, although a hot water bath

could be used to change its temperature. During the course of the

experiment, it was found that room temperature was adequate for developing sufficient vapor pressure in the lower-oven to obtain good

intensity spectra in 3 to 4 hours.

The entire deposition system was thoroughly baked out before

exposure to MoF^ vapors; MoF5 reacts with moisture adhering to the

walls of the deposition system to form volatile oxyfluorides, which

will codeposit in the matrices and give spurious bands.

MoF,- tends to disproportionate slowly at room temperature and

-> 12 15

more rapidly at higher temperatures to involatile MoF^ and to MoF^ (g)

’

Therefore, when an experiment was started, the first vapors were

pumped away. This procedure also served to pickle the deposition

51
system, including the stainless steel furnace. After the first few

experiments it was clear that the system was seasoned because the

spectra become more and more reproducible. Temperatures above 150°C

were not used to form matrices because, we observed, the spectra

became less reproducible probably because of increased disproportionation

and decomposition.

The matrix gas used was argon. Some matrices were formed in

nitrogen but yielded no new results and are not included in this

report. The M/R ratios, are estimated to be in the range of 500-

1000.

Atmospheric water, CO- and NH„ were used to calibrate the spectra.

1 J -1

Many of the bands were overlapped and are good to about ±2 cm . The

solid infrared spectral bands are very broad and the measurements are

not as good.

Raman spectra of the polycrystalline MoF- were observed with a 14 ^ o Spex Ramalog using a cooled photomultiplier. He/Ne and argon ion (4880A)

laser lines were used for excitation. Spectra were observed to

within 30 cm ^ of the exciting line. Raman spectra of supercooled

MoF,- liquid were also observed.

Experimental Results

Fig 1 shows the infrared spectrum of MoF,. vapors isolated in

argon matrices at liquid hydrogen temperature. The pyrex sample tube was maintained at room temperature for all these experiments except

for one, while the upper stainless steel tube was varied from room

temperature to 150° C. Curve a shows the spectrum resulting when MoF,.

effuses from the double-oven when both lower and upper boilers are at room temperature. Since the saturated vapors at this temperature

12 contains mostly dimers and trimers , the infrared spectrum is

representative of these species. These bands appear at 768, 716,

and 704 cm ^

. Curve b is the spectrum of vapors of MoF,. in

equilibrium with room temperature heated to 50°C. The spectrum is

essentially the same as a; a weak feature appears at 735 cm ^ which

coincides with a matrix band of MoFg/Ar, Curve c shows the spectrum

obtained when the upper crucible is at 100° C (the sample is at room

52
temperature). The spectrum continues to change with temperature.

The polymer bands intensities have decreased, while new features are beginning to appear at 713, 695 and 683 cm ^

. The MoF, has also

o increased and broadened, suggesting its growth with temperature and

a possible new feature at about 733 cm ^

At a temperature of 140° C, curve d, the polymeric features,

at 768, 704 and 716 cm ^ have diminished to a greater extent. The

decreased intensity of the 716 cm ^ feature is obscured by the growth

of a new feature at 713 cm It is clear that the band at 683 cm

^

has grown considerably. The band at 695 cm ^ has not grown, suggesting

it is not due to the same species causing the bands at 733, 713, and

683 cm ^

A final experiment was carried out, in which the lower MoF,. sample

temperature was raised to 50°C and the S.S. upper crucible was operated at 150°C. The spectrum, curve e, is a combination of polymers,

and monomers; the bands are broadened. When the lower crucible is

heated, above room temperature, the vapors effuse more rapidly, there

is little time for equilibrium in the upper crucible, allowing more polymeric species to effuse, and possibly, also leading to poor

isolation in the matrix.

To check the presence of oxyfluoride in our spectra, MoF,. was effused at 140°C (the sample MoF,. at room temperature) and codeposited

with an Ar/H, 0 ,(=100) sample at liquid hydrogen temperature. The

z -1

spectrum showed a decrease of all bands except the 695 cm , which

grew. Therefore this 695 cm ^ feature is most likely due to an oxyfluoride.

Our experiments suggest three bands that should be considered

when assigning bands to MoF^ monomer. We prefer the bands at 713

-1 3

and 683 cm as due to monomeric MoF,. The two bands have grown

^ -1

most consistently together in intensity. The band at 733 cm

is weak, masked by MoF^ and has shown some uncertain intensity

variations which could be due to variable amounts of MoF, in the

6

matrix. Because of these uncertainties, we feel this feature may

be due to MoF^ which, although having a low vapor pressure at the

temperatures of our experiments probably is deposited in the matrix

with MoF, and monomeric MoF,.. The solid phase Raman spectrum of

6 -> 16

MoF, has recently been reported by Bates .

53
Fig 2 shows the far infrared spectrum from 300 to 100 cm

^

when the MoF,. vapors were heated to 140° C (the sample at room temperature), curves a,c. Three bands appear here. The bands at 261 and

112 cm ^ were assigned to monomers because they grew in together

under conditions favorable to monomeric MoF,.. The band at 231 cm

^

did not appear consistently with these two bands and was considered

a species other than MoF,. monomer. Curve "b" shows a spectrum of MoF,. vapors in argon when the

upper crucible is a t 150°C and the lower at 50° C. Both the monomer

feature at 261 cm ^ and the 231 cm ^ feature have grown. It is

clear here that the relative intensities of these two bands are different that those in curve a. These experiments suggest four features as due to monomeric MoF,.:

-1 -> 713, 683, 261 and 112 cm . The frequencies are listed in Table I.

Fig 3 shows the infrared spectrum of solid MoF,. at liquid

-1

hydrogen temperatures effused at 50°C from 750 to 400 cm . The

spectrum was scanned to 200 cm ^

. The bands shown are the only

ones observed. They appear at about 725, 700, 660 and 525 cm \

are very broad and are suggestive of a polymer spectrum. The frequencies

are approximate because of the uncertainty in finding the band centers.

In contrast the bands in the matrices of Argon are relatively sharp.

These frequencies are also in Table I.

Several diffusion experiment were performed on a MoF^/Ar

matrices. The resulting spectrum of MoF,. residue after the argon had

boiled away, was very similar to the solid spectrum of Fig 3.

The Raman spectrum of solid MoF,. is shown in Figure 4. These

11

results are essentially equivalent with those of Bates and Ouellette

10 -1

et. al. except in the low frequency region. The band at about 120 cm which is also present in the liquid corresponds to the 112 cm ^ found

in an argon matrix for monomeric MoF_. The bands at displacements of about

-1

90 and 60 cm from the exciting line are only present in solid MoF,.

and may be due to vibrations of the tetrameric unit. These features were observed with both the helium -neon and argon ion lasers. The

O power of the argon ion laser at 4880 A had to be kept rather low

(22 milliwatts) in order to avoid melting the yellow sample.

54
Discussion

The infrared spectra of the vapors over solid MoF,. have been

observed in argon matrices at liquid hydrogen temperatures. By

varying the temperature of the upper boiler in the double oven. significant changes in the composition of the vapors were effected.

The low temperature spectrum of the saturated vapors produced bands

at 768, 716 704, and 231 cm ^ (Fig 1, curves a, andFig 2), which

12 were interpreted as due to polymers. At high temperatures, the

unsaturated vapors are known to contain a larger proportion of monomer

relative to polymers. The spectra reflect these changes. New

bands appear at 713, 683, 261 and 112 cm ^ while aggregate band

intensities decrease. Our experiments suggest that these bands are

due to monomeric MoF^.

A study of MF,- spectra has shown these molecules to have a (trigonal bipyramid or (tetragonal pyramid) structure. The

vibrational representation of a molecule is 2a^’+ 2a^' + 3e' +

e" with a^" and e' infrared active and the a^', e', and e" modes Raman

active. For a C^v molecule, the vibrational representation is

3a^ + 2b^ + + 3e (a^ + e are infrared active); a^, b^, b^, and e are active.) requires the presence of 5 infrared ative bands while

requires six. Four infrared bands have been found in these

experiments. Depositions lasting longer than 6 hours have produced

no other bands.

The assignment of MoF;. to a symmetry species is rather difficult.

^ -1

The absence of a band at 500 cm suggests that MoF,. does not possess

C, symmetry, (although this band could be very weak). Such a band is

17

found in the interhalogens. Tetramers of MoF,. are associated thru

Mo-F-Mo bridge bands, a connection favored by C^

monomer structure.

Bates has described the Raman spectra of the solid assuming

D^ symmetry for the basic structure of MoF,. tetramer while Ouellette

favors D„, also for the structural unit in molten MoF,.. 3h 5 Our spectra show only 2 bands at the high frequency region of the

infrared (ie. 713 and 683 cm ^) . This favors D^ symmetry. Three bands

are required for symmetry.

Raman

55
Additional experimental evidence is needed before the structure

of MoF,. can be conclusively determined. We have assigned MoF^

assuming it is a molecule in analogy with PFy AsF,-, VF^ which are known to possess this symmetry. The assignments of all the bands

found are listed in Table I with the data of Bates and Ouellette.

In polycrystaline MoF^ the infrared band appearing at 525 cm

^

is not present in the matrix spectrum. This band is probably due

to the Mo-F-Mo bridge that exists in the tetramer. These frequencies

are also in Table 1.

56
References

[1] N. Acquista, S. Abramowitz, J. Chem. Phys . J. Chem. Phys

56, 5221 (1972).

[2] L. E. Alexander, I. R. Beattie, P. J. Jones, J. Chem. Soc.

(Dalton) 1972 , 210.

[3] a) L. C. Hoskins, R. C. Lord, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 2402 (1967).

b) L. C. Hoskins, C. N. Perng, J. Chem. Phys. 55 , 5063 (1971).

[4] a) J. E. Griffiths, R. D. Carter Jr., R. R. Holmes, J. Chem.

Phys. 41, 863 (1964).

b) I. W. Levin, J. Mol .Spectroscopy 33 , 61 (1970).

c) I. R. Beattie, R. M. S. Livingston, D. J. Reynolds, J.

Chem. Phys. 51, 4269 (1969).

d) F. A. Miller, R. A. Capwell, Spectrochim. Acta 27A 125

(1971) .

[5] H. Selig, J. H. Holloway, J. Tyson, H. A. Claasen, J. Chem.

Phys. 53, 2559 (1970).

[6] A. L. K. Aljibury and R. L. Redington, J. Chem. Phys. 52,

453 (1970).

[7] L. E. Alexander and I. R. Beattie, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 5829

(1972) .

[8] R. D. Peacock, Proc. Chem. Soc., 1957, 59.

[9] A. J. Edwards, R. D. Peacock, R. W. H. Small, J. Chem. Soc.

(A) 1962, 4486.

[10] T. J. Ocellette, C. T. Ratcliffe, D. W. A. Sharp, J. Chem.

Soc. (A) 1969, 2351.

[11] J. B. Bates, Spectrochem. Acta. 27A, 1255 (1971).

[12] M. J. Vasile, G. R. Jones, W. E. Falconer, International

Journal of Mass Spectroscopy, to be published.

[13] C. F. Weaver and J. D. Redman, ORNL Report 4449 pp. 116-119

Oak Ridge, Tenn. February, 1970.

57
[14] Certain commerical apparatus are identified to specify

adequately the experimental procedure. In no case does

such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by

NBS .

[15] R. F. Krause, Natl. Bur. Std. Report 10481 pp. 97 (1971).

[16] J. B. Bates, Inorganic Nucl. Chem. Letters 1_ 957 (1971).

[17] G. M. Begun, W. H. Fletcher, and D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys.,

42, 2236 (1965).

58
Table I

Vibrational Assignment of MoF^

Me It (a) Crystal, Raman, (b) Crystal Matrix Assignment

IR present work IR

747

759 Ag 768 polymer

738 Ag 735 MoF

6 (v

3

)

730 IR 747

725

733 MoF (?)

4

716 polvmer

713 MoFrCE')^

706 Ag

D D 703 696 Ag

700

704 polymer

685 IR 684

660

683 MoF

5 (A

2

” )v

3 500 IR 494 525 bridge-bond

440 436

402

332

282

261 MoF V,(E')

D O 250 IR 252 Ag

239 Ag

231 231 polymer

201 199

181

120 Cc) 112 MoF

5 (E ' )

90 (c) polymer

60 (c) polymer

(a) Frequencies and assignments of molten MoF^ were taken from reference 10. The

frequencies are from the Raman spectrum except where noted otherwise.

(b) Bates assignment of solid, reference 11.

(c) Present Raman results.

59
60

FIGURE

1.

The

infrared

spectra

of

matrix

isolated M0F5

in

Argon

at

20°

K.

Double-oven

Knudsen

cell

utilized.

Curve

a,

both

upper

and

lower

crucible

at

room

temperature.

Curve

b,

upper

at

50° C

lower

at

room

temperature.

Curve c

and d

lower

crucible

at

room

temperature;

upper

at

100

and

140°C

respectively.

Curve

e,

lower

at

50°C>

upper

at

150° C.
t.u o

TJ P C a)

CO 4-1 CO s cO CO o CO 3

60 P p a> 3 <U < > cox p CO PI e 3 3

•r4 O

<u

u

T3 X o

<U • pi o CO <U m

CO

p ai

<0 3 P pi P 4-1 3 cO 4J CO 4J P co ai mm P r-4 fa CO aj x o e CO t-4 2 0) B O 4J <y 3 o c

a)

g 60 3 o p P

PI T)

CJ0)

x

a

03 "O

*r-l T3 3

a» cr p *f-i CO ?-4 P

<4-1 4-1 C CD

4-J PO I P O OJ w §

PI t—

CO

<u a> x i—< pi u XI

03 P (1) CO O

<4-1 *HP

<V 4J x 2 H B

a)£3 • U Uo •» O u in O r—

O

<f 4-J

CMo

l-l fp

61
oo

CM

4-J COm

PnoT3 owIU

CJ<UOCfl T)

<U

J-l CO

J-i M-lG

<U XHOH

fn

62
63
Chapter 4

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE

MEASUREMENT OF THE RELATIVE ENTHALPY OF M0

2 C

FROM 273.15 TO 1475 K

D. Ditmars and S. Ishihara

1 . Introduction

The molybdenum carbide M02 C is one of the refractory metal carbides

currently being studied in a joint effort of the Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory and the NBS . The Los Alamos work, with Dr. E. K. Storms

as principal investigator, has concentrated mainly on elucidating the

phase behavior of this compound (and others in the Mo-C system) by DTA

techniques as well as high-temperature x-ray and neutron diffraction

analysis. Recently, evidence has been found for the existence of an order-disorder transition in M02 C in the vicinity of 1400°C [2,3]

a

. The NBS contribution to this effort, a preliminary report on which follows,

has been planned to eventually provide through high- temperature

calorimetric measurements, additional information on this transition

as well as to derive improved thermodynamic functions for Mo2 C(s).

M02C belongs to the class of "defect compounds", so-called

because they can exist over a considerable range of composition with

a high concentration of defects in the non-metal sub- lattice. M02 C

can, for instance, exist with anywhere from 26 to 36 atomic percent

carbon, depending on the temperature. Melting near 2500°C, it has

g Figures in brackets indicate literature references listed at the

end of this chapter.

64
an attractive potential for high -temperature applications. Yet,

certain thermodynamic data on it are either lacking or seem

inadequate [ 1 ],

The complete phase diagram for the portion of the Mo-C

system of greatest interest has been given in a previous report [ 1 ].

Figure 1 of the present work, taken from reference [4], depicts an enlarged portion of that diagram and summarizes present knowledge

on the phase relationships of compounds near to and including the one of which this work treats.

There exist two low-temperature calorimetric studies on M02 C

[5,6] and two series of enthalpy measurements extending above room

temperature to 2500 K [6,7]. These investigations were carried out

with compounds with compositions differing from the one available in

the current study. This can be significant for the interpretation

of the M02 C enthalpy and specific heat data as it has been observed

[2,3] that the speed with which this compound completes its orderdisorder transition in cooling through 1400°C is remarkably

sensitive to the concentration of non-metal, as little as half

a weight percent difference in the carbon content considerably

retarding the process.

2. Samp le

The sample of M02 C used in the experiments reported below was

obtained on loan from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the

University of California where it was fabricated to a specific

composition and partially anaylzed by Dr. E. K. Storms. This

composition was chosen as one which would ensure rapid completion

of the anticipated transition at 1400°C. It was achieved by taking

advantage of the fact that M02G vaporizes congruently near MoC ^g [ 2 ]

High-purity Mo and C powders in approximately this proportion were mixed and cold-pressed into cylindrical shape with a binder which was subsequently driven off in a vacuum. This cylinder was heated to

2400°C and held there to achieve the congruently vaporizing composition,

losing in the process approximately ten percent of its weight. It was later annealed at 1900°C for 1/2 hour and at 1100°C for 2 hours.

Preliminary chemical analyses of portions of the sample have

indicated a carbon content of 5.75 weight percent (corresponding to

a formula of MoC 4873) an<3 an oxygen content of about 50. ppm. X-ray

analysis has indicated that it is single-phase q

, -Mo2C.

The sample was received in the form of a cylinder approximately

3/8 in. O.D. and 1 in. long, weighing 26.6274 grams.

65
AT PCT CARBON

Figure 1. a portion of the Mo-C phase diagram. Shaded bars at top

denote composition ranges for which order-disorder transition proceeds slowly [2,3]. Arrows indicate compositions investigated by other workers and by NBS. Dashed

boxes surrounding joining points indicate temperature

and composition uncertainties. Diagram adapted from [4]»

66
3 . Experimental

Two different calorimeters were used to complete the enthalpymeasurements over the range 273.15 K to 1475 K. The techniques used

are described below with reference to the temperature range in which

they were employed.

a. 273.15 K to 1173.15 K

In this temperature range , relative enthalpies were measured with a Bunsen ice calorimeter. Briefly, the procedure, more complete details of which are contained in other

publications [8,9], is as follows: The sample, enclosed in

a suitable container, is suspended in a resistance furnace

until it attains the constant furnace temperature. It is

then dropped into the ice calorimeter beneath the furnace

and the heat given off is measured as the container and

sample cool to 0°C. The enthalpy of the container and

the heat lost during the fall into the calorimeter are accounted for by subtracting from the enthalpy of the con- tainer plus sample, that of the container alone, measured in

a separate experiment. In the present study, a series of

enthalpy measurements on an empty PtlORh container similar

to the one used to contain the sample had already been

made and reported [8]. The smoothing equation which was chosen to represent these previous measurements (equation 1,

below) was used to calculate the empty container enthalpy

values needed for the measurements on M02C after making

corrections for the small differences in the container masses.

Ht

- Ho°c = (4. 529744) 10_8

t 3 + (8 . 068654) 10“ 5

t 2

+ (1.901653)t - (34.94647) (|). (D

H, J; T, K = t, °C + 273. 15 b

For measurements in this temperature range, the complete

sample, as received from the producer, was encapsulated in a .008 in. wall PtlORh capsule sealed under approximately 100. torr

absolute helium pressure. Prior to making the measurements

on the M02C sample, check measurements on a specimen of

Q'-Al 203 , a calorimetric heat-capacity standard, were made

which verified the correct functioning of the calorimetric

system.

All temperatures are to be expressed on the scale IPTS-68.

67
b. 1173.15 K to 1475 K

In this temperature range., enthalpy relative to 298.15 K

for this molydenum carbide sample was measured with the

adiabatic "drop" apparatus which was comprehensively described

in a previous report [10]. This temperature interval is

sufficiently below any known transition to g phase for this

sample so a check can be made on the accuracy of the apparatus

at 1173.15 K with the results obtained from the Bunsen

calorimeter and the smoothness in fit of the relative enthalpy

and heat-capacity measurements of the two methods can be

inspected

.

The principle of operation in this method is similar

to that of the Bunsen ice calorimeter. A hot capsule is

"dropped" from an RF induction furnace maintained at a constant temperature into an adiabatic calorimeter operating

near room temperature. The heat energy added to the

calorimeter is measured by the rise in the calorimeter

temperature and a calculation of the energy equivalent

necessary for this rise. A minimum of two drop experiments,

one on an empty capsule and the other on a capsule loaded

with sample is required at each furnace temperature. The

difference in energy supplied to the calorimeter is the change

in enthalpy of the sample after a small correction is applied

to account for the difference between the final calorimeter

temperatures inherent in an adiabatic calorimeter.

For this series, three drops were made for each furnace

temperature, the first and third drops on an empty capsule

and the second drop on a capsule filled with the sample. The

agreement of the results of the first and third drops gives

a check that no serious change in the optical, physical or chemical properties of the container had occurred and,

therefore, that the result is valid for that furnace temperature.

The same brittle M02C sample, described in section 2,

above, was used for this portion of the work. Only the shape was altered by crushing part of the sample between two

1/8 in. sheets of Teflon on the jaws of a vise, so that the

"Poco" graphite capsule could accomodate the resulting

granules of M02C. The Teflon sheet was sufficient in thickness

that the abrasive sample did not rupture the sheet nor scratch the steel surface of the vise.

All high temperature measurements of the furnace were

determined using an L and N automatic optical pyrometer

focused on the bottom surface of the capsule through a diaphragm with a 1/8 in. hole at blackbody conditions. Since

the first measurement is made at least 4 1/2 hrs . after the

68
furnace is heated, the thermal gradients along the graphite

core of the furnace as well as the solid state and electronic

circuitry of the temperature measuring system settle down

sufficiently to give precise results. The automatic pyrometer

was periodically calibrated by the NBS optical radiation

laboratory.

4 . Results

The NBS enthalpy measurements on M02C completed to date are presented in Tables 1. and 2. In Table 1, column 1 gives the

equilibrium sample temperature before dropping. Column 2 gives

the total measured heat for container plus sample. Column 3 was derived by subtracting from column 2 the appropriate empty container

heats derived from eq . (1), including a small correction for the

difference in mass of the actual sample container and the container

to which eq . (1) is applicable. The net heat so obtained was then

expressed per gram formula weight of specimen, MoC 4373- The data

of column 3 were fit by eq. (2), the constants determined using the

method of least squares. 0 The NBS enthalpy data above 1173.15 K

was not included in this fit as measurements in this region will be

extended to about 2000°C and are not yet complete.

- Hj

o = A(T3

- T0

3

) + B(T

2

- T

q

2

) + C(T - Tq) + D(± - ^

) (2)

A = -1. 10268E-06 TQ = 273.15 K

B = +6 . 23370E-03 % = J/GFW; GFW = 101.793

C = +3.20199E+01 T, K (IPTS-68)

D = +4 . 94170E+05

Preliminary results of the enthalpy measurements on M02 C for

the temperature range 1173.15 to 1475 K are listed in table 2.

Although the results were not included in the least squares fit in

determining eq. (2), the agreement at 1173 K is good and the remaining

data points can be expected to merge smoothly by revising eq. (2).

This can be best dealt with after enthalpy measurements beyond 1475 K

have been completed.

C OMNITAB programming of a UNIVAC-1108 computer used.

69
Table 1

NBS enthalpy measurements on MoC to 1173.15 K

Furnace

_ 3

Tempera ture

Gross Measured

Heat

H - ] t Vc ObservedSmooth

Net Heat

Observed

Net Heat

Smooth0

°C J J/ GFWb J /GFWb %

100.00 989.66 3088.9 3085.2 + . 12

200.00 2061.58 6470.0 6475.4 -.08

300.00 3192.24 10060.1 10056.6 + .03

400.00 4358.70 13773.8 13778.6 -.03

500.00 5563.71 17622.1 17614.0 + .04

500.00 5561.60 17614.0 17614.0 .00

600.00 6790.06 21539.0 21544.6 - .02

700.00 8047.05 25559.9 25557.2 + .01

800.00 9323.06 29638.5 29640.9 -.01

900.00 10620.50 33784.4 33786.3 -.01

900.00 10621.78 33789.3 33786.3 + .01

a IPTS-68

b GFW = 101.793, Specimen mass = 26.6274 g

c Calculated from eq. (2).

70
Table 2

NBS enthalpy measurements on MoC to 14-76.87 K

Furnace

m a Temperature

Heat from sample to

calorimeter at 298.15 K

% " H298 . 15

(observed)

Deviation from

Eq. (2)C

K (J) (J/GFW) (obs-calc . ,7c)

1173.15 1520.43 33069.6 + . 04

1277.72 1711.52 37503.9 + .15

1377.04 1909.32 41854.3 + .45

1476.87 2108.47 46251.4 + .67

a IPTS-68

b GFW = 101.793; theoretical density =9.18 gm/cm^. Sample mass

was slightly different for each run since small loose particles

which separated were not included in subsequent runs.

c Enthalpy data in this table was not used for determining eq. (2).

71
5. Discussion

The present NBS enthalpy measurements up to 1173.15 K are believed to have an accuracy of 0.2 percent. They lie on the

average about .5 percent above the earlier measurements of Pankratz

et al [ 6 ] (see fig. 2) , and show improved precision. These differences

might be though to arise from frozen-in disorder in the sample of

Pankratz. However, a preliminary comparison of the present NBS thermal

data with the low -temperature specific heat measurements of Pankratz

et al [ 6 ] and Paukov et al [5] indicates a correct merging both with

respect to magnitude and to slope of the specific heat curves in

their region of overlap.

The enthalpy data of Neel et al [7], which up to 1400°C consists

of three points, have not been included in the comparison of fig.

(

2 ) as they differ by two or three percent from eq. ( 2 ) and could not

agree with any reasonable extrapolation of the low-temperature data.

Pankratz et al [ 6 ] and Paukov et al [5] have derived from their

low -temperature data, values for S 298 .I 5 of 15.74 ± .09 and

15.74 ± .03 cal/mole, K respectively (based on the composition

M° 2 Ci 0180^ although Paukov's heat capacity data are one to two

percent higher than the Pankratz data below 125 K. As soon as the

combined low- temperature data have been re-analyzed and the complete

NBS high -temperature data become available, more reliable thermodynamic functions for Mo2 C(s) will be generated.

In Figure 3 a plot of the average heat capacity from a base

temperature of 298.15 K is shown. The smoothness of the experimental

points indicates that the sample has probably not undergone a transition in the range of measurement. The plot also indicates

that the enthalpy determinations of M02C with the two different

calorimeters of this study are consistent with one another.

72
• • • • • ® • + + + + till

% ‘ firC **H-A

H dO N0I1VIA30

O

O

o

o

CVJ

o

o

o

o

o

CO

o

o

<0

o

o

Hi

DC3

H

<

DC

yj

CL

Hi

&

•h m

r—I i—

<U • co co

ca 0- m i-h

• o

4-1 CN

• LO

cr i-i 0) • co 6 o- O Csl U

‘h eo

ca s-i •U 4-1 ca

ro ca

4-1 to ta 0- T5

r—

ca co •C pq

4-1 3 C

<L> O

+j O

CN 4-1 6 ,h S 4-4

C

o

•H

4J CO

ta <d

ca

CO u

C

0)

l-l to

r-* O- t—4

cu <y C Q MO

CN

<u

l-l a

•H

pH

73
TEMPERATURE T, K

Figure 3. Comparison of the average heat capacity of M02C calculated

from the base temperature of 298.15 K for the two NBS

calorimeters of this study.

74
References

[1] Ditmars, D. A., NBS Report 10 481, p. 120, 1 July 1971.

[2] Storms, E. K. , private communication, March 1971.

[3] Rudy, E., private communication, March 1971.

[4] Rudy, E., AFML-TR-65-2, Part V, 1969.

[5] Paukov, I. E., Strelkov, P. G. , and Filatkina, V. S., Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 42 (11), 1576 (1968).

[6] Pankratz, L. B., Weller, W. W. , and King, E. G. , Bureau of

Mines Rept. Invest. 6861 (1966).

[7] Neel, D. S., Pears, C. D. , and Oglesby, S., ASD-TDR-62-765 (1963).

[8] Ditmars, D. A., and Douglas, T. B., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), 75A (5), 401 (1971).

[9]

Douglas, T. B. , and King, E. G. , High Temperature Drop

Calorimetry, Chapter 8 in Experimental Thermodynamics V.I.

(Butterworths , London, 1968).

[10]

S. Ishihara and T. B. Douglas, NBS Report 10 481, U.S. Air

Force OSR Agreement No. AFOSR-ISSA-70-0002, p. 59 (July, 1971).

75
Chapter 5 HIGH-SPEED (SUBSECOND) SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF

SPECIFIC HEAT, ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, AND HEMISPHERICAL TOTAL EMITTANCE OF TANTALUM - 10 (WT . %)

TUNGSTEN ALLOY IN THE RANGE 1500 to 3200 K*

Ared Cezairliyan

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

Simultaneous measurements of specific heat, electrical resistivity,

and hemispherical total emittance of tantalum - 10 (wt. %) tungsten alloy

in the temperature range 1500 to 3200 K by a subsecond duration pulse

heating technique are described. Estimated inaccuracy of measured properties are: 3% for specific heat and hemispherical total emittance, and

0.5% for electrical resistivity. Properties of the alloy are compared

with the properties of the constituent elements. The values of measured

specific heat are approximately 2% higher than the values computed according to Kopp's additivity law. However, this difference is within the

combined estimated errors. The electrical resistivity results indicate

a significant departure from Matthiessen's law. Like tantalum,

the alloy showed a negative departure from linearity in the curve

of electrical resistivity versus temperature.

*This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics

and Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

76
1 . Introduction

A high-speed technique was developed in this laboratory for the

measurement of selected thermophysical properties of refractory metals

at high temperatures. In this paper, application of this technique

to the simultaneous measurements of specific heat, electrical resistivity,

and hemispherical total emittance of the alloy tantalum - 10 (wt. %)

tungsten in the temperature range 1500 to 3200 K is described.

The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen

from room temperature to any desired high temperature (up to its melting

point) in less than one second by the passage of electrical currents

through it; and on measuring, with millisecond resolution, experimental

quantities such as current through the specimen, potential drop across

the specimen, and specimen temperature.

Current through the specimen is determined from the measurement

of the potential difference across the standard resistance placed in

series with the specimen. Potential difference across the middle two

thirds of the specimen is measured using spring-loaded, knife-edge

fcAm-es

probes. Specimen temperature is measured at the rate of 1200 per second

with a high-speed photoelectric pyrometer (Foley, 1970). A small hole

in the wall at the middle of the tubular specimen provides an approximation to blackbody conditions. The experimental quantities are recorded

with a digital data acquisition system, which has a time resolution

of 0.4 ms and a full-scale signal resolution of one part in 8000.

Details regarding the construction and operation of the measurement system,

the methods of measuring experimental quantities, and other pertinent

77
information, such as formulation of relations for properties, etc. are

given in earlier publications (Cezairliyan et al., 1970; Cezairliyan,

1971)

.

2 . Measurements

The specimen was a tube fabricated from a tantalum - 10 (wt. %)

tungsten rod^^ by removing the center portion by an electro-erosion

technique. The outer surface of the specimen was polished to reduce

heat loss due to thermal radiation. The nominal dimensions of the

specimen were: length

; 102 mm; outside diameter, 6.3 mm; and wall

thickness, 0.5 mm.

Tungsten content of the specimen was 9.45% by weight. The total

amount of impurities was less than 0.1%. Photomicrographs of the

specimen, shown in Figure 1, indicate that considerable grain growth

took place as the result of pulse heating to high temperatures.

The measurements were performed in the temperature interval 1500

to 3200 K. To optimize the operation of the pyrometer, this interval

was divided into seven ranges. One experiment was performed in each

range. Before the start of the experiments, the specimen was annealed

by subjecting it to 30 heating pulses (up to 3000 K) , All the experiments were conducted with the specimen in a vacuum environment of

-4

approximately 10 torr.

To optimize the operation of the measurement system, the heating

rate of the specimens was varied depending on the desired temperature

(1) The specimen in rod form was furnished by the U. S. Air Force

Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

78
range by adjusting the value of a resistance in series with the specimen.

Duration of current pulses in the experiment ranged from 400 to 470 ms;

and the heating rate ranged from 4400 to 6700 K s \ Radiative heat loss

from the specimen amounted to approximately 1% at 1500 K, 7% at 2500 K,

and 20% at 3200 K of the input power.

Data on voltage, current, and temperature were used to obtain third

degree polynomial functions for each quantity in terms of time, which

then provided the input information for the determination of properties

3 . Experimental Results

This section presents the thermophysical properties determined from

the measured quantities. All values are based on the International

Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (1969). In all computations, the

geometrical quantities are based on their room temperature (298 K)

dimensions. The experimental results for properties are represented by

polynomial functions in temperature obtained by least squares approximation of the individual points. The final values on properties at 100

degree temperature intervals computed using the functions are presented

in Table 1. Results obtained from individual experiments, by the method

described previously (Cezairliyan et al . , 1970), are given in the Appendix

(Tables A-l and A-2) . Each number tabulated in these tables represents

results from over fifty original data points.

3.1. Specific Heat

Specific heat was computed from data taken during the heating period.

A correction for power loss due to thermal radiation was made using the

79
Table 1 Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the alloy tantalum -10 (wt.X) tungsten

Temp

K

! ^1 -1 p*

J R K . 10-8q m

ju ! €

!

1500 0.1662 61.60

i

1600 0.1683 64.96

1700 ; 0.1704 68.27 0.199

1800 0.1726 71.52 0.213

1900 0.1748 74.73 0.226

2000 0.1771 77.88 0.239

2100 ; 0.1796 80.97 0.251

2200 0.1825 84.02 0.263

2300 0.1857 87.01 0.275

2400 0.1893 89.95 0.286

2500 0.1934 92.83 0.296

2600 | 0.1981 95.66 0.307

2700

j 0.2035 98.45 0.316

2800 0.2095 101.17 0.326

2900 0.2163 103.85 0.335

3000 0.2240 106.47 0.343

3100

t 0.2326 109.04

3200

i. - 0.2422 111.56

*Based on ambient temperature (298 K) dimensions.

80
results on hemispherical total emittance. The function for specific heat

(standard deviation = 1%) that represents the results in the temperature

range 1500 to 3200 K is:

c = 7.769 x 10

-2 + 1.221 x 10

_4

T - 5.972 x

10~ 8T

2 + 1.176 x 10~ U

T

3 (1) P

where T is in K, and c is in J g \

P

3.2. Electrical Resistivity

The electrical resistivity was determined from the same experiments

that were used to calculate the specific heat. The function for electrical

resistivity (standard deviation = 0.1%) that represents the results in the

temperature range 1500 to 3200 K is:

p = 4.863 + 4.178 x 10

_2

T - 2.637 x 10~ 6

T

2 (2)

_ g where T is in K, and p is in 10 Am. In the computations of the specimens

cross-sectional area, that is needed for the computations of electrical

3 -3

resistivity, the density of the specimen was taken as 16.968 x 10 kg m

(Taylor et al . , 1971). The measurement, before the pulse experiments, of

the electrical resistivity of the specimen at 293 K with a Kelvin bridge

_ g yielded a value of 17.6 x 10 Am.

3.3. Hemispherical Total Emittance

Hemispherical total emittance was computed using data taken during

both heating and initial free radiative cooling periods. The function

for hemispherical total emittance (standard deviation = 0.8%) that

represents the results in the temperature range 1700 to 3000 K is:

e = -9.765 x 10

_2 + 2.108 x

10~ 4 T - 2.129 x 10

_8

T

2 (3)

where T is in K.

81
4. Estimate of Errors

The details for estimating errors in measured and computed quantities

in high-speed experiments using the present measurement system are given

in an earlier publication (Cezairliyan et al . , 1970). In this paper, the

specific items in the error analysis were recomputed whenever the present

conditions differed from those in the earlier publication. The results

( 2.) ( 3 ) for imprecision and inaccuracy in the properties are: 1% and 3%

for specific heat, 0.1% and 0.5% for electrical resistivity, 0.8% and

3% for hemispherical total emittance.

5 . Discussion

The specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the tantalum - 10 tungsten alloy measured in this work are

presented graphically in Figures 2, 3, and 4, respectively. For comparison purposes, similar results for tantalum and tungsten metals, measured

and reported earlier (Cezairliyan et al . , 1971; Cezairliyan and McClure,

1971) are also included in the figures.

A comparison of the electrical resistivity results of this work with

those reported by Taylor et al . (1971) on a similar specimen up to 2400 K

indicates that the present results are higher by approximately 0.3% at

1500 K, 0.6% at 2000 K, and 0.8% at 2400 K. The average absolute difference between the two results, in the temperature interval 1500 to 2400 K,

(2.) Imprecision refers to the standard deviation of an individual

point as computed from the difference between measured value

and that from the smooth function obtained by the least squares

method

.

( 3 ) Inaccuracy refers to the estimated total error (random and

sys tematic)

.

82
is approximately 0.6%. However, this difference is less than the

combined estimated errors. When the present measurement of electrical

_ g resistivity at 293 K is extrapolated to 300 K a value of 18.0 x 10 ft m

_ g is obtained that compares favorably with the value 17.9 x 10 ft m

reported by Taylor et al . (1971).

A comparison of the hemispherical total emittance results of this

work with those of Taylor et al . (1971) up to 2700 K indicates that the

present results are higher by approximately 4% at 1700 K, and 1% at

2200 K, and are lower by approximately 2% at 2700 K. Some of this difference may be attributed to the differences in specimen surface conditions.

According to Kopp's law, specific heat of a binary alloy, c^ (on

mass basis) , may be expressed as

'12 X

1

C

1 + X2

C

2 (4)

where x^ and x^ are mass fractions of the constituent elements 1 and

2, and c^ and c^ are their respective specific heats.

Departure of the measured specific heat of this work from Kopp's

law was computed using the data on tantalum and tungsten reported in

earlier publications (Cezairliyan et al., 1971; Cezairliyan and McClure,

1971). The results are presented graphically in Figure 5. It may be

seen that in the temperature interval 2000 to 3000 K the measured values

are approximately two percent higher than the computed values . Above

3000 K, the difference between measured and computed values decreases,

changes sign and then increases (in the negative direction) . A sharp

increase in tantalum specific heat above 3000 K may account for this

trend. However, one should not place too much significance to the

83
difference between measured and computed specific heat values since

its magnitude is less than the combined estimated errors in the measurements of specific heat of the alloy and its two constituents.

According to Matthiessen's law (as presented by Gerritsen, 1956),

electrical resistivity of a binary alloy, Pi 2 > may be expressed as

P 1 2 = x lPl + X2P2 + P Q (5)

where and X2 are atomic fractions of the constituent elements 1 and

2, and and P 2 are their respective electrical resistivities. The

quantity p Q is considered to be constant (temperature independent) for

a given alloy.

Rearrangement of Equation (5) yields

Po = Pl2 ~ ( x iPi + X 2P 2 ) (6)

Departure of the electrical resistivity of the tantalum - 10 tungsten

alloy from Matthiessen's law is determined using Equation (6). The

measured values for the alloy are substituted for p^2 and data on tantalum

and tungsten reported in earlier publications (Cezairliyan et al .

,

1971;

Cezairliyan and McClure, 1971) are used for p 1 and P 2

* The results are

presented graphically in Figure 6 in terms of the quantity p Q

. According

to the law, p Q should be constant, however computations show that it

decreases with increasing temperature and undergoes sign reversal at high

temperatures. The dashed line in Figure 6 was obtained by fitting the

high temperature points to a linear function, using the least squares

method, and forcing the function to pass through the room temperature

value. Average absolute difference of the points from the linear function

_ g is 0.1 x 10 A m. This is considerably less than the estimated uncertainty

84
of the individual points (0.8 x 10 Q m which is obtained from the

combination of estimated errors in the electrical resistivity of the

alloy and its two constituents.

Departure from Matthiessen's law may also be determined by

comparing temperature derivatives of measured and computed electrical

resistivities, namely derivatives of Equations (2) and (5), respectively.

The advantage of this approach is that the quantity p Q is eliminated

during the differentiation. The results are shown graphically in

Figure 7. Difference between the two derivatives, which may be a measure

of the departure from Matthiessen’s law, is approximately 4% at

2000 K and increases to approximately 6% at 3000 K.

—8

At 293 K, electrical resistivity of the alloy (17.6 x 10 m is

higher than the resistivity of either one of its constituents (14.0 x

_ 8 — g 10 Q for tantalum, and 5.45 x 10 fimfor tungsten). However, at

high temperatures (Figure 3) the resistivity of the alloy is lower than

that of tantalum. Like tantalum, at high temperature the alloy showed

a negative departure from linearity in the curve of electrical resistivity versus temperature.

6. Acknowledgement

The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. C. W. Beckett for his

continued interest and encouragement of research in high-speed methods

of measuring thermophysical properties. The contribution of Mr. M. S.

Morse in connection with electronic instrumentation is also greatly

appreciated

85
7 • Appendix

Table A-l

Experimental results on specific heat and electrical resistivity

of the alloy tantalum- 10 (wt.%) tungsten

TK

r c

?

J g

_1K

-1 A Cp

7o

P 10

8a m

Ap“

7o

1500 0.1656 -0.30 61.75 +0.25

1550 0.1683 +0.64 63.36 +0.12

1600 0.1709 +1.52 64.98 +0.03

1650 0.1671 -1.37 66.65 +0.04

1700 0.1714 +0.61 68.23 -0.05

1750 0.1690 -1.44 69.88 -0.02

1800 0.1728 +0.17 71.44 -0.11

1850 0.1760 +1.35 73.01 -0.16

1900 0.1714 -1.91 74.73 +0.01

1950 0.1742 -0.96 76.25 -0.07

2000 0.1769 -0.09 77.77 -0.12

2050 0.1796 +0.72 79.30 -0.16

2100 0.1822 +1.44 80.83 -0.17

2150 0.1785 -1.37 82.56 +0.08

2200 0.1812 -0.71 84.04 +0.04

2250 0.1838 -0.08 85.52 +0.01

2300 0.1866 +0.50 87.00 0.0«G 2350 0.1894 +1.04 88.47 -0.01

2400 0.1888 -0.26 90.01 +0.08

2450 0.1911 -0.07 91.44 +0.06

2500 0.1936 +0.08 92.86 +0.04

2550 0.1961 +0.22 94.28 +0.03

2600 0.1988 +0.33 95.68 +0.02

2650 0.2016 +0.44 97.07 +0.02

2700 0.2046 +0.54 98.46 +0.02

2750 0.2078 +0.66 99.83 +0.02

2800 0.2112 +0.81 101.18 +0.02

2850 0.2150 +1.02 102.53 +0.02

2900 0.2110 -2.55 103.96 +0.12

2950 0.2164 -1.70 105.23 +0.07

3000 0.2219 -0.96 106.50 +0.04

3050 0.2275 -0.31 107.77 +0.01

3100 0.2331 +0.21 109.01 -0.02

3150 0.2388 +0.61 110.22 -0.07

3200 0.2443 +0.84 111.32 -0.15

The quantities A c 0 and A p are percentage deviations of the individual results

from the smooth functions represented by Equations (1) and (2), respectively.

86
Table A-2

Experimental results on hemispherical total emittance of the

alloy tantalum -10 (wt.%) tungsten

K

€ ae% \

1708 0.198 - 0.95

1708 0.200 +0.01

1708 0.202 +0.67

1708 0.203 +1.44

1873 0.223 +0.37

1873 0.222 - 0.45

1873 0.221 - 0.69

1874 0.224 +0.77

| 2059 0.244 - 0.86

2059 0.244 - 1.09

2059 0.244 - 0.90

2060 0.244 - 1.01

2312 0.278 +0.71

2313 0.278 +0.74

2313 0.279 +1.05

2315 0.279 +1.00

2656 0.312 - 0.07

2658 0.312 - 0.06

2658 0.311 - 0.46

2661 0.311 - 0.36

2960 0.340 +0.01

2964 0.341 +0.13

2964 0.340 - 0.13

2969

. . —

0.341 +0.04

i *The quantity Ac is percentage deviation of the individual results

from the smooth function represented by equation.

87
8. References

Cezairliyan, A., Morse, M. S., Berman, H. A., and Beckett, C. W.,

1970, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 74A (Phys . and Chem.),

65-92.

Cezairliyan, A., 1971, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 75C

Eng. and Instr.), 7-18.

Cezairliyan, A., and McClure, J. L., 1971, J. Res. Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), 75A (Phys. and Chem), 283-290.

Cezairliyan, A., McClure, J. L., and Beckett, C. W., 1971,

J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 75A (Phys. and Chem.), 1-13.

Foley, G. M., 1970, Rev. Sci. Instr., 41 , 827-834.

Gerritsen, A. N., 1956, in Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 19 (SpringerVerlag, Berlin), p. 206.

International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, 1969,

Metrologia, J5, 35-44.

Taylor, R. E., Kimbrough, W. D., and Powell, R. W., 1971, J. LessCommon Metals, 2j4, 369-382.

88
’>b:

'• 4 '*v ^ ^ - :c <=> j—^z.'-- >.-.? ; -< -

Vk:-“>. ;-° <> Ti r^rr rVi • ;' 0'^ . -• • .... ? -\ ‘V 1\0. . f>

v , V'-.r

. k. ..-V. •„', "V'

:. !

-'

) k ,' rf; >..^ <r?d»

' - - >'dv'3r-, X - 5g

1

. ^ '-. r;

, , <wr^-p

A^k'7' “ • '- >i3j *

f-j -^d, <p ,

- « .- £

5? -/;..A ,K- J

- .'„ O- <r '^v,-' •.> - .1

r*

4 _

! <“-

c >-

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of the tantalum - 10 tungsten

specimen. Upper photograph, specimen as received; lower photograph, specimen after the

entire set of experiments.

89
SPECIFIC

HEAT,

J

g

Figure 2. Specific heat of tantalum - 10 tungsten alloy,

and tantalum and tungsten metals.

90
120

91

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

TEMPERATURE,

K

Figure

3.

Electrical

resistivity

of

tantalum

-

10

tungsten

alloy

and

tantalum

and

tungsten

metals.
0.4

o

o

m

ro

O

OO

ro

O

m

C\J

o

o

o

cvi

O

o

in

bJ

DC3

£

DC

SjJ

Ql

H

33NV11I1AS3 1V101 “IV0IU3HdSIIAI3H

92

Figure

4.

Hemispherical

total

emittance

of

tantalum

-

10

tungsten

alloy

and

tantalum

and

tungsten
0.006

%‘30N3d333l0 1V3H 0l3l03dS

r»

LjlJ cr

<

cr

LlJ

Cl

uj

h”

93

Figure

5.

Departure

of

the

specific

heat

of

tantalum

-

10

tungsten

alloy

from

Kopp's

law.

Specific

heat

difference

refers

to

measured

values

minus

computed

values

according

to

Equation

(4)

.
94

1000

2000

3000

TEMPERATURE,

K
% ‘ S3AIJ_VAId3Q Nl dONdddddlQ

r- CD lO sr

LU

cr3

H

<

m

SjJ

CL

LlJ h»

>->

4-J 1 •H >> 3 3

> 4-) 3 3

•H CO •H H 3

4J — 4-J CM •H

CO 3 3 TO •H B

•rH <U 3 3 Q

CO CO 3 3 3

a) co cr 3

3 ai rr • 3

•H 3 /-s i—

1

1—f 4= r cm L/~l 3

ca 4-1 H r > a 4J •3 cO 3 3 TO 3 S • O o 3

4-1 •H 4-1 3 o O 4J 4-1 3

3 u <—1 3 3 &

i—

i

H 3 3 £

a) bO 3 cr cr O

3 W H 3

0) •H 3

43 TO 3 B 6 o

4-> 3 4-J O o 4-1 O 3 3 3

CM a bo m CM 3

O u 3 3

co 3 TO TO 3

CO 4-1 3 3 CM

a) TO 3 3 3

> 0) O -H H 3

•H 4J i—1 3 3

4-1 3 4-1 4-1 3

CO a 1 40 40 3

> £ O O >

•3 o £ •H • o 3 3 3 4-1 3

3 rH *H 'H 3 3

TO TO 3 > 3

3 4-1 • •H i—1 3 3 3 3 (X3 3 u 3 3 £ 3 >

3 TO 4J 3 QTO

4-1 a> s a TO

cO 3 4-4 /

3 3

S-i 3 O H H •H 3

3 CO TO "O M

CX 3 —s "•

\ 3 3

e 3 & CL. Q. 3 3

a) e 3 TO X) 3 3

H rH 3 6

r^.

a)3

3

bO

•Hp4

i-Mujy oi-Oi ‘ip/o'p

95
Chapter 6

SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT,

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, AND HEMISPHERICAL TOTAL

EMITTANCE OF NIOBIUM - 1 (WT . %) ZIRCONIUM

ALLOY IN THE RANGE 1500 TO 2700 K BY A TRANSIENT

(SUBSECOND) TECHNIQUE*

Ared Cezairliyan

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

Simultaneous measurements of specific heat, electrical resistivity,

and hemispherical total emittance of niobium - 1 (wt. %) zirconium alloy

in the temperature range 1500 to 2700 K by a subsecond duration pulse

heating technique are described. Estimated inaccuracy of measured

properties are: 3% for specific heat and hemispherical total emittance,

and 0.5% for electrical resistivity. Properties of the alloy are compared with the properties of pure niobium. It was found that specific

heat and emittance of the alloy were approximately 0.5% and 1.5%,

respectively, higher than those of pure niobium. Electrical resistivity

of the alloy was 0.5% lower than that of pure niobium. Like niobium, the

alloy showed a negative departure from linearity in the curve of electrical

resistivity versus temperature.

*This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics

and Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

96
1. Introduction

In this paper, application of a transient technique to the

simultaneous measurements of specific heat, electrical resistivity,

and hemispherical total emittance of the alloy niobium - 1 (wt. %)

zirconium in the temperature range from 1500 to 2700 K is described.

The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen from room temperature to any desired high temperature (up to its

melting point) in less than one second by the passage of electrical

currents through it; and on measuring, with millisecond resolution,

experimental quantities such as current through the specimen, potential

drop across the specimen, and specimen temperature. Details regarding

the construction and operation of the measurement system, the methods

of measuring experimental quantities, and other pertinent information,

such as formulation of relations for properties, etc. are given in

earlier publications [1,2]'*'.

2. Measurements

The specimen was a tube of the following nominal dimensions:

length, 102 mm; outside diameter, 6.3 mm; and wall thickness, 0.5 mm.

Zirconium content of the specimen was 1.05% by weight. The total amount

of impurities was less than 0.17%; the major impurity was tantalum with

0.09%. Photomicrographs of the specimen, shown in Figure 1, indicate

that considerable grain growth took place as the result of pulse heating

to high temperatures

.

^Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at

the end of this paper.

97
To optimize the operation of the high-speed pyrometer, the temperature interval (1500 to 2700 K) was divided into six ranges. One experiment was performed in each range. Before the start of the experiments,

the specimen was annealed by subjecting it to 30 heating pulses (up to

2500 K) . The experiments were conducted with the specimen in a vacuum

—4

environment of approximately 10 torr.

To optimize the operation of the measurement system, the heating

rate of the specimen was varied depending on the desired temperature

range by adjusting the value of a resistance in series with the specimen.

Duration of current pulses in the experiment ranged from 360 to 410 ms;

and the heating rate ranged from 4500 to 6600 K s Radiative heat

loss from the specimen amounted to approximately 1% at 1500 K, and 9%

at 2700 K of the input power.

3. Experimental Results

The thermophysical properties reported in this paper are based on

the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 [3]

.

In all

computations, the geometrical quantities are based on their room temperature (298 K) dimensions. The experimental results for properties are

represented by polynomial functions in temperature obtained by least

squares approximation of the individual points. The final values on

properties at 100 degree temperature intervals computed using ttie functions

are presented in Table 1. Results obtained from individual experiments,

by the method described previously [2], are given in the Appendix (Tables

A-l and A-2)

.

Each number tabulated in these tables represents results

from over fifty original data points.

98
Table 1

Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the alloy niobium -1 (wt.%) zirconium

Temp

.

K

cP-l -1

J g

:

oo

Q_1 O

r—

1

*» e

1500 0.3207 57.36

1600 0.3263 60.13

1700 0.3322 62.87 0.218

1800 0.3385 65.59 0.232

1900 0.3455 68.27 0.245

2000 0.3535 70.93 0.257

2100 0.3627 73.56 0.268

2200 0.3735 76.16 0.278

2300 0.3861 78.74 0.287

2400 0.4007 81.29 0.295

2500 0.4177 83.81 0.303

2600 0.4373 86.30 0.309

2700

L _ 1

0.4598 88.76

*Based on ambient temperature (298K) dimensions.

99
Specific Heat . Specific heat was computed from data taken during

the heating period. A correction for power loss due to thermal radiation

was made using the results on hemispherical total emittance. The function for specific heat (standard deviation = 1%) that represents the

results in the temperature range 1500 to 2700 K is:

c = 7.073 x 10~ 2 + 3.783 x

10~ 4

T - 2.091 x 10

_7

T

2 + 4.532 x 10

_11

T

3 P -1 -1

where T is in K, and c is in J g K

P Electrical Resistivity : The electrical resistivity was determined

from the same experiments that were used to calculate the specific heat.

The function for electrical resistivity (standard deviation = 0.06%)

that represents the results in the temperature range 1500 to 2700 K is:

( 1 )

p = 12.50 + 3.199 x 10

2 T - 1.387 x 10~ 6

T

2 (2)

“8

where T is in K, and p is in 10 ftm. The measurement, before the pulse

experiments, of the electrical resistivity of the specimen at 293 K with

_8

a Kelvin bridge yielded a value of 16.2 x 10 fim.

Hemispherical Total Emittance : Hemispherical total emittance was

computed using data taken during both heating and initial free radiative

cooling periods. The function for hemispherical total emittance (standard

deviation = 1%) that represents the results in the temperature range 1700

to 2600 K is:

e = -1.647 x 10

_1 + 3.056 x

10~4

T - 4.749 x

10~ 8

T

2 (3)

where T is in K.

4. Estimate of Errors

The details for estimating errors in measured and computed quantities

in transient experiments using the present measurement system are given in

100
an earlier publication [2]. In this paper, the specific items in the

error analysis were recomputed whenever the present conditions differed

2 from those in the earlier publication. The results for imprecision and

3 inaccuracy in the properties are: 1% and 3% for specific heat, 0.06%

and 0.5% for electrical resistivity, 1% and 3% for hemispherical total

emittance.

5. Discussion

The specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of the niobium-1 zirconium alloy measured in this work are

presented in Figure 2. A comparison of the present results for the alloy

with those for pure niobium [4] obtained using the same method is given

in Figure 3. It may be seen that specific heat and hemispherical total

emittance of the alloy were approximately 0.5% and 1.5%, respectively,

higher than those of pure niobium. The difference in specific heat

cannot be accounted for by the additivity law. Electrical resistivity

of the alloy was 0.5% lower than that of pure niobium. However, one

should not place too much significance to these differences since their

magnitudes are less than the combined estimated errors in the measurements for the alloy and for the pure metal.

_ g At 293 K, electrical resistivity of the alloy (16.2 x 10 fim)

is higher than the resistivity of pure niobium (15.9 x 10 £2m) [4].

However, at high temperatures (Figure 3) the resistivity of the alloy

2 Imprecision refers to the standard deviation of an individual point

as computed from the difference between measured value and that from

the smooth function obtained by the least squares method.

3

Inaccuracy refers to the estimated total error (random and systematic).

101
is lower than that of niobium. A similar trend was also observed in

the electrical resistivity of the alloy tantalum - 10 (wt. %) tungsten [5].

Like tantalum, at high temperature the alloy showed a negative departure

from linearity in the curve of electrical resistivity versus temperature.

6. Acknowledgement

The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. C. W. Beckett for his

continued interest and encouragement of research in high-speed methods

of measuring thermo physical properties. The contribution of Mr. M. S.

Morse in connection with electronic instrumentation is also greatly

appreciated

.

102
7. Appendix

Table A-l

Experimental results on specific heat and electrical resistivity

of the alloy niobium-1 (wt.%) zirconium

T

K

c

T - K

- 1 J g K

Ac

p r

P

Q

10 “°Qm

r * AP

%

1500 0.3198 -0.24 57.37 +0.01

1550 0.3206 -0.87 58.75 - 0.01

1600 0.3275 +0.37 60.13 0.00

1650 0.3344 +1.57 61.53 +0.03

1700 0.3311 -0.31 62.90 +0.04

1750 0.3392 +1.19 64.27 +0.05

1800 0.3339 -1.34 65.59 +0.01

1850 0.3416 -0.06 66.92 - 0.02

1900 0.3480 +0.74 68.26 -0.03

1950 0.3419 -2.14 69.58 -0.03

2000 0.3505 -0.82 70.88 -0.07

2050 0.3587 +0.26 72.19 -0.09

2100 0.3666 +1.08 73.50 -0.09

2150 0.3739 +1.62 74.81 -0.08

2200 0.3700 -0.91 76.25 +0.10

2250 0.3779 -0.42 77.51 +0.06

2300 0.3859 - 0.00 78.77 +0.03

2350 0.3943 +0.33 80.03 +0.01

2400 0.4030 +0.60 81.28 - 0.01

2450 0.4024 -1.59 82.68 +0.16

2500 0.4217 +0.98 83.79 - 0.02

2550 0.4228 - 1.01 85.11 +0.07

2600 0.4426 +1.24 86.28 - 0.02

2650 0.4461 -0.43 87.52 - 0.02

2 700 0.4594 -0.07 88.69 -0.08

*The quantities ACp and AP are percentage deviations of the individual

results from the smooth functions represented by equations ( I ) and

( 2 ) respectively.

103
Table A -2

Experimental results on hemispherical total emittance of the

alloy niobium-1 (wt.%) zirconium

T

, _ K

e a**

7.

. 1711 0.218 - 0.44

1711 0.223 +1.71

1711 0.217 - 1.01

!

1 1712 0.223 +1.76

! 1899 0.242 - 1.01

| 1899 0.242 - 0.93

1899 0.240 - 1.76

1900 0.241 - 1.50

2055 0.264 +0.36

2056 0.265 +0.62

2056 0.266 +1.05

2057 0.266 +1.22

2322 0.287 - 0.69

2324 0.289 - 0.11

2324 0.290 +0.14

2325 0.291 +0.64

2667 0.312 - 0.31

2670 0.312 - 0.11

2670 0.313 +0.02

2672 0.314 +0.20

*The quantity Ac is percentage deviation of the individual results

from the smooth function represented by equation

104
8. References

[1] Cezairliyan, A., Design and operational characteristics of a

high-speed (millisecond) system for the measurement of thermophysical properties at high temperatures, J. Res. Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), _75C (Eng. and Ins tr) , 7 (1971).

[2] Cezairliyan, A., Morse, M. S., Berman, H. A., and Beckett, C. W.,

High-speed (subsecond) measurement of heat capacity, electrical

resistivity, and thermal radiation properties of molybdenum in

the range 1900 to 2800 K, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U . S .

)

? 7 4A

(Phys . and Chem.), 65 (1970).

[3] International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, Metrologia,_5

,

35 (1969).

[4] Cezairliyan, A., High-speed (subsecond) measurement of heat capacity,

electrical resistivity, and thermal radiation properties of niobium

in the range 1500 to 2700 K, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 75A

(Phys. and Chem.), 565 (1971).

[5] Cezairliyan, A., High-speed (subsecond) simultaneous measurement of

specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total

emittance of tantalum-10 (wt. %) tungsten alloy in the range

1500 to 3200 K, High Temperatures-High Pressures, to be published.

105
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of the niobium - 1 zirconium specimen.

Upper photograph, specimen as received; lower photograph,

specimen after the entire set of experiments.

0.2 mm

106
SPECIFIC

HEAT,

Jg"

1

K“'

ELECTRICAL

RESISTIVITY

,

10“°

Urn

EMITTANCE

0.30 -

0.25 -

Figure 2. Specific heat, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical

total emittance of niobium - 1 zirconium alloy.

10 /
108

1500

2000

2500

TEMPERATURE,

K

Figure

3.

Differences

in

specific

heat,

electrical

resistivity,

and

hemispherical

total

emittance

of

niobium

- 1

zirconium

alloy

with

those

of

pure

niobium.
Chapter 7 MEASUREMENT OF MELTING POINT AND

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (ABOVE 3600 K) OF

TUNGSTEN BY A PULSE HEATING METHOD*

Ared Cezairliyan

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

A subsecond duration pulse heating method is used to measure the

melting point, and electrical resistivity of tungsten above 3600 K. The

results yield a value of 3695 K (on the International Practical Temperature

Scale of 1968) for the melting point with an estimated inaccuracy of 15 K.

Estimated inaccuracy in electrical resistivity measurements is 1 percent.

* This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics and

Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

109
1. Introduction

Serious difficulties are encountered in the measurement of electrical

resistivity and melting point of substances at temperatures above 2500 K

by conventional steady-state and quasi steady-state methods. Most of

the problems inherent in these methods are eliminated by using high-speed

measurement techniques. An application of a high-speed (pulse heating)

technique to the accurate measurement of the melting point and electrical

resistivity (above 2940 K) of molybdenum is described in the literature

[ 1 ].

In the present study, the same pulse heating technique was used for

the measurement of the melting point and electrical resistivity of tungsten

-4

above 3600 K. The tubular specimen was heated in vacuum ( 10 torr) from

room temperature to its melting point in 0.7 s by a single heavy current

pulse. During the heating period, current flowing through the specimen,

potential difference across the specimen, and specimen temperature were

measured. Temperature was measured with a high-speed photoelectric

pyrometer [2] which permits 1200 evaluations of specimen temperature per

second. The pyrometer's target was a rectangular hole ( 1 x 0.5 mm)

in the wall at the middle of the specimen. Recordings of voltage, current,

and temperature were made with a high-speed digital data acquisition

system [3], which is capable of recording data with a full-scale signal

resolution of approximately one part in 8000 and a time resolution of

0.4 ms. Details regarding the construction and operational characteristics

of the entire measurement system are given in earlier publications [3, 4].

110
2. Measurements

Measurements were performed on two specimens designated as tungsten-1

and tungsten-2. Each specimen was a tube fabricated from a tungsten rod

by removing the center portion by an electro-erosion technique. The nominal

dimensions of the specimens were: length 102 mm (4 in.), outside diameter,

6.3 mm (0.25 in.); and thickness, 0.5 mm (0.02 in.). The outer surface of

the specimen was polished to reduce heat loss due to thermal radiation.

The rods used in the fabrication of the two specimens were obtained from

two different sources. They were manufactured by two different techniques:

sintered (tungsten-1), and arc cast (tungsten-2). Both specimens were

99.

9

+

percent pure. Spectrochemical analyses on tungsten-1 indicate the

b

presence of the following impurities in ppm^weight: Mo, 310; Th, < 250;

Fe, 60; Zr, 30; Ca, Nb, < 20 each; Cu, Ti, 10 each; Al, Cr, Si, 5 each;

and B, Co, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr, < 2 each. The residual resistivity

ratio of tungsten-1 was 41. All measurements reported in this paper,

unless stated otherwise, are based on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-1968) [5],

Specimen temperature near and during the initial melting period was

measured as a function of time. The plateau in temperature indicates the

region of solid and liquid equilibria. By averaging temperature points

on the plateau the following values were obtained for the melting point:

3692.6 K for tungsten-1, and 3696.8 K for tungsten-2, with a standard

deviation (individual point) of 1.3 K and 1 . 1 K, respectively. The

measured temperatures at the plateau for the two specimens are shown in

111
figure 1. Averaging the results of the two specimens yields a value

of 3695 K for the melting point of tungsten. To determine the trend of

measured temperatures at the plateau, temperature data were fitted to a

linear function in time using the least squares method. This procedure

indicated that the slope of the linear function was small, corresponding

to a maximum temperature difference of less than 0.5 K between the beginning

and end of the plateau for both specimens.

Electrical resistance of tungsten-1 near and at the melting point

is shown in figure 2. It may be seen that resistance behaved normally

until approximately 10 K below the melting point was reached. Electrical

resistivity was calculated using the relation p = RA/L, where R is the

resistance, A the cross-sectional area, and L the length of the specimen

between the potential probes. Dimensions were based on their room

temperature values. The cross-sectional area was determined from measurements of density and weight. Measured values for the electrical resistivity

(in 10 ^Qm) are: 112.0 at 3600 K, 113.5 at 3650 K, and 114.4 at 3680 K.

Sources and estimates of errors in experiments similar to the one

conducted in this study are given in detail in earlier publications [1, 3],

The combination of errors gives an estimate for the

inaccuracy of measured properties: 1 percent for electrical resistivity

? and 15 K for the melting point.

112
3700

IT)

CD

CD

ro

» ‘3dfUVd3dW31

o

cn

CD

ro

t

ID

>—

or

<

cr

t

QQ

cr

<

113

FIGURE

1.

Temperature

of

the

two

tungsten

specimens

as

a

function

of

time

at

the

melting

point

(1

time

unit

=

0.833

ms).
RESISTANCE,

mil

TEMPERATURE, K

FIGURE 2. Electrical resistance of tungsten-1 as a function of

temperature near and at the melting point.

114
3. Discussion

As may be seen in Table 1, considerable differences exist in the

tungsten melting points reported in the literature. In order to have a

common ground for comparisons, all reported values were converted to

IPTS-1968. It is interesting to note that, in general, the reported

values increase chronologically. The measurements were performed

either before 1930 or after 1960. The melting points reported prior

to 1915, as were summarized by Langmuir [6], were lower than that of

Langmuir by as much as 50 to 500 K. Experimental difficulties, including

pyrometry problems, encountered in high temperature quasi steady-state

measurements might have been responsible for the large discrepancies.

Another source of the discrepancies could have been the differences in

the purity of various tungsten specimens.

Probably, the most reliable measurement performed on the melting

point of tungsten before 1930 was that of Worthing [7] which is 25 K

below the present value; however, this difference is within the combined

v ce-tli £- uncertainties of the two results. The average, of the melting points reported

by three investigators [ 11, 12, 14 ] since 1960 is 3693 K; average and

maximum differences from this value being 7 K and 10 K, respectively.

The melting point obtained in this study is 2 K higher than the above

average

.

115
TABLE |

Melting Point of Tungsten Reported in the Literature

Investigator Ref. Year

Constants* Melting Point, K

T

Au

« c

2 (cm K) as reported** on IPTS-1968

Langmuir 6 1915 1335 1.439 3540±30 3559

Worthing 7 1917 1336 1.435 3675 ± 15 3670

Henning and Heuse 8 1923 1336 1.430 3643 3616

Pi rani 9 1923 1336 1.430 3660 ± 60 3633

Forsythe and Worthing 10 1925 1336 1.433 3655 3641

Zalabak 14 1961 1336.15 1.438 3680 ± 25 3687

Allen 11 1962 1336.15 1.438 3682 ± 20 3689

Rudy fell at. 12 1966 1336.15 1.438 3696 ± 30 3703

IPTS-1968*** 5 1968 1337.58 1.4388 3660 3660

Present Work 1337.58 1.4388 3695 ± 15 3695

*Values of T ( gold point) and c ( second radiation constant) used by the

AU Z investigator

.

**Based on T„ and c„ used by the investigator.

Au 2

***Recommended as secondary reference point on IPTS-1968.

116
The presence of impurities in a specimen alters (in general,

reduces) the melting point of the element. Baseo. on the Raoult-Van't

Hoff equation, the melting point depression for the tungsten specimen

(with total amount of impurities less than 0.1 percent) is estimated

to be less than 3 K. Also, under the present operating conditions, it

is very unlikely that the effect of superheating, if present at all, is

more than a fraction of a degree. One may conclude that the melting point

of tungsten is 3695 ± 15 K.

The electrical resistivity of this work at 3600 K is approximately

2 percent lower than the value reported by Jones [13].

Measurements indicate a normal behavior of electrical resistivity

until approximately 10 K below the melting point was reached. Above this

temperature, a departure from normalcy is observed which may be due to:

(1) premelting effects of impurities present in the specimen, and (2)

increase in vacancy concentration. Small temperature gradients in the

specimen also may partially account for this.

With the present system it was not possible to follow the entire

melting process because the specimen collapsed and opened the main

electrical circuit prior to the completion of melting.

117
4. References

[1] Cezairliyan, A., M. S. Morse, and C. W. Beckett. Measurement of

melting point and electrical resistivity (above 2840 K) of

molybdenum by a pulse heating method. Rev. Int. Hautes Temper, et

Refract. 7^ 382 (1970).

[2] Foley

? G. M. High-speed optical pyrometer. Rev. Sci. Instr. 41 ,

827 (1970).

[3] Cezairliyan, A., M. S. Morse, H. A. Berman, and C. W. Beckett.

High-speed (subsecond) measurement of heat capacity, electrical

resistivity, and thermal radiation properties of molybdenum in the

range 1900 to 2800 K. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 74A (Phys. and

Chem.), 65 (1970)

.

[4] Cezairliyan, A. Design and operational characteristics of a highspeed (millisecond) system for the measurement of thermophysical

properties at high temperatures. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

75C (Eng. and Instr.), 7 (1971).

[5] International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968. Metrologia _5,

35 (1969).

[6] Langmuir, I. The melting point of tungsten. Phys. Rev. 6j_ 138 (1915).

[7] Worthing, A. G. The true temperature scale of tungsten and its emissive

powers at incandescent temperatures. Phys. Rev. K), 377 (1917).

118
[8] Henning, F. and W. Heuse. Melting points of platinum and tungsten.

Zeit. Physik JL6, 63 (1923).

[9] Pirani, M. and H. Alterthum. A method of measuring the melting

points of metals having high melting points. Zeitschrift

Electrochemie 29, 5 (1923)

.

[10] Forsythe, W. E. and A. G. Worthing. The properties of tungsten

and the characteristics of tungsten lamps. Astrophys. J. 61,

146 (1925)

.

[11] Allen, R. D. Techniques for melting point determination on an

electrically heated refractory metal. Nature 193

,

769 (1962).

[12] Rudy, E., S. Windisch, and J. R. Hoffman. AFML-TR-65-2, Part

I, Vol. VI, Air Force Materials Laboratory Research and Technology

Division, Dayton, Ohio (1966).

[13] Jones, H. A. A temperature scale for tungsten. Phys , Rev. 28,

202 (1926).

[14] Zalabak, C. F. NASA Technical Note D-761, 1961.

119
Chapter 8

MEASUREMENT OF MELTING POINT, NORMAL SPECTRAL

EMITTANCE (AT MELTING POINT), AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

(ABOVE 2650 K) OF NIOBIUM BY A PULSE HEATING METHOD*

Ared Cezairliyan

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

A subsecond duration pulse heating method is used to measure the

melting point, normal spectral emittance (at the melting point), and

electrical resistivity (above 2650 K) of niobium. The results yield a

value of 2750 K for the melting point on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968. Normal spectral emittance at the melting point

is 0.348, and remained constant during melting. At 2740 K, electrical

-8

resistivity is 90.11 x 10 Q m. Estimated inaccuracy is 10 K in the

melting point, 3% in normal spectral emittance and 0.5% in electrical

resis tivity

.

*This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics and

Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

120
1. Introduction

A millisecond resolution pulse heating technique was developed

earlier in connection with the measurement of selected thermophysical

properties of electrical conductors at high temperatures (Cezairliyan

et al., 1970a). This technique was also applied to the measurement of

the melting point of molybdenum (Cezairliyan et al., 1970b), and the

normal spectral emittance of tantalum at its melting point (Cezairliyan,

1970) .

In the present study, the same technique is used for the measurements of the melting point, normal spectral emittance (at the melting

point), and electrical resistivity (above 2650 K) of niobium.

The technique is based on resistive pulse heating of the specimen

from room temperature to its melting point in less than one second and

measuring, with millisecond resolution, current through the specimen,

potential difference across the specimen, and specimen temperature.

Specimen temperature was measured with a high-speed photoelectric

pyrometer (Foley, 1970) which permits 1200 evaluations of specimen temperature per second. The recordings of voltage, current, and temperature

were made with a high-speed digital data acquisition system (Cezairliyan

et al., 1970a), which is capable of recording data with a full-scale

signal resolution of approximately one part in 8000 and a time resolution

of 0.4 ms. Details regarding the construction and operational characteristics of the entire measurement system is given in an earlier publication

(Cezairliyan, 1971a).

121
2 . Measurements

Melting point and electrical resistivity measurements were performed on two niobium specimens in the form of tubes, designated as

niobium-1 and niobium-2. The nominal dimensions of the tubes were:

length, 102 mm; outside diameter, 6.3 mm; thickness, 0.5 mm. A small

rectangular hole (0.5 x 1 mm) fabricated in the wall at the middle of

the specimen approximated blackbody conditions for temperature measurements. Normal spectral emittance measurements were performed on two

niobium specimens in the form of strips, designated as niobium-3 and

niobium-4. The nominal dimensions of the strips were: length, 102 mm;

width, 6.3 mm; thickness, 0.25 mm. The surfaces of all specimens were

polished

.

The specimens were 99.9 percent pure. Spectrochemical analysis

indicated the presence of the following impurities in ppm by weight:

Ta, 450; W, < 100; Hf, <50; Sb and Zn, < 10 each; Al, Mo, 5 each; As,

Bi, Cd, Si, Te, Zr, < 5 each; Sn, 3; Fe, < 3; and B, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu,

Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, < 1 each.

Before starting the experiments, all the specimens were annealed

by subjecting them to 30 heating pulses (up to 2400 K) . The experiments

were conducted with the specimens in a vacuum environment of approximately

-4

10 torr. Duration of the current pulses was 500 ms for the tubes and

600 ms for the strips. This corresponds to a heating rate of approximately

4700 K s for the tubes and 2000 K s ^ for the strips near the melting

point. The magnitude of current pulses near the melting point was

approximately 1400 A in the case of the tubes, and 250 A in the case of

the strips.

122
All measurements reported in this paper, unless stated otherwise,

are based on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968

(IPTS-68, 1969).

2.1. Melting Point

Temperature of the tubular specimens was measured near and during

the initial melting period. The results on niobium-1 are shown in

Figure 1. Temperature of the heating specimen increased almost linearly

with time above 2650 K. A linear fit of temperature in terms of time

obtained using the least squares method yielded a standard deviation

(individual point) of 0.8 K. The plateau in temperature indicates the

region of solid and liquid equilibria. Measured temperatures at the

plateau for the two niobium specimens are shown in Figure 2. The

melting point was obtained by averaging temperature points on the plateau

of a given specimen.

The melting point obtained by this approach was 2750.6 K for

niobium-1, and 2750.5 K for niobium-2. Standard deviation of an individual temperature point from the average for each specimen was 0.7 K.

The duration of the plateau of niobium-1 was longer than that of niobium-2

This may be attributed to an early collapse of niobium-2. To determine

the trend of measured temperatures at the plateau, temperatures for

niobium-1 were fitted to a linear function in time using the least squares

method. The slope of the linear function was 1.8 K s which corresponds

to a maximum temperature difference of less than 0.03 K between the beginning and the end of the plateau. This procedure gave a standard deviation

of 0.7 K, which is the same as that obtained by averaging the temperatures

123
It may be concluded that the melting point of niobium is 2750 K.

2.2. Normal Spectral Emittance

Normal spectral emittance was determined from the measurements of

the surface radiance temperature of niobium strips and the melting point

obtained from the measurements on the tubular specimens. Based on the

Wien radiation equation, the relation between emittance and temperature 1-5

£

~

r

C

2 (1 1 \

-]

i X It~

\ s T

m j;

1 ( 1 ) exp

where g is normal spectral emittance, the melting point, T

g the

surface radiance temperature, c^ the second radiation constant ( 1.4388

_2 x 10 m K), and X the effective wavelength of the optical system. The

measurements were performed at 650 nm which corresponds to the effective

wavelength of the pyrometers interference filter. The bandwith of the

filter was 10 nm. The circular area viewed by the pyrometer was 0.2 mm

in diameter.

The experimental results of the surface radiance temperature for

niobium-3 near and at the melting point are shown in Figure 3. Each

measured temperature during melting is an average quantity representing

a combination of solid and liquid phases over the area viewed by the

pyrometer. It is interesting to note the sharp peak in the radiance

temperature, which amounts to approximately 5 K, at the start of melting.

A peak similar in shape and magnitude was also observed in the case of

niobium-4. The plateau in the surface radiance temperature corresponds

to melting of the specimen.

124
The average surface radiance temperature was computed to be

2432.5 K for niobium-3, and 2431.0 K for niobium-4 with a standard

deviation of 0.7 K. To check the deviations from constancy at the

plateau, temperature data for niobium-3 were fitted to a linear function

in time (standard deviation = 0.7 K) . The results do not indicate any

significant departure from constancy. The slope of this function was

approximately 0.6 KS which corresponds to a maximum temperature

difference of 0.1 K between the beginning and the end of the plateau.

Normal spectral emittance was computed for each temperature using

Equation (1). The average of the results for each specimen was 0.349

for niobium-3 and 0.347 for niobium-4 with a standard deviation of 0.3%.

The results on the two specimens are in agreement within 0.6%. It may

be concluded that the normal spectral emittance of niobium at its melting point is 0.348.

2.3. Electrical Resistivity

Electrical resistivity of the tubular niobium specimens was

calculated using the relation P = RA/L, where R is the resistance, A

the cross-sectional area, and L the length of the specimen between the

potential probes. Dimensions were based on their room temperature values

Cross-sectional area was determined from the measurement of weight and

density. The results of the electrical resistivity of niobium-1 above

approximately 2650 K are shown in Figure 4. In the range 2650 to 2740

K, the electlical resistivity was fitted to a linear function in temperature with a standard deviation of 0.02% using the least squares method

The average absolute difference in the measured electrical resistivity of

125
the two niobium specimens in the range 2650 to 2740 K was approximately

0.4%. The final result for the electrical resistivity of niobium was

obtained by averaging the results of the two specimens. This yielded a -8 -8

value of 87.92 x 10 Q m at 2650 K, 89.14 x 10 Q m at 2700 Rand 90.11

-8 x 10 Q m at 2740 K. As shown in Figure 4, electrical resistivity

continued to increase during melting of the specimen.

3. Estimate of Errors

Sources and estimates of errors in experiments similar to the one

conducted in this study are given in detail in earlier publications (Cezairliyan et al., 1970a, 1970b). Specific items in the error analysis were

recomputed whenever the present conditions differed from those in the

earlier publications. A summary of the results on imprecision and inaccuracy of some of the measured and computed quantities are given in

Table 1.

It may be seen from Table 1 that the imprecision of blackbody temperature measurements during heating of the specimen (before reaching the

melting point) was approximately the same as that during the melting

period. This indicates that in the experiment the initial melting phase

progressed normally and that there were no undesirable effects during

melting of the specimen, such as vibration of the specimen, movement of

the blackbody sighting hole in the specimen, and the instantaneous

development of hot spots or zones in the specimen. Also the imprecision

of the surface radiance temperature measurements was the same as that of

blackbody temperature measurements, which indicates that the specimen's

surface conditions did not change in a random fashion during the melting

period

.

126
4. Discussion

Conversion of the results of the two recent measurements reported

in the literature to IPTS-68 yields 2746 K (Schofield, 1956-1957) and

2745 K (Pemsler, 1961) for the melting point of niobium. These are

4 to 5 K lower than the present result, 2750 K. However, the differences

are within the measurement uncertainties reported by the investigators.

In addition to this, there are indications that the specimens used in

the earlier measurements were less pure than those used in the present

study, which may account partially for the lower melting points obtained

earlier. The melting point depression due to the impurities in the present specimens is estimated to be not more than 2 K.

Normal spectral emittance of niobium at its melting point is reparted

to be 0.368 (Pemsler, 1961); this is approximately 4% higher than the

present value of 0.348. Earlier results (Cezairliyan, 1971b) on tubular

niobium specimens in the range 1700 to 2300 K showed a linear variation

of normal spectral emittance with temperature. Extrapolation of these

results to the melting point yields 0.348 for normal spectral emittance,

which is identical to the present value.

Electrical resistivity reported by Gebhardt et al. (1966) goes only

to 2500 K. Extrapolation of the results to 2700 K yields a value of 90.74

”8 —8 x 10 Q m, which is 1.8% higher than the present valueof 89.14 x 10 Q m.

Electrical resistivity behaved normally until approximately 5 to 10 K

below the melting point was reached (Figure 4). Above this, a departure

127
from normalcy was observed which may be due to: (1) premelting

effects of impurities present in the specimen, and (2) increase in

vacancy concentration. Small temperature gradients in the specimen

also may partially account for this.

The sharp peak in surface radiance temperature observed at the

beginning of melting (Figure 3) was reproducible, both in shape and

magnitude, for the two strips. However, no such peak was observed in

the true temperature of the tubes (Figure 1). This implies that the

peak could not have been due to superheating of the specimen. The

effect of superheating in metals (if present at all), under the present

operating conditions, is unlikely to be more than a fraction of a

degree. Also, it is not likely that the strip surface was in the liquid

phase several degrees above the melting point for a short period before

establishing the melting plateau. A possible explanation is that a sudden

change in the surface conditions took place at the start of melting. An

earlier investigation on tantalum (Cezairliyan, 1970) did not show a

sharp peak in surface radiance temperature at the start of melting. However, a uniform decrease in normal spectral emittance was observed in

tantalum as melting progressed. The results on niobium do not show any

such variation.

5 . Acknowledgement

The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. C. W. Beckett for his

continued interest and encouragement of research in high-speed methods

of measuring thermophysical properties. The contribution of Mr. M. S.

Morse in connection with electronic instrumentation is also greatly

appreciated

.

128
6. References

j. Cezairliyan, A., 1970, High Temp. - High Pres., 2_, 501-506.

2,

t Cezairliyan, A., Morse, M. S., Berman, H. A., and Beckett, C. W.,

ftu r. 1970a, J. Res. Nat.^Stand. (U. S.), 74A (Phys . and Chem.), 65-92.

3. Cezairliyan, A., Morse, M. S., and Beckett, C. W., 1970b, Rev. Int.

Hautes Temper, et Refract. _7, 382-388.

/f' Cezairliyan, A., 1971a, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), 75C (Eng.

and Instr.), 7-18.

37 Cezairliyan, A., 1971b, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), 75A (Phys.

and Chem.), 565-571.

£ Foley, G. M., 1970, Rev. Sci. Instr., 41, 827-834.

y

Gebhardt, E., Durrschnabel, W., and Horz, G., 1966, J. Nuc. Materials,

1^8, 119-133.

International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, 1969, Metrologia,

5, 35-44.

J

Perns ler, J. P., 1961, J. Electrochem. Soc., 108 , 744-750.

/q Schofield, T. H., 1956-1957, J. Inst. Metals, 85 , 372-374.

129
TABLE 1

Imprecision and inaccuracy of measured and computed quantities'*

Quantity Imprecision Inaccuracy

Temperature -blackbody

(during heating)

o 00 7 K

Temperature -blackbody

(during melting)

0.7 K 7 K

Temperature-surface radiance

(during melting)

0.7 K 7 K

Voltage 0 . 02% 0.05%

Current 0.02% 0.05%

Melting point

'

0.7 K 10 K

Normal spectral emittance 0.3% 3%

Electrical resistivity 0.02% 0.5%

*Imprecision refers to the standard deviation of an individual point as

computed from the difference between measured value and that from the smooth

function obtained by the least squares method. Inaccuracy refers to the

estimated total error (random and systematic)

.

130
131

TIME,

ARBITRARY

UNIT

FIG.

1.

Variation

of

temperature

of

niobium

(niobium-1)

as

a

function
in

CD

cr<

L±J

h- lno

CMe3

•r-t .JOO

•r-l 6

xi33o

•H3E3

•Ho

•H3

M-lO

<U33

4-1 3

<uo-e

aj

M-lO3O

•H

4-J cd

•r-1 u

cd >

C\l OM

132

asa

function

of

time

at

the

melting

point.

(1

time

unit =

0.833

ms).
2440

>1 ‘3dn±Vd3dlAI3± 30NVIQVd dDVddflS

CO£m• CvJ

II

4-1 •rd cn 3 i 3 Sd a> •H £

Xl •H o •U

•rd3 t—1

'w'£ . 3 4-J •H 3

rO •i—i O O

•H C4 3

60

<4-J 3 o •r4

4-J 3 i-43 3 £ w3 QJ

S-4 -3

a) 4-J a-B 44 3 3 u

33

ai 3 o 3 33 3

•H 3

"d 3

<3 33 3 £ 3 *r4 3 44

4-13 44 3 O

co 3

44

O

O •r4 44 3 3 O 3

•rd 3

4J 44

aj

•pH 3

J-l

<Tj CO > 3

CO• oM

133
o

LO

nC\J

D

C\J

NCVI

LU

cr3

I

< O QC

LU

N- CL

CM ^

LU

hD

NC

D

CVI

oD

CD

CVJ

LUUg_OI ‘AJJAI1SIS3U ~IVDId±0333

co

6 4-1 3 c

•r4 •rto O a

•r4c toO c

•H

4-1 3 rH

CL) rO s O

•H a; a -e

4J

M-4o 4-1 CO

4-> T3

•H £

> CO •H

4-1 Vl

CO co •H a)

CO G

CDU a)!h i—

1

G

ctf 4-1 a to •H !h U a)

4-J cx a e

<u cu t—i 4-1 a)

<4-4

<4-4 o

o c

C o o •H

*H 4-J 4U a

n3 a

•r4 2

U

ct3 > cd

O

M

134
Chapter 9

A PULSE HEATING TECHNIQUE FOR

THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAT OF FUSION OF

METALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*

A. Cezairliyan

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

A pulse heating technique was developed earlier for the measurement of selected thermophysical properties (specific heat, electrical

resistivity, and hemispherical total emittance) of electrically conducting substances at high temperatures. In this paper a preliminary

experiment (on niobium) is described which demonstrates the feasibility

of extending the technique to the measurement of heat of fusion of metals.

*This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics and

Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

135
The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of a composite

specimen by the passage of high currents through it, and measuring the

pertinent quantities as a function of time. The details of the measurement system and its operational characteristics may be found in an earlier

publication [1].

The composite specimen (Figure 1) was made of three strips, each

having the following nominal dimensions: length, 75 mm; width, 6.3 mm;

and thickness 0.25 mm. The middle strip was niobium, and the two outer

strips were tantalum. The specimen was pulse heated from room temperature

to approximately 200 K above the melting point of niobium in 0.8 s.

During the heating period, current through the composite specimen,

potential drop across the composite specimen, and surface radiance

temperature of the outer strip were measured every 0.4 ms. Potential

measurements were made across the middle 25 mm portion of the specimen

using spring-loaded knife-edge probes. Temperature was measured with

a high-speed photoelectric pyrometer [2],

Variation of surface radiance temperature of the tantalum strip

as a function of time is shown in Figure 2. The plateau corresponds

to melting of the inner strip (niobium) . When niobium reached a temperature approximately 200 K above its melting point, heating was stopped

by automatically switching off the current. Since the melting point

of tantalum is approximately 500 K higher than that of niobium, the

outer strips did not melt during the entire experiment and acted as a

container for niobium. At the end of the experiment (after the specimen

cooled down to room temperature), it was observed that the entire specimen

had retained its original geometry and weight.

136
The heat of fusion of niobium was computed using the following

equation:

Q

= ei At - Q - Q ^f r

x

s

where

= heat of fusion

e = potential drop across the specimen

i = current through the specimen

At = duration of plateau, t^-t^ in Figure 2

Q

= heat loss due to thermal radiation

r * energy absorbed by two outer strips during melting

of niobium

The quantity At was obtained from the points of interaction

of polynomial functions (obtained by the least squares method) representing

temperature versus time data in premelting, melting, and postmelting

periods of niobium. Standard deviation of an individual point from the

function was 0.7 K for premelting and postmelting regions, and 0.9 K for

the melting region. Heat loss by thermal radiation, Q^_, was determined

from data obtained during the radiative cooling period following the

rapid heating period. The correction Q was necessitated as the result

s of the existing 5 K difference between the temperatures at the beginning

and the end of the plateau.

137
The results of computations using the experimental data indicate

that energy imparted to the specimen (ei At) was 145.1 J, energy

radiated (Q ) was 47.5 J, and energy absorbed by the two outer strips

(Q^) was 1.5 J. The above yield 96.1 J for energy absorbed during

melting, which corresponds to a value of 26,900 J mol ^ for the heat

of fusion of niobium. In the computations the atomic weight of

niobium was taken as 92.91. If one considers that the melting point

of niobium is 2750 K [3], entropy of fusion becomes 9.80 J mol ^

(2.34 cal mol ^)

.

The only other experimental results on the heat of fusion of

niobium were those reported by Margrave [4], and more recently by Sheindlin

et al. [5], Both investigations utilized the lavitation calorimetry

technique. A summary of the results is given in Table 1. It may be

seen that the result of the present work agrees, within 2.6%, with that

of Sheindlin et al. However, the value reported by Margrave is considerably higher than the value given both in the present work (by 23%)

and by Sheindlin et al. (by 20%).

The present preliminary investigation has demonstrated that the

millisecond resolution transient technique shows considerable promise in

measuring heat of fusion of electrically conducting substances at temperatures above 2000 K where other more conventional techniques encounter

serious difficulties. However, additional work, both mathematical and

experimental, is required to assess the reliability and the accuracy of

the technique.

138
TABLE 1

Heat of fusion of niobium reported in the literature

Investigator Ref

.

Year Heat of I cal mol“l

'’usion

J mol - l Melting

Point

K

Entropy of

cal mol~^K"l

Fusion

J mol" 1K

-i

Margrave

4 1970 7, 900 33,050 2740 2.88 12.1

Sheindlin et al. 5 1972 6, 600 27,600 2.41 10.1

Present work 6,430 26,900 2750 2.34 9.8

139
References

[1] Cezairliyan, A., Design and operational characteristics of a

high-speed (millisecond) system for the measurement of thermophysical properties at high temperatures, J. Res. Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), 75C (Eng. and Instr.), 7 (1971).

[2] Foley, G. M., High-speed optical pyrometer, Rev. Sci. Instr.,

41, 827 (1970).

[3] Cezairliyan, A., Measurement of melting point, normal spectral

emittance (at melting point), and electrical resistivity (above

2650 K) of niobium by a pulse heating method, High Temperatures

High Pressures, to be published.

[4] Margrave, J. L., Thermodynamic properties of liquid metals,

High Temperatures -High Pressures, 2^ 583 (1970).

[5] Sheindlin, A. E., Berezin, B. Ya., and Chekhovskoi, V. Ya.,

Enthalpy of niobium in solid and liquid states, High Temperatures

High Pressures, to be published.

140
CLAMP

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the arrangement of the composite

specimen, clamps, and surface radiance temperature measurement system (dimensions are not to scale). Strip of

material B

1 is sandwiched between two strips of material

"A". The melting point of "B" is lower than that of "A”.

141
2550

y\

1 ddfllVdddlAGl dDNVIQVd dOVddflS

142

Figure

2.

Variation

of

surface

radiance

temperature

of

a

composite

specimen,

similar

to

that

shown

in

Figure

1,

as

a

function

of

time

during

its

heating

period.

The

inner

strip

is

niobium

and

the

two

outer

strips

are

tantalum.

The

plateau

corresponds

to

melting

of

niobium.

One

time

unit

is

0.833

ms.
Chapter 10

APPLICATION OF A PULSE HEATING TECHNIQUE TO PRELIMINARY

INVESTIGATIONS OF SOLID-SOLID PHASE

TRANSFORMATIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*

A. Cezairliyan and J. L. McClure

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

Preliminary results of an experiment concerning the y

-* 6 phase

transformation in iron demonstrate the feasibility of applying a

high-speed pulse heating technique to the study of high temperature

solid-solid phase transformations in electrically conducting substances.

The variations of surface radiance temperature as a function of time

and the electrical resistivity as a function of surface radiance temperature clearly show the phase transformation. The surface radiance

temperature of iron at the transformation point is 1561 K. Electrical

resistivity shows an increase of approximately 0.3% during the phase

transformation

.

*This work was supported in part by the Directorate of Aeromechanics

and Energetics of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

143
A millisecond resolution pulse heating technique was developed

in connection with the measurement of selected thermophysical properties

of electrical conductors at high temperatures [1], This technique has

recently been applied to measurements of the melting point and the

normal spectral emittance at the melting point of selected metals

[2, 3, 4].

This paper describes an experiment which was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the same technique to a study of

solid-solid phase transformations. A preliminary investigation of

the phase transformation (y 6) in iron, that occurs at approximately

1675 K, is reported. Approximate determinations of the transformation

temperature, the normal spectral emittance at the melting point, and

the electrical resistivity above 1600 K are also reported.

The high-speed technique is based on rapid resistive self-heating

of the specimen from room temperature to its melting point. During an

experiment, which lasts less than one second, the current through the

specimen, the potential across the specimen, and the specimen temperature are measured as functions of time and recorded with a digital data

acquisition system which has a full-scale signal resolution of one part

in 8,000 and a time resolution of 0.4 ms. Temperature measurements are

made with a high-speed photoelectric pyrometer [5]. Details regarding

the construction and operation of the measurement system are given in

an earlier publication [6].

Iron was chosen for this study because it has a high temperature

phase transformation (approximately at 1675 K) . A lower temperature

144
phase transformation in iron (approximately at 1185 K) could not be

studied because of pyrometric limitations

.

The experiment was conducted on an iron specimen of 99.9% purity.

The specimen was a rod of the following nominal dimensions: length,

76 mm; and diameter, 3.2 mm. The surface was polished to reduce

radiation losses. The specimen was used for only one experiment, in

which it was heated from room temperature to its melting point. It

was not possible to conduct a series of experiments on the same specimen

in the vicinity of the transformation point, because of the distortions

in the specimen resulting from volume changes that accompany the phase

transformations. Using the recorded data, surface radiance temperature

was plotted as a function of time and electrical resistivity was obtained

as a function of surface radiance temperature.

Figure 1 shows the heating curve for the specimen. The solid-solid

phase transformation is clearly evident as a temperature arrest or plateau

in the heating curve (the plateau on the left) . There were 22 temperature

measurements during the transformation which were averaged to give a

surface radiance temperature at the transformation point of 1561 K. The

standard deviation of the individual points from the average is 0.7 K.

The heating rate just below the plateau was approximately 1300 K s

^

.

The second plateau in Figure 1 (the plateau on the right) shows

the melting of the iron specimen. The average surface radiance temperature at the melting point is 1667 K. The standard deviation from the

average is 0.6 K.

145
The resistivity of the specimen was calculated using the relation

p = RA/L where R is the resistance, A the cross-sectional area, and

L the length of the specimen between the potential probes. Dimensions

were based on their room temperature values. The results for resistivity

of iron are shown in Figure 2. The resistivity is clearly discontinuous

at the transformation. During the transformation it increased by approximately 0.3%.

The melting point data was used to compute an approximate value

for the normal spectral emittance of iron at the melting point. Based

on the Wien radiation equation, the relation between emittance and

temperature is

ex P

2

T~ G-i)]

( 1 )

where e is the normal spectral emittance, T the melting point, T m s the surface radiance temperature at the melting point, c

^ the second

-2

radiation constant (1.4388 x 10 m K) and A the effective wavelength

of the optical system. The measurements were made at 650 nm, which

is the effective wavelength of the interference filter of the pyrometer.

The bandwidth of the filter is 10 nm.

The generally accepted melting temperature of iron is 1810 K [7].

When this value and the observed surface radiance temperature at the

melting point are substituted into Equation (1), the normal spectral

emittance is computed to be 0.352. If it is assumed that this value

can approximate the normal spectral emittance at the transformation

146
temperature, an approximate true temperature can be obtained for the

transformation point. This method yields a transformation temperature

of 1685 K which is 10 K higher than the accepted value. A higher value

is to be expected in this approximation since the normal spectral

emittance at the melting point would have a lower value than that at

the transformation point. A normal spectral emittance of 0.38 is required

to correct the observed surface radiance temperature at the transformation

point to the accepted value.

Using the value of 0.352 for the normal spectral emittance, the

resistivities at 1500 K and 1600 K (surface radiance temperatures)

were associated with approximate true specimen temperatures (1614 K

and 1731 K respectively). The resistivities thus obtained are higher

than those of another investigator [8] by about 1.8% at 1614 K and

0.8% at 1731 K.

The preliminary results reported in this paper demonstrate the

feasibility of studying solid-solid phase transformations in electrically conducting substances at high temperatures using the high-speed

pulse heating technique. The major limitation of this preliminary work

was that true specimen temperature could not be obtained directly. In

future investigations tubular specimens with blackbody sighting holes

will be used in order to obtain true temperature directly. Such studies

will yield reliable measurements of the transformation and melting

temperatures. It is also possible to obtain the energy of solid-solid

phase transformation if the duration of the transformation

is accuracely determined

147
References

1. Cezairliyan, A., M. S. Morse, H. A. Berman, and C . W. Beckett,

High-speed (subsecond) measurement of heat capacity, electrical

resistivity, and thermal radiation properties of mplybdenum

in the range 1900 to 2800 K, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U . S .

)

74A (Phys. and Chem.), 65 (1970).

2. Cezairliyan, A., M. S. Morse, and C. W. Beckett, Measurement

of melting point and electrical resistivity (above 2840 K) of

molybdenum by a pulse heating method, Rev. Int. Hautes Temper.

et Refract. _7, 382 (1970).

3. Cezairliyan, A., Measurement of the variation of normal spectral

emittance of tantalum during melting by a pulse heating method,

High Temperatures - High Pressures 2 , 501 (1970)

.

4. Cezairliyan, A., Measurement of melting point, normal spectral

emittance (at melting point), and electrical resistivity (above

2650 K) of niobium by a pulse heating method, High TemperaturesHigh Pressures, to be published.

5. Foley, G. M., High-speed optical pyrometer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 41 ,

827 (1970).

6. Cezairliyan, A., Design and operational characteristics of a highspeed (millisecond) system for the measurement of thermo physical

properties at high temperatures, J. Rea. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

7 5C (Eng. and Instr.), 7 (1971).

148
7. Schofield, T. H., and A. E. Bacon, The melting point of titanium,

J. Inst. Metals 82_ , 167 (1953 - I 354- ).

8. Kollie, T. C., private communication.

149
1667.4 K

V ‘3MiradW31 30NVI0VH 30VJHHS

150

Figure

1.

Heating

curve

showing

the

solid-solid

phase

transformation
151

Figure

2.

Variation

of

electrical

resistivity

of

iron

asa

function

of

surface

radiance

temperature

showing

the

behavior

at

y

-* 6

transformation

and

the

melting

point.
Chapter 11

RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS

(M) + NH — NH • + H« r

+ (M)

W. Tsang

ABSTRACT

k

d

Data for the reactions NH + (M) ^ NH • + H* + (M) have been

J k

^

r critically examined and tabulated. A best fit of the data appears

to require active external rotations. Suggested rate constants of

these reactions over the range 0-10 atm and 200-U000°K are

tabulated.

152
Summary

of

Experimental

Data

ft o 1—1 Q 1 1 O "a a ft

W

\ o o o ^—V

co CO \ ^

S3 i—1 1—1

pH 1—1 1—1

ctf cti ctf cti cti o o O o o

fto

ffi g

ft

ft

co #

i>5 .—>. 33 00

ft VO

o\ • 1—1

•“D

—

Lf\

CO OO

32 VO oo r\ cd H*“D vo| • . <! a

CD • 33

EHO 3 cd

CD i—1

cd -P 5h 3 cd ft. • ft CO t—

£i vo • cd ov

ft Jh 1—1

Eh ' r»

€> CM

CD co vo d

•rH Ov

CM

cD <D 3 hO «

ft onl • vo| • Q

£3 • Tj CJ • d o d CO CQ

on

ft

OJ t— tr— t— 1 1 Ov ov OV • • • • • OJ t- -3" -=t

LTV CM

CM

ft

ft

n

-3* CM OO 00

Lf\ LTV

O 1—1 i—1

ft • • • • • CO o

LT\ VO CXD o 00 1—1 \ ~=t -3* rH 1—1

cd 1—1 d

co

OV

Ovo

on

LTV t—

-=t o • • * • • o VO CO 00 ov 1—1

-3* 1—1 1—1 o

ft

MO

COO

rH

VO

o\uCM -

, s. o o ^—. ,—.. o o O o o o o o o o o o o o on on on 1—1

on on on

v ' — * V ^ v

xV ^ ft ft ft ft ft ft 5 CQ o o o CQ

oncD 3 ft ^ o S ^ o

,9 03^1

cd

d

-P

H

EHHP

ftOoppo

ft

Eh

CD S3

<U

H

d

•rH ft O O S3

•H

-P • *H

CD3 J>} 3 ft

cd

CD

d 0) CD • Fh fn 3

ftO

-P CM

g -H • -P (3 CO

cD

O I a

§*Oo

0) ft

ft -P P CM ni ft \ p > H -P3

•> 0) cftj 3 s3 ft O 3 ° O 3

SgCD

cd

d cd

O 3 o

co33ooO3O

•H

-p•H

CM 3<

CMon

<u

co i—l !

EH

P3OO

tIN t

" 3

<D I £

>H

-P CO [>5 3 3 co ,0 •H 0) ft 3

ono ft S3 O §3 6

CO -p

Tss. 3 O -P

CM 3 VO 1 0) • LTV d I •H OO

ftO

O

O 3 • d

CD3O

-P•H3Oa

•H

H • •H ft c3 3 CM 3 3 on

d

O o rd • 3 3 ft •3 ft •rH 3 ft ft ft

•H o -P 3 ft •H

O 3 3

33

O 3 •H 33

O CD

CDO 3 3 CD CD

OO 3

33

O ft

O o ft

O 3 O

on 3 •H ft on

O -H 3 1 0) CO a 3 1 O CD o o O CO o o o CD

fc>0

O 3 •rH o bO

O OOH 3 O O a CD 3 O ft a 3 CM o CD P 3 CM ft CD 3 CD O 3

•H

O 33

co

O

-P taO

-P

co3Oo -p3 co 3 co cd CD O 3 3 3 O ft 3 X 3

CD cD 3 CD 0) CD CD ft

-P

d

O

CD

CO I—I oa

EH«OO

on co

on

H

d

34 CQ ft CD 3 on cD 3 o3 cd i ft a ft CD CO ft ft 3 CD 3 CO M ft o CD d •H ft X ft •H X ,—

P CQ V d 3 CO v 

(D 3 (D 3 CD 0

ft EH CD CD cti ft on 0)

d cD

O ft Eh ft d 3 ft rO i—i d H on vo ft CQ ft CD CD II o 3 3 j~rj • CQ 3 d d CO i—l O H o S OJ d EH ft •rH 3 •H ^ 

X 3 CD 1—1 o ft 3 o 3 OO CD LTV ft cD i—1 i—1 o <D ft Q (D -p W -p 3 • CD CD O ctf 1—1 3

ft

H CM

d S 0) CM 3 3 a -P 1! CD

H

a 3 £ V ^ ft II

H •H *H

O i p ft P on O o > ft ft iH ft -P ft 3 H 3 ft

153
r* r> o d d 0) 0 o ft d •H 3

bO ft -p OJ CD 0 •H

l/t & 3 ft •

r> cn ft CD ^—

d OJ bo 0 d eft p 1—

o o ft vo d cO r\ o ON

!>> o on| • d i—

ft oo|

M

d o '

s s 0 o •H 0 d ft ft • ft ro d x CD • O ft cD 3 d cD a

•H ft ft

<T« a) ft i—

CD £ d ft CD O o Cv s ft ft ft ft O ft

CD o o H bD

>>5 P •H P^5

r>

d

0) o r-3 • CO on

d

X ft " -- LTV ft

cO • a) vo • ft (ft CD EH 1 —

•H vo Is ft ft

ft o on

d • ft • d O ft • CD bO •rH EH PPCQ ' ft EH ft ft

wow

PJw

pHHK

dO • ft #N

/•

—

• OJ

ft ft ft 0 CD ft O E— d a; ft ft * on S ft CM

CD • ft o t H b r> -p T ft o • CD L

ft • (ft

d cn

d

ft

d ao

IS cD OJ ^Ir • Oo

ft" • ft —

O C\J S pH

— CMP • 1 1 0) ft d

O''*', • • p>O

d ON Is ft ON cD

d ft

•> (D ft- 1 i—

ft

O 0) ft i—

*• »•

v ' ft

d

t>s ft >>

d CD rv

p

O ftd

O ft ftw o d

m s ft ft bDCO

d cD 0)

CD

dd

O CD 0) ft • o -h O cD OJ cn ft ft Is C S O ft eh d

a) r> 0) cD • • ft

•ft o o • • ctn| CO Ph M

ft <D -P

d

d 0 0 nd

d o o ft 0 0) ft O o d •h bD a P M O O O •H

•H <D 1 p

d o cD P LTNd

p

i>

d Pc cD ft

d cn

d i—1 •r- Pc

0) cD 0 d 0 00 • cn

O I d

d Is o O

d ft t> 0 d ft

O >d

O

d 3 d CD •rH ft ft • 0 p 0 LIT 0) 0 o p ft o ft 0 d O p cD ft CM ft X o o cD OOP 0 ft ft CD d P p cD 0

ft

O ft o P o

ft

p_l

bO P 0 0 p 0 ft 0 • ft 0 cD ft ft rd 0 0 cD d cD d ft

CD P i> ft bO

p P i>

r- 0 •H * 00 cD • tsSC ft O ft ftHQ

ft CDd ft OOP 0 0 d

ft ft

d 1—

0 CM 0 ft •H bO jx| CD 0 0 o

ft Q» tft 1 d | d • cn P 00

d 0 0 d •h P <? >> TP. CM OOft fft oo P •H i—

0 jH ft 0 o cD p

VV.

a ft i—

ft P cD cn cD

d 0 ft <H & g 0 O •h i—

O ft • d ft •rH o >> a O P O 0 3 d •H 0 i—

d ft d d d o Q POH ft •H 0 0 0 d U p o

ft ft cD 0 ft cD o oo ft cD

d 0 d P cn

p cD 0 0 & o o d o P 0 CM ft ft d 0 0 O cD •rH 0 ft d 0 d ft o d ft ft cD P 0 o cn 0 Pc 0

•H

O

d

ft o P d 0 o d P RO

ft

EH

ft 3 d LTNO Pc ft o O o •H o ft o O cD O P d Pc 0 I 1—

O cD O 0

•H

d o d •H •H o •H

V

Xp ft o cn

d ft ft

p •h o o • p

O ON P d 0 d r* 0 cO •H •H ft • o

•H ft oo 0o< •H

d CM cD

O •H ft 0 d

r

d od 0

CD o 1 cn •rH | d •rH S cn

O 0 0 o d ft 0 d

O ft o d Lf\ o o P p ftd ft P •d o U i—1 ft vo •H 0

Pc o O ft- Pc ft o d Pc i—1 Pc

d cD 0 o d

p t- cn 0 0 d LTN •H CM 0 d 1—1 0 d o 0

CO

dd LTN (U bD

U o On ft o O o CM p CM o ft CM o O •rH ft ft CM cn ft •h 0 LTN i—1 d o bO cD O ft d 0 O o 0 0 1 i—1 ft d d ft

(Dd P d P 0 0 P o ft

d

d 0 ft 0 O

fd 1

cD •H P q ft

ft cD cD P cDQ ft cD o cD Ph Pc 0 P ft CM

d 'd cD < ft o • 0 o d 0 d o o o ft 1—

ft cD ft 0 O p P o o 0 0 cD o 0 d d d p 0 0 i—

cD P p i—

ft ^ s.

d

d cO

d EH 0 0 o d EH 0 K p o Ph Pc --—

0 d p d 0 O 3 o d cO O

ft o p o 0 ft o 1—

0 ft d LTN d ri d ood O n 0 l—

o ft 0 0 On

ft t— o Pc

—

t—

d I 0 o 1 O 0 Pc ft 0

on Pc

p

O •rH 0 Pc P X cD i>o pq •H X 0 0 d P i—

0 l—

VO

dd

d ftd OO d 0 cO • o vo

bOp • 0 ft 0 0 •H • d d OJ ft d d d 0 CM

•rH 1—

d 0 •rH 3 0 i—

d o O Pc i—

0 0 O P o 1—

0 0 d ft

cn ^0 II P ft ft 0 Pc II cn u I p 0 d d X I P C d ft i—

•H 3 Pc 0 o ft

OOO • a O LTN M 0 LTN OJ o 0 ft ^ oo i—

O O oo Q CJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 cO CO t—

i—i—

H i—

O o LTN ft o O 0 0 • Q CO

rr_i 1—

_0 LTN j c o i—

c—

ft

EH

IrH , i 1—

i—

CO

R o o II i

1 COMK X O 1—

1—

EH i—

o o r ' O i

i o 1—

1—

•

pr~| • 1—

X

X CM S CM X CM ON M

ft CM • • Q II i—

ft CM s II II II P

ftd 5H ft

J*iX

ft . . , ft cO ft o

154
2. Comments on Experimental Data

la) The data analysis involve a best fit of the onccentration

time traces with the integrated rate expression. Unfortunately no

provision has been made for reaction endothermicity . This will be

especially serious for the Q% runs and a decrease in temperature of

several hundred degrees during the course of the reaction must be

expected. This may account for the apparent 3/2— order dependence

on concentration. Due to the possibility of large errors in

reaction temperature, the uncertainty of these results may well be as

much as a factor of ten.

lb) Reactions are carried out at very high concentrations.

Although initial rates are used, the published traces suggest that the

first measurable point occurs no less than 100 ysecs after the passage

of the shock wave. Thus, considerable reaction must have occurred

and as in la the true reaction temperature is probably much lower

than calculated. This will be most serious at higher temperatures

(large conversions). Estimated uncertainty is about an order of

magnitude

.

l c) The use of the reflected shock may cause problems in defining

( 2 ) reaction temperature. An induction period is observed at lower

temperatures ( <2400°K) . Rates were determined from higher temperature

experiments. The estimated uncertainty is about a factor of 5*

l d) This should be the most reliable of the direct studies.

Unfortunately the authors do not present sufficient data so as to

permit a more detailed analysis. The estimated uncertainty is a

factor of 3.

155
Ila) This must "be considered a rough estimate. The number is

dependent not only on the correctness of the mechanism but also on

a whole string of other rate constants whose values are uncertain.

lib) This number may be a satisfactory upper limit, as in all

such experiments the reliability is dependent on the postulated

mechanism. In the present case it is assumed that equivalent

amounts of and H radicals are formed and that subsequently the

important processes are

nh

2

* + nh

2

- -> h

2

h

4

H- + H- + (M) + h

2 + (M)

and WH

2

- + H- + (M) > NH^ + (M)

Even after accepting the mechanism the reported number is dependent

to a considerable extent on the rate constants for the other two

processes. A particularly disturbing fact is the detection of NH

radicals. Thus, the true mechanism may be more complex. Furthermore,

each- NH radical suggests the presence of 2 additional H-atoms as well

as serve as a sink for active specie.

3. Discussion

The data from Ia,b,c,d are plotted in Figure I. In view of

the large estimated uncertainties, the agreement is very satisfactory.

It appears that within the temperature range 2000-3000°K, the bimolecular

rate constant for NH^ decomposition in argon can be considered to be well

established. Note that in plotting the data we have set the true

bimolecular rate to be one-half the measured rate constant for NH^

disappearance since under the reaction conditions the processes

156
(M) + NH

3

NH

2

* + H- + (M)

H- + NH

3

-—> H

2 + NH2

*

must be concurrent. We have also converted the data of la so that

it reflects a first order order dependence in ammonia and argon.

The problem that remains is to project these numbers into other

temperature ranges. Note that the experimental activation energies

are all lower than the bond energy. This is expected since with

increasing temperature more internal degrees of freedom become

activated. Thus, linear extrapolation of the standard Arrhenius plot

will lead to gross errors. Our approach is to calculate the

bimolecular rate constant on the basis of the expression

k

d

-E/RT

N(E)e

(3)

dE

where X is the transmission coefficient and is uaually set as 1,

although for the present purposes we will use it as a temperature

independent adjustable parameter; Z collision numbers (for

O NH

3 we use collision diameter = b A) ; N(E), the density of vibrational

and rotational states at energy E; Q, the partition function for the

molecule, and AE^, the energy change for the reaction at 0°K. In

this approach the vibrations and external rotations are taken as

fully coupled. This is contrary to the most common practice and

indeed there are angular momentum constraints against complete

coupling. The present approach is purely empirical in that for other

(k) similar systems agreement with regard to the shape of the log k vs 1/T

plots is improved using active external rotations. For N(E) we use

the Laplace Transform technique. A complete discussion of this and

157
other techniques for computing the density of states and the ranges

of validity can be found in a recent review^^.

The results of such a computation suing an argon efficiency of

.136^) and X = ^.27 (in order to obtain the best fit) can be seen

in Figure I. For completeness we have also plotted the results

of a computation using X = 1 and all external rotations inactive. These

are the most commonly used assumptions and it can be seen that this

reproduces the data with almost equal facility. On the other hand

it has a somewhat stronger temperature dependence. However, with

neither model can we reproduce the experimental activation energy

exactly. It is suspected that this is an experimental artifact. Jacobs

(la) has discussed the possibility of 0^ impurities affecting the shock

tube results while Takeyama et al (ic) mentions the presence of an

induction period at lower temperatures. All of these factors will tend

to lower the experimental activation energy. In any case the discrepancies

are all within the uncertainty limits. Note that these results are not

sufficiently sensitive as to shed any light on the current controversy

on the heat of formation of NH^IIc).

On this basis recommended bimolecular and termolecular rate

constants, for ammonia dissociation and amino and H atom combination,

respectively, in the temperature range 200-U000°K are summarized in

Table I. The estimated uncertainty is about a factor of 5* Note that

the numbers refer to NH^ as the third body. For other third bodies data

from the dissociation of NO^Cl^^ and the isomerization of CH^NC^^

are summarized in Table II.

The data for the bimolecular combination process are not directly

related to the termolecular process since the former is dependent on

158
the structure of the transition state. It does permit an estimate

to he made of the range of validity of the data in Table I. On the

basis of RRKM calculations with external rotations inactive we are not

able to reproduce either the rate constants or the pressure dependence

derived by Gordon and coworkers (lib). With external rotations

active (for both the transition state and normal molecule) a very

satisfactory fit can be achieved. Details may be found in Tables III

and IV. In view of our earlier analysis of the recombination results

it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions with regard to this fit.

Further experiments are needed. In any case it is clear that over

most accessible temperature and pressure ranges the data in Table I

are valid. At 1 atm or higher and at sufficiently low temperatures

deviations can be expected and recourse must be made to the numbers

of Table IV.
References

1. D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, JMAF Thermochemical Tables NSRDS-NBS

37, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20406

2. R. L. Belford and R. Strehlow, Ann. Ref. of Phys. Chem. , pg. 2^+T Palo Alto, California 94306.

3. W. Forst , J. Phys. Chem. j6_, 342 (1972).

4. W. Tsang, unpublished results.

5. W. Forst, Chemical Review 71., 339 (1971)*

6. S. C. Chan, B. S. Rabinovitch, J. Bryant, L. D. Spicer, T. Fujimoto,

Y. N. Lin, and S. D. Pavlou, J. Phys. Chem. 74, 3160 (1970).

7. H. S. Johnston, Gas Phase Reaction Rate Theory, pg. 295, Ronald

Press, New York (1966).

160
Table I

Recommended Rate Constants for the Decomposition of

k „ and Combination of Amine and H Radicals. + NH

3

NH

2 + H- + KH3

Temperature Rate Constant Decomposition Rate Constant Combination

/mole--sec (k,)d

L

2

/mol

2

e sec

200 5.5 X IQ’

102

1.1 X 1013

300 1.5 X

IVO CVl 0

1

—

1

4.6 X 10

12

4oo 7.6 X

1 00 O

1

—

1

3.3 X 10

12

500 4.8 X 10 31

2.6 X 1012

600 3.3 X 10

-23

2.2 X

1 CM

—

1

0

1

—

1

TOO 1.3 X 10-1T

1.9 X 10

12

8oo 1.8 X 10"13

1.6 X 10

12

900 3.1 X 10-10

1.4 X 10

12

1000 1.1 X

I t- 0

1

—

1

1.3 X 10

12

1200 7-5 X

\~=t 0

1

—

1

1.0 X 10

12

1400 3.7 X 10

-1

8.1 X 10

11

1600 3.7 X io

+1

6.6 X 10

11

1800 1.2 X 10

+3

5.4 X 10

11

2000 2.0 X 0

1

—

1

4.5 X 10

11

2200 1.8 X 10 5 3.7 X 10

11

2400 1.1 X 10

6

3.1 X 10

11

2600 5.1 X 10

6

2.6 X

1

—

1

1

—

1

0

1

—

1

2800 1.8 X 10 T 2.2 X 10

11

3000 5.4 X

t— 0

1

—

l

1.9 X 10

11

3200 1.4 X

00 0

I

—

i

1.6 X 10

11

161

'
Table I (continued)

Temperature Rate Constant Decomposition

L

/mole-sec (k^)

Rate Constant Combination

L^/mole^ sec (k ) r

3400 3.1 X 10

8 1.4 X

1

—

1

—

0

1

—

3600 6.2 X

CO 0

1

—

1.2 X 10

11

3800 1.1 X 109 1.0 X

1

—

i1

0

1

1

Uooo 2.0 X 109 8.9 X

0

1

1

0

1

1

162
Table II: Third body efficiencies from (a) decomposition of NO Cl

f. (b) isomerisation of CH^NC

(a) He .25 (b) He .171

Ne .18 Ne .120

Ar .21 Ar .136

Kr .21 Kr .115

H

2

. 3^ D

2

.23

H

2

.29 H

2

.21

°2 .26 sf

6

.42

c0

2

.39 *2 .28

SF

6

.36 .41

CH^ .44

C

2

H

6

.56

C

2

H

U .43

C

3

H

6

.60

C 0H 0 .62

3 8

C /'H I_ CH„ 6 5 3

.80

163
Table III: Data used in deriving results in Table IV

a) Transition state is assumed to have same geometrical structure

as molecules.

O b) Collision diameter is 4A.

c) Vibrational frequencies for the molecules are 3^00(3),

1620(2), 960(1).

d) Vibrational frequencies for the transition states are 3200(2)

1500(1) Uo( 2)

e) All external rotations are active.

f) Transmission coefficient = .27*

164
Table IV

Recommended, rate constants for the unimolecular decomposition of

ammonia and the bimolecular combination of amino and H radicals

nh

3

k(DEC)

IRcOM)

m

2 + H-

(Table is on pages 166-168.)

165
TEMPERATURE IS 200 K

A * R • T • A- FACTOR IS 1.99578E+14 /SFC

R FACTION' THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A -FAC TOR IS 2.8G918E+15 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 108025. CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2* 1 4504E-103 /SEC

PRESSURE K C DEC ) KCCOM)

(MM HG) C/SEO (L/MOL-SEC)

10

1 00

1000

10000

1 00000

1 • 000G0 E + 6

4.26018E-105

3. 5620 5E- 10 4

1 .3788 IE- 103

2.01 043E-1 03

2. 1 29 39 E- 10 3

2. 1 4343E-1 03

8 • 46398E+9

7.0769 5E+ 10

2 • 739 37E+ 1

3 • 99 425E+ 1 1 4.23C 60 E+ 1 1 4.2 58 50 E+ 1

TEMPERATURE IS 300 K

A . R . T * A-FACTOR IS 6.08735E+14 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 9.239 41 E+ 15 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 108598* CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 6.38718E-64 /SEC

P RESSURF

(MM HG)

10

100

1 000

1 000G

100000

1 .00000E+6

K ( DEC)

C /SEC)

7 • 380 9 8 E~ 66

6. 44338 E- 6

2.97327E-64

5. 33263E-64

6.20595E-64

6 • 3 6 6 3 2 E - 6 4

KCCOM)

CL /MOL- SEC)

2.31 1 21 E+9

2.01 762E+1

9 . 31 021 E+ 1

1 . 66981 E+1 1

1 .9 432 7 E+1

1 • 99 3 49E+ 1

T EM p E R A T UR F. IS 400 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1-34539E+15 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 2.01165E+16 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 109127. CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.41072E-44 /SEC

p R ESS LIRE

C MM HG)

10

1 00

1 000

1 0000

1 00000

1 . 00000 E+ 6

KC DEO

C /SEC)

2.81 390 E- 46

2. 52642E- 45

1 • 33267E-44

2.9729 7E-44

4.04467E- 44

4. 35924E-4

KCCOM)

CL /MOL -SEC)

1 * 20 42 5E+9

1 * 08 1 22 E+ 1

5. 70 336F+ 1

1 • 2 7232E+ 1 1

1 . 73098E+5

1 . 8 656CF+ 1

166
TEMPERATURE IS SOU K

A • R • T • A -FACTOR IS 2. 461 31 E+l 5 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A -FAC TOR IS 3* 47427E+1 6 /SEC CHI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIM EN TAL A C T I VA T I ON EN ER GY IS 109 60 7 . CAL

S

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.01 509 E- 32 /SEC

P RES SURE

CMM HG)

1 0

100

1 000

1 0000

1 00000

1 *00000 E + 6

KC DEC)

C /SEC)

1 . 41 643E-34

1 .29697E-33

7. 5738 4E-33

2.05044E-3P

3. 33276E-32

3*8938 1 E-32

KC COM)

CL /MOL -SEC)

7.690 59E+8

7.04195E+9

4*11 226E+ 1

C

1 . 11 330E+1

1

1 .80954E+1

1

P.1141 6E+ 1

TEMPERATURE IS 600 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 3.97652E+15 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 5. 1 9783F+1 6 /SEC CHI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 1 10041 . CALS

CHIGH PRESSURE)

H I GH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.07327E-24 /SEC

P RES SURE

CMM HG)

1 0

100

1 000

1 0000

1 00000

1 • 00000 E+ 6

KC DEC)

C /SEC)

8*201 47E-27

7.618 79 E- 2 6

4.8 1 209 E- p 5

1 • 531 3 6 E - 2 4

2 . 9 5 49 5F.-2 4

3 • 82241 E-24

KCCOMi)

CL /MOL -SEC)

5. 39678E+8

5.01 336E+9

3 • 1 6 6 48 E+ 1 8

1 .00767E+ 1

1

1 . 9 44 44E+ 1 1 2.51 525E+1

1

T EM R ERA T UR E IS 700 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 5.88693E+15 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 7.07347E+1 6 /SECCHI GH PRESSURE)

E XP ER I M F.N TAL ACTI VA T I ON EN ER GY IS 1 10434. CAL S

CHIGH PRESSURE)

H I GH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS P.24009E-18 /SEC

PRES S UR E

C MM HG)

1 0

1 00

1 000

1 0000

1 00080

1 • 00080E+ 6

KC DEC)

C /SEC)

2. 68023E-21

g. 51 724E-20

1 . 69098 E- 1

9

6. 1 4 7 4 7 F. - 1 9

1 . 38 4 47 E~ 1

8

2 • G02 57E- 1

8

KC COM)

CL /MOL- SEC)

4.00079 F+

8

3« 75749E+9

2 . 5P41 3E+ 1

0

9. 1 7636E+10

2.86661 E+l

1

2.98925 E+l

167
TEMPERATURE IS 800 K

A • R • T • A-FACTOR IS 8.17218E+15 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 9.01258E+16 /SEC CHI 6H PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 110792. CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.67917E-14 /SEC

PRESSURE

C MM HG)

10

1 00

1 000

10000

100000

1 • 00000E+ 6

KC DEO

C /SEC)

3 . 46098 E“ 1

3.27844E- 1

2-31 374E-1

9.3891 6E“ 1 2. 4R1 5 5F- 1

3 • 92345E- 1

KC COM)

CL /MOL- SEC)

3.C7 43 4E+8

2.91 220E+9

2 • O 5527E+ 1 0; 8 • 34027E+ 1

2. 1 5103E+1

3. 4851 5E+1

TEMPERATURE IS 900 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1.08018E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 1.09472E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 111118. CALS

CHIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE PATE CONST/ v? IS 1 .09763F-10 /SEC

PRESSURE

C MM HG)

KC DEC)

C /SEC)

K C COM)

CL /MOL -SEC)

1 0

1 00

1 000

1 0000

1 00000

1 .00000E+6

5-201 3 IE- 1

4.9 608 0E- 1

3* 64469E- 1

1 . 62095E-1

4.7041 6E-1

8. 5 1 0 0 2 E - 1 1

2. 42257E+8

2 • 31 055E+9

1 . 69 755E+10

7. 549 7 7E+1

2. 19 101 E+l 1 3.96364E+1

TEMPERATURE IS 1000 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1.37397E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 107090. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 1.28277E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 111415. CALS

CHIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 5. 54934E-8 /SEC

P RESSURE

C MM HG)

1 0

1 00

1 000

1 0000

100000

1 » 00000 E+ 6

KC DEC)

C/SEC)

1 . 73835E- 1

! . 66723E-10

1 • 2 6 63 4Et9

6.08389E-9

1 .95659E-8

3.92909E-8

KC COM)

CL/MOL-SEC)

1 . 9 4 4 58 E +8

1 .86501 E+

1 . 41 656F+1

6 • 80 562E+ 1

2. 18870E+1

4. 39 520 E+l 1

168
1/T

169

FIGURE

1:

Experimental

and

calculated

rate

constants

for

NH^

decomposition

(in

argon)

(See

page

170

for

legend.)
Legend for Figure 1 (page 169)

Figure 1: Experimental and calculated rate constants for NH,

decomposition (in argon)

Experimental results -----

(A) reference la

(B) reference lb

(C) reference Ic

(D) reference Id

Calculated results

(E) no external rotations, transmission coefficient = 1

argon efficiency = . 136^ '

(F) all external rotations active .^transmission coefficient

.27 argon efficiency = .136

170
Chapter 12

RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS (M) + N H,

2 k

kr 2NH^ ’ + (M)

W. Tsang

ABSTRACT

kr Data for the reactions N0H( + (M) % 2NH • + M have "been 24 kd 2

tabulated and critically examined. These span the range 0.01-200

atm and 300-1600 K. A satisfactory correlation of the data has

been made using RRKM unimolecular rate theory. The results are

consistent with ) = ^5 .5 1.5 kcals/mol. This is in

marked contrast to the JANAF value of ^0.1 kcals/mol. On this

basis suggested rate constants for these reactions over the range

-5 2

10 -10 atm and 200-3000°K are tabulated.

171
l)

Survey

of

Experimental

Data

oo

o\

s!

03

PM ON

-=)• " On O H

!M ^o5> tH N VO

CQ CM

CM

CM

rd, . Ph M

-V wCM Pv

rX

VO

-Vo Wo1—

oa

OO 1 1 CM ON o CO e • e • • • CM b- CM CO CO CO

CM ir\ i—

1—

CM CM

woI—

oa

cd \ i—

CD

cti rH o cti rM O

Lf\ o 1—

CM -3* • • • • MO 00 o\ o CM CM

^zt 1—

i—

• o\ vo

ON

L/N CO

_4‘ WCM o £3 0 W CD a o a

t— i—

• LTN • OO (D O i—

G

rH ! • a) 1 VO I 2

-V CM LTN 1—

ON • O o

Ph ao • -p

a) •H • • n p • 0 • • g

p^ <D

a Pi aJ Pj •H O LTN o 3 -P •rH i—

-p -P i CD cd bO •rH Lf\

Pi Ph Pi

W

0) CD •rH

O £

Pi PM -P & •H i—

a CO a o CD 0 O

EH EH

M o O

CO

«H o o o o o o o o o o

CO CO o o

PM PM 1—

"pm

CM

cq o O o o Oo

CO oo

CO

_pj

K 3 3 I -P

cd 0 0 0 »~N 0 pj • 0 Ph cd p l—

P P M

p> Ph 1 cd o CD cd

—

r>

H CD cd

p

CDO 3o

CD pj cd -p P Ph •H 0) -P H 0 O a a

•H *H

,x

5g

Ph

CD Ph nd O

Ph ch

EhKOO

«n o

voi 0P c

O fl a

0) -H

tj 'd

O

Pi

CDPM

0) nd

CD

Ph ch O O

PiM CD H *H 0 O 0 CD CD

(D

p

rH -P

PhO 0

PMX

PhP

is

/-rH *H 3 CD •H •H 0 0 UJ rb w U 0 0 P s 0 •H 0 PI VO 0 P

-p PP <h 0 O • Ph P 0

CD Ph "rl CM PM

Tj 0

hO PM P i—

CQ

-p £ X •H

O i—

0 o

(D

•rH 0 0O

rH 3 >

Ph . p 0 PM II a 0 P

•H CD P a CD 0 P

CD cdO nd P 0 C Ph o < O a

H cti

172
Results

Method

and

Condition

CDv

a

CD3

CD ft

CD ft

3 3

p o • • P CQ g

3 3 CO

CQ • P vo

1 g O CA

« 3 3 1—

1

O 3 P • v r g O P • P 1

1 K o • « CM 3 P 3 rH

Eh 3 CM 3 « CO 3

3 • 3 vo 3 *>, 3 ft O CA -H gj

ft 3 i—

1

Q co|

• 3

• =3 3 • • •p P t“ ft 3

P 3 p r?

• 3 •H CM • P

P 3 O CO ft (3

X

r> 3

O P 3 1—

1

ft • 3 P O 3

ft 3 •H on P LTN 3 p •rl VO

• EH 3 • p ON

IP 3 W 3 i—

1

r* ft Ph 3 —*

• 3 g H

PQ 3 O ^—>. • g O i—

1

3 cd

i—

l

cd O P-. 3 3 3 P •H

i—

1

pH O O p r» 3 •H 3 P

ft • g -P 3 M

3 pq p cd ft 3

•H P g 3

• 3 U O P • ft O CD o 3

EH SP P P

p a 3 3

• £H H p •H W CO CQ —

•

EH Ph

3 • O i—

1

3

• 3 ft

bO g 3 3 O p O O

•rH •H •H P • 3 P p M

tn O 3 3 3

ft 3 3 3

3 P P

3 g 3

CD CQ P O P

3 O P r> P M •rH

1—

1

P ^ • 3 ft

(D 3 P

rP 3 3 EH n o EH O 3

•H •rH r P

ft

«> p CO 3 • 3 3 UA P r"'

CD 2 CO -H UA

S3 ft PVO Mg • 01 ON 3 O M S3 H ^ O ftH^

ft o

CO c? I 3 CO VO

P 3 • •H

CD i P •H 3

£ 3 *H P on

CD P 3 3 p ft • 2 O co CM CM

i—

|

P 3 ft P P ft o 3 i> o o • ft • a

# -p O 3 3 3 o feSC 3 3 O o •H o > 3 3 o rH O P o CD

(D cj P P 3 UA M 3 CM CD

CD a 3 M 3 ft CM O 3 P i—

1

a w

•H 3 g 1 P < i—

1

CM

LTN o 3 O O O o ft 1 on 3 P 3 3 o P g 3 o 1

CD •H3

3

3

3 g 3

.. b -H O

O 3 -P ‘H

-P ft

CD (S M-H

S3 3 S3 co 3 3 ft O

3 ftt? ft

ft g Cd g

O CD CD O EhBMO

3 3

o

ft

CD CD b -P 3 o

CD

c—

I

ft

CDb

CM

rH

-P3

CO

S3OH

-Pa ft 3 3

CD ft

03 ft

ft 3

co 3

•H

CO g

co 3

3 3

g ft

. 3

Pn ft

EH CO

O

-P H

CO -3- O O

i

1 ^

3 O

EH O

-P -P 3

b

3

33

D— H '65. CA

LfA CM 3 •• 3

3 3 g

i—I 3 ft 3 3 ft ft -P3 M

3 3 3

ft 3 ft M ft ft 3 g 3

•H 3 3

CQ Eh £3

g

•• P> 3 3

O

•H VO

-P • ft OO 3

O O

& b> g

OO

3

ft

I 3

3 K

35

O

-P3

ft3 ft ft a

3 O

3 ft 3 3 o

ft 3 3

3 +3 3 3

3

3 H

3 Pi O 3

•H

ft . 3 ft 3 3

3 ft X r3

3

O

•H 3 ft

rH ft 3 3

>5 O

rH 3

O ft 3 3

r*5 ft ftO

3

3

ft -ft o K

O CM O ft VOP

I UA O

3

3

3

3

3 • 30=3

3P O

O

!>> CO

ft CM

3 3 g

3 O -P 3 ft 3

-P p

3 # H O

3 3 P

3 O I Ph Pi CO g g

3 O

EH O

3 3

1 3 -P O

3 P •H 3 •rH 3 O 3 P

3 ft 3 3

3 3 1 •rH P 3

3 •3 3 3 3 3

3 P 3 3 3 3

3 P 3 3 O P

ft 3 3 •3 3

3 r—

v

P 3 3

3 P 3 EH 3 P ft 3 3 3 ft 3 EH 3 CD 3 3 ft 3 O •H > O 3 O 3

p 3 O UA • ft 3 i—

1

3 3 3

P 3 P r 3 O O

P 3 ft" O •H 3

3 3 i—

1

UA •H M 3 • 3 3 1 P 3 3 0

3 P ^

•H 3 pH 3 3 3 ft ft 3 |ph ft 3 3 X 3 3 CM 3 ft 3 3 O 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3ft

3 3 Ph H O

P P =3 h «

3 ft 3 3

3 3

ftP P

3 • O i—

1

•rH i—

3 C 3 r- 3

3 I PiX

3

3 3

P

ft

3 3

3 3

3 i—

I

ft O

P g

•H 3 P

3P 3

3 P P

i—

1

O

ju

3

3

EHK

o

O

-P

rv ca

i—

i

PiX

3 op

3

O

rH3

3

3

3

VO

CM

+

Ml

ft- O

Ph ft X CM P

3 ft Pi

I3

3

3

i—

I

O 3

g P

•H3 3

3

•H 3 3

P 3

<4H 3 O

o

•H 3

3 3

3 3

3 3

3 3

Ph 3

X 3

3 Pi

Ph 3 3

p 3

3 *H 3 P

3 3 P 3

EH P

3 a

•

i CD i—

1

3 •H 1 ft 3 a ft 3 P

3 cd 3 3 3

p t> 3 O 3

^—

,

3 3 ft 3

EH 3 3 3 r—

v

t> K g 3 3 EH P •H P 3 ft 3 bO O ft O 3 3

3 ft O P CD vo 3 3 O 3 •H

«* p P 3 O 3

o 3 P ft ri O a

UA 3 3 3 o

1 3 g ft LTN •H O 1 3 -P ft 3 3 3 w ft •H X P ft 3 ft 3 CD 3 P 3 X 3 O

3 CD & ft ft • 3 3 a

CM0

1

1

O OJ

CD •H

CD

cd

0) w &

OJ -P 3 c

ft o

ft w

ftp

p

3 O

3 • Pi CO

g

3

3

1—

I

I

3 0 3

p 3 O

3 3 P

O P 3

3

3

33

EH

ftO

or\ CM

LfA

PiX

3

gP

3

CO

3

3

3

EH

PhO

O

CO

ftPiX

3

CM 3 1—1 P 3 3 oo o

H ft 3 3 3

- 3 II 3 •H ft CM CM*

1 O •H [SI X H i—1 ^—

s

ft 3 3 O o

ftH 3 s 3 P

1—

1

P

P

P SP EH P P

' P P

P P

P

173

3
ft P .

- • •rl d i—

d

CO p d ft P bO P

d d o r P P -H P

O O P bD

CO • d p P

1—

bD a p o P

d o O p p •rl P

o •H d P CO p • • CO p CO p

d ft O P P p

p ft H ft •H d • d a —

a ft ft ft P o

d oS co p o r. ft r> o d

P r. P -H d ft d d p p p P • >5 o P CO EH p —

d p d p •H [—

s EH > ft

r> p VO d a ir\ CO ON

• . hop- P H

W d ft o CO H -

0)p

d

ft

co ci

<D 0) P d

P H

CO U

co S3

0) *rl P

ft d

13 *d O 33

rH d

ft -pd ft

I co co d 33 P a

ft o

. 33

33 co bO

•h d

33 d

-P

ft CJ d d

i—

d ft

co d o p

p a

o

d P H P

•H

!>» ftd

d

P

O

P

•H

S3O • Sew;

d o

p CM d

Pi -£ P d

S3d s3

S3 •H

33 33 O CVJ O ft CO

LTN V5. H LTN

I 3d I oO H

H O

H

S3O

bOP

d

a

d

o

p > p P P p o

O d d O p d •rl CO

•P d co CJ ft P CO 1 P •rl ft co p d O CM

CJ P o d •HO & &

• d P O P ft m a a

d d p P Cep d o

ft CJ CO co ft CD EH o

d

d

P

p

d

i—I C/3

4,o

a

o

o

to •H

I—

d ! p o pd

o

d d

P co d

d

lS3O

CO d d

3d P -H E-I O o K O

d P "-ao

H O O LTN O *H i—

a p ° i H *rl ^ O

30 CO i—1 OO OP- CM d ft I rH

33 a-— P O ft O

o X d

co d d co d d

P vo p d • CO PLCN

CO *H H

d si o

P d i—

ft Pd ii 3= >? OP--' H O podP

<3 ft 3d

ft

P —d ft

P3 3d O CJ d o HOP o « d

g LT\ d

•H LTV ft P I p —-co

ft d

co X 33 d d

P P pO\ O

co • *rl coco P dH d

P O i—

ft H P

d

P

P

d > M d

d

p

P

•H

ftd

p

p ii bO

•rH - P 8 p dft C ft ft

co

cod

P d

ft o • X , !>j d d o p d

d d P

p d P

d o

P d o P d

bO P

P d

•Pi—I

i—

CO i—IP

p d d

d

P • d r-' co P LT\ O ON

•H i—

P —

COP ON

ft -=f a h

o

d

ftd

p

•H

O

•P d

a p

d d

p p

Jr? H

d O

p

isj d

d *P d

P P P d H P

>5 ft p

d O P

ftp co O P co 3-5

a

ft d

N d

CO P

d

d

co d p

d ^

P co d d d P

d

ft O

d ft p a

o P o

d dd

3

cj d

d p

P

d

H

p

p

d

d o

ft

d d

P P d i—

>5 o

33 P

H

O CO a p

•a p

p d

d p

P P

5 d

d O

i—I *H P CO •H CO P d

d P

ft ft

vo

I CJd

ft CO X

d i—

On §

i—

O CJ H CJ

nidu

cocod

P

ft>

o

I—

•Tj ft

d

174

a

d

• p

o o

d

d

P

d d On O vo

tr— p On

m on d " H

-P i—l CO P P O

(D r> d CO CO

rQ oj| OJ d on p LTN

•rH d)

• d CM o ft p

TO O "

. i—

|

• •H C- S F*h n ft ft-l p

o

i 1 -H p >> P

d P -rl PP P

O

bD ft P

•rt d

I 3

co p

co o

d P

P

P P

O co •Hp d

d p

i—l d

d co p p

m d •H o CO

•rHm § p

p

P

d 9 P

d •rl o o

i—

d ft P •rl o5 p o P EH P

d p d Pft •rl < d ft CJ CO

ftO EH

o3 ft H 1 P

a 1 O O H

o X •H O

m o d P o

•rl r> o 1—

d CO o

co P

O d

ft P

a d

oO i—

|

d d d o

•H d p

9‘S

P u

p

d

p p

O d

ft H

•H d a

p -h

•H CO

tod d

P P d d

d

P

op

p

d

9

-Pm

•HPo

•pp

•H

COO • ft CO a h

O d

o o

d ft d

co P

o vo

ft LTN

i—

d

i—

d

•rl

CO

I—

dd

o

a

o

o

CM

VO

I

bO d

P

•rl OO p • •H C~- S r •H “LO

r—I i—

o

i* p

d

p

EH

&

d

p d

ft ft

. d

i—I P

d

ft d

P

i—i d

d co d d

S P - ft O

d o

CJ C—On

ft

ftO

i—

co o CO CM

• d •rH bD O

ft O p • P -P

CJ ft •H o

• P d p CM

IP o d i—

p

ft CM •rH CJ r d P P

P p P CO ft d d d pq

rv CO P H ft p P

p P i P o

d co CJ co d p

m CJ d P a bD

•rl H ft P

• P O co p •rH ft d a ft d rd P •H > m

• •rl P H- o ctf CO ft ft CO ft

1 d

p co H

O P

•rl P d POP

d p p

p

d d

° §

o d

cj P P

d d

I—

P -H

. d a p bOH

O CO d P

d p d

jEl *H 3 a &

m

in ch in

cj O i—

aj in in u

•rl d "rl p d

p d d

H P P

P

•rl i

p

d

P

d d

P ft

ft o

bO ft

•rl O

P CO o p

p p

p

o

d

p

Po

CJ p d co d

d P P POd

d a

I—1 ' ' odd ft P H

d d —

P P

p

X -—- H

d co d

d

d P

P P co P

d

i CO o p • d —

H P

co ft o

o CO •rl o d bD • Eh o p d EH

ft CM P ft • — i—

d m o d ft O 1—

o ft ft O cti LTN co O CO o

Ci •rl r o l—

H o

vo ft i—

C— vo

l ftftX

d CM

LT\ p ft

LTN ft

• m o • vo •rH p VO P

1—

m p H O

o cti •rH O ft

i—

CO i—

•p d

p £

p

d

p p o d

o

o

CO

ft d ft

ft <3
Results

Method

and

Condition

r tf

ovl •H

CM | cd * rs

, i PQ H

. CM ^tl

• CQ • D— • hp *”D VO • ft m

. ft • r\ d

pH pq On| d ,d

(D . oo| cd pH o 0

d £ 0) * d *

<U cd ft CO cq cd S

o a 0) •

(D *H CO ft INI <H (D • -—

(D ft -p o -a0) d 1-3 CO a rH VD

pH o LCA cd • cd • OV

plH * OV W 0

* CO H

d i—

1

0) ' v—

• O —

• ft CO • m W o VO Q H -=t CM CK •H LT\

• d -It • • i—

1

• cd VO

CO W -it s 1-3 ^0 PQ 00

i ft cn o U.

1

-P CM p <D cn ft!

P-I 1—

1

cd ft! (U <H cd ft 0

<L> ft ft ft g

ft O cd O CQ '

-p P cd bO

ft d ft ft O

p o •H ocxq *h CO i—

1

o cd •H ft ft 1

1—

1

CD P o o • ft LCA >5 CD d cd -it rH oo

ft •H ft “ 1—

1

pH ft. ft P LTV O ft

-p ro cd 0 CM ft o CD

cq U ft t— rd LTV O

0 OVD (D bDCO X

ft O l>> ft H 0 P * CD o P ,d 0) •H O 1 cd ft ft ft -p ft Lf\ <D ft d • cd ft OJ >

g ft •rH 0 o ft ft -4 O

•rM cd <L> •H ft o • ft 0 CD ft ft o 0) cd p p taD CQ ft •H ft bO CD o O P >5 cd ft o ft ft CQ 00 P ft cd CQ 0 Ph *H cd P cd pa ft ft o ft ft ft CQ o cq o P ft O CJ o CQ CD

0) ft cq O o CQ ft CQ CD 0

'' s

1—

1

o •H i—

1

ft ft P •H ft 3 bO w d ft ft ft cd ft PM CQ pa

P oo

Cc o VO

!>> CQ OO

<d 0 i—

1

P

d CD i—

l

CD «\ cd ft o pq h- O CQ ovl

r> • o . • :s • cd CQ ft o H • o

P ft • • CQ CQ s PM K

1 1 ft •

• • t>~

#N P g

ft ft On P 3 CD

i—

1

CD ft

r> r» ft " u

P cd i—

1

o

o •H b- O cd • ft bDCO cd O ft • ft P o CD ' ' o ea CM • • g CM o ft a < < t—

o\

. . uvl • • • 1—

1

CQ PM M n ft ft ' ""

1ft b» ft ft CD ft o

OJ ft CQ ft

cd d ft o

ft ft CD cd ft > CQ •H O P •H

•

i—

1

•H CQ

i—

1

rA OO g o CD i—

1

ft ft CQ O

ft o cd ft CM CD CD ft LO O ft ft o i—

1

P o

1 cd CD CD CQ o ft ft ft •H LT\ cd • P

CO CM CD ftO<! CQ Ph o CQ .

i—

1

ft P. VO CD CD O cd cd ft t— ft p

•H CQ p CSV ft •H

n3 CQ •H CD UA g

cd P 0 P ro H O CD ft O

ft CM ft cd i—

1

1—

1

(U ft ft P

0] o ft CQ P h1

1 N

iH CD cd O ft p

i—

1

ft CD •r—

1

CD CD Ph CD o g ft > ft

ftO

oo

cd •H

-p on p

cq 0) H +1 -P

cd o u o ft

ft -4-

0) OO II o

+i cm 3 ft

ft u q

vo ft cd 3

o cd rl In ft C\l O ft ft

li ft cd ft ^ P g w o o o

I O P

cmoo ft ft § ^ft m +cm

v— K d K

q <3 pq ft

o

0)

cq

<d

I—I • o CD ^g o

p

o CD o ftP

M CD H ft o CD

1—1 ft X CD

ft oo P

oo CQ

. CQ CM CDft

II ft

ft O

ft P

ftP

O CQ o

CD CD CD

CQ ft CQ

CD CD CD H ft i—1 O P O \0 CQ g

CQ

'"v— U CD CJ

CJ ft O

ft

:m 00

1 rd 1—1 O W o

i—1 *H 1—1 ft X X

bD LO P CM *H * CM ft VO

•H

ii g II •H HrH ft ft

1 CQ P CQ

CD o P

ft •H ft ft ft EM

!a II CD CQo • CD & • hH

ft g CM 1 cd O ft o

ft o ft CD

CD CQ ft ft +

ft -*—

CD . EM P P CM

ftO

ft

CD 'd O

1

1 3 -©- ft CA

•H i—

l

t

r

ft !>> l—

l

cd Cd CM t—

ft P ft i g CD ft v—

o ft CM ft

CJ ft X

ft O CD CQ O -©-

•rH ft CM

cd £ J MA

-p O H

cd -H ft o

ft CQ O H

ft ft bO

175

AHf

(300)

for

NH

=

47.2

kcal.

Predicts

M°°)

=

10

17

' 82

exp(-7

4,000

/RT)
Results

Method

and

Condition

Reference

id • 0) X v » " co on o

o

cd qj o\ CQ

ft ft 1—

ft O V -- • QJ -H

CQ fi o

1 t- Pd

• JH 1—

o 3 CM • ^

a (ft O ON

• -p o -=r Pd o • !m ON

fH o ft rH " EH o ^—

u CQ r» p • o ltn

0) ft • P CO w a cd cm

QJ Js

• < ft ISJ " < O CQ CD

ft ON

• • • i—

P CD P S H

Sd id

0) CD ft ft

Ch ft O o

sd id o o

•H •rH -p -p •H •H

c

CO P o u o

CD ft qj ft

•h a •h a U O P o

?H CJ in o

cd o • cd QJ • CJ ft QJ' CJ ft QJ

sd! Sd

CL) i—1 *H OJ H H <3 cd a sd cd a

cu a 3i CL) S Cu 3 s 2 £

rH QJ 1—! i—I0i—1 o ft i>S O p^H }>5 EH EH N EH EH ISJ

o CO

• CO • CO on H CM 1—

i—

CO cd i—

3

o i—o o o

1—

CO a3 ft 1—

CO CO ft

i—a 1—

II cd VO II cti LTN

CJ CD o o OO

-V ft O ft

• •

II « II CM UA 1—

CM UN 1—

|~r* • ft- CM **—

j

i j • -=t CM *—•* p- rH CM pd

I—

CM

1 II II j~rj 1 II II Pd + o + CJ Pd

QJ ^—

^ - QJ V —^ V—

• CO • CM O . CO • CMO

CVJ CM Pd O CM CM pd o

w ^—Pd £3 COft Pd /—Pd pd OOft o EH o CM $

o EH o CM

-©- Pd -e- Pd -©- Pd -e- Pd 3 —* o o

+ o o -e- CO f o o -e- CO o o p o o p

CM o ooft o 1—CM o 00ft o 1—

Pd « 3

o 0 Pd r> |~T~f o 0

ft ON OOCh •H ft ON <] ooft •H

CM LTN Pd t>> CM L/N 3

!»

Pd 1 bfl <d Pd 1 EO o —

sd co o v— id 0

-©- ft •H ft •H -e- ft •H ft •H —

X co rt — X CO o Pi

ft QJ P 3 P ft QJ P 3 Eh

•rH •o

176
2) Comments on Individual Studies

la. The main decomposition reaction is heterogeneous. Contributions from the homogeneous reaction are deduced from the presence of

dibenzyl. Overall mechanism is assumed to be

3n

2

h^ n

2 + hm

3

2N

2

H^ -»• H

2 + N

2 + 2WH^ heterogeneous

N

2

H

u 2NH

2

-

NH

2 + <J>CH 3

-> WH

3 + (J)CH 2

* homogeneous

2 4>ch

2

* + (4>ch2

*)

2

and is supported by stoichiometric checks. Rate constants are determined assuming heterogeneous and homogeneous processes proceed by 1st

order kinetics.

Although the measured rate constants are probably accurate to a

factor of 2 or 3, it should be noted that practically every set of rate

parameters determined by Szwarc (lie) using this method has turned out

to be much lover than the currently accepted number. The causes for

such errors are unknown. Furthermore, the small size of the molecule

and the low pressures and high temperatures all lead to the conclusion

that the reaction is in the 2nd order region. Gilbert (ila) has demonstrated that this is the case if the fluid dynamics of reactor is taken

into account.

Thus, these results are strongly indicative of a N-N bond energy

far in excess of 6

0

keals,.

177
lb. Similar experiments as in la, except that homogeneous contribution is determined from the production of ammonia, after taking

into account the heterogeneous contribution. The mechanism of Szwarc

(la) is assumed. The data treatment involves the subtraction of two

large numbers. Uncertainties are at least as large as for (la). Rate

constants and parameters are in excellent agreement with (la).

l c. The use of this technique for quantitative work must be seriously questioned. Reaction conditions are very poorly defined. Rate

constants for hydrazine disappearance are probably no better than

order of magnitude estimates. Rate parameters are only compatible

with extremely low N-N bond energies

l d. The experimental rate constants are based on the assumed

mechanism.

K

2

H

U 2NH2

nh

2 + n2

h^ -> m

3 + N

2

h

3

-

n

2

h

3

‘ + nh

2

m

3 + n

2

For steady state in and NH^' concentrations

d(N

2

H

u )/dt = -2k

d

(N

2

H

u

) kr An important omission is the neglect of the reverse reaction 2NH

2

"

N

2

H^. All direct measurements (le,f,g) give very high values. If this

reaction is of importance calculated rate constants and the activation

energy will be smaller than the true values

Considerable effort has been devoted to purification of the hydrazine. The authors claim that with hydrazine dried over CaH

2

, a lower

activation energy and slightly higher rate constants (at low temperatures)

178
can be obtained. Their sample has been dried over molecular sieve.

Questions regarding the purity of the hydrazine used are fundamental

to all the decomposition studies. Although rigorous purification is

the most direct procedure, it is probably only in the toluene carrier

studies and the shock tube experiments with extremely low concentrations

of hydrazine that one can assume the relative unimportance of homogeneous catalytic effects.

( 2 ) Belford and Strehlow have questioned the used of the single

pulse shock tube for quantitative kinetic studies. Ignoring mechanistic problems, (which may be very serious) the uncertainty in rate

constants is probably no less than a factor of 3.

Ie. Details of the hydrazine decomposition process are followed

with time resolution of ^1 psec. The oscilloscopic traces show under

varying conditions, induction periods and deviation from first order

behavior. Thus the processes which are represented by the calculated

first order rate constants are uncertain.

Induction periods occurred only in the low temperature runs 1100-

1200°k- They have been ignored in the data analysis. However, this is

just at the high temperature end of the results of McHale et. al. (if)

(3) and calls into question their mechanism. Palmer maintains that

they represent artifacts arising from non-ideal shock behavior.

Commercial liquid hydrazine is used without special attempts at

purification. Hydrazine is absorbed on the shock tube walls. In

order to maintain concentration a continuous flow system is used. The

substitution of helium for argon as the inert diluent showed no striking

179
effects. This is also the case with added traces of oxygen.

The reported rate expressions are in excellent agreement with

that of McHale et. al. (id). The estimated uncertainty is probably a

factor of 3.

If. This represents a continuation of (ie). Reactions are now

carried out under more extreme conditions. Problems encountered

earlier appear to have been surmounted through the proper choice of

reaction variables. RRK theory is used to fit all the existing data.

High pressure limiting rates are achieved at 200-300 atm.

It is claimed that the rate expression for the unimolecular high

pressure decomposition of hydrazine is compatible with the recombination number of Bair (ll,e,f). This is incorrect. See (llb,c).

Uncertainty is probably a factor of 3-

lib. From the subsequent discussion it can be seen that if these

rate expressions are correct, all the measured numbers are in error.

lid.Electron impact studies of this type are no longer considered

(h) satisfactory means of determining bond energies. However, m the

present case there may have been a fortuitous cancellation of errors.

IIe,f. The derivation of the necessary calibration factors depend

on assumptions regarding the nature of the processes occurring during

and after the rf discharge. Thus, large errors may be introduced. It

should be noted that the reported number represents the rate of the 2nd

order disappearance of NH^'. It must be regarded as a maximum rate for

the recombination of amino radicals

180
There also appears to be a discrepancy between these two studies.

In (lie) k

r

is reported to be pressure independent in the sub mm Hg

range. This is in contrast to the situation in (Ilf) where high pressure behavior is not reached till 10 mm Hg pressure. The possibility

that the number reported in (lie) is due to the reaction NH^ + NH^ -* NH

+ would seem to be ruled out by the fact that the rate for this

12 reaction as reported in (Ilf) is .46 x 10 cc/mol sec.

l lg. Similar comments as for (lle,f). However, the initial excitation is orders of magnitude shorter. Furthermore, the radiolytic

behavior of NH^ is probably better understood. On this basis Ausloos^^

suggests an uncertainty of no more than a factor of 2 for the rate of

the 2nd order disappearance of NH^

.

l lh. Although the data are compatible with the published numbers,

it is not clear that other sets of rate parameters may not produce

equally satisfactory agreement.

Il(i,j). See comments (la,b).

3) Discussion

The main discrepancy in the data is between the rate parameters

for decomposition and the recombination rates . These are related by

the equilibrium constant IC, = k./k . If it is assumed that the latter

Hi CL x . , eAS/R

has little or no temperature dependence, then A^/Ar ^A^/kr ^

13 • ( (where A is the temperature independent factor). Thus, for k^ ^ 10

17 -1

cc/mol-sec, at 300°K, A^ is approximately 10 sec . This is three or

more orders of magnitude higher than any of the published numbers and

is in accord with the surmises of Setser and Richardson (lib) and

181
Benson and O'Neal (lie). The possibility that the A-factor for recombination is in fact 3 orders of magnitude lower due to a negative activation of about b keals can be ruled out since it implies a "tight"

transition state. This is physically implausible and is also unrealizable since the lowest frequencies for hydrazine are 875, 780, and 378

cm \ Thus, at 300°K it is not possible to raise these numbers so as

to give the required temperature dependence. The remaining possibility

is that the published rate parameters are in gross error, but that

hopefully the rate constants are (within the estimated uncertain limit)

correct. There is ample precedence in gas kinetics for such occurrences,

since small errors in rate constants can result in catastrophically

large mistakes in the rate parameters. Furthermore, the methods used

in deriving the hydrazine decomposition data are well known for this

sort of error.

The present approach to the problem of deriving k^ and kr for any

arbitrary reaction condition is to make RRKM calculations of the falloff behavior assuming an A-factor (and a transition state) consistent

with the pulse radiolysis experiments (ilg) and with a variety of bond

energies. This is dictated by the current controversy over the N-N

bond energy in hydrazine. Furthermore, the small size of hydrazine

makes it probable that most, if not all, of the published data are in

the fall-off region. The results of such calculations may be found in

Figure I. The transition state model (i) involve the frequencies 3300

(4), 1300 (2), 1000 (2), 20 (3). It is assumed that the molecular

structure remain unchanged. The collision diameter is assumed to be

182
o

5 A. With regard to third bodies the results of Rabinovitch and co- workers^^ are the best available. In the present analysis we have

used Ar = .136 and toluene = (R^H^ = T) . The density of states of

the activated molecule is calculated using the Laplace transform

(7) method. For the transition state a direct count is employed up

to an energy where it gives comparable (^10% deviation) answers as

the Laplace transform method. After which, the latter is used.

Except for the data of Diesen (ic) which is derived from shock

tube studies using in situ mass spectroscopic detection an unambiguous

choice of an optimum bond energy can be made. With regard to the

former, it is suspected that an important cause for the discrepancy

is due to sampling from the cold boundary layer; thus, making the

calculated temperatures meaningless. This data will not be considered

further. From the other experiments, the best bond energies are 65 ,

64.5, 64, 65 . 5 , 67 . 5 , 64.5, and 69 kcals. The mean value is 66 kcals.

With this number all except the data of Diesen can be accomodated

with a maximum deviation of a factor of 3. This is within the estimated error limits. It should be noted that in no case is it possible

to fit the data with AEq of 57 kcals. This itself is 1.5 kcals higher

than the value that can be deduced from the JANAF Tables

^

with

AH^^NHg) = 40.1 +_ 3 kcals. The present number gives AH^^NH^) =

45.5 kcals with an estimated uncertainty of +_ 1.5 kcals. That this

analysis leads to a substantially different AH^^NH^) should not be

surprising. The older estimate was based on a more limited set of

rate data (la and lb). Both studies were at pressures far below the

183
high pressure limit. Their activation energies did not reflect the

"bond strength. Indeed, from Figure la and lb it can be seen that the

experimental and calculated temperature dependences are in good agreement. There remains important differences between the shock tube and

calculated temperature dependences.

The calculated rates constants for the decomposition of hydra-

-2 5 zine and the combination of amino radicals over a range of 10 -10 mm

Hg(N QH^) and 200-3000°K are summarized in Table I. With regard to

other third bodies some of the results of Rabinovitch and coworkers

can be found in Table II.

Although there is considerable arbitrariness in the definition

/o\

of the transition state, it is generally agreed^ that for a given

A-factor the fall-off characteristics will be relatively unchanged in

spite of variations in the pattern of the assumed frequencies. In the

current investigation this has been verified by carrying out fall-off

calculations with (model II) 3330 (4)

,

1300 (2), 200 (3), 40 (2) and

(model III); and 3300 (4), 1300 (2), 80 (2), 60 (3) complexes. They

give numbers close to the desired A-factor and have rates of decomposition which are never more than a factor of 3 or those in Table I

(usually less, especially at higher temperatures). Characteristic

results can be seen in Figures IIa,b. It is also necessary to consider the consequences of error in the pulse radiolysis experiments

Accordingly, experiments have been carried out with a (model IV) 3300

(4), 1300 (2), 1000 (2), 40 (3), complex. This gives an A-factor and

recombination rate at 300°K of about a factor of 8 lower. Fitting

184
this data in the same manner as before we obtain the results in Figures

III. This results in a best N-N bond energy of about 64.5* The key

points are: (a) This is still 9 kcals higher than the JMAF number

and (b) for the decomposition studies there is probably a range of

rate parameters which will fit the data. Thus, it is not surprising

that Meyer, et . al. , (if) should also be able to fit the existing

decomposition data with their much lower rate parameters. It is

only after the combination rates are considered (in essence extend300 - 32 .

5

ing the range of rate constants tremendously k^ (1000 mm) ^ 10

sec *) that definite distinction can be made. Finally, it is gratifying to note that the data in Table I also demonstrate that the

difference between the r-f discharge and pulse radiolytic determinations of amino radical recombinations is due to the latter being

considerably further into the fall-off region. Indeed at 10 mm

6 12

pressure (NH^, efficiency ^ .j6 ) the calculated number is 3.0 x 10

cc/mol sec while the experimental number at this pressure is 2.5 x

12

10 cc/mol sec.

185
References

1. D. R. Stull and H.. Prophet, JMAF Thermochemical Tables NSRDSNBS-37, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20l02

2. R. L. Belford and R. Strehlow, Ann. Rev. of Phys. Chem.,pg. 2^7

,

Palo Alto, California, 9^306

3. H. Palmer, Tenth Combustion Symposium (international), pg. 36U

,

The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1965).

1. H. Rosenstock, personal communication.

5. P. Ausloos, personal communication.

6. S. C. Chan, B. S. Rabinovitch, J. Bryant, L. D. Spicer, T. Fujimoto,

Y. N . Len, and S. P. Pavlou, J. Phys. Chem. jk_ t 3160 (1970).

7. W. Forst, Chemical Review 71, 339 (1971)*

8. W. Forst, J. Phys. Chem j6_, 3^+2 (1972).

186
Table I. Rate Constants for the reaction

k (DEC

)

M + N0H, 2NH * + M

2 4

k(COM)

in the temperature range 20Q-3000°K and pressure range

.01- 100,000 mm Hg (N^H^).

(The table is on pages 188-195.)

187
TEMPERATURE IS 200 K

A.R.T* A-FAGTOR IS 1 • 6071 5E+ 1 5 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000* CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTQR IS 5* 5 9307E+1 6 /SEC (HI SHI PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 67311*4 CALS

(HIOT PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS !«3ll56E-57 /SEC

PRESSURE K< DEC) KCCOM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01

*1

110

100

1000

10000

100000

5® 09 590E- 61

4® 5® 1 8 7E”60

3.26970E-59

! » 74707E- 58

5® 79 699E" 58

1 • 0 6909 E- 57

1 .27321E-57

1 .30736E-57

2.7S486E+7

2® 43373E+8

1 *76761 E+9

9 . 44471 E+9

3® I3387E+10

5.77952E+I0

6.88300E+10

7.06762E+10

TEMPERATURE IS 300 K

A.R.T® A” FACTOR IS 6® 4998! E+! 5 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000® CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A“ FACTOR IS I « 688 1 2E+ 1 7 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 67871.5 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 5.67615E-33 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEO K(COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEO

.01

® 1

I10

100

1000

10000

100000

5.82289E-37

5® 40080E-36

4® 39 41 4E-35

2.88105E-34

1 .30728E-33

3® 43774E-33

5® 3 210 6E“33

5.60084E-33

6.98691 E+6

6 . 480 44E+7

5.27254E+B

3.45698E+9

1 .56861 E+ 10

4® 1 249 5E+ 1 0

6® I 4478 E+ 1 0

6.72046E+10

TEMPERATURE IS 400 K

A.R.T* A-FACTOR IS 1 • 60 736E+1 6 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000® CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 3*09771 E+l 7 /SECfHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 68281*3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS l*45204E-20 /SEC

PRESSURE K ( DEC) KCCOM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

* 0 ! *1

10

100

1000

100910

100000

5® 50 753E-25

5® 229 57E-24

4® 5089 4E-23

3® 30 1 68E-22

1 .80335E-2!

6® 1 U01E-21

I . 1 450 5E-80

1 .39 55iE-2ffl

3.38946E+6

3.21839E+7

2 * 774f®E+8

2®03193E+f

1 . 10902E+I®

3® 76®S 5f+ 1

7»i$l® 1 E+10

f .5S874E410

188
TEMPERATURE IS 500 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 3.02444E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4-35202E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 68578.8 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.4191 4E- 1 3 /SEC

PRESSURE K C DEC)

CMM HG) C/SEO

K C COM)

CL/M0L-SEO

.01

. 1

110

100

1000

10000

100000

7 • 37608E- 1

8

7 » 09902E- 1

7

6. 33785E-1 6

4.97086E-1 5 3 • 0 6602E- 1

4

1 .24931E-13

2.88194E-13

4.03256E-1

3

2*01819 E+

6

1 » 9 4238 E+ 7

1 .73412E+8

1 » 36009 E+9

8 . 38902E+9

3.41826E+10

7*88 535E+ 1

0

1 . 10336E+1

1

TEMPERATURE IS 600 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 4.81273E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 5.34254E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 68799.2 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.49747E-8 /SEC

PRESSURE K C DEO

CMM HG) C/SEC)

K ( COM)

CL/M0L-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

100

1000

1 0000

1 00000

3. 67623E-13

3. 56885E-12

3.26056E-1 1 2. 67928E- 1

0

1 .800! 1 E-9

8 • 42450E-9

2.321 59E-8

3. 77921 E-8

1 .30544E+6

1 • 26730E+ 7

1 . 1 5783E+8

9. 51 41 5E+8

6.3922! E+9

2.991 55E+10

8 . 2 4 400 E+ 1 0

1 . 3 4200 E+ 1 1

TEMPERATURE IS 700 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 6.86275E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 6.09422E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 68966.9 CALS

CHIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.73720E-4 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) K C COM ) CMM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

. 0 !

. 1

110

100

1000

10000

1 00000

7. 48935E-10

7.31382E-9

6.79187E-8

5. 771 44E-7

4. 1 3076E-6

2. 1 521 5E-5

6.8928 5E-5

1 » 30392E4

880290.

8. 59 658 E+

6

7 .98 309 E+ 7 6.78369E+8

4*8 5525E+9

2.52961E+10

8. 101 78E+10

1 • 53261 E+ 1

1

189
TEMPERATURE IS 800 K

A.R.T. A” FACTOR IS 9.07513E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 6.66103E+17 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69098. CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 8.62552E-2 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K C COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 2.06872E-7 60 7 48 7.

. 1 2. 0289 IE

5.95795E+6

1 1 .90 700E

5.59997E*7

10 1 .66187E-4 4.8801 5E+8

100 1 *248 61 E-3 3.66659E+9

1000 7. 08 451 E-3 2.08039E”M0

10000 2. 57625E-2 7.56524E-H0

1 00000 5. 61 664E-2 1 . 64935E+1

TEMPERATURE IS 900 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 1 *13 70 7E+ 1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 7.091 64E+1 7 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69202.8 CALS

(HI m PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 10.8685 /SEC

PRESSURE K ( DEC) K(COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 1 . 51 643E-5 42 7226.

. 1 1 . 49203E-4 4.20352E+6

1 1 . 41 543E-3 3 • 98 7 71 E+ 7

10 1 .25789E-2 3.54388E+8

100 9.82048E-2 2. 76674E+9

1000 .5971 65 1 . 682 40E+10

10000 2. 41877 6.81 444E+10

1 00000 6.00693 1 .69234E+!

TEMPERATURE IS 1000 K

A.R.T* A- FACTOR IS 1 • 3690 6E+ 1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000 . CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 7. 42300E+ 1 7 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69288.2 CALS

(HI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 523.32 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEO K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 4. 401 1 3E-4 30 4675.

. 1 4.34108E-3 3.00518E+6

1 4. 1 4839E-2 2.871 78E+7

10 .374468 2.59231 E+8

100 3.0156 2.08759E+9

1000 3 9.41 78 1 • 34422E+ 1

1 0000 86.2466 5.97055E+10

100000 241 .029 1 • 668 56E+ 1

190
TEMPERATURE IS 1100 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1.59933E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 7.68170E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69359.2 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 12502. /SEC

PRESSURE K ( DEC) K ( COM

)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 6. 52903E-3 219866.

. 1 6. 45261 E-2 2.1 7293E+6

1 . 62026 2.08874E+7

10 5. 67056 1 .90957E+8

100 46.8467 1 • 57757E+9

1000 3 1 6 . 49 5 1 .06 580 E+ 1 0

1 0000 1 522.03 5. 1 2547E+10

100000 4730.8 1 • 5931 1 E+!

1

TEMPERATURE IS 1200 K A • R . T« A

- FACTOR IS 1 • 82 505E+ 1 7 /SEC

R EACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000 • CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A- FACTOR IS 7. 88662E+17 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMEN TAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69418.9 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 176426. /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEO K ( COM

)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 5.86957E-2 1 60353.

. 1 . 581008 I . 58 728 E+

6

1 5.61202 1 . 5331 7E+ 7 10 51 .8486 1 . 41 647E+8

100 437. 592 1 . 19547E+9

1000 3079.53 8 . 41 307E+9

1 0000 1 5867.9 4.3350! E+10

1 00000 54269.7 1 . 48261 E+l 1

TEMPERATURE IS 1 300 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 2.0 4438 E+ 1 7 /SEC

R EACTI ON THRESHOLD IS 66000 • CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A- FACTOR IS 8. 05118E+17 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69469.9 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1. 65981 E+6 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K(COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 .359759 118100.

. 1 3.56576 1 . 1 7055E+6

1 34. 581 1 . 13521E+7

10 322.32! 1 .0 581 1 E+8

100 2770.02 9 • 09332E+8

1000 20189.5 6.62772E+9

10000 1 10507. 3. 62767E+ 1

0

1 00000 41 1890. 1 .3521 4E+1

1

191
TEMPERATURE IS 5 400 K

A.R.T. A« FACTOR IS 2.2561 7E+I 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8 . 1 8 502E-*- 1 7 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69513.9 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1*1351 4E+ 7

PRESSURE KC DEC) KC COM)

C MM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

• 01 1 . 6354 87797.5

. 1 1 6.2268 8 71 1 49.

1 1 57.905 8 • 47722E+ 6

50 1 482.87 7.96090E+7

100 12942.9 6.948 49E+8

1000 97246.9 5.22077E*9

1 0000 561358. 3.01 369E+10

1 00000 2.26097E+6 1 » 21 382E+ 1 1

TEMPERATURE IS 1500 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 2.45981E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8*2951 5E+1 7 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69552.2 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 6.01357E+7 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) K C COM)

C MM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

.01 5.8653 658 70.1

.1 58.2 499 6541 75.

1 568. 481 6.38432E+6

10 5373.05 6.03419 E+

100 47530.6 5.33791 E+8

1000 366738. 4. 1 1865E+9

10000 2.2191 6E+6 2* 49223E+10

100000 9. 58631E+6 1 .07659E+1

TEMPERATURE IS 1600 K

A.R.T* A- FACTOR IS 2. 6550 1 E+ 1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8.38676E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69585.9 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2. 588 40E+8 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KC COM)

C MM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEO

.01 17.3866 49876.

. 1 1 72.804 49 5720.

1 1 690.67 4. 8 5000 E+

10 1 6068.9 4.60965E+7

100 1 438 1 9 . 4.12571 E+8

1000 1 .13595E+6 3.2586&E+9

10000 7. 1 68 48E+6 2.056 40E+ 1

100000 3.29937E*? 9. 46482E+10

192
TEMPERATURE IS 1700 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 2.84172E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8.46369E+17 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69615.7 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 9.38877E+8 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCCOM)

(MM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-5EC)

.01 44. 1 496 38125.9

» 1 439.092 3 79 1 8 3

.

1 4305.29 3. 71 789E+6

10 41119. 3 • 55089 E+ 7 100 371820. 3.21089E+8

1000 2.99826E+6 2. 58919E+9

1 0000 ! .96457E+7 1 • 69 653E+ 1

0

1 00000 9. 57824E+7 8.271 41 E+10

TEMPERATURE IS 1800 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 3.02008E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8 • 52888 E+ 1 7 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENER GY IS 69642.3 CALS

H I GH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT

CHI GH

IS 2.95264E+9

PRESSURE)

/SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCCOM)

CMM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC )

.01 98.7624 29434.

. 1 982.81 292905.

1 9654. 73 2.8 7739 E+ 6

10 92605.8 2 • 75992E+ 7

100 845021

.

2.51840E+8

1000 6* 9 4093E+6 2.068 60E+9

1 0000 4. 70437E+7 1 . 40 20 4E+10

1 00000 2. 41 71 3E+8 7.2037 4E+ 1

0

TEMPERATURE IS 1900 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 3.19030E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8 • 58 456E+ 1 7 /SECCHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69666.1 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 8 • 23366E+9 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEO KCCOM)

CMM HG) C/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

.01 199.01 22961 .7

. 1 1981.39 228 612.

1 19 496.9 2.24954E+6

10 187718. 2.1 6588E+7

100 1 * 72677E+ 6 1 .99234E+8

1000 1 . 44197E+7 1 . 66374E+9

10000 1 .00762E+8 1 . 1 6259E+10

100000 5. 43122E+8 6. 26651 E+ 1

0

193
TEMPERATURE IS 2000 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 3.352 70E+1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000 . CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8. 63248E+17 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69687.6 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2.07285E+10 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

• 0! 370.896 18264.

.1 3694.33 181924.

1 36406. 1 . 79278E+ 6

10 351 700® 1 • 73I92E+7

100 3.25857E+6 1 • 60 465E+8

1000 2. 761 79E+7 ! • 36002E+9

1 0000 1 .98402E+8 9. 7701 6E+9

1 00000 1.11 733E+9 5. 50220E+ 1 0

TEMPERATURE I S 2200 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 3* 65535E+ 1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000 . CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8. 71020E+17 /SEC(HI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69724.8 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1 • 02200E+ 1

/SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 991.875 11298.7

. 1 9886. 78 1 12623.

1 97672.3 1 .1 1261E+6

10 9 489 48. 1 .08097E+7

100 8 • 900 57E+6 1 .01 388E+8

1000 7. 73845E+7 8.81 505E+8

10000 5.83280E+8 6. 64428E+9

1 00000 3. 5 4823E+9 4.0 418 7E+ 1 0

TEMPERATURE IS 2 400 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 3 • 9308 7E+ 1 7 /SEC

R EACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000 . CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8. 76991 E+l 7 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69755.9 CALS

(HI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 3 * 8 6 48 5E+ 1 1 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) CL/M0L-SEC)

.01 21 18.24 71 78.27

. 1 21 126.

71592.1

1 209124. 708677.

10 2.041 1 4E+6 6.91 698 E+

100 1 • 9 3367E+ 7 6. 55279E+7

1000 1.71 68 4E+8 5*8 1 802E+8

10000 1 .34696E+9 4. 56458E+9

100000 8 * 7 4690E+9 2.9641 4E+10

194
TEMPERATURE IS 2600 K

A.R.T. A “FAC TOR IS 4.18209E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8*81 675E+1 7 /SEC(HI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69782.2 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.19163E+12 /SEC

P RESSURE K ( DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 3823.61 4675.03

. 1 381 51 .9 46647.

3

1 378271 . 462502.

10 3.70600E+6 4. 53122E+6

100 3. 53981 E+7 4. 32804E+ 7

1000 3. 1981 3E+8 3.91 027E+8

1 0000 2. 59501 E+9 3.1 728 5E+9

1 00000 1 .781 43E+10 2. 1 7811 E+ 10

TEMPERATURE IS 2800 K

A.R.T* A~ FACTOR IS 4. 41166E+17 /SEC

R EACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8.85415E+17 /SEC(HI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69804.8 CALS

(HI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 3.12925E+12 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 6071 . 37 31 1 5.29

.1 60602.2 31095.7

1 601 661

.

308719.

10 5.91290E+6 3 * 03398 E+ 6

100 5. 68632E+7 2.91 772E+7

1000 5.21277E+8 2. 67474E+8

10000 4*351 60E+9 2.23286E+9

100000 3. 1 3239E+10 1 .60727E+10

TEMPERATURE I S 3000 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 4. 62195E+1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 66000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 8.88447E+17 /SEC(HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 69824.5 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE: RATE CONSTANT IS 7 • 22 671 E+ 1 2 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( COM)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/M0L-SEC)

.01 8727.06 2119.98

• 1 871 36.2 21 1 67.2

1 866039. 210378.

10 8. 53302E+6 2.07284E+6

100 8 • 25267E+7 2.00474E+7

1000 7. 65835E+8 1 .8 6037E+8

10000 6 . 548 78E+9 1 . 59083E+9

100000 4.90910E+10 1 • 1 9252E+ 1

0

195
Table II. Collisional Efficiencies of Bath Gases*

1 . tif

CM (1.00)

2. He .171

3. He .120

4. Ar .136

5- Kr • 115

6. D

2

.23

7. .21

8. st

6

.42

9. H

2

.28

10. NH • 76

11 . .41

12. CHi, .44

13. C

2

H

6

.56

l4. C

2

H

U

.43

15. C

3

H

6

.60

16. C

3

H

8

.62

17. 1 C

k

E

10 .73

18. C

6

H

5

CH

3

.80

*From results of ref. 6 on CH^WC isomerization.

196
Captions of Figure 1 (page 199), Figure 2 (page 200), and Figure 3

(page 201)

Figure I. Comparison of calculated —— and experimental - - - rate

constants for hydrazine decomposition at constant pressure. Transition state model (i) for hydrazine 3300, (1+), 1300 (2), 1000 (2),

20 (3). Collision diameter 5-X, Argon efficiency^ 8 ) .136, Toluene

efficiency ( 6 ) 8. The numbers are assumed bond energies in kcals.

(a) reference la

(b) reference lb

(c) reference Ic

(d) reference Id

(el) reference Ie

(e2) reference Ie

(fl) reference If

(f2) reference If

(7mm Hg toluene)

(15 mm Hg toluene)

(100 mm Hg argon)

(3000 mm Hg argon)

(2000 mm Hg argon)

(5500 mm Hg argon)

(150 mm Hg argon)

(200,000 mm Hg argon)

Figure II. Comparison of the results of RRKM calculations with varying frequency patterns for the transition state, but essentially

invariant high pressure rate parameters'

a. k(l)/k(ll) ; 300°K kjl) = 1017 ' 2

exp(-67 ,871/RT)

k (II) = 1017 ' 2

exp(-68 ,397/RT)

CO 900°K k (I) = 1017 ' 8 exp(-69 ,203/RT)

OO kjll) = 10

18 ' 2 exp(-70 ,659/RT)

1500°K koo

( I ) = 1017 ' 9

exp (

69 , 5 52/RT

)

kjll) = 10

l8 ’ U exp(-71 ,279/RT)

197
b . k(l)/k(lll) ; 300°K k (ill) = IQ

17 ’ 3

exp (68,585 /RT)

900°K k. (Ill) =10 0 exp(-TQ ,893/RT)

1500°K k (III) = IQ

18 ’ 6

exp(-Tl,552/RT)

Figure III: Comparison of calculated —— and experimental - - - rate

constants for hydrazine decomposition at constant pressure. Transition

state model (IV) for hydrazine 3300 (4), 1300 (2), 1000 (2), ho (3).

Collision diameter 5 A, Argon efficiency^ 8 ) .136 Toluene efficiency^ 8 )

.8. The numbers are assumed bond energies in kcals.

(a) reference la (7 mm Hg toluene)

(b) reference lb (15 mm Hg toluene)

(c) reference Ic (100 mm Hg argon)

(d) reference Id (3000 mm Hg argon)

(el) reference Ie (2000 mm Hg argon)

( e2) reference Ie (5500 mm Hg argon)

(fl) reference If (150 mm Hg argon)

(f2) reference If (200,000 mm Hg argon)

198

I O

O

O

O o o o o o o 1—

1—

<—

o o o o o 'Tl O *71

~l bO rH “ r-l „bp X W w g g g „—

y £ y ”pq y pq o O o o o Lf\ on ON i—

- _ ^ s_^ pq 1—

pq 1—

pq i—

onL 2• 1i oni oji i— l J 

ro oj

H

x -'X

M

—

M "~-x

M

t—

M

MM

MM N- M '—

H

y v_^

y X—

X

y

y

T o o o o o o o o o o o o 1—

1—

1—

o o o o W— o o1—

bO bO bO X X x

^~X

y _J § y § g s O oo Pm OO Olr\ y

on ON •—

^ 

X "«—

< 1—

< 1—

< i—

i t i L ) t J _ on OJ H on C\J 1—1 CO OJ H

^-x ,—x X—

H ^-S M ^-x M

tMH 1—

HM

yyyy

yy

200

Figure
201

Figure
Chapter 13 k

RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTIONS (M) + N 2NF

2

* + (M)

k

d

¥. Tsang

ABSTRACT

r Data for the reactions N

2

F^ + M tv 2NF

2

* + M have been critically

kd

examined and tabulated. A correlation of the data on the basis of

o RRKM calculations require a N-N bond energy of AE0 = 18.0 kcals. This

o is somewhat lower than the JANAF value of AE0 = 20.8 kcals. Suggested

-5 2

rate constants for these reactions over the ranges 10 - 10 atm

o and 200-1800 K are tabulated.

202
Survey

of

Experimental

Data

-P CM d -=t

CD *

CDo

Pi

0)p

Cl) ft

CD Pd P Q\

cd e— n cm | m

ft

pi

co

.. &Cd Ph > s • O CD "—

P ft LTV PQ o mo

CS\

ft ft

ft o1—1 os

cn \ i—1 cn

cd i—1 o cd

CM+ 1 o

CM OO

CM 1 1 CO CO Lf\ 1—1 PH • • • ® • cn S O OV o\ CM CO 1—1

CM 1 1 ir\ 1 1 1—1

cd

CD j +

-a

4-

T

ft

ft

LT\ CM

pH + 1 CM

ft 1 1 CO

O D— CM

O o O CO c— CM

CM CM Ch IP- ov CM 1 D

1 1 CM CM CM

II II II II II II „ s O O o O o O o O o o o o

CO on CO r— o CO v * V. " '—/ - ft CO Pc ft p 3 o o ft o M<3

fto

.-V

ft Ph Pi ft CM O co •H ft •H CO > ft cd o ft

Pi ft rH CD ft O o ft Pi •H o <D cd ft 1—1

CMft ft o •H ft n3 l o <d 1—1

pi Ph •rH • o O O p ft- _s o 00

Pi ft

— ft

CD

O

ui Tj ft < SoftO §

cd £ o ft

ft CM CO o 0) ft o O

ft cd ft VO ft o P ft CM Pi

rPl ft VO

O CD ft P ft ft

CD ft o ft cd ft s o ft o o o CD CM Pi ft VO ft ft ft

lt\ CO • CO ft

—

t- /—

X *—

EH Eh

Pd Pd i

ii \ \ Ul o o CD o o P c

t— ft oo + 1 + 1

ft CO hO V X o o •rH ft o o ft CD 1—1

<1 r» r> o

ON c

-p

CO ft ft

O

ft >4 >4 ft £

ft CD CD

O ft

pi cd co OO D— P

co CD Ov ft" cd vo

CD Pd • . • • CD ft ft" —. CO ^ V ft ft

ft i—1 £ ft £ ft cd

pi o ft o ft cd ft 1—1

cd i—l

cd ft

CO CO ft

11 CM II CM PI £

ft

v

—

O ft o -—. .—.

•H r—1

CD CM ft P —1

ft P S2i i <d 1 O CD

•rH o —

o cd P Q (D ft CD CD pi CO ft co Pd co

ft cd 203
co I

lT> ft CU • • cd t> Ph if) EH O

t>5 o r» • 1— CM 

cu

n Ph id • o O o CO •H pnd . e •H <H o a a , >. a • ft CM

0) cd CD CO <D ft o o rCJ VO ft

O

d cd

O o\

O

n bD

Q

0) o rH

Q t—

a

d •H • V

R ro •H

r

(U nd *~D s -p

d

ft

O On 0 CO

d o

0) s ~=£ ft pq •H -p

ft bO EH ft

d bD • •H c* i Ph

Pha t— ft CO •H d l—

< Q -P r^i • o 00 ft Sh CO ft I—

3 CO CU cd d ft a O d •HO<J o d

bO • -P o I a d CU o X d

cd

a

a co CU •H

-p o d

d cd ft ft ft d ooc o •H

cd c— ft ft i—

• do o d rH • d W CM o o o o d CM o o 1 d VO ft •H cd ft

•H o CO

p CM ill -p (U ft

-P lo LT\ o cd CM

•rH p" • CU ft ft

H <u

d 1 ft cd

d

d ft

d o -P CO CU o p ft, o ir\ cd CMd i—

ft 1 f o CO ft *H cd d

VO • ft

O o O

d P> h-'

d cu ft P d cd CO pft -H d ft

cd ft

O ^ cd CM

CU CM

d P ft

d ft

a ft

d

—

d cd o d cd O c

cdd

ft -p 65. -H CO p p vo p cd > bO

<u ft

p i

loft CU

d o •H 1 cu d •H •H o rH LC\ p d !> p

ft CU • cu cd cu co 00 r3 d ft Ph •H oo

OJ i " O i

i d

cu i d i—

•—

CO o ft 1—

a X ft • •H cu o p + 1 .

LTV

p ft

d o • o CM CM

O

cu

p (U

a i—

• d ft ft • i—

d CU CM co + 1 o

•rH if) | 1 <u II + 1 a P o o d CO CO • d if) l—

1—

/—

t- • i—1 CO cd o -p o ft d 1—

cd

h

H o h X P <d i—

co o cd

M

—

d if) •H II <u ft o

CO •H Lf\ > d II •H '—> • CO <u • ft .—

d CM LTV CU <n

cu ft Jh i—

o d

d . . |> 0) •H cu cu ^—.. U <1 p CM t— O Ph d d 11 co <u c co CM P- ft d d ft d cd g p O /—

1—

rtf

p II II o

COu o d o d

u

d j3 ft .—

cu <u Hi

p o S s pd o o !> o •H drl co vo ft •rH O O -H cd

cu P ft cu Ph CM

d co co bO -p

d o ^ -s •H CO ftd • cd •H cd d EH d H Ph ft CO Td q <u cd _K o d ft co cd ft i—

ft ±4 ft < <3 i—

• i— • • H • < H ft cd

204
Ill . Comments

:

Ia,b . The results are derived from very straight forward shock tube

experiments. Since reactions are carried out behind incident shock waves,

at low temperatures and for the most part dilute mixtures of N^F^ , mechanistic complications as well as non-ideal shock tube behavior are probably absent. Measured rates are probably reliable. Absolute uncertainties

in rate constants should be less than a factor of 2. A direct comparison

of runs under similar condition can be found in Fig. I. Agreement is

satisfactory.

There may be discrepancies in the reported pressure dependence.

Modica and Hornig (lb) publish data which indicate a linear dependence

of unimolecular rate constant with pressure. This means that under these

conditions (.58-2.7 atm) reaction is in the bimolecular region. Brown

and Darwent (la) find at 6 atm pressure they are close to the high

pressure limit. These results are not compatible since this suggests an

unacceptably sharp fall-off curve. The collisional efficiency of argon

as reported by Modica and Hornig (lb) is rather high. This may be an indication that they are not as far into the fall-off region as they believe.

There is a disagreement of about 2 kcals in activation energy for

decomposition in the presence of argon. Although this may not be considered large at first sight note that the process in question has an extremely

low activation energy. The percentage deviation is more of the order of

12%. This is fairly large even in the context of shock tube experiments.

Ila . The numbers given here is based on the measured equilibrium

constants and calculated entropies of reaction. The reported 2nd law

205
determinations give numbers of 19-8, 21. 7, 19*3, 19*8, and 21.5 kcals (see

ref. in Ila) . The source of this discrepancy is unknown. Ordinarily, one

would favor the 3rd law determination. It should be noted all the entropies are based on spectroscopic data. A direct measurement of the entropy

of R^F^ will increase our confidence in the validity of the 3rd law

determinations

2. Discussion

The two studies are in substantial agreement with regard to measured

rates of NF^' formation. The unimolecular rate constants have a pressure

dependence but it would seem that the extent of this dependence is uncertain. The activation energy is also uncertain.

Assuming the correctness of the measured rate constants, a series of

RRKM calculations will permit (in essence) a best two parameter fit of

the data. The results of such calculations for a range of A-factors

(details regarding transition state models and other parameters used in

RRKM calculation can be found in Table I) and N-N bond energies confirm

the experimental observation that results are in the "fall-off” region.

For reactions at 2 atmospheres argon compa.risons between calculation and

experiments can be found in Figures Ia,b,c. For each A-factor two rates

have been determined. One involves the use of an argon efficiency of .5

as determined by Modica and Hornig (lb) while the other uses .136 from

the work of Rabinovitch and coworkers.

^This should cover the possible

range of argon efficiencies. The key factors to be noted are: l) For

AE° = 20.8 kcals reaction is so far into the fall-off region such that

206
there is no transition state model -which will fit the data; 2) with AE° =

19.6 kcals , if one considers the uncertainty limits in the experiments

(factor of 2) and calculation (factor of 3) then a tenuous fit may he

possible; c) Finally for AE° = 18 kcals one obtains a comfortable fit

with A-factors which, are commonly observed for other bond dissociation

reactions. With this bond energy a transition state compatible with an

A-factor of 10 ' sec and an argon efficiency of .136 and efficiency of .21 the accumulated data on the pressure dependence of the unimolecular rate constant and the results of shocks in at 2.5 atm can

be accomodated. This can be seen in Figure IIa,b,c. In addition from

the present results we can compute the apparent third body efficiencies

of SFg, He and A (since reaction is not completely in the bimolecular

region) using the numbers given by Rabinovitch and coworkers .

1

^ The

values are k

d (SFg) /kd

(Ar) = 1.6, k^l^F^/k^Ar) = 3.5, and kd

(He) /kd (Ar

)

= 1.0. These numbers are in reasonable accord with the values given by

Modica and Hornig (lb).

The N-N bond energy that is recommended in the JANAF Tables (la) is

22.2 kcals (298°K). This corresponds to AE° = 20.8 kcals. As we have

noted it is not possible to fit the data on this basis. Thus if this

number is correct than the only proper conclusion is that the experimental results are in error and the satisfactory fits that have been

obtained with AE° = 18.0 kcals mere coincidences. Although the former

is always possible (for example, presence of WF^ producing impurities)

the gross discrepancies make it unlikely. Furthermore, we are not convinced that N-N bond energy has been settled. The value of AE° = 18.0

207
kcals corresponds to a AH^g = 19*^ kcals which is in agreement with the

2nd law determinations.

Pending the settlement of this question we summarize in Table II

rate constants for N^F^ decomposition and NF^ combination over the range

.01-100,000 mm Hgtb^Fg ) and 200-l800°K using AE° = l8.0 and a transition

17.3 -1

slate which yields an A-factor of ^10 sec . Assuming the correctness of the experimental data these numbers should have an uncertainty

of about a factor of 3. If the JANAF N-K bond energy should be confirmed

we summarize in Table III results with the same transition state and AE°

= 20.8. These are however no better than order of magnitude estimates

since there will no longer be any experimental tie-points. Finally, there

is also the possibility that this discrepancy is due to defects in the

calculate onal procedure. Thus, if the high bond energy and the rate data

should both proved to be correct, then the data in Table II may still be

valid (it runs through the experimental numbers) but it will indicate

chat the computational technique is not sufficiently sensitive to this

small change in bond energy. Obviously further experimental york should

be carried out

208
References

1. S. C. Chen, B. S. Rabinovitch, J. Bryant, L. D. Spicer, T. Fryimoto

,

Y. N. Lin, and S. P. Pavlou, J. Phys . Chem. ]h_, 3160 (1970).

209
TABLE I: Data Used in Fall-off Calculations.

a) Transition state is assumed to have some geometrical structure

as molecule.

b) Collision diameter is o A.

c) Vibrational frequencies for the molecule are 950(5)? 740(1),

520(5), 120(1).

1 .

2 .

3.

4.

d) Vibrational frequencies for transition states are

950(4), 570(2), 300(2), 60(3)

• • « 4o°

/

, giving Aexp ( 00

J = 1015 - T -1 sec

950(4), 570(2), 150(2), 30(3)

• • „4oo, , giving Aexp

( 00) - 1017 - 3 -1

sec

950(4), 570(2), 50(2), 20(3) giving Aexp (°°) - 10

18 - 7 -1

sec

950(4), 570(2), 10(5)

• • . 4 0 0 / , giving Aexp

(°°)

1

—

CM O

iI— II -1

sec

e) Since fall-off behavior is independent of pattern of vibrational

frequencies but is sensitive to exact value of A(°°), it is assumed that

the above covers all possible transition state models within this range

of A-factors.

210
TABLE II

k ( DEC

)

Recommended rate constants for the reactions N_F, -A* 2NF * over the

k ( COM

)

pressure range .01-100,000 mm Hg (N^F^) and 200-l800°K. A(°°) ^10 '

sec ^ AE° = 18000 cals. Note that k(DEC ) /k( COM) = equilibrium constant

with AE° = 18000 cals.

(The table is on pages 212-215.)

211
TEMPERATURE I S 200 K

A « R * T® A~ FACTOR IS 6.889 75E+ 1 4 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 2.86886E+56 /SEC C H I GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 19462.4 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS ! • 50 580E* 5 /SEC

PRESSURE K C DEC) KCC0M)

C MM HG) < /SEC) CL/MOL-SEO

.0! 3. I 1 337E-10 18764.6

e 1 3.0781 1 E-9 185520.

1 2 ® 82 798 E*8 1 • 70445E+ 6

10 2. 10627E-7 ! .26947E+7

100 1 . 1 5621 E"

6.96861 E+7

1 000 4.24485E“6 2. 55841 E+8

1 0000 9 « 57262E-6 5. 76950E+8

! 00000 1 » 359 60E“

8 • 1 9442E*8

TEMPERATURE IS 300 K

A ® R « T ® A~ FACTOR IS 3.08483E+1 5 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A" FACTOR IS 9.99696E+16 /SEC CHI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 20053.6 CALS

CHIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 24? . 1 42 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCC0M)

(MM HG) C/SEC) CL/MOL-SEC)

.01 7. 72I87E-4 4327.03

O 1 7. 67 468 E”

43005.8

1 .073189 4101 22.

10 .65 28 68 3. 43427E+6

100 4. 19646 2.35! 53E+7

1 000 21 . 6034 1 • 2 1 0 57E+8

1 0000 74*8421 4. 1 9385E+8

1 00000 1 59. 594 8 ® 9 4300 E^8

TEMPERATURE IS 400 K A.R.T. A "-FACTOR IS 8 . 0 552 1 E+ 1 5 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS I .81 544E+I 7 /SEC CHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 20455.9 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1 . 19085E+6 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCC0M)

C MM HG) C /SEC) CL /MOL” SEC)

.01 *850684 1 582.37

• 1 8 • 47479 1 5764.

1 82.2422 1 52980.

10 730.705 ? * 35920E+ 6

100 5630.92 1 .04742E+ 7 1000 35! 79. 6. 54370E+7

1 0000 ! 61028® 2.9953! E+g

1 00000 48 1 2 1 0 . 8 *951 07E+8

212
TEMPERATURE IS 500 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1.56054E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 2.50174E+17 /SEC CHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 20736.3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2.13354E+8 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( C0M

)

(MM HG) (/SEC) CL/MGL-SEC)

.01

. 1 42.3612 677.796

422.553 6761.01

110

4140.65 66252.

38097.7 609578.

100

1000

31 5642. 5 « 0 50 39 E+ 6

2.23104E+6 3.56975E+7

10000

1 00000

5 .23392E+7

4. 7681 1 E+7

1 »9 7432E+8

7. 6291 6E+8

TEMPERATURE IS 600 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 2.52449E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 3. 02202E+ 1 7 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 20939.3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 7.05820E+9 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K ( DEC) K ( C0M ) (/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

01

1

1

456. 1 44

4553. 52

44888 .9

316.86

31 63.09

31 182.

10

100

422463. 293463.

3.6731 3E+ 6 2.55154E+6

1000

1 0000

100000

2.82531 E+7

1 . 78803E+8

8.39921 E+8

1 « 9 62 60E+ 7

1 .24205E+8

5.83450E+8

TEMPERATURE IS 700 K A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 3.63523E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 3.40590E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21091.6 CALS

(HI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 8.77533E+10 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K(C0M)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01 2094.26 1 58 . 5 1 3

• 1 2091 6.

6

1 583. 1 6

1 20701 4. 1 5668.8

10 1 .97874E+6 1 49 7 70

.

100 1 . 77980E+ 7 1 • 3471 2E+6

1000 1 . 45475E+8 1 .101 10 E+7

10000 1.01 71 3E+9 7* 698 59 E+7

1 00000 5. 55428E+9 4« 20 40 1 E+8

213
TEMPERATURE IS 800 K

A # R ® T® A-FACTOR IS 4.83636E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A" FACTOR IS 3.68975E+17 /SEC

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21209.6

CHI GH

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 5.88043E+11

(HIGH PRESSURE)

CALS

PRESSURE)

/SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCC0M)

(MM HG) C /SEC) CL/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

150

1 00

1 000

1 0000

1 00000

6225® 65

62200.1

61 7284.

5* 96606E+6

5.50076E+7

4. 70378E+8

3* 54745E+9

2. I 7975E+10

90.982

908.997

9021 .03

87188® 4

8 0 38 8 5 * 6.8741 4E+6

5. 18426E+7

3* 18551 E+8

TEMPERATURE IS 1000 K

A . R » T® A“ FACTOR IS 7.34293E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A- FACTOR IS 4.06437E+17 /SEC CHI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21379.4 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 8 . 58 582E+ 1 2 /SEC

PRESSURE

C MM HG)

KC DEC) KCC0M)

C/SEO CL /MOL -SEC)

.01 1951 3.29 . 5697

. 1

110

100

195034.

1 .94206E+6

1 • 90390E+ 7

1 .81 362E+8

295.55

2942.96

28851 .3

274832.

1000

10000

1 00000

I • 64803E+9

1 .37999E+S0

1 .00376E+I 1

2. 49740E+6

2 09 1 20 E+ 7

1 . 52 1 08 E+8

TEMPERATURE IS 1200 K

A . R . T* A-FACTQR IS 9.8S603E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4.28868E+17 /SEC C H I 05 PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21495*3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 5.19035E+13 /SEC

PRESSURE

C MM HG)

KC DEC) KCC0M)

C/SEO CL/MOL-SEC)

.01

l10

1 00

1000

1 0000

1 00000

33218*4

332091

3. 31 284E+6

3.27418E+7

3. 1 79 31 E+8

2.99 68 4E+9

2 » 67799E+ 1

2.1 721 6E+ 1

1 1 . 489 7

1 1 4.865

1 1 45«86

1 1 324.8

109967.

1 .03655 E+

9.26273E+6

7.5131 2E+ 7

214
TEMPERATURE IS 1400 K A • R » T* A-FACTOR IS 1 .21 497E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A” FACTOR IS 4. 431 68E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21579.2 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.88769E+14 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCC0M)

C MM HG) C/SEC) CL/MOL-SEC)

.01 41 71 7.2 5.1 4465

• 1 41 7104. 51 . 43 78

1 4. 1 651 3E+6 513*649

10 4. 1 3592E+7 51 00 » 46

100 4.0621 3E+8 50094.8

1 000 3.91 520E+9 482827.

1 0000 3. 64351 E+10 4 » 49322E+6

1 00000 3.1 7073E+1

5

3*91019 E+

7

TEMPERATURE IS 1600 K

A.R.T. A" FACTOR IS 1.43042E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4. 52778E-H 7 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21642.6 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4.98781 E+l 4 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEC) KCC0M)

CMM HG) C/SEC) CL/MOL-SEC)

.01 441 39.

4

2.55698

. 1 441 351 . 25. 5674

l 4. 40977E*6 255. 457

10 4. 390 77E+ 7 2543.56

100 4.341 65E+8 251 51 .

1

1000 4.241 18E+9 245690 *

1 0000 4.0471 2E+1 0 g • 34449 E+ 6

1 00000 3. 68 402E+1 1 2. 1 341 4E+ 7

TEMPERATURE IS 1800 K

A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 1 » 62728E+ 1

7

/SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 18000. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4.59519E+17 /SEC CHIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 21692.2 CALS

CHI GH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1 .06407E+1 5 /SEC

PRESSURE KC DEO KCC0M)

CMM HG) C/SEO CL/MOL-SEC)

.01 41871 . 1 .36661

. 1 418 68 6® S 3. 6653

1 4. 18465E+6 1 36. 581

10 4. 1 7321E+7 1 362.08

S 00 4. I 4306E+8 1 3522.4

1 000 4.08004E+9 1331 67.

10000

'

3 o 9 5 40 4E+ 1

0

1 * 290 55E+ 6

S00000H 3.70402E+1

1

1 .20894E+7

215
TABLE III

k(DEC)

Estimated rate constants for the reaction N 0

F< ^ 2NF ' over the

k(COM) M -a pressure range .01-100,000 mm Hg (N^F^) and 200-l800°K. A(°°) ^ 10

sec ^ AE° = 20800 cals. Note that k(DEC)/k(C0M) = equilibrium constant with AE° = 20800 cals.

(The table is on pages 217-220.)
TEMPERATURE IS 200 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 6.88975E+14 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 2.86886E+16 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 22259.4 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.31667E-8 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( C0M)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01 8.29910E-S3 685. 71 5

. 1 8.05125E-12 6652.36

1 6.81 524E-1

1

5631 1 . 1 10 4. 46225E- 1

0

368694.

100 2.061 55E-9 1 . 70336E+ 6

1000 6. 13405E-9 5.06827E+6

1 0000 1.11 596E-8 9.22066E+6

1 00000 1 .37881E-8 1 . 13925E+7

TEMPERATURE IS 300 K A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 3 » 08 48 3E+ 1

5

/SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 9.99696E+16 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 22850.7 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2.20502 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K ( C0M

)

(MM HG) C/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01 2. 1 41 35E-5 287. 181

* 1 2»10 600 E4

2824. 4

1 1 .91034E-3 25620.

10 1 . 46796E-2 19 68 71 . 100 8 » 8923 4E-2 1 . 1 9257E+6

1000 .387585 5. 19799E+6

1 0000 1 * 090 46 1 . 46244E+ 7

1 00000 1 .90563 2. 55568E+7

TEMPERATURE IS 400 K A.R.T. A- FACTOR I S 8.05521 E+l

5

/SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A- FACTOR IS 1.81544E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 23252.9 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 35213.8 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K ( C0M

)

(MM HG) (/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01 7. 54666E-2 1 40 . 3 7 7

. 1 .746834 1 389.2

1 7.00635 1 3032.6

10 58. 5077 108831 • 100 41 1 .259 764988.

1000 2251 .75 4. 18852E+6

10000 8609 .94 1.601 55E+7

1 00000 21008.3 3.90778E+7

217
TEMPERATURE IS 500 K A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 1.56054E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 2.501 74E+17 /SEC (HI GH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 23533.4 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.27580E+7 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG>

KC DEC) KCC0M)

(/SEC) (L/MOL-SEO

.01

.1

110

7. 481 75

74.2928

710.571

6238.66

70®91 41 704. 1 67

6734.98

59131.8

100

1000

481 1 5.7 456054.

305727. 2.89776E+6

10000 1 ® 451 35E+6 1 . 37563E+ 7 100000 4.64923E+6 4.40667E+7

TEMPERATURE IS 600 K A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 2.52449E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 3.02202E+S7 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 23736.4 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 6.74938E+8 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K( DEC) K( C0M)

(/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

100

126® 5 !

1258.92

12189.2

110610.

908277.

36.721

365.394

3537.85

32104.

263622.

1000

1 0000

1 00000

6. 401 39E+6

3. 55795E+7

1 .41239E+8

1 .85797E+6

1 .03267 E+

4.099 38 E+ 7

TEMPERATURE IS 700 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 3.63523E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-EACTOR IS 3. 40590E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 23888.7 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.17345E+10 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

KC DEC)

(/SEC)

K ( C0M

)

(L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

100

1000

10000

100000

795. 5 7926.27

77381 .6

718575.

6. 1 7027E+6

4. 69000E+7

2.93501 E+8

1 . 38001 E+9

19.606

195.351

1907. 1 5

1 7710.1

1 52073.

1 . 1 5590E+6

7. 23365E+6

3. 401 19E+7

218
TEMPERATURE IS 800 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 4.83636E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 3.68975E+17 /SEC (HIQI PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24006.7 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.01120E+11 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K( DEC) KCC0M)

C/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

. 0 ! . 1

110

2747.28

27399.1

269055.

2. 54074E+6

10.8436

108.144

1061 .96

10028.3

100

1000

1 0000

1 00000

2.25504E+7

1 .81 445E+8

1 .24427E+9

6. 69621 E+9

8900 6.8

71 61 65.

4.9111 5E+ 6

2 • 64300E+ 7

TEMPERATURE IS 1000 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 7.34293E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4.06437E+17 /SEC (HI (X PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24176.5 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2.09954E+12 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K( DEC) KC COM)

(/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

1

11780.6 3.71096

117625. 37.0524

1 • 1 63 67E+ 6 366.564

10 1 • 1 2348E+7 3539.01

100 1 » 0 42 59E+8 32842.

1000

1 0000

9.0 7228 E+8 285782.

7.07979E+9 2.2301 7E+6

1 00000 4.64203E+10 1.46227E+7

TEMPERATURE IS 1200 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS 9.81603E+16 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4.28868E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24292.4 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 1.60502E+13 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K ( DEC) K ( C0M

)

(/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

100

1 000

10000

1 00000

24289.

4

242673.

2. 41 099E+6

2 • 358 62E+ 7 2.2491 7E+8

2.05540E+9

1 .74321 E+10

1 .30 41 5E+ 1 1

1 . 46671

1 4.6537

1 45. 587

1 424.24

1 3581 .

5

1241 1 4.

1 • 0 5263E+ 6

7.87507E+6

219
TEMPERATURE IS 1400 K

A.R.T. A-FACTOR IS f.2I497E*17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTQR IS 4. 43! 68E+ 1 7 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24376.3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 6.90291 E* I 3 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K(DEO KCC0M)

(/SEC) CL/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

1 00

1000

1 0000

100000

34526.

345076.

3. 43696E+6

3. 38952E+7

3 ® 28 7 52E-9-8 3.09933E*9

2.7751 3E-H0

2 . 268 55E+ 1

. 65621

6. 558 53

65.323

644.21

6248.27

58905.9

527442.

4. 31 1 62E+6

TEMPERATURE IS 1600 K A.R.T. A-FACTQR IS 1 . 430 42E+ 1 7 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTGR IS 4.52778E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24439.7 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 2 « 0 68 35E+ 1 4 /SEC

PRESSURE K( DEC) K( C0M)

(MM HG) ( /SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

39794.5 .323572

397810. 3.23462

3.96808E+6 32.2647

3* 93269E+7 319.77

1 00

1000

10000

1 00000

3 ® 8 5 489 E+8

3. 70675E+9

3 • 43802E+ 1

2.98192E+I

3134. 44

30139.9

2 79 548.

2. 42462E+6

TEMPERATURE IS 1800 K A.R.T. A- FACTOR IS 1.62728E+17 /SEC

REACTION THRESHOLD IS 20800. CALS

EXPERIMENTAL A-FACTOR IS 4. 59519E+17 /SEC (HIGH PRESSURE)

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATION ENERGY IS 24489.3 CALS

(HIGH PRESSURE)

HIGH PRESSURE RATE CONSTANT IS 4. 8 658 6E+ 1 4 /SEC

PRESSURE

(MM HG)

K( DEC) KCC0M)

(/SEC) (L/MOL-SEC)

.01

. 1

110

100

40230.

402219.

4.01 563E+6

3.99190E+7

3*9 3880E+8

. 1 71 377

1 .71 339

17.106

1 70 . 0 49

1 677.87

1 000

1 0000

3.83512E+9 16337.1

3* 639 1 5E+ 1 0 1 55022.

1 00000 3.28356E+11 1.39875E+6

220
TABLE IY. Collisional Efficiencies of Bath Gases ( 1 )

1. N

2

F

4

2. He

3. Ne

4 . Ar

5.

6 .

Kr

D

2

7-

8 .

10. nh

3

11. CD^

12. CH^

13.

14.

15-

16.

17.

18.

C

2

H

6

C

2

H

4

C

3

H

6

C

3

H

8

iC

4

H

l0

C 6

H

5 CH

3

( 1 . 00 )

.171

.120

.136

.115

.23

.21

.42

.28

.76

.4l

.44

.56

.43

.60

.62

.73

.80

221
Captions for Figure 1 (page 223) and Figure 2 (page 224)

Figure I . Comparison of experimental (Ref. Ia); +(Ref. Ib) and

calculated and rates of decomposition for various

AE° and Ad

(°°) . The upper of the two dotted lines refer to argon

efficiency of . 5 . The lower efficiency is .136. Pressure a,. 05

mol/liter argon.

a) AE° = 20800 cal.; A

d

(») 'u 10

21 sec

-1

and

17 1 -1 Ad

(°°) 'u 10 1 ' J sec .

b) AE° = 19600 cal.; A

d

(°°) ^ 10

l8 ' T sec"1

and

A

d

(°o) 'v 1017 * 3

.

c) AE° = 18000 cal.; Ad(°°) 'u 1017 ' 3 sec

-1

and

Ad

(°o) n, 10

15 ’ 8

sec"

1

.

Figure II . a) Comparison of calculated ( —)Ad

(°°) 'u 1017 ‘ J AE° =

18,000 cals efficiency = .21 and experimental (+) rates of decomposition of N^F^ in at U00°K (Ref. Ia)

b) Comparison of calculated ( —) A

d

(°°) 'U 1017 ’ 3 AE° = 18000 cals

A efficiency = .136 and experimental (+) rates of decomposition of

N^F^ in argon at 360°K (Ref. Ib).

c) Comparison of calculated (

) A

d

(°°) 'u 10

17 * 3 AE° = 18000

cals efficiency = .21 and experimental (

) rates of decomposition of N^F^ at .07 mols /liter as a function of temperature.

222
223

FIGURE

Chapter 14

CHEMICAL KINETICS OF REACTIONS OF CHLORINE,

NITROGEN AND OXYGEN FLUORIDES IN GAS PHASE:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ 1934 THROUGH JUNE 1972

1(a).

(b).

11(a)

.

(b).

Ill (a)

.

(b).

IV.

by Francis Nest ley

Table of Contents

Reactions of Chlorine Fluorides

Reviews

Reactions of Nitrogen Fluorides

Reviews

Reactions of Oxygen Fluorides

Reviews

References

Introduction

This bibliography lists research papers on the

kinetics of gas phase reactions of the chlorine, nitrogen

and oxygen fluorides, with emphasis on the processes occuring

during their thermal decompositions.

The material is arranged by chemical reaction in three

separate lists - chlorine fluorides, nitrogen fluorides, and

oxygen fluorides. After each reaction are listed references

to papers that either report rate data or discuss the

mechanism of reaction. If it is the latter a note is

appended to the reference citations. There are sixty

reactions in the lists, based on work in 91 papers.

The references under each reaction list the author (s)

and the sources, in the following form:

Author ( s

)

Diesen, R. lv. Lin and Bauer

Blauer, et al.

Source- Year-Volume- Page

JCPSA-1964-4 1-3256

JACSA-1969-91-7737

JPCHA-1971-75-3939

Number of

Author ( s

)

1

2

3 or more

The sources

abbreviation. A

are indicated by their ASTM CODEN

guide to these codes follows the introduction.

225
Part IV is a list of references, alphabetically by

author, in which full citations are given for the brief

citations in the reaction listings in parts I-III.

The bibliography is based on the files of the Chemical

Kinetics Information Center and an examination of Chemical

Aostracts 1931-1972. Most of the papers listed were

published since 1962.

226
JOURNAL AND REPORT CODES

ACSRA Abstracts of Papers. American Chemical Society

(Washington)

BBPCA Berichte Der Bunsengesellschaf t Puer Phy sikalische

Chemie (Weinheim, Germany)

BOOKA Book

CHPLB Chemical Physics Letters (Amsterdam)

CHREA Chemical Reviews (Washington)

CMEAA Commissarial A L’Energie Atomique, France, Rapport

(Gif-sur-yvette , France)

DABBB Dissertation Abstracts International B. The

Sciences and Engineering

DIASA Dissertation Abstracts

JACSA Journal of the American Chemical Society (Washington)

JCPSA Journal of Chemical Physics (New York)

JPCHA Journal of Physical Chemistry (Washington/Ithaca,

New York)

NSRDA United States National Bureau of Standards, National

Standard Reference Data Series (Washington)

RCRVA Russian Chemical Reviews (London)

RJICA Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (London)

XCCIA United States Department of Commerce, Clearinghouse

for Scientific and Technical Information, A.D.

ZEELA Ze.it schrift Fuer Elektrochemie (Weinheim/Halle

,

Germany

)

ZPCBA Zeitschrift Fuer Phy sikalische Chemie, Abteilung B.

Chemie Der Elementarprozesse , Aufbau Der Materie

(Leipzig)

ZPCFA Zeitschrift Fuer Physikalische Chemie (Frankfurt am

Main)

12V/SA Congreso Internacional De Quimica Pura Y Aplicada,

9 0 Congress, Madrid, April, 193^

227
I ( a ) . RE ACT1 01 IS OF CHLORINE FLUORIDES

Cl + C1F * Cl 0 + F

£

McIntyre and Diemen

McIntyre and Die sen

XCCIA- 1971-AD? 13938 (estimate)

JPCHA-1971-75-1765 (estimate)

Cl + F + M > C1F + M

Fletcher and Dahneke JACSA-1969-91-1603 (estimate)

Cl R Fp -» GIF + F

San Roman and Schumacher ZPCFA-1970-71-153 (mechanism)

Cl

2 + F -> Cl + C1F

McIntyre and Diesen JPCHA-I 97 I- 75-I 765 (estimate)

Cl

2 + F2

-> C1F + C1F (overall)

Fletcher and Dahneke JACSA-1969-91-1603

C1F + cif

3

C1F

? + cif2

Blauer, et al. JPCHA-1969-7 3-2683 (mechanism)

C1F + F + M ClFp + M

San Roman and Schumacher ZPCFA-1970-7 1-153 (mechanism)

C1F + hv -v Cl + F

San Roman and Schumacher ZPCFA-1970-71-153

C1F + M -* Cl + F + M

Blauer, et al

McIntyre and Diesen

McIntyre and Diesen

JPCHA-1971-75-3939

XCCIA-1971-AD713938 (mechanism)

JPCHA-I 97 I- 75-I 765 (mechanism)

ClFp + ClFp C1F + C1F

3

San Roman and Schumacher ZPCFA-1970-71-153

C1F

2

+ F -y C1F + F 0

Blauer, et al.

Blauer, et al.

XCCIA-1969-AD692493

JPCHA-I 969 - 73-2683

228
C]F

2 + F •!' M - CI>\, + n

San Roman and Schumacher ZPCFA-1970-71-153

C1F' 2 + M -> C1P + P i M

Blauer, et al . XCCIA-I 969-AD 692 ^93

Blauer, et al . JPCHA-1969-73-2683

C1F'

3

-* C1F + F

?

. Bernstein and Katz JPCHA-1952-56-885

01F~ + CIF^" + GIF,, + C1F 1 , 1 t

*» Krieger, et al.

C1F

3 + F -> C1F

2 + F

2

Blauer, et al

.

G1F

3 + M -*• C1F

2 + F + M

Blauer, et al.

Blauer, et al

.

GIF,, + F Clb\ + F 0

Krieger, et al.

CIF^ + F -» C1F

5

“

Krieger, et al.

C1F

5

?

‘ -> CIF^ + F

Krieger, et al.

ClFr- + M -> C1F 0 + F 0 + M

D 3 2

Axworthy and Sullivan

Sullivan and Axworthy

CIF^ + M -* CIF^ + F + M

Blauer, et al.

Blauer, et al.

CIF.-* + M -> GIF,. + M

5 0

Krieger, et al.

ZPCFA-1966-51-2M0

JPCHA-1969-73-2683

XCCIA-1969-AD692^93

JPCHA-1969-73-2683

ZPCFA-1966-51-240

ZPCFA-1966-51-240

ZPCFA-1966-51-2^0

(overall)

JPCHA-1970-7^-9^9

ACSRA-1968-155-J-25

XCCIA-1969-AD692 ^93

JPCHA-1970-7 *4—1183

ZPCFA-1966-51-2M0

229
"r f , \

J.. V b ; , RFVTFV'S

Bougon, R, CHEAT- 19 7 0-5

11(a). REACTIONS OF NITROGEN FLUORIDES

NF* -> NF + hv

Clyne and White C HP LB- 1 970-6-465

NF“ + M -> NF + M

Clyne and White CHPLB-1970-6-465

NF + NF -*• F + F + N

2

Die sen, R. W.

Diesen, R. W.

JCPSA-1964-4 1-3256

JCPSA-1966-4 5-759 (review)

NF + NF

2

-* F

2 + N2

F

Diesen, R. W. JCPSA-1966-45-759 (review)

6NF 0

-* 4 NF

^ + N 0

Cherednikov, et al. RJICA-1969-14-454

NF 0 + F + M NF_ + M

^ i

Levy and Copeland JPCHA-1965-69-3700

NF

2 + F2

F + NF

Diesen, R. W.

Levy and Copeland

Modica and Hornig

JCPSA-1966-45-759 (review)

JPCHA-1965-69-3700

JCPSA-I 966 - 45 - 76 O

4NF

2 + F?

0 -> 3NF

3 + NOF

Rubinstein, et al. ZPCFA-I 96 4-4 3-51 (overall)

NF

2 + F

2

0 - NF

3 + OF

Rubinstein, et al. ZPCFA-I 96 4-4 3-51

NF 0 + M -*• F + NF + M

Diesen, R. W.

Diesen, R. V/.

Modica and Hornig

JCPSA- 196 4-4 1-3256

JCPSA -1966-4 5-7 59 (review ) J C P SA - 1 9 6 5 - 4 3 - 2 7 3 9

230
N1 F -s- M F + MF „ + M

3 2

Diesen, H. W. JCPSA-1966-4 5-759 (review)

NF 0 + M + NF

2

’" + M

Modica and Mornig JCPSA-1966-4 5-760 (mechanism)

NF

2

" + NF

2

W

-» F

2 + N

2

F

2

*

Modica and liornig JCPSA-1966-45-760 (mechanism)

NF

2 + N2

F -> NF

3 + N

2

Diesen, R. W. JCPSA-1966-4 5-759 (review)

N

2

F

2

" - N

2

F

2 + hv

Modica and Rornig JCPSA-1966-45-760 (mechanism)

3N

2

F|j -* 4NF 0 + N

2 (overall)

Cherednikov, et al. RJICA-1969-14-4 54

N

2

F ;

, + F + NF

2 + NF

3

Levy and Copeland JPCHA-1965-69-3700

N

2

Fjj + F

2 + nf + NF

3

(overall)

Cherednikov and II* in RJICA-1968-13-1750

2N

2

F

4 + F2

0 -> 3NF

3 + HOF (overall)

Rubinstein, et al. ZPCFA-1964-4 3-51

N

2

F^ + M -> NF

2 + I1F

2 + M -

Brown, L. M.

Brown and Darwent

Levy and Copeland

Modica, A. P.

Modica and Hornig

Modica and Hornig

11(b).

DIASA-1964-25-2774

JCPSA- 196 5-^2-2158

JPCHA-1965-69-3700 (review)

DIASA-1964-24-4 427

XCCIA-1963-AD425108

JCPSA-1968-49-629

REVIEWS

Kondratiev, V. N. BOOKA-1970-207 (NF, and NF

2

; general tables)

Troe and Wagner BBPCA-1967-71-937 (Difluoroam.i.nofree-radical

)

231
Ill (a), REACTIONS' OF OXYGEN FLUORIDES

F + F

2

0 F

2 + OF

Gatti, et al.

F + 0

3

I/2F

2 + 3/202

Staricco, et al

F + O^ -» OF + 0

2

Staricco* et al.

F

2 + 0 -v F + OF

Lin and Bauer

F

2 + OF -> F + F

2

0

Lin and Bauer

F

2

0 + h\> F + l/20

2

Gatti, et al.

ZPCFA-i562-35~3 ?)3

ZPCFA-1962-31-365

ZPCFA-1962- 31--385

JACSA-1969-91-7737 (review)

JACSA-1969-91-7737 (review)

(overall

)

ZPCFA-1962-35-3^3

F

2

0 + M - F + OF + M

Blauer and Solomon

Henrici, et al.

Lin and Bauer

Solomon, et al.

JPCHA-1968-

JCPSA-197CJACSA-1969-

JPCHA-1968-

72-2307

52-5834

-91-7737

.72-2311

F

2

0 + M F

2 + l/20

2 + M (overall)

Asmus, T. W.

Dauerman, et' al.

Dauerman, et al.

Kohlitz and Schumacher

Lin and Bauer

Schumacher, II. - J . Solomon, et al.

Troe, et al.

Wieder and Marcus

FpO + 4NF 0-> 3LF n + NOF

Rubinstein, et al.

DABBB-1971-31-4606

JPCHA-I967-7I-3999

JPCHA-1969-73-1621

ZPCBA-193^-25-283

JACSA-1969-91-7737

12WSA-1935

JPCHA-1968

ZPCFA-1967

JCPSA-1962

2-485

72-2311

56-238

37-1835 (calculation)

ZPCFA-I96 4-43-51 (overall)

232
ZPCFA-196JI-JI3-51

F o 0 + N?

2

NF + OF

Rubinstein, et al.

F

2

0 + 2N

2

F ij -> 3NF^ + NOF (overall)

Rubinstein, et al . ZPCFA-I 96 3-51

F

2

0 + 0 -* OF + OF

.

Lin and Bauer JACSA-1969-91-7737 (review)

F

2

0

2 + M -* F + 0

2 + M (overall)

Benson and O’Neal

Frisch and Schumacher

Frisch and Schumacher

Frisch and Schumacher

Schumacher, H.-J.

Schumacher and Frische

OF + M -J- F + 0 + M

Lin and Bauer

OF + OF -> F + F + 0 o Lin and Bauer

OF + OF -* F

2 + 0 o Gatti, et al.

OF + O^ -* F + 0

2 + 0

2

Staricco, et al.

ZPCBA-1936-3^-322

ZPCBA-1937-37”l8

ZEELA- 19 ^1-^7-673 (review)

ZPCBA-19 37-37-1

JACSA-1969-91-7737 (review)

JACSA-1969-91-7737

ZPCFA-1962-35-3^3 (mechanism)

ZPCFA-1962-31-385 (mechanism)

NSRDA-1970-21-559 (review)

ZEELA-1937-^ 3-807

111(b). REVIEV/S

Nikitin and Rosolovskii RCRVA-1971-40-889 (Oxygen

Fluorides

)

Streng, A. G. CHREA-I 963- 63-607 (Oxygen

Fluorides

)

Troe and Wagner BBPCA-1967-71-937 (Oxygen

Difluoride

)

233
IV. REFERENCES

Asmus, T. VJ. , "The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Pyrolysis

of Oxygen Difluoride and of the Reaction of Hydrogen

with Oxygen Difluoride," Dissertation Abstr. Intern.

B 31, 1606 (1971)

Axworthy, A. E. , and Sullivan, J. M. , "Kinetics of the Gas

Phase Pyrolysis of Chlorine Pentafiuoride, " J. Phys.

Chem. 7iL ? 9-’*9 (1970)

Benson, S. W. , and O’Neal, H. E., "Kinetic Data on Gas

Phase Unimclecular Reactions," Natl. Std. Ref. Data

Series NSRDS NBS 21, pg. 559 (1970)

Bernstein, R. B. , and Katz, J. J., "Isotope Exchange Reactions

of Fluorine with Halogen Fluorides," J, Phys. Chem. 5_6,

885 (1952)

Blauer, J. A., McMath, H. G., and Jaye, F. C., "The Thermal

Dissociation of Chlorine Trifluoride behind Incident

Shock Waves," J. Phys. Chem. 73 , 2683 (1969)

Blauer, J. A., McMath, H. G., Jaye, F„ C., and Engleman, V. S.,

"Decomposition Kinetics of Chlorine Trifluoride and

Chlorine Pentaf Iuoride , " AF Rocket Propul. Lab., Edwards

AFB, Calif. AFRPL-TR- 69-HI ; ADc92l93

Blauer, J. A., McMath, H. G., Jaye, F. C., and Engleman, V. S.,

"The Kinetics of Dissociation of Chlorine PentafIuoride ,

J. Phys. Chem. 7 I, II 83 (1970)

Blauer, J. A., and Solomon, W. C., "The Thermal Dissociation

of Oxygen Difluoride. I. Incident Shock Waves,"

J. Phys. Chem. 72, 2307 (1968)

Blauer, J. A., Solomon, W. C., and Engleman, V. S., "The

Kinetics of Chlorine Fluoride at High Temperatures,"

J. Phys. Chem. 75, 3939 (197D

Bougon, R., "Chlorine Pentaf Iuoride, " Comrnis. Energ. At. (Fr.),

Rapp. 1970 CEA-R-392*!; Chem. Abstr. 73:833l8r (1970)

Brown, L. M. , "Spectrophotometric Determinatian of the Rate

of Dissociation of Tetrafluorchydrazine behind a Shock

Wave," Dissertation Abstr. 2_5, 2771 (196*0

Brown, L. M. , and Darwent, B. deB., "Spectrophotometric

Determination of the Rate of Dissociation of

Tetraf luorchydrazine Behind a Shock Wave," J. Chem.

Phys. 12, 2153 (1965)

234
Cherednikov, V. N,, and Il’in, E. K. , "Kinetics of the

Reaction of Tetrafluorohydrazine with Fluorine,"

Russ. J. Inorg, Chem. 13,, 1750 (1968)

Cherednikov, V. N., Pereverzev, V. S., and Ryabov, V. P.,

"Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of

Tetrafluorohydrazine, " Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 454

(1969)

Clyne, M. A. A., ana White, I. F., "Electronic Energy

Transfer Processes in Fluorine-Containing Radicals:

Singlet NF," Chem. Phys. Ltrs. 6., 465 (1970)

Dauerman, L., Salser, G. E. , and Tajima, Y. A., "The

Thermal Decomposition of Oxygen Difluoride in a Flow

System," J. Phys. Chem. 7_1, 3999 (1967)

Dauerman, L. , Salser, G. E., and Tajima, Y. A., "Comment on

’The Thermal Dissociation of Oxygen Difiuoride. I.

Incident Shock Waves,'" J. Phys. Chem. 7J3, 1621 ( 1969 ) Diesen, R. W. , "Observation and Kinetic Investigation of the

NF and NF^ Radicals," J.Chem. Phys. j4l, 3256 (1964)

Diesen, R. W. , "Comment on NF^ Decomposition behind Shock

Waves," J. Chem. Phys. 4_5 , 759 (1966)

Fletcher, E. A., and Dahneke, B. E. , "Kinetics of the

Chlorine Fluoride Reaction," J. Am. Chem. Soc . £1, 1603

(1969)

Frisch, P., and Schumacher, H. J., "Das Therrnische

Verhalten des F^O^. ^inetik des Yerfalls und seine

Beeinflussung Durch Fremdgase," Z. Elektrochem. _43, 807

(1937)

Frisch, P., and Schumacher, H.-J., "Der therrnische Zerfall

des Fluoroxyds F^O^," Z. Physik. Chem. B 34_, 322 (1936)

Frisch, P., and Schumacher, H.-J., "Der Einfluss der

Zusatzgase 0^, F^, N^, Ar, He, CO^, auf die

Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des F~0 „," Z. Physik. Chem. 37 , 18 ( 1937 ) Gatti, R., Staricco, E. , Sicre, J. E. , and Schumacher, H.-J.,

"Der photochernische Zerfall des F^O," Z. Physik. Chem.

[NF] (Frankfurt) 35, 3^3 (1962)

235
Kenrici, II., Lin,- M. C., and Bauer, S. H. , ’’Reactions of

F^O in Shock Waves. II. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the

FpO~CO Reaction,” J. Chem. Phys. 52 > 583*1 (1970)

Koblitz, W. , and Schumacher, H.-J., "Der thermische Zerfall

des F

2

0 , m Z. Physik. Chem. B 25, 283 (193*0

Kondratiev, V. N. , "Konstanty Skorosti Gazofaznykh Reaktsij

Spravochnik, " (Handbook of Kinetic Constants of Gaseous

Reactions) Izdatel’stvo ’’Nauka", Moscow (1970); also

issued as "Rate Constants of Gas Phase Reactions."

Reference Book, Ed. R. M. Fristrom, translated by

L. J. Holtschlag, NSRDS COM-72-1001*4 (1972)

Krieger, R. L., Gatti, R., and Schumacher, H.-J., "Die

Kinetik der photochemischen Bildung von Chlorpentaf luorid

,

ClF r , aus Chlortrif luorid und Fluor," Z. Physik. Chem.

[NFJ (Frankfurt) 51, 2*40 ( 1966 ) Levy, J. B. , and Copeland, B. K. W. , "The Kinetics of the

Tetrafluorohydrasine-Fluorine Reaction," J. Phys. Chem.

69, 3700 (1965)

Lin, M. C., and Bauer, S. H. , "Reactions of Oxygen

Fluoride in Shock Waves. I. Kinetics and Mechanism

of Oxygen Fluoride Decomposition," J. Am. Chem. Soc. £1,

7737 (1969)

McIntyre, J. A., and Diesen, R. W. , "Mass Spectral Study of

the Decomposition of Chlorine Fluoride Behind Shock

Waves," Chem. Phys. Res. Lab., Dow Chem. CO., Midland,

Mich. AD713938

McIntyre, J. A,, and Diesen, R. W. , "Mass Spectral Study of

the Decomposition of Chlorine Fluoride behind Shock

Waves," j\ Phys. Chem. 75, 1765 (197

Modica, A. P., "Kinetics of the Thermal Dissociation of

M^F^ in Shock Waves, Dissertation Abstr. 2_4, h -4 2 7 (196*0

Modica, A. P. , and Hornig, D. F., "Kinetics of the Thermal

Dissociation of N^F^ in Shock Waves," Frick Chem. Lab.,

Princeton, N.J.; AD*425108

Modica, A. and Hornig, D. F., "HF^ Decomposition Behind

Shock Waves," J. Chem. Phys. 4_3, 2739 (1965)

236
Modica, A. P., and Hornig, D. F., ''Comment on NF^ Decomposition

behind Shock Waves , " J. Chem. Phys. £5, 760 (1966)

Modica, A. P., and Hornig, D. F., "Kinetics of the Thermal

Dissociation of II 0F , in Shock Waves," J. Chem. Phys. I]9,

6 29 (1968)

Nikitin, I. V. , and Rosolovskii, V. Ya. s "Oxygen Fluorides

and Dioxygenyl Compounds," Russ. Chem. Rev. 1(0, 889

(197D

' ““

Rubinstein, M. , Sicre, J. E., and Schumacher, H. J., "Die

Kinetik der thermischen Reaktion zuischen

Tetraf luorhydrasin und Fluormonoxid, " Z. Physik. Chem.

[NF] (Frankfurt) A3, 51 ( 196^4

)

San Roman, E. A., and Schumacher, H. J., "Die Kinetik der

photochemischen Bilaung von Chlortrif luorid im System

Fluor-Chlormonof luorid, " Z. Physik. Chem. CnfD

(Frankfurt) 7_i, 153 (1970)

Schumacher, II. J., "Die Kinetik Chemischer Gasreaktionen,

Z. Elektrochem. j47_, 673 (19*11)

Schumacher, H.-J., "Der thermische Zerfall des Fluoroxyds

Ein Beitrag zur Theorie monomolekularer Reaktionen,"

Congr. Intern. Quim. Pura Apl., 9^, Madrid, April 193A,

2, A85 (1935)

Schumacher, H.-J., and Frisch, P., "Die Kinetik des

F^O^-Zerfalls , " Z. Physik. Chem. 37., 1 (1937)

Solomon, V/. C., Blauer, J. A., and Jaye, F. C., "The

Thermal Dissociation of Oxygen Difluoride. II. Static

Reactor," J. Phys. Chem. 72 , 2311 (1968)

Staricco, E, H., Sicre, J. E., and Schumacher, H.-J., "Die

photochemische Reaktion zwischen Fluor und Ozon,"

Z. Physik. Chem. CnfJ (Frankfurt) 31 » 385 (1962)

Streng, A. G., "The Oxygen Fluorides," Chem. Rev. 63, 607

(1963)

Sullivan, J. II., and Axworthy, A. E., "Kinetics of the

Thermal Decomposition of Chlorlnepentaf luoride , " Am.

Chem. Soc., Abst. of Papers 155, J25 (1968)

Troe., J,, and Wagner, H. Gg., "Unimolekulare Reaktionen in

thermischen Systemen," Ber. Bunsenges. Physik. Chem..

71, 937 (1967)

237
Tree, J., Wagner, H. Gg . , and Weden, G.. "Zum unimolekularen

Zerfall von P

p

O," Z. Physik. Chem. Chf] (Frankfurt) 5 C_. 238 (1967)

Wieder, G. M. , and Marcus, R. A., "Dissociation and

Isomerization of Vibrationally Excited Species. II.

Unimolecular Reaction Rate Theory and Its Apnlication,

J. Chem. Phys. 37, 1835 (1962)

V/ieder, G. M. , "Unimolecular Reaction Rate Theory and

Applications," Dissertation Abstr. 22 , 1 0 ^4 (1961)

Zu.pnik, T. F,, Nilson, E. N., and Sarli, V. J., "Investigation

of Nonequilibrium Flow Effects in High Expansion Ratio

Nozzles," United Aircraft Corn., East Hartford,

Connecticut, NASA-CR-5^042; N64-31^52

238
NEW IDEAL -GAS THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES

S. Abramowitz, G. T. Armstrong, C. W. Beckett, K. L. Churney,

V. H. Dibeler, T. B. Douglas, J. T. Herron, R. F. Krause, Jr.,

K. E. McCulloh, M. L. Reilly, H. M. Rosenstock, and W. Tsang

Introduction

In the following pages of this report are collected together 31 new "JANAF-type" ideal-gas thermochemical tables recently generated in

this program. The immediate purpose was to provide such tables for

those gas species which are important in current chemical laser research,

but for which present JANAF tables do not exist or are inconsistent with

later, more accurate data. An updating literature survey (April to

June, 1972) was carried out in an effort to base the new tables on

as accurate and complete data as now exist. Even so, some of these

tables are based on thermodynamic parameters which are not only of

inferior accuracy but which may remain so for some time to come; whereas

for several other gas species, tables of a higher order of accuracy

could have been generated, but this has not been done because time was insufficient to review critically new data reported for them. Details

may be found in the "JANAF-type" texts preceding the individual tables.

The tables and accompanying texts follow closely the format and

conventions of the JANAF tables (JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd

Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June 1971, and subsequent looseleaf JANAF

tables), which may be consulted for these details. Thus, for example,

the temperature "298" in the tables really refers to 298. 15K; the unit

"gibbs" is 1 calorie per degree Kelvin; and the tables are in order of

their alphabetical finding formulas, which appear in the upperright-hand corners of the tables.

239
Certain differences from the JANAF tables need explanation

One major difference is the inclusion of tables for a number of

chemical species containing deuterium (designated by D instead

2 of by H) as well as the analogous species containing the "lighthydrogen" isotope (designated by H instead of by Hi) . In this

connection it is to be noted that the tables (but not the table

texts) for the light -hydrogen species are equally applicable to

the natural isotopic mixture (approximately 99.98% H and 0.02% D)

since the molar thermodynamic properties of the different pureisotope varieties differ by only a few percent at the temperatures

here tabulated. For hydrogen-containing species the gram-formulamasses (GFW) and molecular constants given with these tables are

to be understood as specific for the particular hydrogen isotope(s)

in the chemical formula, but averaged (by adjustment of reported

values when necessary) for the natural-isotopic mixture of the

other elements such as chlorine, unless otherwise stated.

It is important to identify unambiguously the particular chemicalelement reference-state tables on which the computation of the present

tables (last three columns) is based. For four elements these

are the presently latest JANAF reference-state tables, which are not reproduced here: 0^, anc* ^2 ^ eac^ dated Sept. 30, 1965)

and S (dated Dec. 31, 1965). But for the three remaining elements--

fluorine, hydrogen (i.e.,Hl), and deuterium- -the reference-state

tables used are not JANAF tables but those included here. (As ex- plained in the table texts for and these two tables are

for the ortho-para "equilibrium" varieties at all temperatures; as tabulated, the values differ from those for the more commonly

encountered "normal" varieties only at 0 K, 100 K, and 200 K, but

interpolation over 100-degree intervals below 298.15 K would be

inaccurate anyhow.)

The practical approximations used in computing the ideal-gas

thermodynamic functions from the available molecular constants follow,

in general, those used for the JANAF tables. In particular, the

functions for the diatomic species account for anharmonicity, stretching, and vibration-rotation interaction by the use of the same closedbracket approximation formulas, whereas the polyatomic-species functions

240
/Sased on the harmonic-oscillator rigid-rotor approximation. But,

as in the JANAF tables, there are exceptions here too: the tables

for HDO, VyO, an<^ NH

3 were ta^en (with minor interpolation

and extrapolation) directly from authors who used direct-summation

methods, and these tables were used to adjust the tables for HD,

D

2

, D^S, and ND^ to a somewhat comparable degree of refinement, as described in the respective table texts for the last four species.

In certain other cases (see the tables for OH, OD, SH, and SD) this

refinement of the tables was not carried out for lack of time; the

types of errors are indicated in the discussions of heat capacity

and entropy.

For each of several molecules, substantially different molecular

constants have been reported for the ground and some of the excited

electronic states. In this case the partition function cannot be

factored rigorously into electronic and molecular contributions, but

a simple approximation was used which is satisfactorily accurate

in many cases. Using respectively subscripts t, v, r, and e for

translational, vibrational, rotational, and electronic, and superscripts i =0 and i for the ground and an excited electronic state, the

total molecular partition function Q can be expressed exactly by

Q = Q tQ

1=

°1 i=°[Q

1=0

V

'+ E . (Q

X QX /Q

1 xv

x

r

xv

i= 0 „ i=0

XL

1

]. ( 1 )

The parenthesized factor in Eq (1) was approximated as follows. For

vibrational mode v we have in the harmonic approximation

Q

1 ~ k T/hcOJ

1 (2) v —

if (kT/hcdi 1

) »1 . Using Eq (2) and the usual rigid-rotor hightemperature expressions for Q it can be readily shown that for

a linear molecule

«vV/(* i=0

Q

1=0

) ~ (i

i

/i

1=0

)n (w v r _ v v

1=Vvy

(B

1 0

/B

X )n (OJ 1 °/uu X

) S

x , v v V

(3)

241
and for a non-linear molecule

Q k

1

/q

i=0

Q

1=0 ~ (l/l ‘l//I A l=V

i=0

I

i=0

) 1/2

n (U) Lm°/m 1

) g

y =

r xv

v

r — v A B C A B C

' v

v v v

'

(B,

1 “XL_ V1_U

)/BA V1 Bp

1

) 1/Z n (uu x - u /m

L

) gv , A B C

' ABC v v v

’ (4 )

where the various moments of inertia are represented by I, and the

degeneracy of vibrational state v by g . (The electronic degeneracies

are included in as defined. The rigid-rotor harmonic-oscillator

approximation is not used for the Q

^ ^ and ^ outside the brackets

in Eq (1) when the necessary molecular constants are available.)

The errors resulting from using Eq (3) or (4) may be illustrated

by the contributions of the \ vibrational mode, the doublet ground

state (uu = 1497 cm

-

'*'), and a doublet excited (10249 cm *") state

(uu = 633 cm

- *- ) of NH„ . These errors were calculated to be, at 6000 K

-I ^ -I (and in cal mole deg K ): C°, -0.018; S°, + 0 . 068 ; -(G°-H°) /T, +

0.032. These errors are several times smaller than would result

from the simpler approximation (commonly used) of taking 1497 cm

^

for both fundamentals. At lower temperatures the poorer approximation

involved in Eq (2) is overshadowed by the exponentially decreasing

value of the factor Q^

1 in Eq (1).

Several species of current interest in laser research may be

listed together with the reasons why no ideal-gas thermochemical

tables for them were generated at the present time: (a) H^O, F

(atomic), and HC$ (no basis of improvement over the existing JANAF

tables --however, for the first two of these, revisions of the JANAF

discussions of the heats of formation seemed warranted, and these

are given following the present 31 tables); (b) NCi, CfO, OF, 0F 9 , NF, an^ ^F (cis and trans) (insufficient review of the heatof-formation data); (c) ^F^ (trans and gauche), and

(unsatisfactory means available to account accurately for the

contributions of restricted internal rotation--however, JANAF

tables do exist for the first two); (d) radicals such as ^H, and

peroxides such as SOQ (no data found).

242
Finally, it is appropriate to point out here some generalities

with regard to six of the present " JANAF-type" table texts. In the

first place, as stated in the discussions of the heats of formation

of HD, DF, and DCl, these three data reviews are to be regarded as incomplete because they omit analyses of experimental or theoretical

work which was found too late to be considered. In the second

place, three revisions over existing JANAF tables were made (thermodynamic functions of F ^

and the heats of formation of Cf-F and atomic

F) which, it appears, may warrant the revision of existing JANAF

tables for many other species which properly depend on them; however,

these propagated consequences were not examined in detail.

243
DEUTERIUM CHLORIDE (DC1) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 37.4671

S 298.15

= 46.04 cal K ^mol

-1 Mf

298.15

- - 22 ',31 ± 0.05 kcal , "I mol

Electronic States and Molecular Cons tants

State

-1

e , cm _g_

-1

u) , cm

e

-1

X u) , cm

e e

„ -1

B , cm

e -1

a , cm

e

r , A

e X1 !

4

" 0 i 2144.0 26.90 5.4444 0.1121 1.2746

B

1

IT 75160 2 2199.0 [26.9] 5.1793 [0.1121] vh+

7652C 1 684.6 [26.9] 1.555 [0.1121] 2 43

c

l n 77525 2 2114.1 [26.9] 4.9605 [0.1121]

0 = 1

Heat of Formation (Provisional-evaluation incomplete)

The heat of formation was calculated from the selected value of AHf°gg of HCl(g) given by JANAF (1), the appropriate thermal functions (see H^, D^, DC1 tables, and HC1 (1)) and zero point energies. The zero point

energies of H2(g), D^(g) are taken from Herzberg and Monfils (2). The zero point energies of HCl(g) and DCl(g),

including the Dunham correction, were calculated from the molecular constants taken from Rosen (3).

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants at the respective electronic levels were taken from Rosen (3) and were adjusted to Cl 35 = 75.4% and Cl 37 = 24.6%.

References

1. JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June, 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402).

2. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy jj, 482 (1960).

3. B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970).

244
Deuterium Chloride (DC1)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 37.4671

• •• / |

T, °K Cp° S° (G°-H°298)/T AHr Acr Lok Kp

u .000 .000 INFINITE -2.070 -22.259 -22.259 INFINITE

1UO 6.953 38.435 52.230 -1.379 -22.245 -22.484 49.140

2 U U 6.961 43.259 46.676 -.684 -22.265 -22.718 24.825

293 6.972 46.039 46.039 .000 -22.310 -22.931 lb. 809

3UU 6.972 46.082 46.039 .013 -22.311 -22.935 lo. 708

4 U 0 7.02b 48.094 46.313 .712 -22.375 -23.134 12.640

bOU 7.149 49.674 46.833 1.421 -22.444 -23.315 10.191

60U 7.31b 50.992 4 7 • 4 1 Q 2.144 -22.508 -23.484 8.554

70 U 7.501 52.134 48.013 2 . 884 -22.563 -23.642 7.381

90U 7.632 53.147 48.593 3.644 -22.607 -23.793 b • 500

900 7.349 54.062 49. 150 4 .420 -22.544 -23.939 5.813

1000 7.999 54 . 897 49.684 5.213 -22.673 -24 .082 5.263

1100 B. 130 55.665 50.193 6.020 -22.696 -24.621 4.812

1200 R. 244 56.373 50.679 6.838 -22.716 -24.359 4.436

1300 3.342 57.042 51.143 7.668 -22.730 -24.49b 4.118

1400 3.429 57.663 51 .587 8.506 -22.744 -24.631 3.845

lbUU 3.504 58.247 52.012 9.353 -22.755 -24.765 3. 6U8

1 60U 3.570 58.798 52.419 10.207 -22.768 -24.999 3.401

1 700 3.626 59.319 52.810 11.067 -22.779 -25.031 3.218

1SUU 8. btiU 59.814 53. 195 11.932 -22.789 -25.164 3.055

1900 8.72b 60.285 53.546 12.303 -22.799 -25.295 2.910

2000 8.763 60.733 53.895 13.677 -22.809 -25.426 2.778

2100 8.805 61.162 54.231 14.556 -22.821 -25.558 2 • 6b0 2200 H . 840 61.573 54.555 15.439 -22.832 -25.687 8.552

230U 9.878 61 . 966 54 . 869 16.324 -22.844 -25.916 2.453

2400 8. 901 62.344 55.172 17.213 -22.857 -25.945 2 • 3o3 2500 8.923 62.708 55.467 18.104 -22.870 -26.073 2.279

260U 3.953 63.059 55.752 13.998 -22.686 -26.201 2.202

2700 8 • 97o 63.397 56.029 19.895 -22.901 -26.328 2.131

2300 8.998 63.724 56.298 20.794 -22.918 -26.454 2.0b5

2900 9.019 64 .040 56.560 21.694 -22.939 -26.581 2.003

3000 9.039 64.346 56.814 22.597 -22.958 -26.706 1 . 946 3100 9.057 64.643 57.062 23.502 -22.982 -26.831 1.892

3200 9.U7j 64.931 57.303 24.409 -23.003 -26.955 1.841 3300 9. 092 65.211 57.53° 25.317 -23.028 -27.079 1.793

3400 9. 1U9 65.492 57.768 26.227 -23.053 -27.200 1 . 748 3500 9.124 65.746 57.992 27.139 -23.083 -27.323 1.706

3bU0 9. 14U 66.004 58.211 28.052 -23.111 -27.441 1.666

3700 9.154 66.254 58.425 28.967 -23.145 -27.562 1.628

3bU0 9.169 66.499 56.635 29.983 -23.179 -27.683 1.592

39U0 9.183 66.737 58.839 30.801 -23.216 -27.900 1.558

4 U U 0 9.196 66.970 59.040 31.719 -23.253 -27.91b 1.525

4100 9 . 2U 9 67.197 50.236 32.640 -23.292 -29.035 1.494

42UU 9.222 67.419 59.428 33.561 -23.332 -28.149 1 . 4o5

43U0 9.235 67 .636 59.617 34 . 4R4 -23.372 -29.264 1.437

4 4 Q U 9.247 67.849 59.801 35.408 -23.415 -28.374 1 . 409 4500 9.259 69.056 59.982 36.334 -23.462 -28.491 1 . 384

4b00 9.271 68.260 50 .160 37.260 -23.507 -28.60U 1.359

4700 9.283 68.460 60.335 38. IBB -23.553 -28.709 1 . 335 4BU0 9.294 68.655 60.506 39.117 -23.599 -28.817 1 .312 4900 9 • 3U d 68.847 60.674 40 .047 -23.648 -28.925 1.290

5UOO 9.317 69.035 60.340 40.979 -23.699 -29.035 1.269

blOU 9.32b 69.220 61 . 002 41.910 -23.750 -29.1 39 1.249

5200 4.339 69.401 61 . 162 42.843 -23.801 -29.245 1 . 229 5300 9.350 69.570 61.319 43.778 -23.853 -29.351 1.210

b4 0 0 9. 3oU 69.754 61 .474 44.713 -23.905 -29.452 1.192

550U 9.371 69.926 61 .626 45.650 -23.959 -29.556 1.174

bbOU 9.351 70.095 61.775 46.587 -24.012 -29.657 1.157

b70U 9. 39'2 70.261 61 .923 47.526 -24.067 -29.759 1.141

5300 9.402 70.424 62.068 48.466 -24. 122 -29.856 1 .125

b9U 1) 9.412 70.585 62.211 49.406 -24.178 -29.957 1.110

6UUU 9.423 70.743 62.352 50 . 349 -24.234 -30.053 1.095

July 31, 1972

245
CHLORINE MONOFLUORIDE (C1F) -I

(IDEAL GAS) GFW = 54.4514

S°9g

15 = 52.157 cal K

_1mol «f’ . = -12.02 ± 0.1 kcal mol

Zy o.lj

State

-1

e , cm

Electronic States

-1 g u) , cm

e

and Molecular Constants

X u) , cm 1 B , cm

1 e e e a , cm

e

•1 r , A

e 0 i 784.49 6.201 0.51409 0.04329 1.6281

A

3 n

O 18721 6 312.74 2.207 0.37026 0.01390 1.92

a = 1

Heat of Formation

The selected value, ^Hf

298 < C1F) = -12.0 ±0.1 kcal mol , is based on spectroscopy. Three studies of visible absorption bands of C1F, by A. L. Wahrhaftig, J. Chem. Phys . 10, 248 (1942), by H. Schmitz and H. J. Schumacher, Z. Naturforsch. 29^, 359 (1947), and by W. Strieker, Deutsche Luft-und Raumfahrt Forschungsbericht

66-04 (1966) agree in indicating a band convergence limit at 21,514 ± 10 cm Assignment of this limit to

2 2 Cl( P^/ 2) + F( ^3/2^ -*- s supported by the dissociative ionization threshold for GIF reported by V. H. Dibeler,

J. A. Walker, and K. E. McCulloh, J. Chem. Phys. _53, 4414 (1970), whose ion-pair threshold, when reassigned to a hot band, corroborates this choice. From this assignment it follows that D°(C1F) = 58.98 ± 0.02 kcal mol

-1 u Combining this value with D°(F2) = 36.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol , reported by J. Berkowitz, W. A. Chupka, P. M. Guyon, J. H. Holloway, and R. Spohr, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 5165 (1971), and with D^C^) = 57.177 ± 0.006 kcal mol \

given by A. E. Douglas, C. K. Miller, and B. P. Stoicheff, Can. J. Phys. 4JL, 1174 (1963), one obtains AHf°(ClF) = -12.0 ± 0.1 kcal mol

-1

. Calorimetric values for AHf°

g

g, which bracket the selected value, are as follows: -11.6 kcal mol

_1

, E. Wicke, Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Gottingen Math-Phys. Klasse p. 89 (1946); -11.7 kcal mol

-1

, E. Wicke and H. Friz,

Z. Elektrochem. _h7, 9 (1953); -14.34 and -15.0 kcal mol , H. Schmitz and H. J. Schumacher, Z. Naturforsch 29, 362 (1947); and -14.4 ± 0.8 kcal mol

1

, R. L. Nuttall and G. X. Armstrong, NBS Report 10326, Chapter 1, July 1, 1970.

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970, and were adjusted to Cl 35

= 75.4% and Cl

37

= 24.6%.

246
Chlorine Monofluoride (C1F)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 54,4514

gibbs/mol - -kcal/mol -

T, °K Cp° S° H°— H°»» AHr AGr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 infinite -2.133 -12.002 -12.002 INFINITE

1UU 6.961 44.303 58.685 -1.438 -12.002 -12.140 26.533

2uu 7.219 49.181 52.846 -.733 -12.010 -12.276 13.415

298 7.723 52.156 52.156 .000 -12.020 -12.405 9.093

3UU 7.732 52.204 52.157 .014 -12.020 -12.407 9.039

40 U 6.160 54.491 52.465 .310 -12.024 -12.536 0.849

500 3.439 56.345 53.0d2 1.642 -12.021 -12.663 3.535

600 6 • 67U 57.907 53.743 2.499 -12.013 -12.793 4.660

700 6.824 59.256 54.436 3.374 -12.001 -12.924 4.035

ouu 8.943 60.442 55.114 4.263 -11.986 -13.057 3.567

900 9.039 61.501 55.766 5.162 -11.968 -13.191 3.203

1000 9.120 62.458 56.388 6.070 -11.947 -13.329 2.913

11U0 9.19U 63.331 56.980 6.935 -11.922 -13.468 2.676

12UU 9.234 64.133 57.543 7.908 -11.896 -13.610 2.479

liOO 9.311 64.876 58.079 8.336 -11.865 -13.754 ^.312

1400 9.363 65.568 58.590 9.770 -11 .834 -13.001 2.170

1300 9 • 41 o 66.216 59.077 10.709 -11.799 -14.049 2.047

1600 9 • 4o3 66.825 59,542 11.653 -11.762 -14.200 1.940

17U0 9.512 67.400 59.988 12.602 -11.722 -14.353 1.845

1600 9.539 67.945 60.415 13.555 -11.680 -14.509 1.762

1900 9.606 68.464 60.825 14.514 -11.634 -14.667 1.667

2000 9.634 68.957 61.219 15.477 -11.587 -14.828 1.620

2100 9.704 69.430 61 .599 16.444 -11.536 -14.Q92 1.560 2200 9.757 69.882 61.965 17.417 -11.482 -15.15b 1.506

2 300 9.814 70.317 62.319 18.396 -11.424 -15.326 1.456

2400 9.87b 70.736 62.661 19.380 -11.363 -15.497 1.411 2300 9.94a 71.141 62.992 20.372 -11.296 -15.671 1.370

2600 10.026 71.533 63.313 21.370 -11.224 -15.847 1.332

2700 10.117 71.913 63.625 22.378 -11.146 -16.027 1.297

2d00 10.216 72.282 63.927 23.394 -11.061 -16.208 1.265

2900 10.331 72.643 64.222 24.422 -10.966 -16.394 1.235

3000 10 .46o 72.995 64.508 25.461 -10.363 -16.583 1.208

3100 10.599 73.340 64.788 26.514 -10 . 748 -16.776 1.183

32 0 U 10*766 73.679 65.060 27.581 -10.621 -16.972 1.159

3300 10 .92o 74.013 65.326 26 • 665 -10.479 -17.173 1.137

3400 11.112 74.342 65 • 5d7 29.767 -10.322 -17.378 1.117

3300 11.313 74.667 65.842 30.888 -10.143 -17.588 1.098

3600 11.529 74.988 66.091 32.030 -9.955 -17.803 1.081 3700 11 • 7bo 75.307 66.336 33.194 -9.742 -18.023 1.065

3600 12.000 76.624 66.576 34.332 -9.508 -18.251 1.050

300 0 12.233 75.939 66.812 35.595 -9.251 -18.485 1.036

40 0 0 12.317 76.253 67.044 36.833 -3.970 -18.725 1.023

4100 12.789 76.565 67.273 38.098 -8.664 -18.072 1.011

4200 1 3 • 0b3 76.877 67.498 39.391 -3.332 -19.228 1.001

4300 13.331 77.167 67.719 40.712 -7.975 -19.492 .991 4400 13.o33 77.498 67.938 42.061 -7.590 -19.763 .982 4600 1 3 . 92o 77.807 68.154 43.440 -7.177 -20.044 .973

4600 14.213 78.117 68 . 3o7 44. 347 -6.737 -20 . 335 .966 4700 14 . 49o 73.425 68.578 46.232 -6.271 -20.635 .960

4 6 0 U 14.776 78.733 68.786 47.746 -5.777 -20.947 .954 4900 13.048 79.041 68.993 49.237 -5.258 -21.268 .949 6000 16*316 79. ^48 69.197 50.755 -4.711 -21.602 . 944

6 1 0 U 1 6 • 6oi> 79.653 69 .399 52.299 -4.140 -21.043 .940 3200 13.812 79.958 69.599 53.868 -3.545 -22.29b .937

3300 16.044 80.261 69.797 55.481 -2.928 -22.665 .935

64 0 0 1 6 • 2b2 80.363 69.994 57.077 -2.289 -23.043 .933 6600 1 6 • 4b7 80.864 70.189 58.713 -1.629 -23.432 .931

6o0 0 lb.66o 81 . 162 70.382 60 . 369 -.951 -23.635 .930 6700 16.631 81.458 70.574 62.044 -.255 -24.252 .930 3300 16.990 81 . 753 70.764 63.735 .487 -24.678 .930 390 0 17.134 B2 .044 70.952 65.441 1.182 -25.118 .930 6U0U 17.2oi 82. 333 71.140 67.161 1 .021 -25.570 .931

July 31, 1972

247
DEUTERIUM FLUORIDE (DF) (IDEAL GAS) GFW - 21.0125

S 298 15

= 42 - 923 cal K

_1mol

'

1 AHf

?98 15

= ~ 65 ' 85 ± °- 2 kcal mo1

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

State

-1

e, cm

-1

u) , cm

e -1

X « , cm

e e

B , cm

1 e -1

a , cm

e r , A

e

x*j: +

0 1 2998.19 45.76 11.000 0.2907 0.9187 vh+

Heat of Formation

83755 1 839.4 8.90 2.121 0.00712 2.088

0 = 1

The heat of formation was calculated from AHf°gg of HF(g), -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol \ given in JANAF Thermo chemical

Tables 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June (1971), the appropriate thermal functions (see tables for H^, D^, DF and HF

(JANAF loc. cit.)) and the estimated zero point energies. Tlie energies for H^Cg), D^Cg) are those given by G. Herzberg

and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960). The energies for HF(g) and DF(g) include the Dunham correction

and were calculated from the data given by D. E. Mann, B. A. Thrush, D. R. Lide, Jr., J. J. Ball, and N. Acquista,

J. Chem. Phys . _34, 420 (1961) and R. N. Spanbauer, K. N. Rao and L. H. Jones, J. Molec. Spectroscopy lj3, 100 (1965).

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970.

248
Deuterium Fluoride (DF)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 21.0125

gibbs/mol

T, °K Cp° s° —(G°—H°2»b)/T

0 • uuo . oon INFINITE

1UU 5.969 35.319 49.112

200 6.961 40 .143 43.560

6.969 42.923 42.923

iUU b . 964 42.966 42.923

_ +0 0 6.973 44 . 970 43.196

500 7.0U2 46.529 43.713

oOO 7. 06b 47.H11 44.292

700 7. lbl 48.907 44.875

HOO 7 . 2b 1 49.870 45.440

900 7.913 50.735 45.981

1000 7.59b 51.523 46.497

1100 7.661 52.249 46.987

1200 7 . BU6 52.923 47.454

1500 7. 922 53.552 47.899 moo b. 029 54.143 48.324

1500 B. 126 54.701 48.731

1500 5.215 55.228 49.121

1700 a. 295 55.729 49.495

1500 8-367 56.205 49.854

1900 8.433 56.659 50.201

2000 8.493 57.093 50.535

2100 8.547 57.509 50.857

2200 8.597 57.908 51 .163 2300 8.643 58.291 51.470

240 0 8.685 58.659 51.762

2500 8.724 59.015 52.045

2600 R • 7bU 59.353 52.319

2700 8.793 59.689 52.586

2500 8.825 60 .009 52.846

2900 3.854 60.319 53.098

3000 8.381 60.620 53.344

3100 3.90 7 60.912 53.533

3200 8.932 61.195 53.817

3300 8.955 61 .470 54.044

34 0 0 8.977 61 . 733 54.267

3500 3 . 99b 61.998 54.484

3500 9.016 62.252 54.696

3700 9.03/ 62.499 54 . 904

350 0 9.055 62.741 55.107

5900 9.073 62.976 55.306

4 000 9.09U 63.206 55.500

4100 4. 10 6 63.431 55.691

4200 9.122 63.650 55.878

4300 9. 13o 63.865 56 • 061 4400 9.152 b4 .075 56.241

4 50 0 9.167 64.281 56.417

4500 9 • 1 5

1

64.483 56.591

H 70

0

9.195 64.680 56.761

4 50 0 9.206 64.874 55.928

4900 9.222 65.064 57.092

5000 9.234 65.251 57.253

5100 9.247 65.434 57.412

5200 9.259 65.61

3

57.568

5300 9.272 65.790 57.721

5400 4 . 2 8 3 65.963 57.872

5500 9.295 66.134 58.021

550 0 9 . 3 U 7 66.301 58.167

5/0 0 9.316 66.466 58.311

5 50 0 4.32 4 66.628 58.453

5900 9.34 1 66.788 58.593

50 0 0 9.351 66.945 58.731

H°— H°2»8

kcal/mol Anr Acr Log Kp

-2.065 -65.836 -65.336 infinite -1.379 -65.827 -65.977 144.193

-.633 -65.834 -56.125 72.258

.000 -65.850 ”66 • ?6b 46.573

.013 -65.851 -66.267 46.276

.710 -65.887 -66.401 56.280

1.408 -65.941 -66.524 29.077

2.111 -66.005 -66.635 24.272

2.822 -66.075 -66.734 2U.B35

3.544 -66.144 -66.823 la. 255 4.279 -66.214 -66.904 lo.246 5.027 -66.281 -66.078 14.638 5.738 -66.343 -67.043 15.320 6.563 -66.403 -67.105 12.222

7.349 -66.457 -67. 161 11.291 8.147 -66.509 -67.214 1 U . 493 8.955 -66.558 -67.262 9.800

9.772 ”66 .606 -67.307 9.194 10.597 -66.651 -67.350 b • bbb

11.431 -66.693 -67.790 6.132

12.271 -66.735 -67.428 7.756

13.117 -66.774 -67.462 7.372

13.969 -66.815 -67.497 7.024

14.326 -66.852 -67.527 b • 7U 8 15.633 -66.889 -67.557 6.419

16.555 -66.926 -67.586 b. 155 17.425 -66.961 -67.613 5.911 18.299 -66.998 -67.638 5.665

19.177 -67.033 -67.662 a. 477 20.058 -67.069 -67.684 5.283 20.942 -67.106 -67.705 5.102

21 . 329 -67.141 -67.725 4.934 22.718 -67.179 -67.744 4.776 23.610 -67.214 -67.762 4.628 24.505 -67.250 -67.780 4.469

25.401 -67.286 -67.795 4.358 26.300 -67.325 -67.809 4.234

27.201 -67.362 -67.022 4.117 28.103 -67.403 -67.334 4 .007 29.003 -67.444 -67.845 3.9U2 29.914 -67.487 -67.357 3.803 30.323 -67.528 “67 • 06b 5.70b

31.732 -67.572 -67.874 3 . bl 8 32.644 -67.615 -67.879 5.532 33.667 -67.659 -67.885 3.450

34.471 -67.705 -67.889 3.372

35. 387 -67.754 -67.895 3.297

36. 305 -67.802 -67.396 5.226

37.224 -67.851 -67.896 5.157

3B. 144 -67.QO0 “67 • R9b 3.U91 39.065 -67.952 -67.896 3.U28 39.988 -63.007 -67.397 c. . 9oB 40.912 -68.061 -67.893 2.909 41.837 -68.116 -67.889 2.853

42 . 764 -68.173 -67.885 2.799

43.692 -68.230 -67.878 2.747

44.621 -68.289 -67.872 ci • b97 45.661 -68. 349 -67.°b3 ti • b48 46.482 -68.410 -67.855 c • oU2 47.414 -68.473 “67 • 84b c • bbb

4b. 34 8 -68.537 -67.333 2.513 49.782 -68.601 -67.320 ti. 470

July 31, 1972

249
DEUTERIUM HYDRIDE (HD, or

1H

2H) (IDEAL GAS)

D° = 104.089 ± 0.002 kcal mol

-1

S 298 15

= 34 ’ 345 4 °- 01 cal de8

" lmo1 _1

Ground State Configuration

w = 3817.09 cm

e B = 45.655 cm

e

u) x = 94.958 cm

e e a = 1.9927 cm

e

GFW = 3.0221

AHf ® = 0.078 ± .002 kcal mol

" 1

AHf° - 0.076 ± .002 kcal mol

Zj o.Ij

D = 0.02614 cm

~ 1 a = 1 e

r = 0.7414 A

e

Heat of Formation (Provisional-evaluation incomplete)

1 2 The heat of formation of HD ( H H) was calculated using zero point energies of H„, and HD using the Dunham formulation as given by G. Herzberg and A. Monfils (1). The value obtained is consistent with the D° values given by G. Herzberg (2) in a later publication. The estimated uncertainty is based on the uncertainties

assigned to the zero point energies (1)

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The thermodynamic functions were generated similarly as those in the table for (q.v.). To the current table for H^ (which is based on reference 3) was added to the table for HD from reference 4, and the table for "equilibrium"

H^ from reference 3 was subtracted.

References

1. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Mol. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960).

2. G. Herzberg, J. Mol. Spectroscopy ^3, 147 (1970).

3. H. W. Woolley, R. B. Scott, and F. G. Brickwedde, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards 41, 379 (1948).

4. L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett, Nat. Bur. Standards Monograph 20, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1961.

250
Deuterium Hydride (HD)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 3,0221

gibbs/mol > kcai/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G° —H°2»8)/T H°— h°»8 AHr AGr

0 .000 .000 infinite - 2.034 . 078 .078

100 6. 962 26.723 40.547 - 1.382 .042 -.081

200 6.974 31.559 34.983 -.685 .065 -.212

298 6 . 978 34.345 34.345 .000 .076 -.350

300 6.979 34.398 34,345 .013 .076 -.353

400 6.985 36.395 34.619 .710 . 078 -.496

500 6.997 37.955 35.136 1.410 .078 -.640

600 7.024 39.232 35.714 2.111 .076 -.783

700 7.072 40.319 36.296 2.316 .073 -.926

900 7.150 41.268 36.860 3.526 .069 - 1.069

900 7.240 42.116 37.397 4.247 .064 - 1.211

1000 7.338 42.881 37.903 4.973 . 058 - 1.352

1100 7.443 43.587 38.393 5.713 .053 - 1.493

1200 7.551 44.240 38.853 6.464 .049 - 1.633

1300 7 • 6 b 5 44.848 39.291 7.224 .045 - 1.773

1400 7.785 45.420 39.709 7.995 . 040 - 1.913

1500 7.910 45.962 40.108 8.781 .036 - 2.052

1600 8.015 46.476 40 . 490 9.578 .033 - 2.192

1700 8.113 46.965 40.856 10.385 .030 - 2.330

1800 8 . 206 47.431 41.203 11.201 .027 -2.468

1900 9.294 47.877 41.548 12.025 . 024 -2.609

2000 8.377 48.305 41.875 12.860 .022 - 2.746

2100 8.455 48.716 42.191 13.702 .020 - 2.885

2200 8.529 49. 1 1

1

42.497 14.551 .019 - 3.023

2300 6.599 49.491 42.793 15.405 .017 - 3.161

2400 9 . 6 o 4 49.859 43.080 16.270 .016 - 3.300

2500 8.727 50.213 43.358 17.138 .015 - 3.438

2600 8.785 50.557 43.628 18.015 .014 - 3.574

2700 8.841 50.890 43.891 18.897 .013 - 3.713

2800 8.892 51.212 44.147 19.782 .012 - 3.851

2900 8.939 51.525 44.396 20.674 .012 - 3.988

3000 0.983 51 . 829 44.638 21.573 .011 - 4 . 12 b 3100 9.030 52.123 44.875 22.469 .008 - 4.264

3200 9.076 52.411 45.106 23.376 .009 - 4.402

3300 9.122 52.692 45.332 24.288 .010 - 4.542

3400 9.166 52.964 45.552 25.201 .010 - 4.677

3500 9.211 53.231 45.768 26.120 .010 - 4.817

3 b 00 9.255 53.491 45.979 27.043 .009 - 4.953

3700 9.299 53.745 . 46.186 27.968 .008 - 5.095

3800 9.342 53.994 46.383 28.903 .008 - 5.233

3900 9.384 54.237 46 . 586 29.839 .008 - 5.370

4000 9.426 54.475 46.780 30.780 .008 - 5.508

4100 9 . 4 d 7 54.708 46.970 31.726 .009 - 5.644

4200 9.507 54.937 47.157 32.676 .010 - 5.781

4300 9.547 55.161 47.341 33.624 .009 - 5.920

4400 9.586 55.381 47.522 34.580 .008 - 6. 060 4500 9.625 55.596 47.698 35.541 .008 -6.197

4600 9 . 6 o 3 55.309 47.872 36.510 .009 - 6.332

4700 9 . 7 U 0 56.017 48.044 37.473 .010 - 6.475

4800 9.736 56.222 48.212 38.448 .012 - 6.608

4900 9.772 56.423 48.377 39.425 .013 -6.745

5000 9.808 56.620 48.540 40.400 .012 - 6.884

5100 9.843 56.815 48.701 41.383 .010 - 7.021

5200 9.878 57.006 48.858 42.369 .010 - 7.160

5300 9.913 57.195 49.014 43.358 .010 - 7.291

5400 9.948 57.380 49.167 44.351 .011 - 7.435

5500 9.981 57.563 49.318 45.347 .011 - 7.574

5600 10.015 57.743 49.467 46.346 .011 - 7.714

5700 10.048 57.920 49.613 47.349 .012 - 7.853

5800 10.081 53.096 49.759 48.356 .012 - 7.986

5900 10.113 53.268 49.901 49.365 .012 - 8.125

6000 10.144 53.438 50.042 50.378 .013 - 8.264

July 31, 1972

Log Kp

INFINITE

.176

.231 .257

.257

.271 .279

.285

.289

.292

.294

• 29 b .297

.297

.298 .298

.299

.299

.300 .300

.300

.300

.300

.301

.301

.301 .301

.301

.301

.301

.301

.301

.301

.301

.301 .301

. 30 U

.300

.300

. 300 .300

.300

.300

. 300 .300

.301 .301

.301

.301

.301 .301

.301

.301

.301 .301

.301

.301

.301 .301

.301

.301

.301

251
MONODEUTERO-WATER (HDO) (IDEAL C-AS) Point Group

S 298 15

= A7-658 cal deg lmo1 1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1 vibrational Levels

GFW = 19.021

AHf ° = -57.943 ± 0.015 kcal mol

-1

AHf 298 15

= -58 - 645 ± 0.015 kcal mol

~

and Multiplicities

-1

ui , cm 2723.66 (1) 1402.80 (1) 3707.47 (1) Bond Lengths and Angle: 0-H Distance = 0.9584A 0=1

0-D Distance = 0.9584A

H-O-D Angle =104.45°

Product of Moments of Inertia: I^I^I^ = 15.827 x 10 g cm

Heat of Formation

Third and second law (where possible) analyses of the more recent determinations (1-5) of the experimental

equilibrium constants, Keq, were made for the reactions: (A) H20(g) + HD(g) = HD0(g) + H2 (g), ar,d(B)= H20(g) +

d2°(s) = 2HD0 (g) . Spectroscopic values for the heats of reaction, AH£2 98> of (A) and (B) were based on the zero point energies of H2 0, D20, and HDO given by Hulston (6) and Wolfsberg (7) and H2 , HD given by Herzberg and Monfils (8). The earlier work on (A) cited by Kirshenbaum (9) is In poor agreement except for that of Herrick, Kirshenbaum, Brown and Herrick, Crist, Davis (AH^2 98 = 928 ± 30, 921 cal; respectively). AH^298 for the reaction

(C) H20(£) + D2O (£) = 2HD0(£) has been determined to be -32 ± 1 cal. (10-12) assuming ideal solutions (see (13)) and Keq(C) t3.8. (We calculate Keq(C) = 3.76 ± 0.04 from Keq(B) = 3.76 ± 0.02, P° (H2 0) /P° (D 2O) = 1.151 ± 0.006 (14) at 298K, and P° (Il20)/P° (HDO) = 1.073 ± 0.004 (15) at 298K.) AHg298 of (B) was calculated from the difference in heats of vaporization at 298K of D2 0(Jt) - H2O (J.) = 331 ± 8 cal (see D 2O table), and HD0(£) - H20(S.) = 183 ± 20 cal. (14). Values selected for AH°298 based on non-spectroscopic and spectroscopic work for (A) and (B), underlined

in the table, were used to calculate values of AHf 2 9 g of HD0(g) - H^5 (g) of -845 ± 6, -852 ± 10, -852 ± 12, and -851 ± 10 cal, respectively (see D2O and HD tables) . An average value of -850 ± 10 cal was added to iMfooo °f H20(g) to obtain flHf^gg HDO(g).

Reaction Source Temperature, 1 A Cerrai et al (1954) 324 - 1015

A Suess (1949) 353 - 473 A Hulston (1969) Spectroscopic

A Wolfsberg (196S) Spectroscopic

B Pyper, Newbury, and 273.15 Barton (1967) 297.95

B Friedman and Shiner (1966) 273.15

298.15

358.15

B Kresge, Ch Iang(1968) 298.15

B Reaction C, see text 298.15

AH|->q h , cal. Drift, e.u. -915 ± 20 0.04 ± 0.10 (-864±30, 0.12±0.07) a

-921 ± 6 0.05 ± 0.05 (-955±29, 0.09±0.09) a

-928 ± 10 -937 ± 10 56 ± 11 63 ± 11

58 ± 3 60 ± 3 62 ± 7 46 ± 5 57 ± 22

65 ± 10

70 ± 10

Hulston (1969) Wolfsberg (1969)

Spectroscopic

Spectroscopic

Second law: ^298*

Heat Capacity and Entropy

S 298 (°bsv *" calc *)Keq at temperature cited.

(3.75±0.08)

b (3.74±0.04)

(3.74±0.02) b

(3 . 76±0 .02)

b (3.80±0.04)

(3.85±0.03)

b

The thermodynamic functions of this table are analogous to those in the JANAF table for H£0(g) (dated March 31, 1961): both tables are taken from A. S. Friedman and I,. Haar, J. Chem. Phys. 2^2, 2051 (1954). Friedman and Haar

applied their non-rigid-rotor, anharmonic-oscillator treatment (with vibrational-rotational coupling terms and low- temperature rotational corrections) to the infrared-spectra analyses of W. S. Benedict, N. Gailar, and E. K. Plyler,

J. Chem. Phys. 1301 (1953) and of W. S. Benedict, H. H. Claasen and J. H.Shaw, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards 49^ 91 (1952). In the present table for HDO, the values of C° of Friedman and extrapolated linearly (except with a term in T"^) from 5000 to 6000 K. I IgC = 4.271 x 10 ^ gm cm from Friedman and Haar

Haar between 4000 and 5000 K were

eA = 1.211 x 10“ 40

, I eB = 3.060 x 10”40

References

1. E. Cerrai, C. Marchetti, R. Renzoni, L. Roseo,

M. Silvestri, and S. Villani, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp Ser. 50 (11), 271 (1954).

2. H. Suess, Z. Naturforschung 4a, 328 (1949).

3. J. W. Pyper, R. S. Newbury, and G. W. Barton, Jr.,

J. Chem. Phys. 46^ 2253 (1967).

4. L. Friedman and V. J. Shiner, Jr., J. Chem. Phys.

44, 4639 (1966).

5. A. J. Kresge and Y. Chiang,J. Chem. Phys. 49 , 1439 (1968).

6. J. R. Hulston, J. Chem. Phys. _50, 1483 (1969).

7. M. Wolfsberg, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 1484 (1969).

8. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy

_5, 482 (1960).

9. I. Kirshenbaum, Physical Properties and Analysis

of Heavy Water (McGraw-Hill, N. Y., 1951).

10.

E. Doehlemann, F. Lange, Z. Physik. Chem. 173A , 295

(1935).

11. V. P. Skripov, I. V. Povyshev, Russ. J. Phys.

Chem. _36,(2), 162 (1962).

12. W. C. Duer, G. L. Bertrand, J. Chem. Phys. 53 , 3020 (1970).

13. W. A. Van Hook, J, Phys. Chem. _72, 1234 (1968)

14. W. M. Jones, J. Chem. Phys. 48. 207 (1968) [see C. Liu, W. T. Lindsay, Jr., J. Chem. Eng. Data 15, 510 (1970)].

15. A. Narten, J. Chem. Phys. 41 , 1318 (1964).

252
fiONODEUTERO-WATER (HDO) DHO

(Ideal Gas) GRV = 19.021

gibbs/mol

T, °K Cp° S° — (G°—

H

0ms)/T

0 • 000 .000 infinite

100 7.959 38.940 54.769

200 7.974 44.459 48.392

290 8.075 47.658 47.658

300 _ 8.078 47.707 47.658

400 0.311 50.061 47.977

500 0.615 51.947 48.588

600 8.951 53.547 49.285

700 9.302 54.953 49.996

600 9.657 56.218 50.696

900 10.008 57.376 51.375

1000 10.345 58.448 52.029

1100 10.665 59.450 52.659

1200 10.964 60.391 53.264

1300 11.240 61.279 53.847

1400 11,493 62.122 54.408

1500 11.724 62.922 54.949

1600 11.935 63.686 55.472

1700 12.126 64.415 55.977

1800 12.300 65.113 56.465

1900 12.458 65.783 56.938

2000 12.603 66.425 57.396

2100 12.734 67.044 57.841

2200 12.855 67.639 58.273

2300 12.965 68.213 58.693

2400 13.066 68.767 59.101

2600 13.160 69.302 59.498

2600 13.246 69.820 59.885

2700 13.325 70.321 60.263

2000 13.399 70.807 60.631

2900 13.468 71.279 60.990

3000 13.532 71.736 61.340

3100 13.592 72.181 61.683

3200 13.648 72.613 62.018

3300 13.701 73.034 62.345

3400 13.750 73.444 62.666

3500 13.797 73.843 62.979

3600 13.841 74.233 63.287

3700 13.883 74.612 63.587

3800 13.922 74.983 63.883

3900 13.960 75.345 64.172

4000 13.996 75.699 64.456

4100 14.030 76.045 64.734

4200 14.062 76.383 65.007

4300 14.093 76.715 65.276

4400 14.123 77.039 65.540

4500 14.151 77.357 65.799

4600 14.178 77.668 66.053

4700 14.204 77.973 66.307

4800 14.230 7B.273 66.550

4900 14.254 78.567 66.792

5000 14.278 78.854 67.030

5100 14.300 79.137 67.265

5200 14.322 79.415 67.496

5300 14.344 79.688 67.724

5400 14.364 79.957 67.948

5500 14.385 80.220 68.168

5600 14.405 80.480 68.386

5700 14.424 80.735 68.600

5800 14.443 80.986 68.812

5900 14.461 81.233 69.020

6000 14.479 61.476 69.226

H°— H°2®8

kcal/moB AHP Acr Log Kp

-2.372 -57.943 -57.943 INFINITE -1.583 -58.188 -57.464 125.587 -.787 -58.415 “56 • 650 61.904

.000 -58.645 -55.735 40.855

.015 -58.650 -55.717 40.590

.834 -58.882 -54 • 704 29.889

1.679 -59.102 -53.634 23.444

2.558 -59.303 -52.522 19.131

3.470 -59.487 -51.377 16.041 4.410 -59.652 -50.207 13.716

5.401 -59.801 -49.017 11.903 6.419 -59.930 -47.812 10.449

7.470 -60.043 -46.594 9.257

8.551 -60.141 -45.367 8.263

9.662 -60.224 -44.133 7.419 10.799 -60.296 -42.892 6.696

11.960 -60.359 -41.646 6.068

13.143 -60.415 -40.398 5.518

14.346 -60.463 -39.145 5.032 15.567 -60.505 -37.890 4.601 16.806 -60.542 -36.633 4.214 18.059 -60.573 -35.373 3.865 19.325 -60.605 -34.113 3.550 20.605 -60.631 -32.850 3.263 21.896 -60.656 -31.587 3.001 23.198 -60.680 -30.321 2.761 24.509 -60.702 -29.058 2.540 25.830 -60.725 -27.790 2.336 27.158 -60.747 -26.524 2.147 28.494 -60.769 -25.256 1.971 29.838 -60.793 -23.985 1.808 31.188 -60.816 -22.717 1.655 32.545 -60.841 -21.446 1.512 33.906 -60.865 -20.176 1.378 35.274 -60.890 -18.904 1.252 36.646 -60.916 -17.632 1.133 38.024 -60.946 -16.358 1.021 39.406 -60.975 -15.082 .916 40.792 -61.010 -13.808 .816 42.182 -61.044 -12.532 .721 43.576 -61.082 -11.256 .631 44.973 -61.121 -9.979 .545 46.375 -61.161 -8.699 .464 47.780 -61.203 -7.418 .386 49.187 -61.246 -6.137 .312 50.598 -61.293 -4.855 .241 52.012 -61.344 -3.575 .174 53.428 -61.395 -2.286 .109 54.833 -61.463 -1.016 .047 56.269 -61.501 .288 -.013

57.693 -61.559 1.573 -.070 59.120 -61.620 2.860 -.125 60.549 -61.682 4.155 -.178

61.981 -61.745 5.443 -.229

63.414 -61.810 6.738 -.278 64.848 -61.879 8.029 -.325

66.287 -61.947 9.325 -.371 67.726 -62.018 10.620 -.414 69.167 -62.092 11.917 -.457

70.610 -62.168 13.217 -.498 72.056 -62.244 14.519 -.538

73.502 -62.323 15.820 -.576

July 31, 1972

253
DEUTERO-IMIDOGEN (ND) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 16.0208

S' = 44.723 cal K '''mol ^ AHf° , = 89.7 ± 5 kcal mol 1 zyo.ij zyo.j.j

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

. -1 -1 -1 -1 • _ -1 uj.cm Y^> cm B , cm ot, cm r , A

State c , cm g e e e e e e

X

3 E -

0 3 2422 50.6 8.8993 0.252 1.040

0 = 1

Heat of Formation

AHf° of ND(g) minus NH(g) was calculated from the JANAF thermal functions and the zero point energies of

zy o H^(g), D^Cg) [given by G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy 482 (I960)], NH(g), and ND(g) [given

by L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett, NBS Monograph 20 (1961)]. AHf°^g of ND(g) was calculated from this value and the JANAF selection for AHf° of NH(g)

Zj o Heat Capacity and Entropy

The molecular constants which are given for NH in the JANAF Thermo chemical Tables , 2nd Edition, D. R. Stull- and H. Prophet, Project Directors, NSRDS-NBS 37, Washington, D. C., June 1971, were adjusted for the isotope

effect

254
Deutero-Imidogen (ND)

(Ideal Gas)

DN

GFW = 16.0208

gibbs/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G° — H°398>/T

0 .OOU .000 INFINITE

1UU b.959 37.118 5U • 9 1

4

20U 6.962 41.942 45.360

298 6.969 44.723 44.723

600 6.969 44 • 766 44.723

4 U U 7.003 46.775 44.997

60 0 7.UB0 48.345 45.515

oOO 7.221 49.649 46.098

7 U L) 7.393 5U.774 46.668

80U 7.553 51.771 47.262

900 7.719 52.670 47.814

1UUU 7 . 8 1 4 53.492 48.341

1 1UU 8.013 54.249 48.844

12U1J 9 . 13b 54.951 49.324

160 0 8.249 55.607 49.782

1400 8.347 56.222 50.221

1500 8.434 56.801 50.640

1 oUU 9.5 12 57.348 51 .043

17UU 8.881 57.866 51.429

1800 8 . b44 58.359 51.800

1900 3. 700 58.827 52.158

2000 8.751 59.275 52.503

2.1 00 3.797 59.703 52.835

d2UU 8.840 60.113 53.157

2 30 U 8.879 oO . 507 53.468

d!4UU 9 • 91 o 60 .836 53.7 o9 250 0 3.930 61.251 54.061

doOO 8.931 61.602 54.345

2 7UU 9.011 61.942 54.620

2800 9.059 62.270 54.887

2900 9. Ubb 62.568 55.147

3000 9.091 62.895 55.400

3100 9 . 1 1 :> 63. 194 55.647

3200 9.158 63.484 55.887

3300 9 • 1 bO 63.765 56.122

3400 9.182 64.039 56.351

3b00 9.202 64.305 56.574

3o0 0 9.22c 64.565 56.793

3700 9.242 64.818 57.006

6800 9.28b 65.065 57.215

3900 9.27b 65.305 57.419

4000 9 . 2 9 c> 65.540 57.619

4100 9.314 65.770 57.815

4 20 0 9. 33i 65.995 58.007

4300 9.34 1 66.215 5«.196

4400 9 . 3b4 66.430 5H • 330

4 60U 9.38b 66 . 640 58.56?

4600 9.39b 66. d47 58.740

4700 9.41 1 67.049 58.914

4 BO 0 9.427 67.247 59.066

4 90 0 9.44c 67.44? 59.254

60 0 0 9.437 67.633 59.420

6100 9 . 4 7 i 67.820 59.563

6200 9 • 43o 68.004 59.743

6300 9.501 68.185 59.901

6400 9.515 68 • 363 60.056

6600 9.529 68.537 60.208

boOO 9.543 68.709 60 . 359

6 700 9.53 7 68.878 60.507

6600 9.571 69.045 60.652

6900 9.565 69.208 60.796

60 0 0 4.59b 69.369 60.938

H°— H°298 AHf° Acr Log Kp

-2.067 09.693 99.693 INFINITE

-1 . 380 89.705 89 • 249 -195.053

-.634 89.700 88.795 -97.030

.000 89.700 88.350 •d4 • 7d2 .013 89.700 88.342 -04.357

.711 89.701 87. PB9 -48.020

1.415 89.703 87.436 -38.218

2.130 89.710 86.882 -31 • 683 2.960 89.719 86.52b -27.015

3.607 89.734 86.069 -23. 513 4.371 89.749 85.610 — 2U . 789

5. 151 89.768 85.149 -18.609

5.945 99.787 84.687 -lb. 826 6.753 89.806 84.222 -15.339

7.572 89.827 83.755 -14.081

8.402 89.846 83.287 -13.002

9.241 89.865 82.819 -12.067

10.089 89.883 82.346 -11.248

10.943 89.999 81 . 877 -lb. 52b

11 .805 99.916 81.404 -9.864

12.6^2 89.932 B0.O31 -9.309

13.545 89.949 80.458 -d.792

1 4 .422 89.962 79.081 -8.324

15.304 89.976 79.507 -7.898

16.190 89.990 79.030 -7.510

17.080 90.003 78.554 -7.153

17.973 90.017 78 , 0 7o -u. 825 19.870 90.027 77.599 -u .523 19.769 90.039 77.121 -o.242

20.672 90.051 76.642 -5.982

21.577 90.061 76*164 -5.740

22.485 90 . 071 75.684 -5.514 23.395 90.080 75.003 -5.302

24.308 90.091 74.723 -5.103 25.223 90.180 74.242 -4.917

26.140 90.112 73.763 -4.741 27.059 90.119 73.281 -4.576

27.980 90.127 72.P01 -4.420 28.904 90.133 72.318 -4.272 29.829 90.139 71.83b -4.132

30.756 90.144 71 . 355 -5.999

31.684 90.150 70.872 -3.872

32.615 90.154 70 . ^89 -3.752

33.547 90.159 69.009 -3.638

34.431 90.165 69.427 -3.529

35.417 90.167 68.045 -3.425

36.354 90. 167 68.46b -3.325

37.293 90 .170 67.081 -3.230

38.233 90.172 67.497 -3.139

39.175 90.174 67.016 -5.051

40.118 90.174 66.533 -2 . 9b7 41.063 90.171 66.051 -2.8d7

42.010 90.170 65.567 -2.810 42.937 90 .168 65.085 -2.735

43.907 90.165 64.601 -2.b64

44 . 338 90.163 64. 120 -2.595

45.310 90.158 63.638 -2.529

46.763 90.154 6 5 • 156 -c.4b5

47.718 90.149 62.674 -c.403

48.675 90.143 62.193 -2.343

49.633 90.137 61.709 -2 . 28

6

50.592 QO. 130 61.228 -2.230

July 31, 1972

255
DEUTERO-HYDROXYL (OD) (IDEAL GAS) GFW - 18.0135

S 29 8. 15

= 45.307 cal K"

1 mol

^ AHf ° = 8.65

g kcal . -r mol

AHf 298.5

= 8-74

8

± 0.29 kcal mol

-1

Electronic States and Molecular Cons tants

State

-1

e , cm _E_

-1

u)

, cm

e

-1

X w , cm

e e

B , cm

^ e

-1

a , cm

e r , A

e

f

0 2

'

i X

2

JI, > 2720.9 44.2 10.02 0.29 0.970

139.7 2 _1 A

2 I +

35474 2 2322.6 55.4 9.198 0.322 1.012

B

2

£ +

68769 2 684.3 55.6 2.91 0.25 1.80

a = 1

Heat of Formation

The heat of formation was calculated from the selected value for AHf® of 0H(g), -9.27 ± 0.3 kcal mol ^ (see Zyo OH table), the appropriate thermal functions, and zero point energies of H

2 (g), 0^(8), 0H(g), and 0D(g) . The zero point energies of H^(g) and D^(g) were taken from G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy j>, 482 (1960). The zero point energies of OH and OD include the Dunham correction (see G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, loc. cit.). The molecular constants are those given by B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules (Pergamon

Press, Oxford, 1970) with the exception of the coupling constants taken from G. Herzberg, Spectra of Diatomic

Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1950) pp. 232, 561.

* Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. Comparison of the results with

those from a more exact treatment given by L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett, NBS Monograph 20, May 29, 1961 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402) indicates errors in the tables above 400 K are negligible

Below this, they may be appreciable. In particular, it is recommended that H® - H° , S® Q , and C° ono be taken as

^ j ^ ^ U t 7 U <-7 0 p .70 -2.151 kcal mol , 45.307 gibbs mol , and 7.156 cal deg mol , respectively. These errors result from

2 _1 dealing with the ground state (X IL) as two different electronic states separated by 139.7 cm

256
Deutero-Hydroxyl (OD)

(Ideal Gas)

DO

GFW = 18,0135

T, °K Cp° s° (G°—H°298)/T H° —

H

U298 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2.200 8.609 8.609 INFINITE

10U 7.796 37.148 51.818 -1.467 8.667 8.369 -18.289

200 7.355 42.405 45.961 -.711 8.722 8.046 -8.792

298 7.167 45.301 45.301 .000 8.748 7.708 -5.650

300 7.165 45.345 45.301 .013 8.748 7.702 -5.611

400 7.100 47.395 45.581 .726 8.757 7.351 -4.017

bUO 7.10b 48.979 46.108 1.436 8.751 7.000 -3.060

6U O 7.176 50.281 46.698 2.149 8.734 6.651 -2.423

700 7.287 51.395 47.291 2.872 8.712 6.305 -1.969

900 7.423 52.376 47.867 3.608 8.687 5.963 -1.629

900 7.56b 53.259 48.418 4.357 8.661 5.625 -1.366

1U00 7.708 54.064 48.943 5.121 8.637 5.289 -1.156 HOO 7.843 54.805 49.442 5.898 8.614 4.955 -.985

1200 7.967 55.492 49.918 6.689 8.592 4.623 -.842

1300 8.080 56.135 50.372 7.492 8.573 4.293 -.722

14 0 0 8.183 56.737 50.805 8.305 8.554 3.965 -.619

1 bUU 8.275 57.305 51.220 9.128 8.536 3.638 -.530

1600 8.357 57.842 51.617 9.959 8.517 3.311 -.452

1 700 9.432 58.351 51.998 10.799 8.499 2.987 -.384

1800 8.499 58.835 52.365 11.646 8.482 2.663 -.323

1900 8.559 59.296 52.718 12.498 8.462 2.340 -.269

2000 8.614 59.736 53.058 13.357 8.444 2.016 -.221

2100 8.664 60 .158 53.386 14.221 8.422 1.697 -.177

2200 8.710 60 . 562 53.703 15.090 8.400 1 . 378 -.137

2300 8.752 60.950 54.009 15.963 8.378 1.059 -.101

24 0 0 8.791 61.323 54.307 16.840 8.352 .742 -.068

2500 8.827 61.683 54 • 594 17.721 8.327 .425 -.037

2600 8.860 62.030 54.874 18.606 6.298 . 110 -.009

2700 8.691 62.365 55. 145 19.493 8.269 -.205 .017 2800 8.920 62.689 55.40° 20.384 8.237 -.517 .040 2900 8.946 63.002 55.665 21.277 8.202 -.829 . 062 3000 8.974 63.306 55.915 22.173 8.167 -1.140 . 083

3100 8.998 63.601 56.158 23.072 8.123 -1.449 .102 3200 9.021 63.887 56.395 23.973 8.091 -1.759 . 120 3300 9.043 64.164 56.626 24 . 876 8.050 -2.067 .137 3400 9.064 64.435 56.852 25.781 8.009 -2.372 .152 3500 9.085 64.693 57.072 26.689 7.964 -2.677 .167 3600 9.104 64.954 57.288 27.598 7.919 -2.979 . 181 3700 9.123 65.204 57.498 28.510 7.869 -3.282 .194 3800 9.141 6b. 447 57.704 29.423 7.818 -3.583 .206 3900 9.159 65.685 57.906 30.338 7.765 -3.884 .218 4000 9 . 1 7o 65.917 58.103 31.255 7.712 -4.182 .228

4100 9.192 b&. 144 58.297 32.173 7.656 -4.479 .239 4200 9.208 66.366 58.486 33.093 7.600 -4.773 .248 4300 9.224 66.582 58.672 34.015 7.544 -5.066 .257 4400 9.239 66.795 58.854 34.938 7.483 -5.359 • 2b6

4500 9.255 67.002 59.033 35.862 7.420 -5.652 .275

4600 9.270 67.206 59.208 36.789 7.358 -5.939 .282 4700 9.284 67.405 59.381 37.716 7.2^4 -6.227 .290 4800 9.299 67.601 59.550 38.646 7.231 -6.512 .296

4900 9.313 67.793 59.716 39.576 7.165 -6.800 .303 5000 9.327 67.981 59.880 40.508 7.095 -7.086 .310 5100 9.341 68.166 60.040 41 .442 7.026 -7.367 .316 5200 9.355 68.343 60. 198 42.376 6.956 -7.651 .322 5300 9.369 68.526 60.354 43.313 6.886 -7.930 .327 b400 9.363 68.701 60.507 44.250 6.815 -8.209 .332 5500 9.397 68.874 60.657 45 . re

9

6.743 -8.487 .337

5600 9.411 69.043 60.806 46.130 6.670 -8.764 .342 5700 9.424 69.210 60.952 47.071 6.596 -9.040 .347 5800 9.436 69.374 61.095 48.014 6.521 -9.311 .351 5900 9.452 69.535 61.237 48.959 6.446 -9.585 .355 6000 9. 46o 69.694 61.377 49.905 6.370 -9.854 .359

July 31, 1972

257
SULFUR MONODEUTERIDE (SD) (IDEAL GAS) GFW - 34.0781

S 298 15

= 48 - 138 cal _1 K_1 mo1 _1 AH£

298 15

“ 33-1 * 1-2 kcal 1301

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

State

-1

e , cm g

-1

u)

, cm

e

-1

X

e

“> e> cm B , cm

^ e*

-1

a , cm

e

r , A

e

I

° 2 '

> 1930.4 23.44 4.949 0.101 1.345 ^

376.8 2

I a

2

i +30769 2 1417 48.85 4.392 0.172 1.423

b

2e 59566 2 1917.7 29.3 4.532 0.105 1.405

C

Z A 63872 4~

D

2 A 71205 4 E

2

! 71328 2

> [1930.4] [23.44] [4.949] [0.101]

f

2 a 76717 4 g

2a 79320 4 h

2 a 80858 4J

0 = 1

Heat of Formation

The heat of formation was calculated from the appropriate thermal functions (see tables for HS, DS, H

2

, t the selected value for AHf® of HS(g) (33.3 ± 1.2 kcal mol \ see table for HS), and the zero point energies

Zy o of H^(g) (1), D

2 ^&) (1), HS(g) (2), and DS(g) (2). The Dunham corrections were made in ref. (1) for H£(g) and

02 (g). Spectroscopic constants tabulated in ref. (2) were used to calculate the zero point energies of HS and

DS including Dunham corrections

^Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. From an examination of the approximations in this calculation with more exact methods (see SH tables) it is concluded that the errors are negligible above 400 K. Below this, they may be appreciable. In particular, it is recommended that H° - H® Q , -1 -1 -1 -1 ° 298

S , and C be taken as -2.171 kcal mol , 48.138 gibbs mol , and 7.760 cal deg mol , respectively.

Zy O p Zyo References

1. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960).

2. B. Rosen, "Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules", Pergamon Press, New York (1970). For coupling

constants, see L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett, NBS Monograph 20, May 29, 1961 (U. S. Govt. Printing

Office, Washington, D. C., 20402). For the cause of these errors, see the text (page 256) of the table for Deutero-hydroxyl (0 D)

258
Sulfur Monodeuteride (SD)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 34,0781

gibbs/mol ——— kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G°—H°288>/T H°— H°J98 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 • 000 .000 INFINITE -2.221 32.956 32.956 INFINITE

10U 7.214 39.776 55.032 -1.526 33.159 30.824 -67 . 367

200 7.815 45.007 48.844 -.767 33.171 28.478 -31.119

298 7.772 48.129 48.129 .000 33.100 26.187 -19.195

300 7.770 48.177 48.129 .014 33.098 26.144 -19.046

400 7.669 50.396 48.433 . 786 32.422 23.867 -13.040

bOO 7.678 52.107 49.003 1.552 31.899 21.789 -9.524

600 7.770 53.514 49.641 2.324 31.462 19.809 -7.215

700 7.898 54.721 50.282 3.107 31.089 17.921 -5.595

BOO 8.034 55.784 50.905 3.904 17.699 14.795 -4.042

900 8.162 56.738 51.501 4.714 17.703 14.432 -3.505

1000 8.277 57.604 52.068 5.536 17.709 14.069 -3.075

1100 8.373 58.398 52.608 6.369 17.718 13.703 -2.723

1200 8.467 59.131 53.122 7.211 17.728 13.338 -2.429

1300 8.544 59.812 53.610 8.061 17.740 12.973 -2.181

1400 8.611 60.447 54.076 8.919 17.751 12.605 -1.968

1500 8.670 61.043 54.521 9.703 17.762 12.236 -1.783

1600 8.722 61.605 54.946 10.653 17.772 11.868 -1.621

1700 8.768 62.135 55.354 11.528 17.781 11.499 -1.478

1800 8.810 62.637 55.745 12.406 17.789 11.128 -1.351

1900 8.847 63.114 56.120 13.289 17.797 10.759 -1.238

2000 8.881 63.569 56.481 14.176 17.806 10.389 -1.135

2100 8.911 64.003 56.829 15.065 17.810 10.015 -1.042

2200 8.940 64.418 57.165 15.958 17.816 9.647 -.958

2300 8.966 64.816 57.489 16.853 17.821 9.274 -.881

2400 8.990 65.198 57.802 17.751 17.824 8.903 -.811

2500 9.013 65.566 58.105 18.651 17.829 8.532 -.746

2600 9.035 65.920 58.399 19.554 17.830 8.160 -.686

2700 9.055 66.261 58.684 20.458 17.833 7.787 -.630

2800 9.074 66.591 58.961 21.365 17.834 7.414 -.579

2900 9.093 66.910 59.229 22.273 17.833 7.043 -.531

3000 9.110 67.218 59.490 23.183 17.832 6.672 -.486

3100 9.127 67.517 59.745 24.095 17.830 6.299 -.444

3200 9.143 67.807 59.992 25.009 17.830 5.926 -.405

3300 9.159 68.089 60.233 25.924 17.828 5.552 -.368

3400 9.174 68.362 60 « 4b8 26.840 17.826 5.184 -.333

3500 9.189 68.629 60.698 27.758 17.820 4.809 -.300

3600 9.204 68.888 60.922 28.678 17.818 4.439 -.270

3700 9.218 69.140 61 . 140 29.599 17.809 4.067 -.240

3800 9.232 69.386 61.354 30.522 17.803 3.695 -.213

3900 9.246 69.626 61 .5b3 31.446 17.794 3.322 -.186

4000 9.260 69.860 61.768 32.371 17.786 2.Q55 -.161

4100 9.273 70.089 61.968 33.297 17.777 2.582 -.138

4200 9.287 70.313 62.164 34.225 17.767 2.213 -.115

4300 9.300 70.531 62.356 35.155 17.758 1.842 -.094

4400 9.313 70.745 62.544 36.085 17.746 1.473 -.073

4500 9.327 70.955 62.729 37.017 17.731 1.103 -.054

4600 9.340 71.160 62.910 37.951 17.719 .734 -.035

4700 9.354 71.361 63.067 38.886 17.707 . 364 -.017

4800 9.367 71.558 63.262 39.822 17.694 -.004 .000 4900 9.381 71.751 63.433 40.759 17.679 -.370 .016 5000 9.395 71.941 63.601 41,698 17.660 -.742 .032

5100 9.409 72.127 63.767 42.638 17.644 -1.107 .047 5200 9.423 72.310 63.929 43.580 17.627 -1.476 .062 5300 9.437 72.490 64.089 44.523 17.610 -1.645 .076 5400 9.452 72.666 64.246 45.467 17.592 -2.208 .089 5500 9.466 72.840 64.401 46.413 17.573 -2.578 .102

5600 9.481 73.010 64.553 47.360 17.554 -2.942 .115 5700 9.496 73.178 64.703 48.309 17.534 -3.310 .127

5800 9.511 73.344 64.851 49.259 17.514 -3.674 .138 5900 9.526 73.506 64.996 50.211 17.494 -4.043 .150 6000 9.542 73.667 65.139 51.165 17.474 -4.403 .160

July 31, 1972

259
DEUTERIUM, DIATOMIC (D (IDEAL GAS, REFERENCE STATE) GFW - 4.02820

2 or

2H

2

>

Dq = 105.070 ± 0.002 kcal mol

"

Ground State Configuration S 298 15 " ^*^2 * 0.01 cal deg ‘'"mol

uj = 3118.46 cm

e

B = 30.429 cm

' e a = 1.0492 cm

-1

D - 0.01159 cm

-1

a - 2 e

r » 0.7416 A

e

Heat Capacity and Entropy The thermodynamic functions were generated from the table of the current series for H

2 (q.v.) by adding those for "equilibrium" and subtracting those for "equilibrium" H^, the added and subtracted tables being those from L. Haar,

A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett, Nat. Bur. Standards Monograph 20 (1961). (In using these tables of Monograph 20, C° was extrapolated smoothly from 5000 to 6000 K by comparing with the harmonic oscillator-rigid rotor values.)

This procedure is believed to give a table approaching in accuracy the current table for H^, which is based on the direct-summation method of H. W. Woolley, R. B. Scott, and F. G. Brickwedde, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards _41, . 379 (1948). The tables of Monograph 20, while involving summation at low temperatures, approximated by closed expressions the high-temperature first-order contributions due to anharmonic.ity , rotation-vibration coupling, and rotational stretching. At 2000 K the values of Woolley et al. for C° and S° of are 0.03% lower and 0.01% higher

respectively, than the present table. (Woolley et al . gave no values for above 2000 K.) The value for Dq is taken from G. Herzberg, J. Molec. Spectroscopy 33, 147 (1970).

260
Deuterium/ Diatomic (D2)

(Ideal Gas, Reference State) GFW = 4.0282

gifobs/mol ' kcal/mol! T, °K Cp° S

° -( G

°- H

°J88)/T H

°— H°2»s AHr Acr Log Kp

0 . 000 .000 infinite - 2.048 .000 .000 .000 1UU 7.246 26.932 40.839 - 1.391 .000 .000 .000 2U0 6.980 31.836 35.260 -.685 .000 .000 .000 298 b . 978 34.622 34.622 .000 . 000 .000 .000

3U0 6.978 34.665 34.622 .013 .000 .000 , 000

4 U 0 6.989 36.672 34.896 .710 . 000 .000 .000

500 7.018 38.235 35.413 1.411 .000 .000 . 000

faOO 7.079 39.519 35.992 2.116 . 000 .000 .000

70U 7.172 40.617 36.576 2.829 .000 . 000 .000 800 7.297 41.582 37.143 3.551 . 000 .000 .000 900 7.429 42.450 37.686 4.288 . 000 .000 .000 1000 7 . 5bl 43.239 38.202 5.037 . 000 .000 .000

1100 7.689 43.966 38.694 5.799 . 000 .000 .000

1200 7.813 44.641 39.161 6.576 .000 .000 .000 1300 7.934 45.270 39.607 7.362 .000 .000 .000 1400 8.055 45.863 40.033 8.162 .000 .000 . 000 1500 8.178 46.423 40.441 8.973 .000 .000 .000 lbOO 8.277 46.954 40.831 9.797 .ono .000 .000 1700 6.367 47.459 41.206 10.630 .000 . 000 . 000 1800 8.450 47.939 41.567 11.470 . 000 . 000 .000 1900 8.529 48.398 41.914 12.320 . 000 . 000 .000 2000 8.601 48.837 42.250 13.174 .000 .000 .ooo 2100 8 • 6b9 49.259 42.573 14.041 .000 .000 .000 2200 8.732 49.664 42.887 14.909 .000 .000 .000 2300 8.792 50.053 43.190 15.785 .000 .000 .000 2400 8.848 50.429 43.484 16.668 .000 . 000 .000 2500 8 . 9U1 50.790 43.769 17.552 .000 .000 .000 2600 6.951 51.141 44.046 18.447 .000 .000 .000 2700 8.997 51 .479 44.315 19.343 .000 . 000 .000 2800 9.041 51.807 44.577 20 . 244 .000 .000 .000 2900 9.061 52.126 44.832 21.153 .000 .000 .000 3000 9.117 52.434 45.080 22.062 .000 .000 .000 3100 9.158 52.735 45.322 22.980 .000 .000 .000 3200 9.197 53.025 45.558 23.894 .000 .000 . ooo 3300 9.237 53.308 45.788 24.816 .000 . 000 .000 3400 9.276 53.584 46.014 25.738 . 000 .000 .000 3500 9.316 53.854 46.234 26.670 . 000 .000 .000 3600 9.355 54.117 46.450 27.601 . 000 .000 .000 3700 9.393 54.374 46.660 29.542 .000 .000 .000 3800 9.432 54.625 46.866 29.484 .000 .OOo .000 3900 9.470 54.871 47.068 30.432 . 000 .000 .000 4000 9.508 55.111 47.266 31.380 .000 . 000 .000

4100 9.545 55.346 47.460 32.333 .000 .000 . ooo 4200 9.561 55.577 47.651 33.289 .000 .000 . ooo 4300 9.619 55.802 47.838 34.245 .000 .000 .000 4400 9.655 56.024 48.022 35.209 .000 .000 .000 4500 9 . b91 56.241 48.201 36.180 .000 .000 .000

4b00 9.725 56.455 48.379 37.150 . ono .000 .000 4700 9.759 56.664 48.553 38.122 .000 .000 . ooo 4800 9.794 56.670 48.725 39.096 .000 .000 .000 4900 9.827 57.072 48.893 40.077 . 000 .000 .000 5U00 9 . 6bO 57.271 49.058 41 .065 . 000 .000 .000 5100 9.893 57.467 49.221 42.053 .000 .000 .000 5200 9.927 57.659 49.381 43.044 .000 . 000 .000 5300 9 . 9bO 57.848 49.539 44.038 .000 . 000 .000 5400 9.993 58.035 49.695 45.035 .000 .000 .000 5500 10.025 58.218 49.848 46.036 . 000 .000 .000

560 0 10.056 58.399 49.999 47.039 .000 .000 .000 5700 10.088 58.577 50.148 48.046 .000 .000 .000 5800 10.120 58.753 50.295 49.057 • non .000 .000 59U0 10.149 58,926 50 . 440 50.070 . 000 .000 .000 6000 10.180 59.097 50.583 51.086 .000 .000 .000

July 31, 1972

2U
DI-DEUTERO-AMIDOGEN (ND

2

) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 18.03490

Point Gro up C 2v “^98.15 = 44 ' 3 1 2 kcal mo1 ^

S°29s 15

= 48.801 gibbs mol

Electronic Level (quantum weight) and Vibrational Frequencies (Degeneracies)

e , cm

-1

(g> -1 , , ui, cm (g)

0 (2) [2305] (1) 1110 (1) [2367] (1) 10393 (2) [2305] (1) [ 500] (1) [2367] (1)

Bond Distance: N-D = 1 • 024A

Bond Angle: D-N-D = 103.4° Products of Moments of Inertia: 1^rc

cq eo , n-120 3 6 — 58.53 x 10 g cm

Heat of Formation /Hf^g of ND^Cg) was calculated from the JANAF selection for £Hf°gg of N^tg), the JANAF thermal functions

and the zero point energies of H2(g), D^Cg), NH^Cg), and ND2(g). The zero point energies of H2(g), 02(g) were

those given by G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Mol. Spectroscopy 482 (1960). The zero point energies of NHg(g) and ND2(g) were estimated from vibrational frequencies given by D. E. Milligan and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys . 43 , 4487 (1965) who observed the infrared and visible spectrum of matrix isolated and .

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The bond distances and angles are from the electronic absorption spectrum (c.f. N^) . The vibrational frequencies

are from D. E. Milligan and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys. 4_3, 4487 (1965).

262
DlDEUTERO-AMIDOGEN (ND2

)

(Ideal Gas) GR4 = 18.0349

T, °K Cp° S° (G°-H°»8)/T AHf° AGf

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2.385 44.999 44.999

100 7.949 40.057 55.959 -1.590 44.790 45.386

200 7.992 45.573 49.544 -.794 44.532 46.084

298 8.227 48.801 48.801 .000 44.300 46.896

300 8 . 233 48.852 48.801 .015 44.296 46.912

400 8.619 51.271 49.128 .857 44.092 47.816

500 9.070 53.241 49.759 1.741 43.924 48.767

600 9.549 54.937 50.484 2.672 43.793 49.748

700 10.025 56 .445 51 .230 3.651 43.695 50.748

800 10.472 57.814 51.969 4.676 43.627 51.761

900 10.877 59.071 52.689 5.744 43.578 52.781

1000 11.235 60.236 53.386 6.850 43.548 53.805

1100 11.546 61.321 54 • 0b9 7.989 43.532 54.833

1^00 11.817 62.338 54.707 9. 158 43.523 55.859

1300 12.051 63.293 55.331 10 . 351 43.525 56.887

1400 12.256 64.194 55.932 11.567 43.530 57.915

1500 12.437 65.046 56.511 12.802 43.539 5B.943

1600 12.599 65.854 57.070 14.054 43.549 59.969

1700 12.746 66.622 57.610 15.321 43.562 60.994

1H00 12.882 67.355 58.131 16.603 43.579 62.019

1900 13.009 68.055 58.635 17.397 43.597 63.043

2000 13.130 68.725 59.123 19.204 43.621 64.067

2100 13.247 69.363 59.596 20.523 43.642 65.086

2200 13* 361 69.987 60.054 21 . 854 43.672 66.110

2300 13.473 70.584 60.499 23.195 43.703 67.128

2400 13.582 71.159 60.931 24.548 43.737 68.146

2500 13.690 71.716 61.351 25.912 43.779 69.163

2600 13. 79o 72.255 61.760 27.286 43.820 70.177

2700 13.900 72.778 62.159 28.671 43.869 71.190

2800 14.003 73.285 62.547 30.066 43.923 72.201

2900 14.103 73.778 62.926 31.471 43.978 73.211

3000 14.201 74.253 63.296 32.886 44.042 74.218

3100 14 . 29b 74.725 63.657 34.311 44.106 75.221

3200 14.387 75.181 64.010 35.745 44.182 76.224

3300 14.476 75.625 64.355 37.189 44.258 77.222

3400 14.560 76.058 64.693 38.640 44.343 78.222

3500 14.641 76.481 65.024 40.101 44.425 79.216

3600 14.71a 76.895 65.348 41.569 44.515 80.212

3700 14.790 77.299 65.666 43.044 44.602 81.199

3800 14.858 77.694 65.977 44.526 44.695 82.186

3900 14.922 78.081 66.282 46.015 44.788 83.171

4000 14.982 78.460 66.582 47.511 44.886 84.] 53 4100 15.037 78.830 66.876 49.012 44.995 85.133

4200 15.083 79.193 67 • 165 50.518 45.085 86.114

430U 15.134 79.549 67.449 52.029 45.190. 87.090

4400 15.177 79.897 67.728 53.545 45.291 88.064

4500 15.215 80.239 68.002 55.064 45.388 89.030

4600 15.250 80.574 68.272 56.587 45.489 90.003

4700 15.280 80.902 68.537 58.114 45.592 90.969

4 80 U 15.30a 81.224 68.798 59.643 45.694 91.938

4900 15.331 81.540 69.055 61.175 45.792 92.897

bOOU 15.352 81.850 69.308 62.709 45.885 93.857

5100 15.369 82.154 69.557 64 .246 45.979 94.815

5200 15.384 82.452 69.802 65.783 46.072 95.771

5300 15.395 82.746 70.043 67.322 46.162 96.723

5400 15.408 83.033 70.281 68.362 46.250 97,680

bbUU 15.411 83.316 70.516 70.40-3 46.334 98.629

6000 15.416 83.594 70.747 71.944 46.416 99.580

5700 15.418 83.867 70.974 73.486 46.494 100.529

5300 15.41a 94.135 71.199 75.028 46.563 101.477

590 0 15.417 94.398 71.421 76.570 46.639 102.421

6000 15.414 34.658 71.639 78.111 46.707 103.367

July 31, 1972

Log Kp

INFINITE -99.192 -50.358

— .54 .376

-34. 175 -20.126

-21.316

-IB. 121 -15.844 -14.140

-12.817

-11.759

-1U.894 -1U.173

-9.564

-9.041 -8.588

-8.191

-7.841 -7.530 -7.252

-7.001 -0.774 -0.567 -0.379

-o . 2U6

— o . 046 -5.899

-5.762 -5.636 -5.517

-5.407

-5.303 -5.206

-5.114

-5.028

-4.946

-4.870 -4.796

-4.727

-4*661 -4.598

-4.538

-4.481 -4.426

-4.374 -4.324

-4.276

-4.230

-4.186 -4,143

-4.102 -4.063

-4.025

-3.988

-3.953 -3.919

-3.886

-3.854 -3.824

-3.794 -3.765

263
CIS-DI-DEUTERO-DI-IMIDE (N^j) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 32.0416

Point Groupr C AHf° = 49.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol

2v 298.15 S°298 15 = 53.616 gibbs mol

1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

uj , cm

[2300] (1) [1490] (1) [1058] (1)

-1

n) , cm

[2400] (1) [1150] (1)

[ 750] (1)

Bond Distance: N-N = [1.230]A N-H = [1.014]A

Bond Angle: H-N-H = [100°] -117 3 Product of Moments of Inertia: III = 3.8165 x 10 g cm o=2

Heat of Formation

AHfjgg of N^D^Cg) was estimated from ZHf°gg of N^H^Cg), 50.9 + 5 kcal mol \ given in JANAF Thermochemical

Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS-37 , June (1971), the appropriate thermal functions (see tables for N^D^, H2, D^ and (JANAF loc. cit.)) and the estimated zero point energies. The energies for ^(g), D^(g) are those given by

G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960). The energies for N2D2(g) and N2H2(g) are taken

to be one half the sum of the vibrational frequencies given above and for N2H2(g) (JANAF, loc. cit.).

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The bond distances and angle were obtained from a quantum mechanical calculation by G. W. Wheland and

P. S. K. Chen, J. Chem. Phys . 24, 67 (1956). The three principal moments of inertia are I = 0.6122, I = 2.2094,

-39 2 _ A B

I = 2.8216 x 10 g cm The infrared spectrum of N D (g) has been observed using matrix isolation techniques

C ^ ^ -1 by K. Rosengren and G. Pimentel, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 507 (1965). They have observed mj or (1)4 = 2400 cm , m2 - 1490 cm \ and m3 = 1058 cm ^

264
CiS-DiDEUTERO-DlIMIDE (N2D

2

)

(Ideal 6as) GR^I = 32.0416

gibbs/mol

T, °K Cp° S° -(G°-H°»8)/T

0 . UUU .000 INFINITE

10U 7.954 44 . 544 61.231

20 U 8 • 31 U 50.125 54.433

298 9.327 53.616 53.616

-30 0 9.330 53.674 53.617

400 10.632 56.538 53.998

50U 11.867 59.045 54.762

600 12.972 61 . 309 55.667

700 13.930 63. 3B2 56.623

800 14.747 65.297 57.589

900 15.437 67.075 58.546

1000 16.01b 68.733 59.483

1100 1 6 . bU b 70.283 60.395

1200 16.914 71.737 61.280

1300 17.260 73. 105 62.138

1400 1,7.552 74.395 62.967

lbOO 17.8U2 75.615 63.770

1600 18.01b 76.770 64.547

1700 18.19b 77.868 65.299

1800 1 B • 3b7 78.913 66.026

1900 IB. 49b 79.303 66.731

20 0 0 18.61b 80.861 67.414

2100 IB. 722 81 . 772 66.076

2200 1 8 . 8 1 b 82.545 68.718

2300 18.899 83.484 69.342

2400 18.972 84.239 69.948

260 0 19.038 85.065 70.538

2 bO 0 13.097 85.313 71.111

2700 19.180 86.535 71.669

2800 19.19b 87.232 72.212

2900 19.241 37.907 72.742

30 0 0 19.261 88.560 73.258

3100 19.317 89.192 73.762

3200 19.349 89.806 74.254

3300 19.379 90 .402 74.734

340 0 19.407 90.981 75.204

3600 19.432 91.544 75.663

3600 1 9 . 4 b b 92.092 76.111

3 700 19.477 92.625 76.551

3800 19.497 93.145 76.980

3900 19. bib 93.651 77.401

4 00 0 19. 832 94. 146 77.814

4100 19.546 94.628 73.218

4200 19.563 95.100 78.615

4300 19.577 95.560 79.0U3

440 0 19.590 96.010 74.385

4600 19.602 96.451 79.759

4600 19.613 96.882 80.127

4 700 19 . 624 97.304 80 . 488

4800 19.634 37.717 80.842

4 90 0 19*643 9B. 122 81.191

60 0 0 13.652 99.519 31 .533 6100 19.661 98.908 81.870

6200 19.669 99.290 82.202

6 30 0 19.676 99 664 82.528

6400 13.683 100.032 82.848

6dO 0 19.690 100.394 83.164

6600 19.696 100.748 83.475

6700 19.702 101 . 097 83.781

680 0 19.708 101.440 84.083

6900 19.713 101.777 64.380

6000 19.719 102.108 84.672

H°— H°2S>8

kca8/moll AHf° Acr Log Kp

-2.464 51.156 51.156 INFINITE -1.669 50.601 52.657 -lib. 082 -.862 50.006 54.947 -bU .043

.000 49.500 57.463 -42.136

.017 49.491 57.532 -41.912

1.016 49.096 60.277 -32.934

2.142 48.818 63.106 -27.583

3.385 48.644 65.961 -24.034

4.731 46.549 68.878 -21.505

6,166 48.519 71.785 -19.611

7.676 48.533 74.694 -18.136

9.250 48.584 77.597 -lo.9b9

10.877 48.661 80.496 -15.993

12.548 48.754 83.385 -lb. 187 14.253 48.867 86.266 -14.503

15.999 48.987 89.139 -13.915

17.767 49.115 92.003 -13.405

19.558 49.246 94.858 -12.957

21.369 49.381 97.704 -12.561 23.196 49.519 100.542 -12.207

25.039 49.659 103.373 -11.891

26.395 49.803 106.199 -11.605

28.762 49.941 109.012 -11.345

30.639 50.084 111.824 -11.109

32.525 50.225 114.626 -lu.892

34.413 50.364 117.424 -1U.693

36.319 50.506 120.215 -1U.6U9

38.226 50.641 123.001 -iu.339

40.138 50.778 125.782 —10 .181 42.056 50.914 128.557 -10.034

43 • 978 51.045 131.329 -9.897

45*904 51.177 134.095 -9.769

47.834 51.303 136.855 -9.648

49.767 51 . 434 139.612 -9.535

51.704 51.559 142.364 -9.428

53.643 51.686 145.118 -9.328

55.535 51 . 304 1 47.861 -9.233

57.529 51.923 150.607 -9.143

59.476 52.035 153.344 -9.058

61.425 52.146 156.080 -6.977

63.375 52.252 158.814 -6.900

65.328 52.359 161.543 -8.826

67.282 52.461 164.270 -8.756

69.237 52.560 166.999 -8.690

71.194 52.661 169.724 -8.626

73.153 52.754 172.446 -6 . 565 75.112 52.839 175.160 -8.507

77.073 52.927 1 77,883 -b . 451 79.035 53.013 180.597 -8.398

80 . 990 53.096 133. 31o -6. 347

82 . 962 53.173 186.023 -0.297

34.926 53.242 188.734 -8.250

86.092 53.312 191.441 -8.204

88.858 53.379 194. 1 50 -8.160 90.326 53.443 196.853 -8.117

92 .794 53.504 199.561 -8.077

94.762 53.559 202.265 -8. U37 96.732 53.614 204.968 -7.999

98.702 53.664 207.672 -7.963 100.672 53.709 210.374 -7.927

102.643 53.752 213.072 -7.893

104.615 53.792 215.773 -7.860

July 31, 1972

265
DIDEUTERO-WATER (D

2 0) (IDEAL GAS) GFW - 20.027

Point Group C^

v

AHf° = ~ 38 ' 83f’ kcal mol

''

S 298 15

= 47 - 378 cal de8

" lmo1 _1 AHf 298 15

= _59 - 561 1 0.016 kcal mo1

_1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1 Vibrational Levels and Multiplicities

-1

a), cm 2671.69 (1) 1178.33 (1) 2788.02 (1) Bond Lengths and Angle: 0-D Distance = 0.958A o = 2 D-0-D Angle = 104.45°

n , Product of Moments of Inertia: = 39.948 x 10 g cm

Heat of Formation

Rossini, Knowlton, and Johnston (1) measured the ratio of the heats of formation of D ^0 ( JO . Recalculation of their results (using ZHf°^g of H^OCil) = -68.315 ± 0.010 kcal mol \ see H^OCg) table) yields AHf^qg °f l^OC#.) -

H

20(£) = -2.1098 ± 0.01492 x AHf °gg{HD0(il)-H20(Jl) J ± .016 kcal mol Using a value of 32 ± 30 cal. for the reaction

H 0(H) + D«0(£) = 2HD0(£.) (from (2); some justification that the uncertainty may be smaller is given by Van Hook (3), see also HD0 tables) one obtains ^Hf °gglD

20 (£)-H

2 0 (£.) J = -2.094 ± 0.016 kcal mol

The difference between the heats of vaporization of D

20(£) and H^OCil) at 298K were evaluated as follows. By direct calorimetry, Rossini, Knowlton, and Johnston (1) determined the ratio of the heats of vaporization of H^O (£) /D^O (i,) at 298K and zero pressure to be 0.969503 ± 0.00070; (2) Bartholome and Clusius (4) determined the heat of vaporization

of D

20(£) by direct calorimetry at 0°C. Recalculation of their results using the energy equivalent of a Bunsen ice calorimeter given by (5) (compression correction assumed zero) and neglecting gas imperfection corrections yields

12.637 ± 0.026 kcal mol

D^O

)

selected by (6) and (7), the condensed phase heat capacity data of D

20(£) given by Long and Kemp (8) and the gas phase thermal functions of Friedman and Haar (see next section); (3) The difference in heats of vaporization of

D

20(JI) and D^OCg) was derived by differentiating the formula given by Jones (9) (see (10) for a comparison with other measurements) for the ratio of the vapor pressures of H

20(£) /D^O (£) as a function of temperature and assuming negligible corrections for gas imperfection corrections (see (11), however). . AH

°

> 29 8

t D

2Q ^) -H2Q C^ ) 3» kcal mol

~

-1 The heat of vaporization of D

20 0O at 25°C was calculated using the heat of fusion of

Source Method

Knowlton, Johnston, Rossini Bartholome amd Clusius

Jones

Calorimetry

Calorimetry

Vapor Pressure

0.331 ± 0.008*

* 0.340 ± 0.028*

0.307 ± 0.020 *Calculated from „ no of H.O(i) = 10.520 ± 0.002 kcal mol -1(12). V Zy o Z Selecting 0.331 ± .008 kcal mol ^ for the difference in the heats of vaporization, one obtains -1.763 ± 0.018 kcal mol ^ for ZHf° Q of Do0(g)-H o 0(g) . The "spectroscopic" value for this difference was calculated to be -1.768 ± 0.015

^ Zy o Z Z kcal mol based on the zero point energies given by Hulston (13) for H

2 0(g), D^Ofg), Herzberg and Monfils (14) for

H

2 (g), D

2 (g), and the appropriate thermal functions (H

2 0(g) (15), see tables for H^g), D

2 (g), D20(g)). To close the consistency check, the "spectroscopic" value of AHf°gg of D

20(g) minus HDO(g) is -0.916 ± 0.0015 kcal mol * and the "nonspectroscopic" value for this difference is (see HDO tables, reaction A) is (-1. 76310.0018) + (0 . 846±0 . 006) = -0.91710. 019 kcal mol

_1

. AHf° „ of D.0(g)-H„0(g) and AHf° „ of H.O(g) = -57.79510.010 kcal mol

_1

(12). Zyo Z Z A 70 Z Heat Capacity and Entropy

The thermodynamic functions of this table are analogous to those in the JANAF table for H

20(g) (dated March 31, 1961): both tables are taken from A, S. Friedman and L. Haar, J. Chem. Phys . 22 , 2051 (1954). Friedman and Haar applied their non-rigid-rotor, anharmonic-os cilia tor treatment (with vibrational-rotational coupling terms and low- temperature rotational corrections) to the infrared-spectra analyses of W. S. Benedict, N. Gailar, and E. K. Plyler,

J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1301 (1953) and of W. S. Benedict, H. H. Claasen, and J. H. Shaw, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards

49 , 91 (1952). In the present table for D

20, the values of C° of Friedman and Haar between 4000 and 5000 K were

extrapolated linearly (except with a term in T ^) from 5000 to 6000 K. References

1. F. D. Rossini, J. W. Knowlton, and H. L. Johnston,

J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards ^4_, 369 (1940).

2. W. C. Duer and G. L. Bertrand, J. Chem. Phys. 53 , 3020 (1970).

3. W. A. Van Hook, J. Phys. Chem. _72, 1234 (1968).

4. E. Bartholome and K. Clusius, Zeit, Physik. Chem. B28 , 167 (1935).

5. D. A. Ditmars and T. B. Douglas, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards 75A, 401 (1971).

6. I. Kirshenbaum, Physical Properties and Analysis of Heavy Water (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951).

7. V. A. Kirillin, Editor, Heavy Water Thermo physical

Properties (U. S. Dept, of Commerce, National

Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., TT70-50094 , 1971).

8. E. A. Long and J. D. Kemp, J. Chem. Soc. 58 , 1829 (1936).

9. W. M. Jones, J. Chem. Phys. 4j8, 207 (1968).

10. C. Liu and W. T. Lindsay, Jr., J. Chem. Eng. Data 15, 510 (1970).

11. G. S. Kell, G. F. Laurin, and E. Whalley, J. Chem.

Phys. 49, 2839 (1968).

12. CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics,

Final Set of Key Values for Thermodynamics-Part I (Bulletin No. 5) November 1971.

13. J. R. Hulston, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 1483 (1969) see also M. Wolfsberg, J. Chem. Phys. j>0, 1484 (1969)

14. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy 5, 482 (1960).
DiDeutero-Water (D^O)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 20,027

» » T, °K Cp° gabbs/mol

s° ( G

° — H°2»8)/T H°— H°298 AGf° L«g Kp

0 .000 .000 infinite - 2.380 - 58.856 - 58.856 INFINITE

100 7.958 38.634 54.529 - 1.590 - 59,069 - 58.169 127.129

200 7.994 44.156 48.119 -.793 -59.326 - 57.168 62.471

298 8.187 47.378 47.378 .000 - 59.561 - 56.059 41.092

300 8.192 47.429 47.378 .015 - 59.565 - 56.037 40.823

900 8.517 49.828 47.703 .850 - 59.783 - 54.827 29.956

500 8.887 51.768 48.328 1.720 - 59.979 - 53.565 23.413

600 9.282 53.423 49.042 2.628 - 60.154 - 52.267 19.038

700 9.690 54.884 49.775 3.577 - 60.307 - 50.940 15.904

800 10.098 56.205 50.497 4.566 - 60.439 - 49,593 13.548

900 10.490 57.417 51.200 5,596 - 60.553 - 48.230 11.712

1000 10.856 58.542 51.878 6.664 - 60.648 - 46.855 10.240

1100 11.191 59.592 52.532 7.766 - 60.727 - 45.471 9.034

1200 11.494 60.580 53.162 8,901 - 60.793 -44.082 8.028

1300 11.765 61.510 53.769 10.064 -60.845 -42.687 7.176

1400 12.006 62.391 54.354 11.253 -60.888 - 41,289 6.445

1500 12.222 63,227 54.917 12.464 - 60.923 - 39.887 5.811

1600 12.413 64.022 55.462 13.696 -60,953 - 38.485 5.257

1700 12.584 64.780 55.988 14.946 - 60.977 - 37.079 4,767

1800 12.737 65.504 56.497 16.213 - 60.995 - 35.673 4.331

1900 12.874 66.196 56.989 17.493 - 61.012 - 34,267 3.942

2000 12.997 66.860 57.466 18.787 - 61.023 - 32.858 3.591

2100 13.109 67.496 57.929 20.092 - 61.037 -31.451 3.273

2200 13.210 66.108 58.377 21.408 - 61.045 - 30.039 2.984

2300 13.301 68.698 58.814 22.734 - 61.053 -28.631 2.721

2400 13.385 69.266 59.237 24,068 - 61.063 - 27.220 2,479

2500 13.462 69.814 59.650 25.410 - 61.069 -25.810 2.256

2600 13.533 70.343 60.051 26.760 - 61.080 - 24.399 2.051

2700 13.598 70.855 60.441 28.117 - 61.088 - 22.989 1.861

2800 13.658 71.351 60.822 29.480 - 61.098 -21.576 1.684

2900 13.714 71.831 61.194 30.849 - 61.112 -20.164 1.520

3000 13.766 72.297 61.556 32.222 - 61.124 - 18.753 1.366

3100 13.815 72.749 61.910 33.602 -61 .140 - 17.339 1.222

3200 13.860 73.188 62.255 34.986 - 61.152 - 15.927 1.088

3300 13.904 73.615 62.593 36.375 - 61.168 - 14.515 .961 3400 13.944 74.031 62.923 37.766 - 61.184 - 13,099 .842 3500 13.982 74.436 63.246 39.163 - 61.206 - 11,685 .730 3600 14.018 74.830 63.563 40.562 - 61.227 - 10.268 .623 3700 14.052 75.235 63.893 41.967 -61.254 - 8.929 ,527 3800 14.085 75.590 64.176 43,373 - 61.283 - 7.438 .428 3900 14.116 75.956 64.473 44.783 - 61.315 - 6.023 .338

4 U 00 14.145 76.314 64.765 46.196 -61.346 “* 4 « 606 .252 4100 14.173 76.664 65.051 47.611 - 61.381 - 3.188 .170 4200 14.200 77.005 65.332 49.030 - 61.416 - 1.766 .092 4300 14.226 77.340 65.607 50.452 - 61.451 -.344 .017 4400 14.251 77.667 65.878 51.875 - 61.493 1.078 -.054

4500 14.275 77.988 66.143 53,301 - 61.540 2.496 -.121

4600 14.298 78.302 66.404 54.731 - 61.584 3.925 -.186

4700 14.320 78.610 66.661 56.161 - 61.631 5.348 -.249

4800 14.341 78.911 66.912 57.594 - 61.677 6.779 -.309

4900 14.361 79.207 67.160 59.030 - 61.729 8.202 -.366

5000 14.381 79.498 67.404 60.467 - 61.788 9.627 -.421

5100 14.401 79.782 67.644 61.905 - 61,846 11.059 -.474

5200 14.420 80.062 67.880 63.347 -61.904 12.485 -.525

5300 14.436 80.337 68.113 64.790 - 61.965 13.916 -.574

5400 14.455 80.607 68.342 66.234 - 62.028 15.351 -.621

5500 14.473 80.872 68.567 67.681 - 62.093 16.783 -.667

5600 14.490 81.134 68.789 69.129 - 62.159 18.217 -.711

5700 14.507 81.390 69.008 70.578 - 62.229 19.651 -.753

5800 14.523 81.643 69.224 72.030 - 62.301 21.090 -.795

5900 14,539 81.891 69.436 73.483 - 62.374 22.528 -.834

6000 14,555 82.135 69 • 646 74.938 - 62.448 23.970 -.873

July 31, 1972

267
DEUTERIUM SULFIDE (D (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 36.0882

2 S)

Point Group C^

v

-1

S 298 15

= 51 cal deg mo1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

AHf° = -5.02 ± 0.2 kcal mol

AHf° „ lc = -5.71 ± 0.2 kcal mol

zy o.ij

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

uj , cm 1896.38 (1) 855.45 (1) 1999 (1) Bond Distance: S-D = 1.328 A

Bond Angle: D-S-D = 92.2°

-119 3 Product of the Moments of Inertia: I A I_I_ = 6.016 x 10 g cm A d L.

a = 2

Heat of Formation

AHf°gg of D^SCg) was determined by Kapustinskii and Kankovskii (1) to be - 5.692 ± 0.06 kcal mol ^ (recalculated) from the reaction: D

2 S(g) + 3 / 202 (g) = S02 (g) + D^0 (£- ) + S(rhombic). The difference of AHf°gg of D2 S(g) minus ^SCg)

for their work was calculated using their results for AHf°^g ^3

( 8 ) , -4.92 ± 0.08 kcal mol (recalculated) in the hope of eliminating possible systematic error due to uncertainty in the product formed. The "spectroscopic" value of AHf° Q of D_S(g) minus H S(g) was calculated from the appropriate thermal functions

zy o z z (see H2> D

2

» H

2 S) and the zero point energies of H

2 S(g), D2 S(g) (2), D2 (g) (3), and H2 (g) (3).

The equilibrium data of Grafe, Clusius, and Kruis (4) for the exchange reaction H

2 (g) + D2 S(g) = 02 (g) + H

2 S(g) was analyzed by third and second law methods.

A weighted average of -0.81 ± 0.02 kcal mol

1

was selected for AHf°gg of D

2 S(g) minus l^Sfe) was added to the selected value of AHf® of H S(g) to determine AHf® Q of D S(g). zy« z zy« z AHf° gg

of D

2 S(g) - H2S(g) (kcal mol

_1

)

-0.771 ± 0.10 -0.810 ± 0.01 -0.826 ± 0.05; drift 0.0 e.u. -0.887 ± 0.02; ASf ° g8

(obsv .-calc . ) = +0.18 ± 0.02 e.u.

Heat Capacity and Entropy The thermodynamic functions were estimated from those in the present table for H

2 S(g) (q.v.) by adding those for D

2 S(g) and subtracting those for H

2 S(g), where both the added and subtracted functions were generated using

the rigid-rotor harmonic oscillator approximation. In this calculation the molecular constants for D

2 S were taken from reference ( 2 a).

Source Kapustinskii and Kankovskii (1) (1958) Spectroscopic (2,3) Grafe, Clusius, and Kruis (4) Third Law

Second Law

References

1. A. F. Kapustinskii and R. T. Kankovskii, Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 32:, 2810 (1958).

2a. R. E. Miller, G. E. Leroi, D. F. Meggers, J. Chem. Phys . 4j>, 2292 (1967);

2b. H. C. Allen and E. K. Plyler, J. Chem. Phys. 25, H32 (1956).

3. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Mol. Spectroscopy 5^, 482 (1960).

4. D. Grafe, K. Clusius, and A. Kruis, Z. Physik. Chem. B43 , 1 (1939).

268
Deuterium Sulfide (D9

S) I^S

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 36,0882

gibbs/mol

T, °K Cp° S° -(G°— H°TO8)/T

0 .000 .000 infinite

100 7.9b0 42.510 58.667

200 8.110 49.050 52.130

298 b . b4 7 51.428 51 .428

300 U.bbb 51.481 51.429

<+00 9.082 54.013 51.769

bOO 9.642 56.100 52.433

bOO 10.199 57.908 53.197

700 10 . 716 59.519 53.988

800 11.173 60.981 54.772

900 1 1 • bo9 62.321 55.537

1000 11.909 63.558 56.279

1100 12.196 64.706 56.993

1200 12.440 65.778 57.681

1300 12 . b49 66.783 58.343

l<+00 12.828 67.726 58.979

lbOO 12.983 68.617 59.593

1600 13.118 69.459 60 .183

1700 13.236 70.258 60.752

1800 13.342 71.018 61.302

1900 13.434 71.741 61.833

2000 1 3 • b20 72.433 62.345

2100 1 3 . b95 73.094 62.841

2200 1 3 . 6o3 73.728 63.322

2300 13.726 74.337 63.788

2<+00 13.78b 74.922 64.239

2800 13.839 75.497 64.679

2 bO 0 13.868 76.030 65.104

2700 13.934 76.555 65.518

2800 13.977 77.062 65.922

2900 14.017 77.553 66.315

3000 14.056 79.030 66 . 697

3100 14.093 79.491 67.070

3200 14.128 79.940 67.435

3300 14 • loO 79.375 67.790

3400 14.192 79.798 68.137

3bOO 14.223 80.210 68.476

3b0 0 1 4 . 2b2 80.611 b8 .807 3700 14.280 81.001 69.131

3800 14.307 81 .382 69.449

3900 14. 334 81 . 755 69.760

4000 14.360 82.118 70.064

4100 14 . 38b 82.473 70.363

4200 14.410 82 . 820 70.655

430U 14.434 83.159 70.942

4400 14 . 4b7 83.491 71 .224

4 bO 0 14.481 83.816 71 .499

4600 14.502 84.134 71.770

4700 14.524 84.447 72.037

4800 14.547 84.753 72.299

4900 l4.5bB 85.053 72.556

bOOO 14 . 590 85.347 72.809

blOO 14.609 85.636 73.057

b200 14.631 85.921 73.303

d300 14.651 86.199 73.543

b4 0 0 14.671 86.474 73.780

bbOO 14.691 86.743 74.014

bbOO 14.711 87.008 74.243

b 700 14.731 87.268 74.469

bdO 0 14 . 749 87.625 74.692

b900 14.770 97.777 74.912

60 0 0 14 . 768 88.025 75.128

H°— H°aes

kcaJ/mofl AHf° AGF Log Kp

-2.411 -5.020 -5.02U INFINITE -1.616 -5.046 -6.307 13.784 -.816 -5.345 -7 • 4b

3

8.156

. 000 -5.710 -8.445 6.191

.016 -5.717 —6 . 4b3 6.165

. 898 -6.631 -9.298 5.080

1 . 834 -7.334 -9.883 4.320 2.826 -7.904 -10.337 3.765

3.872 -8.371 -10.682 3.335

4.967 -21.823 -12.251 3.347

6.105 -21.860 -11.052 2.684

7.279 -21.876 -9.851 2.153

8.485 -21.875 -8.648 1.718

9.717 -21.864 -7.446 1.356 10.972 -21.840 -6.245 1.050 12.246 -21.813 -5.04b . 788 13.536 -21.782 -3.851 .561 14.842 -21.748 -2.65b .363

16. 160 -21.712 -1.463 .188 17.489 -21.673 -.275 .033 16.827 -21.635 .913 -.105

20.175 -21.592 2.101 -.230

21.531 -21.555 3.281 -.342 22.894 -21.512 4.467 -.444

24.263 -21 .472 5.645 — « 53b 25.639 -21.432 6.826 -.622

27.020 -21.388 8.001 -.699

28.406 -21.351 9.176 -.771 29.798 -21 . 309 10.350 -.833

31.193 -21.270 11.520 -.899

32.593 -21.234 12.691 - • 95b 33.996 -21.196 13.861 -1.010

35.404 -21.161 15.029 -1 . 060 36.815 -21.121 16.192 - 1 . 1 0 0 38.229 -21.085 17.354 -1.149

39.647 -21 . 046 18.525 -1.191

41 . 068 -21.015 19.684 -1.229

42.491 -20.980 2U.85U -1.266

43.919 -20.952 22.012 -1 . 300 45.347 -20 . 924 23.171 -1.333

46.780 -20 . 898 24.326 -1.363

48.214 -20.871 25.491 -1.393

49.651 -20.846 26.645 -1 .420 51.091 -20.822 27.306 -1.447

52.533 -20.796 28.965 -1.472 53.978 -20.776 30.121 — 1 . 49o 55.425 -20.761 31.277 -1.519

56.874 -90.743 32.43o -1.541 58.325 -20 . 725 33.591 -1.562

59.779 -20.707 34.749 -1.582

61.235 -20.694 35.908 -1.602

62.693 -20.687 37.05o -1.620 64.153 -20.678 38.215 - 1 • b3b 65.615 -20.670 39 • 3bb -1 .654 67.079 -20.663 40.518 -1 . 671 68.545 -20.658 41.675 -1.687

70.013 -20.655 42.824 -1.702

71.483 -20.653 43.985 -1.717

72.955 -20.653 45.138 -1.731 74.429 -20.655 46.288 -1.744

75.90b -20.656 47.440 -1.757 77.383 -20.661 48.602 -1.770

July 31, 1972

269
TRIDEUTERO-AMMONIA (ND^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 20.0490

Point Group C^

v AHf° = ”12.34 kcal mol

S 298 15

= 48 ' 715 cal de8 _1 mol

_1

AHf° 9g 15

= ' 14 - 00 1 O' 1 kcal mo1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

Vibrational Levels and Multiplicities

-1

u) , cm

2495 (1) 793 (1) 2652 (2) 1225 (2) Bond Length: N-D = 1.0124 A Bond Angle: 106.67 o = 3 Product of the Moments of Inertia: I.I_I_ = 25.775 x 10 g

^ cm

^ Act

Heat of Formation

A "spectroscopic" value for AHf^g of ND^(g) minus NH^(g) of -3.029 ± 0.01 kcal mol was calculated from the appropriate thermal functions (see H^, D^, NH^) zero point energies of ND^(g) and NH^(g) [see J, L. Duncan, I. M. Mills, Spectrochim. Acta ^0, 523 (1957) and W. S. Benedict, E. K. Plyler, Canad. J. Phys . ^35, 1235 (1964)], and the

zero point energies of ^(g) and 0^(8) given by G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960). Analysis of the equilibrium data of Schulz and Schaefer, Ber. Bunsenges. Physik. Chem. 70, 21 (1966) for K°

P

(1 atm, 660-773K) for N^(g) + 3/2D^(g) = ND^(g) gave the following:

AHf°gg(kcal mol ^) Drift (e.u.) ^S 298^°ksv . -calc .

)

Third Law -13.80 -1.2 Second Law^ -13.0 ± 0.38 — +4.3 ± 0.5 e.u.

"^Assuming AC° = 1.237 - 0.00608 (T-700) cal. mol

^ P Using the results from the same authors data for NH„(g) (see NH (g) . evaluation) one obtains values of Aif° 0 of

1 j 3 , 298 ND^(g) minus NH^(g) of -2.93 ± 0.14 kcal mol (third law) and -3.22 ± 0.20 kcal mol (second law). Both values agree with the "spectroscopic" value within combined uncertainty intervals.

A value of -3.03 ± 0.010 kcal mol ^ was added to the JANAF selection for AHf° of NH 0 (g), -10.97 ± 0.10 kcal

298 j mol , to obtain AHf°^g of ND^(g)

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The thermodynamic functions were estimated from those in the present table for NH^(g) (q.v.) by adding those for NDg(g) and subtracting those for NH^(g), where both the added and subtracted functions were generated using the rigid-rotor harmonic-oscillator approximation. In this calculation the molecular constants for ND^ were taken from

J. L. Duncan, I. M. Mills, Spectrochim. Acta 20. » 523 (196.4) and W. S. Benedict, E. K. Plyler, Can. J. Phys. 35 , 1235 (1957).

270
Trideutero-ZW^onia (ND3

)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 20,0490

.... I T, °K Cp° S

°

( G

° —H°298)/T H°— H°298 AHr Acr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 infinite - 2.446 - 12.338 - 12.338 infinite

100 7.958 39.695 56.253 - 1.656 - 12.880 - 10.901 23.824

200 8.258 45.267 49.519 -.850 - 13.481 - 8.685 9.490

298 9.136 48.715 48.715 .000 - 14.000 - 6.217 4.557

300 9.155 48.771 48.715 .017 - 14.009 - 6.169 4.494

400 10.259 51.555 49.087 .987 - 14.433 - 3.488 1.906

500 11.323 53.961 49.826 2.067 - 14.756 -.713 .312

bOO 12.302 56.113 50.697 3.249 - 14,987 2.118 -.771

700 13.195 58.077 51.613 4.525 - 15.145 4.981 - 1.555

600 14.003 59.893 52.536 5.885 - 15.239 7.864 -2.148

900 14.723 61.585 53.449 7.322 - 15.287 10.755 - 2.612

1000 15.358 63.170 54.342 8.827 - 15.293 13.650 -2.983

1100 15.912 64.660 55.213 10.391 - 15.266 16.544 - 3.287

1200 16.394 66.066 56.060 12.007 - 15.216 19.432 - 3.539

1300 16.813 67.395 56.881 13.668 - 15.140 22.316 - 3.752

1400 17.177 68.654 57.677 15.368 - 15.050 25.194 - 3.933

1500 17.495 69.851 58.449 17.102 - 14.947 28.067 - 4.089

1600 17.773 70.989 59.198 18.866 - 14.837 30.929 - 4.225

1700 13.016 72.074 59.924 20.655 - 14.719 33.786 -4 0 344

1800 18.231 73.110 60.627 22.468 - 14.591 36 • 635 - 4.448

1900 18.420 74.100 61.311 24.301 - 14.459 39.477 - 4.541

2000 18.567 75.050 61.974 26.151 - 14.319 42.315 - 4.624

2100 18.735 75.960 62.619 28.017 - 14.184 45.140 - 4.698

2200 18.867 76.835 63.245 29.898 - 14.039 47.965 -4.765

2300 18.984 77.676 63.854 31.790 - 13.895 50.779 -4.825

2400 19.069 78.486 64.447 33.694 - 13.751 53.589 - 4.880

2500 19.182 79.267 65.024 35.608 - 13.601 56.392 - 4.930

2600 19.264 60.021 65.587 37.530 - 13.460 59.188 - 4.975

2700 19.337 80.750 66.135 39.460 - 13.313 61.979 - 5.017

2800 19.403 81.454 66.670 41.397 - 13.168 64 • 7 b 7

- 5.055

2900 19.459 82.136 67.191 43.340 - 13.029 67.548 - 5.091

3000 19.511 82.797 67.700 45.289 - 12.886 70.324 - 5.123

3100 19.555 83.437 68.198 47.242 - 12.753 73.094 - 5.153

3200 19.592 84.059 68.684 49.200 - 12.611 75.860 - 5.181

3300 19.626 84.662 69.159 51.161 - 12.478 78.620 - 5.207

3400 19.652 85.248 69.624 53.124 - 12.342 81.382 - 5.231

3500 19.676 85.818 70.078 55.091 - 12.220 84.135 - 5.254

3600 19.696 86.373 70.523 57.059 - 12.095 86.891 - 5.275

3700 19.709 86.913 70.959 59.030 - 11.983 89.634 - 5.294

3800 19.720 87.439 71.386 61.001 - 11.873 92.378 - 5.313

3900 19.726 87.951 71.804 62.974 - 11.770 95.120 - 5.330

4000 19.730 88.450 72.214 64.946 - 11.668 97.858 - 5.347

4100 19.730 88.938 72.616 66.919 - 11,574 100.593 - 5.362

4200 19.726 69.413 73.010 68.892 - 11.485 103.332 - 5.377

4300 19.721 89.877 73.397 70.864 - 11.397 106.066 - 5.391

4400 19.710 90.330 73.777 72.836 - 11.323 108.797 - 5.404

4500 19.699 90.773 74.150 74.806 - 11.260 111.519 - 5.416

4600 19.682 91.206 74.516 76.776 - 11.197 114.254 -5.428

4700 19.664 91.629 74.875 78.743 - 11.140 116.979 - 5.440

4800 19.643 92.043 75.229 80.708 - 11.089 119.712 - 5.451

4900 19.618 92.448 75.576 82.671 - 11,051 122.432 - 5.461

5000 19.590 92.845 75.918 84.634 - 11.023 125.151 - 5.470

5100 19.555 93.232 76.254 86.590 - 11.003 127.875 - 5.480

5200 19.546 93.611 76.584 88.544 - 10.989 130.597 - 5.489

5300 19.538 93.984 76.909 90.499 - 10.981 133.314 - 5.497

5400 19.529 94.349 77.228 92.452 - 10.978 136.043 - 5.506

5500 19.522 94.707 77.543 94.405 . - 10.982 138.762 - 5.514

5600 19.514 95.059 77.853 96.357 - 10.991 141.485 -5.522

5700 19.507 95.404 78.157 98.307 - 11.008 144.208 - 5.529

5800 19.500 95.744 78.458 100.258 - 11.030 146.932 - 5.537

5900 19.494 96.077 78.753 102.208 - 11.057 149.654 - 5.544

6000 19.468 96.404 79.045 104.157 - 11.090 152.381 - 5.550

July 31, 1972
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (HF) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 20.0064

S°

9 Q 15

= 41.508 cal K "^mol 1 AHf

298 ^

= -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

State

-1

e, cm g

-1

u) , cm

e

-1

y o) , cm

e e B , cm

^ e

-1

a , cm

e r , A

e X

1 £ +

0 1 4138.73 90.05 20.9555 0.7958 0.9168

Vl£ +

0 = 1

Heat of Formation

83275 1 1158.46 17.718 4.0263 0.0173 2.091

The heat of formation selected in JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition, June 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing

Office, Washington, D. C. 20402) was adopted.

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. These constants do not differ appreciably from those given in the JANAF (loc. cit.) tables. The values of AHf°, AG°, and log Kp are appreciably different because of the new thermal functions for F^(g) (see F

2 (g) tables).

272
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)

(Ideal Gas)

FH

GFW = 20.0064

T, °K Cp° s° (G° —H°29s)/T H°— H°298 AHr Acr Log Kp

u • 000 . oon INFINITE -2.055 -65.129 -65.129 INFINITE

1UU 3.932 33.902 47.698 -1.380 -65.159 -65.312 142.739

200 6 * 962 33.727 42.144 -.683 -65.135 -65.475 71.547

298 3.934 41.503 41.508 .000 -65.140 -65.642 48.117 5ua 6*964 41.551 41.508 .013 -65.141 -65.645 47.822

4 U U 6 • 9o

7

43.554 41.781 .709 -65.176 -65.808 53.936

5U0 6.972 45.110 42.297 1.406 -65.230 -65.960 28.831

oUU 6*986 46.382 42.875 2.104 -65.297 -66.101 24.077

700 7.013 47.461 43.455 2.804 -65.372 -66.228 20.677

BOO 7.063 48.400 44.015 3.508 -65.452 -66.345 18.125

90U 7.129 49.236 44.530 4.217 -65.535 -66.452 18.137

1000 7.210 49.991 45.057 4.934 -65.617 -66 • 550 14.544

11UO 7.303 50.682 45.537 5.660 -65.697 -65.638 18.240

1200 7.402 51.322 45.993 6.395 -65.775 -66.721 12.152

1300 7.504 51.919 46.426 7.140 -65.849 -66.797 11.230

1400 7.606 52.473 46.839 7.896 -65.920 -66 • B67 lu.438

1500 7.703 53.007 47.232 8.661 -65.989 -66.932 9.732

1600 7.800 53.507 47.609 9.436 -66.056 -66.993 9.131

1700 7.891 53.983 47.970 10.221 -65.119 -67.049 8.620

1800 7.977 54.436 48.317 11.015 -66.179 -67.102 8.147

1900 8.058 54.869 48.630 1 1 . 8 1. 6 -66.238 -67.152 7.724

2UUU 8.133 55.285 48.972 12.626 -66.294 -67.198 7.343

2100 8.204 55.683 49.282 13.443 -66.348 -67.242 0.998

2200 3.270 56.066 49.582 14.266 -66.401 -67.284 d • 6B4 2300 8.331 56.435 49.872 15.0Q7 -66.451 -67.322 b.397

2400 8.389 56.791 50.153 15.933 -66.501 -67.359 0.134

2b00 6.442 57.135 50.425 16.774 -66.550 -67.396 3.892

2b00 8.493 57.467 50.690 17.621 -66.597 -67.427 5 • 668

2700 8.540 57.738 50.947 18.473 -66.644 -67.459 3.460

2B00 8.584 58.100 51.197 19.329 -66.690 -67.489 3 . 2o8

2900 8.623 58.402 51.440 20.189 -65 • 735 -67.514 3.088

3UUU 9*664 58.695 51.677 21.054 -66.780 -67.841 4.920

3100 3.701 58.979 51.908 21.922 -65.825 -67.567 4 • 763

3200 3.733 59.256 52.133 22.794 -66.869 —67*590 4*616

3300 B • 76o 59.525 32.333 23.669 -66.914 -67.611 4 . 478 3400 8.799 59.783 52.568 24.547 -66.958 -67.633 4.347

3500 8.829 60 .043 52.778 25.429 -67.002 -67 • 650 4.224

3600 8.337 60.292 52.983 26.31

3

-67.047 -67 • 669 4.108

3700 6.984 60.535 53.184 27.200 -67.093 -67 • 684 3.998

380 U a . 9i u 60.773 53.381 23.090 -67.139 -67.700 5.894

39UU 8.934 61.004 53.573 28.982 -67. 185 -67.715 3.795

4UUU 6.93b 61.231 53.762 29.877 -67.232 -67.728 3.700

4100 6 . 96u 61.452 53.947 30.774 -67.280 -67.739 5 . b 1

1

4200 9.002 61.669 54. 123 31.673 -67.329 -67.749 5.325

4 30 U 9.023 61.881 54 . 306 32.574 -67.378 -67.739 3.444

4400 9.043 62.089 54.480 33.477 -67.429 -67.769 5 • 366

45UU 9.063 62.292 54.652 34.333 -67.480 -67.775 3.292

4600 9.082 62.492 54.820 35.290 -67.532 -67.780 3.220

4700 9.100 62.687 54.985 36. 199 -67.585 -67.783 5.132

4600 9.11s 62.879 55.148 37.110 -67.639 -67.789 5.087

4900 9.133 63.067 55.307 38.022 -67.694 -67.792 5.024

50 0 U 9.152 63.252 55 *454 38.937 -67.749 -67.795 2.963

5 1 U 0 9.166 63.433 35.619 39.353 -67.806 -67.794 2.905

3200 9.184 63.611 55.771 40.770 -67.864 -67.793 2.849

3300 9.199 63.786 55.920 41.690 -67.9P2 -67.789 2.795

3400 9.213 63.959 56*068 42.610 -67.983 -67.788 2.744

3300 9.23U 64.128 56.213 43.532 -68.044 -67.784 2.693

5600 9.244 64.294 56 • 356 44.456 -68.105 -67.779 2.645

5 /OU 9.25b 64.453 56.496 45.381 -68.168 -67.772 2.598

3300 9.272 64.619 36.635 46.308 -68.233 -67.76o 2.553

3900 9.236 64.778 56.772 47.236 -63.298 -67.756 2.310

6000 9.300 64 . 934 36.906 43.165 -68.363 -67.748 2 • 4o8

July 31, 1972

273
FLUORINE, DIATOMIC (F (IDEAL GAS, REFERENCE STATE) GFW 37.9968

2

>

Ground State Configuration *£ +

S 298 15

= Z,8-Z|4 gibbs mol 1

fflf

AHf

0 = °

298.15

= 0

Electronic States and Molecular Cons tants

-1

e , cm _s_

-1

u) , cm

e

-1 X to , cm

e e B , cm

^ e

-1

a , cm

e

0 1 917.85 11.95 0.8892 0.0131 1 .40

0 = 2

Heat Capacity and Entropy Molecular and spectroscopic constants were taken from G. DiLonardo and A. E. Douglas, J. Chem. Phys . 56 , 5185 (1972).

274
Fluorine/ Diatomic (F2)

(Ideal Gas, Reference State) GFW = 37.9968

gibbs/mol kcai/mol

T, °K Cp° S° - (G°— H°2»8>/T H-H°2»8 AHf° AGr Log Kp

U . 00-0 .000 IMFINITE - 2.109 . 000 .000 . 000

10U b.958 40.694 54.838 - 1.414 .000 .000 . 000

^uo 7 . U95 45.542 49.113 -.714 .000 .000 .000

7 • 461 48.442 49.442 .000 .000 .000 .000

iuu 7 . 4B9 48.489 48.442 .014 .000 . 000 .000 4UO 7.883 50.699 48.741 .793 .000 .000 • oou

600 8.183 52.492 49.318 1.507 .000 .000 .000

bUU 8.399 54 . 004 49.976 2.417 .000 .000 .000

7 U U 8 • 554 55.311 50.647 3.265 .000 .000 .000 you 8 • o7u 56.461 51 . 303 4.126 . 000 .000 .000

9UU 8. 764 57.438 51.934 4 . 99B .000 .000 .000 1UU0 3.829 58.414 52.537 5.078 .000 .000 .000

1 1UU 8.88 7 59.259 53.110 6.763 .000 .000 .000

1<>UU 8.935 60.034 53.655 7.655 . 000 .000 .000 1600 8.978 60.751 54.174 8.550 .000 .000 . oou

1 4 U U 9.012 61.417 54.668 9.450 .000 .000 .000

150 0 9.089 62.040 55.139 10.352 .000 .000 .000

160 0 9 . U74 62.625 55.598 11.258 .000 .000 .000 1700 9.101 63.176 56.019 12.167 .000 . 000 .000

1 bOU 9 . 12b 63.697 56.431 13.078 .000 . 000 .000 1900 9.189 64.191 5o.826 13.992 .000 .000 . 000 ^OOU 9.178 64 • 661 57.207 14.908 .non .000 .000 2100 9.195 65.109 57.572 15.827 .000 .oou .000 2200 9.213 65.537 57.925 16.747 .000 .000 .000 2300 9.234 65.947 58.265 17.669 . 000 .000 . 000 2400 9.255 66.340 53.593 18.594 . 000 .000 .000 2500 9.272 66.713 59.910 19.520 . 000 .000 .000 2600 9 . 2yu 67.082 59.218 20.449 .000 .000 .000 2700 9.303 67.433 59.516 21 . 373 . nno .000 .000 260 0 9 . 32b 67.772 59.804 22.310 .000 .000 .000 29U0 9.343 63.100 60.085 23.243 .000 .000 . 000

3 0 0 U 9 • 3 b 0 69.417 60.357 24.178 .000 .000 .000

3100 9.377 58.724 60.622 25.115 .000 .000 .000 32U0 9.394 69.022 bO .880 26.054 .000 .000 .000 3300 9.411 69.311 61.131 26.994 .000 .000 .000 3400 9.487 69.592 61.376 27.936 .000 .000 .oou 3bU0 9.444 69.866 61.615 28.879 .000 .000 .000

360 0 9 . 46U 70 .132 61.848 29.825 . 000 .000 . 000 3700 9 . 47b 70.392 62.075 30.771 .000 . 000 .oou

360 0 9.492 70.645 62.297 31 . 720 .000 .000 .oou 3900 9.508 70.991 62.514 32.670 .000 .000 .000 4000 9.52 4 71.132 62.727 33.621 .000 .000 .000

4 1 0 U 9. 54 J 71 . 368 62.935 34.575 .000 .000 . 000 420 U 9 • 55o 71.598 53.138 35.529 .oon .000 .000

4 30 U 9.571 71.823 63.330 36.406 . 000 .000 . oou 4400 9.587 72.043 o3 . 533 37.444 .000 .000 .000 4600 9.603 72.259 63.725 38.403 .000 .000 .000

460 U 9. bio 72.470 63.912 39.364 . 000 .000 .000 4700 9.634 72.577 64.097 40 . 327 • non .000 . OOU 4b0u 9.649 72.980 64.278 41.291 . 000 .000 .000 4900 9 . bbl) 73.079 64 . 455 42.257 .000 .oou .000

60 U U 9.680 73.274 64.630 43.224 .000 .000 .000

610 0 9.696 73.466 64.801 44.193 .000 . 000 .000 6200 9.711 73.655 b4 • 969 45.163 .000 .oou .000

630 U 9.727 73.840 65.135 46.135 .000 .oou . oou 6400 9 . 74d 74 .022 65.298 47.109 .000 .000 .000 660 0 9.757 74.201 65.450 4 8 . 08-4 .000 .000 .OOU

60U 0 9.773 74.377 65.616 49.050 .000 .oou . 000

670 0 9.788 74.850 65 . 77 ) 50.038 .000 .000 . OOU 6bU 0 9 . 8U3 74.720 65.924 51.010 .000 .000 .000 690 0 9.819 74.988 66.074 51.999 .000 .000 .000 6000 9.834 75.053 66.223 52.901 .000 .000 . 000

July 31, 1972

275
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE DIMER (H^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 40.013

S° , . = 57.08 ± 1 cal K

_1mol

_1 AHf ° = -135.4 ± 0.8 kcal mol

~ 1 29 o.Ij U Ground State Quantum Weight = 1 AHf°gg = -136.87 + 0.8 kcal mol

^

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

ui, cm

[4000] (1) [3400] (1)

[ 1200 ] ( 2 )

I 720] (1)

[ 350] (1) Bond Distance: F-F = 2.78 A Bond Angle: F ••• F-H = 108° a = 2 Product of the Moments of Inertia: III = 20.241 x 10 g

^ cm

^ A D l Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 2 HF(g) H^F^Cg) was taken as the mean of the third law values which were obtained from the following equilibrium data. G. Briegleb and W. Strohmeieff Z. Elektrochem. 57_, 668 (1953) measured the vapor density

of associated HF(g) between 26 to 56°C and between 30 and 700 torr. E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem. 63 , 571 (1959) measured heat capacity between -20 and 100°C and between 100 and 700 torr. Their second law values differed by 1.2 kcal; and using the molecular constants discussed below gave respectively mean third law values which differed by 0.34 kcal, a 0.14 kcal temperature trend for Briegleb and Strohmeier, and a 0.02 kcal temperature

trend for Franck and Meyer. The AHf® of H F (g) was calculated by using AHf® = -65.14 kcal for HF(g).

L 7 O . X J Z Z L 7 O . 1 J Heat Capacity and Entropy

The product of the moments of inertia was calculated from I., 1/2 (I- + I~) , F-F distance, and F ••• F-H angle

A d L which were given by T. R. Dyke, B. J. Howard, and W. Klemperer, J. Chem. Phys . _56, 2442 (1972). They also gave a. Reliable experimental values of the vibrational frequencies of H^F2(g) are not available. The estimated frequencies

are similar to those used for the higher polymers which were obtained from data on HF solid. The infrared absorption

bands observed in the vapor (350 to 400 cm \ 700 to 800 cm \ and 1000-1200 cm ^ regions) are largely due to the higher polymers, such as the tetramer and hexamer. Calculated values (610, 443, and 144 cm ^) were obtained from force constants given in a paper on theory of molecular interactions of the HF polymers by J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. J3J3, 2296 (1971). The potential energy surface computed for the dimer suggests very anharmonic

low frequency motions for the external hydrogen (estimated at 600 ± 200 cm ^) and for the hydrogen bond stretching

mode.

276
Hydrogen Fluoride Dimer (H^)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 40,013

gibbs/mol kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S°

u . ouu .000 1UU 6.287 46.942

?00 9.5U7 53.055

?9b 10.725 57.079

J.00 10.747 57.145

400 1 1.879 60 . 396

5UU 12.795 63.150

60 U 13.512 65.548

700 14.090 67.676

you 14.579 69.590

900 15.011 71.333

1UU0 15.404 72.935

1100 15.763 74.420

1?UU 16.093 75.306

liUU 1 6 • 39o 77.106

1400 16.673 78.332

1600 1 6 . 92o 79.491

1 60 U 17.155 80.591

1 70 U 17.364 81.637

1800 17.553 82.635

19UU 17.724 83.539

2000 17.880 84.502

2 1 U 0 18.U2U 35.378

2 2 U 0 16.14b 86.219

2 3 0 U 15.265 87.023

2400 15.371 37.808

2 80 U 18.467 38.560

2oUU 1 8 • 55o 89.286

2 700 13.63c. 89.988

2600 13.710 90 . 667 2900 IB. 778 91 . 325

3 U 0 0 13.840 91.962

3100 13.898 92.581

32 0 U 18.951 93.182

3300 1 9 . 0 0 0 93.766

3400 19.045 94.334

3600 19.087 94.886

3600 19.12b 95.425

3 70 U 19.162 95.949

3800 19.196 96.461

3900 19.227 96.960

4000 19.257 97.447

4 1 0 U 19.264 97.923

4200 19.310 98.383

43UU 14.334 98.342

4400 19.36o 99.237

4600 19.37b 99.722

46UU 19.39b 100.143

47U0 19.417 100 . 566 4600 19.434 100.975

4900 19.451 101 . 376 6UUU 19.467 101.769

8 1 0 U 19.482 102.154

82UU 19.49b 102.533

8300 19.509 102.904

84 0 0 19.522 103.269

8500 19.534 103.627

8bU U 19.546 103.979

8700 19. 55b 104.325

5800 19.567 104.666

5900 19.577 105.000

60 0 U 19.58b 105. 329

—(G°“ H°298)/T H°— H°2®8

I NFINI TE -2.683

65*76? -1.832

58.020 -.993 57.079 .000 57.079 . 020 57.515 1 . 153 58.373 2.333 59.373 3.705 60.410 5.036

61.440 6.520 62.444 8.000 63.414 9.521

64 . 348 1 1 .080 65.246 12.673 66.108 14.297 66.938 15.951 67.737 17.631 68.506 19.335 69.248 21 . 062 69.964 22.807

70.656 24.571 71.326 26.352

71 .974 28. 147 72.603 29.955

73.213 31 . 776 73.805 33.608

74 . 380 35.450 74.939 37.301 75.484 39.161 76.014 41.028

76.531 42 . 903 77.034 44 . 794 77.526 46.671 78.006 48.563

73.475 50.461 78.933 52.363

79.331 54.269

79.819 56.180 80.248 58.095

80. 608 60.012 81.079 61.934

81.432 63.358

31 .877 65.735

82.265 67.715

82.645 69.647 83.018 71.581 83.385 73.518 83.745 75.457

84 .099 77.397

84 .1+4.5 79.340 64.767 31 .234 85.123 83.230 85.453 85.178

85.778 87.127

9e>. 097 89.077

86.412 91.023

86.722 92.981 87.027 94.935

87.327 96.390 87.623 98.346

87.915 100.804 88.202 102.762

July 31, 1972

AHf AGr

-135.420 -135.420

-136.031 -134.251 -136.486 -132.286

-136.370 -130.140 -136.877 -130 .099 -137.207 -127.787

-137.475 -125.401 -137.688 -122.965

-137.857 -120.497

-137.990 -118.008

-136.094 -115.503

-138.171 -112.990 -138.223 -110.467

-138.256 -107.943

-138.271 -105.416

-138.271 -1 02.890 -138.259 -100.361 -133.239 -97.837 -133.208 -95.311 -138.171 -92.789 -138.127 -90.269 -138.077 -87.751 -138.025 -85.237

-137.969 -82 . 724 -137.909 -80.214 -137.949 -77.707 -137.788 -75.205 -137.725 -72.701 -137.662 -70.202 -137.600 -67.706 -137.536 -65.206

-137.474 -62.715

-137.412 -60 . 225 -137.353 -57.736 -137.294 -55.249 -137.237 -52.766

-137.183 -50.278

-137.131 -47.799

-137.081 -45.314 -137.035 -42.835

-136.991 -40 . 359 -136.950 -37.881 -136.913 -35.403

-136.878 -32.927 -136.848 -30.454

-136.821 -27.982 -136.797 -25.508

-136.776 -23.933

-136.761 -20.561 -136.747 -18.089

-136.738 -15.617

-1 35 .*732 -13.150

-136.730 -10.675

-136.731 -8.202 -136.737 -5.728 -136.743 -3.260 -136.761 -.736 -136.778 1 .685 -136.799 4.160 -136.825 6.629 -135.853 9.105 -136.885 11.577

Log Kp

INFINITE 293.405

144.555

9b. 395 94.777

09.620 54.812

44 . 790 37.621 32.238 28.048

24.694 21.948

19.659

17.722

lo. 062 14.623

13.364 12.253 11.266

1U.363 9.589

8.871 8.216

7.o22 7.076 6.574

o.lll 5.662

3

.

2 bb 4.914

4 • 5b9 4.246

3.943

3.659

3.392

3.140

2.902

2.677

2.464

2.262

2.070

1.687 1.713

1.548

1.390 1.239

1 .094 .956

. b24 .697 .575

.457

. 345 .236

.132

. 031

“ • 066 -.159

-.250 -.337

-.422

277
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CYCLIC TRIMER (H^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 60.019

Point Group C^ AHEq = - 3 Real mol

S 298 15

= 68-9 Cal K_1 mo1 _1 AHf 298 15= 210a ± 3 kcal mo1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

m, cm

[202] (3) [962 ] (3) [552 ] (3) [3060 ] (3) Bond Distance: [F-F = 2.5 A] a = 3 Product of the Moments of Inertia: 1,1,. I- = 2.238 x 10 339

g

3

cm

8 A ii U

Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 3HF(g) H^F^(g) was taken as the mean of third law values which were determined from the equilibrium data of two investigations. Briegleb and Stohmeier (1) measured the vapor density of HF between 20 and 60°C and between 50 and 650 torr. Franck and Meyer (2) measured C between -20 and 100°C and between 100 and

700 torr. Each investigation evaluated K at n = 2, 3, 4, ... for the reactions n(HF) (HF) and reported second

P ti law values of AH and AS. At ii = 3 their second law values differed by 2.7 kcal, which was taken as an estimate of error, while the third law values differed by 0.20 kcal. Using AH° Q = -14.69 kcal mol and Aif° QQ (HF,g) = -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol gives the heat of formation of H^F^(g)

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The molecular structure of H^F^ was assumed as planar with the F-atoms forming the vertices of a regular

triangle and with the H atoms also lying on the circumscribed circle. That rings are more stable than open chains was confirmed by Del Bene and Pople's (3) theoretical molecular-orbital studies on KF polymers. The length of side (F-F axis) was taken from Atoji and Lipscomb’s (4) x-ray studies of solid HF (F-F = 2.49 A) and agrees with

2.52 A which Janzen and Bartell (5) determined for HF gaseous polymers by electron diffraction. Vibrational

frequencies were taken from Kittelberger and Hornig^s (.6) work on crystalline HF. Huong and Couzi (7) and Smith (8) have made spectral studies of the gas phase in the range from 350 to 4000 cm.

^

References

1. G. Briegleb and W, Strohmeier, Z. Elektrochem. 56^, 668 (1953).

2. E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem. 63^, 571 (1959).

3. J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys . 55, 2296 (1971).

4. N. Atoji and W. N. Lipscomb, Acta Crysta. J7, 173 (1954).

5. J. Janzen and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. ^50, 3611 (1969).

6. J. S. Kittelberger and D. F. Hornig, J. Chem. Phys. 46., 3099 (1967).

7. P. V. Huong and M. Couzi, J. Chim. Phys. 6>6, 1309 (1969).

8. D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 1040 (1958); ibid 48, 1429 (1968).

278
¥3 Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Trimer (H3

F3

)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 60,019

ft n ft jft

T, °K Cp° s° (G° — H°298)/T H° — H°2©8 AHF agf Log Kp

0 • OOU .000 INFINITE -3.854 -207.765 -207.765 INFINITE

10 0 11 . lt>4 53.298 82.875 -2.958 -208.986 -204.605 447.163

200 lb. 037 62.298 70 .48? -1.637 -209.681 -199.924 2 1 B • 4d6

290 13.123 69.916 68.916 .000 -210 . 110 -195.036 142.965

30 0 19.177 69.028 68.916 .034 -210 . 117 -194.942 142.015

400 20.395 74.531 69.656 1 . 969 -210.376 -189. e41 1U3. 724

bOU 21 .951 79.306 71.127 4.090 -210.510 -184.690 80.728

600 23. Ob5 33.409 72.840 6.342 -210.553 -179.521 65.390

700 23.973 87.035 74.614 B. 695 -210.525 -174.349 54.434

BUU 2 4 • 7 b b 90.288 76.373 11.132 -210.438 -169.1 87 4b.2?0

900 25.449 93.245 78.086 13.643 -210.303 -164.038 39.834

1000 25.071 95.959 79.739 16.219 -210.124 -158.90b 34.729

1100 26.529 98.470 81 . 330 18.855 -209.905 -153.795 bU • 5b6

1 20 U 27.127 100.809 82.856 21.543 -209.655 -148.706 27.083

1300 27.571 102.998 84 . 323 24.278 -209.379 -143.637 24.148

1400 27 . 9bb 105.056 85.731 27.056 -209.082 -138.593 21.635

1600 29.31b 106.998 87.084 29.870 -208.770 -133.566 19.460

1600 28.623 108.835 88.387 32.717 -208.449 -128.564 1 7 • 5bl

1 70.0 28.899 110.57Q 89.642 35 . 5°4 -208. 11

6

-123.580 15.887

1300 29.145 112.238 90.851 38.496 -207.776 -119.617 14.402

1 90 U 29.361 113.820 92.019 41.422 -207.430 -113.673 13.075

20 0 0 29.554 115.331 93.147 44.367 -207.081 -108.747 Ha 8o3

2100 29.727 116.777 94.238 47.332 -206.731 -103.840 1U.607

22UU 29.862 118.163 95.294 50.312 -206.379 -98. Q49 9.830

2500 30.021 119.495 96.318 53.306 -206.025 - 94.073 8.939

2400 50 .147 120 . 775 97.310 56.316 -205.674 -89.214 0.124

2500 30.260 122.003 98.274 59.337 -205. 3?5 -84.372 7.376

260 0 3 0 • 3 6 2 123.197 99.2U9 62.368 -204.976 -79.538 u • 6B6 2700 50.455 124.345 100. 11° 65.409 -204.631 -74.721 o. U4B

2300 50.559 125.454 101.004 68.458 -204.289 -69.917 5.457

290U 50.613 126.527 101.866 71.516 -203.947 -65.118 4.907

3000 50.687 127.566 102.705 74.581 -203.611 -60.339 4.396

3100 50 . 751 128.573 103.524 77.653 -203.276 -55.571 3.918

5200 30.810 129.550 104.322 80 . 732 -202.947 -50.811 3.470

3300 50.863 130.499 105.101 83.815 -202.622 -46.062 3.051

340U 30.915 131 .422 105.861 86.904 -202.301 -41.326 2 • bb6

3500 30.9bl 132.319 106.605 89.998 -201.985 -36.590 2.285

3600 51 .004 133.191 107.331 93.096 -201.675 -31.873 1.935

3700 51 .045 134.041 108.042 96.1°9 -201.370 -27.155 1.604

3b 0 0 31.060 134.870 108.737 99.305 -201.071 -22.450 1.291

5900 51.114 135.677 109.417 102.415 -200.778 -17.758 .996 4000 51.14a 136.465 110.084 105.528 -200.489 -13.067 .714 4100 51.173 137.235 110.736 108.644 -200.208 -8.383 .447 4200 51 .204 137.997 111 .376 111.763 -199.932 -3.706 .193 4300 51 . 230 138.721 112.004 114.885 -199.663 .960 -.049

4400 51 .254 139.439 112.619 118.009 -199.399 5.520 -.279

4bOU 51.277 140.142 113.223 121.135 -199. 142 10.977 -.499

4600 51 .291-, 140.830 113.816 124.254 -19B. 890 14.931 -.709

4 70 U 51 . 31c> 141.503 114.398 127.395 -198.647 19.677 -.910

4600 31 . 357 142.16? 114.969 130.528 -198.408 24 . ? 16 -1.103

4900 31 . 3bb 142 . 809 115.531 133.662 -198.176 28.852 -1.287

60 0 0 51.372 143.442 116.083 136.799 -197.949 33.47b -1 . 4b3

6100 51 . 388 144 . 064 lib. 625 139.°37 -197.730 38.107 -1.633

b2 0 U 51 . 4U5 144.673 117.159 143.076 -197.516 42.732 -1.796

-j500 51.417 145.27? 117.684 146.217 -197.309 47.853 -1.953

b4 0 0 31.430 145.859 118.200 149. 36U -197.109 51

•

Q o2 -2.103

bbOO 31.443 146.436 118.708 152.503 -196.915 56.575 -2.248

bbOO 51 . 455 147.003 119.208 155. 64B -195.726 61.181 -2.388

b 700 51.467 147.560 119.701 158.794 -196. 544 65.787 -2.522

bbOO 51 .478 148.107 120. 186 161.941 -196.370 70.381 -d • 652

b90 0 51.456 148.645 120 . 664 165.090 -196.201 74 . QB4 -2.7/8

6000 51.49b 149.1 74 121.135 168.239 -196.036 79.574 -2.898

July 31, 1972

279
NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE (NF^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 71.0019

Point Group C

3v

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

-30.20 kcal mol

-1

AHf 298 -31.57 ±0.27 kcal mol

-1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

Bond Distance: N-F = 1.371A

Product of the Moments of Inertia:

1032 (1) 642 (1) 905 (2) 493 (2) Bond Angle: F-N-F 102°9 ' -115 3 8.8543 x 10 g

Heat of Formation

The adopted enthalpy of formation is the mean of values calculated from the reaction processes listed below, and weighted inversely as the squares of the standard deviations. Auxiliary enthalpies of formation were taken from NBS TN 270-3, or from simultaneous adjustment of several interconnecting pieces of data leading to values tabulated in JANAF tables, 1968 and later. Also given below are the references, individual and averaged measured

values of enthalpies of reaction and their uncertainties (2S), the value of enthalpy of formation calculated from

each process and its uncertainty, and the weighted mean.

Reaction

ffl v (selected) kcal mol

^ AHf°[NF

3

] kcal mol

-1

A NF

3 (g) + 3/2 H

2 (g) = 3HF (aq, 50H

20) + 1/2 N2 (g) -199.42 ± 0.22 -30.92 + 1.72

(1) -196.3 ± 64; (2) -199.49 ± 0.22; (3) we derive -196.23 + 0.77

B S ( c , rh ) + 2 NF

3

(g) = SF

6 (g) + N

2 (g) -291.79 + 0.24 -31.77 + 0.33

(4) C NF

3 (g) * 0 1/2 N2 (g) + 3/2 F2 (g) 31.44 + 0.3 -31.44 + 0.3

(5) D 8 NF

3 (g) + 3 C

2N2 (g) = 6 CF4

(g) + 7 N

2 (g) -1308.8 + 1.3 -31.4 + 4.4

(6) E B(c) + NF (g) = BF (g) + 1/2 N (g) -239.7 + 1.2 -31.7 + 1.6

(7) F NF

3 (g) + 4 NH

3 (g) = 3 NH

4 F(c) + N

2 (g) -259.5 + 1.0 -29.0' + 3.0

Weighted mean -31.57 + 0.27 References

i. G. T. Armstrong, S. Marantz , and C. F. Coyle, J, Am. Chem. Soc . J31, 3798 (1959)

2. G. C. Sinke, J. Chem. Eng. Data 10, 295-296 (1965).

3. A, N. Zercheninov, V. I. Chesnokov, and A. V. Parkratov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 43, 390-393 (1969)

4. L. C. Walker, J. Phys . Chem . 71, 361-363 (1967).

5. G. C. Sinke, J. Phys. Chem. 71, 359-360 (1967).

6. L. C. Walker, Unpublished data, See NF^, JANAF tables, June 30, 1968.

7. J. R. Ludwig and W. J. Cooper, J. Chem. Eng. Data j$, 76 (1963).

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants are taken from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition, June, 1971

(U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402).

280
Nitrogen Tri fluoride CNF3) F3N

(Ideal Gas) GR^ = 71 , 0019

—gibbs/mol kcai/mol

T, °K Cp° S° -(G°-H°29S)/T H°— H°288 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2.830 -30.200 -30.200 infinite

100 8.132 51.550 71.875 -2.032 -30.792 -27.934 61.050

200 10.211 57.729 63.374 -1.129 -31.287 -24.870 27.177

298 12.744 62.289 62.288 .000 -31.570 -21.653 15.872

300 12.787 62.367 62.288 .024 -31.574 -21.592 16.730

400 14.776 66.334 62.815 1.408 -31.692 -18.243 9.967

500 16. 143 69.789 63.872 2.958 -31.699 -14.878 0 . 50 3 600 17.068 72.818 65.116 4.621 -31.637 -11.518 4.196

700 17.704 75.500 66.412 6.362 -31.532 -8.174 2.552

800 18.155 77.895 67.700 8.156 -31.401 -4.845 1.324

900 18.482 80.054 68.955 9.989 -31.256 -1.534 .372

1000 18.727 82.014 70.164 11.850 -31.102 1.759 -.384

1100 18.913 83.809 71 .324 13.732 -30.941 5.040 -1.001

1200 19.058 85.46b 72.434 15.631 -30.780 8.302 -1.512

1300 19.173 86.990 73.496 17.543 -30.617 11.553 -1.942

1400 19.265 88.415 74.511 19.465 -30.455 14.786 -2.309

1500 19.341 89.746 75.483 21.395 -30.292 18.016 -2.625

1600 19.403 90.997 76.414 23.333 -30.132 21.232 -2.900

1700 19.455 92.175 77.307 25.276 -29.974 24.438 -3.142

1800 19.499 93.288 78.164 27.223 -29.817 27.634 -3.355

1900 19.536 94.343 78.988 29.175 -29.663 30.822 -3.545

2000 19.566 95.346 79.781 31.130 -29.511 34.002 -5.716

2100 19.596 96.302 80.545 33.089 -29.362 37.172 -3.8e9

2200 19.620 97.214 81.282 35.050 -29.214 40.337 -4.007

2300 19.641 98.086 81.994 37.013 -29.068 43.496 -4.133

2400 19.660 98.923 82.682 38.978 -28.926 46 « 646 -4.248

2500 19.676 99.726 83.348 40.945 -28.786 49.791 -4.353

2600 19.691 100.498 83.993 42.913 -28.648 52.932 -4.449

2700 19.704 101.241 84.618 44.883 -28.513 56.067 -4.538

2800 19.715 101.959 85.224 46.854 -28.380 59.197 -4.621

2900 19.726 102.650 85.813 48.826 -28.249 62.326 -4.697

3000 19.735 103.319 86.386 50.799 -28.121 65.447 -4.768

3100 19.744 103.966 86.943 52.773 -27.995 68.562 -4.834

3200 19.752 104.593 87.464 54.748 -27.873 71.674 -4.895

3300 19.759 105.201 88.012 56.723 -27.752 74.782 -4.963

3400 19.765 105.791 88.526 58.699 -27.634 77.887 -5.007

3500 19.771 106.364 89.028 60.676 -27.518 80.991 -5.057

3600 19.777 106.921 89.517 62.654 -27.406 84.087 -5.105

3700 19.782 107.463 89.995 64.632 -27.294 87.188 -5.150

3800 19.766 107.991 90.462 66.610 -27.187 90.280 -5.192

3900 19.791 108.505 90.918 68.589 -27.082 93.366 -5.232

4000 19.795 109.006 91.364 70.568 -26.978 96.453 -5.270

4100 19.798 109.494 91.800 72.548 -26.879 99.541 -5.306

4200 19.802 109.972 92.227 74.528 -26.780 102.624 -5.340

4300 19.805 110.439 92.645 76.508 -26.685 105.703 -5.372

4400 19.808 110.893 93.055 78.489 -26.592 108.778 -5.403

4500 19.811 111.338 93.456 80.470 -26.501 111.857 -5.433

4600 19.813 111.774 93.849 82.451 -26.413 114.931 -5.460

4700 19.816 112.200 94.235 84.432 -26.328 113.001 -5.487

4800 19.818 112.617 94.614 86.414 -26.245 121.072 -5.513

4900 19.820 113.026 94.936 88.396 -26.165 124.137 -5.537

5000 19.822 113.426 95.350 90.378 -26.087 127.203 -5.560

5100 19.824 113.819 95.709 92.361 -26.012 130.266 -5.582

5200 19.826 114.204 96 • 0 ol 94.343 -25.939 133.337 -5.604

5300 19.828 114.581 96.407 96.326 -25.869 136.397 -5.624

5400 19.829 114.952 96.747 98.309 -25.802 139.457 -5.644

5500 19.831 115.316 97.081 100.292 -25.738 142.520 -5.663

5600 19.832 115.673 97.410 102.275 -25.675 145.579 -5.681

5700 19.834 116.024 97.733 104.258 -25.615 148.636 -5.699

5800 19.835 116.369 98.052 106.242 -25.558 151.689 -j.716

5900 19.836 116.708 98.365 108.225 -25.504 154.746 -5.732

6000 19.837 117.042 98.673 110.209 -25.451 157.801 -5.748

July 31, 1972

281
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CYCLIC TETRAMER (H^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 80.025

Point Group C^

S 298 15

= 83-4 Cal K_1 mo1 _1

fflf 0 = _280 -° ± 5 kcal mo1

_1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1 Aif'^g ^

= -282.9 ± 5 kcal mol

3

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

m , cm

[202] (4)

[ 53] (2) [962] (4) [552 ] (4) [3060] (4) Bond Distance: [F-F = 2.5 A) a = 4 Product of the Moments of Inertia: = 1.7903 x 10 g

^ cm

^

Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 4 HF(g) -+ H^F^(g) was taken as the mean of third law values which were determined from the equilibrium data of two investigations. Briegleb and Strohmeier (1) measured the vapor density of the associated

HF between 20 and 60°C and between 50 and 650 torr. Franck and Meyer (2) measured between -20 and 100°C and between 100 and 700 torr. Each investigation evaluated at n = 2, 3, 4, ... for the reactions n(HF) (HF)^ and reported second law values of AH and AS. At n a 4 their second law values differed by 4.2 kcal, which was taken

as an estimate of error, while the calculated third law values differed by 1.5 kcal. Using AH°^g = -22.38 kcal mol

1

and AHf°gg (HF,g) = -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol

1 gives the heat of formation of H^F^(g).

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The molecular structure of H^F^ was assumed as planar with the F atoms forming the vertices of a regular tetragon and with the H atoms also lying in the circumscribed circle. That rings are more stable than open chains was confirmed by Del Bene and Pople's (3) theoretical molecular-orbital studies on HF polymers. The length of side

(F-F axis) was taken from Atoji and Lipscomb's (4) x-iay studies of solid HF (F-F - 2.49 A) and agrees with the 2.52 A which Janzen and Bartell (5) determined for the gaseous polymers by electron diffraction. The low F-ber.ding frequency (53 cm was taken from Boutin, Safford, and Brajovic's (6) work. The other vibrational frequencies were taken from Kittelberger and Hornig's (7) work on crystalline HF. Huong and Couzi (8) and Smith (9) have made

-1 spectral studies of the gas phase in the range from 350 to 4000 cm

References

1. G. Briegleb and W. Strohmeier, Z. Elektrochem. 52, 668 (1953).

2. E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem. j!3, 571 (1959).

3. J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys . 55 , 2296 (1971).

4. M. Atoji and W. N. Lipscomb, Acta Crysta. ]_, 173 (1954).

5. J. Janzen and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. _50, 3611 (1969).

6. H. Boutin, G. J. Safford, and V. Brajovic, J. Chem. Phys. 39^» 3135 (1963).

7. J. S. Kittelberger and D. F. Hornig, J. Chem. Phys. ^6, 3099 (1967).

8. P. V. Huong and M. Couzi, J. Chim. Phys. 6^6, 1309 (1969).

9. D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 1040 (1958); ibid, 48, 1429 (1968).

282
Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Tetramer (H^)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 80,025

gibbs/mol kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G°— H°298)/T H°— H°2»8 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 . OOu .000 INFINITE -5.339 -280.063 -280.063 INFINITE

1UU 16.024 61 . 248 103.184 -4.194 -281.692 -274.868 600.723

2UU 21 .39b 74 . 096 85.642 -2.309 -282.495 -267,692 292.520

2b.474 83.436 83.436 .000 -282.940 -260.321 190. b20

bUU 2b. 540 83.594 83.436 .047 -282.947 -260.181 189.542

4 U U 28.504 91 . 373 84.477 2.759 -283.161 -252.554 137.989

bUU 50.55:3 97.968 86.533 5.718 -283.208 -244.894 107.043

oUU 52 • 0b9 103.679 88.925 8.852 -283.134 -237. ?38 88.414

7U0 53.284 108.716 91.400 12.122 -282.964 -229.599 71.664

BUU 54 . 32b 113.230 93.851 15.503 -232.717 -221.992 ol) . 645

9UU 35.254 117.328 96.235 18.983 -282.405 -214.419 52.068

1UUU 56.064 121.066 98.535 22.551 -282.033 -206.887 45.215

null 3b.B2b 124.561 100.745 26.197 -281.609 -199.789 39 • bl

5

12UIJ 37.445 127.794 102.866 29.914 -281.144 -191.937 34.956

1 bUU 38.08b 130.819 104.901 33.694 -280.642 -184.522 31.021

1 4 U U 38.611 133.661 106.855 37.529 -280.115 -177.150 27.654

lbUO 39.077 136.341 108.732 41.414 -279.566 -169.811 24.741

loUU 59.490 138.877 110.538 45.34? -279.006 -162.514 22. 198

1 7UU 59.857 141 .282 112.276 49.310 -273.430 -155.248 19.956

1 BU U 40 .182 143.570 113.952 53.312 -277.844 -148.020 17.972

19UU 40.472 145.750 115.569 57.345 -277.251 -140.523 lb. 198 2UUU 40 . 730 147.833 117.130 61.406 -276.652 -133.658 14.6U5

2 1 U U 40 .9bl 149.826 118.640 65.49Q -276.054 -126.525 13. Ib8

22UU 41.167 151 . 736 120 .101 69.597 -275.451 -119.418 11 .8o3

2 bU U 41 .353 153.570 121.517 73 • 7?3 -274.347 -112.738 10 . 675

24UU 41 .520 155.334 122.839 77.867 -274.247 -105.286 9.588

2bU 0 41.671 157.03? 124.221 82,027 -273.649 -98.264 8.590

2bU U 4 1 . 8 o 7 158.669 125.515 86.201 -273.051 -91.256 7.671 27UU 41 .931 160 . 249 126.772 90 . 358 -272.458 -84.276 b.822

2 BUU 42.044 161 . 776 127.995 94.586 -271.870 -77.320 O.035

2 9 U 0 42. 146 163.253 129.186 98.796 -271.282 -70.373 5.303

bUOU 42 .240 164.684 130.345 103.015 -270.701 -63.459 4.623

blUU 42.32:> 166.070 131 .475 107.244 -270.122 -56 . 563 3.988

32 U U 42.40= 167.415 132.578 111.480 -269.552 -49.683 3.393

bbUU 42.477 168.721 133.653 115.725 -268.985 -42.820 2.836

b 4 U U 42.544 169.990 134.703 119.976 -268.424 -35.081 8.313

bbU U 42.606 171.224 135.729 124.233 -267.871 -29.144 1.820

bbUU 42 . 6o3 172.425 136.732 128.497 -267.325 -22.336 1.356

b / uu +2.71o 173.595 137.712 132.766 -266.786 -15.531 .917 bBOU 4 2 . 7ob 174.735 138.672 137.040 -266.254 -8.747 . 5U3

b'4 U U 42.811 175.346 139.611 141.319 -265.731 -1.984 .111 4UUU 42.853 176.931 140.530 145.602 -265.214 4 . 775 -.261

41 UO 42.895 177.989 141.431 149.889 -264.707 11.521 - .614 42UU 42.950 179.023 142.314 154.180 -264.206 18.255 -.950

4bUU 42 • 9o4 180 . 034 143.179 158.475 -263.715 24.970 -1 .2o9

4 4 U U 42.997 131.022 144. 02R 162.773 -263.231 31.674 -1.573

4bUU 45.02 / 181.989 144.861 167.074 -262.756 38.572 -1.664

4oU U 45.055 182.935 145.679 171 . 378 -262.288 45.063 -8.141

4 7UU 43.062 183.861 146.481 175.685 -261 . 831 51.739 -8 .406

4 BUU 4 3.101! 184.768 147.259 179.995 -261.379 58.405 -8 . 659

49UU 43.131 185.657 143.044 194.307 -260.937 65.063 -8.902

bUUU 43.154 186.529 148.805 188.621 -260.503 71.702 -3.134

blUU 43. 17b 187.384 149.553 192.937 -260.079 78.349 -3.357

b2UU 43.195 188.222 150.288 1 97.256 -259.660 84 . 984 -3.572

bbUU 43.214 199.045 151.012 201.576 -259.252 91.612 -3.778

b4U U 43.232 189.853 151.724 205 . 899 -258.853 98.221 -3.975

bbUU 43.249 190.647 152.424 210.223 -253.461 104.532 -4.1 66 bbUU 43.265 191 . 4?6 153.114 214.549 -259.077 111.433 -4.349

b/UU 43 . 26

U

192.192 153.793 218.976 -257.702 118.030 -4.526

bBUU 43.29b 192.945 154.461 223.205 -257.337 124.611 -4 . 695

b9UU 43. 309 193.685 155. 120 227.535 -256.979 131.199 -4 . 8b0 oUUU 43. 322 194.413 155.769 231.866 -256.628 137.770 -5.018

July 31, 1972

283
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CYCLIC PENTAMER (H^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 100.032

Point Group C,. Mfg = '352.6 ± 6 kcal mol

S 298 15

= 97-6 Cal K_1 mo1 _1 AHf 298 15

= " 356 -° 1 6 kcal mo1

_1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

u) , cm

[202] (5)

[ 53] (A)

[962] (5) [552] (5) [3060] (5) Bond Distance: [F-F = 2.5 A] a = 5 Product of the Moments of Inertia: III = 1.0598 x 10 g

9 cm

^ A U L» Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 5 HF(g) - H^F^(g) was taken as the mean of third law values which were determined from the equilibrium data of two investigations. Briegleb and Strohmeier (1) measured the vapor density of the associated HF between 20 and 60°C and between 50 and 650 torr. Franck and Meyer (2) measured between -20 and 100°C and between

100 and 700 torr. Each investigation evaluated at n = 2, 3, 4, ... for the reactions n(HF) -* (HF)^ and reported second law values of AH and AS. At n = 5 their second law values differed by 5.2 kcal, which was taken as an estimate

of error, while the calculated third law values differed by 3.1 kcal. Using AH° = -30.35 kcal mol ^ and ZHf® Q (HF,g)

^ ZjO 470

= -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol gives the heat of formation of H^F^(g)

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The molecular structure of H,.F,_ was assumed as planar with the F atoms forming the vertices of a regular pentagon and with the H atoms also lying on the circumscribed circle. That rings are more stable than open chains was confirmed by Del Bene and Pople's (3) theoretical molecular-orbital studies on HF polymers. The length of side

(F-F axis) was taken from Atoji and Lipscomb's (4) x-ray studies of solid HF (F-F = 2.49 A) and agrees with the 2.52 A which Janzen and Bartell (5) determined for HF gaseous polymers by electron diffraction. The low F-bending frequency

(53 cm was taken from Boutin, Safford, and Brajovic's (6) work. The other vibrational frequencies were taken

from Kittelberger and Hornig's (7) work on crystalline HF. Huong and Couzi (8) and Smith (9) have made spectral

studies of the gas phase in the range from 350 to 4000 cm

References

1. G. Briegleb and W. Strohmeier, Z. Elektrochem. j>7 , 668 (1953).

2. E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem. 6_3, 571 (1959).

3. J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys . _55, 2296 (1971).

4. M. Atoji and W. N. Lipscomb, Acta Crysta. ]_> 173 (1954).

5. J. Janzen and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. _50, 3611 (1969).

6. H. Boutin, G. J. Safford, and V. Brajovic, J. Chem. Phys. J9, 3135 (1963).

7. J. S. Kittelberger and D. F. Hornig, J. Chem. Phys. 4_6, 3099 (1967).

8. P. V. Huong and M. Couzi, J. Chim. Phys. j)6, 1309 (1969).

9. D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 1040 (1958); ibid, 48, 1429 (1968).

284
Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Pentamer (HrFc)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 100.032

gibbs/mol kcal/mo!

T, °K Cp° s° -(G° —H°298)/T H°— H°2»8 AHr Acr Log Kp

0 • ooo .000 INFINITE -6.924 -352.641 -352.641 infinite

10U 20.863 68.836 123.129 -5.429 -354.677 -345.375 734.815

2UU 27.699 85.530 100.440 -2.932 -355.589 -335.667 3od .800 298 32.820 97.592 97.592 .000 -356.050 -325.778 236.802

30~U 32.902 97.796 97.593 .061 -356.057 -325.690 237.192

t+OO 36.614 107.803 98.932 3.548 -356.227 -315.402 172.327

5U0 39.185 116.266 101.575 7.346 -356.187 -305. 197 133.402

bOU 41.076 123.585 104.647 11.363 -355.995 -295.017 107.460

7UU 42 . 59o 130.034 107.822 15.549 -355.684 -284.875 68.942

BUD 43.901 135.809 110.966 19.875 -355.275 -274.786 75.068

90 0 45. 059 141.046 114.021 24.324 -354.786 -264.753 64.291

lOOO 46.097 145.850 116.968 28.883 -354.222 -254.783 55.683

1100 47.027 150.238 119.798 33.540 -353.593 -244.864 40.650

1200 47.859 154.417 122.512 38.285 -352.913 -235.011 42.801

130 0 48.599 158.277 125.117 43.109 -352.186 -225.215 37.862

1400 49.256 161.903 127.616 48.002 -351.423 -215.479 33.638

1500 49.839 165.322 130.017 52.957 -350.643 -205.790 29.984

1500 50.356 168.555 132.325 57.968 -349.842 -196.163 26.795

1 700 50.814 171.622 134.548 63.027 -349.023 -186.579 25.986

1800 51.221 174. 53B 136.689 68. 129 -348.191 -177.049 21.497

1900 51.563 177.317 138.755 73.269 -347.351 -167.563 19.274

2000 51.906 179.972 140.750 78.444 -346.504 -158.122 17.279

2100 52.194 182.511 142.678 93.649 -345.656 -148.726 15.478

2200 52.452 184.945 144.545 88.892 -344.803 -139.368 13.645

2 30 0 52.684 187.282 146.352 94.139 -343.949 -130,048 12.357

2400 52.893 189.529 148.105 99.419 -343.100 -120.767 10.997

2500 53.082 191.692 149.805 104.717 -342.253 -111.527 9.750

2b00 53.252 193.777 151.457 110.034 -341.406 -102.310 6.600

2 700 53.407 195.790 153.062 115.367 -340.566 -93.131 7.538

2600 53.546 197.735 154.623 120.715 -339.730 -83.985 6 • 555 2900 53 . 6 7o 199.616 156.142 126.076 -338.897 -74.855 5.641 3000 53.794 201.438 157.621 131.449 -338.070 -65.769 4.791

3100 53.901 203.204 159.064 136.334 -337.248 -56.709 5.998

3200 54.000 204.917 160. 47P 142.229 -336.436 -47.672 5 .256 3300 54 .090 206.580 161.842 147.634 -335.629 -38.660 2.560

3400 54.174 208. 196 163.182 153.047 -334.828 -29.680 1.908

3500 54.251 209.767 164.490 158.469 -334.036 -20.706 1.293

3600 54.322 211.296 165.769 163.397 -333.255 -11.771 .715 3700 54 . 386 212.786 167.020 169.333 -332.482 -2.842 . 168 3800 54 .450 214.237 168.244 174.775 -331.718 6.057 -.346

3900 54.507 215.652 169.441 180.223 -330.965 14.928 -.837

400 0 54 . 56U 217.033 170.614 185.676 -330.219 23.790 -1.300

4100 54.609 218.381 171.762 191 . 1 34 -329.486 32.634 -1.740

4200 54 . 655 219.697 172.888 196.593 -328.760 41.462 -2.157

4300 54.699 220.984 173.992 202.065 -328.047 50.262 -2.555

4400 54 . 739 222.242 175.074 207.537 -327.343 59.047 -2.953

4500 54.777 223.472 176.136 213.013 -326.649 67.822 -5.294

4oOO 54.813 224.677 177.178 210.493 -325.965 76 • 586 -3.659

4 70 0 54. 84-j 225.356 178.201 223.976 -325.294 85.330 -3 . 9o6

4800 54.878 227.011 179. 2U6 229.462 -324.631 94.056 -4.283

4900 54 . 9 U 5 228.143 130 .193 234.951 -323.979 102.774 -4.584

5000 54 • 93o 229.252 181 . 163 240.443 -323.337 111.465 -4.872

5100 54.962 230 . 340 182.117 245.938 -322.707 120.163 -5.149

3200 54.967 231.408 183.055 251.436 -322.084 128.845 -5.415

3300 55.011 232.455 183.977 256.936 -321.474 137.517 -3.671

3400 55. 033 233.484 184 .864 262.439 -320.877 146.161 -5.915

3300 55.055 234 . 494 185.777 267.94,2 -320.288 154.808 -0.152

5600 55.075 235.486 186.656 273.449 -319.709 163.439 -0.378

3700 55.094 236.461 187.521 278.957 -319. 140 172.065 -0.597

3800 85.11c. 237.419 188.373 284.468 -318.585 180.666 -o .808 3900 55.130 238.362 189.213 289.930 -318.038 189.279 -7.U11

bOOO 55. 1 4 o 239.283 190.039 295.493 -317.499 1 97 • 866 -7.207

July 31, 1972

285
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CYCLIC HEXAMER (H^) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 120.038

Point Group C^

S 298 15

= nl - 4 cal K_lmo1

Ground State Quantum Weight

AHf

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

[ 202 ]

(

6 )

[ 53] (6) [962] (6) [552] (6) [3060] (6)

Bond Distance: [F-F = 2.5 A] Product of the Moments of Inertia:

298.15

2 kcal mol

-432.0 ± 2 kcal mol

-1

,-112

a = 6

Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 6 HF(g) equilibrium data of two investigations. Briegleb and Strohmeier (1) measured the vapor density of the associated

HF between 20 and 60°C and between 50 and 650 torr. Franck and Meyer (2) measured between -20 and 100°C and between 100 and 700 torr. Each investigation evaluated K at n = 2, 3, 4, . . . for the reactions n(HF) - (HF)

P _ r and reported second law values of AH and AS. At n = 6 their second law values differed by 0.8 kcal, which was taken

as an estimate of error, while the calculated third law values differed by 0.6 kcal. Using AH298

-41 . 20 kcal mol

-1

and fflf° g8(HF,g) -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol

Heat Capacity and Entropy

and with the H atoms also lying on the circumscribed circle. That rings are more stable than open chains was con- firmed by Del Bene and Pople's (3) theoretical molecular-orbital studies on HF polymers. The length of side (F-F axis) was taken from Atoji and Lipscomb's (4) x-ray studies of solid HF (F-F = 2.49 A) and agrees with the 2.52 A which Janzen and Bartell (5) determined for HF gaseous polymers by electron diffraction. The low F-bending frequency

(53 cm 1) was taken from Boutin, Safford, and Brajovic's (6) work. The other vibrational frequencies were taken from Kittelberger and Hornig's (7) work on crystalline HF. Huong and Couzi (8) and Smith (9) have made spectral

studies of the gas phase in the range from 350 to 4000 cm ^

References

1. G. Briegleb and W. Strohmeier, Z. Elektrochem. 57, 668 (1953).

2* E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem. j)3, 571 (1959).

3 . J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys . j^5, 2296 (1971).

4. M. Atoji and W. N. Lipscomb, Acta Crysta. _7, 173 (1954).

5. J. Janzen and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. j>0, 3611 (1969).

6. H. Boutin, G. J. Safford, and V. Brajovic, J. Chem. Phys. 5?, 3135 (1963).

7. J. S. Kittelberger and D. F. Hornig, J. Chem. Phys. 4j3, 3099 (1967).

8. P. V. Huong and M. Couzi, J. Chim. Phys. 66, 1309 (1969).

9. D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 1040 (1958); ibid, 48, 1429 (1968).

286
Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Hexamer (HgFg) FgHg

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 120.038

„ , , ,

T, °K Cp° s° (G°-H°»8)/T H°— H°298 AHr Acr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -8.459 -428.100 -428. 100 INFINITE

1UU 25.742 76.123 142.774 -6.665 -430.542 -419.732 915.137

2UU 34.005 96.665 114.937 -3.654 -431.563 -406.462 444.161

298 40.16b 111.449 111.449 .000 -432.040 -394.026 268 . 828

300 4U.2b5 111.698 111.450 .074 -432.047 -393.790 28b .876

4 0 U 44.725 123.932 113.088 4.330 -432.172 -381.010 208. 174 5UU 47.813 134.264 116.317 B.974 -432.045 -368.230 loO . 953

6U0 50.083 143.191 120.069 13.873 -431.736 -355.495 129.489

700 51.908 151.053 123.945 18.976 -431.283 -342.821 107.033

80U 53.474 158. 08B 127.780 24.246 -430.714 -330.221 90.212

900 54 . 864 164.469 131.508 29.665 -430.047 -317.697 77.147

1U00 56.110 170.315 135.100 35.214 -429.292 -305.258 66.714

1 10U 57.227 175.716 138.550 40.082 -428.457 -292.889 58.192

1200 59.225 180.739 141.859 46.656 -427.561 -280.607 51 .105

1300 69.113 185.435 145.032 52.524 -426.610 -268.398 45.122

14 0 0 59.902 189.845 148.077 58.475 -425.621 -256.268 40.005

lbOO 60.601 194.003 151.002 64.501 -424.599 -244.201 35.580

1600 ol.221 197.934 153.813 70.593 -423.559 -232.212 51 . 719 1700 ol.771 201.662 156.519 76.743 -422.497 -220.281 2b. 319

1600 62.260 205.207 159.127 82.945 -421.419 -208.418 25.305

1900 62.694 208.585 161.641 89.193 -420.331 -196.614 22.616

2U0U b3 • 06

1

211.811 164.070 95.482 -419.235 -184.867 £0.201

2100 63.427 214 . 397 166.417 101.808 -418.138 -173.178 18.023

2200 o3.737 217.855 168.689 108.166 -417.036 -161 .539 lo.047

2300 64.016 220.695 170.888 114.554 -415.931 -149.949 14.248

2400 64 .267 223.425 173.021 120.969 -414.032 -138.409 12.6U4

2800 64.493 226.053 175.090 127.407 -413.737 -126.921 11.095

2600 64 • 69b 228.586 177.099 133.067 -412.641 -115.465 9.706

2700 o4 .663 231.031 179.052 140.346 -411.553 -104.057 8.423

260 U 65.052 233.394 180.950 146.843 -410.471 -92.691 7.235

2900 65.206 235.680 182.798 153.356 -409.391 -81.348 0.131

3000 o5 • 34 7 237.893 184.599 159.884 -406.320 -70.061 5.104

3100 o5.476 240 .038 186.352 166.425 -407.254 -58.807 4.146

3200 65 • 594 242.119 188.062 172.978 -406.200 -47.58.3 3.250

3300 65.703 244.133 189.731 179.543 -405.152 -36.391 2.410

3400 ob. 803 246. 101 191.361 186.119 -404.111 -25.240 1.622

3600 o5 • 896 248.010 192.952 192.704 -403.082 -14.100 .880 3600 o5.98i 249.868 194.507 199.298 -402.065 -3.00b .183

3 700 ob • 0 6

1

251.677 196.028 205.900 -401.058 0. 074 -.477

3800 06 .134 253.439 197.516 212.510 -400.061 19.119 -1.1U0

3900 06.203 255.159 198.972 219.127 -399.078 30.128 -1.688

4000 06 .266 256.835 200.398 225.750 -398.104 41.124 -2.247

4 100 66 .326 258.472 201 .794 232.380 -397.144 52.097 -2.777

4 20 U ob • 3b

1

260 .071 203.163 239.015 -396.194 63.047 -3.281

4300 d6 • 4 33 261.634 204.504 245.656 -395.259 73.963 -3.759

4400 b6 • 4b2 263.161 205.820 252.302 -394.334 84.859 -4.215

4600 06.527 264.656 207.1 1

1

258.952 -393.423 95.741 -4.660

4600 6 6 • 6 7 U 266.119 208.378 265.607 -392.522 106.607 -6.06b

4 70 U 06 . 6 1

1

267.551 209.622 272.266 -391.638 1 17.448 -6.461

4600 60 .646 268.954 210.843 278.929 -390.762 128.269 -5.840

49U0 06 • 6d4 270.328 212.043 285.596 -389.900 139.073 -O.203

6000 06 . 71b c: 7 1 *676 213.223 292.266 -389. 050 149.846 -b • 560 6100 06 • /4 -) 272.997 214.382 298.939 -388.215 160.626 -0.883

8200 06 • 7b0 274.294 215.521 305.616 -387.388 171.385 -7.203

6300 06 . R09 275.566 216.642 312.295 -386.577 182. 129 -7.510

6400 06.835 276.815 217.745 318.977 -385.781 192 . 840 -7.805

8800 b 6 • BbO 278.042 218.830 325.662 -384.994 203.552 -8. 088

660 U 66.885 279.247 219.898 332.349 -384.220 214.244 -8.361

87 UU 66.90b 290 .431 220.950 339.039 -383.453 224.928 -8.624

6600 06.929 291.594 221.986 345.731 -382.712 235.583 -8. 877 8900 66.960 282.739 223.006 352.425 -381.976 246.246 -9.122

6000 00 .970 283.864 224.011 359.121 -381 .250 256.879 -9.357

July 31, 1972

287
(IDEAL GAS) GFW

Point Group

S 298 15

= 125 ' 1 cal K_lmo1 _1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

140.045

-1

AHf°gg ^

= -502.5 ± 9 kcal mol

-1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

-1

[202] (7)

[ 53 ] (8) [962] (7) [552 1 (7) [3060] (7)

Bond Distance: [F-F = 2.5 A]

, ..-111 3 6 1.7977 x 10 g cm o=7

Heat of Formation

The enthalpy of 7 HF(g) -*• H^F^(g) was taken as the mean of third law values which were determined from the equilibrium data of two investigations. Briegleb and Strohmeier (1) measured the vapor density of the associated

HF between 20 and 60°C and between 50 and 650 torr. Franck and Meyer (2) measured C between -20 and 100°C and between 100 and 700 torr. Each investigation evaluated K at n = 2, 3, 4, . . . for the reactions n(HF) -* (HF) and

P ^ reported second law values of AH and AS. At n = 7 their second law values differed by 7.3 kcal, which was taken

as an estimate of error, while the calculated third law values differed by 6.4 kcal. Using fl® _ = -46.54 kcal

-1 -1 mol and AHf° nQ (HF,g) = -65.14 ± 0.2 kcal mol gives the heat of formation of H^F^(g).

298 Heat Capacity and Entropy

septemgon and the H atoms also lying on the circumscribed circle. That rings are more stable than open chains was confirmed by Del Bene and Pople’s (3) theoretical molecular-orbital studies on HF polymers. The length of side (F-F axis) was taken from Atoji and Lipscomb’s (4) x-ray studies of solid HF (F-F = 2.49 A) and agrees with

the 2.52 A which Janzen and Bartell (5) determined for HF gaseous polymers by electron diffraction. The low F-bending frequency (53 cm ^) was taken from Boutin, Safford, and Brajovic's (6) work. The other vibrational

frequencies were taken from Kittelberger and Hornig’s (7) work on crystalline HF. Huong and Couzi (8) and Smith (9) have made spectral studies of the gas phase in the range from 350 to 4000 cm

Ref erences

9.

G. Briegleb and W. Strohmeier, Z. Elektrochem. 57_ , 668 (1953).

E. U. Franck and F. Meyer, Z. Elektrochem 6>3, 571 (1959).

J. E. Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys . 55, 2296 (1971).

M. Atoji and W. N. Lipscomb, Acta Crysta. _7, 173 (1954).

J. Janzen and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. _50, 3611 (1969).

H. Boutin, G. J. Safford, and V. Brajovic, J. Chem. Phys. ^9, 3135 (1963).

J. S. Kittelberger and D. F. Hornig, J. Chem. Phys. 4j6, 3099 (1967).

P. V. Huong and M. Couzi, J. Chim. Phys. 6j3, 1309 (1969).

D. F. Smith, J. Chem. Phys. _28, 1040 (1958); ibid, 48, 1429 (1968).

288
Hydrogen Fluoride Cyclic Septemer (H7F7)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 140,045

• 1 « 1 |

T, °K Cp° s° (G°— H°298)/T H°— H°208 AHf° AGf° Log Kp

U .000 . 000 INFINITE - 9.903 -498. 048 -498.048 INFINITE

1U0 30 • 60

i

83. 1B0 162.189 -7.901 -500.897 -486.555 1 Go3 • 3b5

2 U 0 40.310 107.570 129.204 -4.327 -502.027 -471.701 515.451

29b 47.512 125.075 125.075 .000 -502.520 -456.694 334 • 7o6

3UU 47.627 125.370 125.076 • 0 BS -502.526 -456.410 552.495

4 U 0 52.B3o 139.531 127.013 5.127 -502.608 -441.016 240. 9b0

500 o6. 440 152.032 130.828 10.602 -502.394 -425.638 1 bo *046

6 UU 39.090 162.567 135.260 16.384 -501.967 -410.32b 149.461

70 0 ol .220 171 . 840 139.837 22.403 -501.373 -395.095 125.354

sou o3.04b 180.137 144. 365 23.613 -500.642 -379.061 105.801

9UU o4 •

6

7u 187.658 148.764 35.005 -499.799 -364.924 88.616

1000 06 • 1

2

j 194.549 153.002 41.546 -493.051 -349.993 7b. 491

1 1UU 67.426 200.913 157.072 48.225 -497.311 -335.151 bo • 588

1200 oO • 59o 206.831 160.975 55.0?7 -496.700 -320.415 5b • 356

1300 o9 • 62 7 212.363 164.717 61.939 -495.524 -305.771 5 1 .405

1 4 U 0 70.647 217.557 168.308 63.948 -494.304 -291.224 45.462

1500 7 1 • 363 222.453 171.756 76.045 -493.045 -276.755 40.323

loOU 72.067 227.082 175. U71 83*218 -491.766 -262.382 35.840

1 70U 72.72b 231.472 178.260 90.459 -490.461 -248.080 51.893

1500 73.296 235.645 131.333 97.761 -489.137 -233.862 2 b. 395

190 0 73.803 239.622 184.297 105.117 -487.301 -219.716 25.273

2000 74.267 243.419 137.159 112.520 -486.456 -205.640 22.471

2100 74.661 247.052 189.925 119.957 -435. 110 -191.635 19.944

220 U 76.023 250 . 534 192.602 127.451 -483.753 -177.692 17* o52 23UU 75.347 253.876 195.194 134.970 -482.403 -153.808 15* 565 2400 75*640 257.089 197.706 142.520 -481.055 -149.987 13.658

2500 75.9U4 260 . 1 B 3 200.144 150.097 -479.711 -136.229 H.909

2600 7o. 143 263. 164 202.511 157.699 -478.367 -122.509 1 U • 298

2700 75 • 3b0 266.042 204.811 165.325 -477.031 -108.349 8.811

2800 76.667 268.823 207.047 172.971 -475.702 -95.242 7.454

2900 f 0 •

7

3 d 271.512 209.224 130.636 -474.375 -81.662 0.154

3000 75.9U1 274 .117 21 1 . 344 183.313 -473.060 -68.149 4 • 965

3100 77.061 276.641 213.410 196.015 -471.750 -54.678 3 . 855

320U 77. Iu9 279.099 215.424 203.727 -470.454 -41.245 2.817

3300 77.316 231.466 217.390 211.453 -469 • 165 -27.851 1 . 844 3400 77.436 283.776 219.309 219.190 -467.885 -14.506 .932 3500 77.541 286.022 221 . 183 226.939 -465.613 “1*176 .073

3oO 0 77.641 288.208 223.014 234.693 -465 • 365 12.096 -.734

3700 77.733 290.337 224. 8U5 242.487 -464.124 25.355 -1.496

380U 77.619 292.41

1

226.557 250.244 -462.995 38.568 -2.218

3900 77.899 294 .433 228.272 256.030 -461.682 51.738 -2.899

4000 77.976 296.407 229.951 265.824 -460 .479 64.891 -0*545

41UU 78.043 29R.333 231.595 273.625 -459.293 78.015 -4 . 159 4200 74.107 300.214 233.206 281.432 -458.1 1

3

91.111 -4.741

4 30 0 78.169 302.053 234.786 289.24b -456.961 104.166 -3.294

4400 76.22b 303.851 236.336 297.066 -455.316 117.19b -5.821

4500 78.27a 305.609 237.866 304.891 -454.686 130.207 -0.324

460 U 78.32b 307.330 239.347 312.721 -453.569 143.200 -O.BU4

4 /OU 74.376 309.015 24C.812 320.556 -452.472 155. lol -7.261

4500 74.414 310.666 242.250 323.396 -451.383 169.093 -7.699

4900 74 . 4oU 312.283 243.663 336.240 -450.312 132.014 - 0 .II 8 50 0 0 78.5U0 313.869 245.051 344.038 -449.254 194.“91 -0.519

5100 78.637 315.423 246.416 351.940 -443.213 207.775 -b • 904

5200 76.572 316.949 247.757 359.795 -447. 183 220.634 -9.273

530 U 76.505 318.446 249.077 367.554 -446. 170 233.475 -9.628

54UU 78 • 606 319.915 250.375 375.516 -445.175 246.275 -9.967

5500 76 • 666 321 . 358 261 .653 383.361 -444.191 259.075 -10.295

5600 76.694 322.775 252.910 391.250 -443.221 271.450 -lU . o09 5700 74.721 324.169 254.143 399.120 -442.266 284.61b -10.913

bbUU 74.747 325.539 258. 357 406.994 -441 . 330 297.346 -11.204

5900 74.771 326.885 256.558 414.370 -440.405 310.084 -11.48b

6000 74 . 744 328.209 257.751 422.748 -439.492 322.787 -11.758

July 31, 1972
IMIDOGEN (NH) -1

(IDEAL GAS) GFW « 15.0147

S 298 15

= 43-3 glbbs mo1 AHf ° =90 ± 4 kcal mol

AHf°gg = 90 ± 4 kcal mol

State

a = l

-1

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

-1 -1

B , cm

-1

3315 94.7 16.6684 0.646

r , A

1.038

Heat of Formation

The electron impact appearance

potential of N+ from HN_, determined by J. L. Franklin, V. H. Dibeler, R. M. Reese, and M. Krauss, J. Am. Chem.

Soc. 80, 298 (1958) leads to a value AHf°(NH,g) = 81.7 ± .5 kcal mol . R. I. Reed and W. Snedden, J. Chem. Soc. 4l32 (1959) determined the electron impact appearance potential of NH+

from NH_. This combined with the directly

J -1 measured electron impact ionization potential of NH, 13.1 eV gives AHf^ = 82.9 kcal mol . This value of the ionization potential of NH has also been obtained by S. N. Foner and R. L. Hudson, J. Chem. Phys . 4_5, 40 (1966). However, all of these electron impact experiments are subject to errors of several tenths of an electron volt or more. More recently, K. E. Seal and A. G. Gaydon, Proc. Phys. Soc. ^9, 459 (1966) measured the concentration of NH

in reflected shock waves in nitrogen-hydrogen-krypton and ammonia-krypton mixtures. These led to D(NH) = 3.21 ± 0.16 eV, corresponding to AHf°(NH,g) = 90.13 ± 3.7 kcal mol W. F.. Kaskan and M. P. Nadler, J. Chem. Phys. 56 , 2220 (1972) determined NH, NH^, and OH concentrations in a flat NH^-D

2 ~N

2 flame and concluded AHf°(NH) = 90 ± 4 kcal mol f D. H. Stedman, J. Chem. Phys. _52, 3966 (1970) studied the NH emission spectrum obtained by collision

of metastable rare gas atoms with HN^. Taking the highest level of NH as observed in emission as a bound, he

concluded that AHf°(NH,g) > 80 kcal mol \ From analogous considerations on ^emission observed by collision of metastable argon atoms with HN^ he concluded that AHf°(NH,g) - 94 kcal mol . Quantum chemical calculation of the dissociation energy of small molecules is possible with estimated accuracies of 0.1 to 0.2 eV. A theoretical calculation of the dissociation energy, D^, of NH(X3 E ), applying the techniques of A. C. Wahl and G. Das, Advan. Quantum Chem. j>, 261 (1970), has been determined by W. Stevens

(unpublished) to yield D = 3.4 eV. This result corroborates the results of Seal and Gaydon and would support

6 -1 AHfg(NH) = 90 ± 4 kcal mol . Theoretical calculations of this type can be used to distinguish between disparate

experimental results that differ by mere than 0.2 eV.

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants are taken from the JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Edition, June 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402).

290
Imidogen (NH)

(Ideal Gas)

HN

GFW = 15 , mi

AHr

T, °K Cp° S° (G°-H°»8)/T H°— H°2©8 AGf Log Kp

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2.060 90.000 90.000 infinite

1UO 6.961 35.687 49.484 -1.380 89.975 09.518 -195.640

200 6 • 963 40.512 43.930 -.654 90.001 89.050 -97.309

299 6 • 9 6b 43.293 43.293 . 000 90.012 83.580 -64.931

300 6*966 43.336 43.293 .013 90.012 83.671 -b4 .524

400- 6.973 45.341 43. 566 . 710 90.013 88.090 -4b. 130 500 6.994 46.899 44 .083 1.408 90.010 87.609 -38.294

600 7.041 48.177 44.662 2.109 90.006 87.1 30 -31.737

700 7.119 49.260 45.244 2.017 89.999 86.651 -27.054

80 0 7.222 50.225 45.808 3.534 89.991 86.173 -23.541

900 7.343 51.083 46.347 4.262 89.984 85.696 -20.810

1000 7.471 51.863 46.860 5.003 89.978 85.220 -18.625

1100 7.601 52.581 47.348 5.756 89.975 84.744 -16.837

1200 7.727 53.240 47.812 6.523 89.974 84.269 -15.347

1300 7.847 53.071 48.255 7.302 89.975 83.793 -14.067

1400 7.960 54.457 48.677 8.092 89.978 83.317 -13.006

lbOO 8.064 55.010 49.081 8.893 89.982 82.042 -12.070

1600 0.161 55.533 49.463 9.705 89.986 82.365 -11.251

1700 9.249 56.031 49.840 10.525 89.992 81.890 -10.528

1800 0.331 56.505 50.197 11.354 89.998 81.412 -9.B65

1900 8.406 56.957 50 • 54

1

12.191 90.005 80.936 -9.310

2000 S.474 57.390 50.873 13.035 90.013 80.458 -8.792

2100 3.637 57.805 51.193 13.306 90.020 79.980 -8.324

2200 0.596 53.204 51.503 14.742 90.028 79.502 -7.898

2300 8.660 58.587 51.802 15.605 90.036 79.023 -7.509

24 0 0 0.700 58.956 52.093 16.472 90.045 78.545 -7.152

2b00 8.747 59.312 52.374 17.345 90.052 78.064 -6.824

2600 8.791 59.656 52.648 18.222 90.061 77.585 -b.522

2700 8.832 59.939 52.914 19.103 90.069 77.105 -b .241 2300 3.870 60.311 53.172 19.908 90-.077 76.624 -5.981

2900 8.906 60.622 53.424 20.077 90.006 76.145 -5.738

3000 9.941 60.925 53.669 21.769 90.093 75.663 -5.512

3100 8.973 61.219 53.903 22.665 90.102 75.181 -5.300

3200 9.004 61.504 54.140 23.564 90.110 74.700 -5.102

3300 9.033 61.782 54.368 24.465 90.117 74.219 -4.915

34 0 0 9.061 62.052 54.590 25.370 90.126 73.737 -4.740

3600 9.03b 62.315 54.807 26.278 90.133 73.255 -4.574

3600 9.114 62.571 55.019 27.103 90.139 72.772 -4.418

3700 9.139 62.821 55.226 28.100 90.145 72.290 -4.270

3600 9.163 63.065 55.430 29.015 90.151 71 . 008 -4.130

3900 9.186 63.304 55.623 29.933 90.157 71.326 -3.997

4000 9 . 20 o 63.536 55.823 30.853 90 .162 70.042 -3.871

4100 9.23U 63.764 56.014 31.774 90.166 70.359 -6.750

4200 9.261 63.987 56.201 32.699 90.170 69.077 -3 . 636

4300 9.271 64.205 56.385 33.625 90.173 69.093 -j • 527 4400 9.291 64.410 56.565 34.553 90.176 68 .Q09 -3.423

4600 9.311 64.627 56.742 35.483 90.177 68.424 -3.323

4b0 0 9.330 64.832 56.916 36.415 90.179 67.944 -3.228

4 700 9.349 65.033 57.086 37.349 90.180 67.460 -3 . 137 4800 9.367 65.230 57.254 38.205 90.181 66.977 -3. 060 4900 9.386 65.423 57.418 39.222 90.101 66.492 -2 . 9b6 bUOO 9.402 65.613 57.580 40.162 90 .180 66.009 -2.885

blUU 9.420 65.799 57.740 41.103 90.179 65.524 -2 .808

6200 9.437 65.982 57.097 42.046 90.178 65.042 -2.734

b300 9.453 66.162 58.061 42 . 990 90.175 64.559 -2.662

6400 9.470 66.339 58.203 43.936 90.172 64.074 -2.593

6600 9.486 66.513 5° . 352 44 . 504 90.168 63.593 -2.627

boO 0 9.502 66.684 50.499 45.833 90.164 63.108 -2 . 4b3

6700 9.61a 66.852 58.645 46.704 90.160 62.627 -2.401

6900 9 . 534 67.010 53.787 47.737 90.154 62.144 -2.342

b90 0 9.549 67.181 58.928 48.691 90.149 61.660 -2.284

6000 9.5b4 67.342 59.067 49.647 90.142 61.17b -2.228

July 31, 1972

291
HYDROXYL (OH) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 17.0074

S 298.15

= 43.890 cal K'

1 mol

-1 * A«f

0 = 9.26

1 kcal , ”1*

mol ^298. = 9.31

15 8

± 0.29 kcal mole ^

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

-1 -i

B , e

-1 -1 „ State

“1

e , cm g

u)

, cm

e

X

eV c® cm ct , cm

e

r , A

e

x

2 n

1 f

° 2 "

l 3735.21 82.81 18 .871 0.714 0.9706

(_ 1 39 .

2 f A

2L +

32403 2 3184.28 97.84 17 .355 0.807 1.0121

b

2

z +

68372 2 940 105 5 .54 0.65 1.80

C

2I +

89420 2 2339 32 4 .20 0.16 2.16

0 = 1

Heat of Formation

AHf°(0H) was calculated from the relation AHf ° (OH) = 1/2 D°(0

2

) + 1/2 D° (H

2 )-D° (OH) . The values employed were as follows: Dq(0

2

) = 117.967 ± 0.042 kcal mol ; and D°(H

2

) = 103.267 ± 0.003 kcal mol "'"were taken from the CODATA (1) selection. D°(0H): Barrow (2) in a refinement of the work of Barrow and Downie (3) obtains a value of D° for 0H(X2

n 3 /2 ) = 0( 3 P 2 ) + H( 2 Sj/ 2 ) of 35427 cm

1 from an extrapolation of AG^ versus v; it was increased to 35450 ± 100 cm to account for the fact that AG^ yields slightly low values at high v. Fehlenbok (4) obtains a value

of D° for 0H(B 2

E +

) of 1315 cm

1 and G(0) for this state of 441 cm -1

. Using T (B 2E +

) given by Rosen (5) and the

e -1

zero point energy of HO (including the Dunham correction, see Herzberg (6)) of 847.0 cm , this yields D (OH) = -1 -i -i

U 35451 cm with an estimated uncertainty of ±100 cm . A value of D°(0H) = 35450 ± 100 cm = 101.35, ± 0.29

-1 u _i

° kcal mol was adopted. Combining the above values, one obtains AHf ° (OH) = 9.261 ±0.29 kcal mol which is in good agreement with the last JANAF (7) selection.

A review of earlier work is given in references (7-9).

*Heat Capacity and Entropy

The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules . Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. Comparison of the results of

these calculations with those of the more exact treatment given by L. Haar, A. S. Friedman and C. W. Beckett,

NBS Monograph 20, May 29, 1961, (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402) suggests the errors in

the tables due to approximations in our calculations may be neglected above 400 K. Below this, they may be

appreciable. It is recommended that H° - H° Q , S® Q , and C° onQ be taken as -2.107 kcal mol \ 43.890 gibbs mol

1

, ^ U /jO /jo p /jo and 7.144 cal deg mol , respectively. For causes of errors, see the text (page 256) of the table for Deutero- hydroxyl (0 D)

References

1. CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics, Final Set of Key Values for Thermodynamics - Part I, November 1971 (Bulletin No. 5).

2. R. F. Barrow, Arkiv Fysik 11, 281 (1956).

3. R. F. Barrow and A. R. Downie, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A69 , 178 (1956).

4. P. Felenbok, Ann. d'Astr. 26, 393 (1963).

5. B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970).

6. G. Herzberg and A. Monfils, J. Molec. Spectroscopy _5, 482 (1960).

7. JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington,

D. C., 20402).

8. P. Gray, Trans. Farad. Soc. 55 , 408 (1959).

9. R. Edse, Third Combustion Symposium (Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1949) p. 611.

292
Hydroxyl (OH) HO

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 17,0074

gibbs/mol kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G°— H°298)/X H°— H°298 AHf AGf

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2. 192 9.175 9.175

100 7.798 35.726 50 . 398 -1.467 9.195 8.894

200 7.356 40.985 44.541 -.711 9.281 8.557

298 7.167 43.880 43.880 .000 9.318 8.193

300 7.16d 43.925 43.881 .013 9.318 8.186

400 7.087 45.974 44.160 .725 9.328 7.806

500 7.055 47.E51 44.687 1 .432 9.320 7.426

600 7.057 48.837 45.275 2.137 9.297 7.049

700 7.090 49.927 45.863 2.845 9.265 6.677

800 7.150 50.877 46.432 3.556 9.224 6.310

900 7.233 51.724 46.974 4.275 9.180 5.948

1000 7.332 52.491 47.488 5.003 9.136 5.592

1100 7.439 53.195 47.975 5.742 9.092 5.239

1200 7.549 53.847 48.437 6.491 9.050 4,891

1300 7.659 54.455 48.877 7.252 9.010 4.546

1400 7 . 766 55.027 49.296 8.023 8.972 4.204

1500 7.867 55.566 49.696 8.905 3.936 3.865

1600 7 • 9b3 56.077 50.079 9.596 8.900 3.526

1700 8.053 56.563 50.447 10.397 8.866 3.194

1800 8.137 57.025 50.799 11.207 8.833 2.861

1900 8.214 57.467 51.139 12.024 8.800 2.530

2000 8.286 57.891 51.466 12.949 8.767 2.200

2100 8.353 58.296 51.782 13.681 8.735 1 .873 2200 8.415 58.686 52.087 14.520 8.701 1 .547 2300 8.472 59.062 52.382 15.354 8.668 1 . 222 2400 8 • 52o 59.424 52.668 16.214 8.634 .901 2500 8 . 57o 59.773 52.945 17.069 8.597 .577 2600 8.622 60.110 53.214 17.929 8.561 .258 2700 8.665 60 .436 53.476 18. 7Q4 8.523 -.060

2800 8.706 60.752 53.730 19.662 8.484 -.378

2900 8.744 61 . 058 53.977 20.535 9.443 -.692

3000 8.780 61.355 54.219 21.411 8.401 -1.008

3100 8.814 61.644 54.453 22.291 8.358 -1.321

3200 8.84b 61.924 54.682 23.174 B. 313 -1.632

3300 8.877 62.197 54.906 24.060 8.267 -1.942

3400 8.905 62 . 462 55.124 24.949 8.219 -2.252

3500 8.933 62.721 55.338 25.841 B. 169 -2.559

3600 8.959 62.973 55.546 26.735 8.118 -2.864

3700 3.985 63.218 55.750 27.633 8.065 -3.168

3800 9.009 63.458 55.950 28.532 8.011 -3.470

3900 9.032 63.693 56.145 29.434 7.955 -3.773

4000 9.055 63.922 56.337 30 . 339 7.898 -4.073

4100 9.07o 64.146 56.525 31.245 7.839 -4.371

4200 9.097 64.365 56.709 32.154 7.779 -4.666

4 30 0 9.118 64.579 56.889 33.065 7.717 -4.963

4400 9.133 64 . 789 57.066 33.978 7.654 -5.259

4500 9.157 64.994 57.240 34.892 7.599 -5.552

4600 9.17o 65.196 57.411 35.809 7.524 -5.940

4 700 9.195 65.393 57.579 36.728 7.456 -6.130

4800 9.213 65.587 57.744 37.649 7.399 -6.419

4900 9.231 65.777 57.906 38.570 7.320 -6.707

5000 9.249 65.964 58.065 39.494 7.250 -6.995

5100 9.267 66.147 58.222 40.420 7.179 -7.27b

5200 9.284 66.327 58.376 41 . 348 7.107 -7.561

5300 9.301 66.504 58.528 42.277 7.035 -7.839

5400 9.319 66.678 58.677 43. 208 6.961 -8.123

5500 9.33b 66.850 58.824 44.141 6.988 -8.399

5600 9.352 67.018 58.969 45.075 6.813 -8.679

5700 9.369 67.184 59.111 46.01

1

6.738 -9.954

5800 9.38b 67.347 59.252 46.949 6.662 -9.228

5900 9.403 67.507 59.391 47.988 6.586 -9.501

6000 9.420 67.665 59.527 49 . 829 6.510 -9.774

July 31, 1972

Log Kp

INFINITE -19.439

-9.351

-o .005 -5.963 -4.265

-3.246

-2.568 -2.085

-1 . 724 -1.444

- 1.222 -1.041

-.891

- • 7b4 -.656

-.563

-.432

-.411 -.347

-.291

-.240 -.195

-.154

-.116

-.082

-.050 -.022

.005

.030 .052 .073

.093

.111

. 129 .145

. lbO

.174 .187

.200

.211 .223

.233

.243

.252

• 2ol

.270

.277

.285

.292 .299

. 306

.312 .318

.323

.329

. 334

.339

.343

.348

.352 .356

293
SULFUR MONOHYDRIDE (SH) (IDEAL GAS) GFW - 33.072

298.15

46.7 4 cal K ^ mol AHf °298.15

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

33.3 ± 1.2 kcal mol

State

-1

e , cm 8

u) , cm

e

-1

y oj , cm

e e B , cm

“

e “I

a , cm

e

r , A

e

x

2n [

»

2~)

t 2689.6 45.5 9.601 0.285 1.345 377.01 2 a2

z +

30663 2 1979.8 97.65 8.521 0.464 1.423

B

2

£ 59622 2 2670.6 56.8 8.785 0.259 1.428

c

2 A [63900] 43

D 2 A 71195 4

e

2

z 71318 2

5 [2689.6] [45.5] [9.601] [0.285]

f

2 a 76708 4 g

2 a 79343 4 h2 a 80848 4

0 = 1

Heat of Formation

The previous JANAF (1) selection for dif° of HS(g) was Mackle's (2) estimate of 34.6 ± 4 kcal which he derived Zj o from the average of three independent determinations. Of these, the uncertainty in the determination involving the calculation of AHf°^g of HS(g) from AHf°^g of H^SCg), the ionization potential of HS(g), and the appearance potential

of HS+

(g) from l^SCg) can be reduced. A summary of previous work on the ionization potential is given below. From

the spectroscopic and photo ionization work we arrive at a value of AHf° for the reaction H^S = HS + H of 89.02 ± 1.15

kcal mol ^ . Using the appropriate thermal functions for each of the species (see tables for H ? S, HS, and H (1)) and

the selected heats of formation of H S(g), H(g) of -4.90 ± 0.2 kcal mol (see table) and 52.103 ± 0.001

^ -1 1 -1 kcal mol (8), one obtains -33.3 ± 1.2 kcal mol for ZHf^g of HS(g) versus Mackle’s (2) value of 33.7 ± 3 kcal mol 1 for this determination. The new value is preferred because it is based on photoionization rather than electron

impact studies. Source Method

HS -* HS+

e“: Morrow (3) (1966) Palmer and Lossing (4) (1962) H

2

S -»• HS++ H + e~: Dibeler and Liston (5) (1968) Dibeler and Rosens tock (6) (1963) Palmer and Lossing (4) (1962) Neuert and Clasen (7) (1952)

Rydberg Extrapolation

Electron Impact

Photoionization

Electron Impact Electron Impact Electron Impact

Potential (EV)

10.40 ± 0.03

10.5 ± 0.1

14.27 ± 0.04*

14.43 ± 0.1 14.43 ± 0.1 15.2 ± 0.5

*The uncertainty given by the authors was doubled because the threshold value was not corrected to absolute zero. References

D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, "JANAF Thermo chemical Tables", 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS-37, CODEN-NSRDA (U. S. Supt. of Documents, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1971).

H. Mackle, Tetrahedron. 19, 1159 (1963).

B. A. Morrow, Canad. J. Phys . 44^, 2447 (1966).

T. F. Palmer and F. P. Lossing, J. Am. Chem. Soc. j$4, 4661 (1962).

V. H. Dibeler and S. K. Liston, J. Chem. Phys. 4£, 482 (1968).

V. H. Dibeler and H. M. Rosenstock, J. Chem. Phys. _39, 3106 (1963).

H. Neuert and H. Clasen, Z. Naturfors chung 79_ t 410 (1952). CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics, Final Set of Key Values for Thermodynamics

November, 1971. Part I,

^Hieat Capacity and Entropy Calculations were made as described in JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June, 1971

(U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402) but using the vibrational and rotational constants at the respective electronic levels taken from B. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. Comparison of the results of the more exact treatment of L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett,

NBS Monograph 20, May 29, 1961 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402) with those given in the previous

JANAF (loc . cit.) calculations (both used the same molecular constants for the ground state) suggests errors in our

calculations are negligible above 400 K. Below this, they can be appreciable. In particular, it is recommended that

-1 0.045 kcal mol

Cp 298.

0.012 gibbs/mol, and -0.028 cal mol ' deg ^ be added to our values of H° For the cause of these errors, see the text (page 256) of the table for Deutero-hydroxyl (0 D)

294
Sulfur Monohydride (SH)

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 33.072

gibbs/mol kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S° —(G°— H°2»s)/T AHf AGr

0 . uuu .000 IMFINI TE -2.216 33.149 33.149

100 7.214 33.373 53.629 -1.525 33.317 30.079

200 7.815 43.610 47.443 -.767 33.361 28.615

29B 7.755 46.730 4b. 730 .000 33.300 26.295

300 7.752 46.773 46.730 .014 33.298 26.252

'4-00 7.57b 48.983 47.032 .781 32.618 23.944

dOO 7.477 50.662 47.596 1.533 32.083 21.837

oOU 7 • 4 b4 52.022 48.224 2.279 31.622 19.033

700 7.517 53.176 48.851 3.027 31.219 17.925

BOO 7.611 54.136 49.456 3.784 17.798 14.782

900 7.724 55.039 50.033 4.550 17.770 14.407

1000 7.845 55.909 50.580 5.329 17.749 14.035

1100 7.959 56.662 51.099 6.119 17.733 13.663

1 20 U 8.069 57.359 51.592 6.9?0 17.723 13.295

13U0 8.170 58.009 52.061 7.732 17.718 12.927

1400 8 . 263 58.613 52.508 8.554 17.716 12.558

1300 8.346 59.191 52.934 9.384 17.715 12.189

loOU 8.422 59.732 53.342 10.223 17.717 11.821

1700 8.491 60.244 53.733 11.069 17.720 11.452

1 BO 0 8.553 60.732 54.109 11.921 17.724 11.083

1900 (1.60 9 61.196 54.470 12.779 17.729 10.715

2 0 0 U 3.660 61.633 54.817 13.643 17.734 10.345

2100 3.7U7 62.06? 55.152 14.511 17.739 9.075

2200 8.750 62.463 55.475 15.384 17.743 9.606

2300 8.790 62.853 55.783 16.261 17.748 9.236

2400 9.82b 63.233 56.090 17.142 17.752 8.867

2500 9.8bU 63.594 56.383 18.026 17.756 8.495

2600 8.892 63.942 56 • 663 16.914 17.760 8.125

2700 8. 92b 64.278 56.943 19.804 17.763 7.754

2B00 3.950 64.603 57.211 20.693 17.765 7.381

290 U 8.97b 64.918 57.471 21.594 17.767 7.012

3000 9.001 65.222 57.725 22.493 17.768 6.641

3100 9.024 65.513 57.971 23.394 17.770 6.27U

3200 9.04 7 65.805 53.212 24.298 17.770 5.899

3300 9.063 66.033 53.446 25.204 17.770 5.527

3400 9.089 66.355 58.675 26.112 17.770 5.157

3500 9.109 66.618 58.898 27.021 17.767 4.785

360 0 9. 12b 66.375 59.116 27.933 17.765 4.414

3 70 0 9.147 67.125 59.329 28.847 17.761 4.045

3 BO 0 9.16b 67.370 59.537 29.763 17.757 3.674

3900 9

.

1 h 2 67.608 59.741 30.630 17.751 3.302

4000 9.200 67.841 59.941 31.599 17.746 2 . °3b

4100 9.217 68.068 60.136 32.520 17.739 2.563

4 2 0 U 9.255 68.290 60.328 33.442 17.731 2.194

4300 9.250 63.808 60.516 34.366 17.723 1 . °23

4 4 U 0 9.26b 68.721 60.700 35.292 17.713 1 . 453

4500 9.282 63.929 60.880 36.220 17.703 1 . 084

4600 9.298 69.133 61.057 37. 149 17.692 • ?15

4 70 0 9.514 69.333 61 .231 33.079 17.681 . 34b

4 BO 0 9.330 69.530 61 .402 39.011 17.668 -.025

4 90 0 9.34b 69.722 61.570 39.945 17.656 -.309

5UUU 9.362 69.911 61 . 735 40.331 17.642 -.761

b 1 U 0 9.376 70 .097 61 .897 41.813 17.627 -1.126

520 U 9.394 70.279 62.057 42.756 17.613 -1.494

5300 9.410 70.453 62.213 43.696 17.598 -1.861

54 U 0 9.42b 70.634 62.358 44.633 17.582 - 2.228

5500 9 . 4 4 70.807 62.520 45.581 17.565 -2.595

560 0 9.459 70.977 62 . 6o9 46 • 5?7 17.548 -2.061

5 70 0 9.47b 71.145 62.816 47.473 17.531 -3.328

550 U 9.492 71.310 62 . 961 48.422 17.513 -3.694

5900 9.509 71.47? 63. 1U4 49.77? 17. 496 -4.062

6000 9.526 71.632 63.245 50. 323 17.477 -4.424

July 31, 1972

Log Kp

INFINITE

-67.703 -3i.2b9

-19.275

-19. 124

- 1 3 • 0d2 -9.545

-7.224 -3.596

-4.038 -3.499

-3.067

-2.715

-2.421 -2.173

-1 .960 -1.776

-1.615 -1.472

-1.346 -1.233

-1.130 -1.038

-.954 -.878

-.807 -.743

-.683

-.628

-.576

-.528

-.484 -.442 -.403

- • 3b6 -.352 -.299

- . 2b8 -.239

-.211 -.185

-. loO -.137

-.114

- • U93

- . U72

- . 053

-. U34 -.016

.001 .017

.033

.048

. Ut>3 .077

. 090

. 1 u3

• lib .128

.139

.150

.161

295
<J i '

103.266 ± 0.003 kcal mol

(IDEAL GAS, REEJ&ENCE STATE)

1

Ground State Configuration lr+

GFW = 2.0160

“298.15 “ °

S 298 15

= 31 - 208 1 °- 01 cal deg _1 mol

-1

= 4405.3 cm

^

u) x = 125.325 cm

^ D = 0.04644 cm

^ a = 2 e e e -1 -1 0 = 60.848 cm a = 3.0664 cm

e

r = 0.7417 A

e

Heat Capacity and Entropy Except for the changes at 100° and 200°K noted below, the table was taken from the JANAF table for Hj (dated March 31, 1961), whose thermodynamic functions follow very closely those calculated up to 5000 K by H. W. Woolley,

R. B. Scott, and F. G. Brickwedde, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards 41, 379 (1948), who used spectroscopic constants derived from an analysis of U.V. band spectra. (As in the JANAF table, a nuclear-spin entropy of Rln 4 was omitted

at all temperatures, but the entropy due to the mixing of ortho and para hydrogen, which is a consequence of nuclear

spin, is included.) The JANAF table for H

2 is for "normal" (75% ortho and 25% para) except at 0°K, where the values are for "equilibrium" (100% para at that temperature). The present table eliminates that inconsistency since it applies

to "equilibrium" at all temperatures; the values at 100° and 200°K, which differ substantially from those for normal but are not suitable for interpolation anyhow, were taken from L. Haar, A. S. Friedman, and C. W. Beckett,

Nat. Bur. Standards Monograph 20 (1961), but the thermodynamic functions of the two forms differ negligibly (by less than 0.01%) at 298.15 K and all higher temperatures. A more practical consistent table for might seem to be one for normal at all temperatures, since this form of the gas is essentially the one always encountered except in its generation or catalytic ortho-para equili- bration at low temperatures. However, ^298~^0 ^*156 kcal mol ^ less for the "normal" than for the "equilibrium"

form, and it was considered undesirable to offer a reference table for H^ whose use would change the difference between AHf° and AHf°^g for all compounds containing hydrogen by corresponding amounts. "Equilibrium" H

2 is the form which parallels the great majority of substances (those maintaining equilibrium among all rotational states). The present reference-state table for H- was used in generating all tables of the present series for compounds

1

1 containing the isotope H. The value of D° is taken from G. Herzberg, J. Molec . Spectroscopy J33, 147 (1970).

296
Hydrogen/ Diatomic (H^) ^

(Ideal Gas/ Reference State) GFVI = 2.016

gibbs/mol kca|/mol

T, °K Cp° s° —^G° — H°299)/T H°— H°298 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 . ooo .000 INFINITE - 2.024 .000 .000 .000

100 6.728 24.049 37.118 - 1.307 .000 .000 .000 200 6 • 5o0 23.515 31.830 -.663 .000 .ooo .000 296 6.893 31.208 31.208 .000 .000 .000 .000 300 6.-894 31.251 31.208 .013 .000 .Ooo .000

400 0.975 33.247 31.480 . 707 .000 .000 . ooo 500 b.993 34.806 31.995 1.405 .000 .000 .000

bUO 7.009 36.082 32.572 2.106 .000 . ooo . ooo 700 7.036 37.165 33.154 2.808 .000 .000 .000

800 7 .

0

67 38.107 33.714 3.514 .000 .000 .000 900 7.148 38.946 34.250 4.226 .000 . ooo . ooo 1000 7.219 39.702 34.758 4.944 .000 .000 .000

1100 7.300 40 . 394 35.239 5.670 .000 .000 .000 1200 7.390 41 .033 35.696 6.404 .000 . ooo .000 1300 7.490 41.628 36.130 7.148 .000 .000 .000 1400 7 . bO 0 42.187 36.543 7.902 .000 . ooo .000 1500 7.720 42.716 36.937 8.668 .000 .000 .000 loOO 7.823 43.217 37.313 9.446 .000 . ooo .000 1700 7.921 43.695 37.676 10.233 .000 .000 . ooo 1300 8. 016 44.150 38.022 11.030 .000 .000 .000 1900 8.108 44.586 38.357 11.836 .000 .000 .000 2000 8.195 45.004 38.679 12.651 .000 . ooo .000 2100 8.279 45.406 38.989 13.475 . 000 .000 .000 2200 8.358 45.793 39.290 14.307 .000 . ooo .000 2300 8.434 46.166 39.581 15.146 . 000 .000 .000 2400 8.505 46.527 39.863 15.993 .000 .000 .000 2500 3.575 46.875 40 .136 16.348 .000 .000 .000 2600 3.639 47.213 40.402 17.708 .000 .000 .000 2700 b . 70

0

47.540 40.660 18.575 . 000 .000 . ooo 2300 3.757 47.857 40.911 19.448 .000 .000 .000 2900 3.810 48.166 41.157 20.326 .000 .000 .000 3000 3.859 48.465 41.395 21.210 .000 .000 . ooo 3100 3.911 48.756 41.628 22.098 .000 .000 .000 3200 6 . 962 49.040 41 .855 22.992 . 000 .000 .000 3600 9.012 49.317 42.077 23.891 .000 .000 .000 3400 9.061 49.586 42.294 24.794 .000 .000 .000 3500 9.110 49.850 42.506 25.703 .000 .000 .000 3600 9.158 50.107 42.714 26.616 .000 .000 .000 3700 9.205 50 . 359 42.917 27.535 .000 . ooo .OOo 3600 9.252 50.605 43.116 28.457 .ooo . ooo .000 3900 9.297 50 . 846 43.311 29.385 .000 . ooo .000 4000 9.342 51 . 082 43.503 30.317 .000 .000 .000 4100 9.366 51.313 43.690 31.253 .000 .000 . ooo 4200 9.429 51.540 43.875 32. 194 .000 .000 .000 4300 9.472 51.762 44.055 33.139 .000 .000 .ooo 4400 9.514 51.980 44.233 34.088 .000 .000 .000 4500 9.555 52.194 44.407 35.042 .000 .000 .oou 4600 9.595 52.405 44.579 35.999 .000 .000 .000 4700 9 .634 52.612 44.748 36.961 .000 . ooo .000 4300 9.673 52.815 44.914 37.926 .000 . ooo .000 4900 9.711 53.015 45.077 38.995 .000 . OOo .000 5000 9.748 53.211 45.237 39.868 .000 .000 . ooo 5100 9.785 53.405 45.396 40.845 .000 .000 . ooo 5200 9.822 53.595 45.552 41 . 925 . ooo . ooo .000 5300 9.859 53.783 45.706 42.809 .000 . ooo .000 5400 9.895 53.967 45.856 43.797 .ooo .000 . OOO 5500 9.930 54.149 46.006 44 . 788 .000 .000 .000

3bO 0 9.965 54.328 46.152 45.783 .000 .000 .000

0 700 10.000 54.505 46.298 46.731 . ooo • 00O .000 5300 10.034 54.679 46.441 47.783 .000 .000 .000 5900 10 . 0o7 54.851 46.582 48.788 . ooo . ooo .000 6000 10.100 55.020 46.721 49.796 .000 .000 .000

July 31, 1972

297
AMIDOGEN (NH

2

) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 16.0226

Point Group C^

v 4H1 298

= 45.5 ± 1.5 kcal mol

S 298 15

" 46,51 § lbbs mo1 1

Electronic Levels (Quantum Weight) and Vibrational Frequencies (Degeneracies)

£, cm

~1 (g) 0 ( 2 ) 10249 (2)

ui> cm (g)_ 3173 (1) 1497.2 (1) 3325 (1) 633 (1)

Bond Distance: N-N = 1.024A Bond Angle: H-N-H = 103° -120 3 Product of the Moments of Inertia: III = 8.742 x 10 g cm A D L

3220 (1) [3220] (1)

o = 2

Heat of Formation ,k Direct kinetic studies [1-5] on the decomposition of hydrazine, (g) , > 2NH2(g), give activation energies

7 8 which suggest AHf® Q of NH - 40 kcal. The pre-exponential factor suggests k ^ 10 -10 liters/mol sec. This is 29 o 2 r exceptionally slow for a radical combination reaction [6] and is at variance with the most recent direct measurements

of k^ = 10^*® liters/mol sec (300K, 1500 mm Hg) [7] and k

f

= 10^*^ liters/mol sec (300K, 10 mm Hg) [8]. A possible

explanation for this discrepancy is that the hydrazine decomposition studies have been carried out in the energy dependent region [9,10]. This has been confirmed on the basis of RRKM calculations. With a AHf° equal to 40 kcal,

29 o it is not possible to simultaneously reproduce the measured forward (k^) and backward (k^) rates by orders of magnitude. With a value of AHf° of 45.5 kcal, all of the rate data can be fitted to a factor of three. For higher

2y o values of AHf° , the discrepancy increases.

29 o Data on the thermal decomposition of benzy lamine from toluene carrier studies [2,11] yield AHf° = 36 kcal.

29 o This technique, however, has consistently yielded erroneous rate paramet-ers [12]. Using their very low pressure

pyrolysis technique, Golden and coworkers [13] find AHf° of NH equals 47.2 kcal. This is in reasonable agreement

29 o 2 with the recommended value.

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The bond distance and angle from the electronic absorption spectrum (c.f. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. J., 1966 for references and discussion). The vibrational frequencies for the ground electronic state were obtained from the matrix isolation studies by D. E. Milligan

and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys . 4_3, 4487 (1956). The vibrational frequencies of the upper electronic level have been

obtained from both the gas phase and matrix isolated electronic absorption spectra.

References

1 .

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7.

8 .

9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13.

M. Szwarc, Proc. Roy. Soc. A198 , 267 (1949).

J. A. Kerr, R. C. Sekhar, and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, J. Chem. Soc. 3217 (1963).

E. T. McHale, B. E. Knox, and H. B. Palmer, Tenth Symposium on Combustion (International), p. 341

(The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965).

K. W. Michel and H. Gg . Wagner, Tenth Symposium on Combustion (International) p. 353 (The Combustion

Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965).

E. Meyer, H. A. Olscheusek, J. Troe, and H. Gg . Wagner Eleventh Symposium on Combustion (International)

p. 345 (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967).

S. W. Benson and H. E. O'Neal, Kinetic Data on Gas Phase Unimolecular Reactions, p. 34, NSRDS-NBS 21,

(U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402, 1970).

S. Gordon, W. Mulac, and P. Nangia, J. Phys. Chem. 2J3, 2087 (1971).

J. D. Saltzman and E. J. Bair, J. Chem. Phys. 4JL, 3564 (1964).

M. Gilbert, Combustion and Flame 2^, 137, 149 (1958).

D.M.

S.D.

W. Setzer and

Szwarc, Proc.

W. Benson, J. M. Golden, R.

W. C. Richardson, Canad. J. Chem. 4_7, 2593 (1969).

Roy. Soc. A198 , 285 (1949). Chem. Education 4_2, 505 (1965).

K. Solly, N. A. Gac, and S. W. Benson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. S>4, 363 (1972).

298
AmIDOGEN (Pfy H2

N

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 16,0226

gibbs/mo!

T, °K Cp° S° —(G°— H°298)/T

0 .oou .000 INFINITE

100 7.949 37.815 53.597

200 7.9b4 43.325 47.241

298 8.024 46.510 46.510

300 8.027 46.560 46.510

400 8.221 48.893 46.827

500 8.493 50.756 47.433

bOO 8.80b 52.331 48.121

700 9.143 53.714 48.823

800 9.492 54.957 49.513

900 9.842 56.096 50.182

1000 10.181 57.150 50.827

1100 10.503 58.136 51.447

1200 10.802 59.063 52.044

1300 11.079 59.939 52.618

1400 11.333 60.769 53.170

1500 1 1 • 566 61.559 53.704

1600 11.781 62.312 54.218

1700 1 1.981 63.033 54,716

1900 12.167 63.723 55.197

1900 12.344 64.385 55.663

2000 12.511 65.023 56.115

2100 12.672 65.637 56.554

2200 12.826 66.230 56.981

2300 12.975 66.804 57.395

2400 13.120 67.359 57.799

2500 1

3

. 2b

1

67.897 58.192

2600 13.397 68.420 58.576

2700 13.529 68.928 58.950

2800 13.658 69.423 59.315

2900 13.732 69.904 59.672

3000 13.901 70 . 373 60.021

3100 1 4 . 0 1 0 70.831 60.362

3200 14.12

6

71.278 60.696

3300 14.231 71.714 61.024

3400 14.331 72.140 61 . 344 3500 14.426 72.557 61 .659 3600 14.51o 72.965 61.967

3 70 0 14.600 73.364 62.270

3800 14.679 73.754 62.567

3900 14.752 74.136 62.859

4000 14.821 74.511 63.145

4100 14 . 8b4 74.878 63.427

4200 14.942 75.237 63.704

4300 14.995 75.589 63.976

4400 15.044 75.934 64.244

4500 15.088 76.273 64.508

4500 15.127 76.605 64.767

4700 15.162 76.931 65.022

480 0 15.194 77.250 65.274

4900 15.221 77.564 65.521

5000 15.245 77.872 65.765

5100 15.266 78.174 66.006

5200 15.283 78.470 66.243

5300 15.297 78.762 66.476

54 0 0 15.309 79.048 66.706

5500 15.318 79.329 66.933

5500 15. 324 79.605 67.157

5700 15. 32o 79.876 67.378

5800 15.331 80.143 67.596

5900 15.331 80.405 67.810

6000 15.329 80.662 68.022

H°-H°238 AHf° AGr Log Kp

-2.373 46.187 46.187 INFINITE

-1 . 578 45.918 46.450 -1U1.517

-.783 45.721 47.058 -51.423

.000 45.500 47.761 -35.010

.015 45.495 47.775 -34.804

.826 45.264 48.569 -26.537

1.662 45.049 49.421 -21.602

2.526 44.358 50.314 -18.327

3.424 44.689 51.237 -15.997

4.355 44.543 52.182 -14.255

5.322 44.418 53.145 -12.905

6.323 44.315 54.120 -11.828

7.353 44.229 55.105 -10.948

8.423 44.160 56.097 -10.217

9.517 44.105 57.094 -9.598

10.633 44.061 58.095 -9.069

11.733 44.026 59.099 -8.611

12.951 43.997 60.104 -B.210

14.139 43.977 61.113 -7.857

15.346 43.963 62.120 -7.542

16.572 43.956 63.130 -7 . 262 17.315 43.955 64.139 -7.009

19.074 43.959 65.148 -6.780 20.349 43.969 66.157 -b.572 21.639 43.985 67.165 -6 • 362 22.944 44.003 68.174 -6.208

24.253 44.034 69.177 -6. 047 25.596 44.069 70.184 -5.900 26.942 44.109 71 . IBB -5.762

28.301 44.154 72.188 -5.635

29.673 44.207 73.191 “6 • 516 31.053 44.265 74.188 -5.405

32.454 44.330 75.183 -5.3U0

33.861 44.399 76.173 -5.203

35.279 44.473 77.171 -5.111 36.707 44.553 78.159 -5.024

38.145 44.636 79.147 -4.942

39.592 44.723 80.132 -4.865

41 . 048 44.913 81.115 -4.791 42.512 44.907 82.095 -4.722

43.983 45.003 83.073 -4 • 665 45.462 45.100 94.047 -4.592

46.947 45.200 95.019 -4.532 48.439 45.301 85.091 -4.475

49.935 45.402 86.057 -4.420 51.437 45.504 87.921 -4.367

52.944 45.606 88.882 -4.317

54 • 455 45.708 89.847 -4.269

55.969 45.808 90.305 -4.222 57.437 45.908 91.761 -4.178 59.008 46.007 92.714 -4.135

60.531 46.104 93.666 -4 • U94 62.057 46. 198 94.617 -4.055

63.594 46.292 95.565 -4.016

65.113 46.382 96.814 -3.980

66 *644 46 • 469 97.455 -3.944

68.175 46.554 99.401 -3.910 69.707 46.635 99.341 -3.677

71.240 46.713 100.284 -3.845

72.773 45.787 101.222 -3.814 74.306 46.357 102.160 -3.784 75.839 46.024 103.095 -3.755

July 31, 1972

299
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H

2S) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 34.0760

Point Group AHf° = -4.20 ± 0.2 kcal mol ^

S 298 15

= 49,15 cal deg 1 mo1

1

Ground State Quantum Weight = 1

AHf° 98 15 = -4.90 ± 0.2 kcal mol

_1

Vibrational Frequencies and Degeneracies

10 , cm 2614.6 (1) 1182.7 (1) 2627.5 (1) Bond Distance: S-H = 1.328A a = 2 Bond Angle: H-S-H = 92.2° Product of the Moments of Inertia: I I I f 4.69 x 10 g

5

Cm

^ A B L.

Heat of Formation

The heats of formation of H^SCg) determined by various workers including those reviewed in the previous JANAF

analysis (1) were recalculated with the results shown below. No weight was given to the work performed prior to 1934 and

less weight was given to the work of Kapustinskii and Kankovskii (7) because of the difficulty of establishing the state

of the products

Source

Thomsen (2) (1882) Thomsen (3) (1882) Pollitzer (4) (1909) Lewis and Randall (5) (1918) Zeumer and Roth (6) (1934) Kapustinskii and Kankovskii (7) (1958) *Equations may not be balanced.

Reaction*

H

2 S(g) + HI3 (aq) = 3HI(aq) + S(.amph) H

2 S(g) + 02 (g) = S02 (g) + H2 S04 *H

2 0 H

2 S(g) + I

2 (C) = 2HI (g) + S(rh)

3S (liq) + 2H

20(g) = S02 (g) + 2H2 S(g)

H

2 S(g) + 02 (g) = S02 (g) + H

2 S0

4 -H

20

H

2 S(g) + 30

2 (g) = S0

2 (g) + H

20(4) + S (rhombic)

AHf^98 (kcal mol ) If rom (1)J Recalculated

-4.4, -5.1 if S(rhombic)

- 2.0 -4.7, -4.0 if S(amph) -3.6 ± 0.2

-4. 80±0.15 -4.89 ± 0.24

-4 .94±0 .08 -4.92 ± 0.08

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The thermodynamic functions were taken from the JANAF table for H

2 S(g) dated Dec. 31, 1965, which in turn were

calculated by the rigid-rotor, harmonic-oscillator approximation below 298°K. Gordon had calculated C° from 298°

to 6000 K by a method which takes into account second-order corrections for vibrational anharmonicity , vibration- rotation interaction, and centrifugal stretching. The spectroscopic constants used were taken from H. C. Allen,

E. K. Plyler , J. Chem. Phys . 24, 35 (1956), and H. C. Allen, E. K. Plyler, J. Chem. Phys . 25 , 1132 (1956).

Ref erences

1. JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS_ NBS 37, U. S. Supt. Documents, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 (June, 1971).

2. J. Thomsen, Thermo chemical Investigations Vol II, p. 60 (J. A. Barth, Leipzig, 1882).

3. J. Thomsen, Thermo chemical Investigations Vol IV, p. 188 (J. A. Barth, Leipzig, 1882).

4. F. Pollitzer, Z. anorg. Chem. 64^, 121 (1909).

5. G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40, 362 (1918).

6. H. Zeumer and W. A. Roth, Z. Elektrochem. 4() [11], 777 (1934).

7. A. F. Kapustinskii and R. T. Kankovskii, Zhur. Fiz, Khim. 32 , 2810 (1958).

300
Hydrogen Sulfide (H^) H2S

(Ideal Gas) GFW = 34.076

/ n

T, °K Cp° s° (G°— H°298)/T AHf° AGr Log Kp

0 .000 . 000 INFINITE -2.381 -4.204 -4.204 INFINITE

100 7.949 40.359 56.219 -1.586 -4.290 -5.624 12.292

200 7.978 45.872 49.827 -.791 -4.532 -6.879 7.517

298 8.172 49.151 49.151 .000 -4.900 -7.975 5.845

300 8.176 49.202 49.152 .015 -4.908 -7.994 5.823

400 8.504 51.597 49.474 .849 -5.867 -8.937 4.883

500 8 . 889 53.536 50.100 1.718 -6 • 635 -9.616 4.203

600 9.306 55.193 50.813 2.628 -7.282 -10.149 3.697

700 9.737 56.660 51.546 3.580 -7.832 -10.558 3.296

800 10.162 57.988 52.269 4.575 -21.368 -12.182 3.328

900 10.567 59.209 52.973 5.612 -21.481 -11 . 027 2.678

1000 10.943 60.342 53.655 6.687 -21.565 -9.861 2.155

1100 11.261 61.401 54.311 7.799 -21.622 -8.688 1.726

1200 11.584 62.396 54.943 8.943 -21.656 -7.509 1.368

1300 11.853 63.334 55.553 10.115 -21.673 -6.329 1.064

1400 12.092 64.221 56.141 11.312 -21.677 -5.149 .804 1500 12.303 65.063 56.708 12.532 -21.671 -3.969 .578 lbOO 12.491 65.963 57.255 13.772 -21.657 -2.790 .381 1700 12.659 66.625 57.784 15.030 -21.635 -1.609 .207

1800 12.808 67.353 58.296 16.303 -21.609 -.434 .053 1900 12.941 68.049 58.791 17.590 -21.578 .743 -.085

2000 13.063 68.716 59.270 18.891 -21.543 1.917 -.209

2100 13.171 69.356 59.736 20.203 -21.507 3.088 -.321

2200 13.270 69.971 60.187 21.525 -21.469 4.260 -.423

2300 13.360 70.563 60.626 22.856 -21.430 5.427 -.516

<d4U0 13.444 71.133 61.051 24.197 -21.389 6.597 -.601

2500 13.520 71.684 61.466 25.545 -21.349 7.759 -.678

2600 13.590 72.215 61.869 26.900 -21.308 8.925 -.750

2700 13.655 72.729 62.261 28.263 -21.266 10.086 -.816

2800 13.715 73.227 62.644 29.631 -21.226 11.243 -.878

2900 13.771 73.709 63.018 31.005 -21.185 12.406 -.935

3000 13.824 74.177 63.382 32.385 -21.145 13.562 -.988

3100 13.874 74.631 63.737 33.770 -21.103 14.718 -1.038

3200 13.921 75.073 64.085 35.160 -21.064 15.870 -1.084

3300 13.965 75.502 64.425 36.554 -21.025 17.024 -1.127

3400 14.007 75.919 64.756 37.953 -20.986 18.179 -1.169

3500 14.047 76.326 65.081 39.356 -20.950 19.328 -1.207

3600 14.085 76.722 65.399 40.762 -20.914 20.479 -1.243

3700 14.122 77.108 65.710 42.173 -20.881 21.632 -1.278

3800 14.156 77.485 66.015 43.586 -20.848 22.780 -1.310

3900 14.190 77.354 66.315 45.004 -20.817 23.924 -1.341

4UU0 14.223 78.213 66.607 46c 424 -20.788 25.076 -1.370

4100 14.254 79.565 b6 • 895 47.848 -20.759 26.219 -1.398

4200 14.285 78.909 67.177 49.275 -20.733 27.365 -1.424

4300 14.314 79.245 67.453 50.705 -20.708 28.510 -1.449

4400 14.343 79.575 67.725 52.138 -20.685 29.651 -1.473

4500 14.371 79.897 67.992 53.574 -20.664 30.798 -1.496

4bOO 14.397 80.213 68.254 55.012 -20.644 31.943 -1.518

4700 14.423 80.523 68.512 56.453 -20.626 33.08b -1.538

4600 14.460 80.827 68.765 57.897 -20.609 34.22d -1.558

4 90 0 14.475 81.125 69.014 59.343 -20.594 35.374 -1.578

5000 14.500 81.418 69.260 60.792 -20.581 36.509 -1.59b

5100 14.523 81 . 705 69.500 62.243 -20.570 37.657 -1.614

6^00 14.548 81.988 69.739 63.697 -20.559 38.794 -1.630

5300 14.571 82.265 69.972 65.153 -20.550 39.939 -1.647

5400 14.594 82.538 70.203 66.611 -20.544 41.075 -1.662

5500 1 4 • d 1 6 82.306 70.429 68.071 -20.539 42.21o -1.678

5b00 14.639 83.069 70.652 69.534 -20.536 43 • 3o0 -1.692

5700 14. obi 83.328 70.872 70.999 -20.534 44.503 -1.706

5800 14.682 83.584 71.090 72.466 -20.534 45.638 -1.720

5900 14 . 705 83.835 71.303 73.936 -20.534 46.779 -1.733

6000 14.725 84.082 71.514 75.407 -20.537 47.923 -1.746

July 31, 1972

301
AMMONIA (NH

3

) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 17.0307 Point Group

^°298 15

= 4 ^.047 - 0.006 cal deg ^mol

Ground State Quantum Weight - 1

AHf° = -9.30 kcal mol

AHf ° 98

= -10.97 ± 0.1 kcal mol

Vibrational Levels and Multiplicities

-1

uj, cm

3506 (1) 1022 ( 1 ) 3577 (2) 1691 (2) Bond Length: N-H = 1.0124 A Bond Angle: 106.67° 0=3

Product of the Moments of Inertia: = 3.4824 x lO

-11

^ g

3 cm

6

Heat of Formation

Second and third law analyses of the equilibrium constant data for the reaction N

2 (g)+3/2H

2 (g) = NH^Cg) cited in

the previous JANAF evaluation (1) plus the more recent work of Schulz and Schaefer ( 6 ) was made using the revised thermal functions for NH^ (g) (see below). All of the previously cited work in reaction calorimetry plus the early work of Berthelot (7,8) and Thomsen (9) were reevaluated. No significant differences in the third law calculations of the equilibrium data or in the corrections to the flow calorimetry data of Haber and Tamaru (12) and Wittig and Schmatz (13) were found. Thus, the 0.1 kcal discrepancy between the results of the equilibrium and reaction calorimetry measurements

remains unresolved .The previous JANAF selection (1) for AHf° 9g

of NH

3 (g) was adopted. A recent evaluation (14) which

includes new indirect calorimetry measurements (unpublished) further confirms this selection.

AHf

298 , Drift AHf 298 AS 298 (obsv

cl Source Method (kcal mol ) ( e - u -) (kcal mol ) (e.u.) Larson, Dodge [2] K°[4] from K (10-1,000 atm, 600-800K) -10.88 -.07+. 05 -10.70+0.11 +0.24+0.15 1 (1923) F F Haber, Tamaru, K°[4] from K (30 atm, 800-1200K) - 10.86 ,0± .05 -10.88+0.15 -0.02+0.152 Ponnaz [3] (1915) F F Haber, Mashke[ 5] (1915) K (1 atm,

P

, 900-1400K) -10.85 - . 26± .08 -10.62 ±.22 0.20±0.19 3 Schulz, Schaefer K (1 atm,, 567-673K) -10.87 (.0 to -.3) -10.78 +.20 4.4+ 0.3

4

[ 6 ] (1966) P Berthelot [7] (1880) Indirect; Reaction of Br (aq) and -11.4

NH (aq) Berthelot [ 8 ] (1880) Indirect

Reaction of 0 (g) with -12.1

NH (g) Thomsen [9] (1882) Indirect

Reaction of 0 (g) with -11.9 NH (g) Becker and Roth [10] Indirect; Heat of combustion oxalates. -11 ,00 2 +0 .15 (1934) etc. Haber, Tamaru, Flow calorimetry at 298K -11.10 ± 0.05 Oeholm [11] (1915) Haber, Tamaru [12] Flow calorimetry (739-932K) -10. 97± 0.008

(1915) Wittig, Schmatz [13] Flow calorimetry at 823K -10.99 ±0.05

(1959) *Second law analysis , calculations made assuming AC cal mol \ is given by (1) -2.672+0 .00591 (T-700),

(2) -1.236+0.00404 (T-1000) , (3) -0.855+0.00305 (T*1100) , (4) -3.287+0.00651 (T-600)

Heat Capacity and Entropy

The thermodynamic functions differ from those of the JANAF table of Sept. 30, 1965, in being taken directly from

the later and more complete work of L. Haar, J. Research Nat. Bur. Standards 72A , 207 (1968). Haar treated in detail

the contribution of the highly anharmonic out-of-plane vibrational mode, including its large coupling with rotation and

its coupling with the other vibrational modes. Haar’s values of C° pass through a shallow maximum between 4000 and

p -1 -1

500 K, and were extrapolated from 5000 to 6000 K by assuming a constant value (19.300 cal deg mol ). A summary

of Haar's estimated uncertainties and of the differences of the JANAF table from the present table (in cal deg ^mol

JANAF table - this table

_J2 £l

-0.034 -0.033 + .142 - .122 +1.775 + .265

is as follows:

T, K 1000

3000 5000

Uncertainties (Haar , loc . cit .

)

C° 0.006

0.10

0.6

0.006 0.06

0.4

It may be noted that these tables for NHo assume equilibrium among all rotational states. Separation of NH3 into ortho and para forms has not so far been observed. References

1. JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition (July 1970).

2. A. T. Larson and R. L. Dodge, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45 , 2918 (1923).

3. F. Haber, S. Tamaru, and Ch . Ponnaz, A. Elektrochem.

21, 89 (1915).

4. C. C. Stephenson and H. 0. McMahan, J. Am. Chem. Soc.

61, 437 (1939).

5. F, Haber and A. Maschke, Z. Elektrochem. _21, 128 (1915).

6 . G. Schulz and H. Schaefer, Ber . Bunsenges. Physik. Chem.

70, 21 (1966).

7. M. Berthelot, Compt. Rend. 89, 877 (1879); Ann. Chim. Phys . [ 8 ] 20, 247 (1880).

8 . M. Berthelot, Ann. Chim. Phys. [5] ^0, 244 (1880).

9. J. Thomsen, Thermo chemical Investigations Vol. II,

p. 68 (Johann A. Barth, Leipzig, 1882),

10. G. Becker and W. A. Roth, Z. Elektrochem. ^0, 836 (1934).

11. F. Haber and S. Tamaru, Oeholm. Z. Elektrochem. 21 , 206 (1915).

12. F. Haber and S. Tamaru, Z. Elektrochem. 21 , 191 (1915).

13. F. E. Wittig and W. Schmatz, Z. Elektrochem. 63 , 475 (1959).

14. Private communication, W. H. Evans, U. S. Nat. Bur. Standards, July (1972); evaluation of ICSU-CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics, June(1972).

302
GFW = 17.0507

Awnia (NH3)

(Ideal Gas)

kcal/mol —

T, °K Cp° S° (G°

H°298>/T H°— H°298 AHr AGr Log Kp

0 .000 .000 infinite -2.401 -9.299 -9.299 INFINITE

100 7.955 37.220 53.321 -1.610 -9.930 -8.136 17.782

200 8.068 42.753 46.809 -.811 -10.445 -6.142 6.712

298 8.521 46.047 46.047 .000 -10.970 -3.919 2.873

300 8.533 46.100 46.048 .016 -10.980 -3.875 2.823

400 9.253 48.650 46.390 .904 -11.482 -1.430 .781 500 10.049 50.800 47.062 1.869 -11 .917 1.134 -.496

600 10.825 52.701 47.846 2.913 -12.279 3.780 -1.377

700 11.557 54.425 48.665 4.032 -12.576 6.481 -2.024

800 12.245 56.014 49.486 5.223 -12.816 9.220 -2.519

900 12.894 57.494 50.294 6.480 -13.006 11.987 -2.911

1000 13.501 59.884 51.084 7.800 -13.150 14.772 -3.228

1100 14.068 60.198 51.854 9.179 -13.254 17.570 -3.491

1200 14.591 61.445 52.601 10.612 -13.323 20.37o -3.711

1300 15.071 62.632 53.328 12.096 -13.361 23.185 -3.898

1400 15.510 63.765 54.033 13.625 -13.373 25.997 -4.058

1500 15.909 64.849 54.718 15.196 -13.365 28.810 -4.198

1600 16.271 65.888 55.384 16.805 -13.341 31.619 -4.319

1700 16.599 66.884 56,032 18.449 -13.299 34.430 -4.426

1800 16.896 67.841 56.661 20.124 -13.244 37.234 -4.521

1900 17.165 68.762 57.274 21.828 -13.176 40.038 -4.605

2000 17.407 69.649 57.871 23.556 -13.099 42.837 -4.681

2100 17.627 70,504 58.452 25.308 -13.014 45.631 -4.749

2200 17.825 71.328 59.019 27.081 -12.922 48.422 -4.810

2300 16.004 72.125 59.571 28.873 -12.824 51.208 -4.666

2400 18.166 72.894 60.111 30.681 -12.721 53.992 -4.917

2500 18.314 73.639 60.637 32.505 -12.617 56 • 765 -4.962

2600 18.445 74.360 61.151 34.343 -12.508 59.541 -5.005

2700 18.564 75.058 61.653 36.194 -12.397 62.309 -5.044

2800 18.673 75.735 62.144 38.056 -12.285 65.072 -5.079

2900 18.769 76.392 62.624 39.928 -12.171 67.837 -5.112

3000 18.858 77.030 63.094 41.810 -12.058 70.591 -5.143

3100 18.936 77.650 63.553 43.699 -11.943 73.343 -5.171

3200 19.005 78.252 64.003 45.596 -11.831 76.093 -5.197

3300 19.069 78.838 64.444 47.500 -11.721 78.841 -5.221

3400 19.122 79.408 64.876 49.410 -11.611 81.581 -5.244

3500 19.172 79.963 65.299 51.324 -11.506 84.322 -5.265

3600 19.216 80.504 65.714 53.244 -11.403 87.058 -5.285

3700 19.252 81.031 66.121 55.167 -11.305 89.793 -5.304

3800 19.283 81.545 66.520 57.094 -11.209 92.524 -5.321

3900 19.309 82.046 66.912 59.024 -11.119 95.254 -5.338

4000 19.331 82.535 67.296 60.956 -11.034 97.979 -5.353

4100 19.349 83.013 67.674 62.890 -10.954 100.703 -5.368

4200 19.361 83.479 68.044 64.825 -10.880 103.428 -5.382

4300 19.371 83.935 68.409 66.762 -10.811 106.146 -5.395

4400 19.375 84.380 68.767 68.699 -10.748 108.863 -5.407

4500 19.377 84.816 69.119 70.637 -10.693 111.579 -5.419

4600 19.373 85.241 69.464 72.574 -10.642 114.301 -5.431

4700 19.367 85.658 69.804 74.512 -10.600 117.017 -5.441

4800 19.357 86.066 70.139 76.447 -10.565 1 19.731 -5.452

4900 19.343 86.465 70.468 78.382 -10.536 122.445 -5.461

5000 19.325 86.856 70.793 80.318 -10.513 125.153 -5.470

5100 19.300 87.238 71.111 82.248 -10.503 127.869 -5.480

5200 19.300 87.613 71.425 84.178 -10.497 130.582 -5.488

5300 19.300 87.981 71.734 86.108 -10.498 133.297 -5.497

5400 19.300 88.341 72.038 88.038 -10.505 136.005 -5.504

5500 19.300 86.696 72.338 89.968 -10.517 138.722 -5.512

5600 19.300 89.043 72.633 91.898 -10.536 141.431 -5.520

5700 19.300 89.385 72.924 93.828 -10.560 144.150 -5.527

5800 19.300 89.721 73.211 95.758 -10.590 146.862 -5.534

5900 19.300 90.051 73.493 97.688 -10.624 149.578 -5.541

6000 19.300 90.375 73.772 99.618 -10.664 152.291 -5.547

July 31, 1972

303
SULFUR MONOXIDE (SO) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 48.0634

S 298.15

53.019 cal K mol AHf 298.15

1 ',2 ± 0.3 kcal mol

Electronic States and Molecular Constants

State

-1

£ , cm g

-1

a) , cm

e

-1

XA m , cm

e e

B , cm

^ e

-1

a , cm

e

r , &

e

X 3 I~ 0 3 1148.19 6.12 0.72082 0.00574 1.4811

a

1 A 6350 2 [1148.19] [6.12] 0.7119 [0.00574] 1.494

bii+

10510 1 1067.66 7.8 0.70261 0.00635 1.5005 A3 n 0 38292 6 415.2 1.6 0.6067 0.0194 A 3 n! 38455 6 413.3 1.6 0.6107 0.0194 1.6094 A 3 n 2 38616 6 412.7 1.7 0.6164 0.0204

b

3 e” 41629 3 630.4 4.8 0.502 0.0062 1.775

c

3 n 42200 6 170 [0] [0.5] [0] 2.2

Heat of Formation

The selection for Z4if° of SO(g) 1.2 ± 0.3 kcal mol \ was derived from one of the two independent means, pointed out by Okabe, J. Chem. Phys . _56, 3378 (1972), that employs principally spectroscopic data: AHf°(S0) =1/2 D°(S

2

) +1/2 D° (0^) -D° (SO) +1/2 AHf°(S

2 ). The data employed are as follows. Ricks and Barrow,

Can. J. Phys. 4j^, 2423 (1969) give = 100.69 ± 0.01 kcal mol ^

. Brix and Herzberg, Can. J. Phys. 32^ 110

(1954), give D°(02) = 117.97 ± 0.046 kcal mol

1

. On the basis of analysis of spectroscopic data to 1964, JANAF

(Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37) gives D°(S0) = 123.5 ± 0.3 (?) kcal mol NBS Tech. Note 270-3

n _i gives AHfg(S

2

) = 30.65 ± 0.2 kcal mol . Assuming the dissociation

u products of SO are S( 13D

2

) and 0( P) , R. Colin,

Can. J. Phys. 4 7_> 979 (1969) concludes D°(S0) = 123.56 ±0.23 kcal mole A systematic error of 0.65 kcal is incurred if the assumption is wrong. Support for this assumption is as follows: 1) Okabe, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 , 7095 (1971) concludes that D°(0S-0) = 130.06 ±0.5 kcal mol 1 assuming the predissociation of SO

2 is to ground state products. Using AHf°(S02 = -70.336 kcal mol ^ from NBS-NSRDS TN 270-3 and the relation: AHf°(S0) = D°(0S-0) -

1/2 (^2 ) + ° ne °k tains AHf°(S0) = 0.7 ± 0.7 kcal mol

^

; 2) Assuming the threshold energy for fluorescence

of SO, 217.00 ± 0.7 kcal mol \ (see Okabe, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 3378 (1972)) corresponds to the minimum energy for

the reaction: 0SC1 = S0(A3 ITq) + 2Cl( 3 P3/ 2 ) and using 108.43 kcal mol for the difference in energy between the

„ -1 lowest vibrational levels of S0(A3 IIq) and S0(X3 I ) (Colin, loc. cit.) one obtains AHf^(SO) = 1.3 ± 0.7 kcal mol

This is based on AHf°(0SCl

2

) = -50.07 kcal mol

~1 (NSRDS-NBS TN 270-3) and D°(C1

2

) = 57.177 + 0.005 kcal mol

-1

given by Douglas, Moller, and Stoicheff, Can. J. Phys. 4T, 1174 (1963); 3) Re-examination of the photo ionization-yield

curves of SO* and SO* obtained by Dibeler and Liston, J. Chem. Phys. 49^, 482 (1968), suggests that their reported

^ +

threshold for SO -* SO + 0 + e should be increased from 15.81 ± 0.02 eV to 16.00 eV. Using the latter and the ionization energy of SO given by Jonathan et al, Chem. Phys. Letters j), 217 (1971) of 10.34 ± 0.02 eV and the relation:

AHf°(S0) = D°(0S-0) - 1/2 D°(0

2

) + AHf°(S0

2

), one obtains AHf°(S0) = 1.20 ± 0.5 kcal mol

~ X

.

Heat Capacity and Entropy The vibrational and rotational constants of the respective electronic levels were taken from 3. Rosen, Spectroscopic Data Relative to Diatomic Molecules , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970.

304
Sulfur Monoxide (SO)

(Ideal Gas)

OS

6FW = 48 .0634

. gibbs/mol kcal/mol

T, °K Cp° S° -(G°-H°29e)/T fj°— H°288 AHr Acr

0 .000 .000 INFINITE -2.037 1.203 1.203

100 8.956 45.364 59.288 -1.392 1.387 -.783

20U 6.995 50.192 53.670 -.696 1.343 -2.949

298 7.212 53.019 53.019 .000 1.200 -5.027

.30 U 7.217 53.064 53.019 .013 1.197 -5. 066

400 7.543 55.184 53.306 .751 .480 -7.106

500 7.845 56.901 53.859 1.521 -.053 -8.939

600 8.087 58.35.3 54.490 2.313 -.491 -10.674

700 4.272 59.615 55.134 3.137 -.861 -12.317

BOO 8.414 60.729 55.765 3.971 -14.251 -15.199

900 8 . 526 61.727 56.373 4.818 -14.249 -15.317

1000 8.617 62.630 56.954 5.676 -14.246 -15.435

1100 3.695 63.455 57.508 6.541 -14.243 -15.556

1200 8.765 64.214 58.036 7.414 -14.238 -15.675

1300 8.830 64.918 58.538 8.294 -14.231 -15.794

1400 3.894 65.575 59.018 9.130 -14.224 -15.915

1500 8 • 95o 66.191 59.476 10.073 -14.215 -16.037

1600 9.017 66.771 59.914 10.972 -14.203 -16.158

1700 9.078 67.319 60.333 11.876 -14.188 -16.281

1800 9.139 67.840 60.736 12.787 -14.172 -16.405

1900 9.199 68.336 61 . 123 13.704 -14.152 -16.528

2000 9.258 68.809 61.496 14.627 -14. 1 31 -16.655

2100 9.315 69.262 61.855 15.556 -14.106 -16.782

2200 9.371 69.697 62.201 16.490 -14.080 -16.909

2300 9.425 70.115 62.536 17.430 -14.051 -17.039

2400 9.477 70.517 62.861 18.375 -14.020 -17.168

2500 9.526 70.905 63.175 19.325 -13.987 -17.301

2600 9.573 71.279 63.479 20.230 -13.952 -17.434

2700 9.618 71.641 63.775 21.240 -13.915 -17.569

2800 9.659 71.992 64.062 22.203 -13.878 -17.707

2900 9.699 72.332 64.341 23.171 -13.839 -17.843

3000 9.735 72.661 64.613 24.143 -13.800 -17.980

3100 9.769 72.981 64.873 25.118 -13.758 -18.121

3200 9.801 73.291 65.136 26.097 -13.718 -18.263

3300 9.830 73.593 65.388 27.073 -13.675 -18.407

3400 9. 85 / 73.887 65.634 28.063 -13.633 -18.549

3500 9.862 74.173 65.873 29.050 -13.591 -18.697

3600 9.90 5 74.452 66.108 30.039 -13.548 -13.842

3700 9.926 74.724 66.337 31.031 -13.506 -13.989

3800 9.945 74.989 66.561 32.024 -13.463 -19.138

3900 9.963 75.247 66.781 33.020 -13.421 -19.290

4000 9.981 75.500 66.996 34.017 -13.379 -19.438

4100 9.997 75.746 67.206 35.016 -13.336 -19.590

4200 10.012 75.987 67.412 36.016 -13.294 -19.743

4300 10.028 76.223 67.614 37.018 -13.252 -19.897

4400 10.043 76.454 67.813 38.022 -13.211 -20.053

4500 10.05b 76.680 68.007 39.027 -13.170 -20.207

4600 10.074 76.901 68.193 40.033 -13.128 -20.364

4700 10.090 77.118 68.386 41.041 -13.086 -20.523

4.400 10.107 77.330 63.570 42.051 -13.043 -20.682

4900 10.128 77.539 68.751 43.063 -13.000 -20 . 840 5000 10 . 146 77.744 68.929 44.076 -12.957 -21.004

5100 10 . 1 bo 77.945 69.103 45.092 -12.913 -21.162

5200 10.192 78.143 69.275 46.110 -12.867 -21.325

5300 10.213 78.337 69.444 47.131 -12.819 -21.487

5400 10 .246 78.523 69.611 48.154 -12.770 -21.652

550U 10.278 78.717 69.775 49.180 -12.719 -21.316

5oOU 10.312 73.902 69.936 50.209 -12.666 -21.982

5 roo 10.350 79.085 70.095 51.242 -12.610 -22.151

5800 10.390 79.265 70.252 52.279 -12.551 -22.31b

590 0 10.48b 79.443 70.406 53.321 -12.487 -22.489

bOOO 10.463 79.619 70.558 54 .366 -12.421 -22.654

July 31, 1972

Log Kp

INFINITE

1.711 3.223 3.685

3.690 3.882

3.907

3.888 3.846

4.152

3.720 3.373

3.091 2.855

2.655

2.484 2.337

2.2U7 2.093

1.992

1.901

1.820 1.747

1.680 1.619

1 . 563 1.512 1.465

1.422

1.382

1.345

1.310 1.277

1.247

1.219

1 .192

1 . 168

1 . 144 1.122

1.101

1 . 081 1.062

1 . 044 1.027

1.011

.996

.981 .967

.954

.942

.930 .918

.907 .896

.886 .876

. 8t>7 .858 .849

.841 .833

.825

305
FLUORINE, MONATOMIC (F) (IDEAL GAS)

Ground State Configuration 2?3/2

-1

AHf® = 18.34 ± 0.12 kcal mol

= 18.84 ± 0.12 kcal mol

GFW = 18.9984

1

AHf 298.15 Electronic Levels and Quantum Weight

Same as ref. (1) Heat of Formation

A review of earlier work is given in ref. (1); a value of 37.72 ± 0.80 kcal mol ^ for the F2 dissociation energy,

D°, was selected. A review of later work, which follows, suggests the uncertainty in D® of F2 can be significantly

reduced

From a third law analysis of the equilibrium data of Doesher (2) and Wise (3) for the reaction F2 (g) - 2F(g), Stamper and Barrow (4) obtained D°(F 2 ) = 36 . 71 ± 0.13 kcal mol A more realistic uncertainty based on the analysis

of ref. (1) is ±0 . 80 kcal mol The dissociation energy of F2 may be derived from the relation: D® (F^ = 2D°(HF) + 2AHf®(HF) ~ D°(H2 ). The following values were employed. D®(HF): DiLonardo and Douglas (5) report D®(HF) = 135.33 ± 0.17 kcal mol ^ from new measurements on the emission spectrum of HF. This confirms and refines the value of 135,13 ± 0.23 kcal mol ^ given by

-1 Johns and Barrow (6). Berkowitz et al (7) obtained D°(HF) = 134.79 ± 0.23 kcal mol from dissociative photoionization.

DI, of HF and explain the low results, 132.37 ± 0.69 kcal mol \ of Dibeler et al (8), who performed similar DI experiments, as due to the latter's failure to take into account the rotational excitation of the molecules undergoing ionizaZHf°(HF): The value selected in ref. (1), -65.13 ±0.2 kcal mol , was adopted. This avoids possible circularity

if the value in ref. (9) were used. (The latter is partly based on D®(HF) and D®(F2 ).) D®(H 2 ): 103.263 ± 0.003 kcal mol

-1 was taken from Herzberg (10). Combining these values one obtains D°(F2 ) = Berkowitz et al (7) obtained 19.01 ± 0.01 eV for the DI threshold of F 2 (F 2

0

V 37.14 ± 0.6 kcal mol

-1

F + F + e ) . Contribution to the F yield due to ion-pair formation and the effects of rotationally excited molecules were taken into account. Dibeler et

al (8), who did not make such corrections, reported the low value 18.76 ± 0.03 eV. Subtracting the ionization potential

for F, 17.422 eV, given by Moore CXI) from the former threshold, Berkowitz et al obtain D®(F2 ) = 36.67 ± 0.23 kcal mol ^

Chupka and Berkowitz (12) have shown by kinetic energy measurements on positive ions formed by photoproduction of ion pairs (H+

+ F from HF and F+

+ F from F2 ) that the results are consistent with the DI thresholds of Berkowitz et al (7) if EA(F) = 3.400 ± 0.002 eV. This is the electron affinity reported by Popp (13) and agrees with the value, 3.398 ± 0.002 eV, determined by Milstein and Berry (14). The ion pair threshold, 15.49 eV, reported by Dibeler et al

(8), for F 2 agrees with that of Berkowitz et al (7) if it is reassigned to ion-pair formation from vibrationally excited molecules (F 2 , v"=l) and yields D®(F ) = 36.43 ± 0.69 kcal mol ^

The value of D°(F2 ) = 36.67 ± 0.23 kcal mol from the measurements of Berkowitz et al (7) on the DI of F2 was

adopted. The remaining values of D®(F2 ) agree with this value within their stated uncertainties.

Heat Capacity and Entropy

Same as ref. (1)

References

1. JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402)

2. R. N. Doesher, J. Chem. Phys . 20, 330 (1952).

3. H. Wise, J. Phys. Chem. 58, 389 (1954).

4. J. G. Stamper and R, F. Barrow, Trans. Faraday Soc. 54_, 1592 (1958).

5. G. DiLonardo and A. E. Douglas, J. Chem. Phys. j)6, 5185 (1972).

6. J. W. C. Johns and R. F. Barrow, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A251 , 504 (1959).

7. J. Berkowitz, W. A. Chupka, P. M. Guyon, J. H. Holloway, and R. Spohr, J. Chem. Phys. _54, 5165 (1971).

8. V. H. Dibeler, J. A. Walker and K. E. McCulloh, J. Chem. Phys. _51, 4230 (1969).

9. D. D. Wagman, W. H. Evans, V. B. Parker, I. Halow, S. M. Bailey, and R. H. Schumm, NBS Technical Note 270-3, January 1968 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402).

10. G. Herzberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 23 , 1081 (1969).

11. C. E. Moore, NSRDS-NBS 34 (1970) (U . S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402).

12. W. A. Chupka and J. Berkowitz, J. Chem. Phys. _54, 5126 (1971).

13. H. P. Popp, Z. Naturforsch. 22a , 254 (1967).

14. R. Milstein and R. S. Berry, J. Chem. Phys. 5j>, 4146 (1971)

306
WATER (H

20) (IDEAL GAS) GFW = 18.0154

AHf ° = -57.100 kcal mol

_1

= -57.795 ± 0.010 UcaI mol -1

Point Group C^

v

S 298 15

= 45,106 8 ibbs m° 1

Vibrational Levels and Multiplicities

same as ref. (1)

Heat of Formation

The CODATA selection (2) was adopted. Rossini (3,4) determined the heat of formation of H 0(JI) by direct

_1 1 calorimetry to be -285,781 ± 41 int. J mol (1 int. J = 1.00017J, GFW (H_0) = 18.0156) correcting to GFW (H_0) =

^ -1 ^ 18.0154 and adding a correction for imperfect gases (see (5), -3.6 int. J mol ) yields AHf® Q for H_0(£) =

j

2 y o 2 -68.315 ± 0.010 kcal mol . The later and less precise work of King and Armstrong (6) (an auxiliary measurement) which gave AHf® 0 of Ho0(£) = -68.32 ± 0.08 kcal mol

1 is in good agreement. Work before 1931 is critically

2y o 2 reviewed by Rossini (3). The heat of vaporization of H 0(Z) at 298K corrected to zero pressure was taken from

1 -i Keenan et al (7); AH^gg ^OCA) = 10.520 ± 0.001 kcal mol . This value is in good agreement with the (recall lated) value determined by Rossini (5) from the work of Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings (8) of 10.519 ± 0.003 kcal

-i -1 mol

Heat Capacity and Entropy

Same as ref . (1)

.

References

1. JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Edition, NSRDS-NBS 37, June, 1971 (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington,

D. D., 20402).

2. CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics, Final Set of Key Values for Thermodynamics - Part I, November 1971 (CODATA Bulletin No. 5).

3. F. D. Rossini, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Standards 6^, 1 (1931).

4. F. D. Rossini, J. Res. Natl. Bur. of Standards 1_, 329 (1931).

5. F. D. Rossini, J. Res. Natl. Bur. of Standards 22!_, 407 (1939).

6. R. C. King and G. T. Armstrong, J. Res. Natl. Bur. of Standards 72A , 113 (1968).

7. J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including

Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases - English Units (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1969).

8. N. S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and D. C. Ginnings, J. Res. Natl. Bur. of Standards 23, 197 (1939).

307

UNCLASSIFIED

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R & D

(Security clas si fication of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified)

1. originating ACTIVITY (Corporate author) NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

TjaQUTTjnTnw n r 20? 34

2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION UNCLASSIFIED

2b. GROUP

la. REPORf ' title'

INTERIM REPORT ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL SPECIES IMPORTANT IN AEROSPACE

TECHNOLOGY (INCLUDING SPECIAL TOPICS IN CHEMICAL KINETICS)

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ol report and inclusive dates) Scientific Interim

5 AUTHOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name)

THOMAS B DOUGLAS CHARLES W BECKETT

I 6 • REPOR T D A TE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REFS

1 July 1972 321 418

J 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)

ISSA-71-0003

I b. P ROJ EC T NO. NBS REPORT 10 904

9750-01

j

C 61102F

9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be as signed

this report)

d681308

AFOSR-TR-72 -2004

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Distribution of this document is unlimited

II SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

TECH, OTHER

12. SPONSO RING Ml LI T AR Y ACTIVITY AF Office of Scientific Research (AFSC)

1400 Wilson Boulevard

Arlington, Virginia 22209

is abstract -phe standard heat of formation of MoFg(^) was determined accurately by

solution calorimetry. Transpiration measurements on MoF^(^) covered 70°, 90°, and

1I0°C. A direct vapor-pressure method was developed and accurately tested. Infrared

and Raman spectroscopy led to a complete vibrational assignment for the MoF^ molecule.

Two drop-type apparati measured the heat capacity of M02 C, 273°-1475°K. The subseconc

duration pulse-heating technique measured the specific heat, electrical resistivity, at hemispherical total emittance of 90 Ta-10 W (1500° -3200°K) and 99Nb-l Zr ( 1500° -2700°K)

deviations from additivity were investigated. Pulse techniques measured the melting

points of W and Nb (with 15 and 10 K uncertainties, respectively) and their electrical

resistivities above their melting points. The feasibility of pulse-heating techniques

was demonstrated for measuring heats of fusion (using Nb) and solid-solid transformations

(using Fe) . After critical data examination, suggested thermal rate constants were

tabulated for the dissociation and recombination of molecular NH-, N^H,, and ^F,

(10~^ to 100 atm, and 200°K, up to 4000°, 3000°, and 1800°K respectively); these

results revised the heat of formation of NH^^) and the N-N bond energy by 5 and 3 kcal/mol respectively. A bibliography on tne chemical kinetics of 60 gas-phase

reactions of fluorides of CH, N, and 0 covers 1934-1972. After a critical review and

correlation, new ideal-gas thermochemical tables and texts (in the JANAF-Tables format) were given for 31 simple gas species (many containing deuterium or fluorine) of

current interest in chemical laser research. (U)

DD FORM

1 NOV 65 1473

309 UNCLASSIFIED

Security Classification
UNCLASSIFIED

Security Classification 114 . LINK A LINK B LINK C ROLE W T ROLE W T ROLE W T

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

1 HIGH-SPEED MEASUREMENTS 1

! CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEWS

JANAF-LIKE THERMO CH EMI CAL TABLES

THERMOCHEMICAL CALORIMETRY

SPECIFIC -HEAT CALORIMETRY

INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

EXPERIMENTAL VAPORIZATION THERMODYNAMICS

MOLYBDENUM FLUORIDES

CHEMICAL-KINETIC RATE CONSTANTS

REFRACTORY -METAL ALLOYS

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITIES

MOLYBDENUM CARBIDE

THERMAL RADIATION PROPERTIES

> VAPOR DENSITY

HEATS OF FUSION OF REFRACTORY METALS

| SOLID -SOLID TRANSFORMATIONS

TABLES FOR CHEMICAL LASER RESEARCH

MELTING POINTS OF REFRACTORY METALS

i UNCLASSIFIED

310 Security Classification