## In the



# U n ited S ta tes Co urt o f Ap p ea ls

F o rth eS e v e n th C ir cu it

N o. 08

- 3625 U NI T ED S TATE SOF A MERI CA, P la intif f-A pp ellee, v. T RAC Y A. C A R S ON, D ef endant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court fo r the S outhernDi stricto f Indian a, Indian apolisDiv isi on. No . 1:08- cr-022- 01

—L arry J . M cKinn ey, Judge
.

A RG UE D M AY 6, 2009

— D ECI DE D O CT OB ER 6, 2009

Befo re E A S T E RB R OO K, Chie f Judg e, a n d P O SNERa nd W OO D , C ircu it Judges. W OO D , C ircu it Judge. Tr acy Carso n i s a bankr obbe r w h o, in A p ril 20 07, h eld u p an d ro b b e d a n In d ian ap olis bra nch ofChase Bank. Fo l l owin g a t i p f ro m an i nfo rm ant a nd an ind epen d en t inve sti gat i on, the pol i ce obt ai ned a se ar ch w ar ra nt and ar re st ed Cars on a t a l oca l ho te l

. I n th e f a c e o f th e d a mn i n g e v i d e n c e s e i z e d a t th e h ot el, in c lu d in g m or e t h an $1 00 ,0 0 0 i n c as h w ra p p ed in2 N o. 08

- 3625 Cha se Ba nks tr aps a nd st amped w i thi nf o r m at i o n pa r ti cul arto the ro bbed f aci l i ty, l ate x gl ove s, a fi re ar m , co cai ne, an d m ar ij ua na , Ca r so n i m m edi at ely c o nfess ed to the robbe ry. H e w as later cha rged w ith, an d conv icted of, ar m ed bank ro bber y, i n vi ol ati on of 18 U

. S. C. § 21 13 (a) & ( d) , b r a nd i shi ng a fi r e a r m, i n v i o l a t i o n o f1 8 U. S

. C. § 924(c)(1)( A )( ii ), and b e in g a felon in p ossess ion of a fi rearm , i n violation of 18 U

. S. C

. §§ 922(g) & 924(e). On app eal, Cars on’ s pri m ar y a rgum ent i s that e vi dence cri ti calto hi s co nvi cti on s houl d have be en supp re sse d because pro bable c au se did notsupport the i ssuance of th e s ea r chwar r an t. I n the a l te r na ti ve , he a ss er ts tha t th e affi dav i t s up po r tingthe a ppl i ca ti o n f o r the war r an t c o nt a i ne d ma t e r i a l f a l s e s t a t e men t s . F i na l l y, h e a rg ues that hi s co nfe ss ion should have bee n supp re sse d because the l ar ge quanti ti es ofdrugs and al coholthathe ingest ed pri orto hi s a rr estand confess i on i nval i dated h is wai ver ofhi s M i r anda ri gh ts. W e con clud e t ha t the district cou rt corr ectl y r efus ed to s uppr es s bo ththe e vi den ce a nd the c onfess i on, and w e thus affi rm i ts j ud gm ent.

I A t a l i ttl e a ftero ne o ’ cl ocki n the a fte rn oo n ofA pri l 25 , 2 0 0 7, a r o b ber, l a t e r i de nt i fi e d a s Ca r s o n, e nt e r e d a C h a s e B an k b ra n c h at70 01 Sou th M ad iso n A ve n u e in I nd i an apol i s. Cars on was w ear i ng a m asko verhi s f ace a n d l a t e x g l o v e s o n h i s h a n d s , a n d w a s c a r r y i n ga fi r e a r m. H e m ade away with m or e than $12 0, 000. In d i ana S tat e Pol i ce l ear ned ofthe ro bber y l ate r th at eve ni ng wh en, at ar ound 11: 15, an i nfo rm ant gave Ser gea nt Dean W i l dauerN o. 08

- 3625 3 and D ete cti ve Ronnie S h oe m ake r extensi ve i nfo rm ati on ab o utthe r o bb er y . The i nfo r m an t’ s r epo r t i nc lud ed the f o l l o wi ngde ta i ls: a b an kr o bb er y ha d o cc ur r ed o n the south si de ofI nd i anapol i s; the r obbe r’ s nam e was Tra cy; Tracywas a white m ale b et w een the ag es of35 and 38 and w as a pp ro xi m ate l y s i x feetta l l ; Tra cy w as at a ho tel that had a swim m in g p oo l in the gue st ro om ; the ro om w ent for$5 00 per ni ght; Tra cy w as acco m panie d by a wom an named Am an da; he po ss es se d m o ne y tha t th e i nf o r m an t es ti m at ed as a t l ea st$ 10 0, 00 0 ( ba se d o n the i nf o r m an t’ s o bs er va ti o n o fTr ac y ’ s co unt i ngthe mone y ); Tracyal so had a h an d gu n, nar cot i cs, and coc ai ne; Tra cy an d Am an da ha d b ee n dr o pped o ffa t th e ho te l ; a nd the h ot el w as l oca ted at21 and PostS tr eet s, o n the eas t st si de ofI nd i anapol i s. W hi l e S er gea nt W i l dauer was a wa r e th a tth e S y b a r i s H o t e l i n I n d i a n a p o l i s h a d s wi mm i ng poo ls in the ro om s, he di d not know o fany such hote l l oca ted at21 and Post

. S er gea nt W i l dauer a ske d st th e i nf o r m an t to c he ckhi s i nf o r m at i o n, a nd the i nfo rm ant prom ptl y confi rm ed that the hote l w as indeed the S ybar i s. W i th thi s info rm atio n i n hand, Se rg eant W i l dauer co nt a c t e d the F BIb a nkr o b b e r y de t a i l a nd s po k e wi th Age ntBe r vin W hi te , who c o nfi r m ed th at a Cha se Ba nk l oca ted atS outhportRoad and M adis on Avenue i n Ind i anapol i s had be en r obbe d on A pri l 25 , 20 07, bya w hi te m al e m eet i ng the descr i pti on S er ge an t W i l dauer had been gi ven. A gent W hi te al so to l d Se rg eant W i l dauer that th e ro b b er w as ca rry in g a gu n an d h ad st ole n ap p ro x im at ely $ 12 5, 00 0 f rom the b an k

. S er g ea ntW i l daue r a nd Dete ct i ve S ho emak erthe n wen t to the S yba r i s H o te l a nd4 N o. 08

- 3625 l ear ned that a wom an nam ed Charl ott e Ruby had rent ed S ui te 1 2 f o r t wo pe o pl e, Tr ac y Ca r so n a nd Am and a J o hns o n, a nd tha tCa r s o n a nd J o hn s o n ha d both s i g ne d a wai ve r a nd r el ea se f o r m . The offi ce r s a l so l ea r ne d tha t th e ro om was paid fo r in cas h and had been r ented f or tw o ni ghts. A fterr etur ni ng to t h e poli ce s tat i on, S er gea nt W i l dauer r ana b ac k g r o und c he cko n Ca r so n a nd l earn ed th athe ha d pr i o r c o nv i ct i o ns f o r b an kr o bb er y, t wo h an dgu n vi ol ati ons, and g ra nd l ar ceny and escape convi cti ons. Se rg eant W i l dauer a l so disc ove re d that Car son had an outst and in g warr ant fro m M ar i on County f orposs ess i on ofa contr ol l ed substa nce a nd publi c i ntoxi cati on. Detect i ve S ho emak era g ain c o nt ac te d F BIAge ntW hi te , who advi sed hi m thatthe FBI had i denti fi ed Carson as a suspect i n a b ank r obbe rywithi n t h e p re vi ous tw el ve m on th s . Se rg ea n t W ild au er th en m em or ializ ed all th is i nfo rm at ion in a n affi davi t, and, at3: 34 a. m . o n A pri l 26 , 20 07, o bt aine d a s ta te s ea r chwar r an t f o r S ui te 1 2 o fthe Sybar i s Hotel ; th e w arrantautho ri zed the pol i ce t o l oo k f or a n d sei ze Carso n, the f rui ts ofthe bank ro bber y, and narco ti cs. W ar r an t i n ha nd, th e po l i ce a r r i ve d a t th e S yba r i s ab o ut anho url at er . I n Sui te 1 2, the y fo und Ca r so n, J o hns o n, approxi m ate l y $ 1 0 6 , 0 0 0 wr a pp e d i n str aps with sta m pings fro m the vi cti m i zed Chase Bank bra nch dated A pri l 24 , 20 07, al ong w i th la tex gl ove s, a fi re ar m , co cai ne, and m ar ij uana. Offi cer s al so note d that a ta l l, ga l l on- si zed b o t t l e o f v o d k a wa s i n th e r o o m a n d h a d b e e n o pe ne d, though ver y l i ttl e app ear ed to have bee n consum ed. A fterN o. 08

- 3625 5 the r oo m was sec ured, S ergeant W i l dauer r ead Cars on hi s M i r anda righ ts . C ar so n im m ed iat ely res p on d ed , “T h is i s m i ne. I t’ s a l l m i ne. S he’ s [m eaning J ohnson] go t n othi ng to do with i t. ” Ap proxi m ate l y 3 0 m i nutes lat er , A ge n t E ric Jen se n of th e fed er al B u re au ofA l c o h o l, Tobacco , Fi re ar m s a nd Exp l osi ves ag ain advi sed Cars on ofhi s M i r anda r i ghts. T h is tim e Car son sai d, “Yeah, bee n th er e.” C ar so n d id n otsign th e w aiv er form , p u r p or te d ly b e c a us e b y tha tt i me he h a d b e e n ha nd c uffe d. Bu tC a r s o n th e n a d mi t t e d th a th e h a d r o b b e d the C h as e B an k in qu es t i o n o f$1 30 ,00 0, th at h e k n ew th at h is po ss ess i on o fthe fi re ar m m ade hi m an a rm ed car eer cri m i nal f orthe pu rpos es ofthe A rm ed Caree r Cri m i nal Act ( “ACCA ”) , 1 8 U. S

. C. § 9 24 (e ) , a nd tha t he was f ac i ng a vi r tu all i fe se nt en ce . Ca r so n de sc r ibe d the clothe s he w or e duri ng the r obbe ry, m enti oni ng hi s j eans, N i ke tenni s s hoes , gl ove s, an d m ask

. Cars on co nfe sse d that he car ri ed a . 45 cal iberhandgun i n the bank. H e s ai d that he bo ught the gun o n the str eetand that i t was not sto l en ( thi s was l ater confi rm ed). Cars on r eco unted that he had dri ven t o the t ar getbanki n a r ed Chrysl er LeB ar on that he had bou gh t for$2 50. Cars on a l so reveal ed th ato n t wo pr i o r o cc as i o ns he ha d r o bb ed th e Ch ase Bank bra nch at H anna and Keyst one A venues, obt ai ni ng $23, 000 and $ 29, 000, and a l so had a tte m p te d to r o b a parti cul arc r edi t uni o n. Ca r so n r ec al l ed th atthe c r e d i tu n i o n a t t e mp tw a s u n s u c c e s s fu lb e c a u s e th e e mplo yee s shut hi m out usi ng an autom ati c door sy stem when th eys aw hi m ap pr o ac hi ngwea r i nga mask

. Age nt J en se n l at erc o r r o bo r at ed th i s i nf o r m at i o n.6 N o. 08

- 3625 Car so n de cl i ne d t o a ns wer anyque st i o ns i m pl i ca ting anyo ne el se ordi vul gi ng hi s m etho dol ogy . H e ex p lained th atb an kr o bb er y meth o ds ar e learne d i n pr i so n a nd passed ar ound confi denti al l y, “s or t o fl i ke a t ra de secr et

. ” Re m ar k ab l y, h e c om m en te d tha t he di d no t want to “scr ew i t up” f oranyo ne el se i n the bank ro bber y t ra de. The i nt er vi ew l as te d f o r som ewhe r e be twe en3 0 an d 60 m i nutes, duri ng wh i ch ti m e Car son had to excuse hi m se l fa t l ea stt wi ce t o g o to th e r es tr o o m to v o m i t. Age nt J ensen l ate r tes ti fied thatCars on walk ed nor m al l y, that h e d id n otsitor fa ll d u rin g t h e in te rv iew , an d th at h is sp ee c h an d m em or y a p p ea re d to be c l e a r , give n h is ab i l i tyt o o ffera c o he r en t ac co unt of th e ev en ts r el at i ng to the r obbe ri es and to provi de re sponsi ve answ er s. Fol l owing Carso n’s ar re st an d i nd i ctm ent, he was provi ded with a supplem entalcas e r epor t. The supplem entalr epor t ind i cate d that the i nfo rm ation that S er g ea ntW i l daue r a nd Detect i ve S ho emak erha d abo ut Car so n’ s wher eabo ut s ha d no t ac tu al l y c o m e f r o m the in for m ant di re ctl y, but i nstea d had com e fro m an unknow n thi rd party who fi rs t had conveye d these detai l s t o the i nfo rm ant. I n l i ght ofthi s r eve l ati on, Cars on fi l ed tw o m oti o ns t o s uppr es s. The mot i o ns t o o kthe p os itio n th at th e d ist ric t c ou rtsh ou ld su p p re ss th e e viden ce o bt aine d thr o ug h the s ea r chwar r an t be ca us e th e w ar ra nt appli cati on f ai l ed to dem onst ra te the r el i abi l i ty ofthe perso n upon w hi ch the offi cer s a ctual l y r el i ed ( th atthi r d pa r tywho was the o r i g i na l sourc e), tha t th e i ssui ng m agi str ate j ud ge w as m i sl ed by m ate ri al om i ssi ons i n the w arrant, and that Carso n had been incap acitated w hile he w as being qu estione d b y of fi cersN o. 08

- 3625 7

an d the r efo r e ha d b ee n i nc apabl e o fkno wi ng l y wai ving hi s M i r anda r i ghts. Fol l owing a hea ring, the distric t co urt denie d both m otions. Th e cou rt found that th e a ffidav it in su p p ort ofthe search warr ant co ntai ned enough i nfo rm ati on t o supp or t pr obab l e ca u se , that S er gea nt W i l dauer had not del ibe r at elyo m i tt ed an y th i ngfr o m hi s affi dav i t, a nd that Carso n w as not too im p ai re d to gi ve an effecti ve w ai vero fhi s M i r anda r i ghts.

II A W e co nsi der fi rs t Car son ’s argum ent that the di str i ct co ur t erred by de ny i nghi s m o ti o n t o s uppr es s th e ev id en c e s eiz ed in t h e s e a r c h of Su ite 12 atth e Sy b ar is H ot el. W h en a se ar c h is ex ec u te d p u rs u an t t o a fac ially val i d w ar ra nt, we re vi ew a dist ri ct cou rt ’ s fi nd i ngs o f hi st o r i ca l f ac t f o r c l ea r e r r o r a nd i ts leg alc o nc l us i o ns deno vo . U nite d State s v. G arci a , 528 F.3d 481 , 48 5 ( 7 th Cir. 2008 )

. W i th r espectto the q uesti on wh etherthe f acts add up to probab le cause, wh i l e we gi ve no s peci al w ei ght t o the di str ict court’ s deci si on, we gi ve gr eat defer en ce t o the c o nc l us i o n o fthe j udg e wh o issued th e w ar ra n t. U nited Sta tes v. M cIn tire, 51 6 F

. 3d 576, 57 8 ( 7th C ir. 2008). Pr o babl e ca us e i s es tabl ished when, b as ed o n the tot al i ty ofthe ci rcum sta nces, the affi davi t s ets f or th su ffi ci en t ev i den ce to per su ade a r ea so nabl y pr ude nt perso n that a s ear ch w i l l uncove r evi dence ofa cri m e.8 N o. 08

- 3625 Il l i noi s v. G a tes , 462 U .S. 21 3, 23 8 (1 98 3). If an affid av it is th e onl y ev i den ce pr es en te d to th e j udg e i n su ppo r t o f a se ar c h w ar ra n t, an d th e i s s u in g jud ge h ea rs n o live te st im ony , the v al i di tyo fthe war r an t depe nds o n the st re n gt h of th e a ffid av it. U nite d State s v. P eck, 31 7 F

. 3d 754, 75 5 ( 7 th C i r . 2 0 0 3 )

. Whe r e a n i n f o r ma n t s u p p l i e s th e i nf o r m at i o n c o nt aine d i n the a ffi dav it, thi s co ur t co nsi ders seve ra l f acto rs : fi rs t, “t h e extent to w hi ch pol i ce ha v e c o r r o b o r a t e d the i nfo r man t ’ s st a t e men t s ” ; s e c o nd , “t h e d eg re e t o w h ich th e in for m an t h as ac q u ire d kn ow le dg e o fthe e v e nt s thr o ugh fi r s tha nd o b s e r v a t i o n” ; thi r d, th e amoun t o fde ta i l i n the a ffi dav i t; a nd f o ur th, the i nter v a l b e t we e n the t i me o fthe e v e nt s tha tg a v e r i s e to the need f or a sea rch w ar ra nt and that of t h e poli ce offic er ’s ap p lica tio n for t h e w ar ra n t. U ni t e d S t at e s v. Koer t h, 31 2 F

. 3d 862, 86 6 ( 7th Ci r. 20 02)

. W e also ta ke i nto acco unt w hetherthe i nfo rm ant t est i fi ed at the pr obab le c au se h ea rin g. Pec k, 31 7 F

. 3d at75 6. N one ofthes e f acto rs i s dete rm i nati ve; “a defi ci ency in o ne f acto r m ay be c om pensated f orbya str ong showing in anothero r anothe r i nd i cato r ofr el i abi l i ty. ” U nite d State s v. B rack, 188 F.3d 748, 756 (7th Cir. 1999). Carso n ar gu es t hat the affi davi t in hi s ca se did not est abl i sh pro babl e ca use, bec ause it p ro vi ded no w ay to asses s th e r e li abili ty of th e un d erlyi ng sourc e and there w as no i nd i cati on that the i nfo rm ant’ s r epor t was bas ed on first -h an d ob se rv at ion s. T h e c on c l u so ry st at em en t in the a ffi davi t t o the e ffect that th e inf or m ant was a “r el i ab l e so ur ce” was , Ca r so n a r g ue s, i ns uffi ci en t. I n o ur v i e w, C a r s o n h a s mi s s e d th e f o r e s t f o r th e t r e e s . We ass ess the affi davi t as a w hol e. W hi l e Carso n is c or re ctN o. 08

- 3625 9 that i t di d not s ay that the info rm an t’s i nfo rm ati on was the r e s ul t o f fi r s t

- ha nd o b s e r v a t i o ns , the a ffi da v i t was ult i m ate l y s ufficie nt to support the det er m i nati on o f probabl e ca use. I n th e fi r st i ns ta nc e, th e affi dav i t r epo r te d th atthe in for m an t id en tifie d C ar s o n by n am e, d es c rib ed h is appearance , pi npoint ed w here he was l oca ted, descr ibed th e appe ar an ce o fCa r so n’ s ho te l r o om , na m ed th e w om an w ith w h om C ar so n w as sh ar in g t h e r o om , sp ec ifi ed that he had se en the am ount o fm oneyCars on had i n hi s pos ses si on, sa i d that Car so n was i n posse ssi on o f a gun and d rugs , an d s ta ted thatCars on was a convi cted ba nk r obbe r. I n ad dit i on, the affi davi t o utl i ned the ind ependent eff or ts th e pol i ce t oo k t o cor ro bor ate th e i nformat i o n pr o vi ded bythe i nf o r m an t, i nc l udi ng the f act that a ba nk r obbe ryhad oc c u rre d at the l oca ti on i den ti fi ed bythe i nf o r m an t, the a ppea r an ce ofthe ro bber, the am oun t ofm oneythe ro bberhad sto l en, that Suite 1 2 ofthe Sybar i s Hotelwas occupi ed by Carso n an d Joh n so n (j u s t a s t h e in for m an t h ad sa id ), th at th eir ro om ca m e e q u ip p ed w ith a p er so n al s w im m in g p oo l, that Carso n had a pri orcon vic tion f orbankr obbe ry, and th at Carso n had outst anding ar re st w ar ra nts for p o s s e s s i o n o fa c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e . F i n a l l y, th e t i me between the robber y ( 1: 00 p. m . o n A pri l 25 ) , the conve rs ati o n wi ththe i nf o r m an t ( 11 : 15 p. m . th e sa m e day ) , a nd the appli cati on f orthe w arrant ( 3: 34 a. m . o n A pri l 26 ) was m i ni m al. The po l i ce a l so was te d no t i m e ex ec ut i ngthe w ar ra nt: theyarr ived atCars on’ s r oo m at4: 30 a. m . o n A pri l 26

.10 N o. 08

- 3625 Carso n att em pts to co unter all of th i s e vi dence by cl ai m i ng tha t hi s ca se is j ust l i ke Koerth , s upra, i n w hi ch w e found p ro bab le cause to be l acking. 31 2 F

. 3d at 868. Koerth , h o we v e r, i s r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e. I n Koer t h, the supp or ti ng affi davi t f ai l ed to expl ai n the extent to w hich the inform an t had prev io u s ly p rovide d i nform at i o n l ea di ngt o a r r es ts o r pr o se cut i o ns . Indeed , the affi davi t was devoi d ofdetai l, and the pol i ce faile d to c h e c k o u t a n y of t h e in for m at ion p ro vid ed

. Id. a t 8 6 8

. As w e h av e a lre ad y re c ou n te d a tle n gt h, C ar so n ’s c as e c ou ld no t be mor e di ffer en t. I n a ddi ti o n t o the pa r ti cu lars we have a l r ea dy m en ti o ne d, the a ffi dav i t st at ed th atthe i nfo rm ant was r el i abl e a nd had pre vio usl y pr ovi ded accura te i nfo rm ati on l eadi ng to ar re sts o n fi ve separ ate occa si ons. Final l y, the affi davi t desc ribed the extensi ve effor ts un d ertaken by t h e p oli ce to corroborat e the i nform ant ’ s a c c o un t

. We ha v e n o t r o ub l e c o nc l ud i ngtha t thi s a ffi davi t s up port ed the issuing j ud ge’ s fi nd i ng o f probabl e ca use f orthe w ar ra nt. W e have not ove rl oo ked the f act that the l aw als o perm i ts a chal l enge to an affi davi t o n the basis that m ate

ri alf acts were om i tte d, w here thato m i ssi on was m ad e i nt en ti o na l l y o r wi thr ec k l es s di sr eg ar d f o r the tr u th

. Fra nk s v. D ela w a re, 43 8 U

. S. 154, 155-56 (1978 ); Un i t e d S t a t e s v . S i ms , 551 F.3d 640 , 645 (7th C ir. 2008). Car so n a r g ue s th at, ha d the a ffi dav i t spe ci fi ed th atthe in for m an t’s tip th at C ar so n co u ld be fou n d atth e Sy b ar is H ote l cam e fro m a n uni denti fi ed thi rd party, no j ud ge w ou l d h av e fo u n d th e in for m an t re liab le a n d p ro b ab le cause w oul d have be en l ackin g. O n ce a gai n, we do not at ta c h su c h gre at sign ifica n c e t o t h at o n e d et ail. E ve n ifN o. 08

- 3625 11 th e inform an t had not ide nt ified th e h o tel, there w oul d have be en eno ugh i nfo rm ati on i n the affid av it t o est abl i sh prob ab le c ause to sea rch Carso n’s r oo m th er e. S er g ea ntW i l daue r s ta ted i n the a ffi dav i t th athe i nde pen den tly i den ti fi ed th e S yba r i s H o te l b as ed on the in for m an t ’s d es c rip tio n, bec au se th e Sy b ar is is t h e o n ly hote l in Ind i anapol i s with i n-r oo m swim m i ng poo l s. M or eov er, the affi davi t no te s that the pol i ce di d not blin d ly rely on th e inform an t’s w ord

. I ns tead , they personal l y v i si ted the hot el, r equeste d the nam es ofthe hote l gu es ts , an d co n firm ed th at C ar so n w as th e r e . T h er e is no r eas on t o concl ud e that the o m i ssi on of the o ri gi na l s o ur c e o fthe n a me o fthe S ybar i s H ot e l wa s ma de k no wi ng l y o r wi thr ec k l es s di sr eg ar d f o r the t r uth. N or w as th is om is s ion m aterial. Ev en i f th e inform an t’s or i gin al s ourc e had be en di scl ose d, w e do not see a re aso nabl e pr o babi l i tytha t th e r es ul ts o fthe pr o ce eding b efo re t h e is su in g jud ge w ou ld h av e b ee n d iffer en t. Sim s, 55 1 F .3d at64 5. T h e is su in g jud ge p ro p er ly fou n d p ro b ab le cause on the bas i s ofadequate i nfo rm ati on. The o m i ssi on ofthe f act that the n am e of the ho telwh er e Car son w as arr e sted i nitiall y cam e from an ind ep en d en t third so u rc e, an d n otth e in for m a n t, d oe s n otd et ra c t fro m th is fi nd i ng.

B C ar so n als o a rg u e s t h at h is A p ril 26 co n fes sio n sh ou ld have been s up press ed pursuant t o M i randa v. Ar izona , 38 4 U. S

. 4 3 6 ( 1 9 6 6 ) , a nd M issou ri v. Seibert, 542 U

. S. 600 (2004). A de fend an t m ay w aive her M i r anda r i g ht s o nl y i fthat12 N o. 08

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w aiv er w as m ad e “ vo lu n t a rily, kn ow in gly an d int elligentl y. ” M oran v. Bur b i ne, 475 U .S. 41 2, 42 1 (1 98 6). T h is cour t has hel d t h at a co nfe ssi on i s v ol untaryi f, under al l the ci rcum sta nces, i t i s the “ p ro du ct o fa ra ti onal i ntel l ect and fr ee w i l l and not the re sul t ofphysi calabuse , psychol ogi cali nti m i dation, ordecepti ve i nter ro gat i on ta c tic s t h at h av e o ve rc om e t h e d efe n d an t’s fr e e w ill.” U ni t e d S t at e s v. D i l l on , 1 5 0 F .3 d 75 4, 75 7 (7 th C ir. 19 98 ). A fin d in g t h at th e p ol i c e e n ga ge d in c oe rc ive ac tiv ity is ane ss en ti al p red ic at e to a fi ndi ngtha t a su spe ct ’ s co nfess i on w as i nvol untary

. S ee C o lo rad o v. C o nn elly, 479 U

. S. 1 5 7, 1 6 7( 1 9 8 6 )

. We de t e r mi ne wh e the r p o l i c e c o e r c e d a suspect by ex am ini ng thi ngs l i ke “the defe nd ant’ s a ge, edu ca ti o n, i nt el l i g en ce l ev el, a nd ment alst ate; the length o fthe de fen dan t’ s det en ti o n, the na tu r e o fthe i nt er r o g at i o ns ; th e i nc l us i o n o f adv i ce ab o ut c o ns ti tu

t i o na l r i g ht s ; a nd the u s e o fp hy s i cal pun i s hme nt, i nc l ud

i ng depri vati on o ff oo d orsl eep. ” U nite d State s v. H uer ta , 23 9 F

. 3d 86 5, 8 71 ( 7th Ci r . 2 00 1)

. W he n th e i nt er r o g at i ng offi cer s s houl d rea sonab l y hav e know n th at a s uspect w as und erthe i nfl uen c e ofdrugs oral cohol, “a l ess er qua ntum o f c o e r c i o n may b e s uffi c i e nt t o c a l l i nto questi on the vo l untariness ofthe confess i on. ” U nited St at e s v. Haddon , 927 F.2d 942 , 946 (7th C ir. 1991). C arson as serts th at his con fession w as no t volun tary b e c a us e h e h a d “ o v e r do s e d o n he r o i n . . . [ a nd ] o the r mi nd

alt er in g s u b st an c es ” w h en th e o ffic e rs ad m in ist er ed h is M i r anda ri ghts. A ccor ding to Carso n, he ha d i m bibed an ast oni shi ng am ount o fl i quor: s in ce no on o n the day o f hi s a rr est, he ha d drunk thre e- quart er s of a fi fth o fwh i sk e y, a fi fth o fv o d k a , a n d h a l fa b o t t l e o fcha m pagn e . AsN o. 08

- 3625 13 i ftha t wer e no t ba d e no ugh, he ha d a l so b ee n us i ng hero i n and coca i ne i n tandem thr oughout the day. Cars on ela b or at es th a t h e h ad ov er d os ed d u rin g t h e n igh t o f h is ar r es t; he was s o hi g h tha t at o ne po i nthe was c r awl i ng o n a l l f o ur s i n the ho te l r o o m ; he was v o m i ting; h e co nti nuousl y no dd ed off a n d woke up; he c oul d not re m em b er w h en th e p olic e c am e in to th e h ot e l r oo m ; his sta te ofm i nd was “l i ke a r eta rded ki d” w hen he was tal ki ng to pol i c e offi cer s; and he di d not r em em berr ecei vi ng hi s M i r anda war ni ng s. Ca r so n a r g ues t ha t th e offi cer s m ust hav e kn ow n abo ut hi s incapaci tat ed sta te bec au se he vom ited a cou p le oftim es d uring the interr o g at i o n a nd the r e was c o ca i ne on the t ab l e i n the ho t e l r o o m whe r e h e wa s a r r e s t e d. J us t as i n U nited Sta tes v. LeSh o re, 5 43 F. 3d 935, 94 1 ( 7th C i r . 2 0 0 8 ) , C a r s o n i s c o n f r o n t e d b y a th r e s h o l d p r o b l e m: th e s ta n d ar d of re vie w . Th e d ist ric t c ou rtsp ec ifica lly f o u n d th a tC a r s o n w a s a l e r ta n d c o he r e n t, n e v e r c o mpl ai ne d abo utg r ea t pain, was g i ve n a spi r i n whe n h e re qu es ted i t, and gav e no i nd i cati on that he w as ser i ousl y s l eep- depri ved o r drug- i nd uced at the t i m e o f th e i nt er r o g ation. F ur th er, whi l e Car so n t es ti fi ed atthe su ppr ess i o n h ea r i ngtha t he ha d i nj es te d c o pi o us am ounts ofal cohol, co c ain e, and hero i n, the dist ri ct c o u rt w as ne gatively i m p ressed w ith th is story for a num bero fr eas ons. Fi rs t, the cour t found that Car son w as cogn izant en ou gh of his w he reabou ts to orde r a ba tt er y c ha r g ed f o r hi s el ec tr i c sh av erj us t be f o r e th e pol i ce a rr i ved. S eco nd , bo th Cars on a nd the p oli ce offi cer s invol ved i n hi s a rr estte sti fi ed that Carso n’s fi rs t r eaction t o the po l i ce e nt r yi nt o hi s r o o m was the14 N o. 08

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en tir ely rat ion al t h ou gh t t h at h is gu n p os se ss ion w ou ld hei ghten any penal ty he re cei ved f or the bank robber y. Thir d, Carso n c om m en ted to the pol i ce that he re al i zed th at if h e w er e c on vic te d for b an k ro b b er y, h e w ou ld q u a l i fy f o r a he i g h t e n e d s e n t e n c e u n d e r th e AC C A. F o ur th, Car so n to l d th e po l i ce th at he k ne w th at an y sta tem ents he m ade abo ut the bank ro b b er y would not affec t hi s pr o babl e l i fe se nt en ce . Fifth, Ca r so n t o l d the p ol i ce th at th e g un an d dr ug s wer e hi s al o ne i n an eff ort to p rotect John son . Si xt h, du ring the co urs e of th e in t ervi ew, Ca r so n c ho se t o a ns we r som e que st i o ns a nd n otot h er s, b ec au se h e s aid t h at h e d id n otw an t t o in c rim ina te the pe o pl e f r o m who m he ha d purc ha se d the g un an d a stolen car. F inall y, as w e m en tioned earli er, Ca r s o n t o l d t he po l i c e th a th e wo ul d n o tr e v e a l the “ t r a de secr ets ” o fbankr obbe rs bec ause i t was n ot appropri ate to do so

. B as ed on these fi nd i ngs, the dist ri ct c ourtf ound that C ar s o n ’ s te st im on y a b ou t t h e c rip p lin g d eg re e o f h is i nt o xi ca ti o n was inc r edibl e. I fCa r so n was no t unde r a ny i nfl ue nc e th atwoul d d imi ni shhi s ca pac i ty, the r e i s no ci r c ums t a nc e tha two ul d l e a d u s t o que s t i o n the v al i dit y ofhi s M i r anda wa i v e r, u n d e r a n y s t a n d a r d o fr e v i e w. The j ud gm ent o fthe dist ri ct c ourti s A FFI RMED .

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