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PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 83-2771

Intensity and Duration of Chimney

Fires in Several Chimneys

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

December 1983

Prepared for: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Bethesda, MD 20016

and

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100

,1156

I 33-2771

1933

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U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20545

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LIBRARY

NBSIR 83-2771

INTENSITY AND DURATION OF CHIMNEY

FIRES IN SEVERAL CHIMNEYS

3C

/ bo

• U5C?

^077

I C . £

Richard D. Peacock

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

December 1983

Prepared for: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Bethesda, MD 20016

and

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20545

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables lv

List of Figures vi

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 3

2.1 Fire Incidents Involving Wood-Burning Appliances 3

2.2 Chimney and Connector Construction 4

2.3 Chimney and Chimney Connector Clearances 5 2.4 Temperatures Developed in Heating Appliances 6

2.5 Limiting Safe Temperatures on Combustible Surfaces 7 2.6 Creosoting and Chimney Fires 9

3. TEST DESIGN AND INSTRUMENTATION 10

3.1 Chimney Systems 10

3.1.1 Chimney Designs 11

3.1.2 Installation 12

3.2 Appliance Design 12

3.3 Temperature Control 13

3.4 Instrumentation 14

4. FIRING CONDITIONS 14

4.1 Test Procedure, Buildup Tests 15

4.2 Test Procedure, Burnout Tests 15

4.3 Test Procedure, Overfire Tests 16

5. TEST RESULTS 16

5.1 Buildup Tests 16

5.2 Burnout Tests 17

5.3 Overfire Tests 17

6. BUILDUP TESTS 17

7. BURNOUT TESTS 19

7.1 Gas Temperatures 19

7.2 Chimney Surface Temperatures 23

7.3 Enclosure Temperatures 26

7.4 Damage to Chimney Systems 27

8. OVERFIRE TESTS 28

8.1 Maximum Temperatures 28

8.2 Duration of Elevated Temperatures 30

9. CONCLUSIONS 30

10. REFERENCES 33

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Instrumentation for Chimneys 1, 2, and 4 37

Table 2. Instrumentation for Chimney 5 38

Table 3. Instrumentation for Chimney 3 39

Table 4. Summary of Creosote Burnout Tests In Several Chimneys .... 40

Table 5. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Buildup Test of

Chimney 1 41

Table 6. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Buildup Test of

Chimney 2 42

Table 7. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Buildup Test of

Chimney 3 43

Table 8. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Buildup Test of

Chimney 4 44

Table 9. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 5 45

Table 10. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 1, Test 1 46

Table 11. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 1. Test 2 47

Table 12. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 1, Test 3 48

Table 13. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 1, Test 4 49

Table 14. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 2 , Test 5 50

Table 15. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 2, Test 6 51

Table 16. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 2, Test 7 52

Table 17. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 2, Test 8 * 53

Table 18. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 3, Test 9 54

iv
Table 19. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 4, Test 10 55

Table 20. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 4, Test 11 56

Table 21. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Burnout Test of

Chimney 5, Test 12 57

Table 22. Maximum Temperatures Measured During Several Chimney

Fires in Five Different Chimneys 58

Table 23. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Overfire Test of

Chimney 1 59

Table 24. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Overfire Test of

Chimney 2 60

Table 25. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Overfire Test of

Chimney 3 61

Table 26. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Overfire Test of

Chimney 4 62

Table 27. Temperature Profiles From Chimney Overfire Test of

Chimney 5 * 63

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Installation of Factory-Built Chimneys 1, 2, and 4

for Chimney Fire Tests 64

Figure 2. Installation of Factory-Built Chimney 5 for Chimney

Fire Tests 65

Figure 3. Installation of Masonry Chimney 3 for Chimney Fire

Tests . 66

Figure 4. Details of the Construction of the Factory-Built

Chimneys Tested 67

Figure 5. Details of the Construction of Combustible Enclosures

Used to Surround Chimneys 1 through 4 68

Figure 6. Temperature Control and Appliance Air Inlet Control

Systems Design 69

Figure 7. Instrumentation Locations for Tests of Factory-Built

Chimneys 1, 2, and 4 70

Figure 8. Instrumentation Locations for Tests of Factory-Built

Chimney 5 71

Figure 9. Instrumentation Locations for Tests of Masonry

Chimney 3 72

Figure 10. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 1 73

Figure 11. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 2 74

Figure 12. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 3 75

Figure 13. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 4 76

Figure 14. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Tests of Chimney 5 77

Figure 15. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of

Chimney 1 78

Figure 16. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of

Chimney 2 79

vi
Figure 17. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of

Chimney 3 80

Figure 18. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of

Chimney 4 81

Figure 19. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test

of Chimney 5 82

Figure 20. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1,

Test 1 83

Figure 21. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1,

Test 2 84

Figure 22. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1,

Test 3 85

Figure 23. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1,

Test 4 86

Figure 24. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2,

Test 5 87

Figure 25. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2,

Test 6 88

Figure 26. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2,

Test 7 89

Figure 27. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2,

Test 8 90

Figure 28. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 3,

Test 9 91

Figure 29. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 4,

Test 10 92

Figure 30. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 4,

Test 11 93

Figure 31. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of

Chimney 5, Test 12 94

Figure 32. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1,

Test 1 95

Figure 33. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1,

Test 2 96

Figure 34. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1,

Test 3 97

vii
Figure 35. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1,

Test 4 98

Figure 36. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2,

Test 5 99

Figure 37. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2,

Test 6 100

Figure 38. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2,

Test 7 101

Figure 39. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2,

Test 8 102

Figure 40. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 3,

Test 9 103

Figure 41. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 4,

Test 10 104

Figure 42. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 4,

Test 11 105

Figure 43. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 5,

Test 12 106

Figure 44. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Test of Chimney 1 107

Figure 45. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 2 108

Figure 46. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 3 109

Figure 47. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 4 110

Figure 48. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Test of Chimney 5 Ill

Figure 49. Duration of Temperatures in Excess of 50°C on Enclosure

Surfaces During Chimney Burnout Tests 112

Figure 50. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of

Chimney 1 113

Figure 51. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of

Chimney 2 114

Figure 52. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of

Chimney 3 115

viii
Figure 53. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of

Chimney 4 116

Figure 54. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of

Chimney 5 117

Figure 55. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 1 . • 118

Figure 56. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 2 .. 119

Figure 57. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 3 •• 120

Figure 58. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 4 .. 121

Figure 59. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 5 .. 122

Figure 60. Damage to Masonry Chimney 3 After Chimney Fire 123

Figure 61. Damage to Masonry Chimney 3 After Chimney Fire 124

Figure 62. Damage to Factory-Built Chimney 5 After Chimney Fire —

Hole in Tee Section at Base of Chimney 125

Figure 63. Damage to Factory-Built Chimney 5 After Chimney Fire —

Buckling of Stainless Steel Inner Liner 126

ix

Intensity and Duration of Chimney Fires in Several Chimneys

Richard D. Peacock

Abstract

A series of tests was conducted in five instrumented chimneys to study

the intensity and duration of chimney fires due to the ignition and burning of

combustible deposits accumulated on the chimney lining over a prolonged period

of time. These tests were conducted (1) to establish typical conditions

including temperatures in the chimneys and on combustible surfaces nearby,

(2) to determine the duration of the burnout as evidenced by elevated temperatures within the chimneys, and (3) to compare these measured values with those

obtained during overfire conditions - prolonged firing of the appliances at

high rates.

The results of these tests point out some areas where the codes and

standards covering residential wood heating appliances should be modernized to

better protect against failure due to chimney fires.

Key words: Chimney fires; chimneys; creosote; fire safety; fire tests; flues;

heating equipment; stoves; wood.

1 . INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety

Commission (CPSC), as part of a program to investigate safety risks involved

with the use of solid-fuel burning appliances, have sponsored experimental

studies at the Center for Fire Research (CFR) at the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) to identify some of the hazards associated with solid-fuel

heating, to provide information to improve safety practices for the use of the

appliances, and to provide data forming the basis for improved codes and

standards.

During the first year of the program, an accident survey, literature

review, and codes and standards analysis were performed to establish accident

1
patterns, to determine the types of risks involved with the use of woodburning appliances, and to ascertain the adequacy of existing codes and

standards in addressing these risks [1-3]*. Overwhelmingly, conditions

related to installation, operation, and maintenance were responsible for the

fire incidents studied. Only a small percentage of the fires was attributed

to product design or product defects. Thus, the safe installation and use of

wood-burning appliances is a critical requirement for preventing fire

accidents involving the equipment. Most of the criteria for the installation

and use of wood-burning appliances are based upon data developed over 40 years

ago and do not provide information on materials of construction, or appliances

available in the current market.

The present research program at CFR includes research on:

• clearances to combustibles from appliances and chimney connectors;

• methods of protection to allow reduced clearances to walls and

ceilings;

• temperatures developed in and around fireplaces with and without

fireplace inserts installed;

• intensity and duration of chimney fires in factory-built and

masonry chimneys; and

• temperatures on combustible material surrounding chimney connectors

passing through walls and/or connecting to chimneys.

This report, one of a series of reports providing information from the

DOE/CPSC sponsored experimental program on wood-burning safety at NBS,

presents the results of fire tests conducted on a number of chimneys, of both

factory-built and masonry design. The tests were conducted to establish

maximum temperatures and duration of these elevated temperature levels during

^Numbers in brackets refer to literature references listed in section 10 at

the end of this report.

2
creosote burnouts in chimneys serving wood-burning appliances. The intended

uses of these data are to define appropriate levels for testing of chimneys to

simulate chimney fires and to provide information for improved construction

requirements for masonry chimneys.

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

2.1 Fire Incidents Involving Wood-Burning Appliances

Recent statistics on fires and injuries related to wood-burning

appliances are alarming:

Percent Dollar

Year Fires Change Deaths Loss

1978 66,800 250 $134 million

1979 70,700 +14% 210 $175 million

1980 112,000 +58% 350 not available

1981 130,100 +16% 290 $265 million

Source: National Fire Protection Association, U.S. Fire Administration,

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission/EPHA

There were more fires in solid-fuel burning equipment, and a larger percentage

increase over previous years, than were reported for any other kind of heating

equipment - including gas, electric, and oil-burning appliances [4,5]. A

recent analysis indicated wood-burning appliances were the third leading cause

of multiple deaths from fires in residential properties from 1971 to 1980

[6]. Clearly, accidental fires from wood-burning appliances are an increasingly important problem.

In a study of the hazards associated with the use of wood or coal-burning

stoves by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, chimneys, flues, or chimney connectors were identified as a leading cause of fires [7]. In 1981,

out of an estimated 130,100 fires involving heating equipment, 52,000, or about 40 percent, were attributed to chimneys, flues or chimney connectors.

About 85 percent (44,700) of these fires were from chimneys and flues and

about 15 percent (7,900) from chimney connectors [4]. An earlier study by NBS

3
presented an analysis of fire incident data related to wood-burning appliances

[1-2,8]. Product malfunctions, construction defects, design deficiencies, or worn out equipment were attributed to be the cause in only 13 percent of the

solid fuel related fires recorded in the U.S. Fire Administration data base.

Overwhelmingly, conditions related to the installation, operation, or maintenance of the appliances were reported as responsible for the fires. Shelton

[3,9] supports this conclusion with studies in the state of Massachusetts and

from an insurance company in Wisconsin. A breakdown of solid fuel appliance

related fire incidents by probable cause and by equipment type indicates that

except for improper maintenance, the appliances themselves were involved in

most of the fires rather than chimneys or chimney connectors — over 70 percent in these cases [8]. However, under the category of improper maintenance,

appliances were involved in only 26 percent of the recorded fires. Improper

maintenance is the significant problem associated with chimneys and chimney

connectors.

2.2 Chimney and Connector Construction

Recommendations for minimum construction specifications for masonry

chimneys and chimney connectors are available in the various model building

codes [10-17]. A fire-clay flue liner, 16 mm (5/8 in) thick, is surrounded by

a masonry wall of solid masonry units not less than 102 mm (4 in) in thickness, or of reinforced portland or refractory cement concrete at least 102 mm

(4 in) thick or of rubble stone masonry not less than 305 mm (12 in) thick.

The flue liner is separated from the chimney wall by an air space.

For factory-built chimneys, performance based specifications are available in standards used for testing and listing of chimneys [18]. The

standards specify maximum operating temperatures for the chimneys during

normal and overfire conditions, maximum allowable temperatures on chimney and

surrounding combustible surfaces, and structural requirements for the

chimneys. In addition complete installation and operation instructions are required.

4
2.3 Chimney and Chimney Connector Clearances

Clearances to combustible materials for chimneys and chimney connectors

are also specified in the various model codes [10-17]. For simplicity and ease of enforcement, a single, hopefully conservative clearance is given for

each type of chimney and chimney connector. For residential solid fuel

chimneys, typically 51 mm (2 in) of clearance is required. Chimney connectors

for solid fuel burning residential appliances require a clearance of at least

0.46 m (18 in) to combustible materials. However, by protecting combustible

material, these clearances may be reduced.

The experimental basis for these code requirements is not, however, quite

so clear. Several experimental studies have been carried out to determine

minimum acceptable clearances to combustible materials. Voigt [19], in a 1933

publication, recommends a minimum clearance of 0.30 m (12 in) for chimney

connectors 0.23 m (9 in) in diameter. A more extensive study, performed by

Underwriters Laboratories in 1943 [20] , presents minimum safe clearances for

both unprotected surfaces and surfaces protected by various methods.

Distances at which a maximum temperature rise of 50°C (90°F) above room temperature is reached are presented as a function of the temperature of the

exposed face of a heat producing appliance. The relative protection afforded

by various materials used as heat barriers between the appliance and combustible surface is also examined. Lawson, Fox, and Webster [21] and Lawson and

Simms [22] have studied the heating of wall panels and wood by radiation.

With experimentation and theoretical predictions, they present safe clearances

between flue pipes and wall surfaces as a function of the pipe diameter and

the pipe surface temperature. To maintain a maximum wall temperature of 100°C

(212°F), a 0.15 m (6 in) pipe should not exceed 350°C (660°F) in surface

temperature at a clearance of 0.46 m (18 in) [21].

These experimental studies established limits for two important

parameters: appliance surface temperature and clearance to combustibles for

unprotected and protected surfaces. Maximum appliance surface temperature for

the appliances studied ranged from 300 to 350°C (600 to 660°F). Minimum safe

wall clearance for unprotected surfaces range from 0.3 m to 0.91 m (12 in to

36 in). Most of the current code provisions are only adequate for maximum

appliance surface temperatures up to 300 to 350°C.

5
2.4 Temperatures Developed in Heating Appliances

Tests made with prefabricated porcelain-enameled metal chimneys for solid

or liquid fuel furnaces [23,24] established a limiting temperature rise of

190°C (375°F) on the outer surface of the chimney for a flue gas temperature

of 540°C (1000°F). With this limitation, wood framing spaced 51 mm (2 in) or more away from the chimney was considered safe. Satisfactory insulation of

the chimneys to reduce the outer surface temperatures to acceptable levels was obtained with asbestos paper plies totaling about 45 mm (1 3/4 in) in thickness. In the same study, some asbestos-cement pipe coverings also were found

to be capable of reducing heat transmission to the extent required for safety

of nearby combustibles.

To establish performance requirements for lightweight prefabricated

chimneys, tests were conducted with lined and unlined masonry chimneys having

102 mm (4 in) thick walls [25] . Temperatures in excess of 50°C (90°F) above

ambient on wood framing spaced 51 mm (2 in) away from the chimney were noted

with a steady-state flue gas temperature of 480°C (900°F) for the unlined

chimney and 590°C (1100°F) for the lined chimney. However, these hazardous

conditions were not reached in the lined chimney tests until after 13 hours.

In order to study operating conditions with typical fuels, a number of firing

tests [26] were conducted with heating appliances known to give high flue gas

temperatures, using wood and soft coal as fuels. With a coal-fired, jacketed

type heater, gas temperatures ranging from 650°C to 705°C (1200°F to 1300°F) were measured for an hour or more in the flue at the ceiling level above the

heater. Thus, temperatures in excess of safe limits can be produced for

extended periods of time.

Lawson, et al. [21] present the results of tests to measure surface

temperatures of the flue pipes to validate theoretical predictions. Measured

for a variety of flue systems using solid fuels—mostly coal and coke—they

report temperatures of about 148°C (300°F) under "normal conditions" and

temperatures as high as 815°C (1500°F) under overload conditions.

Fox and Whittaker [26] report temperatures on metal flues of several

heating appliances over a range likely to be encountered in normal use.

6
r

Maximum flue pipe surface temperatures ranged from 700 to 815°C (1300 to

1500°F) at the appliance flue outlet, 360 to 510°C (680 to 950°F) at a distance of 1 m (3 ft) from the appliance flue outlet and 280 to 330°C (550 to

620°F) at a distance of 2 m (6 ft) from the appliance flue outlet.

Shoub [23] concludes that combustible materials will be ignited if

maintained in continued contact with a chimney of 121 mm (4 3/4 in) wall

thickness and with flue gas temperatures of 400°C (750°F).

Current test procedures for prefabricated chimneys require testing of

chimney assemblies with hot flue gases [27]. Flue gas temperatures of 540°C

(1000°F) are maintained until steady-state conditions are reached, followed by

760°C (1400°F) for 1 hour and 925°C (1700°F) for 10 minutes. These conditions

are intended to simulate worst-case conditions.

In tests for the U.S. Department of Energy, maximum surface temperatures

ranging from 212 to 456°C (414 to 853°F) were recorded on single wall chimney

connectors. The average maximum surface temperature for seventeen tests of

five different appliances was 375°C (707°F). Flue gas temperatures ranging

from 600 to 800°C (1100 to 1475°F) were noted at the appliance flue outlet.

Further downstream at 2m (6 ft) from the appliance flue outlet, flue gas

temperatures dropped to 400 to 550°C (750 to 1020°F) [8].

2.5 Limiting Safe Temperatures on Combustible Surfaces

Listings of chimneys for heat producing appliances by nationally

recognized testing laboratories and methods for setting clearances between

chimneys and combustible surfaces are based on temperature rises on combustible surfaces of:

7
Maximum Temperature Rise

Firing Condition

Flue Gas

Temperature

( °C/°F)

Exposed

Surface

(°C/°F)

Unexposed

Surface

(°C/°F)

Continuous firing at 538/1000

1 hour overload at 760/1400

10 min overload at 927/1700

3-10 min overloads at 1149/2100

65/117

78/140

97/175

97/175

50/90

78/140

97/175

97/175

Source: UL 103 and UL 1482 (references [18] and [28]).

These requirements are based on the fact that, while the ignition temperature of wood products is generally quoted to be on the order of 200°C (400°F)

[8], wood that is exposed to constant heating over a period of time may undergo a chemical change resulting in a much lower ignition temperature and

increased potential for self-ignition [28].

Mitchell [30] presents data on wood fiberboard exposed to temperatures as low as 109°C (228°F) that resulted in ignition after an exposure of several

months. MacLear. [31,32] reports charring of wood samples at temperatures as low as 93°C (200°F) after longer exposures. He concludes that wood should not

be exposed to temperatures appreciably higher than 66 °C (150°F) for long

periods. McGuire [33], suggests that the maximum safe temperature on the

surface of a combustible material adjacent to a constant heat source should be no more than 100°C (212°F).

Clearly, the ignition of wood at moderately elevated temperatures is a complex phenomenon. The time of exposure is indeed an important parameter

[34]. While exact limits recommended in the literature vary due to exposure

time and details of the tests conducted, the numerous documented fires

involving the ignition of wood members near low pressure steam pipes [35]

suggest an upper temperature limit for wood exposed to long-term low-level

heating should not be appreciably higher than 100°C (212°F).

8
2.6 Creosoting and Chimney Fires

Published literature related to creosoting and chimney fires is scarce. A brief review of efforts to characterize chimney creosoting is included

below.

The term “creosote" is used in several different ways in relation to wood

heating. It may refer to whatever accumulates in a chimney or chimney connector attached to a wood-burning appliance, such as tar, liquids, and soot; or

to the tar and liquids only; or to the liquids only; or to one particular

compound in the liquid [9]. For the purposes of this study, a definition by

Shelton [9] is appropriate: "everything in the chimney that might burn or need cleaning, but excluding such things as birds’ nests."

Flink [36] presents the results of a number of chimney fire tests

conducted to establish test criteria for factory-built chimneys. He reports

two regimes of burning during a chimney fire. In all cases of artificially

produced chimney fires, a primary fire with flue gas temperatures of 971°C

(1780°F) is followed by up to four secondary fires resulting in a rise in the

gas temperature during the successive secondary fires to as high as 1166°C

(2130°F). Outer chimney surface temperatures of approximately 260°C (500°F)

were noted.

Stone [37] notes peak flue gas temperatures from 717°C (1322°F) to 806°C

(1483°F) during two chimney fire tests. He concludes that igniting chimney

fires under controlled conditions may prevent creosote buildup from becoming

too dangerous, while not creating unsafe temperatures on surrounding combustibles.

Studies at Auburn University present interesting insights into the buildup of creosote deposits prior to a chimney fire [38-40]. Eighteen different

tests were performed on one chimney using three different types of wood

(hickory, oak, and yellow pine), each with three different wood geometries.

Tests were also performed using different moisture levels. The wood type,

moisture content, and geometry did affect the creosote formation by the stove

used in the tests. Dry wood produced slightly more creosote than wet wood.

9
Hardwoods, such as hickory and oak, produced more creosote than yellow pine.

However, in all tests, significant amounts of creosote were generated.

3. TEST DESIGN AND INSTRUMENTATION

The work reported herein consists of a series of tests conducted with

five different chimneys for residential solid-fuel appliances. The tests were designed to provide data on the intensity and duration of chimney fires in

chimneys serving wood-burning appliances. Five different chimneys were

studied: four factory-built chimneys and one masonry chimney. Areas of

interest included:

• temperatures developed on chimney surfaces and on surrounding

combustibles

,

• temperatures developed in the flue gas,

• duration of elevated temperatures in the chimney and on surrounding

combustible surfaces, and

• structural integrity of the chimney—does any failure occur in the

chimney as a result of the chimney fire that leads to unsafe

conditions?

3.1 Chimney Systems

Five different chimney systems were selected by their design as being

representative of those available in the marketplace. Obviously, with many

manufacturers of factory-built chimneys and an almost infinite variety of

masonry chimneys, it would be impossible to test every variation. However,

the chimneys used represent a selection of those on the market. A description

of each chimney is included below. Figures 1 to 3 show the experimental setup

used during the tests of the factory-built chimneys and the masonry chimney.

Figures 4 and 5 provide details of construction of the chimneys.

10
3.1.1 Chimney Designs

Chimney 1 is a 0.15 m (6 in) inside diameter air-insulated factory-built

chimney constructed of three concentric metal pipes, each separated by an air

space. The inside pipe is of stainless steel and the center and outer pipe

(0.20 m/8 in and 0.25 m/10 in in diameter) are of aluminized and galvanized

steel, respectively. The three pipes are held in place by four spacers at the

ends of each chimney section. The entire chimney is capped at the ends to

minimize the air circulation both along the length of the chimney and between

the two air spaces formed by the walls of the chimney. Total chimney height

is 3 m (10 ft) plus 1.8 m (6 ft) of single-wall steel chimney connector

between the appliance outlet and the chimney inlet. The chimney is a listed

unit.

Chimney 2 is a 0.15 m (6 in) inside diameter solid-packed factory-built

chimney. Outside diameter of the chimney was 0.20 m (8 in). High temperature

insulation separates the inner chimney wall of stainless steel and the outer

chimney wall of aluminum coated steel. Total chimney height is 3m (10 ft)

plus 1.8 m (6 ft) of single-wall steel chimney connector between the appliance

outlet and the chimney inlet. The chimney system is a listed unit.

Chimney 3 is a masonry chimney constructed to minimum building code

requirements. A nominal 0.3 m x 0.3 m (12 in x 12 in) fireclay flue liner is

encased by a single course of nominal 0.1 m (4 in) wide common brick. The

flue liner was separated from the brick by a minimum 25 mm (1 in) air space.

Total height of the masonry chimney was 3.5 m (12 ft) plus 0.9 m (3 ft) of

single wall chimney connector between the appliance outlet and the chimney

inlet.

Chimney 4 is a 0.15 m (6 in) inside diameter solid-packed factory-built

chimney similar to chimney 2. Both chimney walls are of stainless steel and

the chimney sections join differently than those of chimney 2. Height and

connection are the same as chimney 2. The chimney is a listed unit. Chimney

4 was selected because it was identified in accident data as being involved in

a large number of fires.

11
Chimney 5 is a 0.2 m (8 in) inside diameter solid-packed factory-built

chimney of a design identical to chimney 4 (except for the chimney diameter).

Total chimney height was 5.6 m (18.4 ft) plus 1.2 m (4 ft) of single-wall

steel chimney connector between the appliance outlet and the chimney inlet.

The chimney is a listed unit.

3.1.2 Installation

The four factory-built chimney systems were installed with clearances to

combustible materials as recommended by the manufacturer. Typically, the

minimum clearance to combustibles was specified as 50 mm (2 in). For chimney

2, however, a clearance of 25 mm (1 in) was allowed where the chimney passed

through walls and ceilings with the use of a chimney support/radiation shield.

The masonry chimney was installed with a clearance of 25 mm (1 in) to combustible materials, consistent with minimum recommendations in model building

codes.

An enclosure of 13 mm (1/2 in) thick exterior grade plywood was constructed around chimneys 1 through 4 surrounding these chimneys on all

sides. The enclosure began at the base of the chimney, encased the chimney

for 2.4 m (8 ft) vertically, and was closed at both ends with typical floor

and ceiling construction. Details of the enclosure are presented in figure 5.

Chimney 5 was installed without an enclosure and exposed to outside conditions

throughout the test series.

3.2 Appliance Design

Two different wood-burning appliances were used during the creosote

buildup tests. The appliances were chosen as two different designs (radiant

and convective types) and sizes. Construction details are described below.

Appliance 1 is a small radiant room heater constructed of 6.4 mm (1/4 in)

and 8 mm (5/16 in) plate steel for the top, sides, and bottom of the appliance. The inside of the firechamber is lined with fire brick refractory. The

door is cast iron with a single draft inlet and draft control knob to adjust

the intensity of the fire. A 0.15 m (6 in) diameter flue collar projects out

12
the back of the unit and sheet steel bottom heat shield is attached to block

radiation from the appliance to the floor surface. The appliance was 46 cm long by 37 cm high by 65 cm wide (18 x 14 V2 x 25 V2 in) with a hearth area of

1250 cm

2 (194 in2 ).

Appliance 2 is a circulating or convective type room heater, a radiant room heater with an exterior cabinet allowing air circulation around the

appliance. The firebox is constructed of cast iron and the cabinet of sheet

steel. A thermostatically controlled damper regulates the air supply for

combustion. Wood inside the unlined firebox rests on a grate with an ash pan

and ash door below for removal of ashes. The flue collar attachment for a 0.15 m (6 in) diameter flue is on the back of the appliance. The appliance

was larger than appliance 1, measuring 53 cm x 89 cm x 54 cm (21 in x 35 in x

21 in) with a hearth area of 2280 cm

2 (353 in2

).

3.3 Temperature Control

For the creosote buildup tests, the temperature of the flue gas entering

the chimney was maintained within preset limits in order to 1) prevent the gas

temperature from rising enough to ignite the deposits in the chimney, 2) to

keep flue gas temperatures low to promote creosote production, and 3) to allow

unattended operation of the appliances. Thus, when the flue gas temperature

fell below a predetermined lower limit, the draft inlet on the appliance was opened fully and when the temperature rose above a second predetermined limit,

the draft inlet on the appliance was closed completely. A dual set point

temperature controller was used with relay outputs and associated electronics

to power a linear stepping motor to open or close the draft inlet of the

appliance. Limit switches were installed on the appliance draft inlet to sense when the inlet was fully open or fully closed and protect the motor from

burnout. The control temperature was measured approximately 0.25 m (10 in)

from the base of the chimney. Figure 6 illustrates the temperature control

circuitry.

13
3.4 Instrumentation

The appliances, chimney connector, and chimney were instrumented to

measure conditions throughout the tests. All instrument data were automatically recorded at regular intervals on a digital data acquisition system.

Twenty-four-gauge chrome 1-alumel thermocouples were used to measure

temperatures on appliance surfaces, chimney surfaces and on the face of

combustible surfaces adjacent to the chimneys. Flue gas temperatures were monitored with shielded 24-gauge thermocouples mounted in the center of the

flue. Thermocouples were placed in the flue gas, on the inside wall of the

chimney, on the outside wall of the chimney, and at four locations on the

enclosure approximately every 0.3 m (1 ft) for the entire height of the

chimney. Thermocouple locations for the factory-built chimneys are indicated

in tables 1 and 2 as well as in figures 7 and 8. Locations of thermocouples

in the masonry chimney are shown in table 3 and figure 9.

4. FIRING CONDITIONS

A total of 19 experiments were conducted on the five different chimneys

previously described. Typically, three types of experiments were conducted

with each chimney—a creosote buildup test, a creosote burnout test, and an overfire test. The creosote buildup test consisted of a lengthy firing (from

one week to several months) at low burning rates (controlling the flue gas

temperature) to generate and deposit creosote on the lining of the chimney.

Details of one day's buildup in each of the five chimneys is provided in this

report. A creosote burnout test followed the period of creosote buildup.

After the deposits were ignited, the chimney fire was allowed to bum until it

burned out. No attempt was made to extinguish the fires. Several burnout

tests were conducted on each chimney. For ease of discussion, the tests were assigned a test number, one through twelve. Test results are presented with

these test numbers. Data acquisition continued until maximum temperatures

were reached. The overfire tests, prolonged firing at high burning rates, were conducted for comparison of maximum temperatures during a chimney fire

with those during extreme firing of a clean chimney. The test lasted as long

as necessary to reach maximum temperatures.

14
In table 4, details of the twelve burnout tests are presented. Also

detailed in table 4 are the length of the buildup prior to each burnout test

and the amount of wood burned.

4.1 Test Procedure, Buildup Tests

Using the temperature controllers described earlier allowed continuous

operation of the appliances for 24 hours per day, five days per week. Each

appliance was charged with wood in the morning, refueled as necessary during

the day and fully loaded in the evening for overnight burning. Typically, the

flue gas temperature was maintained between 80°C (176°F) and 100°C (212°F) for

the duration of the buildup tests. From table 4, an average of 1.6 kg/hr

(3.6 lb/hr) of wood was burned in the buildup experiments. The amount of wood

consumed was, of course, dependent upon the appliance size. Since the experiments were conducted in a conditioned laboratory space, the effect of variations in outside air temperature was minimal. Periodically, the chimney

connector pipes were removed to examine the progress of the buildup. Table 4

provides the thickness of buildup at the base of the chimney prior to each

burnout test.

4.2 Test Procedure, Burnout Tests

Following the lengthy buildup period, the deposits in the chimney were

ignited and allowed to burn until it was evident that maximum temperatures had

been reached. To ignite the creosote deposits, a large hot fire was built in

the appliance firebox to raise the flue gas temperature (and the temperature

of the deposits) high enough to lead to ignition of the creosote. Typically

temperatures in excess of 650°C to 725°C (1170°F to 1300°F) were obtained at

the appliance outlet before ignition of the deposits was evident. Once it was apparent that the creosote had ignited, all wood was removed from the firebox

to observe the effects of the chimney fire alone. The fire was allowed to

burn until it died out naturally. Data were recorded until temperatures on surrounding combustibles reached maximum levels and began to decrease. For

chimneys 1 to 4, ambient conditions surrounding the chimneys was controlled to

about 20 to 24°C (68 to 75°F) for the tests.

15
For chimney 5, outside air temperature at the beginning of the test was -6°C ( 21 °F) . As with the other burnout tests, the deposits were ignited with

a large hot fire on the firebox. Once it was apparent that the deposits had

ignited, all wood was removed from the firebox to observe the effects of the

chimney fire alone. For the first 100 minutes of the test, the fire was mainly confined to the chimney connector, with little burning in the chimney.

Upon investigation (by removal of the bottom plate of the Tee) the reason for

this became obvious — deposits from the upper levels of the chimney had

fallen to nearly totally block the chimney at the Tee. After dislodging the

blockage at the Tee, an intense fire in the chimney ensued.

4.3 Test Procedure, Overfire Tests

Underwriters Laboratories standard 1482 for solid fuel burning room heaters provides guidelines for testing wood-burning appliances [28]. In the

"brand-fire test," specially constructed, oven-dry douglas fir brands are added at 7 1/2 minute intervals after ignition until it is apparent that

maximum temperatures have been reached. The brands are constructed as two

crossed layers of nominal 25 mm (1 in) douglas fir spaced 25 ram (1 in) apart

on center. Each brand is sized (width x length) to be approximately 1/3 the area of the hearth of the appliance.

5. TEST RESULTS

5.1 Buildup Tests

Measurements of flue gas temperature, chimney surface temperatures, and

enclosure temperature at the base of the chimney during a day of typical

buildup are shown in figures 10 to 14 for the five chimneys studied. Average

temperatures over the entire duration of the tests are presented in tables 5 to 9 and figures 15 to 19 as profiles of temperature through the entire height

of the flue.

16
5.2 Burnout Tests

Measurements of flue gas temperature, chimney surface temperatures, and

enclosure temperature at the base of the chimney during the twelve burnout

tests are presented in figures 20 to 31 for the five chimneys studied.

Maximum temperatures over the entire duration of the tests are presented in

tables 10 to 21 and figures 32 to 43. The duration of these elevated temperatures is presented in figures 44 to 48 as the amount of time during the test

the temperature of the flue gas or chimney wall temperature was above given

levels. The duration of time the enclosure temperature exceeded a level of

50°C (90°F) above ambient temperature is shown in figure 49. Table 22

summarizes the temperature levels attained in the tests.

Measurements of flue gas temperature, chimney surface temperatures, and

enclosure temperature at the base of the chimney during the five overfire

tests are shown in figures 50 to 54. Maximum temperatures over the entire

duration of the tests are presented in figures 55 to 59 and in tables 23 to

Temperature profiles during the buildup tests on the five chimneys

(figures 15 to 19) were understandably similar due to the controlled flue gas

temperature. The average temperatures at the base of the chimneys were:

5.3 Overfire Tests

27.

6 . BUILDUP TESTS

Chimney Gas Inner Lining Outer Surface Enclosure

(°C/°F) (°C/°F) (°C/°F) (°C/°F)

123

4

5

88/190

89/192

76/169

88/190

85/184

59/138

69/156

52/126

76/169

69/156

29/84

39/102

40/104

45/113

13/55

25/77

27/81

34/93

30/86

n.r.

n.r. = not recorded

17
The flue gas temperatures were somewhat lower in the masonry chimney due to

the high mass and larger size of the masonry chimney. A reduced draft in the

larger masonry chimney kept firing rates low and made control of the flue gas

temperature difficult and response sluggish. The high mass of the chimney led

to 8 low response to changes in the air inlet. However, once operating temperatures were reached in the masonry chimney, steady temperatures were easily

maintained with little variation in the flue gas temperature.

Enclosure temperatures rose little above ambient temperatures during the

buildup tests. Maximum temperature rises above ambient on the enclosures were +3°C (5°F) , +5°C (9°F) , +12°C (22°F), and +10°C (18°F) for chimneys 1 through

4, respectively. Since chimney 5 was installed outdoors, with no enclosure,

no readings were recorded for this chimney.

Surprisingly, significant levels of creosote deposits were generated on the linings of all chimneys in very short periods of time in a laboratory

space whose air temperature averaged approximately 25°C (77°F) in the vicinity

of the chimneys. The buildup of deposits prior to tests 1 and 5 resulted from

a total of only seven days continuous burning. After this short period,

deposits up to 3 mm to 6 mm (1/8 in to 1/4 in) were evident in the chimneys.

During the longer tests, connector pipe elbows became clogged with deposits

after about six weeks. The heaviest buildup was noted for the test of chimney

5. Since this chimney was allowed to build deposits over a longer period of

time and was exposed to ambient temperatures much lower than the other

chimneys, this result was expected.

Since the chimneys were not disassembled and weighed during the tests, no quantitative data are available on the relative amounts of creosote produced.

Significant levels of creosote deposits were generated in the five different

chimney designs, with both hard/seasoned and soft/green woods. This is

consistent with other studies. No discernable difference was noted in the

level of buildup between the two appliances used in the buildup tests. Both

appliances produced thicknesses of deposit sufficient for severe chimney

fires.

18
7 . BURNOUT TESTS

7.1 Gas Temperatures

The highest flue gas temperatures were usually noted in the section of

the chimney connector closest to the appliance during the burnout tests. Peak

temperatures for all chimneys ranged from a low of 908°C (1666°F) to a high of more than 1370°C (2500°F).

Peak Flue Gas Temperatures

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 1008/1846 (2) 988/1810 (3) 1109/2028 (4) 996/1825

2 (5) 958/1756 (6) 965/1769 (7) 1050/1922 (8) 1030/1886

3 (9) 1095/2003

4 (10) 908/1666 (ID 1022/1872

5 (12) >1370/>2500

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

The average peak flue gas temperatures in the four chimneys tested in a conditioned laboratory were 1025°C (1877°F), 1044°C (1911°F), 1095°C (2003°F), and

965°C (1769°F) for chimney 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The difference

between the lowest average flue gas temperature (chimney 4) and the highest

average flue gas temperature (chimney 3) was only 12 percent. Chimney 5, the

solid-packed chimney tested outdoors in a colder environment was markedly

different, however. Peak flue gas temperature during this test exceeded

1370°C (2500°F), 275°C (495°F) higher than the highest temperature recorded

during the tests in a conditioned laboratory and 358°C (645°F) higher than the

average peak temperature noted during the eleven indoor tests.

At the base of the chimney, beyond the chimney connector, temperatures

were generally lower. Temperature measurement was made approximately 0.25 m

(10 in) from the base of the chimney at a point 2.1 m (82 in) from the appliance outlet for the factory-built chimneys tested in a conditioned laboratory

space (chimneys 1 to 4). Since the masonry chimney was connected to the

appliance by a shorter (0.9 m/3 ft) section of chimney connector, temperature

19
measurement was made at a point 1.2 ra (4 ft) from the appliance outlet.

Consequently, a higher flue gas temperature at the base of the chimney was recorded during the burnout test of the masonry chimney at 1095°C (2003°F)

than for the other indoor chimneys. At a point 2.1 m (6.8 ft) from the appliance outlet, flue gas temperature in the masonry chimney was 918°C (1684°F),

within the range of temperatures noted for chimneys 1, 2, and 4. For the

other tests, the average maximum flue gas temperature at the base of the

chimney was 883°C (1621°F) with a coefficient of variation of ± 9 percent. As

before, temperatures recorded during the burnout test of chimney 5 were considerably higher than those noted for the other chimneys. Individual

maxiraums taken from figures 20 through 31 or tables 10 to 21 were:

Flue Gas Temperatures at the Base of the Chimneys

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 870/1598 (2) 711/1311 (3) 933/1711 (4) 931/1707

2 (5) 902/1655 (6) 954/1749 (7) 810/1490 (8) 889/1632

3 (9) 1095/2003

4 (10) 851/1563 (11) 974/1785

5 (12) 1370/2498

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the! burnout tests

Maximum flue gas temperatures within the chimney were not always recorded

at the base of the chimney. Location of peak temperature inside the chimney

varied from the base of the chimney in the majority of tests (4 to 10 and 12)

to the top of the chimney during test 2. Maximum temperatures were always

close to the temperature measured at the base of the chimney:

Maximum Flue Gas Temperatures Inside Chimney

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 948/1738 (2) 754/1389 (3) 934/1713 (4) 931/1707

2 (5) 902/1655 (6) 954/1749 (7) 810/1490 (8) 889/1632

3 (9) 1095/2003

4 (10) 851/1563 (11) 984/1803

5 (12) 1370/2498

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

20
The average maximum flue gas temperature inside the chimney for the factorybuilt chimneys tested indoors (chimneys 1, 2, and 4) was 896°C (1644°F) with a coefficient of variation of ± 8 percent. If chimney 5 is included in the

average, this temperature rises to 939°C (1745°F) ± 17 percent

Temperature variation from the base of the chimney to the top of the

chimney (figures 32-43) was usually 200°C (360°F) or less. The largest variation in flue gas temperature over the length of the chimney was recorded for

the masonry chimney (610 to 1095°C/1130 to 2003°F), the smallest in the solidpacked factory-built chimneys—838 to 889°C (1540 to 1632°F) during test 8 and

902 to 984°C (1656 to 1803°F) during test 11 —a range of only 51°C (92°F) and

82°C (148°F), respectively:

Variation in Peak Flue Gas Temperatures Inside the Chimney

Chimney Temperature Range ( °C)

1 (1) 767-948 (2) 642-754 (3) 724-934 (A) 726-931

2 (5) 756-902 (6) 775-954 (7) 665-810 (8) 838-889

3 (9) 610-1095

4 (10) 633-851 (ID 902-984

5 (12) 921-1370

Chimney Temperature Range ( °F)

1 (1) 1413-1738 (2) 1188-1389 (3) 1335-1713 (4) 1339-1708

2 (5) 1393-1656 (6) 1427-1749 (7) 1229-1490 (8) 1540-1632

3 (9) 1130-2003

4 (10) 1171-1564 (ID 1656-1803

5 (12) 1690-2498

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

The high thermal mass of the masonry chimney, combined with slower moving

flue gas due to the larger size of the masonry chimney flue allowed the gas to

cool to lower temperatures. The large range noted for chimney 5 was due to

the colder ambient temperature leading to faster heat loss from the flue gas

21
to the chimney surfaces. The lower mass but effective insulation of the

solid-packed factory-built chimneys led to less heat loss along the length of

these chimneys than noted for the masonry chimney.

The duration of the chimney fires as evidenced by elevated chimney

temperatures varied considerably from test to test, even with similar periods

of creosote buildup. The length of the chimney fires, defined here as flue

gas temperatures greater than 200 °C (392 °F) , varied from 760 s to 5940 s—more

than 1 1/2 hours:

Duration of Flue Gas Temperatures Above 200 °C (392 °F) During Chimney Fires

Chimney Time (s)

1 (1) 2280 (2) 5415 (3) 760 (4) 980

2 (5) 3210 (6) 2625 (7) 840 (8) 1310

3 (9) 1040

4 (10) 940 (ID 3390

5 (12) 5940

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

The duration of higher temperatures and of peak temperatures was considerably less, however. Flue gas temperatures were above 700°C (1292°F)

for only 100 s to 2250 s during the burnout tests:

Duration of Flue Gas Temperatures Above 700°C (1292°F) During Chimney Fires

Chimney Time (s)

1 (1) 860 (2) 100 (3) 500 (4) 310

2 (5) 690 (6) 865 (7) 250 (8) 380

3 (9) 440

4 (10) 260 (11) 1290

5 (12) 2250

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

22
Flue gas temperatures at levels above 1000°C (1832°F) were rarer still.

Temperatures of 1000°C (1832°F) were reached in only seven of the twelve

burnout tests. The duration of time above 1000°C (1832°F) ranged from only

10 s in test 1 to 500 s in test 12:

Duration of Flue Gas Temperatures Above 1000°C (1832°F) During Chimney Fires

Chimney Time (s)

1 (1) 10 (2) 0 (3) 370 (4) 0

2 (5) 0 (6) 0 (7) 90 (8) 50

3 (9) 190

4 (10) 0 (ID 50

5 (12) 500

Notes: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

7.2 Chimney Surface Temperatures

Temperatures on the outside surface of the inside chimney wall (the flue

liner) were, naturally, lower than the flue gas temperatures—averaging 186 °C

(336°F) lower. As with the flue gas temperatures, the peak inner chimney

surface temperature was not necessarily recorded at the base of the chimney.

Peak temperatures for all chimneys ranged from a low of 265 °C (509°F) in the

masonry chimney to 1111°C (2031°F) in one of the solid-packed factory-built

chimneys:

Peak Chimney Surface Temperatures

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 778/1432 (2) 653/1207 (3) 814/1497 (4) 906/1662

2 (5) 758/1396 (6) 867/1592 (7) (8) 874/1605

3 (9) 265/509

4 (10) 715/1319 (11) 917/1682

5 (12) 1111/2031

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

23
Few differences were noted comparing the peak inner chimney surface temperatures of the three factory-built chimneys tested in a conditioned laboratory

space (chimneys 1, 2, and 4). The average of peak temperatures for all tests

of the three individual factory-built chimneys were 788°C (1450°F), 805°C

(1481°F), and 812°C (1494°F) —a range of only 24°C (43°F). Understandably,

the temperature on the masonry chimney was lower. Since all inner chimney

wall temperatures were measured on the outer surface of the wall, the 16 mm

(5/8 in) of fire clay flue lining provided more insulation to heat conduction

than the thinner stainless steel linings of the factory-built chimneys.

Following the flue gas temperatures, inner chimney wall temperatures for

chimney 5 were considerably higher than those recorded for the other chimneys.

Variation in the inner chimney wall temperatures from the base of the

chimney to the top was larger in magnitude than the variation in flue gas

temperatures, averaging 234°C (422°F). Lowest temperatures were usually,

although not always, noted at the top of the chimney. Since the upper

sections of chimney in all tests was not enclosed, greater heat loss was possible high in the chimney:

Variation in Inner Chimney Wall Temperatures

Chimney Temperature Range (°C)

1 (1) 590-778 (2) 488--653 (3) 514-814 (4) 640-906

2 (5) 448-758 (6) 531--867 (7) 465-721 (8) 650-874

3 (9) 108-265

4 (10) 413-715 (11) 836--909

5 (12) 714-1111

Chimney Temperature Range (°F)

1 (1) 1094-1432 (2) 910-1207 (3) 957-1497 (4) 1184-1663

2 (5) 838-1396 (6) 988-1593 (7) 869-1330 (8) 1202-1605

3 (9) 226-509

4 (10) 775-1319 (11) 1537-1668

5 (12) 1317-1111

Note: Numbers In parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

24
I

Peak temperatures on the exterior surface of the chimneys ranged from

46°C (115°F) on the outside surface of the masonry chimney to 433°C (811°F) on

the outside surface of the air-insulated factory-built chimney. Averages of

peak temperatures for all tests of the individual chimneys were 376°C (709°F),

205°C (401 °F) , 46 °C (115°F), 212°C (414°F), and 289°C (552°F) for chimney 1,

chimney 2, chimney 3, chimney 4, and chimney 5, respectively:

Peak Outer Chimney Surface Temperature

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 420/788 (2) 325/617 (3) 327/620 (4) 433/811

2 (5) 222/431 (6) 233/451 (7) 200/392 (8) 168/334

3 (9) 46/114

4 (10) 137/278 (11) 288/550

5 (12) 289/552

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

Thus, while flue gas temperatures were very similar in the four chimney

designs, the different designs varied in their ability to retain the heat of

the flue gas within the chimney. The masonry chimney, by virtue of its high

mass, barely reacted at all to the relatively short duration of the chimney

fire (940 s). In contrast, the light weight of the air-insulated chimney

allowed temperatures to rise considerably.

The length of time the outside chimney surface remained at elevated

temperature levels varied considerably from test to test. In several tests,

200°C (392°F) was never reached while in other tests, temperatures on the

outside of the chimney were in excess of 200°C (392°F) for more than 1300 s:

25
Duration of Elevated Temperatures on Outside Chimney Wall

Chimney Time (a)

1 (1) 1390 (2) 1475 (3) 640 (4) 800

2 (5) 790 (6) 905 (7) 5 (8) 0

3 (9) 0

4 (10) 0 (ID 1860

5 (12) 1416

Notes: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests

7.3 Enclosure Temperatures

Temperature levels on the surfaces of the combustible enclosure facing

the chimneys also varied considerably from test to test. Maximum temperatures

measured ranged from 39°C (102°F) to 234°C (453°F). Following the ranking of

the chimneys by outside surface temperature, the lowest temperatures were noted for the masonry chimney and the highest temperatures for the airinsulated chimney. Average maximum temperatures for all enclosure thermocouples in each test were 133°C (271°F), 91°C (196°F), 37°C (99°F) and 91°C

(196°F) for chimney 1, chimney 2, chimney 3, and chimney 4, respectively.

Since no enclosure was used for chimney 5, no data are noted:

Peak Enclosure Surface Temperature

Chimney Peak Temperature (°C/°F)

1 (1) 154/309 (2) 182/359 (3) 177/350 (4) 234/453

2 (5) 97/206 (6) 112/233 (7) 112/233 (8) 95/203

3 (9) 39/102

4 (10) 62/143 (11) 149/300

5 (12) -

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests. No

enclosure wall used for chimney 5.

In all tests but one, peak temperatures on the enclosure surface were recorded

at the topmost thermocouple location. During the test of the masonry chimney,

the highest temperature was noted at the base of the enclosure. However,

26
during this test, all the enclosure temperatures were within 3°C (5°F) of the

peak temperature of 39°C (102°F) with a rise in temperature of only 10 to 13°C

(18 to 23°F) above room ambient air temperature.

Temperatures on combustible enclosure surfaces were elevated for considerable periods of time during most tests. Enclosure temperatures exceeded the

criterion used for testing and listing of chimneys of 50°C (90°) above room temperature for times as long as 56 minutes. In some tests, temperatures on enclosure surfaces were elevated for periods of time equal to or greater than

the duration of the creosote fire in the chimney:

Duration of Elevated Temperatures on Enclosure Surfaces

(50°C/90°F Rise Above Room Temperature)

Chimney Time (s)

1 (1) 1350 (2) 2150 (3) 610 (4) 1660

2 (5) 750 (6) 945 (7) 145 (8) 1170

3 (9) 0

4 (10) 0 (ID 3330

5 (12)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are test numbers of the burnout tests. No

enclosure was used for chimney 5.

7 .4 Damage to Chimney Systems

There was little visible damage to the chimneys after most of the chimney

fires. After four chimney creosote burnouts of chimney 1, degradation of the

galvanized outer pipe was evidenced by a dulling of the coating on the upper

sections of the chimney. While this would not affect chimney performance

immediately, the loss of galvanization would lead to corrosion over longer

periods of time. Flue linings were undamaged. After tests of chimneys 2 and

4 (two solid-packed factory-built chimneys) no damage was apparent on the

interior or exterior of the chimneys. Flue linings were relatively clean,

with no distortions visible.

27
Damage to chimney 3 (a masonry chimney) and to chimney 5 (a solid-packed

factory-built chimney) were more significant, however. Inspection of the

masonry chimney after the creosote burnout test revealed cracks along the

molding seams of the tile liners 6 to 12 mm (1/4 to 1/2 in) in width along the

entire length of the chimney. Numerous smaller cracks were evident throughout

the liner sections upon subsequent disassembly of the chimney. After the test

of chimney 5, damage was evident in all sections of the chimney. In the Tee

section, where temperatures were the highest, holes were found over the entire

surface of the inner wall. The holes ranged in size from small, barely

noticeable penetrations to one approximately 50 by 80 mm (2 by 3 in).

Although most severe at the base of the chimney, buckling of the inner wall

was apparent in all sections. Buckling in both the radial and longitudinal

directions was found, resulting in separation at the ends of each section and

exposing the insulation between the walls. Figures 60 to 63 illustrate the

damage to chimneys 3 and 5.

8. OVERFIRE TESTS

Overfire tests—continuous firing at maximum rates for extended periods

of time—were conducted to compare with temperature levels attained during the

chimney fire burnout tests. Each chimney and appliance combination was fired

continuously until maximum temperatures were attained on all surfaces. All

chimneys, except chimney 5, were tested prior to conducting creosote burnout

tests. Chimney 5 was tested in a damaged condition to assess temperatures on exterior surfaces after damage had occurred.

8.1 Maximum Temperatures

Maximum temperatures recorded during the overfire tests were always noted

at the base of the chimney or in the lower sections of the chimney. Temperatures at the base of the chimney ranged from 772 to 916°C (1422 to 1681°F) in

the flue gas, 358 to 849°C (676 to 1560°F) on the inner wall of the chimney,

143 to 305°C (289 to 581°F) on the outer wall of the chimney and 57 to 145°C

(135 to 293°F) on the enclosure. Peak temperatures at any position within the

chimney were similar to those recorded at the base of the chimney:

28
Maximum Temperatures During Overfire Tests

At Base of Chimney

Chimney

Flue

Gas

Inner

Wall

Outer

Wall Enclosure

1 830/1526 654/1209

(°C/°F)

182/360 57/135

2 939/1722 673/1243 199/390 66/151

3 772/1422 358/676 143/289 100/212

4 916/1681 849/1560 305/581 145/293

5 692/1277 n.r. 160/320 -

Chimney

Flue

Gas

Inner

Wall

Overall

Outer

Wall Enclosure

1 836/1537 668/1234

(°C/°F)

270/518 118/244

2 939/1722 831/1528 206/403 108/226

3 772/1422 358/676 156/313 116/241

4 916/1681 849/1560 334/633 171/340

5 718/1324 635/1175 160/320 -

n.r. = not recorded. No enclosure was used for chimney 5.

The average of the peak flue gas temperatures during the overfire tests

of the factory-built chimneys was 830°C (1526°F) with a coefficient of variation of ± 12 percent—somewhat lower than the average of the peak flue gas

temperatures during the burnout tests. During most tests of the factory-built

chimneys, inside chimney surface temperatures were, in contrast, considerably

lower during the overfire tests than during the burnout tests. In the overfire test of the masonry chimney, both flue gas temperatures and chimney

surface temperatures were higher than those recorded during the burnout tests.

During a creosote burnout, combustion takes place on or near the chimney

walls. Thus, measurement of the flue gas at the midpoint of the chimney may

not indicate maximum temperatures in the chimney. Temperatures are likely to

be considerably higher nearer to the walls of the chimney. Thus, a measurement of simply a single flue gas temperature may not be sufficient to fully

understand the effects of a chimney fire. In the masonry chimney, the high

thermal mass of the chimney and the relatively short duration of the chimney

fire allowed the chimney to absorb the heat from the chimney fire.

29
8.2 Duration of Elevated Temperatures

Perhaps more enlightening than peak temperatures is the duration of

elevated temperatures during the overfire tests. Flue gas temperatures were above 200°C (392°F) for 87 to 98 percent of the overfire tests of the factorybuilt chimneys but only 34 percent of the duration of the masonry chimney

overfire test. Gas temperatures were above 700°C (1292°F) for 12 to 39 percent of the tests of the factory-built chimneys but only 0.4 percent of the

masonry chimney test. Enclosure surface temperatures, however, do not reveal

the same split. Temperatures on the surfaces surrounding the chimneys were

more than 50°C (90°F) above room temperature for 11 to 89 percent of the time

during the overfire tests of the factory-built chimneys and 50 percent of the

time during the masonry chimney overfire test.

Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Overfire Tests

Flue Gas Flue Gas Outer Surface Enclosure

Chimney > 200°C > 700°C > 200°C > 50°C rise

(%) (%) (%) (%)

1 95 12 n.r. 25

2 95 15 n.r. 11

3 34 0.4 n.r. 50

4 87 39 75 89

5 98 31 n.r. —

n.r. = not reached. No enclosure was used for chimney 5.

9. CONCLUSIONS

A total of 22 tests were conducted on five chimneys of differing designs.

The tests were run to investigate the effects of creosote fires on the

chimneys and on surrounding combustibles. Three series of tests were

conducted

• Five "buildup tests" where measurements of chimney temperatures and

surrounding surface temperatures were recorded for a full day during

the long periods of low-level burning to deposit creosote on the

chimney surfaces,

30
• Twelve "burnout tests" where the deposits were ignited and allowed to

burn freely until maximum temperatures were reached in the chimney and

on surrounding surfaces, and

• Five "overfire tests" where the appliances were fired at high rates for

extended periods of time until steady-state conditions were obtained.

Significant levels of buildup were noted in all chimneys using both

seasoned hardwoods and green softwoods. While buildup rates and quantities of

deposits were not measured quantitatively, little difference was noted in the

amount of buildup thickness during the various tests. Flue gas temperature,

chimney surface temperature, and duration of the buildup period appear to be

more important to creosote buildup than the type of chimney used or wood

burned.

Flue gas temperatures in excess of 1370°C (2498°F) were obtained for

short periods of time during the chimney fire "burnout tests." Maximum

chimney surface temperatures over 1100°C (2000°F) were recorded. The fire

clay flue lining of the masonry chimney was severely cracked during the

chimney fire "burnout test.” However, because of the chimney’s high mass,

temperatures on the outside brick surface never approached an unacceptable

level of 50°C (90°F) above ambient temperature as defined in the various

testing standards [17,27]. Severe damage was noted after one chimney fire in one of the factory-built chimney tests. Holes were found in the inner wall of

the chimney near the base and buckling of the metal lining was noted in all

sections

Temperatures on surrounding combustible surfaces reached as high as 234 °C

(453°F) during the "burnout tests," far in excess of acceptable limits and

nearing the ignition temperature commonly reported for wood. The highest

enclosure temperatures were noted during tests of the air- insulated chimney,

the lowest during tests of the masonry chimney. Enclosure temperatures

exceeded the criterion used for testing and listing of chimneys of 50°C (90°F)

above room temperature for times as long as 56 minutes. In some tests,

temperatures on surrounding combustibles were elevated above acceptable limits

for periods of time equal to or greater than the duration of the creosote fire

in the chimney.

31
"Overfire tests” —continuous firing at maximum rates for extended periods

of time—were nearly as severe as the "burnout tests." Flue gas temperatures

of 772 to 939°C (1422 to 1722°C) were recorded. Enclosure surface temperatures as high as 171°C (340°F) were obtained. In addition, flue gas temperatures during the "overfire tests" were above 200°C (392°F) for 87 to 98 percent of the duration of the tests and above 538°C (1000°F) for 3 to 58 percent

of the duration of the tests.

Some specific conclusions can be made based upon the results of these

tests:

• Current test procedures for factory-built chimneys include provisions

for testing to simulate chimney fires by a 10 minute test at a flue gas

temperature of 927°C (1700°F) or three 10 minute tests at 1149°C

(2100°F). Based upon the tests reported herein, the duration of a chimney fire simulation should be longer—a period of 20 minutes or longer would be more appropriate. Little damage to chimney systems were noted at temperatures of 927 to 1149°C (1700 to 2100°F). Significantly higher temperatures were recorded during a test of one chimney

in cold climatic conditions, with notable damage to the chimney.

However, the results presented in this report are based upon a limited

number of tests. Other chimney systems, and certainly colder climatic

conditions could lead to more severe results. More tests would be

necessary to provide information on reproducibility and temperature

levels for other appliances and chimneys.

• Since burning occurs on and near the chimney walls, measurement of flue

gas temperature near the walls or of chimney wall surface temperature

is more appropriate than measurement of flue gas temperature at a single point on the center of the flue.

• Highest flue gas temperatures were usually noted at or near the appliance flue outlet. If damage were to occur due to the heat generated by

a chimney fire, it would most likely occur near the appliance flue

outlet. Thus, placing of factory-built chimney sections directly at

the appliance flue outlet may be hazardous. Since flue gas tempera32
tures are the highest at this location and since the factory-built

chimney sections are insulated to hold the heat in, excessive temperatures may result. A length of single wall chimney connector (with

proper clearances to nearby combustibles) would reduce the problem.

• Particularly noticeable on the surrounding combustible surfaces were

the high temperatures resulting from the long duration of the overfire

tests. Temperature rises in excess of recommended limits were recorded

for long periods of time for all four chimneys. In some cases, temperature rises of more than 150°C (270°F) were noted.

10. REFERENCES

[1] Peacock, R. D. , A Review of Fire Incidents, Model Building Codes, and

Standards Related to Wood-Burning Appliances, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

NBSIR 79-1731 (April 1979).

[2] Peacock, R. D. , A Review of Fire Incidents Related to Wood-Burning

Appliances, Wood Energy Institute, Proceedings of Wood Heating Seminar

IV, Portland, Oregon, March 21-24, 1979, 43-46.

[3] Shelton, J. W., Analysis of Fire Reports on File in the Massachusetts

State Fire Marshal's Office Relating to Wood and Coal Heating Equipment,

contract to the National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), NBS-GCR-78-149

(November 1978).

[4] Kale, D. , Fires in Woodburning Appliances, U.S. Consumer Product Safety

Commission (December 1982).

[5] Harwood, B. and Kale, D. , Fires Involving Fireplaces, Chimneys and

Related Appliances, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

(September 1981).

[6] Jones, J. C. , 1980 Multiple-Death Fires in the United States, Fire

Journal, Vol. 75, No. 5, 74-79, 106-109 (September 1981).

[7] Harwood, B. and Kluge, P. , Hazards Associated with the Use of Wood or Coal-Burning Stoves or Free-Standing Fireplaces, U.S. Consumer Product

Safety Commission (February 1980).

[8] Peacock, R. D. , Ruiz, E. , and Torreo-Perena, R. , Fire Safety of WoodBurning Appliances, Part 1: State of the Art Review and Fire Tests,

Volumes I and II, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 80-2140

(November 1980).

[9] Shelton, J. W. , Wood Heat Safety, (Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte,

Vermont, September 1979).

33
[10] The BOCA Basic Building Code/ 1978, Model Building Regulations for the

Protection of Public Health, Safety and Welfare, Seventh Edition,

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Homeward,

Illinois (1978).

[11] The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code/ 1978, Model Mechanical Regulations for

the Protection of Public Health, Safety and Welfare, Third Edition,

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Homeward,

Illinois (1978).

[12] The National Building Code, 1976 Edition, American Insurance

Association, New York, New York (1976).

[13] National Fire Codes, Vol. 9, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, and

Vents, NFPA 211-1977, National Fire Protection Association, Boston,

Massachusetts (1978).

[14] Standard Building Code, 1976 Edition, Southern Building Code Congress,

International, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama (1976).

[15] Amendments to the Standard Building Code, 1977 and 1978 Revisions to the

1976 Edition, Southern Building Code Congress, International, Inc.,

Birmingham, Alabama (1978).

[16] Uniform Building Code, 1976 Edition, International Conference of

Building Officials (1976).

[17] 1977 Supplement to the Uniform Building Code, U.B.C. Standards, Uniform

Housing Code, Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings and

the Uniform Fire Code, International Conference of Building Officials

(1977).

[18] Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Residential Type, and Building

Heating Appliance, UL103, Sixth Edition, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

(February 1983).

[19] Voigt, G. Q. , Fire Hazard of Domestic Heating Installations, Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U. S.), NBS Research Paper RP596 (September 1933).

[20] Neale, J. A., Clearances and Insulation of Heating Appliances,

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., UL Bulletin of Research #27 (February

19A3)

[21] Lawson, D. I., Fox, L. L. , and Webster, C. T. , The Heating of Panels by

Flue Pipes, Fire Research Special Report No. 1, Fire Protection

Association, London, England (1952).

[22] Lawson, D. I. and Simms, D. L. , The Ignition of Wood by Radiation,

British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 3, 288-292 (September 1952).

[23] Shoub, H. , Survey of Literature on the Safety of Residential Chimneys

and Fireplaces, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Misc. Pub. 252 (December

1963).

34
[24] Prefabricated Metal Chimneys, National Bureau of Standards, Fire

Research Section, unpublished reports to Federal Public Housing

Authority (1941-1945).

[25] Temperatures Developed in Chimneys for Low Cost Houses, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Tech. News Bull., 328 (August 1944).

[26] Fox, L. L. and Whittaker, D. , Some Measurements of Temperatures of Metal

Flues of Domestic Heating Appliances, Journal of the Institution of

Heating and Ventilation Engineers, Vol. 23, 183-192 (August 1955).

[27] Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built Residential Type and Building

Appliance, UL 103, Fourth Edition, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

(March 1971).

[28] Standard for Room Heaters, Solid Fuel Type, First Edition, UL 1482,

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (August 1979).

[29] McKinnon, G. P. and Tower, K. , Eds., Fire Protection Handbook, 14th

Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts,

pages 3-2 to 3-7 (1976).

[30] Mitchell, N. D. , New Light on Self-Ignition, NFPA Quarterly, Vol. 45,

No. 2, 165-172 (October 1951).

[31] MacLean, J. D. , Effect of Heat on Properties and Serviceability of

Wood: Experiments on Thin Wood Specimens, Forest Products Laboratory

Report No. R1471, Madison, Wisconsin (1945).

[32] MacLean, J. D. , Rate of Disintegration of Wood Under Different Heating

Conditions, American Wood-Preservers Association (1951).

[33] McGuire, J. H. , Limiting Safe Surface Temperature of Combustible

Materials, Fire Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3 (August 1969).

[34] Ignition and Charring Temperatures of Wood, Forest Products Laboratory

Report No. 1464, Madison, Wisconsin (January 1958).

[35] Matson, A. F., Dufori, R. E. , and Breen, J. F. , Performance of Type B

Gas Vents for Gas-Fired Appliances, Part II, Survey of Available

Information on Ignition of Wood Exposed to Moderately Elevated

Temperatures, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Bulletin of Research,

No. 51, Northbrook, Illinois (May 1959).

[36] Flink, C. R. , Factory-Built Chimneys, Wood Energy Institute, Proceedings

of Wood Heating Seminar IV, Portland, Oregon, March 21-24, 1979,

339-342.

[37] Stone, R. L.

,

Solving the Creosote Problem, Fire Journal, Vol. 74,

No. 1, 43-49, 78 (January 1980).

[38] Maxwell, T. T. , Dyer, D. F. , Maples, G. , and Burch, T. , An Investigation

of Creosoting and Fireplace Inserts, contract to the National Bureau of

Standards (U.S.), NBS-GCR-8 1-365 (December 1981).

35
[39] Maxwell, T. T. , Maples, G. , Pruitt, T. M. , and Dyer, D. F., Design

Handbook for Residential Wood-Burning Equipment, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University (July 1979).

[40] Dyer, D. , Maxwell, T. T. , and Nunnelly, R. M. , Residential Consumer's

Handbook for Wood-Fired Appliances, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Auburn University (November 1981).
Table 1 Instrumentation for Chimneys 1, 2, and 4

Measurement Locations

Ambient Air Temperature

Flue Gas in Connector 0.5, 1.4 m level, measured from appliance outlet.

Flue Gas in Chimney 2.1, 2.3, 2.9, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 4.4, 4.6 m level,

measured from appliance outlet.

Inner Chimney Wall 2.1, 2.3, 2.9, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 4.4, 4.6 m level,

measured from appliance outlet.

Outer Chimney Wall 2.1, 2.3, 2.9, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 4.4, 4.6 m level,

measured from appliance outlet.

Enclosure Surface 2.1, 2.3, 2.9, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9 m level, measured

from appliance outlet.

37
Table 2 Instrumentation for Chimney 5

Measurement Locations

Ambient Air Temperature

Flue Gas in Connector 0.5, 1.2 m level, measured from appliance outlet.

Flue Gas in Chimney 1.5, 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.5, 5.0,

5.3, 5.8, 6.1, 6.6, 6.8 m level, measured from

appliance outlet.

Inner Chimney Wall 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.5, 5.0, 5.3,

5.8, 6.1, 6.6, 6.8 m level, measured from

appliance outlet.

Outer Chimney Wall 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.5, 5.0, 5.3,

5.8, 6.1, 6.6, 6.8 m level, measured from

appliance outlet.

38
Table 3

Instrumentation for Chimney 3

Measurement

Ambient Air Temperature

Flue Gas in Chimney

Inner Chimeny Wall

Outer Chimney Wall

Enclosure Surface

Stove Surface

Locations

0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.5 m level, measured

from appliance outlet.

0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1,

3.4, 3.5 m level, measured from appliance outlet.

0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1,

3.4, 3.5 m level, measured from appliance outlet.

0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7 m

level, measured from appliance outlet.

Door, Center Left Side, Center Right Side, Top

Center, Back Center, Front Center.

39
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40
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H <2

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41
Table

6:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Buildup

Test

of

Chimney 2

Cjw I 0) 3 U, 1 r-'- O' un u 4-1 o 1 on cn CM

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42

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

7:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Buildup

Test

of

Chimney

3

<uVh

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43

Chimney

Level

10

(3.05

m)

45/114

40/105

32/89

Chimney

Level

11

(3.35

m)

37/99

31/87

Chimney

Level

12

(3.51

m)

39/102

34/93

30/87
Table

8:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Buildup

Test

of

Chimney 4

01 1 M *—i | 0) 3 Ch 1 O' r- 00 in o 4J o 1 rH m m ^H rH c 01 CO X 1 CM CN CN CN CM

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44

Chimney

Level 6

(3.86

m)

66/151

61/141

42/109

6/12

Chimney

Level 7

(4.37

ra)

64/147

58/137

44/112

Chimney

Level 8

(4.62

m)

61/143

54/129

30/87
Table

9:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Buildup

Test

of

Chimney

5

<D

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45

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

10:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

1,

Test

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46
Table

11:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

1,

Test

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CD CD Li rH 1 C/3 C/3 CO C/D CO 3 3 > > > > > > > > £ rH •H CL 1 O O QJ 0) QJ QJ QJ 3 3 3 3 < 3 1 QJ QJ a> QJ QJ CJ CJ X X hJ X X X X X

4-1 CO

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QJ i QJ

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rH Li •H Li CD 1 rH rH rH rH rH E E B

B

B

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X

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XX

XX

X

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47
Table

12:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

1,

Test

01

0>u3 U* o u 0 c 0) CO '

CO o Pi CJ •H CO a> 0

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a

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C/5

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a> H

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Pi 4J 0 3 01 CO co CJ U CJ o CO <u 0

l-H UH

a <d

w

uu

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idu

rH 3 Ui

CO 4J 0

0) CO o Pi CJ

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0) UH

a v-/ 4J U B 3 3 0) O CO H

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0) UH

a

w

C

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cm r>* oo r*» h m n n in o co cm cn O H O n h h n

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in

m

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00 00 f"-

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CM in ^H #-H CO O r- v£> CM —

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CO X) P

co CD B & 3 /“N B E •a ID •H CD H X © CD

CO co P rH

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at <u ID ID ID P Pi

cj CJ

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CO CO CO CO CO 4J 4J rH CM cn

UH UH UH UH UH CJ CJ p p Pi lH P ID ID rH i-H rH 3 3 3 3 3 C C ID ID ID cn cn cn in CO c c > > > o o ID ID ID

ID ID ID ID ID CJ o -1 h-1 U IJ CJ cj CJ c c c c c >> >N 5p >N

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rH rH rH rH rH s E s B

B

a

a

aa

a •H •H •H •H • H < < a -c < cj X

CJ

x

CJ

x

CJ

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48

Chimney

Level 4

(3.10

m)

856/1572

755/1391

258/496

114/205

Chimney

Level 5

(3.61

m)

825/1517

635/1175

295/563

141/253

Chimney

Level 6

(3.86

m)

797/1466

662/1223

327/620

146/262

Chimney

Level 7

(4.37

m)

750/1382

583/1081

318/604

Chimney

Level 8

(4.62

m)

724/1335

514/957

281/537
Table

13:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

1,

Test

r

0)

Ll

CD 3

CJ 4-1 0 C 3 CO

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st

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to

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x

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49

lmney
Table

14:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

2,

Test

Vu

QJ 9 U4 u M 0 c <U (9 10 CJ tu U

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50

Chimney

Level 5

(3.61

m)

792/1457

647/1196

210/410

57/102

Chimney

Level 6

(3.86

m)

786/1446

632/1169

212/413

64/115

Chimney

Level 7

(4.37

m)

771/1419

524/975

222/431

Chimney

Level 8

(4.62

m)

756/1392

625/1157

160/320
Table

15:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

2,

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<U l u /—\ | 0) 3 (*4 1 ON —-4 CM

m OS

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51

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zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

16:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

2,

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u /-N

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52

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

17:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

2,

Test

qj

Ci 0) 3 t*4 Cl 4J 0 C 0J CO

CO

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cc Cl E £ 3

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53

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

18:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

3,

Test

V

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u lA a i s* '"s* "•* ’—

\ —

u to (1) o 1 sO m m m m CM CM o sO r-~ CO

0) UA fr w 1 St St <3- CO CO St 3 3 0) O w H

d)

f-H 3 In 1 O' 00 CM CM 00 •O 1/0 CO o- O' CO sO

CO AJ o 1 o I/O CM St CO o O' UO CO CO CM 3 0) CO ^ 1 UO St st CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CM

cj >J CJ 1 **•»- '—

.

"-v s— "—

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,

Ui CO 0) o 1 UO r- sO SO 00 CM uo UO UO CM 00 V UA a w j s£> CO rH uo so U0 St CM t—A r—

A

o

c l-l B 1 CM CM CM -H 4—

A

•—4 H rH 4 -H

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00 W AJ o | o sO O St CM

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(n 1 0 1 \ 1 V 1 0 1 s_^ 11 V

1 1—1 1

l-l 0) 1 3 >

AJ 0) 1 CO X)

l-i i CO 0) i ai a) B 6- i o u

3 B i CO CO E 0) i UA UA H i lA U

X 0) 1 3 3

CO l-i 4—1 1 V} CO £ •H a

< 3 1 0) 0)

U-l So O C 1 CJ u

o Is AJ CJ O 1 c c

C c O -H | CO CO 0) o 0) B AJ 1 •H -rA

r-H CO •H U CO r—4 f—

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o *-H CM CM m co <r uo UO

CO sO O' CM UO 00 ^H St r» o m UO o O o ^H »H ^H CM CM CM co co CO

S—v-x s-/ >- N—

s-/ s-/ v-/ S-/

<u <U 0) 0)

CJ U CJ o o f-H CM

CO CO CO CO p-H CM CO <3- in sO 00 as ^h

UA UA UA UA

k-4 U l-l l-l i-H i-H i-H »-H rH r-H ^H r-^ r«H rH 3 3 3 3 Cl) 0) a; <U a) 0) 0) a) d) d) « ai in in in CO > > > > > > > > > > > >

0) 0) 0) <1) 0) a) 0) d) d) d) d) d) 0) (U a) 0) kJ J -J •J X X X X X X X X

o CJ CJ CJ c c c c So So SO >0 So So SO So So So >0

CO co co CO a) 0) 0) a; 0) a; 0) d) d) d) 0) d) •H •H *H •H c c c c c c c c c c c c

r-H p-4 B B B B B B B B B E B B

a- a a a •H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H *H • »H •H a $$ X X X X X X X X X X X X

< o CJ CJ CJ u o CJ CJ a cj CJ CJ

54
Table

19:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

4,

Test

10

<u

14

0) 3 o 4J 0 c 01 CO ^v.

CO o U o •r4 CO 0) o

r—4

M-l a. s^1 a u 0 £ 3

co

ai H

CN

N

m so UO UO CM -tf

|M- —4 f—4 —H

-t O' Mt CM

O

n vo vo io

n

CM

0)u

01 3 fa 1 |4 4-1 o 1 H ON CO 00 CM nO 3 01 CO — 1 <* co <r Mt in NO u CJ V4 CJ 1 ‘—

~—„ \''«* O CO 01 o | co CM <r r- ON H U-l a. (1) '

| CM CM CM CM CM CO O u 0 CO 1 c 3 01 •H 1 w CO H OS 1

01 1 p-4 l-l /

S 1 i—1 3 fa 1 O e'- CO CO CM

O 00 ON

CO 4-1 0 | Mt en Mt in NO NO r>* in

JS o> CO I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM rH

Cl Cl CJ 1 -—

•m* \ —

—

u CO 01 o 1 NO Mt o CO 00 r^- r-- rH

0) (4-4 fa

N—' j H »-—1

CM CM CM CM CO

4-1 Cl 0 1 rH *—1

•-H •—1 4 »—i

^H 3 3 01 1 O CO H 111

01 111 rH l-l ^N | CN Mt in Mt Mt ON

i-H 3 fa 1 O NO o NO nO —4 rH in

CO 4-1 o 1 CO i—4 o -—i i—i

CO ^H n*

01 cO >s 1 H i—1

rH •—i —H

-—4

f-H

Cl l-i CJ 1 —

|4 CO 01 o 1 vO ON ^H ON ON in co CO

0) 4-1 fa '—* j O CM -o- CM CM •—4 o rH c 1-4 0 1 NO in NO NO sO c 3 <u 1 w CO H 1 u i NO CO Mt in Mt m Mt CO r-H 3 u* ! o NO NO m NO ON in NO Mt r>- Mt W XI 0 1 i-H NO m Mt CO co CO m CM rH

00 CO CO 1 ON *-H i-H r-H »-H rH »-H *-H r-H •-H e> i4 cj 1 ON 01 0 1 oo 00 r-H o rH in o m co

CM 01 fa v-/ 1 00 o in ON Mt in co Mt CO 3 0

r-4 01 fa H 1111

Mi- ON 00 r- r~- NO NO

/-N 11 f*4 0 111 o 1 /"-N /-s /'-S /-N -t->n X-N -r-\ /"s o 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N-X 11 NO 00 Mt in

O i-H NO (M. CM

QJ rH 1 Mt co o co 00 rH NO 00 co NO

|4 01 1 3 > 1 O

H CM CM CM co co CO Mt Mt

XI 01 1 W s-/ V-/ 'W/ V-/

CO i-3 1 |4 1 CO 01 1 0) 01 ai ai 0) 14

u E /^S fa 1 CJ Cl CJ CJ CJ O o 3 CM 0 1 CO CO CO CO CO 4J 4J •—H

CM CO Mt in NO 00 0 01 1 44 44 44 44 44 u o

•H 0 H 1 14 |4 Xl »4 |4 <u ai rH i-H rH i-H rH rH rH rH X 01 01 1 3 3 3 3 3 c c 01 01 ai 0) 01 OJ ai 0) « Oi V4 rH 1 CO CO CO CO CO c c > > > > > > > > 2 u • H a. 1 o o 01 01 ai 0) 01 01 01 01

CO < 3 1 01 0) 01 01 0) cj CJ h-3 •J

J 4-3 l-J ,-l i-J •J 44 fa o c 1 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ O 1 4J U O 1 c c c c c SO >> >N >N >N SO >n So >N So 03 c O -H 1 CO CO CO CO CO ai 01 01 01 01 01 0) 01 01 01

01 •H <u 0 W 1 •H •H •H *H •H c c c c c c c c c c

I-H rH •H V4 (0 1 r-H

H »H rH *H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-O o XI 01

O 1 fa a. ex a- fa •H •rH •rH •H •H •H •H *H •H •H

CO CO 0 x: o 1 $

fa a. a. £

x: x: ss -C ss sz x: x: x: ss

H N-/ < H h-3 1 < < < cj CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ

55
Table

20:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

4,

Test

11

v

is | UO

01 3 U, 1 00 O o CO CO

CJ 4J o I o> m l-S ^s c 0) <o ^ 1 St O' m vO —S

<0 o u CJ 1 •H <0 qj o 1 O' ON 00 CO CO

l-S U-( a. w | LTl O' oo CNI f—

S

a u B 1 CN st r-H CO vO £

a

co

0) H

1

1

0)u

0) 3 [* 1 CM 00 00 *d CN «d u 4J o 1 St ps. 00 O C—( 3 0) CO '—. | H -H CN CN w u Is CJ 1 •s. V, o CO OJ o 1 a> CN O' CM CN O' H 4S a QJ ^—- | r*. 00 O' O ^S I-S u u B co 1 i-H sS c 3 u • iS 1 U CO H 00 11

fH

(Uu /—

S

3 C*4 4J 0

QJ (0 O Is CJ

CO QJ 0

o> 4s a

us

U3

CO W

QJ H

QJ ^s Is H 3

CO U O

IX QJ <0 0) Is CJ U CO QJ 0

QJ 4-1 3. >w/ C Is B c 3 QJ M CO H

QJ

Is3 C*H *d co 4J 0 O' co CO o CJ St QJ 0 co QJ a. 'w' 3 tf

I-s QJ C* H

'ocnr^ooovoincs

irimmmmiriiAm

ocncNcovoomo MNON«N«00O NNNNNNNN

CO CN O' o CN m oo vO O' vO

VO NO m m m QJ

i“S i—

4

rH -s 3

"» * ^ * * f-S -S O- St vO o co O —

1

m vO m >

O' O' oo 00 00

—to>mcoooo'inois«o spsoooiriMruooMfl

oon-f-soor^p'-vor'-vovo

Nh^^CPHMOIAO' NNNOOlTiNOvONO' O0'5'^ff'<J'0'0'5'C0

Fn 01

1 V 1 u 1 /-N /'“S r-\ /-s /-N 0 1 S B B s B B B B B B

1

1 vO r>s oo St m o i-S vD r^- CN

QJ i-S | •d- ro O CO 00 —

H

vO 00 cn vO U QJ 1 • • • • • • • • • • 3 > o -S CN CN CN cn cn en -d -d

4J

CO X

v—

vs '—-1 V-S v-s vs —vs

CO

IsQJ

1

1 QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ Is Is S a 1 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ o O

3 CN if 1 CO co CO CO <0 4S U i-S CN cn -d m vO rs 00 s QJ 1 4S 4S 4S 4S 4S CJ u

•H 03 H 1 Is »s Is Is QJ QJ i-s l-S I-s |-S l-S i-S rS rH X QJ QJ 1 3 3 3 3 3 a C QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ OJ

CO JC Is i-S | CO CO CO CO CO a C > > > > > > > > s CJ •H a. o O 0) QJ QJ QJ 0) QJ QJ

CO < 3 QJ QJ OJ a; qj u U hJ l-J •-1 J sJ 4S 3* O C 1 CJ CJ u CJ CJ O | 4J U O 1 c a c a a >N >v >v >v >v >v >v >i >v >v a c O *iS | CO co CO CO co QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ 01 OJ QJ QJ QJ QJ •H QJ i « i •fS •iS •iS •iS *H C C C C C c a C C C

rH i-S •H C co F-S fS i-S i-S f-H B B B B B B B B B 8

x> O -O aj u i a a a a a •H *H •H •H •H •iS •H •H

CO H

CO 1 &3 ! £ < s- §•§• J3O

-c -c O CJ

j=

CJ

J=CJ

j=CJ s:

CJ

JO

CJ

JO

CJ

JOCJ

56

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

21:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Burnout

Test

of

Chimney

5,

Test

12

<yU

01 3 u« o 4J 0 e 0) to

(0 o u CJ •H to 0) o H «4-l <X s-/ (X Im a £

3

cn

0} H

qj

>4

<u 3

j-i 4-1 o 3 oj to to o M CJ O to OJ o

i—

4-1 (X <u '*w' <J U B to c 3 QJ *i-4 w CO H 05

QJ rH l-i rH 3 U*

CO 4-1 o & 0) to o l-l CJ

t-i to QJ o

a» 4-4 o4-J V4 a 3 3 QJ O cn H

QJ rH V4 rH 3

to 4J 0

QJ to o i-l CJ u to 3 o

QJ 4-1 (X S-/ c V4 a

c 3 QJ M CO H

CM CO CM 40 40 ON Mt m rH 00 Mt »—

CM 00 40 CM -tf CO CM CO CM \ \

O' rH o Mt CM 40 O

00 o 40 i-m O vO Ml- cm H CM •—4 i-H i—

rH

CO CM r>* 40 r- Mt *—1 r- •—

CO rH co CM CM

CM CM CM CM CM CM CM m- M. —

Mt o CM cm 40

co o rH O rH o o f—

1—4 rH H rH rH i—4

*H NO o sO ON r~ CO H co o 00 o ON 00 i"- 40

CM -—4 i—4 rH —H i—4 "» * •M- •H ON ON CM Mt

rH Ml On so CO VO H o ON ON ON 00

in vO n 00 MT\

<t 40 co r-^ r^- -h co

uo Mt Mt co co co co o h o in oo

Mt On 00 Mt Ml CM oo n o n

qj3

—i

CO

t>

QJ

V4 /H j CO ON 00 o o i-H Mt Mt o CO NO rH ON Mt rH Mt rH 3 fe 1 m ON CO 00 00 o vO CO NO CM CO 00 O CO 4n m

40 to 4-1 o | n* ON Mt rH o ON ON 00 00 00 r-» NO

CO «J tt) N* | rH rH CM CM CM 1—1 rH rH —4 i—4 i—4 i—4 i—4 rH rH ——4 rH —N O V4 CJ 1 V. '-s- \ —

„

----

'—

\ CM QJ o I O •H o vO 00 CO O 00 ON CM rM Mt i—4 ON r- in

QJ (X v-/ j f- sO to 00 Mt rH ON NO ON Mt CM CM m m

3 a 1 ON o CO rH .—4 o O o ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON

rH 3 1 rH .—4 rH i—4 i—4 rH rH H 1 b

oU

o

QJ i—i

l-l QJ 3 >

4-1 QJ

eg i-l

l-i to QJ a c-n (X 3 co a

a QJ

• H -O H

X QJ QJ

to ^ 1-4 t—4 X u •H (X

cO < 3

4-1 04 O

O 1 4-J CJ TJ a o

QJ -i-l QJ a

rH rH •H u

Xl o XI QJ

eg co a X

H M" <2 H

C

o

-4-4 •U

CO

CJOX

/^S /^s /"“N JT\ /*-N /—v /T-N /*N /—s /-s a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

NO CM 00 Mt Mt o rH NO CM CO 00 ON NO 4-N rH Mt CM On CM o 4-N r^. CM LO o CM n* o 4~> 00 O rH •H rH CM CM to CO CO Mt Mt 4-4 4-1 4-4 NO NO NO

v-/ N-/ NH V-/ VH W V-/ S-/ s-x s-/ s-/ s-/ S-/

1-4 1-4 o o o *H CM CO Mt 40

4_» 4-J rH CM CO Mt 4N X 00 ON rH rH rH rH rH rH

CJ CJ

0) 0) rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH c c QJ QJ 0) QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ 0.1 QJ QJ 0) c c > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > o o QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ 0) 0) QJ QJ 0) QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ cj CJ X 4-J 4-1 4X 4-1 X 4-J 4-J -1 4-1 hJ X X X

>N >N >N >N >N >N >N >N >N to >N >N to to to to to

QJ QJ QJ aj QJ QJ QJ QJ 0) QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ c c C C c c c C c c C C c C C C C

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

•H • H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H • H •H •H •H • H •H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

cj o CJ CJ o CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ tj CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ

57

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table 22

Maximum Temperatures Measured During Several Chimney

Fires in Five Different Chimneys

Test

Flue Gas

Overall in Chimney

(°c) (

# c)

Inner Chimney

Wall

(°C)

Outer Chimney

Wall Enclosure

(°C) ( # C)

Air Insulated

Chimney

1 1008 948

2 988 754

3 1109 934

4 996 931

Solid-Packed

Chimney #1

5 958 902

6 965 954

7 1050 810

8 1030 889

Masonry

Chimney

9 1095 1095

Solid-Packed

Chimney #2

10 908 851

11 1022 984

Solid-Packed

Chimney #3

12 >1370 >1370

778 420 154

653 325 182

814 327 177

906 433 234

758 222 97

867 233 112 n.r. 200 112

874 168 95

265 46 39

715 137 62

917 288 149

1111 289

Notes: "Overall" Flue Gas Temperature refers to peak of temperatures measured in

the entire chimney system, including the chimney connector. "In chimney"

measurements are the maximum of only those within the chimney, not includi

the chimney connector.

n.r. = not recorded. No enclosure was used for chimney 5.

58
Table

23:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Overfire

Test

of

Chimney 1

<uoC 0) to o

•H CO rS U-l <x L< £ OT

0)3

4J

COM

0)B

<u H

fa o

CJ o n Huoino

*-h

m oo o O'

co v©

m rs oo

so os -o rs UN <f o o s

—i CO CO CO St

0)

Ll 0) 3 fa 1 NO st u 4J 0 1 CM uo 00 o CM 3 CD CO 1 rH rH st sO H rH

co

U Ll CJ 1 \ O CO 0) o 1 00 in 00 ON ON

rH U-l CL 0) ^— j CN co in vO U B co 1 c 3 0) •H 1 fa CO H fa 1

CU

H 3 fa 1 ON

m CM vO st ON 00 vO

CO 4-1 o 1 m vO ON

m CM 00 rH

m » CU CO I co co CO co St st m St o Li CJ 1 s

's.

v— \ '*>** \ Li CO 0) o | CN in o o 00 St o vO

CU U-l & w j 00 00 o 00 *—in F^* CO

4J Li E 1 *-H t—

CM

H CM CM CM CM 3 3 01 1 O CO H 1

cu 1 r—

Li /s | ON St CM CO o ON

f—-i 3 fa 1 o co vO r>. rH in ON ON

co 4-1 o I CM CM rH rH o m f-H 3 CU CO s— 1 *—

H H rH r-H r-H ON ON

CJ Li CJ 1 — '**•** ‘s'^> Li co <U o 1 St 00 00 ON rH

m co

<u U-l

a vy j m sO CM CO ON r^. *—

ON c Li B 1 vO o SO vO m m m St c 3 a) 1 w CO H 1

<u

Li /-N 1 o O' vOX O' St

m ON 00 CO

co 3 fa 1 rH CM co CO 00 St 00 St

CM CO 4J

O 1 CO vO in

m St St co co CM CM

rH co CO \ 1 rH rH rH rH rH rHH rH rH rH

O Li CJ 1 \ \ rH CU 0 1 00 in o vO St O' CM CM 00 CO m <U CL 1 00 rH co co O rs m co O' 3 B

.-1 cu fa H 1111

ON O' 00 00 00 sO

X 11 f*H O 11

cj 1 /T-s /-N /—

"N /T\ 0 1 B B B B B E B B B E

'w' 11 vO r— 00

mO rH vO CM

cu

H 1 St on o co 00 rH

X 00 CO

X

Li CU 1 3 > 1 O rH CM CM CM CO co co St

4J a> 1 V—W

W VH s*/ S-/

co fa 1 Li 1 CO (U 1 CU CU <u CU cu Li Li B CL 1 CJ CJ o CJ CJ O O 3 /*">i B 1 CO CO CO CO CO u 4J rH CM co St in so oo E T3 <U 1 U-l 4-1 U-l U-l U-l CJ CJ •r4 <U H 1 Li Li Li Li Li CU a> rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH X 4J <u 1 3 3 3 3 3 c c cu (U cu cu <U (U CU cu

cO CO Li rH 1 CO CO CO CO CO c c > > > > > > > > 2 rH •H CL 1 o o cu CU cu cu <U cu (U <u 3 < 3 1 <u CU <u cu cu cj o fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa

U-l CO

O

C 1 o o CJ CJ CJ o c U o o 1 c c 3 c c >v fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa M c O -H 1 CO CO CO CO CO a) CU <u cu <u <u CU cu CU cu

cu 1 01

B -li 1 •H •H •H •rH •H c c c c c G c c c G

rH Li •rH Li co 1 rH rH rH rH rH

B s B

BBB S B

B S

Xi •H

X CU

O 1 CL

a CL

a CL •H •rl •H •rH •H •H •H •H •H •H

CO < E X

O 1 CL

a CL

X

XX

XX

X

X

X

XX

H < H fa 1 < < < CJ

u o CJ cj CJ cj

a CJ o

59
Table

24:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Overfire

Test

of

Chimney 2

0) 1 4 jP"S | o

OJ 3 to* 1 m cn CM

m o o u O 1 ON co 'J 00 o c OJ CO '•*» i pH nO *o pH

CO ci

u CJ 1 V*

•pH to OJ

O 1 pH CM ON CM 00

pH UH a.

W 1 On nO cnm cn

a toB 1 cn cn CM

m £ 3

to

OJ H 111j

OJ 11 to /H | OJ 3 to* 1 pH

to AJ o I nO

mV

O

CM On pH 3 OJ CO ^ 1 cn NO 00 On pH

CO

u 4 CJ 1 --- '*>'>* o CO OJ o | o in 1-4 NO m CN

pH 4-1 Ou 0J VH | CN CM cn >3-

m NO

u to E w 1 c 3 0) •pH 1 w CO H a! 11

OJ 11 pH 1-1 /N | pH 3 to* 1 O CN cn o ON ON

CO 4J o I ON

O ON

m cnm ON oo 3 OJ CO cn <1- cn cn cn cn cn CN u 4 CJ 1 \ u CO OJ 0 1 On NO pH pH NO pH •o cn

0) UH

a

W | On

O o 00 NO 00 o Ml- *U to E i pH CN CN pH pH pH CN pH 3 3 OJ l O CO H li

OJ ll pH 14 /> | cn C"

m CM o NO Mf

rH 3 to* 1 CN Mf 00 NO

m ON

CO AJ o 1 CM

m mj- cn cn CM pH

OJ CO ^ 1 pH pH pH pH pH pH pH

CJ

u CJ 1 *

to CO OJ o 1 cn pH

m o 00 o NO

OJ 4-1 a.

w j r-» cn 00

m cn 00 Ml- c 4 E 1 NO 00 c* r-. r-~ NO NO c 3 0J 1 M CO H 11

OJ 11 14 1 00 o o CN Mf o pH CM CN

cn 3 to* 1 ON

m

O CN NO pH nO in o m

CMw 44 o 1 00 X) NO nO

m

mm 'O

pH co CO ^ 1 pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH o >4 CJ 1 — pH 0J o 1 r-^ on r-» ON ON ON r* ON m OJ a s—' j cn On CM cn o mi- <r pH 00 3 s 1 o 00 ON ON On 00 00 00 00 n*

pH OJ i pH

pH

H i M ii tn 0 iii cj i /H j^\ /-s /~S /H /H /H 0 1 E E B E E E E B E B

'H ii X) 00

O

m o pH NO CM

01 rH t Mf CO o cn 00 pH NO 00 cn NO w OJ i 3 > i O pH CM CM CM cn cn cn O *3- 4J OJ i S-/ VH N-/ VH s«/ s-x

CO hJ i to i OJ OJ i 0J 0J 0J OJ 01 to to E a i u CJ o CJ o O O 3 pH E i C0 CO C0 CO CO AJ AJ pH CN cn

m NO 00

a 0J i 44 44 44 44 44 o o

•H TZ

H i to to to to to OJ OJ pH pH pH rH pH pH pH pH

X 0) OJ i 3 3 3 3 3 c c 0) OJ OJ 0) a> 4) OJ OJ

to .X to pH i CO CO CO CO CO c c > > > > > > > > X •rH a i o o OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ

CO < 3 i OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ CJ CJ XI X)

XX hJ X)

4-1 to*

O

C i CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ o 1 AJ CJ 0 i c c c c c >1 >N >N >N >N >N

n >* >N >N

•o c o •pH i CO CO CO CO CO OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ 0) OJ

oj •pH OJ E AJ i •pH •H •pH •pH •H c c c c c c c c c c

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60

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
Table

25:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Overfire

Test

of

Chimney

3

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61

Chimney

Level

10

(3.05

m)

462/863

214/417

83/181

Chimney

Level

11

(3.35

m)

203/397

79/174

Chimney

Level

12

(3.51

m)

428/802

189/372

89/192
Table

26:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Overfire

Test

of

Chimney 4 V 1 Vl 1 41 3 u* 1 XI

m 00 « uo

CJ

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62

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this

value
Table

27:

Temperature

Profiles

From

Chimney

Overfire

Test

of

Chimney

5

X

ON

<u

/•"N <u 3

o 4-1 0 c <13 CO « cj M CJ

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cj CJ <j o CJ CJ cj CJ CJ o CJ u CJ CJ o CJ CJ

63

Readings

of

zero

were

found

in

calculating

this
CHIMNEY CAP

Figure 1. Installation of Factory-Built Chimneys 1, 2, and 4

for Chimney Fire Tests.

64
Chimney cap

Chimney supported

every 2.4 m (8 ft.), sections locked

together

0.76 m (30 in.)

factory-built chimney

sections, 5.6 m (18-1/2 ft. total length. 0.2 m (8 in.)

inside diameter

No enclosure used for this

chimney

"Tee" section at

chimney base

Manufacturer supplied

wall pass-through kit

used to penetrate

structure wall.

)

Figure 2. Installation of Factory-Built Chimney 5 for Chimney Fire Tests.

65
Figure 3. Installation of Masonry Chimney 3 for Chimney Fire Tests.

66
GALVANIZED STEEL OUTER

CASING

ALUMINIZED STEEL

CENTER WALL

STAINLESS STEEL FLUE GAS

LINER, 0.15 m (6 in) DIAMETER

430 STAINLESS STEEL FLUE GAS

LINER, 0.15 m (6 in) DIAMETER

Figure 4. Details of the Construction of the Factory-Built Chimneys Tested.

67
13 mm (14 in) PLYWOOD ENCLOSURE

FACTORY-BUILT CHIMNEY

SECTIONS

19 mm (X in) PLYWOOD

FLOOR AND SUBFLOOR

JOISTS ON ALL FOUR SIDES AT' ZERO CLEARANCE TO SUPPORT

ASSEMBLY. FLOOR AND CEILING CUT FLUSH WITH INSIDE OF JOISTS

ENCLOSURE INSTALLED AT MINIMUM

RECOMMENDED CLEARANCE

(50 mm/2 in. typ.)

19 mm (y4 in) PLYWOOD CEILING

FACTORY-BUILT SUPPORT ASSEMBLY

CHIMNEY CONNECTOR

FACTORY-BUILT CHIMNEYS

MASONRY CHIMNEYS

Figure 5. Details of the Construction of Combustible Enclosures Used to

Surround Chimneys 1 through 4

.

68
FULL OPEN/

FULL CLOSE

RELAY

Figure 6 Temperature Control and Appliance Air Inlet Control Systems Design

APPLIANCE
Figure 7. Instrumentation Locations for Tests

Chimneys 1 , 2 , and 4

.

of Factory-Built

70
Flue gas

thermocouple

at flue centerline

i. ii Anri

Outer casing

thermocouple

on outside

surface of

casing, covered

by stainless strap

Flue liner

3 thermocouple

on outside

surface of

liner

1.2 m (47 in.)

• < h l

• I [*

•< ri i

•< M i

•< M >

0.5 m (20 in.)

from appliance

outlet

•oil

•<fo

•«ro

•l M '

•I u I

•< *

6.8 m (268 in.)

6.6 m (258 in.)

6.1 m (238 in.)

5.8 m (228 in.)

5.3 m (208 in.)

5.0 m (198 in.)

4.5 m (178 in.)

4.3 m (168 in.)

3.8 m (148 in.)

3.5 m (138 in.)

3.0 m ( 1 1 8 in.)

2.7 m (108 in.)

2.2 m (88 in.)

2.0 m (78 in.)

1.5 m (58 in.)

Figure 8. Instrumentation Locations for Tests of Factory Built Chimney 5.

71
APPLIANCE

Figure 9.

3.5 m (138 in)

3.3 m (132 in)

3.0 m (120 in)

2.7 m (108 in)

2.4 m (96 in)

2.1 m (84 in)

1.8 m (72 in)

1.5 m (60 in)

1.2 m (48 in)

0.91 m (36 in)

0.61 m (24 in)

0.3 m (12 in)

0.3 m

I11J4 in)

FLUE GAS THERMOCOUPLE

LOCATED AT FLUE CENTERLINE

AT FLUE LINER JOINTS, EVERY

0.6 m (24 in) FLUE LINER OUTER SURFACE THERMOCOUPLE, EVERY 0.3 m

(12 in) BRICK SURFACES AND

ENCLOSURE THERMOCOUPLES,

EVERY 0.3 m (12 in) MASONRY CHIMNEY SECTION

Instrumentation Locations for Tests of Masonry Chimney 3.

72
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 10. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 1.

73
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 11. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 2.
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 12. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 3.

75
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 13. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 4.

76
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 14. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Creosoting Buildup

Test of Chimney 5.

77
DISTANCE

FROM

FLUE

OUTLET

(m)

Figure 15. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of Chimney 1.

78
h*

ill _JH-3

o

LU3

o

DC

LUO

z

<

h-COQ

Figure 16. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of Chimney 2.

79
HI

—I

I-D

o

LUD

O

DC

LL

LDo

z

<

I—COQ

Figure 17. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of Chimney 3.

80
LU_l

I-Z>o

LU3

o

DCU_

LUo

COQ

Figure 18. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of Chimney 4.

81
Figure 19. Temperature Profiles During Creosoting Buildup Test of Chimney 5.

82
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 20. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1, Test 1.

83
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 21. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1, Test 2.

84
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 22. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1, Test 3.

85
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 23. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 1, Test

86
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

TIME (min)

Figure 24. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2, Test 5.

87
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 25. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2, Test 6.

88
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 26. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2, Test 7.

89
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 27. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 2, Test 8.

90
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 28. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 3, Test 9.

91
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 29. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 4, Test 10.

92
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 30. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 4, Test 11.

93
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

TIME (min)

Figure 31. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Burnout of Chimney 5, Test 12.

r

94
LU

_lI-D

o

LUD

o

CE

ULLUO

COQ

Figure 32. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1, Test 1.
r

LU

_lP

D

O

HID

2

S

Lilli o

z

<

H

C2O

Figure 33. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1, Test 2.

96
Lll _J

I-D

O

HI3

o

CL

Ll

LUo

z

<

H-COD

Figure 34. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1, Test 3.

97
Figure 35. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 1, Test 4
Ill _l

I-3

o

LU3

o

oc

Li. LUO

COQ

Figure 36. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2, Test 5.

99
LU

_l

I-Z>o

LU

Z>

o

cr. u.

LUo

COQ

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 37. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2, Test 6.

100
Figure 38. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2, Test 7

101
LD

_l

L-D

O

LUD

5

O

tt

ll

LUO

COQ

Figure 39. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 2, Test 8.

102
LU_JH

D

o

m

D

O

QC

LLLUo

C/5 Q

Figure 40. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 3, Test 9.

103
hLUD

O

HID

_J

ll2

O

tr

LL

LUo

z

<

I—w

Q

Figure 41 Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 4, Test 10.
Figure 42. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 4, Test 11.

105
IDD

_lLLo

QC

LDO

z

<

H

COQ

Figure 43. Temperature Profiles During Burnout Test of Chimney 5, Test 12.
DURATION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (s)

Figure 44. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 1.

107
DURATION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (s)

Figure 45. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 2.

108
DURATION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (s)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

FLUE GAS

INNER WALL

OUTER WALL

1~1 200°C

400°C

600°C

800°C

1000°C

Figure 46. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 3.

109
DURATION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (s)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

200°C

400°C

Figure 47. Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 4.

600°C

800°C

no
FLUE GAS

INNER WALL

OUTER WALL

Figure 48.

DURATION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (s)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

800°C

1000°C

Duration of Elevated Temperatures During Chimney Burnout

Tests of Chimney 5.

Ill
DURATION OF TEMPERATURE RISE (s)

Figure 49. Duration of Temperatures in Excess of 50°C on Enclosure Surfaces

During Chimney Burnout Tests.

112
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 50. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of Chimney 1.

113
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 51. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of Chimney 2

114
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 52. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of Chimney 3.

115
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

Figure 53. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of Chimney A.

116
TEMPERATURE

(°C)

TIME (min)

Figure 54. Temperatures at Chimney Base During Overfire Test of Chimney 5.

117
IU

_lH

Z>o

LUD

2

O

oc

llLUo

w

Q

Figure 55. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 1.

118
HLU

_J

h-D

o

LU3

O

oc

LlLUO

COD

Figure 56. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 2.

119
H

HID

O

LUD

o

DC

lLLUo

w

Q

Figure 57. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Te9t of Chimney 3

120
Figure 58. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 4.

121
ID

_lI—D

o

LUD

o

oc

llIDO

z

<

I—COQ

Figure 59. Temperature Profiles During Overfire Test of Chimney 5.

122
123

Figure

60.

Damage

to

Masonry

Chimney

3

After

Chimney

Fire.
Figure 61. Damage to Masonry Chimney 3 After Chimney Fire.
125

Figure

62.

Damage

to

Factory-Built

Chimney

5

After

Chimney

Fire

Hole

in

Tee

Section

at

Base

of

Chimney.
r II

a>n

•H

(n

<uce

•HJ= • o H

0)

M c a

•H

4-1

J

14-4 <d >4

CU

m ca

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126
NSS-114A (REV. 2-60) U.3. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See Instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO. NBSIR 83-2771

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

December 1983

4.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Intensity and Duration of Chimneys Fires in Several Chimneys

5.

AUTHOR(S)

Richard D. Peacock

6.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than N BS, see instructions)

national bureau of standards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8 . Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20545

and

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, DC 20207

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

A series of tests was conducted in four instrumented chimneys to study

the intensity and duration of chimney fires due to the ignition and burniiig of

combustible deposits accumulated on the chimney lining over a prolonged period

of time. These tests were conducted (1) to establish typical conditions

including temperatures in the chimneys and on combustible surfaces nearby,

(2) to determine the duration of the burnout as evidenced by elevated temperatures within the chimneys, and (3) to compare these measured values with those

obtained during overfire conditions - prolonged firing of the appliances at

high rates.

The results of these tests point out some areas where the the codes and

standards covering residential wood heating appliances should be modernized to

better protect against failure due to chimney fires.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) Chimney fires; chimneys; creosote; fire safety; fire tests; flues; heating

equipment; stoves; wood.

13. AVAILABILITY

£Xj Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution, Do Not Release to NTlS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

135

15. Price

$14.50

USCOMM-DC 6043-PfO


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