A Physico

- Chemical Comparison o f KiOR “ Paraffin Waxes (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated, C5

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- Branched, Cyclic a nd Linear ” w ith Fossil Fuel Crude Oil

KiOR “ Paraffin Waxes (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated, C5

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- Branched, Cyclic a nd Linear ” : Conventional fast pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose by heating in the absence of oxygen at more than 500 °C. Under appropriate pyrolysis operation conditions, biomass can be converted to relatively high yields ( ~70 wt %) of liquids

- a mixture of organic compounds (pyrolysis oil) and water. The pyrolysis oils are oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds that result from the thermal breakdown of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Collectively, pyrolysis oil comprises a c omplex mixture of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, sugars, phenols, furans, and multifunctional compounds such as hydroxyacetaldehyde. The relative amounts of each compound class can vary depending on the biomass feedstock used and the operatin g conditions employed during pyrolysis.
The proprietary KiOR process is unique. It combines the pyrolysis described above with a proprietary catalyst and conventional fluid catalytic cracking technology. This process catalytically converts lignin, cellu lose and hemicellulose. Hydrotreating further converts the products of conventional pyrolysis to a hydrotreated renewable crude analog, ‘paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5

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- branched, cyclic and linear’, that is a high

- quality oil substitu te less corrosive and with lower oxygen content compared to other bio

- based oils. It may be refined using conventional distillation technology. Once refined, the distillation cuts are comparable to their fossil fuel based counterparts and can easily be ble nded with the existing fuel supply.
**KiOR “p araffin**  **w axes (**  **l ignocellulosic),**  **h ydrotreated, C5** 

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**- b**  **ranched, c**  **yclic a**  **nd l**  **inear ”**  **is indistinguishable in performance from its fossil**  **fuel counterparts.**
See the infrared comparison of KiOR “ paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C 5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ” and fossil fuel crude oil (Figure 1).

Comparison of KiOR “ Paraffin Waxes (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated, C5

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- Branched, Cyclic a nd Linear ” , a n d i ts Fossil Fuel Analog:

KiOR “ P araffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C 5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ”

1. CAS N umber : 1267611

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- 2 2. CAS Description : “ A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a lignocellulosic feedstock by thermocatalytic conversion followed by hydrotreatment. It consists predominantly of branched, cyclic , and linear aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C5 to C40 and boiling in the range of approximately 21°C to 538 ° C ( 70° F to 1000 ° F) .” 3. Boiling in the Range of : 21°C to 538 °C ( 70°F to 1000 °F) 4. Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 2.2
, mean for the complex mixture, generally in compliance with EPA OPPTS 830.7550 * 5. Vapor Pressure: approximately 1.5 kPa, Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)Fossil

- fuel Crude Oil

1. CAS N umber : 

### 8002

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- 09 (Represented in the attached Crude Oil Robust Summary ) 2. CAS Description : “ A complex combination of hydrocarbons. It consists predominantly of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It may also contain small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds. This category encompasses light, medium, and heavy petroleums, as well as the oils extracted from tar sands .” 3. Boiling in the Range of : - 1°C to 565°C (30°F to 1049 °F ) at 1013 hPa, ASTM D86, values given represent the approximate range for crude oils 4. Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 2 to 6 log P ow , range of modeled values for representative constituents present in the category streams * 5. Vapor Pressure: approximately 6

- 45 kPa, Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
, vapor pressure measurements are provided for 10 crude oils as represented in the Crude Oil Robust Summary

Figure 1. Infrared comparison of KiOR “ p araffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ” (top) with fossil fuel crude oil (bottom)

.
* While not appropriate for characterizing the solubility of complex mixtures , several good

- faith effor ts have been made to utilize accepted in vitro or in silico modeling methodologies to provide somewhat

- informative data.