IMBSIR 76-988

NATL INST OF STAND & TECH

A11107 Dsama

NI8T

PUBLICATIONS

Regional Seminar on a System

of Standardization and

Metrology for Latin America

Edited by:

H. Steffen Reiser

Robert S. Marvin

Office of International Relations

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Held June 24 and 25, 1974

The Seminar was conducted as a part of the program under the

US/NBS/Agency for International Development RASA TA(CE) 5-71

Prepared for ency for International Development

partment of State

ington, D. C. 20523

NBSIR 76-988

REGIONAL SEMINAR ON A SYSTEM

OF STANDARDIZATION AND

METROLOGY FOR LATIN AMERICA

Edited by:

H. Steffen Reiser

Robert S. Marvin

Office of International Relations

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Held June 24 and 25, 1974

The Seminar was conducted as a part of the program under the

US/NBS/Agency for International Development PASA TA(CE) 5-71

Prepared for Agency for International Development February 1976

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

James A. Baker, III. Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson. Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Acting Director

Department of State

Washington, D. C. 20523

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pag

Preface • ••....1

Introductory Seaslon

Paper 1 - Objectives of the Seminar - William E. Andrus, Jr., NBS , 7

Paper 2 - Summary of Completed Survey on Standardization and

Measurement Services in Bolivia and an Outsider's

Views of the General Directorate of Standards and

Technology of Bolivia -

H. Steffen Peiser, NBS 10

Session I

Paper 1 •> Bolivian Administrative Data Information System - Reynaldo Salgueiro P., Bolivian Academy of Sciences,

National Council of Higher Education, Bolivia 17

Paper 2 - New Challenge for the National Standardization

Bodies: Improvement of Procedures for the Foreseen

"Worldwide Integrated System of Standards*' - Felix von Ranke, Brazilian Association for

Technical Standards, Brazil • . 22

Paper 3 - A Practical Standards Information Network by Telex - William E. Andrus, Jr., NBS 27

Session II

Paper 1 - The Process of Standardization in Bolivia -

Rodolfo Costas L., Directorate General of Standards

and Technology, Bolivia 31

Paper 2 - The Thai Experience in Standards and Problems in

Establishing Effective Working Links Between Organizations - Charoen Vashrangsi, Department of Science, Ministry of

Industry, Thailand 38

Paper 3 - A National System for Certification and Quality

Control in Ecuador - Raul Estrada A., Ecuadorean Institute for Standardization, Ecuador 42

ill
Paper 4 - The International Organization of Legal Metrology

(OIML), A Case Study of How to Take Advantage of an International Organization -> David E. Edgerly, NBS 46

Paper 5 - Regulatory Standards for Foods -

Benjamin M. Gutterman, U.S. Food and Drug Administration 51

Session III

Paper 1 - Industrial Organizations in Bolivia Seeking Aid in

Solving Technical Problems - Juan Pereira Fiorilo, Ministry of Industry, Commerce

and Tourism, Bolivia 61

Paper 2 - Advancement in Standardization and Measurement to

Meet the Transition of Industrial Structure -

Jong Wan Choi, Industrial Advancement Administration,

Republic of iGorea 65

Paper 3 - Problems and Opportunities of Analytical Chemistry

in Underdeveloped Countries -

Kurt F. J. Heinrich, NBS 71

Session IV

Paper 1 - The Training of Metrologists -

Yardley Beers, NBS 75

Paper 2 - Implementation of Standardization in Developing

Countries - 5mer Goncu, Turkish Standards Institution, Turkey ... 81

Appendix I - Draft for Comments, A Statement Relating to the

NBS /AID Regional Workshop Proposed to be Held in

La Paz, Boliva, June 24 and 25, 1974 on the Subject

of a Network (System) for Standardization and

Measurement Services in Latin America 85

Appendix II - List of Participants and Special Guests at the NBS /AID

Seminar on Standardization and Metrology in Latin

America Held In La Paz, June 24 and 25, 1974 ... 89

iv

a
PREFACE

The realization of the degree of industrialization desired by most

developing countries has been slow or even elusive in many regions of

the world » Sincere attempts to provide assistance have been made by

highly industrialized nations, but the results have often been

disappointing to both donor and recipient nations. Yet the much

discussed seemingly widening development gap, with its frightening

implications for all nations of the world, provides a strong argument

for redoubled efforts to render such assistance.

Under a modest program sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International

Development, the National Bureau of Standards has agreed to consider

ways in which its experience In the U.S. might be relevant to less

developed countries, and what lessons from that experience can be

effectively transferred. This calls for thought, experiment, and

pilot-scale action. In analysing our role we at NBS have accepted the

following premises:

1) The experience and skills of the NBS staff are primarily

in the physical and engineering sciences. However, industrial

development depends on many other factors, such as capital,

management skills, and a knowledge of the history, culture, and

resources of the developing country. So any NBS program can at

most assist in one aspect of the complex process of

industrialization.

2) The technology needed for industrial development must be mastered

by medium and small firms that cannot afford to have specialists in

all relevant technical fields. The transfer of this technology to

individual manufacturers poses the greatest problem of development.

The enhancement of their standardization and measurement skills, the

speciality of NBS, should prove an effective means of developing

the needed technology in Individual factories.

3) Typically, the human resources and their technical potential in

underdeveloped countries are very considerable, and need only to

be guided for their effective utilization. Therefore, self-reliant

development is possible in almost all countries, and is rightfully

much preferred by these countries.

Thus NBS under this AID sponsored program has developed a number of

small experimental programs. In one of these we say to colleagues in

standardization from less industrialized regions: "Come and visit us

to observe how NBS and other agencies and organizations in the

academic, public, and private sectors support standardization,

industrial quality control, and metrology in the U.S.A." In this

1
project we warn our visitors against blindly imitatint? the U.S.

system, but instead we propose to them to select and modify its

features to suit their own needs and conditions.

Closer to this Seminar is a second NBS/AID program element in which we

suggest the following to interested governments: "We will send a team

of about ten specialists from NBS and third countries to your state to

survey, with your counterpart experts, your local availability and

needs for standardization and measurement services. The visiting team

will be entirely under your direction. Let them, for example, study

the availability of local services that might be needed but are underutilized, let them bring to you an awareness of choices you have in

technical alternatives, let them with you analyze losses due to lack

of quality of exports, and let them describe international or other

national programs that can bring you technical comprehension and other

help without the loss of local control". Just before this Regional

Seminar, NBS, funded by AID, finished such a Survey of Bolivian

Standardization and Measurement Services, and I have been persuaded to

include a summary description of that Survey in this Seminar

(Introductory Session - Paper 2), although strictly speaking that

review is slightly outside our Seminar subject.

I have good reason to describe yet a third small NBS/AID project,

because this Seminar is the first in an intended series of Regional

Seminars, Rapidly developing countries in a region will be invited to

discuss, under NBS technical guidance, a snecific common problem that

might be alleviated by mutual help to their industries. What better

topic of this type could there be than "A System of Standardization

and Metrology for Latin America"? The original idea was contained in

a draft statement reproduced in Appendix I. The proposed title then was "A Network (System) for Standardization and Measurement Services

in Latin America". Discussions which followed the circulation of this

proposal led to the shorter Seminar title.

There already exists a Latin American regional institution for

standardization, the Comision Panamericana de Normas Tecnicas

(COPANT). It needs more financial support and encouragement from some

governments, but it is functioning and its potential is xdLdely

acknowledged. Cooperating national standards bodies exist in most

Latin American countries with effective links with both domestic and

international organizations. Some of the principal institutions are included in Figure 1.

The situation for metrology, that is for the technology of making

measurements, is quite different. This Regional Seminar made the

first moves towards creating a new regional organization concerned

with metrology. In fact, as this preface is being written, the

Organization of American States has taken the first operational steps

2
LIST OF PRINCIPAL STTOARDS - ORIBfO ORGAN IZATIO^JS AFECTIf^ lj!\TIN Af^RICA

(organizations oriented towards a specific industrial sector omitted)

COVENIN

FDA

NBS

usaid

astt^

USGS

usda

ANSI

U\IIT

ITINTEC

INTN

COPANIT

INTI

IRAM

ABNT

INT

INPM

NRC

CDA

see

dgnt

ICAITI

INN

ICONTEC

DGN INEN

Outer Ring: National Standards Bodies and Principal

Other National Standards Oriented Organizations (In alphabetic clockwise order of

country name)

Middle Ring: Regional Standards Oriented Organizations

in Latin America.

Inner Ring: International Standards Oriented Organizations.

(Index to Abbreviations - Page 4)

Figure 1

3
INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS

(Clockwise from 12:00) - Outer Circle :

INTI - Institute Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial (Argentina)

IRAM - Institute Argentine de Racienalizacien de Materiales (Argentina)

ABNT - Associacae Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas (Brazil)

INT - Institute Nacional de Tecnologia (Brazil)

INPM - Institute Nacional de Pesos e Medidas (Brazil)

NRC - National Research Council (Canada)

CDA - Canadian Development Agency (Canada) sec - Standards Council of Canada (Canada)

DGNT - Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia (Bolivia)

ICAITI - Institute Centre Americano de Investigacion Tecnologia Industrial

(Guatemala)

INN - Institute Nacional de Nermalizacion (Chile)

ICONTEC - Institute Colombiane de Normas Tecnicas (Colombia)

INEN - Institute Ecuatoriano de Nermalizacion (Ecuador)

DGN - Direccion General de Normas (Mexico)

COPANIT - Comisien Panamena de Normas Industriales y Tecnicas (Panama)

INTN - Institute Nacional de Tecnologia y Nermalizacion (Paraguay)

ITINTEC - Institute de Investigacion Tecnologica Industrial y de Normas

Tecnicas (Peru)

UNIT - Institute Uruguayo de Normas Tecnicas (Uruguay)

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

FDA - Food and Drug Administration

NBS - National Bureau of Standards

USAID - U.S. Agency for International Development

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

USGS - U.S. Geological Survey

USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture

COVENIN - Comisien Venezelana de Normas Industriales (Venezuela)

Middle Circle ;

COPANT - Comisien Panamericana de Normas Tecnicas

ALALC - Asociacion Latino Americana de Libre Cemercio

UPADI - Union Panamericana de Asociacion de Ingenieres

OAS -- Organization of American States

Inner Cirle:

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

lEC - International Electretechnical Commission

WFEO - World Federation of Engineering Organizations

WAITRO - World Association of Industrial and Technological Research

Organizations

UN - United Nations

BIBP - Bureau International des Poids et Measures

BIH - Bureau International de I'Heure

OIML - Organization Internationale de Metrelegie Legale

4
in that direction (see Appendix I of NBSIR 75-769, Report on an NBS/AID/OAS Workshop on Standardization and Measurement Services In

Industrializing Econondes, available from National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151, U.S.A.)

The reader should be aware that only the papers, not the discussion

following each presentation, are Included In these Proceedings. We

regret our Inability to recapture enough of these discussions, the

most significant of which took place outside the formal sessions, to

make their inclusion feasible. They were a most rewarding part of the

Seminar to those in attendance. Without this complete record, we can

only emphasize here the cordial atmosphere of the Seminar, created

both by the excellent arrangements made by the Dlreccion General de

Normas y Tecnologla and the highly distinguished participants.

Colonel lliguel Ayoroa Montano, Bolivian Minister of Industry, Commerce

and Tourism, had previously given the NBS/AID Survey of Bolivian

Standardization and Measurement Services enormously valuable support.

He had opened the doors of government agencies and industry to that

study and personally participated in several sessions. At this

Seminar, he not only made the formal welcoming speech, but went far

beyond normal courtesies by proclaiming a policy of initiatives in

standardization, quality control, and measurement technology which was

to be supported by the national university campuses as well as DGNT

itself. Regional collaboration within and beyond the Andean Pact

nations was a key element in Bolivian Industrial and commercial

policy. He Instructed all Bolivian participants to listen carefully

to the Seminar papers and to share with him suggestions on how to

implement in Bolivia the recommendations of this Seminar.

The Seminar was further honored by the appearance in person of the

U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia, the Honorable William Perry Stedman, Jr.,

who made a cordial speech of welcome. He indicated that technology

transfer to less industrialized regions of the world was a key policy

of the U.S. Government. He called for serious study of mechanisms

that could effectively contribute to this goal. Mr. Arthur Mudge,

Assistant Director of the USAID Mission, made another speech in which

he outlined how industrialization programs had received support from

that Mission.

The Seminar was attended by many leaders of Bolivian governmental

agencies. Industry, and the scientific community. The participants

whose presence was most appreciated by the Bolivian hosts undoubtedly

were those from far away countries not normally in close contact with

Bolivia: Dr. Choi, Jong Wan, Administrator of the Korean Industrial

Advancement Administration, Mr. ftmer Goncii, Director of the Electrical

Laboratories of the Turkish Standards Institute, and Dr. Charoen

Vashrangsl, Chief Chemist in Thailand's Department of Science,

described their experience in papers reproduced in these Proceedings

5
and widely discussed between sessions. The neighboring country

representatives contributed equally effectively. Eng. Felix von

Ranke, Executive Secretary of the Assoclacao Brasllelra de Normas

Tecnicas, was on his first visit to Bolivia. Ing. Patricio Sierra H.

formed the link with the Chilean Institute Nacional de Normalizaclon.

Ing. Juan Cabrerizo came from Peru and represented at the same time

the Andean program for standardization. Ing. Raul Estrada, the

Director General of the Institute Ecuatorlano de Normalizaclon of

Ecuador, had the most effective advice, especially for the Director

General de Normas y Tecnologia.

The team from NBS was balanced between standardization, physics and

chemistry. It consisted of Mr. William E. Andrus, Dr. Yardley Beers,

Mr. David Edgerly, Dr. Kurt F. J. Helnrich and the author of this

Preface. NBS team members acknowledge with profound gratitude the

contributions of Ing. Orlando Donoso T. and all the remarkable

engineering and clerical staff at the Dlrecclon General de Normas y

Tecnologia.

H. Steffen Peiser
Introductory Session - Paper 1

OBJECTIVES OF THE SEMINAR

By: William E. Andrus, Jr.

National Bureau of Standards

It is certainly a pleasure to be here today and to participate in this

"Seminar on Standardization and Metrology". The theme of our sessions, "Systems for Standardization and Measurement in Latin

America", is most important because when we talk about

standardization, we are in fact talking about a system - a system

which has a number of interrelated activities involving the

interaction of many people of different disciplines. It is a dynamic

system and one which is becoming most important as its impact is

Increasingly felt in the way we conduct our business transactions and

in our dally life.

If we look at the Infrastructure of the standardization system, we see

that standardization involves some eight major activities or disciplines. These are not mutually exclusive activities and their

boundaries are not distinct because they are interrelated and

dependent upon one another. Nevertheless, for our purposes here

today, we will use this classification:

1. Measurement Research - research conducted in search of new

and better ways of measuring such basic quantities as length, mass or time - the development of new and better measurement techniques with the increasing precision and accuracy

required by modern day science and technology.

2, Custody of Base Standards - the maintenance of base standards upon which the measurement systems within a nation

are based - provides the final authority for the accu- racy of measurements which we call in the United States

"traceability".

3. Calibration Services - the process of testing and calibrating the instruments used in commerce, science, and industry

in order to maintain the degree of precision and accuracy

needed.

4, Reference Materials - materials and devices whose properties are used to develop reference methods of analysis

and test and in the calibration of measurement systems.

7
Weights and Measures Services - the development and Implementation of standards, codes, and laws to Insure

uniform and honest equity of measured quantities In the

marketplace - the Inspection of measuring devices and

other services related to the conmerclal measurement

system.

Product Standardization - the development, promulgation,

and Implementation of standards and test methods for the

performance, design, and other characteristics of products and commodities.

Quality Control - the system for measuring and maintaining the required quality and other characteristics of

products required by law or consumer acceptance.

Product Labeling and Certification - the system for identifying products which are in conformance with prescribed

standards and other requirements.

The interrelationships and Interactions of these standards disciplines

is the standards system which we will be discussing these next two

days. To what extent any or all of them are required by a particular

country is wholly dependent upon its Industrial and social

development

.

Perhaps the most fundamental standards activity required in a country

is weights and measures services, since this provides equity in the

marketplace by assuring the accuracy of weighing and measuring

devices. This, however, is not always the first or the most important

initial activity. Frequently, eqtilty in the marketplace in some countries is established more by "negotiation" than by m.easurement

.

Also, depending upon a country's state of development, equity may be

established more by "sense" than by measurement. A man can "see" the

quantity of feed he buys for his horse but cannot see the amount of

gasoline pumped into his automobile.

In many cases, the desire to export products and enter into the international market arena places early emphasis on the product standards

area and the incumbent requirements for providing oroducts of

acceptable and consistent quality levels. This can propel a developing nation into a level of standards sophistication far beyond

its know-how and capabilities. Most frequently this is the area in

which assistance from the more developed nations is direly needed.

In considering a systems approach to standardization, we must also

include the concept of the "super system" - the harmonization of these

different standards activities on an international basis. In every

6.

7.

8
case there Is a forum for reaching international, and in some cases

regional, accords* The programs of the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission

(lEC), and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OTML) are proving to be increasingly effective in the product

standardization area. So are our ovm regional efforts in Latin

America under the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT) and the

Accord of Cartagena (the Andean Pact), The General Conference of

Weights and Measures (CGPM) has played a most important role for many

years in the international accords and harmonization of matters

relating to basic standards and measurement systems, and along with

OIML has made significant contributions towards the harmonization of

weights and measures laws.

As we focus on the systems aspects of standardization these next two

days, we should keep in mind the various disciplines associated with

the standardization process and should consider as our ultimate

objective the need to accomplish international accord on each and

every one of these disciplines.

9
Introductory Session - Paper 2

SUl-IMARY OF COMPLETED SURVEY ON STANDARDIZATION AND MEASUREMENT

SERVICES IN BOLIVIA AND AN OUTSIDER'S VIEWS OF THE GENERAL

DIRECTORATE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY OF BOLIVIA

By: H. Staffen Peiser

National Bureau of Standards

I know you are wondering v^at ten strangers from far away countries

\d.th almost infinitesimal knowledge about Bolivia could possibly have

achieved on the complex subject of standardization and measurement

services in this country, I owe you some explanations about results

and limitations of the NBS/AID Survey of Standardization and

Measurement Services, although it is too early for a fully reasoned

analysis about our conclusions and possible recommendations arising

from them.

If the Survey is judged a success, it will be for two reasons.

Firstly, there were the excellent preparations which Director Donoso

and his colleagues have made. Activities were selected with unerring

foresight of the points of interest and of the critical technical

issues faced for Bolivia's progress towards its national goals in

development. Secondly, we can record outstanding friendships and

mutual confidence developed between the Bolivian and foreign

participants from Korea, Thailand, Turkey and the U,S,A,, coupled with

the close cooperation which was given to us by virtually everyone of

the more than 40 Bolivian organizations visited to discuss mutual

technical problems and ways in which such problems can be overcome or alleviated by services provided by DGNT,

Perhaps the most striking of our impressions is an important contrast

experienced by manufacturing and processing companies. On the one

hand, they face a highly competitive market, serious problems of

shortage of capital, an adverse tax structure, and sometimes illegal

competition through smuggling across the long borders of Bolivia, On

the other hand, the Bolivian organizations feel there exist sources of

support and encouragement in technical matters.

We have identified eleven types of such channels of technical knowhow, as illustrated in Figure 1. Not all these types of channels are

or should be used by all companies, but each kind of channel we clearly identified in several organizations visited. Let me highlight just three of these tjrpes:

1) In the first type, know-how comes with the purchase

of plant and equipment. The milk and cement industries.

10
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11
for example, obtain much up-to-date technical know-how

in this way. Similarly with the procurement of laboratory

equipment by institutions such as the Institute for Investigations in Mining and Metallurgy in Oruro, one obtains

access to latest scientific developments. Here then Is an additional argument for the purchase of the latest plant or equipment, a consideration not to be forgottgn when making

careful selections for applying all-too-limited capital funds.

2) Much technical information for companies comes from their

own technical staff, obtained from continued contact with

the outside professional world especially through technical

and scientific societies. The Survey Team may well conclude

that Bolivia would be well served by having national technical societies with activities in major > urban centers for

cross-fertilization of ideas between companies and universities. In addition, there should be more contact encouraged

with regional and international societies coupled with

in-service training both at home and abroad.

3) My last example of a type of technical support for companies

concerns the channel through DGNT. Perhaps no other

technical contact compares in importance with the potential

usefulness to companies of DG!!T services. Take technical

information for instance. DGNT has access to enoiigh technical information to overwhelm every technical man in

Bolivian industry v^ho is now dangerously starved of access

to even the text-book literature. Director Donoso has discussed with us in detail how to channel the right information selectively to the right people, in the right places,

at the right time and in the right amount. This crucial and

difficult task presupposes close contact of DGNT staff with

companies. From rapidly developing cities like especially

Santa Cruz, it seems far to La Paz on the mountain. Let

DGNT with its services never again be unkno\im to industrial

enterprises in Santa Cruz. The Survey Team supports the

request - or should it not be the demand - of that city for a DGNT man on the spot.

How then does the Survey Team view the services of DGNT to Bolivian

industry?

1) As I have already mentioned, DGNT provides information

services,

2) DGNT provides services to help in making correct measurements intended to govern the exchange of goods and delivery

of services in trade and commerce. For example, many

12
measurements can be Improved by the use of standard reference

materials, with which DGNT is in a unique position to assist.

Maybe Bolivians do not care or do not realize that in the

purchase of gasoline or cotton or cement they may receive

one or two percent less than the nominal quantity. Even

the manufacturer of weights complains that he has no way

of adjusting the weights. Some purchasers of kilogram

weights no doubt would prefer a light one to a heavy

kilogrami Much more serious, and surely unsuspected by

Bolivians, is the finding of Mr, GSncil, our team member

from Turkey, that some small consumers with primarily

resistive electrical appliances may pay about twice

as much for their power as compared with users of

primarily inductive electrical equipment.

3) There are quality control advisory services. These

are to be described rather fully in a subsequent paper

("A National System for Certification and Quality Control in Ecuador" by Raul Estrada A,, Session II, Paper 3).

DGNT can also explain the desirability of introducing

production controls at every production step,

4) DGNT operates a quality marking scheme,

5) DGNT provides test services through Its own laboratories,

the establishment of which is being given highest priority;

and through a system of accredited laboratories in industry,

research institutions, and the universities,

6) There are certification services for products especially

for exports, I hope Ing, Cabrerizo will make some comment

on this subject which is of special concern to the Andean

Common Market region.

All these tasks place demands on DGNT and its staff for the highest

technical competence, integrity, and devotion to duty, Mr, Chairman,

the Survey Team has found these attributes in DGNT, The staff, in

part through far-sighted training received abroad, is very well

qualified. No other standards laboratory in an industrializing

country is known to us as having been better staffed at its beginning.

However, I cannot escape from the duty of indicating the problems of

DGNT as the Survey Team sees them. After all we have not come to

Bolivia just to enjoy and to praise. We live in a hard world and good

advice must include warning and anticipation. In this vein we should

make the following points although many are addressed to higher

authority.

13
1) DGNT should cultivate great credibility and visibility

in Bolivian industry, and should be cautious in attempting to direct quality control of companies like YPFB, the

petroleum enterprise, in their field where they will always

have the superior quality control know-how,

2) DGNT should activate quickly ambitious prof^rans commensurate with its capable staff.

3) DGNT in its regulatory function must be careful not to

interfere with the significant support services to industrial units. My point here needs an illustrative

example to be understood.

When the pharmaceutical and the brewery industry has a complaint about glass bottles, I am advocating DGNT

should take the problem straight to the glass industry,

not with a regulatory "stick", but rather with technical innovation and advice on how to cure color and

volume uniformity problens of bottles without the plant

closing and throwing its workers out of their jobs.

Good quality and standards bring more work to industry. This is what DGNT is out to prove. Industrial

scrap is a loss not only to the company but also to

the image of DGNT.'

A) DGNT, already active in support of other Ministries,

should be given the opportunity to offer its knowledge

of standardization procedures and measurement science to

additional laboratories, for instance, the Health Laboratories.

5) As DGNT becomes more successful, it will lose more staff to

industry. It should regard this not as a loss but as an opportunity and a healthy continuous process for the

benefit of Bolivia.

6) DGNT should give high priority to building codes and

safety standards to combat costly inadequacies,

7) DGNT might consider a United project of listing the

existence of maintenance capabilities and spare part

supplies in the country, at least for instruments and

laboratory apparatus.

8) DGNT, with collaboration of the National Council of

Higher Education, should foster the teaching in Bolivia

of quality control, standardization and measurement procedures.

.14
The NBS/AID Team has collected a great deal of statistical information

on the views of Bolivian industry which we have yet to analyze in

detail. However, even before you see the results, you can feel

encouraged. The great majority of Bolivian industry believes in the

goals of DGNT and supports it. Consequently, the Survey Team believes

that the future will see a more prosperous, self-reliant, technically

competent Bolivian manufacturing and processing industry.

Mister Minister, by your invitation for an NBS/AID Survey Team to

visit Bolivia, you have given us a great opportunity. It has been an unforgettable privilege to attempt to serve your country under the

direction of Ing. Donoso. On behalf also of my colleagues I express

our most profound gratitude.

i5

Session I - Paper 1

BOLIVIAN ADMINISTRATIVE DATA INFORMATION SYSTEM

By: Reynaldo Salguelro P.

Engineer

Bolivian Academy of Sciences

National Council of Hlojher Education

That there is significant development in science and technology is a fact which cannot be denied, so that organizations, researchers, and

technicians must carefully consider the problem created by the

information explosion, due to the tremendous mass of data produced in

various fields by the dynamic activity in science and technology in

the American countries. This is particularly true in those nations

like Bolivia in which these activities are multiplying extensively due

to new scientific-technological policies and strategies adopted with a view to creating rapid development in the assessment of natural

resources.

Given this complex frame of reference with its significant features,

in contrast to the normal development of scientific-technical

activities in this hemisphere, we have considered, defined, and

approved a data information policy plan on a scientific and technical

level, which will contribute effectively to the better Interrelation

between scientists and technologists. Our effort has been to

standardize the conventional information systeir. which is functioning

inadequately in our activities today, and to insure that the new

system develops harmoniously in relation to the multiple scientific,

technical, and cultural activities of the country.

This undertaking of great national Importance will be achieved on the

basis of a scientifically conceived plan for the development of the

SIBA (Bolivian Administrative Data Information System). It is

necessary to understand that this information system covers a broad

range of processes within the overall spectrum of human activity, like

the function served by the nervous system in the human body. In other

words, it is made up of components whose functions are to obtain,

classify, trace, transmit, store, recover, convert, process, produce,

present, and disseminate information as a function of the

requirements and goals sought, with a view to achieving its best use,

to optimize the decisions made, the yield of field operations,

laboratory work, data analysis, and research, and to obtain results

contributing to the development of science and technology on various

levels and in various parts of the country. This trenendous task will

be implemented on the basis of priorities established as time passes.

17
A flexible and modular overall data information system has been

designed, having to do not only with our interactions with the other

countries in this hemisphere, their organizations, scientists, and

activities, but covering a large number of other countries on this

earth. Thus, the Bolivian Administrative Data Information System is

seeking to achieve the modern characteristics which will be consistent

and responsive to the requirements of international, regional, and

national programs, and which will give a substantive aspect to their

functioning, in order to obtain the maximal yield at the least cost

and with a saving in time.

Normally, we are in the habit of saying that a data information system

is created with the establishment of an international, regional, or national focal center responsible for the gathering of bibliographic

material in the scientific-technical realm or other disciplines in the

social and cultural sciences, its goal being the logical organization

and later distribution of the same. If indeed this concept covers one

of the functions of a data information system, it is only one part,

since the system as such involves not only this activity but all those

having to do with nan in the universal system wherein he lives. In

other words, the data information system is a "universe" including all

types of activity, manifestation, process, production, development,

and results achieved in any activity in which man participates in the

physical world in which he lives. Therefore, in designing a specialized information system, we are providing a partial solution to

the overall problem, contributing to the construction of the total

macromodel of the data information system. Thus, in discusssing the

Bolivian Administrative Data Information System, the purpose of this

brief informative report, \-je are dealing with a specialized part of

the overall goal of the creation of data banks for a multitude of

disciplines. An important part of this is the functioning of the

information system for science and technology in the country, which is

related to the general scheme of action for the community to which we

owe our primary debt, because we depend on it, we work for it, and we want to achieve its prosperity.

The goals for the development of the Bolivian Administrative Data

Information System are summarized below:

1. Creation of an overall scientific-technical data information system, the purpose of which will be the

development and quality control of pertinent projects

in those priority areas which are set forth in the

national plan for development and strategy.

2. Development of an adequate structure, adaptec^ to the

progressive functional requirements of a nultidisciplinary data information system, seeking a proper design and systematic tmnlementatlon vrhich can achieve

18
its broadest diffusion in order to encourage and promote the development of the national institutions in

the public and private sectors.

3, Use of the existing means and procedures and promotion

of the development of their application by specialized

international and domestic bodies, in order to share

jointly in the production of data information systems.

4. Establishment of an integrated scientific and technological information system on the basis of the organization and administration of systems which will make it

possible to coordinate, relate, modernize, and check

on the yield of the functional units.

In order to achieve the above mentioned domestic goals, a plan of

action has been drafted on the following bases:

1. Analytical studies of the situation concerning existing

information systems and those being developed, in the

potential areas of science and technology, to establish

the systems of priority interests.

2, Implementation of preliminary studies, planning, designing, and implementation of systems by specialists

with the national bodies interested in the Bolivian

Administrative Data Information System. This work is

being carried out on the basis of standardized instructions .

3. Diagnoses to establish guidelines which v/ill make possible the better planning of future information systems.

4, Another requirement on which special stress has been

placed is that having to do with education. In this

connection, a national data information education plan

is being drafted, involving courses, seminars, meetings,

and other means for training executive, higher, and

middle level personnel, operators, and users, in the

realms of information, systems engineering, scientific

documentation, and operation.

With a view to putting the Bolivian Administrative Data Information

System to work, the adoption of certain initial steps leading to the

functioning of the Bolivian information system has been suggested.

119'
These steps are:

1. Organization, establishment, and functional operation of the National Focal Center and the Local Focal

Points for information, which would have the responsibility for working harmoniously on the basis of a plan for action. ^

2. Inventory of the national bibliography and documentation on scientific and technological information.

3. Maintenance of an information flow between focal points

distributed geographically throughout the country, using

the existing communications media.

4. Study of the information systems and subsystems which

may become a part of the Bolivian Administrative Data

Information System after being put to use and under

quality control.

5. Implementation of the National Data Information Education Plan.

Now then, if we consider the tremendous investments our countries are making every year in the prospecting program for ores and oil,

specialized multidisciplinary studies and projects, and the probably

limited research, we are in a position more precisely to judge the

scope of a major project which should be proposed for implementation.

I am speaking of the need for the development of an integrated

information system for science and technology, the goals and

guidelines of which illustrate the kind of integrational and

humanistic nature we want to create. It will not be possible to

achieve real goals if we do not create this tool for public mastery as

a means of sharing between those who have and can do more with those

having less. In other words, it is necessary to seek to develop a system which will not only be integrated from the cold scientific

viewpoint, but will be dynamic and with ideas oriented toward the

building of a society such that in the future people will understand

and live better. Specifically, we are seeking to join together human

and economic effort now available in the country in connection with

the promotion and development of a massive exchange of experience and

dissemination of scientific information throughout all parts of the

Americas.

On the international level, the definition of the establishment of an integrated scientific and technological data information system would

be practical, and to this end, this task \d.ll be entrusted to a specialized work group which will draft norms and general Instructions

20
to provide the basic guidelines for the establishment of systems.

These manuals should include norms and instructions resulting from the

experience acquired and deemed desirable for use in the operations

carried out by the experts in the information sector, with whom

scientists and technologists should cooperate effectively. Insofar as possible, it is essential to avoid the scattering and duplication of

efforts, since we must seek to use and exploit to the maximum our human resources and our production, and to draft plans for the future

which are oriented toward the highest goal of scientific policy concerning information. It is important that such international bodies

as the United Nations, the UNESCO, the Organization of American

States, the IPGH, the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural

Sciences, the Cartagena Agreement, the Andres Bello Agreement, the

Andean Development Corporation, the Latin American Petroleum Industry

Mutual Aid Association, and others, promulgate an immediate statement

of purposes and coordinate their programs in the information sector,

so that each one of them can produce systems and subsystems adapted to

the socio-economic development of the various countries.

^1
Session I - Paper 2

NEW CHALLENGE FOR THE NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION BODIES:

IMPROVEMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR THE FORESEEN

"WORLDWIDE INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF STA!nT)ARDS"

By: Felix von Ranke

Executive Secretary General

Brazilian Association for Technical Standards

Experts in mny countries believe that v7orld trade requires a worldwide integrated system of standards for which new procedures are needed to achieve standards harmonization and certification accepted

by buyer and seller countries. There is no question about the need

for improving the existing procedures in worldwide practices. This

need represents the greatest challenge for the National Standardization Bodies. Decisions have to be taken at the earliest

possible time if a serious retarding effect is to be avoided in the

growth of international trade. The purpose of the present paper is to

stimulate the exchange of ideas, ideas x^^hich will eventually lead to

international decisions.

These decisions are urgent because there will be no possibility for

greater participation in international commerce if the national

standardization authorities insist on the use of procedures vjhich

emphasize a national harmonized system of standards without a high

degree of harmonization with international standards (ISO, lEC, Codex

Alimentarius, OIML, etc.).

First of all it is necessary to define the foreseen "Worldwide

Integrated System of Standards". This system was discussed at tho

UNIDO/ISO/DGN meeting held in Mexico City in September 1973, on the

general topic of the "Role of Standardization in Economic

Development". In the author's paper "The Role of Standardization in

Technology Transfer", the basic ideas can be represented in Fifxure 1.

We will accept the order in which the ideas were previously presented

in Mexico City, and we will give some indications about the possible

implementing actions. Some of these actions can probably be used with

success by some National Standardization Bodies. Here follovjs a description of some of the possible actions:

1. The importance of the forecast "Worldvn.de Inte,crrated

System of Standards" can be nationally disseminated

especially to governmental and industrial circles.

2. The adoption of harmonized national and com.pany standards can be accelerated as shoxm in the Figure through

the rapid transfer of technology from international

2^
IS=ISCH-IEC+Codex Alim.+Metrol,

(International Standards)

—

RS(H) RS (NH) RS(P)

(Regional Standards)

NS (H) NS (NH) NS (P)

(National !Standard s)

4-

(H) harmonized with I.S.

(NH) not harmonized with I.S.

(P) of pioneering character

Technological Transfer

1- if there is a worldwide interest

2- if there is only a regional interest

3-if there is only a national interest

4-if there is only association interest

Figure 1

23
standards (arrow 1) and also from ref^,ional standards

(arrow 2) to national and company standards. Included

in this process would be the immediate revision of

harmonization with existing international standards.

The National Standardization Body can stimulate the

harmonization of company standards and the revision

of those company standards that were previously not

harmonized,

3, Work on the pioneered national and company standards

should be concentrated as shown in the Figure on projects which have the purpose of providing a rapid

transfer of the technology to international standards

(arrow 1) or regional standards (arrow 2) if the re- quest is made or if a future interest is foreseen.

This aim implies greater cooperation in the establishment of international and regional standards. Tlie

National Standardization Body can, therefore, stir"ulate company standards of a pioneering character.

Note 1: If an enterprise is unable by itself to develop

a pioneering company standard, it should con- sider the possibility of obtaining cooperation

from specialists or of developing the standards

in cooperation with other interested enterprises

seeking pioneering association standards.

Note 2: It nay be helpful to obtain the cooperation of

specially trained personnel for the development

of pioneering company standards. This assistance can be obtained through special training

courses on standardization at different levels.

The National Standardization Body should be involved in the establishment of a program and for

the coordination of such courses.

Note 3: The harmonized and pioneering national standards

work should be planned by sectors of activity

(such as housing, railroads, etc.). There should

be a system of priorities and an indication of

the sources of technological data and available

facilities. Eventually, non-harmonized national

standards, if any, should be reviewed both at the

company and national level.

Note 4: The sectorial plans mentioned in Note 3 when com- bined should form the national plan for standardization which should be revised periodically.

24
Note 5: The National Standardization Body should stimulate work concerned vrith harmonized and pioneering standards to be done by companies. This work

should be planned for each sector of activity

with a clear indication of priorities and actions

at the national, regional, and international standardization levels. All the sectorial plans together will form the "Company Plan of Standardization", which also should be revised periodically,

4, The national procedure for standards formulation can immediately be harmonized with the ISO procedure and

allowance can be made for the lEC, Codex Alimentarius,

OIML, and the regional (like COPANT) procedures.

5, The National Standardization Body should stimulate the

immediate harmonization of association procedures of

standard formulation with the ISO, lEC, Codex Alimentarius, OIML, regional (like COPANT) and the national

procedures of standard formulation,

6, Tlie National Standardization Body should stimulate

Regional Standardization Bodies (like COPANT) to ac- celerate the establishment of harmonized regional

standards because they, if expressed in a language used

in various countries, can be adopted directly, very

quickly, and with economic benefit as national standards by one or more countries. Perhaps this will be

the only way to obtain an effective national system

in an acceptable time and at acceptable expense.

Under the previously presented order of ideas, the National Standardization Body may also:

1. engage in public explanation of the existing connection between standards at various levels with the

organizations responsible for their development and

of the nature of the compromise concerning their use;

this compromise is ultimately determined by agreements,

like the forecast "Code of Conduct" in negotiation

in the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

and

2, engage in public explanation of the nationwide responsibility for keeping the links in operation and for

corresponding financial support.

25
the adequacy of lts'sL„'5:'dLa'jLrp%^c"L':res''

only the chan*»ncro „i

P'-"t-eaures. Therein lies not

existing teSi^r^gie^J gap? °PP°""nlty for reducing the

2^
Session I - Paper 3

A PRACTICAL STANDARDS INFORIIATION NETI-JORK BY TELEX

By: William E. Andrus, Jr.

National Bureau of Standards

This morning in my opening remarks on the theme of our Seminar, I described some eight areas of standardization that might be addressed

by a developing nation in considering its standardization needs. The

last three areas, all relating to standards on products and

commodities, involve the development and promulgation of product

standards and their implementation through quality control and product

certification.

If we consider just this aspect of standardization, it is estimated

that there are more than 300,000 of these kinds of standards in

existence today throughout the world - international standards,

regional standards, and national and "association" standards. In this

context I am calling standards like those promulgated by the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the Boiler and Pressure

Codes promulgated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME) , association standards. These standards, though somewhat

national in nature, are not truly "national" standards, but have

gained wide recognition and use throughout the world.

There is, of course, much duplication in these standards; certain

national standards are technically equivalent to other national

standards or are technically equivalent to certain international and

regional standards. However, it is interesting that, out of these

300,000 or so standards, the international standards of the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the

International Electro technical Commission (lEC) account for only 3,400

of them - a little more than one percent. This number of

international standards, of course, is increasing very rapidly, and it

is projected that in the next eight to ten years the number of

international standards will increase to ten to twelve thousand to

meet expected worldwide needs.

As the total number of standards increases, it becomes increasingly

impractical for any one organization or country to maintain a complete

library of the standards that are applicable in the various parts of

the world. The volume, of course, is manageable with today's

sophisticated information processing equipment, but what is becoming

unmanageable is the complexity of useful information about each

standard that is needed. We need now much more information about the

changes that are occurring in this complex standards system - the

27
technical details of the thousands of standards that are under

development in draft form or standards that are under revision. The

increasing need for more detailed information on the technical

equivalency of one standard to another (and most importantly, the

subtle differences) all point to the need for better and more

effective information systems to assemble this information. Only with

such a system will we be able to provide timely answers to the many

questions that are now being asked by manufacturers, exporters,

governments, and other sectors of society.

The ISO Council Committee INFCO was established in the late 1960 's,

and one of its charges at that time was to recommend actions that ISO

might take in addressing this information explosion. However, little

progress was made until just this past 18 to 24 months. In fact, it was just last month that IIIFCO restructured itself and established its

primary focus on the information systems aspects of its program.

There are now four working groups under INFCO. Working Group 1 is

concerned primarily with data formats - the structure of the

information that must be maintained for each standard. Mr. Sutter

from the Association Fran9aise de Normalisation (AFNOR) in France is

Chairman of this Group. The second Working Group is charged with the

development of a multi-lingual thesaurus (initially in the ISO

languages - English, French, and Russian). This Group is under the

Chairmanship of Mr. Romanov of Gosudarstvennyj Komitet Standartov

Soveta Ministrov S.S.S.R. (GOST) of the Soviet Union. The third

Working Group, of which I am Chairman, is charged with developing the

operating protocols and procedures of the ISO Information Network

which is now called ISO/INFONET. The fourth Working Group, chaired by

Poland, is charged with developing training programs for standards

information center personnel.

The ISO/INFONET actually came into being somewhat separate from INFCO.

Last year in May a group of us met in Geneva at the request of the ISO

Secretary-General to prepare a recommendation to the ISO Council for

the formation of an information network. The recommendation which was ultimately accepted by the ISO Council at their meeting in Washington

in September 1973 called for the formation of an information center at

the ISO Central Secretariat and for the network to become operational

January 1, 1974. Initially the network consisted of Telex terminals

in the ISO Geneva Information Center and in the information centers of

five countries which operated as nodes in the system. These centers

were the BSI in the United Kingdom, AFNOR in France, DNA in Germany,

GOST in the Soviet Union, and the National Bureau of Standards, which

provides the information center support for the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United States.

28
The initial choice of Telex was primarily based upon the fact that the

system could become operational quickly with the exchange of simple

information as to the existence and applicability of standards. The

Information Center in Geneva will develop and maintain a data base on international standards, and each of the five countries, acting as nodes in the system, will develop and maintain a data base on the

national standards of its country as well as other standards that are

used or required in its country.

The network became operational the first of this year, and since then

28 other countries have joined the network in an inquiry mode with

Telex terminals. Their role and responsibilities in the network are not as yet clearly defined but will be in the near future.

An interesting sidelight to the ISO network is the meeting of the

Information Committee of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) which was held in Cairo this past April, At this

meeting, using the ISO Network as a model, agreement was reached to

conduct an experimental program with developing nations on a regional

approach, tied directly into the ISO/INFONET. Although these

agreements have not as yet been formalized, they will probably involve

the Arabic nations with the Arabian Standards and Metrology

Organization (ASMO) as a focal point. Also UNESCO, under its UNISIST

program, has tentatively agreed to help finance this experimental

program.

UNISIST and other organizations have been struggling for years to put

together an operable and useful information system in the sciences and

technology. The complexity and the mass of the data involved has,

however, been a serious roadblock to significant progress. The

information base for standards on the other hand is finite and is

structured geo-politically in a way that it is manageable. For this

reason, I believe that the ISO network will be a success and this is

why WFEO and UNESCO have shown so much interest in it.

Although the present system is barely operational and Is quite

simplistic in nature, we envision a much more sophisticated system in

the next few years - one involving computer and teleprocessing

terminals and a system capable of responding quickly to very complex

questions. We must be able to respond to questions on the technical

equivalency of standards and the subtleties of their application and

implementation - and perhaps questions which are the most difficult to

answer on the assessment and projected Impact of standards under

development or revision.

The ISO/INFONET on the surface looks like a tool for assisting

developed (and developing) nations in the international marketplace,

which it is, of course. But it is also a tool for individual nations

19

I
In the promulgation and Implementation of standards at the national

level. Hopefully, it will eliminate much of the duplication in

standards development efforts and will lead to greater harmonization

of standards throughout the world.

The ISO/INFONET will most certainly contribute to reaching that goal I discussed earlier today - a worldwide system of harmonized standards.

3D
Session II - Paper 1

THE PROCESS OF STANDARDIZATION IN BOLIVIA

By: Rodolfo Costas L.

Directorate General of Standards and Technology

La Paz, Bolivia

Thanks to a kind Invitation extended to me by the Directorate General

of Standards and Technology, I have the high honor of addressing this

select audience for the purpose of tackling the topic of "The Process

of Standardization In Bolivia", within the framework of this Important

event sponsored and organized by the United States National Bureau of

Standards and the Agency for International Development and by the

Bolivian Directorate General of Standards and Technology, and participated In by prominent persons and experts from standardization

agencies of various countries. The set of problems raised by the need

for having technical factors facilitating and guiding the processes of

production and marketing and, at the same time, rationalizing them and

relating them to each other has caused some public and private

Institutions to make efforts for the purpose of working out, adopting,

or adapting technical standards for their own use. These efforts have

had no appreciable results, first of all, because they tended to meet

limited requirements and, then, because they were made In an Isolated,

sporadic manner.

As a result of this need and on the basis of the concept (supported by

the lessons of experience and theory) that standardization Is a process that must be tackled In a rational, orderly manner by

competent organizations devoted to the subject, the Directorate

General of Standards and Technology was established as an agency under

the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, In May 1971, "for the

purpose of preparing national technical standards of quality, output,

dimensions, and so on, tending to rationalize the processes of

production and marketing and to protect the consumer from defective

products". On the basis of this principle and with a broad field of

action, the DGNT (Directorate General of Standards and Technology)

started Its tasks In national technical standardization. It has

fallen my lot to make these tasks known In this seminar.

The first problem confronting the DGNT was how to tackle the process

of standardization In Bolivia.

It proceeded to make a detailed study of the work accomplished by

other similar organizations for the purpose of solving this problem,

seeking to assimilate the experience obtained by those organizations

and the manner of applying it to Bolivia's situation. The study also

included the work performed by international agencies, especially by

3i
the Pan American Commission on Technical Standards (COPANT) on the

continent.

In addition, a careful study was made of the Government's plans and

programs In the economic area and of the documents that would serve as

a basis for the processes of Integration In which Bolivia Is

participating, most especially the ones connected with the Andean

Group and the LAFTA (Latin American Free Trade Association).

Once a familiarity with all this background material had been

acquired, the next step was to prepare one of the DGNT*s most

important documents. Important not only because of Its content, but

also because of Its scope and because it represented the guide for the

process that was to be developed.

This document, which was prepared by the DGNT technicians, is the

National Standardization Plan, an instrument containing the basic

parameters to which the preparation of Bolivian Standards must be

adapted. It indicates precisely the fields of action of the process

and the mechanisms needed for putting it in practice.

Special emphasis must be given to this plan, not only because of the reasons just stated, but also because of the consequences produced by

its process of preparation, some of which I am taking the liberty of

mentioning

:

1. During its preparation, it was possible to obtain active

experience with regard to what is Included in the task

of standardization by the method followed in drawing up

the plan. A discussion committee was set up with the

participation of the personnel who later woiild be re- sponsible for implementing it. The good results obtained

made it possible to lay the groundwork for an incipient

domestic technical standardization school.

2. When the needs and requirements of the country's economic sector were evaluated, both from the domestic point

of view and with regard to its relations abroad, priorities of work were established with a knowledge of the

nation's situation. This knowledge was passed on to those

who would be responsible for executing the plan subsequently with a full knowledge of causes and effects.

3. Special consideration was paid to the work performed by

similar institutions in other countries and by international organizations. This aspect served not only for

assimilating experience and for avoiding possible errors in this way and for applying tested methods, but also
It was a determining factor In the subsequent effort carried out for the purpose of establishing excellent relations with Institutes In other countries and for obtaining

an exchange of Infoinnatlon and experience In addition

to collections of standards so Important to the studies.

Special mention Is deserved of the fact that It was realised In this phase how Important It Is for the DGNT to

participate in the work of regional standardization being

carried out by COPANT and subsequently in the work of a worldwide nature performed by the ISO (International

Organization for Standardization).

4. It showed the need for obtaining personnel training in

various fields of the specialty and for achieving technical and economic assistance from abroad.

The National Standardization Plan was conceived as an elastic instrument, subject to revisions and amendments that would not alter it

basically. The first revision provided made it possible to Introduce

amendments. In subsequent revisions, it is likely that others will be

Introduced as experience is acquired and whenever circumstances

require it.

The plan, published in December 1971, also served as an optimum

Instrument for promotion and dissemination, when it was circulated all

over Bolivia among those who will be Involved in the process.

It should also be noted that the plan makes it possible to project the

activities that will be performed in each sector, in accordance with

established priorities. This facilitates, in turn, its subsequent

correlation with standardization plans on the Pan-American and

worldwide level. This last-mentioned aspect Is taking on Increasing

Importance especially for our country, which has already overcome its

status as a monoproducer by gradually diversifying its economy, since

it is just as Important to know what is bought as it is to know what

is sold.

The National Standardization Plan specifies the creation of standardization committees, which are the Instruments for establishing the

production of national standards.

In fact, the "standardization universe" is divided, by branches of

science, engineering, economics, and so on, into standardization

committees, which are, in turn, divided into specialized

subcommittees.

Thus, we have the Committee on Building Materials, with a broad field

of action, divided into various specialized subcommittees, like
cements, aggregates, ceramics, and so on, or the Committee on Food

Products, divided Into various subcommittees, like milk «md Its

byproducts, cereals, and so on.

In accordance vlth what has been stipulated, based on justifiable

reasons, a subcommittee can become a committee, like, for example, the

present Committee on Alcoholic Beverages, which was formerly a food

products subcommittee.

By definition, the standardization committees are composed of

delegated technicians representing the following sectors. In their

respective subject matter: production, marketing, consumption, state,

science, and technology. In this way, with the collaboration of all

those Involved In the process. It Is hoped to achieve correlation of

the strong Interests at stake, based on a unification of the technical

criteria of the participants and to achieve In this way the necessary

knowledge and consensus for a subsequent application of the standards.

In spite of the fact that there Is a large number of delegates

participating on the various committees In operation. It Is necessary

to point out that It Is not always possible to obtain the requisite

number of representatives of every sector on them.

This shortcoming was detected at the very start of the work. It poses

a considerable problem, the problem of promoting technical

standardization and of creating an awareness of It. This problem,

which I regard as not foreign to any standardization organization In

the world, came up In all Its magnitude In Bolivia. A promotion

campaign was conducted In this connection and some results have

already been obtained. It can be summarized as follows:

1. Scheduling and conducting theoretical and practical

courses for Bolivian technicians, especially those working In Industry, and for recently graduated professional

persons. These courses have been given up to now by

foreign professors, thanks to COPANT-OAS collaboration.

Courses on quality control are outstanding among them.

More courses will be given In the future, many of them

with Bolivian technicians.

2. Holding of seminars, with participation by executives

of public and private enterprises and with the collaboration of prominent persons In the field of standardization. This seminar is Included in this category,

3. Extensive dissemination of the material produced by the

DGNT, bulletins, sectorial documents, programs, catalogs.
standards, and so on. This phase culminated In a periodical financed by advertising. It Is an important

mouthpiece for the DGNT.

4. Constant contact by DGNT employees with enterprise technicians and executives, stressing the transmission of

technical Information on the processes being developed

In standardization on a continental level (COPANT) and

on an International level (ISO).

5. Provision of Information and technical assistance to Industry. This program Is In Its Initial phase and will

be put In operation shortly.

6. Visits to Industrial plants.

Although It Is true that these programs and activities have been

centralized In La Paz, the Intention Is to extend them to other cities

In Bolivia.

A survey conducted In the last few days with the cooperation of NBS

and AID covering Industrial areas In our country has contributed

enormously to this effort. The results of this survey will be

extremely useful to the future work of the DGNT and It can be stated

right now that this survey represents an Important contribution to the

development of standardization.

The mechanism for preparing and approving Bolivian Standards is rather

simple and can be outlined as follows:

The DGNT appoints one of its officials as head of a specific

committee, responsible for submitting a program of work for each

subcommittee to be put in operation. Once the subcommittee has been

put in operation, it proceeds to draw up a list of standards that must

be prepared. It should be pointed out here that the preparation of a standard originates in the programs of the DGNT on the basis of

priorities specified by the Government or requested by Industry and

other institutions.

The first phase of a Bolivian Standard is the outline of a standard,

that is to say the document prepared by the DGNT, This document is

submitted to the appropriate subcommittee and, after its review and

approval, it becomes the draft of a standard, the basis for subsequent

discussion.

After going through its appropriate procedure, the draft of a standard

is approved by the subcommittee and the DGNT proceeds to circulate it

as a proposed Bolivian Standard.

35
This phasd Is truly Important, because the proposed standard Is

subjected to a period of public survey for a specific time, for the

purpose of receiving observations from the Institutions and persons to

vhom the proposed standards are sent. This phase Is known as public

discussion and precedes approval of Bolivian Standards.

I believe It advisable to point out that In each case the process of

preparation of a standard Is preceded by a study period In which the

job of compiling standards from other countries and International

standards. In addition to a reference bllbllography. Is performed. In

most cases, the procedure In this phase Is to "adopt" a standard

coming from abroad, with due regard for Bolivian conditions In each

case. These conditions Introduce variables that frequently are

Important and determine the conduct of the necessary research work.

In other cases, a special study is made for the purpose of "preparing

a standard". In these cases, the process is usually slower and is

performed only when circumstances require it.

Finally, and on the basis of the work of standardization on the

international level, a standard is "adopted" as a Bolivian Standard.

Several COPANT standards and recommendations have followed this route

(at the most with small variations in form), and I dare say that, in

proportion to its size and age, the DGNT is one of the organizations

that has adopted most COPAMT standards and recommendations as its own.

At any rate, regardless of the path followed in preparing a Bolivian

Standard, it must be approved in its various phases by the DGNT, by

the pertinent committee, and finally, after public discussion, by the

executive branch.

The final approval of a proposed standard is up to the executive

branch, represented by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism,

in most cases. Once the proposed standard has been checked, the

ministry approves it as a Bolivian Standard by means of a ministerial

resolution specifying whether or not the standard involved is

obligatory, based on the recommendation of the pertinent committee.

Therefore, the committee originally determines whether a standard is

obligatory or voluntary, but the executive branch has the final word

in this connection.

It is necessary to take the proposed standard to the Cabinet for

consideration in very few cases. One of them is approval and

regulation of the Bolivian Standard in relation to the International

System of Units. All these phases tend to giiarantee the Bolivian

Standard in Itself and to facilitate its subsequent application, and I

3fe

/
believe that this Is happening. Another aspect that has not been

neglected Is the one connected with the revision of standards, and,

although no cases have yet come up In this regard, the method Is

prescribed In the National Plan.

Finally, I have to Indicate the type or kind of standards being

prepared In Bolivia.

Most of the Bolivian Standards are of the "fundamental" type, that Is

to say, definitions, classification, terminology, and so on.

This Is not the result of chance, since there has been considerable

discussion on the topic of the type of standards to be prepared. The

preparation of fundamental standards Is a long, difficult process,

without apparent appreciable results. Nevertheless, I believe that

the results obtained so far justify the method. At present, the

subsequent task In each field of action has been simplified, with a firm basis not only from the Internal point of view, but also because

the basis of that "common language" of which theory does not speak has

continued to be laid. In general, this makes It possible to aspire to an Increased production of standards, but especially to a more

extensive application by means of an understanding of them.

I have tried to summarize the process through which Bolivia Is going

at present with regard to technical standardization, but this report

would be Incomplete If no mention were made of the work performed with

regard to quality control. By means of its specialized division, the

DGNT is preparing a National Quality Control Plan consisting of two

phases: quality certification and promotion and technical assistance.

The first phase has already been completed with the approval of the

Regulation on Quality Certification, while the second phase is in its

final study stage.

The Importance of the work being performed by the DGNT is really

enormous. It requires much time and suitable adjustments, since

standardization is a slow, constant process. Nevertheless, I believe

that firm bases have been laid on which technical standardization can become a very useful tool for improving the living conditions of the

Bolivians.

3f
Session II - Paper 2

THE THAI EXPERIENCE IN STANDARDS AND PROBLEMS IN

ESTABLISHING EFFECTIVE WORKING LINKS BETl>7EEn

ORGANIZATIONS

By: Charoen Vashrangsi

Department of Science

Ministry of Industry

Thailand

INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

During the economic development period starting in 1961, Thailand has

emphasized the development of industry. While the industry grows,

there has been a certain demand by consumers for standardization of

commercial goods produced by local factories. It followed that the

Thai Industrial Institute (TISI) was established by law in 1968. The

function of the Institute is to set up a program for industrial

standards and a TISI standards mark in order to promote the quality of

locally produced goods.

It has been the Thai experience that at the beginning stage of industrial development there appeared to be a general suspicion by consimiers. They did not recognize the quality of locally produced goods.

The goods manufactured in the country are not easy to sell and vendors

found it difficult to compete with imported products. The

manufacturers of local products had a serious problem and needed some kind of certification or guarantee from an authorized government

agency. For this reason, the Department of Science had set up a certification program and later a standard mark program to certify

locally produced quality goods.

The certification program has been operated for the last twenty years.

It is based on the specifications decided upon by the Department of

Science, The manufacturer who needs a certificate for his product

must submit a request to the Department of Science with a payment of a very low service charge. After sampling inspection and testing, if

the product conforms to the specification, the certificate of quality

is issued. This certificate is re-examined every year. Recently TISI

has offered a standard mark program. The producer of goods must

submit a request and follow the procedure of TISI with a payment of a considerable service charge. The inspection and tests are carried out

according to TISI standards. The tests are usually assigned to other

laboratories available and qualified to give that service. They

include the laboratories of the Department of Science,

At the beginning of the standard mark program, the producers seemed to

appreciate this mark of quality for the purpose of their

38
advertisements. However, the program ran into complicated problems at

a later time. Those problems may be summarized as follows:

1. The process of testing and analyzing according to standards is time-consuming and needs a great deal of manpower

and equipment. The testing is expensive and, therefore,

increases the cost of production. Many producers are not

able to afford that increase. Moreover, if the product

does not conform to the standard, the whole production

lot may be rejected, which causes a big waste in the manufacture.

2. It happens very often that the equipment used for production control of the manufacturing process is not properly

calibrated and maintained. This situation causes con- siderable errors in measurement. The products from such

a process may fail to conform with the standard specifications.

3. It is often found that the products manufactured by the

same factory give different results when tested by different laboratories. Such results are caused by machines

which are not properly calibrated.

The occurrence of these problems may be attributed to a lack of a capable service that can serve the need of instrument calibration.

During June 1973, Thailand had requested the NBS/AID Survey Team to

investigate the problem and seek solutions.

The Survey Team suggested that the Government of Thailand establish a central laboratory. This laboratory should be responsible for an instrument calibration service to serve both Government and private

enterprises, in standardizing all kinds of measuring equipment by

making full use of testing facilities available in the country. At

the beginning, the functions of this laboratory would mainly involve a collection of standard equipment as well as standard reference

materials in order to serve the urgent needs of the present time. The

subsequent step is to investigate the availability of testing equipment in existing laboratories and plan for collaboration. Standard

materials will be distributed and calibrating equipment will be

circulated for checking the correctness and reliability of existing

equipment. The calibrated equipment can be assigned to the testing of

certain products for the standard mark program or for quality control

in the manufacturing process.

39
ADAPTABILITY OF QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

The certification and standard mark programs, involving time- and

cost-constuning procedures, seemed to increase the expenses to the

producers. As a result the economic value of the program is

decreased. It would be more reasonable if the industry could apply

modern techniques of quality control in production, which would lower

the cost of production and raise the quality of the products.

According to this concept, the standard specifications may be regarded

as a reference for the minimum requirements on quality. However, for

the purpose of market competition, the quality can be raised fully to

meet the requirements of the consumers. Since the Standards Body will

be busy with drafting of standards, inspection of concerned products

and issuing a standard mark, it may be best if another organization

would provide to the industry facilities and technical know-how for

modem quality control. The Department of Science has for this

purpose provided training courses and seminars on total quality

control for several factories.

In modem industry, the producers tend to rely on their own testing

facilities and techniques of quality control in order to build in the

quality in the production process. Rejection of finished products can

thus be avoided. A calibration service for testing machines of such

an industry is required and the central laboratory at the Department

of Science has been regularly providing this service to several kinds

of industries.

Many small industrial factories do not have their own testing

equipment. It is necessary for the central laboratory to offer a testing service in order to enable small scale industry to perform

quality control in the production process.

At the present time, there exist many testing laboratories, available

for industrial product testing; some are owned by the Government,

others by the private sector. In order to maintain good testing

results in such laboratories, it is necessary for the central

laboratory to provide a regular service of calibration. By these

means, the central laboratory at the Department of Science is acting

as a central link in the country for standardization of available

equipment. Thus, we could make full use of available resources and

achieve good fast results. For such a responsibility, however, the

laboratory needs a much larger budget for equipment, staff and

training facilities. The exchange of experience and training of

personnel among different countries will be very useful for the

implementation of this program.

40
PROPER QUALITY CONTROL CAN SAVE INDUSTRY FROM ECONOMIC DISASTER

As the Industry grew, there was a loose control In management by

government organizations concerned. Quality control in industry has

emphasized mostly technique-consciousness, but less the quality

management and quality-mindedness of the vorkers. It was during July

and October 1973, that the Thai industry had a great setback by a worker strike which involved more than 200,000 workers who protested

against management personnel. Most of the industrial production

stopped and this caused a great loss to the economy of the nation.

Such a disaster would not happen if government organizations concerned

would take full responsibility in planning and collaboration in the

process of industrial development; therefore, it might be reasonable

to point out that such a crisis occurred because of the

misunderstanding among the workers and management personnel which

created an unpleasant atmosphere in the factories. The cause of such

feelings might be attributed to lack of quality-mindedness and to the

fact that a quality control technique was not correctly implemented.

It should also be pointed out that quality control techniques are as important as standardization. The lesson is clear: we must take more

precautions in planning industrial development.

41

i
Session II - Paper 3

A NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR CERTIFICATION

AND QUALITY CONTROL IN ECUADOR*

By: Raul Estrada A,

Director General

Ecuadorean Institute for Standardization

Quito, Ecuador

INTRODUCTION

For many years now, many countries, especially the industrially more

advanced ones, have been setting up official quality control systems

under the auspices of the respective national technical standards

institutes. These systems are based on the general belief that

quality is a statistical fact that is difficult to verify and which

must involve the following two elements. One is the complete

cooperation of businessmen, in the sense that they must have adequate

incentives for putting out qtiality goods; the other is the existence

of a highly specialized agency which is responsible for certifying

quality, based on a system of checking or monitoring quality at the

production level.

The total responsibility for quality control belongs to the

manufacturer or processor. The specialized agency in charge of

certifying quality is only required to guarantee to the consumer that

the manufacturer possesses a scientifically designed and honestly

utilized system for maintaining the quality of his goods within the

range of specifications previously established in accordance with

reference standards.

There are two methods for certifying quality that are widely used

throughout the world; they are:

1. . certification by means of a seal or trademark guaranteeing conformity with standards, and

2. certification by lot.

Certification by seal or trademark is a system which helps the

consumer to distinguish in the marketplace between a high quality

product and another product which does not carry the corresponding

guarantee. This is accomplished by placing on all certified products

a seal or trademark which is recognized by the national standards

* Reprinted here is only Director General Estrada's verbal summary of

his longer printed paper given to Seminar participants.

4g
Institute. The producer Is authorized to use this trademark through a bilateral contract. This system is based on the establishment of

adequate qiiality controls at the production level. Such an

undertaking requires close cooperation of all the elements involved in

production, including the sales, purchasing, production, clerical and

above all, managerial staff, in order to ensure that what is

manufactured adheres to the established standards. This system is

also based on a series of tests by the standards Institute, utilizing

samples taken at the market or production level. This provision makes

possible the selection of truly representative samples ^ich are sent

to laboratories vhich have been given official status. The results

are then analyzed by the standards institute with the idea of

maintaining adequate controls on production that has been certified by

the seal.

The system of certification by lots is conceptionally simpler, since

it only requires working with an individual lot of goods that the

manufacturer is trying to market. The lot is inspected and sampled,

and the entire gamut of analyses is carried out to insure that quality

meets established technical standards. This system of certification

commends itself for some import and export goods.

THE ELEMENTS OF A NATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

From the above we can see that the basic elements for a national

quality control system are, in order:

1. A coherent set of technical reference standards (in

decreasing order of desirability: international,

regional, national, association, or company).

2. An international, company level, quality control system

which encompasses all the divisions and elements involved in the production of a given good, i.e., management, production, inspection, the laboratory, monitoring,

etc.

3. A scientific, technical agency in charge of certifying

quality as a national regulatory function. It will

establish the ground rules for effective quality control not only at the company level, but also through

systems outside the firm. It will tend to delegate

authority not only to lighten its own workload, but

in order to disseminate a widespread understanding and

responsibility for quality control.

4f3
A. An integrated system of official analysis and testing

laboratories, with the means to carry out a wide variety of tests, such as those needed to check or monitor

the quality of a great number of domestically produced

goods. This system will be an added check on the laboratory tests carried out at the company level as a basic

element of an internal quality control system,

5. A law ;^ose provisions establish the respective national

authorities as well as the investigations needed at both

the domestic and international level.

6, Complete information nationwide on how the system functions. This will enable consumers to understand the

basis for certifying goods, and thus encourage the

choice of products whose quality has been guaranteed.

THE QUALITY CONTROL MANUAL

In each case a contractual agreement will be signed between the INEN

and the individual firm for the creation of the internal quality

control system, vhich will be both reliable and dependable. Its

scientific and technical base will ensure that the standardized

quality level is achieved and maintained, despite potential changes in

certain variables which are inherent to every industrial process. The

quality control manual will set down the precise contractual relations

between the firm and the institute, for the purposes of monitoring

quality. The manual will also contain the following information:

reference standards for quality control on raw materials, semifinished and finished goods; sampling standards; destructive and

nondestructive tests; frequency of inspections; equinment to be used

in tests and checks; the responsibilities of each sector in the

factory, both in terms of production and of management or administration, etc.; in general, all the rules that are needed to

maintain and improve quality with the passage of time.

OFFICIAL ANALYSIS LABORATORIES

One of the main aspects of the system is the creation of a system of

accredited official analysis laboratories to check and monitor quality

outside the firm itself, thus providing an additional reference on

quality. These laboratories will work with random samples (selected

by standardized procedures) taken from stores or outlets selling

direct to the consumer, as well as fron the company's own warehouses.

The enormous number of products whose quality must be verified

nationwide, together \rLth the wide variety of chemical, physical and

mechanical tests needed for this, require that all laboratory services

414
available to the country be integrated. This Involves not only

agencies directly related to the Government, but university and

private facilities as well. There are certain sectors which are already covered by agencies Xijhich perform specific functions in this

regard, such as the Izquieta Perez Institute in the area of

foodstuffs, cosmetics, drugs and pesticides, and the National Fishing

Institute in the area of seafood products. Nevertheless, there is

still an enomous number of individual fields in which specialized

laboratory services are needed. The country must have analysis

facilities which are not only wide-ranging, but which are highly

specialized for each field, e.g., building materials, paper, plastics,

paints, steel, etc.

The above considerations demonstrate that each university must be

encouraged to specialize in one or more fields in which it can achieve

maximum efficiency, so that the corresponding analyses can be carried

out there with the speed required by our nation's industry and trade,

and at suitable prices, given the present conditions of beginning

industrial development. Once these fields are determined, the INEN

will recognize the respective laboratories as official analysis

laboratories within the national quality control system.

Consequently, it will channel to them samples produced domestically in

the field, thus helping to finance these services. Through its

department of metrology, the INEN will offer a permanent consultation

service, in addition to services for calibrating tools, weights and

measures, in order to maintain nationwide confidence in the test

results obtained. Moreover, through the systematic distribution of

standard reference material samples, the INEN as well as the

universities themselves will be able to maintain complete control over

the suitability of environmental conditions, equipment, reagents and

laboratory personnel.

All this will make possible the operation of a scientifically designed

quality control system which can guarantee high quality to the

consumer and x^;hich is not based on police measures but rather takes

into account the best interests of all involved. A prosperous Ecuador

is one in which the average citizen can obtain goods of the highest

quality at a price which is both just and an incentive to production.

45
Session II - Paper 4

THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF LEGAL METROLOGY

(OIML)

A CASE STUDY OF HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF AN

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

By: David E. Edgerly

National Bureau of Standards

My remarks , Mr. Chairman, are largely inspired by my experience during

the Survey of Bolivian Standardization and Measurement Services and

the central role of the General Directorate of Standards and

Technology in Bolivia. I have little doubt that these remarks apply

similarly to other Latin American countries and their National

Standards Bodies. The General Directorate of Standards and Technology

(DGNT) has a very important role to play in the development of the

Bolivian economy. It has been proven time and time again that a strong program of standardization and metrology is a necessary

foundation of a successful economy. This is certainly true in the

United States and in every other industrialized economy. In part, the

task which DGNT faces is simplified in that there are many nations and

international organizations that are prepared to assist in developing

a successful program of standardization and metrology. However, it

has also been said that too much advice can be as confusing as attempting to build a program without any guidance. In effect, it is

the DGNT which ultimately must decide what program will best fit the

needs and the uniqueness of Bolivia,

My purpose this afternoon is to bring you information of an international organization that is dedicated to the development of

standards in the area of metrology, I'Thile metrology is but part of

DGNT's program responsibility, it is indeed a very crucial part.

Accurate measurement is necessary in all segments of an economy

because it is the guarantee upon which there is built mutual trust

between buyer and seller that both quality and quantity standards are being adhered to. Without measurement standards there is little

chance that an economy can support rapid industrialization.

The organization to which I refer is the International Organization of

Legal Metrology (OIML), It was founded in 1955 to promote

intergovernmental cooperation in the field of legal metrology, which

broadly relates to the compatibility of standards of measurement and

the legislation and government regulations which may affect such

standards of measurement. Aside from its activities as a center of

documentation and information exchange in legal metrology, the OITIL

most importantly recommends uniform international requirements for

measuring instruments and works out model laws and regulations for

consideration by member states. There are, in fact, 42 member nations
of OIML. Organizationally, OIML consists of: (1) the International

Conference of Legal Metrology, which is composed of delegates from

member nations and which meets at least every 6 years. Decisions of

the Conference are submitted to member nations "for information,

consideration, and recommendation", (2) the International Committee of

Legal Metrology (CIML), which consists of one delegate from each

nation, and which meets every 2 years. The technical work of OIML is

conducted by working groups within the framework of the Committee;

and, (3) the International Bureau of Legal Metrology (BIML)

,

headquarterd in Paris, which constitutes the Secretariat for the

Organization.

OIML* 8 primary functions are: (1) to form a center of documentation

and information in the field of legal metrology; (2) to establish

close relations with weights and measures officials of each member

nation; (3) to furnish advisory assistance to Interested nations;

(4) to determine the general principles of legal metrology; (5) to

issue uniform international recommendations respecting legal

requirements for use and control of measuring Instriments; (6) to

establish a code of specifications and tolerances with which measuring

instruments must comply in order to acquire international approval;

and, (7) to establish and promulgate model laws and regulations in the

field of legal metrology.

OIML has now published 34 International Recommendations dealing with

such subjects as: mass standards, volumetric standards, meters for

liquids, clinical thermometers, pressure gauges, vocabulary for legal

metrology, and medical syringes. The decisions of the Organization

are promulgated as recommendations; they do not have the force of law

until adopted by a member nation. However, members of OIML are "morally obliged to Implement these decisions as far as possible".

Member nations in practice have the essential latitude in deciding for

themselves how far is "as far as possible".

Before discussing the importance of OIML for Instance to Bolivia, and

to DGNT specifically, I would like to relate the Importance which we

attach to OIML in the United States. Public authorities have the

obligation to insure that legal measurements within a country are on a uniform basis. The national regulations that have been developed for

this purpose in the United States have for many years been developed

within the country Independently of similar work in other countries.

Consequently, our laws and regulations often differ widely from those

of other countries. Today, with rapidly developing and changing

technology, and with the rapid expansion of International trade, these

differences pose a potential impediment to international trade. For

example, the U.S. exports some $500 million worth of measuring instruments. If a country's laws or regulations are such that they require

certain specifications that are different from specifications employed

417
in the United States, trade with that country Is severely hampered.

Thus, the development of uniform international recommendations by OIML

goes a long way towards reducing these barriers to trade. Basically,

we consider the benefits of participation in OIML to be as follows:

1. to improve opportunities for exporting measuring instruments ;

2. to obtain and disseminate in the United States better

information regarding measurement techniques in the

field;

3. to influence internationally adopted measurement techniques so U.S. procedures will not be put at a disadvantage; and

4. to insure that the United States can have its views

heard in the process of adoption of model laws and

tjniform procedures dealing with legal metrology.

I realize that Bolivia, at present, is not worried about exporting

measuring instruments. However, Bolivia is currently in a position of

deciding upon the laws and regulations within Bolivia that are necessary for legal metrology. This is a very critical period because

it will affect trade within Bolivia for years to come. Thus, v/hen

Bolivia is in a position to expand its exports, it too will be faced

with the possibility that certain export markets may be closed because

of non-uniform measurement standards used- in the production of various

products. Aside from general trade considerations, which are rather

long-termed insofar as DGNT*s current priorities are concerned, it

makes good sense to look to OIML standards as a basis for legal

metrology in Bolivia. This is true for several reasons: first, OIML

is inteimational, and its members comprise most of the industrialized

nations of the world; and secondly, OIML maintains a rather broad

liaison with important international organizations. For example, OIML

coordinates its standards recommendations and activities with: the

International Bureau of Weights and Measures; the International

Organization for Standardization; the International Electro-technical

Commission; the International Union of the Gas Industry; the

International Commission for Uniform Method of Sugar Analysis; the

International Association of Cereal Chemistry; the International

Bottling Center; the International Office of Wine; the Customs

Cooperation Council; the International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry; the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics; the

European Committee of Weighing Instrument Builders; and the European

Committee of Builders of Oil Meters. OIT'tL maintains administrative

and technical liaison with the U.N, Economic and Social Council, the

48
U.N. Economic Commissions for Europe and Asia, the U.N. Educational

and Scientific Council, the U.N. Industrial Development Organization,

the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, COMECON,

and the International Measurement Conference. OIML also maintains

liaison with about 25 commercial and/or standards organizations in

European countries.

The question, therefore, is one of how a country like Bolivia can

interact vrLth OIML and what OIML can, in turn, offer to the DGNT in

the form of assistance. Interaction with OIML is actually very

simple. It can be accomplished by contacting the Organization in

Paris and letting it know of interest in receiving assistance under

its Developing Country Program. This program is currently in the

planning stages, however, and will require perhaps as much as a year

before it is completely operational. Before leaving for Bolivia, I asked Monsieur Bernard Athane, the Director of the International

Bureau of Legal Metrology, to bring me up to date on the program for

developing countries. I would like to share his views with you and

then perhaps close with some remarks about what could be done almost

Immediately.

A committee has been organized within OIML to prepare programs in four

broad metrology areas that would be of interest to developing

countries. These areas include: (1) regulations dealing with legal

metrology for developing countries; (2) teaching of legal metrology in

developing countries; (3) structure, operation and equipment of a legal metrology service in a developing country; and (4) a plan for

accession to OIML of non-member developing countries. Considerable

success has already been achieved in developing the contents for two

areas; namely, regulations dealing with legal metrology and the

structure, operation and equipment of a legal metrology service, I believe that it is the intent of OIML, in its developing country

program, to provide all of the necessary ingredients for an effective

metrology service. Basically these ingredients are considered to be

as follows:

1. A law setting out the physical quantities to be used

for measurement.

2. The establishment of physical standards for the units

of measurement.

3. The establishment of necessary laboratory facilities

for the preservation, maintenance and use of the standards.

A. The recruitment and training of the necessary qualified personnel to maintain and use these standards.

49
5. The dissemination of the measurement capabilities In

the metrology laboratory to all areas of activity In

the country - for example, to trade. Industry, the

scientific sector, etc.

OIML has not yet considered how to finance the programs but the

determination to proceed Is so firm and the benefits expected so great

that surely a way will be found.

As has been previously mentioned, DGNT has a very Important role to

play In the development and strengthening of the Bolivian economy. As

has also been mentioned, the foundation of the economy will rest on

the success and strength of standardization and metrology programs. I would, therefore, suggest DGNT and the equivalent other national

standards bodies of other Latin American countries to begin contacts

with the International Organization of Legal Metrology. Initially, I

think that OIML Is In a position to offer those International

Recommendations that have already been developed In the area of

metrology so that, for example, DGNT can begin to develop Its own

metrology plan that Is based upon International practice. Secondly,

at perhaps a later date, I think It Is possible for OIML to arrange

for Individual on site visits of an International team of experts In

the field of metrology to provide specific recommendations on the

nature of the metrology network required In Bolivia. Lastly, I would

very much like to see Bolivia and other Latin American countries

become members of OIML so that they can participate In the work of the

organization and so that they can lend their experience In support of

other developing countries.

I would like to close by saying that It has Indeed been a pleasure to

participate In the Survey and Seminar on a Standardization Network for

Latin America; I would also like to thank Ing. Orlando Donoso and the

staff of the DGNT for the many courtesies extended during our stay In

this beautiful country.

5C0
Session II - Paper 5

REGULATORY STANDARDS FOR FOODS

By: Benjamin M, Gutterman

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

It is a distinct pleasure to be here, and I deem it an honor that you

have invited me to meet with you and participate at this Seminar on

Standards and Metrology. I must say that I find it most unfortunate

that my schedule does not permit me to spend more time in this lovely

country of Bolivia. I shall look forward to returning soon for a longer visit and hope to see many of you again.

Recently, in my own country, I had the pleasure of meeting Engineer

Donoso, our Chairman and the General Director of Standards and

Technology, Ministry of Industry and Commerce. As a result of even

the very short time we had together, I would like to think of him as

not only a professional associate but also as a friend. I was

impressed with not only his managerial and professional capabilities

but also his intense desire to participate and contribute to the

progress of standards and metrology.

Further, I have read much of the efforts, vision, and dedication of

Engineer Rodolpho Costas. I have every reason to believe that men of

such vision as that of Engineers Costas, Donoso, and their associates

will be able to accomplish their goals.

I have been asked to talk to you today, although briefly, about kinds

of standards somewhat different from the ones you normally discuss.

My subject is Food Standards. I shall limit myself to only a few

different types. Further, I prefer to confine myself almost entirely

to the types used for processed foods.

First, there are standards of identity for processed foods - that is

those standards that establish the name of a food; that specify what

ingredients may be used and specify whether or not there should be

limitations on such ingredients; and finally that specify what

information must appear on the label and in what manner.

There are also standards of quality which concern defects such as blemishes, color deviations, insects, injuries, excessively hard

products or excessively soft products, and other types of aesthetic

defects plus limits on safe bacteria loads. Some countries also

include hygiene and sanitation requirements in these quality standards

whereas others set out these hygiene and sanitation requirements in

other companion regulations. Further, in some standards, the levels

of certain ingredients or components are also considered as factors of

quality.

51
A third cotranon type of standard is that estahlishing a fill-ofcontainer level or quantity for a food. These simply set out

requirements as to how much of a food or a component of a food must be

in a particular type and style of container. This may be based upon

volume, drained weight, net weight, etc.

In some countries standards are mandatory. In some they are voluntary. And in some countries we find both.

In the United States of America for some products such as meat and

poultry, food processors are permitted to operate only while a government inspector is on duty in the plant. Other products are

examined for compliance after they have been produced and are in

storage or after being shipped. In some instances, processing

operations and products are exam.ined as inspectors are available or as often as is needed to determine compliance. This may be done several

times each year, or every few years, or in response to a complaint.

Different problems require different inspection frequencies and techniques. Each country must decide for itself what level and kind of

inspection is the optimum based upon its own problems - present or potential - its own staff capabilities, priorities, and budget.

In the United States of America ve use all of these systems depending

upon needs. Further, under the Federal laws the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration is responsible for those foods which move primarily in

interstate commerce - that is, they are introduced for sale across

state lines. The individual states are responsible for foods

manufactured and sold within a state. They may also inspect and take

action - as the Federal inspectors may - against violative foods

shipped into their state. In one form or another each state has its

own laws and regulations. However, many of the states adopt and

enforce the Federal laws and regulations in their own states and more

are expected to do so soon. In some instances, upon request, the

Federal Government provides financial and technological support to the

states.

Food standards - set at a reasonable level and properly enforced - are important in a number of ways. They are important because they assure consimers of the identity, quality - including safety and nutrition - and fill of container of the foods they buy. Further, consumers then

have a reasonable assurance that that which they purchase today - and

like - will be the same tom.orrow - next week - next month or next

year, unless the standards are changed.

Processors of the food also benefit. Reasonable standards, properly

enforced in an impartial manner provide for fair competition. The

processor need not be concerned with a cheating competitor who may

force him out of business because he can sell for less a product that

5%
appears to be the same as the good product but Is in fact

significantly inferior.

Earlier I referred to three different types of standards - they are

standards of identity, quality, and f ill-of-container. It might

appear that standards do not permit a processor to exercise extra

effort to provide a better product than his competitor. However, this

is not the situation. Quality standards are set at a minimum level;

below this level, although the foods may still be offered for sale and are recognized as good food but of low quality, they must be clearly

marked as substandard in quality so as to alert consumers. The same holds true for f ill-of-container. On the other hand such is not the case for identity standards. There is no such thing as "Below

Standard of Identity". The foods either comply with the standard or

they are not permitted to be represented as, nor purported to be, the

food of a particular standard.

In order for standards to be effective they must be available not only

to the Inspectors and government analysts but, also, they must be

available to all the public. This would include processors,

distributors, brokers, retailers, analysts and constimers. The

standards must be understandable and reasonable.

Participants from many disciplines should be Involved in the

development, establishment and enforcement of standards. These

participants should come from the fields of food science, food

processing and technology, food engineering, chemistry and chemical

engineering, statistics, pharmacology and toxicology, microbiology,

and a number of others,

I have made available to you copies of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

of my country, I recommend that you read it in detail to see hov; one

country establishes and enforces its regulations which include food

standards. In our Code of Federal Regulations, we bind together all

of our regulations. We also prepare and make available - sometimes at

a minimal handling cost - a number of other publications such as Inspectors manuals, administrative guidelines, compliance programs,

and many others. If you wish I shall be happy to discuss the purposes

and functions of these. Your commercial attache in Washington can readily obtain most of them for you.

In the United States of America the entire procedure for standards

development and establishment is public, and any individual or group

may participate. In other countries they are developed and

established by select committees - often a mix of food processors and

government analysts. These are then made legal by an official body.

In still other countries, the legislature establishes food standards.

I would like to take a moment to very briefly describe for you how we

53
in the Food and Drug Administration of the United States of America

establish food standards.

The purpose of and procedures for establishing standards are set out

in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.

This law requires that a food standard must be reasonable. This

means, among other things, that the food is capable of being produced

in accordance with good commercial practice, but, and most

importantly, a standard is established in our country to promote

honesty and fair dealing in the interest of consumers. I cannot

overemphasize this feature. The welfare of consumers is the raison

d'etre for food standards.

A standard may be proposed for establishment or amendment by any

interested person. A "person" includes among others, individual

consumers or food processors, or any association of consumers or food

processors, or the Commissioner of Food and Drugs - for that matter

anyone.

In accordance with the law and rules which have been set out, a showing must be made by the person desirous of a standard that if the

proposal is adopted it should be reasonable and promote honesty and

fair dealing in the interest of consumers. We use such things as surveys of both consumers and processors, analytical studies, market

studies, and so forth, to make this showing. The proposal, if

adequate, is published in the Federal Register, our official document

for the publication of regulations.

Comments, in writing, are invited from all interested persons. All

comments are evaluated. The Commissioner of Food and Drugs then

publishes his order ruling on the proposal. All persons who claim to

be adversely affected are invited to file objections. The objections

must be specific, supported by data, and provide support for an alternative if one is offered. The offer of simply increased

competition is not acceptable as "adverse effect". Further, the

person objecting must request a public hearing on the matter and be

prepared to participate at such a hearing personally or by means of a representative.

If objections are received which raise valid issues, then the

Commissioner is required by law to conduct a public hearing to

consider the issues. Based upon substantial evidence of the hearing

record, the Commissioner will affirm his earlier ruling or change it

in whole or in part. Any who now take exception to the Conmissioner '

s

decision may appeal to the Federal Courts for a judicial review of the

matter and an appropriate decision is rendered.

54
Our procedure, although time consuming and expensive, is one which

provides a full test of each and every proposal and a test of the

decisions reached. And very importantly, all who are affected and who

wish to participate may do so. Our standards, once established, must

be and are applied impartially not only to those foods produced by our

own manufacturers but also to the foods of foreign manufacturers who

export their products to us. Our standards are presently being

reviewed for consideration of amendment to comply with the FAO/WHO

Codex Alimentarlus standards. More about the Codex Allmentarius

program in a moment.

The absence of national food laws and regulations or the absence of

proper enforcement if such laws and regulations exist is not only

detrimental to domestic consumers and the industry within a country,

but trade on an international or regional basis is inhibited. For

proper encouragement of international trade, consideration should be

given to the development of standards compatible with other countries

- at least on a regional basis if not on a world basis. As Mr,

Edgerly said yesterday, national standards unrelated to world

standards hamper trade.

Let us first consider the Latin American Food Code. This regional

Code is considered by many as a monuonental piece of work. It was

developed, I believe, by as many as 16 Latin American countries led by

Dr. Carlos A. Grau of Argentina. The first draft was approved in 1959

by the Seventh Latin American Chemical Congress in Mexico City and

later - in 1960 - published in Buenos Aires. It was revised in 1964.

However, I do not believe any country has yet fully adopted the Code.

One may assume that present consideration by certain Latin American

countries to create a Common Market will lead to further consideration

of adoption of the Latin American Food Code. The Code covers general

principles, rules for the general treatment of foods, labeling, and

individual standards of identity for many foods.

Another set of regional food standards now in existence and which

should be fully considered by each country in establishing food

standards are the "Normas Sanitarius de Alimentos". These consist of

almost 400 standards including analytical methods and lists of

permitted additives. The credit for development of these standards

goes to Dr. Ariosto Buller-Souto, Director of the "Institute Adolf

Lutz", and his associates. The participating countries are the

Central American States. Panama is an associate member. Dr. BullerSouto had considered and incorporated much from the Latin American

Food Code.

Let us now consider another food standards program which is being

developed on a global scale. These are standards sponsored by the

55
joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (or

FA0/\7H0) Codex Alimentarius Commission which are set out as follows:

1. To protect the health of consumers and to ensure fair

practices in the food trade.

2. To promote coordination of all food standards work

undertaken by international governmental and nongovernmental organizations.

3. To determine priorities and initiate and guide the preparation of draft standards through, and with the aid of,

appropriate organizations.

4. To finalize standards elaborated under number 3 above,

and after acceptance by governments, publish them in

a Codex Alimentarius either as regional or worldwide

standards, together with international standards already

finalized by other bodies under number 2 above, whenever

this is practicable.

5. To amend published standatds, after an appropriate sur- vey in the light of developments.

After development of a worldwide standard or a regional standard (and

time permitting I shall be happy to discuss later the elaboration

procedure for standards if you should desire to do so) member states

have several acceptance alternatives as follows:

1. Full acceptance of the standard with immediate enforcement.

2. Target acceptance of the standard with delayed enforcement.

3. Acceptance with minor deviations.

4. Refusal to accept - with an explanation of the reasons,

A country, by virtue of accepting a Codex standard agrees not only to

permit importation of all foods complying with that standard but also

to prohibit importation of non-complying foods. It also agrees to

enforce the standard upon its own production. The Latin American Food

Code has been recognized as a set of regional standards by the Codex

Alimentarius Commission,

Of the approximately 100 countries throughout the world which are members of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, about 19 are from Latin

America. This is most commendable. On the other hand, I am informed

that a number of these Latin American countries do not actively

5^
participate In the proceeedlngs. To attempt to shape the worldwide

standards to more readily meet your needs, your active participation

should be encouraged* Qualified delegates should be considered for

appointment and encouraged to engage In the standards deliberations.

1 am aware that many countries throughout the world. Including some In

South America, do not have sufficient personnel trained In food

technology nor the funds to both develop and enforce food standards.

One main purpose of my telling you of a few of the major systems for

food standards establishment Is to bring to your attention that If you

are unable to gather together enough qualified personnel or to provide

the funds (or for any other reason) to develop your own standards,

there are many already established from which you may pick and choose.

One significant problem we people who are involved la food regulation

continually face is that of the scarcity of persons drained in food

technology and related fields. In some countries the problem is more

pronounced than others. However, all is not lost. Until such time as a sufficient number of technologists become available, there are

several alternatives available. One would be to support, participate,

and subscribe to the reports from local, regional, and International

standards and methods develoxment organizations. Another is to send

new inspectors and analysts who show high potential to centers of

learning. These may be universities, food processors, institutes, or combinations of them. At this time, in ray country we are carrying out

a concentrated educational program to provide for safer lov^-acid

canned foods. The teaching staff comes from universities, food

processors, can and jar memufacturers, and my own agency, the Food and

Drug Administration. A national center for consultants to advise on standardization and methodology should be considered by those

countries that have insufficient food technologists to supply both

industry and government - the buyers and sellers.

Many countries, such as my own, and all international agencies are often willing to provide you with experts to teach or assist you in

all aspects of food processing, establishment of standards to serve

your consumers, and the development of inspectlonal techniques

suitable for use by professionals or subprofesslonals. We work

closely with the scientific and commercial attaches of the embassies

in our country. We are fostering better contacts with the consular

officials in our port cities.

We invite technical and administrative people to visit our laboratories and our technical and administrative people. As our time

and personnel are available, we will train foreign technologists. For

example, we are training Mexican laboratory personnel in pesticide

analysis. Programs such as this will reduce the number of rejections

at our ports of entry and thereby reduce the costs to the

5^
manufacturers in other lands. Fully qualified inspectors are a necessity - even if you receive foods accompanied by guarantees. You

must check the guarantees.

Let us now move to the analytical methodology. A proper food

standards program to be effective must be supported by analytical

methodology of a professional level accompanied by statistical

procedures for sampling and determination of compliance with the

standards. In the absence of applicable methods that have been

accepted, the buyers* and sellers* analysts, using different methods

obtain different results. Conditions become chaotic.

A monumental source of well-proven analytical methods that brings

order out of the chaos is the collection of methods established by the

Association of Official Analytical Chemists with headquarters in the

United States of America. However, don*t permit the word *'Cheraists"

in the name of the association to mislead you. In addition to

chemists the membership consists of;

Toxicologists

Pharmacologists

Physicists

Medical Hen

Entomologists

Engineers

Microbiologists

Parasitologists and others*

Members are concerned not only with foods but also with drugs,

cosmetics, pesticides, food additives, etc. They come from Federal,

^tate, city, county, industry, and university laboratories. A number

of countries throughout the world have participating representatives.

The comprehensive "Book of Methods" last published in 1970 sold over

15,000 copies. About 1/3 of them were bought by about 72 countries.

In many countries including the United States of America, the Courts

accept the results of analyses conducted by AOAC methods.

AOAC methods must be collaboratively studied before they may be

adopted. That is, employing only written instructions the same instructions must go to each collaborator - each collaborating

analyst, without additional instructions, must find the amount of an ingredient in a product. This amount is unknown to him prior to his

analysis. His results may deviate from the knox>m amount only by a statistically acceptable amount. The results of all collaborators

must agree with e^ch other with only statistically acceptable

differences.

5»

J
A method to be adopted must be:

1. Reliable - that is

Accurate

Precise and

Reproducible vhen used by qualified analysts.

2. Practical - that is

Simple and as Rapid as possible but still reliable

3. Available - no trade secrets or methods involving

confidential documents are permitted.

4. Substantiated - that is

Supported by collaborators

Published or Accepted for Publication

I shall also be happy to discuss in detail a nuiid>er of techniques we

use in my country to enforce our standards and bow we encourage food

processors to comply.

My meeting with you shall forever remain as a high point in my

professional career. I am enjoying Bolivia and hope to return someday

soon and to stay somewhat longer than my schedule now permits.

I wish to thank Ing. Donoso of DGNT, Mr. Peiser of the National Bureau

of Standards, and the Agency for International Development for

inviting me to meet with you. I believe that there is much that I can

learn from you technologically and otherwise. I know that I have

gained much from attendance at this Seminar. However, I would be

remiss if I didn't say thanks to you. Director General Donoso, and

your staff for showing Mrs. Gutterman and me how to make a visitor

welcome.

Session III - Paper 1

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN BOLIVIA SEEKING

AID IN SOLVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS

By: Juan Pereira Fiorilo

Under Secretary of Industry

Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism

The topic assigned to me to present before an audience of professional

persons of such national and international prestige obliges me to

analyze a little the set of problems that Bolivian industry has in

trying to find aid in solving its technical problems. I trust that

the indications that I shall give may contribute to providing guidance

in some of the many aspects that are keeping industrial production

organizations in Bolivia in grave peril of undergoing impacts that may

even cause them to shut dovm when we begin to experience competition

from the Andean countries, and the results of the policy of tariff

reduction to be started in 1976 in some items, or the reduction

already existing in fields of metalworking, begin to be felt.

The presentations that I heard yesterday in the opening meeting from

prominent persons like William E. Arthur Mudge and Steffen Peiser contribute somewhat in guiding me in this modest presentation of mine.

By instructions of the supreme Government of Bolivia, 26 sectorial

meetings are being held on a nationwide scale, so that the

industrialists and executives assembled in the National Chamber of

Industries may lay the bases - in frank, open dialog with the economic

and financial authorities - for a new policy that will enable us to

overcome all the obstacles affecting industry, including the fields of

technology, law, social security, legal and illegal competition,

taxation, customs duties, transportation, and so on. A final document

will be prepared from these meetings, which will be concluded in the

second week of July. This document, which will be an analysis at a high political and industrial level, will contain recommendations on

all the measures that should be adopted to try to achieve a strengthening of industry, based on an expansion of its production

activities by means of mergers, better technological systems to be

applied with replacement of machinery, a more careful selection of raw

materials in order to ensure higher quality than at present, a standardization of products, a division of labor areas in order to prevent

ruinous competition, and so on.

BOLIVIAN POLICY ON STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

Our Directorate General of Standards and Technology is 3 years old and

in this short period of time, thanks to the excellent activity of its

6tl
executives, professional personnel, and assistants, firm bases have

already been laid that, fortunately for us, are yielding beneficial

results to the Government and especially to industry.

Nevertheless, since the scope of the work has not yet been

sufficiently published, I shall give an example, on the basis of the

scope of its operation, of all that has come up in the sectorial

analyses of industry to which I have already referred and that will

contribute to the awareness required by industrialists, university and

secondary-level professional persons, and civil servants, so that they

may collaborate in fostering the work of our Directorate General.

Some 300 documents already prepared in the National Standardization

Plan are establishing an initial vigorous activity that has to

continue to increase. This niamber represents only 1.5 percent of the

standards in existence, for example, in the United States of America.

This work, to the benefit of the nation's industry, will make it

possible to obtain products based on standards that will ensure uniform quality and that will make it possible to have our country's

products accredited not only on a national but also on an international scale. This will probably be very important in a search

for the expanded Andean market and also the LAFTA (Latin American Free

Trade Association) market, if an examination is made of the various

standards giving rise, at the same time, to dissimilar quality in, for

example, alcoholic beverages, viticulture, dark tobacco, sausages,

lumber, building materials, textiles, leathers and footwear, sweets

and chocolates, glass, and so on. In spite of having excellent raw

material, we are not able at present to think about competing with

similar imported products in most of these items.

If account is taken of the fact that a large nvimber of business

executives lack professional, and especially technical, training, we

have to agree that they cannot carry on the work of standardization.

They even lack training for using the terminology of standards that

would make a complete technological and scientific interpretation easy

for them in the exchange of goods and services, in technical design,

preventing a countless variety of products by a simplification or unification of consumables, as by for example, in the case of paper

used in Bolivia's printing industry. As the industrialists themselves

in this last-mentioned sector realize, a great waste of raw materials

and, at the same time, an increase in production costs are involved.

The use of standards would avoid immobilization of operating capital

because of accumulated stocks and unused raw materials in warehouses.

In advising the nation's enterprises, for example in the field of

metalworking, that we are beginning to integrate in the Andean

industrial programming, or in future automotive vehicle programming,

the Directorate General of Standards will be able to let the

62
enterprises know what tolerances and adjustments, design and

calculation, dimensions, and so on, are required to establish a rational system of interchangeability of components and parts.

The objective pursued by the Bolivian Government is to try to have

established industries, and industries still to be established,

realize that this rationalized system of processes will make it

possible to achieve an increase in production, a decrease in

inventories of raw materials, semifinished and finished products, the

introduction of time and labor systems that would result in a reduction of costs. A country like Bolivia, strangled by its

landlocked situation, finds it difficult to have low selling prices

and, consequently, competitive prices on the international market.

PRODUCT QUALITY

We underdeveloped countries have created a psychology inclined to

reject a domestic in favor of an imported product. This is usually

due to the fact that the technology used is not precisely the best, or

that, owing to competition from imported products, an attempt is made

to achieve low costs, without much concern for the quality of the

final product.

The situation is changing at present. The Andean tariff reduction

policy, legal competition, smuggling, and a greater outward movement

of manpower toward foreign countries, are causing enterprises to begin

to be concerned in this regard. In view of this situation, we need

cooperation and assistance in the establishment of laboratories,

information centers, and so on, which cannot be internally financed in

countries with a relatively low degree of economic development. Such

cooperation and assistance might come from international organizations

like the specific working groups of the United Nations or the Pan

American Commission on Technical Standards, or from the industrialized

countries through agencies like the United States National Bureau of

Standards and similar agencies in Europe, Japan, and elsewhere.

Small businesses, unfortunately, cannot obtain funds for making

contracts for international experts. The following are some concrete

examples

The leather industry, in which those abroad who know how to cure wild

animal hides refuse to pass on this knowledge under the pretext that

they cannot transfer their technology and they prefer to import

uncured hides. This constitutes an indirect system of exploitation of our natural resources.

There is, in Bolivia, a dark tobacco that is extraordinary in quality

and there are excellent climatic conditions for producing at least the

63
Burley varieties and perhaps even Virginia-type tobaccos.

Nevertheless, it is difficult for a small Bolivian factory, like the one in Sucre, to be able to obtain, without sizable outlay of funds, an expert familiar with the technology who will make it possible for

them to start to produce cigars that could yield considerably more

revenue than does the export of this raw material to France.

Because of technological problems in glasswear also, we have no standardized bottles. Therefore, there is difficulty in using them in

the viticulture industry. Our bottles are not strong enough to resist

pressure in bottling preserves.

Our industrialists still lack efficient technological information

services and Bolivia's small industry cannot finance laboratories of

its own.

The smallness of the Bolivian consumers' market prevents the

establishment of large-scale production plants. Therefore, advantage

cannot be taken of modern electronic technology, designed for largescale production.

The small size of our scientific research companies also makes it

impossible to gain the cooperation of similar companies abroad, in

order to take advantage of a large source of information that could be

very useful to Bolivian producers I

Unfortunately, we cannot count on international coooperation for

training our industrialists abroad, since we do not have sufficient

funds to support these people in the world's large industrial centers.

In the future, I hope that we shall have - based on the Bolivian

Directorate General of Standards and Technology, the university, and

scientific research organizations - the cooperation that will enable

us in time to change the situation of Bolivia's industry and the

relatively small economic development in the country.

6A
Session III - Paper 2

ADVANCEMENT IN STANDARDIZATION AND MEASUREMENT TO MEET

THE TRANSITION OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE

By: Jong Wan Choi

Administrator

Industrial Advancement Administration

Republic of Korea

STRUCTURAL STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF KOREAN ECONOMY

In order for a system or a service to get proper acceptance and

support for substantial development, it must be adaptable to social

requirements. Systems of standardization and measurement must be

carried out in accordance with the degree of Industrial development or industrialization of society. Of course, it is true that systems of

standardization and measurement often play a leading role or act as accelerations in the process of industrialization.

It is, therefore, necessary to discuss briefly the status and future

prospects of Korean industry before going into the details of the

Korean systems of standardization and measurement.

The vigorous implementation of an ambitious development program under

the First and Second Five-Year Economic Development Plans (1962-71)

laid the groundwork for Korea's industrialization during the 1970' s. The real gross national product grew at an annual average rate of 9.2

percent during the period 1962-1971. The mining and manufacturing

sector grew at a rate of 17.2 percent and the social overhead capital

sector at 10,7 percent per year. These sectors have been mainly

responsible for the rapid economic growth achieved to date.

The First Five-Year Plan (1962-66) which marked the early stage of industrialization in Korea, concentrated on the construction of coal,

electric-power and oil-refining facilities, fertilizer, cement and

light industries such as textiles and foodstuffs. The Second FiveYear Plan (1967-71) paved the way toward the development of heavy and

chemical industries. Construction of petrochemical, steel, metal,

electronics and electric machinery, automobile and shipbuilding

Industries was initiated. Planned targets for most of these

industries were met ahead of schedule except for steel and

petrochemicals.

As a result, exports increased sharply, growing at an annual average

rate of 41.3 percent from 1962 to 1971, strengthening the export

structure remarkably. The ratio of manufactured products to total

exports rose from 27 percent in 1962 to 88 percent in 1972.

65
Consequently, industrial products have come to take the lion's share

of all Korean exports, unlike the export pattern of many other

developing countries which are more dependent on exports of primary

products.

Korea has an abundant labor force, with manpower resources not only

readily trainable In advanced technology, but also possessing a high

degree of adaptability and diligence. This is an Important factor

which can expedite the development of heavy and chemical industries

capable of competing in the world market.

The Government in January 1973 announced its "declaration of heavy and

chemical industry development policy" as the means by which Korea can

take advantage of world economic trends and meet the challenge of the

1970* s. Under this policy, the Government is formulating a plan to

remodel the nation's industrial structure, with emphasis placed on the

development of heavy industries.

The industrial structure, which in 1971 consisted of agriculture,

forestry, and fisheries, 28,9 percent, mining and manufacturing, 22,8

percent, and social, overhead, capital, and other services, 48.3

percent, is to be remodeled into one in which these sectors will

contribute 18.2 percent, 35.1 percent, and 46.7 percent, respectively,

by the early 1980 »s.

The ratio of heavy industry to manufacturing will be increased from

32.5 percent in 1971 to 45.8 percent in 1981. The ratio of heavy

Industry products to total exports is also to be expanded from 19.1

percent to 60 percent or more during the same period.

The general features of heavy and chemical Industries today are the

requirement for big capital investment, especially investment in

advanced equipment and machinery, a high interindustrial dependency,

the need for an integrated and specialized organization of industry

for the production of sophisticated products, and the demand for

advanced technology. These features in turn require highly developed

and extensive systems of standardization and measurement.

In order to meet this need in the development of heavy and chemical

industries, Korea must now realign and make up-to-date its relatively

old-fashioned systems of standardization and measurement,

SYSTEM OF STANDARDIZATION IN KOREA

Present Status

A modem system of Standardization was first introduced in Korea in

1961 when the Government promulgated the Korean Industrial Standards

66
Law. Under this Law, the Bureau of Standards of the Industrial

Advancement Administration and academic and trade organizations

prepare the drafts of Industrial standards, and these are referred to

the Industrial Standards Coiincll for deliberation and approval for

public announcement. The announced standards are revised,

reconfirmed, or repealed once every three years In accordance with the

development of technical levels of Industry.

The Industrial Standards Council operates through the general

meetings, 23 sub-commlttees, and many expert committees.

Participating In these activities are professors, representatives of

producers and consumers, and experts In various fields of society.

Up to the end of 1973, a total of 3,559 standards had been established

and announced for various Industrial sectors. In order to promote the

system of standardization and protect consumers as well, the

Government has Instituted a system under which Industrial products

mantif actured In conformity with the standards are allowed to display a

K.S. (Korea Standard) Mark, and such products are called K.S. mark

products. K.S. mark means the Government's guarantee of quality.

Since this K.S. mark system was put Into force In 1963, a total of

1974 products has been allowed to display this mark. The number of

factories producing K.S. mark products now stands at 262.

The Korea Standards Association was established as a private

organization designed to guide and enlighten Industry on

standardization and quality control. Its work Includes the

publication of books on Korea standards, quality control guidance In

Industry and the training of quality control specialists.

Korea joined the ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

and the lEC (International Electro-Technical Commission) In 1963 In

order to promote relations between Korea standards and International

standards. The Government sends delegations to annual meetings of

these International organizations In order to reflect ISO and lEC

standards In the establishment of Korea standards.

Standards Policy and Achievements In 1973

Emphasis was placed on the establishment of standards for products of

heavy and chemical Industries In conformity with the Government's

effort to remodel Industrial structure to becoming heavy and chemical

Industry oriented. As a result, 537 new standards were established

and 620 existing standards were revised or Improved.

In addition, the Quality Control of Industrial Products Law was

chiefly designed to protect consumers. It has been revised and

strengthened to establish a pre-market Inspection system for those

67
Industrial products having the possibility of doing harm to the

general public, and a post-market inspection system for general merchandise necessary for people's daily living to insure more adequate

consumer protection.

The Law on Safety Control of Electric Appliances had been revised to

provide greater penalties for building contractors using substandard

electrical goods in power supply systems, in addition to existing sur- veillance procedures of production processes of electrical appliances,

with a view to protecting consumers.

In order to protect consumers from the danger of high-pressure gas,

the Law on Safety Control of High-Pressure Gas has been enacted.

Also, the Thermal Control Law has been recently established to insure

effective use of energy.

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT IN KOREA

Present Status

Korea first established regulations governing modern weights and

measures in 1902, although the national physical standards of the

meter and the kilogram were obtained in 1894. But it was in 1959 that

Korea ratified the Convention of the Meter and the Metric System and

the system was put into force in 1961 to modernize weights and

measures

.

Under the Law of Weights and Measures, those who manufacture or repair

metrological instruments are required to obtain the Government's

license to ensure the precision and accuracy of such instruments. The

license is issued by the Industrial Advancement Administration. In

addition, metrological instruments fabricated, repaired, or imported

are subject to Government inspection. Also, there is a regular

program for inspection and calibration of all metrological instruments

for industrial and commercial use, to maintain their precision and

accuracy.

Primary responsibility for the surveillance of metrological

instruments belongs to the Industrial Advancement Administration, and

part of the above responsibility, namely for the instruments for

commercial uses, is delegated to the provincial governments. But

inspection and calibration services are to be conducted by various

research institutes, testing laboratories, and inspection agencies for

industrial products, traced to the national physical standards of

weights and measures which will be maintained by the National

Industrial Standard Research Institute of lAA.

68
Measurement Policy and Achievements In 1973

A fact-finding survey of weights and measures was conducted In order

to establish a basic policy for the service system. The survey

revealed

First, Industry has an Inadequate number of precise and accurate

measuring Instruments for the manufacture of products meeting their

established standards.

Second, the calibration of measuring Instruments Is not regularly

done. In spite of the fact that this Is necessary to maintain their

precision and accuracy.

Third, the management, especially the top management, is lacking In

understanding the Importance of weights and measures to Industrial

development

Fourth, there Is an Insufficient distribution of standard reference

materials and of weights and measures for the calibration of measuring

Instruments, requiring a system of calibration services.

Fifth, Industry Is lacking In understanding the need for standard

reference materials, with the result that a supply system of standard

reference materials Is required.

The Law of Weights and Measures has been revised to provide better

Inspection and calibration service for measuring and weighing

Instruments which are used In Industries to secure quality control.

To promote more rational Implementation of the system of weights and

measures, a system of licensing metrologlsts has been established, and

a mandatory quality control system has been Introduced In the

metrologlcal Instruments Industry.

FUTURE PROGRAMS

Standardization

The number of standards will be Increased so that It will become

almost equal to the number held by advanced countries by the early

part of the 1980* s. Outdated standards will be revised and Improved

In accordance with the development of Industry, especially the

development of Industrial technology, so as to make them up to date.

In addition to the Increase In and modernization of standards which

are but piece-meal steps of the standardization program, such

technical projects as the establishment of an Industrial safety code,

engineering standards, and the specifications for designing.

69'

J
fabrication, and Inspection for industries will be extensively carried

out.

Weights and Measures

The National Industrial Standards Research Institute, an organization

similar to the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, will be strengthened

and expanded with the recruitment and training of competent staff

members and the procurement of up-to~date equipment and instruments

for the maintenance and development of the national standards of

weights and measures.

A nation-wide calibration service system will be established for

systematic calibration of the instruments held by industry in

reference to the national physical standards of the meter and kilogram

kept at the National Industrial Standards Research Institute. For

effective operation of this service, calibration technicians will be

extensively trained.

In order to extend standardization and calibration services to all

fields of industry, the national network of testing and inspection

laboratories will be expanded.

An effort will also be made to give industry, especially private

industry and trade associations, incentives and encouragement for

autonomous programs to improve standards and measurements.

These programs for improvement of standards and measurements of Korea

need the cooperation and assistance of international organizations and

foreign organizations for their successful implementation.

!>0
Session III - Paper 3

PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES

By: Kurt F. J. Helnrlch

National Bureau of Standards

Analytical chemistry Is an Important tool for the quality control and

characterization of materials. I Intend here to discuss some special

problems and opportunities presented to this science In the context of

a developing economy, I have, however, some misgivings concerning the

use, or abuse, of terms such as "underdeveloped" or "developing" \Aien

applied to countries. The definition of the state of development of a society Is most relevant In Its relations with other societies or In

comparison with other periods, but we must not exaggerate the

Importance of the existence or absence of specific technological

features In a given ambience, (For a useful definition of

"underdevelopment" see the contribution of Mr, Omer Goncii,)

At the present time, serious problems related to technological

development arise from the enormous Interaction between diverse

cultural and Industrial media. The advance of the means of public

communication such as television, radio and cinema produces a crisis

of expectation every time a significant product Is developed; new

devices, such as transistors, jet aircraft or modem plastics, become

part of all amblences, almost regardless of the local conditions, and

whatever problem may arise concerning raw materials and quality

control, as well as those related to pollution and energy balance,

cannot be limited to those countries In which these products were

first created.

Analytical chemistry Is certainly a time-honored art. In many

branches of Industry, analytical tests of raw materials and products

have been performed for a century. Notwithstanding, analytical

chemistry Is In a continuous flux. Here are some factors which

account for the unending search for analytical tools and procedures.

1. The development of some new technologies Introduces new materials,

such as gallium arsenide, phosphors for light sources, or laser

glasses, which had not been used previously. The quality requirements

for such new materials are Invariably high, and their successful use frequently depends on the development of adequate analytical

procedures.

2. Other technologies require materials of familiar composition, but

with greatly Increased purity requirements. In some cases - such as silicon - these requirements tax or exceed the capabilities of even

the most sophisticated methods.

71

J
3. The miniaturization of components, notably in the electronic and

communication industries, requires information on a microscopic level

which can only be obtained with the aid of microprobe techniques. For

instance, the spatial distribution of dopants, impurities and

vacancies in semi-conductor materials frequently determines their

electronic properties. For such analytical problems, reliable

techniques must still be developed; most probably, they will require

the use of very expensive instruments such as ion mlcroprobes and

secondary ion mass spectrometers.

4. The introduction of new materials with toxic properties is an increasing threat to society. The dangers of widespread distribution

of poisonous materials is not, by any means, limited to undeveloped

countries. The frequent occurrence of lead poisoning in several

cities of the U.S.A. due to ingestion of flaking lead paint by

children is a good Illustration of the problem.

Some of the most spectacular and tragic accidents were due to mass poisoning of populations by chemicals. A well-known episode of this

kind occurred in the Bay of Ilinamata, Japan, A large quantity of

mercury was discharged from an industrial plant into the bay, and the

mercury concentrated in marine organisms and was Ingested by the local

population. Hundreds of deaths and cases of crippling brain damage

demonstrated the dangers of accidental release of toxic materials. In

Iran, the ingestion of cereal grain which had been intended as seed

material and Impregnated with a fungicide containing an organic

mercury compound, claimed an equally large number of victims. In both

cases, the ignorance of the consumers, and the lack of adequate

quality controls of food materials (or the abuse of seed grain not

intended for human consumption which was not labeled in the language

of the user nation), had disastrous consequences. The danger of such

events is particularly high in underdeveloped countries in contact

with new and unfamiliar technological products and procedures.

Of less serious immediate consequence, but of great importance due to

the magnitude of the problem, is the pervading presence in the

biosphere of non-degradable insecticides, such as DDT. Traces of such

substances, which have proven adverse ecological consequences, require

delicate procedures for their Isolation, detection and measurement,

and the problems of correct sampling of specimens can also be serious.

A similar problem which affects extensive sectors of the world's

waterways is posed by the ambient contamination due to crude petroleum

which can be caused by careless cleaning practices of tanker ships or by accidental leaks from vessels and pipe lines. For many of the

contaminations, adequate analytical methods are either lacking or not

in V7ldespread use.

n
5. The volume and accuracy of determinations required, the speed of

control necessary for modem production lines, and the increase in the

cost of labor in laboratories requires the replacement of time-honored

manual methods by automated procedures.

Such changes of procedures do not occur without problems and

penalties, and even in countries such as the U.S.A., in which the

trends toward automation and computerization are strong, every

decision in this direction is, or should be, made on its own merits.

It must be taken into account that automated equipment is expensive,

often requires extensive precalibration, and sometimes also presents

problems of maintenance which did not exist in the technique which is

being displaced. For instance, modern automatic analytical balances

having delicate electronic components may not be very useful in

regions where services and calibration for electronic devices are not

available. At such locations, a common mechanical balance would be

preferable. Furthermore, extensive retraining of the laboratory

personnel may be required to make efficient use of the net; facilities.

It is due to these difficulties that developments In analytical

chemistry do not make an equal impact at all locations. There is

still a widespread use of "classical" techniques, particularly in

smaller establishments, and where the required volume of analyses is

not very high. But, there are also trends in the use of analytical

chemistry which should be of interest to those scientists and

industrialists concerned with the development of technology in sraller

countries.

It was customary for all but the smallest establishments to perform

all analytical and quality-control measurements in-house. Such a procedure, if feasible, is the most rapid and simple from the standpoint of communication; it also provides the safeguards of

confidentiality frequently required in private industry. However, at

present there is a remarkable change going on. In the first place,

the development of modern production methods requires a close

interplay of industries and laboratories; without voluntary standardization of materials and procedures, the situation would be chaotic.

There is, therefore, an increase in the number of comparisons and

round-robin or collaborative tests - even among establishments which

are, in other aspects, in a competitive position. Moreover, while

some smaller establishments find the purchase of expensive equipment,

such as an electron probe or a reactor facility for activation

analysis, beyond their means, other companies which have acquired them

find it necessary to offer analytical services to other customers in

order to keep the operation of their analytical facilities profitable.

Finally, an increasing number of small and middle-slzec' laboratories

dedicate themselves exclusively to providing their clients with

specimen characterization of a sophisticated and specialized nature.

is
If growing pains of materials characterization are obvious and

apparent In nations such as the U.S.A., the same problems become much

more serious In an area where the market for analyses and the physical

size of corresponding establishments are smaller. Consider, for

example, the manufacturers of a relatively simple device such as an electric lamp. The size of the plant in a smaller country, the

difficulty of purchasing, importing. Installing, and maintaining

expensive laboratory equipment, will limit the extent to which the

manufacturer can and should duplicate the analytical facilities and

practices existing in a similar but much larger plant in the U.S.A.,

England or Japan, The same considerations and limitations also apply

to the academic establishments. Each situation should be soberly

evaluated on its merits rather than from abstract or prestige

considerations

.

At the same time, the efficiency of quality control can be greatly

furthered if the principle of centralization and intercommunication of

centers or scientific activities is applied. The more United the

possibilities for expansion are, the more challenging and ultimately

satisfying is the task of technical and scientific coordination. Such

interplay should not only cover geographic distances, but also unite

in a common goal the laboratories which serve private industry and

commerce, the schools and universities, and the governmental agencies.

Cooperation is particularly useful in the utilization of computer

facilities. The success in the U.S.A. of time-shared computers, which

can be reached by a large number of users via telephonic connections,

is well known. The time-shared computer is also used for

accessibility from various sites within a large establishment, such as

a large university campus.

However, coordination is frequently complicated by the fact that

diverse branches of technology have been imported from, and are sill

influenced by, different foreign sources. In such cases, it is an

Important step to Initiate a process of standardization and norming of

terms before a significant interaction between organizations can be

carried on without continuous misunderstandings. This is also a phase

in \7hich the National Bureau of Standards can provide assistance

conducive to a more efficient use of existing resources.

iu
Session IV - Paper 1

THE TRAINING OF METROLOGISTS

By: Yardley Beers

National Bureau of Standards

Metrology Is the science of making quantitative measurements at or

near to the highest accuracy or at least the highest precision, that

Is attainable at the time and In the environment In ^Ich the

measurement Is made. A metrologlst Is one who practices this science.

The needs of highly Industrialized countries are auch as to require

the accuracy of the measurements that are made to be at or near the

state of the art. In contrast. In developing countries measurements

of lower accuracy are often sufficient to meet current needs.

However, the desirable characteristics of a trained metrologlst In

these two types of situations are essentially identical: a solid

knowledge of science or technology, patience in repeating

measurements, and an ability to identify causes of error and

unreliability. Therefore, the same type of training applies in both

cases. Perhaps the main difference is that the metrologlst in the

developing countries is less well equipped and must learn to improvise

with materials that are at hand.

If a visitor should question the members of a large established

metrology and standards laboratory, he would find that few, if any, of

them had received any specialized training in metrology before joining

the laboratory. And at the time of joining the staff, most of them

were considering employment opportunities in other types of

laboratories, in universities and in industrial firms, as well.

Therefore, the first requirement placed upon a good metrologlst is

that he be competent as a scientist or engineer in some appropriate

field such as physics, chemistry, metallurgy, electricity, or

mechanics. The process whereby someone with general training becomes

an expert metrologlst is a gradual one, mainly depending upon both

formal and Informal contacts with experienced members of the staff.

In addition, it is important that he be brought into frequent contact

with people in other laboratories and Industry who use the

measurements and standards, the co-called "users" or "customers".

Sometimes also it may be desirable for a new staff member to have

additional formal instruction in courses taught either in the

laboratory by staff members or at a local university while he is

employed.

First, it is most important that the specialist in metrology have upto-date general knowledge of his field of science or technology. In

many years past the network of measurements was based upon prototype

standards such as the standard meter bar, and the metrologlst somewhat

1/5
resembled the curator of a museum, guarding his treasures and giving

access to them only to a chosen few who could present Impressive

credentials. However, now the network of measurements Is based more

and more upon quantum effects In atoms and molecules, and except for

the standard of mass, most prototype standards have been abandoned.

Measurements based upon quantum effects are the products of recent

sophisticated basic research, and the metrologlst cannot be successful

unless he Is Informed about new developments and unless he has an understanding of them. Examples of the application of quantum

phenomena to methods of measurement are numerous: using the

wavelength of visible light rather than a meter bar as a standard of

length, measurement of magnetic fields through the use of magnetic

resonance, the use of a spectral line of cesium as a standard of time

and frequency, and the use of a Josephson superconducting junction

along with the measurement of frequency to serve as a reference for

voltage measurements. Recently some of my colleagues have made very

accurate measurements of both the frequency and wavelength of the same spectral line generated by a laser, and It Is hoped that work of this

type will lead to a defined value for the velocity of light.

Obviously a metrologlst cannot hope to be successful In this ever- changing situation without good basic training In his field.

A new employee with good basic training usually Is able to perform

useful work soon after starting his new position by consulting or working under the supervision of more experienced members of the

staff. Some of the larger laboratories have programs of basic

research. In which the work Is similar to that the newcomer did as his

thesis at the university, but In which the topics are selected on the

basis of their connection with measurement problems. For example, one

new member of the staff of the National Bureau of Standards was asked

to study certain effects affecting the width of spectral lines,

especially as observed with atomic beam equipment. His results,

although basic In nature, ultimately led to a more complete evaluation

of the errors In atomic beam frequency standards and to their Improved

design. While pursuing this basic research, a new staff member,

perhaps partly unconsciously, becomes Informed of more practical

measurement problems, and in time either by voluntary choice or by

administrative assignment, he transfers some or all of his effort to

work upon them. At the same time, the managers of the laboratory

should pay careful attention as to whether the new employee is

developing an aptitude and Interest in working on metrological

problems, and if he does not do so within a reasonable time, he should

be encouraged to seek employment elsewhere.

In laboratories where there is no substantial program of basic

research, a new employee has to be assigned to practical problems at

the start. In such a case, in the beginning he must receive

supervision and personal instruction from his supervisor, but if he is

f)6
a suitable employee, the need for supervision rapidly decreases to

nearly zero.

The distinction between a raetrologist and a scientist or engineer

working in the same field in laboratories of other types, perhaps is one of point of view and of character rather than of formal training.

Many young men and women are attracted to science with the hope of

discovering some new spectacular phenomena such as new particles,

quasars, or some phenomenon in the solid state, or with the hope of

developing an important extension to some theory such as relativity or quantum mechanics. While in his first assignment in a metrology

laboratory, a successful metrologist gradually realizes that learning

how to make a measurement with ten times its previous accuracy or developing an apparatus for measuring some quantity that had not

previously been measured, and thereby improving the quality of some product, may be just as fascinating as making some of these more

newsworthy discoveries. Also he develops the satisfaction that his

work is bringing more immediate benefit to his fellow men.

At the same time the metrologist must develop superior patience in

repeating his measurement countless times and become a detective in

locating subtle sources of error. Several years ago while I was

engaged in studying the Stark effect of gases, I had an absorption

cell in which the position of one of the plates could be adjusted from

outside the vacuum seal. The design of my apparatus incorporated

details that had been used elsewhere in the laboratory, and I thought

my apparatus was sufficiently rugged, but nevertheless I had unusual

difficulty due to mechanical instability. A mechanical engineer

joined the project, and he sensed that the difficulty was due to

changes in atmospheric pressure applied to the adjusting knobs that

were transmitted to the plate inside the chamber. He redesigned the

equipment so that the plate was isolated from changes in atmospheric

pressure, and the trouble disappeared.

This incident illustrated not only that a metrologist must continually

be on guard for unsuspected sources of error, but also that in

metrological work a wide diversity of talents and disciplines are

required. It would be economically impractical to set up a comprehensive course for metrologists in a university because of the

large number of specialties that are required, even if it were

possible to identify the students who were going to be metrologists

when they enter the university.

It is important that a new member of the staff of a metrological

laboratory, especially one whose previous training has been in basic

research, be brought into contact with users as early as possible.

Contact with these people causes him to understand their problems and

motivates his work. Often his analysis of their problems may be

fl'
different than theirs, and he may be able to suggest a better solution

than the one they had considered. As he becomes more experienced and

as he is able to provide solutions and supply the design of

instruments, his role is not only to be a listener but also to be a teacher, as he instructs them in the correct way of making

measurements. In this he must often exercise a great deal of tact and

diplomacy. Contact between metrologists and users should be at the

working level as well as at the administrative one.

Metrologists who are directly concerned with the design of

instrumentation to be used directly to check quality control in

industry must become aware of some problems related to human nature.

Apparatus which gives good performance in a research laboratory when

operated for limited times by well-trained and highly motivated staff

may be unsatisfactory when used on the production line for long

periods by inexperienced and poorly motivated people. Readout

devices, preferably digital, should be of a type that are easy to

read, and they and any knobs which require adjustment should be placed

in positions that are easy to reach in order to reduce fatigue. Any

adjustments which set the calibration of the instrument should be made

inaccessible. Stops or safety devices should be included to prevent

damage by incorrect adjustment or by throwing the switches in the

wrong order.

There are a few technical skills which are needed in nearly every

metrological activity. One is a knowledge of the statistical

treatment of errors so that the observer can determine whether the

results of his measurements are statistically significant and also so that he can design his experiments so that the effects of disturbances

or changing environmental conditions are minimized. A second skill is some knowledge of electronics, perhaps not to the extent that the

metrologist can build his own equipment, but at least to the point

where he knows what can and what cannot be accomplished by electronic

circuits so that he can supervise others in building equipment or so that he can purchase it intelligently from outside sources. Finally

now there is a universal need of knowledge concerning computers and

computer programming. Indeed, there is now the modern trend with

complicated measurements or with ones that are made repetitively to use automated or computer-controlled apparatus, where the computer

checks whether the apparatus is in working order, sets the conditions

of the experiment, turns the switches and valves at the right times,

reduces the data and prints out the results. Sometimes, a computer

controlled experiment can obtain superior results to a manually

operated one, A computer-controlled microwave spectrometer can obtain

either ten times the signal-to-noise ratio or ten times the resolving

power compared to a manually operated one with the same total

observing time.

n
Some of the burden of learning to program a computer Is disappearing

because some computers now have libraries of programs that have been

written, and the experimenter merely has to know how to call up the

correct program and how to enter his data in it to obtain the answers

he wants. Now there are even some pocket electronic calculators which

contain some limited programming capability. In one, it is possible

to punch in a group of numbers and obtain the mean and standard

deviation. On the other hand, if one must process huge quantities of

data, often he can do it more economically by understanding the details

of the computer that is available and writing a special program.

Also, often there are problems which are specialized but not very

complicated with which just a little elementary knowledge of computer

programming can save a lot of time. For example, in a recent

experiment I performed, the data had to be corrected by use of the

following formula:

C = ay Vx^ + byS/xl\

where C was the correction to be added, a and b were constants known

from theory, and x and y were parameters which determined the

conditions of each observation and which took on new values with each

observation. This formula was a simple one to write down, but to

calculate C just once using a slide rule or a desk calculator was very

laborious, especially as one had to repeat the calculation more than once and obtain the same result to be sure that he had not made a mistake. On the other hand, it was only a five minute task to enter

in a computer a four line program pertaining to this formula. Once it was stored in the computer, it was a simple matter to obtain C

immediately by punching in the values of x and y, and furthermore,

there was a printed record which could be checked at any time to see

that the correct values had been entered.

Changes in the program of the laboratory such as change of emphasis on microwaves to one on lasers or on important new technologies such as

the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors, or the replacement of

discrete transistors by integrated circuits may make it necessary to

retrain portions of the staff.

It may happen that an individual staff member may find that his

performance of his assigned tasks is limited by lack of knowledge of some particular topic, which could be learned by taking a standard

course. Perhaps it might be in statistics or in computer programming,

which topic the man happened to have missed when he took his previous

full-time university course. Therefore, the management of a metrology

laboratory must make provisions for such training on a part-time basis

while the staff members are still employed. In some cases the courses may be taught by informed staff members, Ilore generally, the

instruction is obtained at a nearby university or technical school.
It hardly needs to be said that it is most desirable, if not

essential, to have a metrological laboratory located near a university so that such instruction can be available when needed. Such

a location has the added advantage that the faculty members frequently can serve as expert consultants or as part-time staff members

in their free time. Conversely, experienced scientists at the

metrological laboratory teach part time whenever it is to the mutual

advantage of both the university and the metrologist.

In summary then, the training of a metrologist consists of four parts,

the last of which is optional: 1) graduation from a technical school

or university with a degree in some relevant field, 2) interaction

with more experienced members of the staff, which may consist of

formal supervision, informal discussion, or group meetings, 3) interaction with actual or potential users of measurements and standards,

and 4) part-time formal training, usually at a local university or technical school, v;hile the man is employed as a metrologist.

86
Session IV - Paper 2

IMPLEMENTATION OF STANDAEDIZATION

IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

By: flmer Goncil

Turkish Standards Institution, Turkey

I would like to start by defining what a developing country is. Being

a citizen of a developing country, I would like to depart from the

definitions given by the members of developed countries and without

hesitation call it an underdeveloped country. An underdeveloped

country, as all of us know, is a country whose industry is largely

based on agricultural products, raw materials, and related small

industries. The xinderdeveloped country exports these products to

developed countries and imports consxamer products from them.

Generally there is no specific level of standardization in these

imported products. The level of standardization is closely related to

the standardization activities of the country from which products are

imported. The underdeveloped country has no say and is not informed

of changes that take place in the level of standardization in these

producer countries.

The first change is experienced when there is competition in the

foreign markets to the line of products exported. In order to sell

the products at a higher price and keep a share of the market, the

underdeveloped country starts classifying products and packs them in a way that is suitable for transportation and presentation. This is the

first step toward standardization in underdeveloped countries. It is

accompanied by the transfer of technology to the underdeveloped

country by marketing firms in the foreign market. In time,

competition causes the exporters to be more conscious about the

products. This leads the government to take actions to prepare

national standards in order to achieve higher prices for the products

exported and keep a good share of the foreign market.

In the process of switching from a company to a national level of

standardization, an organization to prepare standards for the products

exported needs to be founded and a controlling organization set up to

prohibit the exportation of substandard products. Generally these

institutions are called "standardization institutions". Soon these

institutions establish laboratories for testing and controlling the

quality of products according to the related standards available.

Many problems that were solved at a company level are now solved at a national level so that a certain extent of uniformity is reached.

As the underdeveloped country increases its trade relationships with

developed countries, there is a technology transfer to a certain

81
extent to the underdeveloped country through the standardization

process. When the underdeveloped one approaches more closely the

developed country, the firms in the underdeveloped country realize

that they can easily produce most of the consumer products imported at

high prices themselves at a much lower cost. With this Initiative the

country starts importing machines capable of producing consumer

products. With these machines and the technology transferred from

developed countries, various consumer product producing plants are

erected. As these plants are built, the companies selling these

machines sell the technology they have developed together with the

patents which are already included in the prices of the machines.

Contrary to the process of standardization in agricultural products,

domestic competition takes place early in the first phase of

industrialization. The first controller of this competition is the

consuming public. The home country consumers compare the domestic

products with those which were once imported. The result of this

comparison leads the public and government to institute a certain

level of standardization in industrial production. Again the

standardization process at the company level is raised to a national

level.

The standards institution, once set up to control the quality of

agricultural products, now has to implement standardization of

industrial products. As the standardization process expands, these

institutions get in contact with organizations in developed countries

and start adopting their standards. This is the process that leads to

development and transfer of technology at a higher level, depending on

the socio-economic environment present in the underdeveloped country.

It is not right to call a country developed on the basis of industries

which do not require high technology such as the textile industry. In

order to call a country developed, it is necessary that the country be

able to produce machines for the production of consinner goods and a heavy industry infrastructure so that it can be self sufficient and

export some of its products to other countries.

Turkey, of which I am a citizen, exports industrial goods to countries

like the U.S.A., Germany and Switzerland. Turkish textiles are the

most looked for in these countries. We also export glass to the

U.S.A., refrigerators to North African Countries, the Middle East and

Pakistan, and cars to Jordan, but even at this level, we can hardly

call Turkey an industrialized country. Years ago we were selling

agricultural products and buying consumer goods; today we have added

consumer goods to our agricultural products and now we are buying

goods that need higher technology at very high prices from developed

countries which have developed such technologies.

&2
It is my belief that the gap between Industrializing and

Industrialized countries Is Increasing at a rate that Is parallel to

the rate of change of technology In developed countries. Only If the

developing countries can avoid a lengthy path of Industrialization and

make a jump to higher technologies that will enable them to produce

high technology goods will they have a chance of being developed In a short period of time.

To summarize the stages of standardization:

1) In industrializing countries the standardization process starts

with agricultural products. The country has to Implement standards

from the field to the market at every level and to better the quality

of its products depending on the highest technology available. These

countries set up standardization organizations to prepare and

Implement standards that are suitable for the socio-economic structure

of the country.

2) In time, these countries start industrializing and preparing

standards for industrial goods and services. For this purpose, the

standardization organizations prepare standards and implement them,

and through this process a technology transfer occurs from the

developed to the underdeveloped.

3) Later, in the process of standardization, international relations

are set up and adoptation of international standards takes place.

This process helps technology transfer at the international level and

eases trade barriers once experienced by the underdeveloped country.

83

APPENDIX I (see also Preface)

February 19 74

DRAFT FOR COMMENTS

Statement Relating to the NBS/AID Regional Workshop

Proposed to be Held In La Paz, Bolivia

June 24 and 25. 1974 on the

Subject of a Network (System) for Standardization

and Measurement Services In Latin America

Introduction

Following an NBS/AID Survey of Standardization and Measurement

Services in Bolivia, it is proposed to hold a Regional Workshop on

such services in Latin America. The tentative location is La Paz,

Bolivia; the revised dates are to be June 24 and 25. The Workshop

languages shall be English and Spanish with simultaneous translation

between these languages.

The Concepts

The Workshop will discuss and modify as necessary the following

concepts and debate their usefulness.

"Standardization" shall refer to all technical engineering, product,

and safety standards; technical codes of practice and specifications;

the relevant information and dissemination services; and the

associated calibration, product testing, inspection, and certification

systems.

"Measurement" shall refer to all technical quantification procedures,

be they chemical or physical, and be they simply numerical or by

visual inspection against a standard scale of reference or by use of

standards or reference such as standard reference materials.

"Network" shall refer to a system of organizations (nodes), each of

which has some technical mission and is linked to at least two other

nodes by directionally specified technical working relationships

(channels) consisting of standardization and measurement services.

Any two nodes can be linked by more than one channel, even in a single

direction. Examples of the types of nodes that v±ll be found in the

Network are:

N.C. - Certification Authority

N.G, - Governmental Agency

m
N.ISB. - International Standards Body

N.M, - Manufacturer

N.NSB. - National Standards Body

N.RSB. - Regional Standards Body

N.TL. - Test Laboratory

Typical examples of channels might be

C.C, " Consultative

C.ID. - Informative

CM. - Metrologlcal

C.SG. - Standards Generating

C.R. - Regulatory

C.T. - Training

Individual nodes are Identified by further assigned symbols

Individually or In groups.

Channels can join or fork at places other than nodes.

The Purpose of the Workshop

Good standardization and measurement are widely recognized as the

principal technical Ingredients for production controls In

manufacturing Industry and quality control of products for successful

trade.

Standardization and measurement systems are In general applied more

effectively In highly Industrialized regions of the world than In less

developed communities. Yet to less developed countries the adoption

of a good standardization and measurement Infrastructure promises such

additional advantages as effective technology transfer and successful

use of Imports from a diversity of high technology countries. The

typically smaller local manufacturing organizations In less developed

countries rely more on national, regional or International technical - services than are needed by multinational corporations. Knowledge of

the Identity and availability of such services Is often deplorably

lacking.

Using the example of Bolivia, It Is hoped to Identify the network and

disseminate knowledge of Its channels so that manufacturers can avail

themselves of existing resources and permit governmental agencies to

develop new needed nodes and channels.

It Is hoped that the Workshop results will form a model with potential

for application to other Andean or even all Latin American countries.

^6
Participation

To discuss these wide-ranging topics representatives should be Invited

from:

1. ) Bolivian Industry,

2. ) Bolivian Government,

3. ) Bolivian universities,

4. ) Bolivian standards and test organizations,

5. ) Standards and test organizations of other nations

(highly Industrialized and less developed),

6. ) National and International development assistance

organizations.

For an effective Workshop the total attendance should not be large.

Despite the shortage of time all participants should come ready to

make an effective contribution to the Workshop. A short abstract of

each proposed contribution should be sent in advance to H. S. Pelser.

For material mailed after June 1, use the following address for

Mr. Pelser:

c/o Ing. Rodolfo Costas L.

General Director of Standards and Technology

Dlrecclon General de Normas y Tecnologia

Minlsterlo de Industrla y Comercio

Casllla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

The Sessions

Participants at the Workshop should find the tx^o days, June 24 and 25,

crowded, hard work, but rewarding. There will be four sequential

half-day sessions each headed by a chairman and recorded by a reporter. There will also be a dinner on the 24th followed by a brief

technical discourse by an invited speaker. The Conference Sessions

will have the following titles:

Interactions for Information,

Interactions for Standards,

Interactions for Solutions (to problems).

Interactions for Training,

Each session shall concern itself with the technical Infrastructure of

a practical standards system supported by a measurement technology and

statistics. Discussion is needed in each session on the governmental

mandate, the relevance to national goals, the implementation of

8?.
production and quality controls, as well as on the testing and

certification procedures. Each session should concern Itself with the

parts played by government, manufacturing enterprises, universities,

and International standards organizations. Moreover, let us not

forget the consumer or the Innovator. One essential task for the

reporter Is to develop for the audience In his session the relevant

network sketch for Bolivia showing the relevant channels.

Officers of the Workshop

There will be one Bolivian and one U.S. President of the Workshop, one

Bolivian and one U.S. Secretary. H. S. Pelser will be the sole

program coordinator. There will be a Local Organizing Chairman and

other officers according to need.

The Final Report

The chairmen will be asked to Insist on brevity and rule out of order

undue repetition, non-technical topics and development of well-known

concepts. Requirements of excessive brevity Is not placed on written

contributions handed In before or up to one month after the Workshop.

This unusual practice Is suggested because there should be a lot of

new material, about which participants can think after their return to

their Institutions. If then they have wise second thoughts, these

should still be entered Into the Workshop record. This record will be

published In English and Spanish.

8B
APPENDIX II

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND SPECIAL GUESTS

AT THE NBS/AID SEMINAR ON

STANDARDIZATION AND METROLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA

HELD IN LA PAZ, JUNE 2A and 25, 1974

Mr. William E. Andrus

Program Manager

Office of Engineering and Information Processing Standards

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

U.S.A.

Lie. Manuel E. Arellano

Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicas

Universidad Mayor de San Andres

Av. Victor Sanjines 2803

Casilla 1383

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Moises Arteaga C.

Sociedad de Ingenieros de Bolivia

Edificio Conavi - 5° Piso - Oficina 503

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Raul Azcui

Direccion General de Nomas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Lie. Asthenio Averanga Mbllinedo

Academia Nacional de Ciencias

Pedro Salazar 195

Casilla 5829

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Jorge Baldivieso H.

Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo

Casilla 5055

La Paz, Bolivia

Dr. Yardley Beers

Senior Research Scientist

Quantum Electronics Division

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

U.S.A.
Dr. Alberto Bellot San Martin

Dlreccion General de Compras y Sumlnlstros

Minis terlo de Indus tria, Comercio y Turismo

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Gregorio Bernal Yanez

Direccion General de Nomas y Tecnologia

Casilla #4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Juan Cabrerizo

JUNAC

Casilla 3237

Lima, Peru

Ing. Carlos Caceres M.

Casilla 3359

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Benigno Canavire A,

Direccion General de Desarrollo Industrial

Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Ronanth Cahdia Gonzales

Jefe del Departamento de Normas

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430-

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Ricardo Angel Cardona A.

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Dr. Hugo Castellanos 0.

Gerente de la Camara Nacional de Industrias

Casilla 611

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Hugo Castrillo Mercado

Direccion de Coordinacion Educativa e Investigacion Cientlfica

Consejo Nacional de Educacion Superior

Edificio La Esperanza 2° Piso

Avenida Mariscal Santa Cruz

La Paz, Bolivia

90
Ing. Orlando Catacora S.

Jefe del Departamento de Quitnlca

Universldad Bollviana Tecnica de Oruro

Av, Sargento Flores N 585 (Domlcillo Particular)

Oruro , Bolivia

Q. I. Edith de Coronel

Direccion General de Nomas y Tecnologia

Casilla A430

La Paz, Bolivia

Q. 1. Jose Cortez Medinacelli

Direccion General de Nonnas y Tecnologia

Casilla A430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Rodolfo Costas

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Simon Cuentas Carrillo

Empresa Nacional de Fundiciones

Casilla 612

Oruro, Bolivia

Dr. Jong Wan Choi

Administrator

Industrial Advancement Administration

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Seoul, Korea

Ing. Jose Luis Daza Mercado

Direccion General de Desarrollo Industrial

Minis terio de Indus tria, Comercio y Turismo

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Orlando Donoso T.

Director General de Nonnas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Ernesto Duarte de la Quintana

Destileria Boliviana

Manuel Mariaca 1865 (Miraflores)

La Paz, Bolivia

91
J,

Q. I. Carlos Duran Canelas

Jefe del Departamento Laboratorlo

Dlreccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casllla 4A30

La Paz, Bolivia

Mr. David Edgerly

Special Assistant for International Standards Programs

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

U.S.A.

Ing. Jaime Escobari C.

Corporacion Minera de Bolivia

Casilla 349

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Roberto Espinoza Gamica

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Raul Estrada A.

Director General

Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalizacion

Apartado 3999 - Colon 1663

Quito, Ecuador

Q. I. Gertrudis Gamboa B.

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Q. I. Rolando Garces Perez

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Hugo Garcia Vita

Jefe del Departamento de Electricidad

Universidad Boliviana Tecnica de Oruro

Pagador 1083

Casilla 457

Oruro, Bolivia

92
Mr. Omer Goncii

Director Electrical Laboratories

Turkish Standards Institute

Necatlvey Caddesl 112

Bakanllklar

Ankara, Turkey

Mr. B. M. Gutterman

Assistant Director for Coordination (HFF-402)

Office of Technology

Bureau of Foods

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Washington, D. C. 20204

Dr. Kurt F. J. Helnrlch

Chief

Surface Microanalysis Section

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

U.S.A.

Ing. Edgar Hevla y Vaca Lorla

Direcclon General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casllla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Lie. Jose Illescas M.

Corporacion Minera de Bolivia

Departamento de Mlnerales

Casllla 1414

La Paz, Bolivia

Mr. David Jickllng

Chief

Public Administration Division

U.S. AID Mission to Bolivia

Casllla 673

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Juan Joffre

Facultad de Tecnologia

Universldad Bollvlana Tecnlca de Oruro

Casllla 200

Oruro, Bolivia

Lie. Jaime La Fuente

Camara Naclonal de Indus trlas

Casllla 614

La Paz, Bolivia

^3
Ing. Roger Levy S.

Direccion Naclonal de Electricldad "DINE"

Avenlda Marlscal Santa Cruz 1322

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing* Jorge Lonsdale V.

Presidente

Confederaclon de Empresarios Privados

Casilla 6182

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Javier Mantilla L.

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla A430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Raul Mariaca Gonzales

Universidad Mayor de San Andres

Casilla 574

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Leon Mattes

Jefe del Departamento de Tecnologia

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Hugo Moldes 0.

Direccion General de Nomas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Hernando Montam> Valle

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia

Casilla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Mr. Arthur W. Mudge

U.S. AID Mission to Bolivia

Casilla 673

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Gonzalo Palza Vega

U.S. AID Bolivia

c/o Embajada Americana

La Paz, Bolivia

94
Ing. Roberto Pacheco G.

Enrpresa Naclonal de Electricldad S.A. "ENDE"

CasUla 565

Cochabamba, Bolivia

Krishna Panlcker

Food Technologist

Fabrlca Naclonal de Conservas DILLMA.N

CasUla 169

Cochabamba, Bolivia

Ing. Jose Paredes Oblltas

Jefe de la Division de Control de Calldad

Dlrecclon General de Normas y Tecnologla

Casllla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Mr. H. Steffen Pelser

Chief

Office of International Relations

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

U.S.A.

Dr. Juan Perelra Florllo

Sub-Secretarlo de Industrlas

Minis terlo de Indus trla, Comerclo y Turlsmo

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Roberto Pena Rodriguez

Camara Departamental de Industrlas

Avenlda Peru 3177

Casllla 169

Cochabamba, Bolivia

Ing. Damlan Ponce Rojas

Facultad de Tecnologla

Unlversldad Bollvlana Tomas Frlas

Potosl, Bolivia

Ing. Marcelo Prudenclo

Dlrecclon General de Nomas y Tecnologla

Casllla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Agr. Freddy Quezada

Jefe de la Division de Elaboraclon de Nomas

Dlrecclon General de Normas y Techologla

Casllla 4430

La Paz, Bolivia

95
Ing. Oscar Rondon A.

Empresa Naclonal de Ferrocarriles

Bolivar 724 Esq, Indaburo

Casllla 428

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Oscar Saavedra

Minis terlo de Flnanzas

Estados Unldos 1045

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing, Reynaldo Salguelro

Consejo Naclonal de Edugaclon Superior

Edlflclo La Esperanza 2 Plso

Avenlda Marlscal Santa Cruz

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Edgardo Sanj[ Inez G.

Corporaclon Regional de Desarrollo del Departamento de La Paz

Casllla No. 6102

La Paz, Bolivia

Javier A. Sejas R,

Corporaclon de las Fuerzas Armadas para el Desarrollo Naclonal

Mlnlsterlo de Defensa 5° Plso

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Patricio Sierra Humerez

Jefe de la Division de Normas

Institute Naclonal de Norxoallzaclon

Plaza Bulnes 1302

Santiago de Chile

Ing, Max Sorla Ponce

Jefe del Departamento Qulmlco

Institute de Investlgaclones Mlnero - Metalurglco

Casllla 600

Oruro, Bolivia

Dr, Ovldlo Suarez

Academla Naclonal de Clenclas

Casllla 5829

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing, Carlos Tadlc

Camara Naclonal de Indus trlas

Casllla 611

La Paz, Bolivia

96
Ing. Miguel Tejada Valasco

Presidente del Consejo Nacional de Educacion Superior

Edificio La Esperanza 2° Piso

Avenida Mariscal Santa Cruz

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. Vidal Vargas A.

Comite Departamental de Obras Publicas

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi

Department of Science

Ministry of Industry

Rama VI Street

Bangkok A, Thailand

Ing. Maximo Villagra Romay

Facultad de Tecnologia

Universidad Boliviana Tecnica de Oruro

Casilla 200

Oruro, Bolivia

Lie. Yolanda M. de Villalba

Jefe Departamento de Pequena Industria y Artesanias

Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo

La Paz, Bolivia

Eng. Felix Von Ranke

Executive Secretary

Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas

Av. Alte Barroso, 5A - 15°

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Victor Ya?tez Cortez

Corporacion de las Fuerzas Armadas para el Desarrollo Nacional

Ministerio de Defensa 5° Piso

La Paz, Bolivia

Ing. German Zambrana Zenteno

Instituto Minero Metalurgico

Casilla 600

Oruro, Bolivia

Ing. Eduardo Zubieta Villegas

Escuela Militar de Ingenieria

Pliego de Oficiales

La Paz, Bolivia

97
Traductor

Sr. Raul Marlaca G,

Slstema de Traducclon Slmultanea

Casilla 425

La Paz, Bolivia

98
NBS-IUA (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. FUHLK ATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 76-9882. Gov't Acces.sion No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

REGIONAL SEMINAR ON A SYSTEM OF STANDARDIZATION

AND METROLOGY FOR LATIN AMERICA

5. Publication Date February, 1976

6. Performing Organization Code

7. imasam) Editors: H. Steffen Pelser

Robert S . Marvin

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 76-988

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Taslc/Work Unit No.

11. Cont/act/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Agency for International Development, TA/OST 2841, Department

of State, Washington, D. C. 20523

Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia, Casllla 4430,

La Paz, Bolivia

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary ol most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This report contains the papers presented at the first of a series of Regional

Seminars, organized under the technical guidance of NBS and sponsored by the

U.S. Agency for International Development and the Direccion General de Normas

y Tecnologia of Bolivia. The Seminar was held at La Paz on the 24th and 25th

of June, 1974, with participants from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Korea,

Peru, Turkey, Thailand, and the United States of America. The Seminar was or- ganized into four sessions, each of one half day duration, covering: Session I,

"Interactions for Information"; Session II, "Interactions for Standards";

Session III, Interactions for Solutions to Technical Problems"; and Session IV,

"Interaction for Training".

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

AID; assistance; certification programs; education of raetrologists ; industrializing

nations; LDC's; metrology.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

I ! For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13

E Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

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21. NO. OF PAGES

99

22. Price

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