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Filed 4/12/21 P. v. MacKay CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JAMES MACKAY,

Defendant and Appellant.

E074154

(Super.Ct.No. INF1900720)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. James T. Latting, Judge. 

Affirmed as modified.

Gregory L. Cannon, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin Urbanski and Genevieve 

Herbert, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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INTRODUCTION

A jury found defendant and appellant James MacKay guilty of making criminal 

threats. (Pen. Code,

1 § 422, count 1.) A trial court granted probation for a period of 

three years under specified conditions.

On appeal, defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his

conviction. In supplemental briefing, he further contends that Assembly Bill No. 1950 

(Reg. Sess. 2019-2020), which amended section 1203.1 to limit the probation term for 

most felony offenses to two years, applies retroactively to this case. (Stats. 2020, ch. 

328, § 2.) The People concede, and we agree, that the amended statute applies. In all 

other respects, we affirm the judgment. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In early April 2019, C.M. (the victim) hired defendant to install a swamp cooler in 

his house. Defendant assured the victim that the work would be done in a timely manner, 

so the victim paid him $1,200 up front for the labor. They agreed defendant would 

charge the victim for the materials and the actual unit after the job was completed.

Defendant worked irregular hours on the job, and he promised the job would be 

done by a certain time, but that time came and went. He then broke the main water line 

and left the victim with a flooded front yard. Because of all the problems, the victim 

tried to rescind his contract with defendant by sending him an e-mail on April 21, 2019. 

The victim said he was rescinding the contract because he did not see the work getting 

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 All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise 

indicated.
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done, and he had to hire a plumber to fix the water line. He also told defendant he 

wanted him to return $800 in cash.

Defendant replied to the e-mail that night and stated he was going to sue the 

victim in small claims court. In his next e-mail, defendant said, “Also, favors in dhs 

[Desert Hot Springs] are bought rather cheap. Good luck.” The victim took that 

comment as a threat that defendant was going to have somebody “rough [him] up or 

worse.” The victim responded by saying he would notify the proper authorities 

immediately since defendant was apparently threatening him. The victim also asked for 

the $800 again. Defendant responded by saying, “Look punk you can notify anybody 

you wish. Punk a-- bitch.” He also said, “Your karma is coming around,” and “You owe 

me and mother f---er I will get mine.” The victim took all these comments as threats to 

him and his family since defendant knew where he lived and had been to his home.

Defendant sent another e-mail to the victim that night, saying, “You are so lucky

that you didn’t get the boots put to you yesterday. It’s still not too late.” The victim 

responded with, “That’s a criminal threat.” Defendant then replied, “You have got to be 

the only people in the valley that woke up today and thought it was a wise idea to screw 

with [me]. . . .” Defendant’s next e-mails said, “You go and press charges then. Boots 

are not a threat.” “More like a promise with soul.” Defendant and the victim kept emailing back and forth, disputing the money owed. Finally, the victim sent an e-mail 

telling defendant he did not want to continue arguing, and defendant would need to file a 

small claim if he believed the victim owed him money. He added that if defendant was 

not going to refund him the $800, they could let a judge decide. Defendant’s e-mails in 
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response stated, “Street court justice,” “After hours bill collection ltd. North valley tax 

collection,” and “Rocco, moose, help the council[2][sic] find his cheekbook [sic].” The 

victim understood these statements to mean that defendant would hire somebody, or he 

would personally come and “rough [him] up” and that would be the justice he deserved 

for not paying defendant.

That same night, defendant and the victim continued their conversation through 

text messages. The victim told defendant he had lost $1,200, plus costs for the plumber,

and asked if defendant was going to pay for the plumber. Defendant said, “You have no 

idea about what this will wind up costing,” “I mean that should strange things start to 

occur, costly things.” The victim understood that text as a threat that defendant would 

either cause him physical harm or cause damage to his home, or both. He sent a text in 

reply, saying, “If they occur jail is not a great place.” Defendant responded, “Look I do 

not have a problem in county jail.” In another text, he said, “You are thinking you can 

run roughshot [sic] over me and just burn me for $670.” He also said, “I am going to do 

what I have to do for my money from you.” After a few more text exchanges, defendant 

texted, “Enough said. Time for the diabolical side to rear its ugly mug.”

The next day, defendant sent the victim a text stating, “I have nothing to loose 

[sic] at this point. I am hoping to resolve this professionally. The otherside of coin [sic] 

is you have to be on alert. Always wondering who is next to you at the store. Or gas 

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 The victim is an attorney.
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station. . . .” The victim felt that defendant was attempting to create a sense of fear in 

him by making him wonder if someone would assault him if he went anywhere.

Defendant also sent the victim an e-mail that day, stating, “Look bitch I am going 

to blacken [both] of yours man to man. Tell whom ever you want simple battery is no 

big crime and believe me your a-- is getting jumped but not by me but a friend. I hate to 

be un [sic] your loafers.” The victim responded by telling defendant to expect a visit 

from the police, since he would be turning these messages over and filing a report.

Defendant replied, “Look . . . I do not give a f---. Your a-- is grass.” He followed up 

with more e-mails stating, “You are f---ing with the wrong people,” “The police can kiss 

my a--,” and “I will proudly do 30 or 90 days. Let’s see how you like going to work 

looking like a beat wife.” The victim understood defendant’s statements to mean that he 

was going to make good on his threat and that he would either have someone assault him 

physically or do it himself. The victim was a single parent with a little boy, and 

defendant knew where he lived. The victim became very concerned for his and his 

child’s safety. The victim took defendant’s threats of bodily harm seriously, because he 

did not know defendant personally and because of the number of times he threatened 

him.

Shortly after receiving defendant’s e-mails, the victim went to the police station 

and told an officer he feared for his safety due to defendant’s e-mails and texts. The

officer called defendant to try and help mediate the situation. He told defendant he could 

go and pick up the tools he left at the victim’s house that day, and that he would be 

present. Defendant said he would pick up his tools at his convenience, not the victim’s 
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convenience, and that he is “calling the shots,” not the victim. Defendant also said the 

following: “I’ll tell you that to a man right now, man-to-man, no problem. I, I’ll beat his 

a-- to a pulp and I’ll go to jail for it. That’s fine but that’s gonna be his payback ‘cause 

I’m from Desert Hot Springs and I don’t know where he’s from but he doesn’t treat 

people like that.” In a subsequent phone call, the officer told defendant he was trying to 

prevent someone from going to jail. Defendant responded, “I’m trying to prevent 

somebody from getting their eyes blackened and somebody going to jail. So we’re on the 

same page here sir. So if you could convey that to [the victim]. . . . Tell him . . . I don’t 

know why you want this guy to do all this work and then not pay ‘em when he’s almost 

done . . . that’s pretty underhanded . . . let the chips fall where they may. . . . I’m a man. 

I’ll man up. I’ll take my punishment what – but he’s gonna get his. I’m gonna get mine 

. . . that’s the way justice works these days, especially in the wild west of DHS. [¶] . . . 

[¶] You can tell him what I’m sayin’ and you can tell him that . . . you playing with fire, 

fire, okay? Fire. Bye.”

DISCUSSION

I. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Support Defendant’s Conviction

Defendant argues the evidence was insufficient to support his criminal threats 

conviction, claiming that he did not threaten to commit a crime that would result in death 

or great bodily harm, and the victim did not perceive that he threatened death or great 

bodily injury. He characterizes the circumstances simply as “a contract dispute [that]

devolved into threats,” and argues that section 422 “is not violated by schoolyard 

threats.” We conclude the evidence was sufficient.
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A. Standard of Review

“To assess the evidence’s sufficiency, we review the whole record to determine 

whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime or 

special circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The record must disclose 

substantial evidence to support the verdict—i.e., evidence that is reasonable, credible, and 

of solid value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond 

a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] In applying this test, we review the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the prosecution and presume in support of the judgment the existence 

of every fact the jury could reasonably have deduced from the evidence. [Citation.] 

‘Conflicts and even testimony [that] is subject to justifiable suspicion do not justify the 

reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive province of the trial judge or jury to 

determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the facts upon which a 

determination depends. [Citation.] We resolve neither credibility issues nor evidentiary 

conflicts; we look for substantial evidence. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] A reversal for 

insufficient evidence ‘is unwarranted unless it appears “that upon no hypothesis whatever 

is there sufficient substantial evidence to support” ’ the jury’s verdict.” (People v. 

Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 357.)

B. The Evidence Was Sufficient

The jury was instructed that, in order to find defendant guilty of having made a 

criminal threat, the People had to prove the following elements: 

“1. The defendant willfully threatened to unlawfully kill or unlawfully cause great 

bodily injury to [the victim]; 
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“2. The defendant made the threat by electronic communication device; 

“3. The defendant intended that his statement be understood as a threat; 

“4. The threat was so clear, immediate, unconditional, and specific that it 

communicated to [the victim] a serious intention and the immediate prospect that the 

threat would be carried out;

“5. The threat actually caused [the victim] to be in sustained fear for his own 

safety or for the safety of his immediate family; [¶] AND [¶]

“6. [The victim’s] fear was reasonable under the circumstances.” (See People v. 

Solis (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1002, 1013 (Solis).) Defendant appears to be challenging 

the sufficiency of the evidence as to the first, fourth, and fifth elements.

The evidence showed that defendant threatened to beat up the victim, and the jury 

could reasonably conclude that the beating would result in great bodily injury. The 

phrase “great bodily injury” in section 422 has been interpreted to mean “ ‘a significant 

or substantial physical injury.’ ” (People v. Maciel (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 679, 686, 

citing § 12022.7, subd. (f).) “[S]ome physical pain or damage, such as lacerations, 

bruises, or abrasions is sufficient for a finding of ‘great bodily injury.’ ” (People v. 

Washington (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1047.) In one text, defendant said, “Look 

bitch I am going to blacken [both] of yours man to man . . . and believe me your a-- is 

getting jumped.” When the victim said he was going to report defendant to the police, 

defendant replied, “I do not give a f---. Your a-- is grass.” He followed up with an email saying, “Let’s see how you like going to work looking like a beat wife.” These 
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words convey a threat of great bodily injury, as defendant was apparently threatening to 

beat the victim up and, at minimum, give him two black eyes. 

Furthermore, courts have held that “all of the surrounding circumstances should be 

taken into account to determine if a threat falls within the proscription of section 422.” 

(Solis, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013.) The circumstances here communicated to the 

victim that defendant was going to assault him and leave him with physical injuries, and 

the evidence shows that the victim understood his words to be such threats. It also shows 

the victim feared for his safety and the safety of his child. Defendant warned that he was 

“going to do what I have to do for my money from you.” He threatened the victim with 

“street court justice,” said it was “[t]ime for the diabolical side to rear its ugly mug,” and 

told the victim he did not have a problem with going to county jail. He followed up with 

more e-mails stating, “You are f---ing with the wrong people,” “The police can kiss my 

a--,” and “I will proudly do 30 or 90 days.” The victim testified that he understood 

defendant’s words to mean that defendant would beat him up for not paying him or hire 

somebody to beat him up. The victim became very concerned for his family’s safety 

since he was a single parent with a little boy, and defendant knew where he lived. He

took defendant’s threats of bodily harm seriously because he did not know defendant

personally and because of the number of times he threatened him.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, we conclude 

that a reasonable trier of fact could have easily inferred from the circumstances that 

defendant’s words conveyed a threat of great bodily harm. Moreover, the victim 
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understood his words to be threats within the meaning of section 422. Thus, the evidence 

was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction.

II. Defendant’s Probation Term Should Be Reduced

Defendant argues his probation term should be reduced because section 1203.1, 

subdivision (a), under which he was sentenced to three years formal probation, has been 

amended by Assembly Bill No. 1950 effective January 1, 2021. He contends that 

because his case is not yet final, under the principles of retroactivity applicable to 

ameliorative changes to the criminal law as set forth in In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 

740 (Estrada), he is entitled under Assembly Bill No. 1950 to have his probation term 

reduced from three years to two years. The People concede, and we agree. 

When defendant was sentenced, section 1203.1 provided that a trial court may 

grant felony probation “for a period of time not exceeding the maximum possible term of 

the sentence.” If the “maximum possible term of the sentence is five years or less, then 

the period of suspension of imposition or execution of sentence may, in the discretion of 

the court, continue for not over five years.” (Former § 1203.1, subd. (a).) The trial court 

here granted probation for three years.

Effective January 1, 2021, Assembly Bill No. 1950 amended section 1203.1, 

subdivision (a), to limit the probation term for felony offenses to two years, except in 

cases of certain violent felonies. (Stats. 2020, ch. 328, § 2; § 1203.1, subds. (a), (m).)

Based on the recent opinion in People v. Sims (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 943 (Sims), 

we conclude the parties are correct regarding the retroactivity of Assembly Bill No. 1950. 

As the court stated in that case, “the two-year limitation on felony probation set forth in 
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Assembly Bill No. 1950 is an ameliorative change to the criminal law that is subject to 

the Estrada presumption of retroactivity. . . . Therefore . . . the two-year limitation 

applies retroactively to all cases not reduced to final judgment as of the new law’s 

effective date.” (Id. at p. 964; see People v. Quinn (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 874 (Quinn).)

Following the reasoning in Sims and Quinn, we conclude that defendant is entitled 

to the benefit of the change to section 1203.1, subdivision (a). As such, we will order 

that his probationary sentence be reduced from three years to two. (Quinn, supra, 59 

Cal.App.5th at p. 885.)

DISPOSITION

The order granting probation is modified and reduced to two years. In all other 

respects, the judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

McKINSTER

J.